SUaiUmic ®flitfj>it. 



DICTIONARY 



OF THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

EXPLANATORY, PRONOUNCING, ETYMOLOGICAL, 
AND SYNONYMOUS. 

WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING YAKIOITS USEPTTL TABLES. 

VTAINLY AmiDGED FROM THE LATEST EDITION OF THE QUARTO DICTIONARY OF 

KOAH WEBSTER, LL. D„ 

.By WILLIAM G. WEBSTER 

AND 

WILLIAM A. WHEELER 

SWuB'tratetf tottf) more tfjau €i)rtt ^mxisrtis atrtr dftfti) <£iiQmbiiiQg anWatfo* 




NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI 

AMERICAN BOO T 

Springfield, Mass. : G. 






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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 

G. & C. Merriam, 

!n the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts. 



TKAHSFEHEa F 

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Aue^W" 




PREFACE 



This work, originally prepared by Mr. William G. Webster, with the co-operation of 
the late Professor Chauncey A. Goodrich of Yale College, was first published in 1856. 
While in a general way it was designed for use in the family, the office, and the counting- 
room, and among all who might desire to obtain a comprehensive dictionary of small size and 
cost, it was, at the same time, framed with a particular reference to the wants of students in 
our colleges, academies, and other advanced schools, and also of those engaged in private 
study. 

The present revision has been made by Mr. William A. Wheeler, one of the editors of 
the revised edition of Webster's Quarto Dictionary issued in 1864. Keeping in view the plan 
of the abridgment as just stated, he has not only brought the work into full conformity with 
the revised Quarto, but has considerably enlarged its scope, and proportionally increased its 
usefulness. 

In its present form, this volume comprises a copious and careful selection of English words 
in actual use at the present day, shows their correct orthography and pronunciation, gives 
their etymology in a concise manner, and exhibits their various shades of signification by 
means of formal definition conveyed for the most part in brief descriptive sentences or clauses. 
In some thousands of cases, a list of Synonyms, printed in a separate paragraph and in smaller 
type, is subjoined to the definitions ; and, in addition, synonymous words, to the number of 
about seventeen hundred, are carefully discriminated in nearly six hundred distinct articles. 
Wood-cuts, selected and engraved expressly- for this work, have been freely introduced, not 
as mere embellishments, but for the purpose .of leading to a better understanding of the terms 
under which they occur. The Introduction contains a concise and authentic exposition of 
the subject of English orthoepy, a very full collection of Rules for Spelling, and an ex- 
planatory list of Prefixes and Suffixes, with appropriate examples of their i se. The charac- 
ter and range of the Appendix will be best understood by referring to the various Tables in- 
cluded in it, or by an inspection of the Contents on page v. Its leading object, however, is 
to add to the value of the work as a popular manual of reference by presenting in a form 
adapted for ready consultation pronouncing vocabularies of proper names, and brief explana- 
tions of certain other matters concerning which information is often desired by readers and 
writers of every class. 

Such are the chief features of the work, which, as it now stands, revised in all its depart- 
ments, and enriched by many important additions, considerably exceeds its original limits, 
the size of the page having been somewhat increased, and ninety pages added to the number 
contained in the former edition. 

It is believed that this Dictionary can be advantageously used as a text-book for systematic 
instruction in the English language, and that it will serve as a faithful guide to the self- teach- 
ing scholar engaged in the study of words. The preliminary " Principles of Pronunciation * 

will furnish materials for a course of exercises in English orthoepy, including the analysis of 

Ciiij 



iv ' PREFACE. 

the elementary sounds, the various ways of representing them, the effect of accent on the 
vowel sounds, and the like ; while, under each head, the pupil can prepare, with the aid of 
the Vocabulary, extended lists of illustrative examples. This mode of study may be occa- 
sionally varied by taking up at pleasure certain portions of the Vocabulary, and referring the 
words embraced therein to the several principles which they exemplify. A like use can be 
made of the " Rules for Spelling " ; and the student who has familiarized himself with these 
rules, and has also had the benefit of sufficient practice in writing out lists of examples, will 
be surprised to find how soon he has become an adept in the difficult art of orthography. The 
list of Prefixes and Suffixes, taken in connection with the etymologies given in the body of 
the work, will enable a learner to investigate the structure of English words, to become ac- 
quainted with the significance of their constituent parts, and to trace the connection of their 
primary, derivative, and metaphorical senses, a distinct knowledge of which is often the 
condition of their appropriate use. The interest and instructiveness of exercises in etymo- 
logical analysis, and their importance as a means of disciplining the mind to thoughtful habits 
can not be gainsaid. " There are cases," says Coleridge, " in which more knowledge of 
more value may be conveyed by the history of a word than by the history of a campaign." 
And again, as being of " especial aid ... in forming a habit of reflection," he says, " Accustom 
yourself to reflect on the words you use, hear, or read, their birth, derivation, and history ; 
for, if words are not things, they are living powers, by which the things of most importance 
to mankind are actuated, combined, and humanized." It is suggested to teachers that a cer- 
tain number of prefixes or suffixes be assigned as a lesson for study, and that the pupil be 
required to ascertain and explain the literal meaning of the examples appended to them, 
including the root as well as the formative syllables. Additional examples may be taken 
directly from the Dictionary, or from the spelling-book or the reading-book, as may seem most 
advisable. Other useful modes of instruction will occur to the skillful teacher. The lists of 
Synonyms, and the articles in which synonyms are distinguished, may be made available as 
models to be imitated in the collection and discrimination of words of the same general 
signification — a practice highly valuable as leading to a ready command of language, and to 
clearness and precision in its use. 

In the arrangement of words in the Dictionary, while a strictly alphabetical order is followed, 
words of the same form — whether etymologically related or not — are not treated in distinct 
articles, but the definition of one immediately follows that of another in the same paragraph, 
being separated from it only by a dash; as, " Ab'o-rig'i-nal, a. First or primitive. — n. 
A first or original inhabitant." This has been done to save space, but the inspector will find 
that facility of reference has not been sacrificed to the necessity for compression* 

In submitting this work to the judgment of the public, the Editor indulges the hope that the 
protracted labor and unremitting care he has bestowed upon it have resulted in the produc- 
tion of a Dictionary which will be found to answer all the purposes for which it is intended. 

Dorchester, Massachusetts, January, 1868. W. A. W. 



CONTENTS. 



PASS 

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION, ?i 

PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, . vii to xxii 

Vowels, vii 

VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED SYLLABLES, "Vii 

REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS, xi 

VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES, xi 

SILENT VOWELS, ■ . xii 

CONSONANTS, Xlii 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS, . . . " . . . . ' Xix 

DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS, . •• ' .......*/ . ..... xix 

Accent, / xix 

DIVIDED USAGE, xix 

DISSYLLABLES, XX 

TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES, XX 

Syllabication, , . ' xxii 

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS, xxii to xxyi 

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES, xxvii to xxxi 

ABBREVIATION© AND EXPLANATIONS, xxxii 



A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, . . . . . . ito 



APPENDIX. 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES, 487 to 495 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 496 to 501 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES, 502 to 519 

elements of pronunciation of the principal modern languages of 

continental europe, 502 

explanation of abbreviations and signs, 504 

Vocabulary of Modern Geograpihcal Names, .505 

Vocabulary of Modern Biographical Names, 514 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR DERIVA- 
TION, SIGNIFICATION, Etc., .J 520 to 525 

Names of Men, 520 

Names of Women, 523 

CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES, 526, 527 

QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, 

AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, 528 to 533 

METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, . . . 534 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, ......... 535 to 538 

ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 539 to 541 

A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND 

ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, 542 to 548 

A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS, . . *• • i r * 549 to 560 

(v) 



KEY 

TO THE PRONUNCIATION. 

VOWELS. 



J, A, long, as in 
A, A, short, as iu 
E, E, long, as in 
£, E, short, as in 
I, I, ZoHg, as in . 
I, 1, short, as in . 



REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. 

Old, N5te, Loaf, Depose. 



Ale, Fate, Chamber, Gray. 
Add, Fat, Have, RXndom. 
Eve, Mete, Peace, Seizure. 
End, Met, Check, Leopard. 
Ice, Fine, Mire, Thrive. 
Ill, FIn, Admit, Tribute. 



0, 5, long, as in . 
0, 6, short, as in 
U, u, long, as in 
U, U, short, as in 
Y, Y, long, as in 
Y, Y, sAori, as in 

OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. 



odd, Not, Torrid, Resolve 
Use, Tube, Lute, Feudal- 
Us, Tub, but, Study. 
Fly, Style, Sky, Edify. 
Cyst, Nymph, Lyric, Abyss. 



A, a, as in 

A, A, Italian, as'in . . 
A, A, as in . . . . 
A, A, broad, as in . . 
A, A, like short o,as in 

E, E, like a, as in . . 
g,E, like long a, as in 
£,£,asin . . . . 

I, I, like long e, as in . 
I.I. like e, as in . . . 



AIR, ShAre, PAir, BeAr. 
arm, Father, Bar, Palm. 
Ask, GrAss, Dance, BrAnch. 
All, Talk, Haul, Swarm. 
What, Wander, Wallow. 

Ere, There, Heir, Where. 
Eight, Prey, Obey. 
Ermine, VErge, Prefer. 

Pique, Machine, Police. 
Irksome, VIrgin, ThIrsty 



6,6, like short «,as in Other, DOne, S6n, W6n. 
0, Q, like long oo, as in Pkove, Do, Move, Tomb. 
0,p, like short oo, as in Bqsom, Wolf, Woman. 
6,6, like broad o, as in Order, Form, Stork. 
6*0, 6b, as in . . . Moon, Food, Booty. 
66, 6b, as in . . . Wool, FOot, Good. 

17, y, preceded by r, as in Rude , Rumor, Rural. 

U,v,like short oo, as in Bull, Put, Push, Pull. 

U, U,asin . . . . Urge, Burn, Furl, Concur. 



E, I, o, silent 



. Tok-en, Cousin, Mason. 



REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 

Oi, oi, or Oy, oy (unmarked), as in Oil, Join, Moist, Oyster. 

Ou, ou, or Ow, ow (unmarked), as in Out, Hound, Owl, Vowel. 



CONSONANTS. 



<2, C, soft, like s sharp, as in 

€, G, hard, like k, as in . 

Ch, ch (unmarked), as in 

<^h, ch, soft, like sh, as in 

■€H, €H, hard, like k, as in 

G, G, hard, as in . . . 

G, G, soft, like./, as in . 

S, s, sharp (unmarked), as in Same, Yes, Rest. 

S, §, soft or vocal, likez, as in HAg, AMUgE, Ro§EATE 



Qede, Qite, Mercy. 
€all, €oncur, Success. 
Child, Much, Touch, 
(^haise, Marchioness. 
€horus, Egho, Distich. 
Get, Tiger, Begin. 
Gem, Engine, Elegy. 



Th, th, sharp (unmarked), as 
T-H, ,TH flat or vocal, as in . 
Ng, ng (unmarked), as in . 
N, N,(See §82), as in . . 
X, x, like gz, as in . . . . 
Ph, ph, like /(unmarked), as 
QU, QU, like kw (unmarked), a 
WH, wh, like hw (unmk'd), a: 
Zh, zh, as in 



in Thing, Breath. 

Thine, Smooth. 

Sing, Single. 
. Linger, Link. 
. Exist, Auxiliary. 
in Phantom, Sylph. 
s in Queen, Conquest. 
i in What, Awhile. 

Vision (vlzh'un). 



**.* When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the sound of the 
combination, and the letter or letters which are not marked are to be regarded as silent; as in aim, clean, ceil, people, route, soul, 
journal, tow, &c. The combined letters ce, ci, sci, se, si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a syllable immediately preceded by an 
accented syllable, are generally equivalent to sh ; as in o'eean, ceta'ceous, so/e«'al, logi/eian, suspi/cion, auspi-'eious, con/sct'ence, 
nau/seous, controversial, dissen/sion, ini/tial, ora/ft'on, ficti/fious, &c. Such syllables are not always respelled, as, in general, they 
will naturally be pronounced correctly by an English speaker. But in all exceptional, doubtful, or difficult cases, the appropriate 
respelling is used. 
V For an explanation of foreign sounds occurring in the Dictionary see pp. 602-504. 

RESPELLING FOR PRONUNCIATION. — (1.) In respelling the French an, en, on, &c, the letters ng are not to be pro- 
nounced themselves, being designed simply to mark the vowel as nasal, that is, as pronounced through both the nose and the mouth 
at the same time. — (2.) The respelling of a word when a number of related words follow, applies to all of them down to some other 
word which is respelled. 

ACCENT. — The principal accent is denoted by a heavy mark; the secondary, by a lighter mark; as in Su'perintend'ent. 
In the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides performing their proper office, supply the place of the hyphen, except 
in some compound and derivative words. 
Cvi) 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, 

WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE KEY. 



VOWELS. 
§ 1. The vowel sounds in ' monosyllables and accented 
syllables are marked in the Dictionary by pointing the let- 
ters according to the Key. Each of the vowels will now be 
considered under three heads ; namely, its regular long, and 
short, and its occasional sounds, as heard in monosyllables 
and in accented and unaccented syllables. 

I. VOWELS EST MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED 
SYLLABLES. 

A. 

§ 2. Regular long sound, marked A, a, as in ale ; heard 
also in pain, day, gaol, gauge, aye, break, veil, whey, &c. 

NOTE. — This sound of a is in most cases dipthongal, 
having a slight " vanish " in e annexed to its k< radical " or 
initial sound, as in pay, where the y may be regarded as 
representing the vanish. Writers are not agreed as to the 
nature of the radical part, some considering it to be the 
sound of short e, while others assert that it is a distinct, 
though very similar, element, being like the other long 
vowels as compared with their true corresponding short 
sounds, of a slightly less open quality. — See § 11, and § 8, 
Note. 

§ 3. Regular short sound, marked A, 5, as in add; 
heard also in plaid, bade, &c. 

Note. — This is a distinct element from the long a. 
Like the other shut or stopped vowels (e, I, 5, u, do), its 
sound is exceedingly short, and has a certain abrupt, ex- 
plosive character, which is hardly found in any language 
but our own. With respect to its position in the scale of 
sounds, it is a palatal vowel, intermediate between a and 8, 
the tongue being raised higher than for a, and not so high 
as for S. 

Occasional Sounds of A. 

§ 4. Sound of a before r, in such words as air, care, fare, 
bear, prayer, parent, marked A, a. The letter e has the 
same sound in a f"w words, such as there, where, their, 
heir, &c. 

Two errors in opposite extremes are here to be avoided : 
1. That of the vulgar, who pronounce where, whar ; bear, 
bar ; care'ful, car'ful, &c. ;i 2. That of some among the 
educated classes, who pronounce pair, parent, &c, as if 
spelt pay'er, pay'rent, &c. 

Some have considered the a in care as a distinct element ; 
this, however, is not admitted by Smart, who maintains 
that it is our long a in fate, and owes all its peculiarity to 
the subsequent r. Such, also, is the statement of Dr Web- 
ster and most English orthoepists. The sound of r in these 
words is what Smart calls a "guttural vibration," — ; a 
sound which he represents by ur, and Dr. Webster by er. 
In care we touch lightly on the a sound (the radical alone 



without the vanish; see § 2), and then pass fully and 
strongly into the guttural vibration (ca/ur or ca'er), draw- 
ing the two as closely as possible into the same syllable — 
so closely that Smart (not aiming at philosophical exact- 
ness) speaks of the r as actually blending with the previous 
vowel. In like manner, parent is sounded p&'ur-ent, or pa/, 
er-ent ; and fairy has the sound of fa'er-y, as the word was 
actually spelt by Spenser in his " Faery Queen." Smart 
refers, also, with approbation, to another mode of identify- 
ing the sound in question ; namely, that of prolonging our 
short e before r. Thus, ther (with the e as in thSn), drawn 
out into long quantity, gives us there (thar) ; and er (the 
first syllable in error) gives us ere or e'er (ar). Thus, in the 
view here presented, the initial sound should always be that 
of a in fate (the radical without the vanish ; see § 2), though 
the final impression upon the ear is that of an open or 
broad sound, in consequence of the " opening power " of 
the r. In primitive words like fare, lair, pair, and the 
others mentioned above, it is very important not to dwell 
so long on the a as to make it diphthongal ; for, if the close 
vanishing element of the vowel is retained, it is impossible 
for the open r to blend with it in the same syllable. But 
in derivative words like flayer, layer, payer, it is essential to 
preserve the terminational sound of the a, in order to keep 
up a distinction between the two classes. 

Some, however, especially in New England, give these 
words a slightly different sound ; namely, that of our short 
a before the r, in air, pronounced aer, with a somewhat 
lengthened sound of the a. This sound is rather more open 
than the one mentioned above, and is apt, in the mouths 
of our common people, to become too broad and coarse. 
If well executed, however, it is scarcely at all inferior to 
the other in smoothness and grace. It is frequently heard 
among the well-educated in England ; there is a tendency 
in many to intermingle the two, and it often requires a 
nice ear to determine which is used. Dr. Webster, who 
adopted the former in his own practice, once remarked to 
the writer that he regarded the difference as unimportant, 
provided the New England sound be given without coarse- 
ness or undue breadth. 

§ 5. Sound of the Italian a, marked A, a, as in drm, 
father, far ; heard also in ah, hearth, aunt, guard, dre, &c. 

Note. — This sound occurs in monosyllables and in the 
accented syllable of many words, before r final or r fol- 
lowed by another consonant (as in scar, tar, tart, yard, 
de-bar 1 , de-part'), and in the derivatives of such words (as 
in scarred, tarry, of, or resembling, tar, debarring). But 
when a occurs in an accented syllable, before r followed by 
a vowel or by another r, in a word not a derivative, it has 
its regular short sound, as in drable, b&rrow, t&rry, to 
delay. 

The Italian a is the most opea of all the vowel sounds. 

(Til) 



Vlll 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



and is one of the extremes of the vowel scale, the other 
extremes being e and oo. In its formation, the mouth and 
throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its nat- 
ural position of rest. It was formerly much more common 
in English than it is at the present day. The loss of it to 
bo great an extent has been an injury to our language, and 
any further exclusion of it is therefore undesirable. 

§ Q, Sound of a in certain words (chiefly monosyllables) 
ending in ff, ft, ss, st, sk, sp, with a few in nee, and nt, 
marked A, a, as in staff, graft, pass, last, ask, gasp, chance, 
chant, &c. 

NOTE. — Down to the close of the last century, words of 
this class were universally pronounced with the full Italian 
a. Some, especially among the vulgar, gave this too broad- 
ly, or with a kind of drawl (as pass like pahss, fast like 
fahst), so that Walker, disgusted with this abuse, and 
having a prejudice against intermediate sounds, marked 
all such words in his Dictionary by the sound of short a, 
giving the vowel in past, staff, &c, the sound of that in 
■pat, Staffa (the island), &c. It will not be surprising — 
if we bear in mind the remark in § 3 on the extreme short- 
ness and abruptness of this sound — that this change was 
strongly condemned by the orthoepists. Jones declared it 
to be " a mincing affectation ; " and Mitford said, " No 
English tongue fails to express, no English ear to perceive, 
the difference between the sound of a in passing and in 
passive. No colloquial familiarity will substitute the one 
for the other. " Still, the high character of Walker, and the 
increasing disgust for every thing like a drawl In speaking, 
gave currency to the change. It prevailed in London, and 
in some of the larger cities of America, until there sprung 
up, on both sides of the Atlantic, what Smart has called a 
" new school " and an " old school " on this subject. The 
extreme shortness of the a as marked by Walker, was still 
objected to ; and Smart, in his Dictionary, first published 
in 1836, censured Walker on this account, saying, "He 
allows no compromise between the broad Italian a, with 
which a vulgar mouth pronounces ass, and the sound nar- 
rower (if possible) than the a in at, with which an effected 
speaker minces the same word." He therefore spoke of a 
" medium sound " of the a in words of this class, saying, 
" We are apt, even in London, to give a slight prolongation 
to the vowel (a) which would, in other cases, be quite rus- 
tic" This prolongation has passed into America, and is 
now heard extensively among the followers of Walker in 
this country. It is a kind of drawl on the a in such words 
as last, past, fast, &c. Smart states, however, in a recent 
letter, that in England this prolongation is now wholly laid 
aside. " Custom with us," he remarks, "is much changed. 
It is no longer affectation to say ass; and grant, graft, &c, 
at present indicate the pronunciation of well-educated Lon- 
don people under sixty-five or sixty years of age." In 
other words, Walker's extreme short sound of staff, like 
Staffa, and pass like pSssive, is now adopted by many 
Londoners as the true and only proper sound. 

The change introduced by Walker never had any great 
currency in this country, except in a few large cities and 
in places immediately affected by their influence. Our 
leading lexicographers, Webster and Worcester, declared 
against it. Many who were taught it in childhood have 
since laid it aside ; and there is an increasing disposition 
among our teachers and literary men to unite on some in- 
termediate sound between the extreme broadness, or length, 
of the a in father, and the extreme narrowness, or shortness 
of the a in fat. That of Smart (mentioned above as now dis- 
used was intermediate in quantity ; and so also is another, 
which Fulton and Knight have introduced into their Dic- 
tionary, namely, a shortened sound of the Italian a. They 
give the word "lard'''' as an example of the long Italian 
sound (as in father, &c), and " last " of their short Italian 
sound ; and mark with the latter the entire class of words 
now under consideration, such as staff, graft, pass, last, 
ask, gasp, and a few words in nee and nt, as dance, and 
chant. In this way they guard against that undue prolon- 
gation of the a which offended Walker, and still retain in 



use one of the finest sounds of our language. This is the 
sound recommended in this volume, and marked A, a. 
Some might possibly prefer one a little less open, verging 
slightly more towards that of a in an ; and there is cer- 
tainly room here for a diversity of taste and practice among 
those who agree in the main point of rejecting the extreme 
shortness of Walker's sound. If it be proposed, however, 
to give these words a sound intermediate in quality between 
the Italian a and our short a, one thing is important to be 
considered. Mr. Smart states, in answer to an inquiry on 
the subject, that, although he can exemplify such a sound, 
he is not aware that any thing of the kind is used among 
the educated classes in England. The only alternative 
there seems to be between the Italian a and the extreme 
short sound of Walker ; and it is natural and desirable 
that those among us who reject the latter should adopt the 
same sound with those who led the way in that rejection 
upon the other side of the Atlantic. Any one who heard 
the lectures of Mr. Thackeray during his visit to this coun- 
try in 1855-56, and noticed his pronunciation with reference 
to this subject, must have been struck with the definite 
sound of the Italian a which he gave to all words of this 
class. He even gave that pound in the word answer, which, 
though common in England, is comparatively rare in Amer- 
ica. A gentleman who held for many years a high diplo- 
matic station at the court of St. James, told the writer 
that, except among Londoners, he almost uniformly heard 
the Italian a in such cases, especially among the officers of 
government, and the nobility and gentry with whom he 
was led to associate. Such, also, is said by members of 
Oxford and Cambridge to be the case now at those univer- 
sities ; and some of the most eminent preachers of the king- 
dom, such as the Bishop of Oxford (Wilberforce), have been 
mentioned in confirmation of this remark. It is for such 
reasons that the words in question are here marked with a 
shortened or brief sound of the Italian a, in accordance with 
the views and practice of Dr. Webster. 

§ 7. Sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in all, talk, haul, 
swarm ; heard also in sauce, awe, geCrgic, fork, groat, 
bOught, &c. 

NOTE. — This has sometimes been called the German a, 
but is a broader and more guttural sound, being formed by 
a depression of the larynx, and a consequent retraction of 
the tongue, which enlarges the cavity of the mouth poste- 
riorly. 

§ 8. Short sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in what, 
wander, wallow, &c. ; heard also in knowledge. 

NOTE. — This is the extreme short sound of broad a, and 
coincides with the sound of o in not. It differs, however, 
in quality as well as quantity from broad a, being a more 
open sound ; that is to say, the aperture of the lips and 
the internal cavity of the mouth, though of the same shape 
in both cases, are somewhat larger for the former (a) than 
for the latter (a), while the position of the tongue remains 
unaltered throughout. Nor is this difference peculiar to 
a and a ; it also exists between the other pairs of vowel 
sounds 'that have essentially the same organic formation, 
but differ in length or duration : in each case, that which 
is the briefer in quantity is the more open in quality of the 
two. 

There is a sound of a, as heard in salt, although, &c, 
which is intermediate between that in awe and that in what. 
No distinctive mark is used to indicate this intermediate 
sound, but the inquirer is referred to this section from all 
words in the vocabulary in which the sound occurs. — See 
§ 21, Note. 

§ 9. An exceptional sound of a occurs in the words any s 
many.' It is as if they were spelled Sn'y, mtn'y, being the 
regular short sound of e. 

E. 

§ 10. Regular long sound, marked E, e, as in Eve, mSte, 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



IX 



&c. ; heard also in Ccesar, beard, feet, leisure, people, key, 
machine, field, oesophagus, quay, &c. 

NOTE. — In the formation of this element, the tongue is 
raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing 
against its sides, and leaving only the smallest possible pas- 
sage through which a vowel sound can be uttered. E is 
therefore the closest lingual or palatal vowel, and is one of 
the extremes of the natural vowel scale, a and oo being the 
other extremes. 

§ 11. Regular short sound, marked £, e. as in 2nd, 
met; heard also in many, aphceresis, said, says, feather, 
heifer, leopard, friend, asafxtida, bury, guess. 

Note . — This is not a short sound of the long e. It has 
usually been considered as the shut or extreme short sound 
of the a in fate ; but most orthoepists at the present day, 
while allowing it to be a nearly related sound, regard it as 
distinct, being slightly more open than the radical part of 
a, and lacking the vanish : both are intermediate between 
a and e, the tongue not being so much depressed as for the 
former, nor raised so high toward the palate as for the 
latter. — See § 2, and § 3, Note. 

Occasional Sounds of E. 

§ 12. Sound of e like a (as in care, fair, bear, &c.\, 
marked E, e, as in ere, thzre, Mir, e'er, &c. This, as is 
stated in § 4, is the same sound with that of a in care. — 
See § 4. 

§ 13. Sound of e like a, marked E, e, as in eh, eight, 
prey, vein, &c. — See § 2. 

NOTE . — This is essentially the sound which this letter 
generally has in the leading modern languages of Continen- 
tal Europe. 

§ 14. Sound of e before r, verging toward the sound of 
u in urge, marked E, 3, as in ermine, verge, prefer ; heard 
also in earnest, mirth, myrtle, &c. 

NOTE. — The case here contemplated is that of e before r, 
in a monosyllable or in an accented syllable in which the r is 
not followed by a vowel or by another r, or in derivatives of 
such words, when the syllable retains its accent, as in herd, 
defer, deferring, err, erring, term, mercy, maternal. When 
e occurs before r, followed by a vowel or by another r, in a 
word not derived as above, it either has the short sound, as 
in ferry, peril, perilous, heritage, ferule, or the long sound, 
as in period, hero, material. 

The vulgar universally, and many cultivated speakers 
both in England and America, give the e in such words the 
full sound of u in urge, as, murcy for mercy, turm for term, 
&c. But, in the most approved style of pronunciation, the 

*organs are placed in a position intermediate between that 
requisite for sounding ft and that for sounding e, thus 
making (as Smart observes) " a compromise between the 

• two." In other words, this element is radically distinct 
from both ft and &, being less guttural than the former and 
less palatal than the latter, from which it was doubtless 



originally evolved. 



I. 



§ 15. Regular long sound, marked I, I, as in Ice ; heard 
also in aisle, height, eying, eye, vie, guile, buy, thy, rye, 
&c. ; in pint, in child, mild, wild ; and in monosyllables 
ending with nd, as bind, find, kind, &c, except wind, 
meaning air in motion, and wind, to scent, to cause to lose 
or to recover wind or breath. 

NOTE. — This sound, though represented by a single 
character, is not a simple element, but a diphthong. It is 
composed of a and e as extremes, with the a accented, but 
made so very brief that the ear with difficulty recognizes 
the precise character of the sound. 

§ 16. Regular short sound, marked I, I, as in ill; heard 
also in English, beaufin, been, sieve, women, busy, guinea, 
tfynph, &c. 



Note . — This is not a short sound of long i. Many have 
considered it as the shut or extreme short sound of long e ; 
but it is really a distinct, though closely allied, element, 
and is so regarded by the best orthoepists at the present 
time. In its formation, the tongue is slightly relaxed from 
the position assumed for producing e; this is the only dif- 
ference between the two sounds. — See § 3, NOTE, and § 
8, Note. 

Occasional, Sounds of I. 

§ 17. Sound of i like that of long e, marked I, i, as in 
pique, machine, caprice, &c. — See § 10. 

Note. — This is appropriately the sound of i in all for- 
eign languages. Most of the English words in which this 
sound is represented by this letter are from the French. 

§ 18. Sound of i before r, verging toward u in urge, 
marked I, J, as in irksome, virgin, thirsty, &c, identical 
with that of e in ermine. 

NOTE. — 7 in this case is sounded by many speakers like 
ft, as vurgin for virgin. The observations made under § 14 
as to short e in words like ermine, verdure, &c, apply fully 
to this sound of the i. 

o. 

§ 19. Regular long sound, marked 0, 5, as in old; 
heard also in hautboy, beau, yeoman, sew, roam, hoe, door, 
shoulder, grow, owe, &c. 

Note. — This sound of o is in most cases diphthongal, 
having a slight " vanish " in oo annexed to the " radical " 
or initial sound, as in below, where the w may be regarded 
as representing the vanish. The radical part of the sound 
is a simple element, intermediate with respect to the mode 
of its formation, between a and oo, the tongue being less 
depressed than for a, and the labial aperture greater than 
for oo. It is essentially the same element as that described 
in the next section, but of a slightly less open quality. The 
vanish of the o is omitted in unaccented syllables, as in 
o-pin'ion, to-bac / co, &c, but ought not to be omitted else- 
where. This remark is important as bearing on a very 
prevalent error, which will be mentioned in the next sec- 
tion. 

§ 20. I* is exceedingly common, in some parts of the 
United States, to shorten the long o of certain words, as 
bolt, most, only, &c, by dropping the vanishing element 
which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical por- 
tion a somewhat more open quality ; but this practice is 
wholly opposed to English usage. The provincialism here 
pointed out obtains, more or less widely, in respect to the 
following words, namely : boat, bolster, bolt, bone, both, broke, 
broken, choke, cloak, close, a., coach, coat, coax, colt, colter, 
comb, dolt, folks, goad, hold, holm, holster, home, homely, 
hope, jolt, load, molten, most, molt, none, only, open, pole, 
polka, poultice, poultry, revolt, road, rode, rogue, soap, 
sloth, smoke, sofa, sol (the name of the note G of the musi- 



cal scale), 



ken, stone, story, swollen (or swoln), 



throat, toad, upholsterer, upholstery, whole, wholly, whole- 
some, wrote, yoke, yolk, and possibly a few others. Most 
persons in New England sound the o in a part or all of 
these words without the vanish, while some among the 
vulgar go further, and give to a number of them almost 
the sound of short u, as hum. for home, &c. They should 
all, however, have the full sound of the o as heard in ac- 
cented syllables, though not in all cases with quite the 
same prolongation of the sound. Thus the full o of dome 
should be given to home'; of hole to whole; of slope to 
hope ; of poach to coach ; of moat to coat ; of joke to spoke, 
cloak, smoke, and broke ; of hone to bone and stone ; and 
similarly in the other cases. Still, the theoretic phonolo- 
gist can not but regard the true short o described in this 
section as an imjportant and legitimate member of the lam- 



X 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



ily of vowel sounds, and must look upon its absence in the 
established orthoepy of our language as a defect and an 
anomaly. To him, therefore, its rise and growth in the 
popular speech are interesting facts, and its final preva- 
lence and admittance to equal rights with the other vowels 
is a thing he would rather desire than deprecate. 

§ 21. Regular short sound, marked 6, o, as in odd, 
nSt ; heard also in wander, knowledge, &c. — See § 3, 
Note, and § 9. 

Note. — This is the shut or extreme short sound of 
broad a, and coincides with the sound of a in what. There 
is a medium sound of this letter which is neither so short 
as in not, nor so long as in naught. This medium sound is 
usually given to the short o when directly followed by ss, 
st, and th, as in cross, cost, broth; also, in gone, cough, 
trough, off, and some other words. To give the extreme 
short sound to such words is affectation ; to give them the 
full sound of broad a is vulgar. 

Occasional, Sounds of 0. 

§ 22. Sound of o like short u, marked 6, 0, as in other, 
dove, &c. ; heard also in does, gun, flood, double, &c. — 
See § 31. 

§ 23. Sound of o like oo long, marked 0, o, as in prove, 
do, move, tomb, &c. — See § 26. 

§ 24. Sound of o like oo short, marked 0, q, as in 
bosom, wolf, woman, &c. — See § 8, Note, and § 27. 

NOTE. — This sound coincides with that of u in bull, 
which is also used for 00 short. — See § 33. 

§ 25. Sound of like a (broad a), marked 0, 6, as in 
6rder,f0rm, stOrk, &c — See § 7. 

NOTE. — The letter o generally has this sound when it 
occurs before r in a monosyllable (as in for, form, lord, 
ndrth) or in an accented syllable when not followed by a 
vowel or by another r, as in fdr'mer, dr'chard, abhdr', and 
also in the derivatives of such words, as in formed, north- 
ern, abhdr'ring. But when o occurs, in an accented syllable, 
before r followed by a vowel or by another r in a word not 
a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as in for'eign, 
or'ange, tor'rid. These two sounds of o, namely, the broad, 
like that of a in call, and the short, like that of a in what, 
have been confounded by some orthoepists ; but there is 
an obvious difference between them, not only in quantity, 
but also in quality, the short vowel being more open than 
the broad. — See § 8, Note. 

OO. 

§ 28. Regular long or open sound, marked 0~0, 6"o, as 
in moon, food ; heard also in rheum, drew, to, canoe, man- 
oeuvre, group, rude, rue, recruit, &c. 

Note. — This sound is the same element with the u of 
the Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, and coincides with 
the French ou in route. It is the closest labial vowel ; that 
is to say, in forming it the lips are more nearly closed than 
for any other vowel, the sides being brought into contact 
with each other so as to leave only a small central aperture 
for the escape of the voice. 

§ 27. Regular short sound of 00, marked 00, o*b, as 
in wdbl, foot ; heard also in wolf, should, bull, &c. — See § 
8, Note. 

§ 28. The following words, room, root, roof, rood, broom, 
and soon, have properly the long sound of 00, as in fo'od 
(see § 26) ; but many pronounce them with the short sound, 
as in foot (see § 27). New Englanders especially are often 
recognized abroad by their habit of pronouncing room, 
room ; root, root ; roqf, roof; rood, rood ; broom, broom, 
and soon, soon. 

IT. 

§ 29. Regular long SOund, marked U, u, as in mute, 



Unit, &c. ; heard also in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, 
lieu, view, cue, suit, yew, you, yule, &c. 

NOTE . — This is a compound sound, formed of the vowel 
00, with a slight sound of the consonant y or of the vowel 
e~ or 1 before it. When the u begins a syllable, or is pre. 
ceded by any one of the palatal or labial sounds k, g, p, b t 
f,v,m, the sound of y is clearly perceived, as in the words 
usage, cube, gules, puny, burin, futile, mule. 

§ 30. When the long u is preceded, in the same syllable > 
by any one of the consonants d, t, I, n, s, and th, it 13 
peculiarly difficult to introduce the sound of y ; and hence 
negligent speakers omit it entirely, pronouncing duty, 
dooty ; tune, toon ; lute, loot ; nuisance, noosance ; suit, 
soot ; thurible, thoorible, &c. The reason is, that, in form- 
ing these consonants, the organs are in a position to pass 
with perfect ease to the sound of 00, while it is very difficult 
in doing so to touch the intermediate y ; hence the y in 
such cases is very apt to be dropped. On this point Smart 
remarks, " To say tube (tyoob), lucid (lyoocid), with tht» 
u as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y prefixed to 00] 
as in cube, cubic, mute, Sec, is either northern or laboriously 
pedantic," — a de&cription which applies to the vulgar in 
our Eastern States, and to those who are over-nice at th<» 
South. The practice of good society is to let the y sink 
into a very brief sound of long e or of short t, both of 
which have a very close organic relationship to consonant 
y. Special care must be taken not only to make this sound 
as brief as possible, but to pronounce it in the same syllable 
with the 00. We thus avoid the two extremes, of over, 
doing, on the one hand, by making too much of the y, and 
on the other hand, of sounding only the 00 after the man- 
ner of careless speakers. 

It ought to be added that wherever the sound of sh, zh, 
or y consonant, precedes the u, the y is omitted, as in 
sure, sounded shoor ; sugar, shoogar ; azure, azh/oor ; yule t 
yool, &c. 

§ 31. Regular short sound, marked tf, II, as in bUt ; 
heard also in sun, does, blood, touch, &c. 

Note. — This is not the short sound of long u. It is a 
di&tinct and simple element, and derives its peculiar gut- 
tural character from the influence of the pharynx and back 
part of the mouth. In its organic formation, it is essential- 
ly the same sound as u in urge, but is shorter in quantity, 
and of a rather more open quality. — See § 3, NOTE, and 
§ 8, Note. * 

Occasional Sounds of U. 

§ 32. Sound of u when preceded by r in the same syl-' 
lable, marked U, u, as in rude, rumor, rural, &c. 

NOTE. — All the English orthoepists agree that the u in 
this case drops the y or ? which is generally an element of 
its compound sound when preceded, in the same syllable, 
by any other consonant than r, and becomes simply 00, so 
that rue is pronounced rob ; rule, rool ; ruby, ro"oby, &c. 

§ 33. Sound of u like that of short 00 (cTo), marked 
U u, as in bull, put, push, pull, &c. — See § 8, Note, and 
§27. 

§ 34. Sound of u before r in such words as Urge, burn, 
furl, concur, &c, marked ft, ti ; heard also in worm, jour- 
ney, &c. 

Note. — This is often called the natural vowel, because 
it requires almost no effort to utter it, the mouth being 
slightly opened in the easiest or most natural and uncon- 
strained manner for the passage of voice in a nearly un- 
modified form. But the name is scarcely appropriate ; for 
the sound is altogether wanting in many languages, and — 
with the single exception of the English — it occupies a 
comparatively subordinate place in the vowel systems of 
the principal tongues in which it occurs. It has been more 
aptly termed the neutral vowel, with reference to its want 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



of any strongly-marked distinctive character ; and this 
name is here adopted as, on the whole, preferable to any 
other. The sound differs from that of short u (with which 
it has often been identified) in length, and in a somewhat 
greater degree of closeness. (See § 8, Note.) It occurs, 
in monosyllables, before r not followed by a vowel (as in 
cur, fur, furl, hurt, burst, pun) ; in accented syllables, be- 
fore r final or r followed by one or more consonants different 
from itself (as in recur', cur'few, fur'long, disbursed') ; and 
in derivatives from any such words (as currish, furry, pur- 
ring, recurring). Except in the cases here specified, the 
letter u before r has its short sound, as in cur'ry, hur'ry. 

Y. 

§ 35. Regular long sound, marked T, y, as in fly, style, 
sky, edify, &c. 

Note. — This is the same sound as long i. — See § 15. 

§ 36. Regular short sound, marked Y, f, as in cpst, 
nymph, lyric, abyss, coinciding with the sound of short i. — 
See § 16. 

Occasional, Sound of Y. 

§ 37. Y has only one occasional sound ; namely, in such 
words as myrrh, myrtle, in which it has, like the e and i in 
similar circumstances (see § 14 and § 18), very nearly the 
sound of u in urge. This is indicated in the Dictionary by 
respelling, the words in which y has this sound being very 
few in number. 



II. 



REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
OI or OY. 



§ 38. The sound of oi or oy (unmarked), as heard in oil, 
join, oyster, &c. . " 

NOTE . — The elements of this diphthong are 6 as in cord 
(the same as broad a), and t as in fin (short i), with the 
accent on the former. Oy is always regular in English 
words, and oi is regular also, except in the following cases ; 
namely, avoirdupois (av-wr-du-poiz'), connoisseur (kon-is- 
soor'), shamois (sh&m'my), choir (kwire), tortoise (tor'iis), 
tur-quois (sometimes pronounced tur-keez'). 

Until near the beginning of the present century, oi was 
extensively pronounced like long ?*, aajlne for join, file for 
roil, &c. ; but this pronunciation is now confined ex- 
clusively to the lowest classes. 

ow. 

§ 39. The sound of ow (unmarked), as heard in owl, 
vowel, flower, &c. 

Note . — This diphthong is compounded of the elements 
a and oo, the former of which is accented, but made ex- 
tremely brief. In a considerable number of words, ow 
represents the sound of long o ; in the single word knowl- 
edge and in its derivatives, it has the sound (Of short o. 
These are accordingly distinguished by the proper mark, as 
blow, slow, know, knowledge, &c. 

OTJ. 

§ 40. This diphthong has two leading sounds. 

(1.) That of ow in words derived from the Anglo-Saxon, 
as in out , hound, &c. 

(2.) That of oo in words derived from the French, as in 
soup, group, &c. 

§ 41. The diphthong ou has also, in a number of words, 
the sound of long o. as in soul; in a few cases, the sound 
of the broad a, as in bought (bawt) ; sometimes that of 
short u, as in couple ; sometimes that of u in urge, as in 
adjourn (adjurn) ; and, in the three words could, would, 
should, that of oo as in foot. These peculiarities are indi- 
cated in this Dictionary by the appropriate mark over the 
significant or sounded vowel, or by respelling. 



HI. VOWELS LN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 

§ 42. When an unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, 
its vowel, if single, has, in strict theory, its regular short 
or shut sound, though uttered somewhat more faintly, or 
with a less proportionate force, than in an accented syllable, 
as in as-sign', con'duct, con'flict, &c. In many words of 
this class, however, the vowel is apt to suffer a change or 
corruption of its distinctive quality, passing over into some 
sound of easier utterance. Thus the vowel sounds in tho 
unaccented syllables ar, er, ir, or, yr (as in altar, offer, 
tapir, mirror, zephyr), are coincident with that of the 
second u in sulphur. As a general rule, a and o, in unac- 
cented syllables ending in a consonant, verge toward, or 
fall into, the sound of short u, particularly in colloquial 
discourse, as in bal'lad, h&r'rack, vev'bal, bed'lam, cap'stan, 
jal'ap, bi'as, bal'last, h&y'oc, meth'od, pis'tol, ven'om, 
compel', flag'on, bish'ojo, ux'lot, -pvov'ost. In such words, 
it would ordinarily be the merest pedantry or affectation 
to give the vowel its regular short sound. 

The vowel e, in unaccented syllables ending in a con- 
sonant, is, in some words, liable to be sounded like short i 
(as in barrel), and, in others, like short u (as in silent) ; but 
these changes are usually avoided by good speakers. 

It may here be remarked, that some of the diphthongs 
are similarly affected by the absence of accent. Thus ai, 
which, in an accented syllable, is usually sounded like long 
a (as in corn-plain'), sinks into 8 or i in an unaccented 
syllable, as in mountain, pronounced moun'ten or moun 7 - 
tin. So ei, ey, and ie become changed in pronunciation 
into 1 (as in surfeit, hon'ey, car'fied), and ou is sounded as 
u (as in griev'ous). 

It is also to be observed, that, in the unaccented sylla- 
bles of some words from the Latin, the vowel is long, 
though followed by a consonant in the same syllable, as in 
cantharides ; but, in such cases, the long mark is, in the 
Dictionary, placed over the vowel. 

§ 43. When the unaccented syllable does not end in a 
consonant, two cases arise ; namely, — 

(1.) The syllable may consist of, or may end in, a vowel, 
as in the words a-bound', di-recf, e-vent/, mo-lesf, &c. 

(2.) The syllable may end in a consonant, with final e 
mute at the close of words, as in ul'ti-maie, u'nite, rep 7 - 
tile, &c. 

The former of these will, for the sake of brevity, be 
called No. 1, the latter No. 2. These will now be con- 
sidered under each of the vowels. 



§ 44. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the a has properly a 
brief sound of the Italian a, as in Cu'ba, a-muse', vi-merl- 
ca ; but, in familiar speech, it is almost always so slighted 
and obscured as to be indistinguishable from the neutral 
vowel, or u in urge, murmur, &c. In some words, like 
a-e'ri-al, cha-ofic, &c, the a has its regular long or name 
sound, somewhat shortened by the omission of the " van- 
ish." This is due to the influence of the subsequent vowel, 
which, in fluent utterance, refuses to take the Italian a 
before it without the intervention of one or more con- 
sonants. Some speakers in this country give the same 
brief sound of long a to this letter when it occurs in an 
initial unaccented syllable followed by a consonant in an 
accented syllable, as in a-bound', fa-tal'i-ty ; but this prac- 
tice is not sanctioned by the best orthoepists. In the ter- 
ruinations -a-ny and -a-ry, the a has usually the same 
sound as short e unaccented, as ia mis'cel-la-ny, moment, 
a-ry, &c. 



Xll 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 45. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here the a has sometimes its 
long sound, particularly in verbs ending in ate, as, dedi- 
cate, ed'u-cate, &c. In other parts of speech, the sound 
of the a is more obscure, verging toward short e, as in ul'- 
ti-mate, night'in-gale, preface, &c. In some instances it 
is apt to verge toward short i, as in village. 

E. 

§ 46. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the e has its long sound, 
slightly obscure or abridged, as in e-vent', e-mo tion, so- 
ci'e-ty, &c. Care should be taken not to sink the e into 
an indefinite sound of short u, as, society for society, &c. 

§ 47. (No. 2. See § 43-) Here, also, the e has usually 
its long sound a little shortened and slighted, as in obso- 
lete. In a few instances, it verges toward short e, as in 
college. 

I. 

There is great diversity in the case of this letter. Hence 
it is difficult to lay down general rules ; and, as Smart re- 
marks, " The inquirer must be sent to the Dictionary to 
learn, in each particular case, the true pronunciation." 

§ 48. (No. 1. See § 43.) I, when final in a syllable, 
has more commonly its short sound, as in phl-los'o-phy, 
dl-rect', &c. But the i is usually long in the initial sylla- 
bles i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, as in t-de'a, bl-ol'o-gy, crl- 
te'ri-on, prl-me'val, &c. 

§ 49. (No. 2. See § 43.) In these terminations, usage 
is greatly divided. On the whole, the i is more generally 
short, as in ac-com'plzce, in'fi-nlte, fer'tlle, mar'i-ttme, 
ad-a-man'tzne, an^se, pos'i-tive, &c. ; but there are some 
important exceptions, as, eock'a-trlce, ex'lle, gen'tlle, con 7 - 
cu-blne, ar'chlve, &c. ; also all names of minerals ending 
in lite or ite ; as chrys'o-llte, ste'a-tlte, &c. Here the Dic- 
tionary must be consulted for the several woras. Accord- 
ing to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in ide (as 
bromide, chloride, &c.) should be pronounced with the i 
long ; but all other orthoepists are unanimous in making 
the vowel short ; and the propriety of the latter mode of 
pronunciation is established by the fact that this whole 
class of words is not unfrequently spelled without the final 
e, thus, bromid, cklorid. 

O. 

§ 50. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the o has usually its long 
sound slightly abbreviated, and without its « vanish " 
(see § 19), as in o-pin'ion, croc'o-dile, to-bac'co, &c. Care 
should here be taken not to sink the o into short u, as care- 
less speakers often do, pronouncing o-pin'ion, z/p-pin'ion, 
&c. An exception, however, is perhaps to be made in the 
case of the terminations -o-ny and -o-ry, in which, accord- 
ing to universal usage in England, the o is sounded like 
short u unaccented, as in mat'ri-mo-ny, prom'is-so-ry, &c. 
Yet most speakers in this country give the o in such words 
its long sound, slightly abbreviated, as in other unaccented 
syllables. The practice — too common among us — of lay- 
ing a secondary accent on the o is a fault which should be 
sedulously avoided. — See § 110. 

§ 51. (No. 2. , See § 43.) The o in these terminations 
has usually its regular long sound, as in tel'e-scope, ep'ode, 
&c. Sometimes it has the sound of short o, as in dia- 
logue : in other cases, it verges toward short u, as in 
purpose. 

U. 

§ 52. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the u generally has its 
long sound slightly abridged, as in ac'cM-rate, e-moVu- 
aient, man-M-mit', an'nw-al, dep'w-tize, w-til'i-ty. But 



when the u is preceded by d, t, or s, these combinations, da, 
tu, and su, are by the great majority of speakers changed 
into joo, choo, and shoo or zhoo, respectively, as in ed'- 
u-cate (ej'oo-kate), ha-bit^-al (ha-blch'oo-al), sen'sK-ous 
(sen'shoo-us), vis'u-al (vizh'oo-al). (See §§ 66, 77, 92, 93, 
95, and 107.) In the notation of words of this class in the 
Dictionary, the regular pronunciation is generally given 
instead of the irregular, in conformity with the views of 
Dr. Webster ; but, in many instances, reference is made t« 
the remarks contained in the present section. When th« 
u is preceded by r, it simply drops the y sound, and is 
pronounced oo, as in er-u-di'tion (er-oo-dish'un). (See § 
32.) 

§ 53. (No. 2. See § 43.) The u in these terminations 
should generally retain its regular long sound (see §§ 29, 
30) slightly abridged, as in gratfi-foide, in'sti-fcute, rid'i- 
cftle, tribute, im-post/htime, sub'ter-t'fge, &c. There are 
a few exceptions, as min'wte (mhVit), n., and let'tace (tes- 
tis). If the letter r precedes the u, the initial element of 
the vowel is dropped, as in ce'rwse (se'roos), per'wke (peV- 
ook), &c. (See § 32.) On the other hand, when the u is 
immediately preceded by the letter t, it should never be 
changed into mere oo, as gratd-tood for grat i-tf/de, in'sti- 
toot for hvsti-tute — a practice which prevails among the 
vulgar. 

The terminations dure, Utre, and sure, though sometimes 
pronounced with the regular sounds of the letters, are more 
commonly pronounced joor, choor, and shoor or zhoor, re- 
spectively, as in the words tem'per-a-tvre (tem'per-a-choor), 
ver'dwre (ver'joor), cy'no-swre (si no-shoor), ex-po'SMre (eks- 
po'zhoor). (See §§ 66, 77. 92, 93, 95, and 107.) When these 
terminations are immediately preceded by an accented syl- 
lable, many speakers change them still ' further into chur, 
jur, and shur, or zhur, as in na't^re (na'chur), ver'dwre 
(ver'jur), cen'swre (sen'shur), ex-po'sHre (eks-po'zhur). The 
Dictionary follows the practice of Dr. Webster in giving to 
dure and ture the regular sounds of d, t, and u (pronounc- 
ing verdure, verd'yoor, creature, kreet'joor, &c), while sure 
is respelt shoor or zhoor, as in the examples given above. 
This, it is true, is an inconsistency ; but it is one of little 
moment, inasmuch as general usage is so fluctuating, and 
as reference is in most cases made to the present section. 



§ 54. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here y has usually its short 
sound, as in hy-poc'ri-s?/, m^-thol'o-gy, van'i-ty, mer'ri-lj/, 
proph'e-ci?, &c. ; but verbs ending in fy have the y long, 
as in jus'ti-fy, mag'ni-fy, &c. ; also the three verbs, oc'- 
cu-py, mul'ti-ply, proph'e-sy. 

§ 55. (No. 2. See § 43.) The y in these terminations 
(which are few in number) is generally long, as in an'o, 
d^ne, per/i-stylSj ne'o-phyte, pros'e-lj/te, &c. 

TV. SILENT YOWELS. 
§ 5Q, Yowels which are printed in Italics are not to 
be sounded, as the e in used, burden, the i in cousm, &c. 
Some of these cases require a more particular consideration, 
and will now be mentioned. 

E final. 

§ 57. The letter e is always mute when final, except in 
monosyllables containing no other vowel, in classical words, 
and in some words from modern foreign languages ; but, in 
a monosyllable or in an accented syllable of a word, though 
silent, it generally serves the purpose of indicating that a 
preceding single vowel followed by a single consonant, a 






PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



JC11I 



consonant digraph, or the combined letters st or ng, has its 
regular long sound, as in plane, hope, cube, inscribe, paste, 
change. When a silent e follows c or g at the end of a word, 
it serves also to show that the consonant is to have its soft, 
and not its hard, sound, as in ace, nice, age, huge, oblige. 
In a number of monosyllables (as bade, come, give, were, 
done, &c.) and in the accented syllables of a few words de- 
rived from them (as forbade 1 , become' , forgive'), the e does 
not have its usual effect of lengthening the sound of the 
preceding vowel. In unaccented syllables, it sometimes 
keeps the vowel in its long sound, as in gen'tlle, su'pine, 
fi'nite, ar'chive : but in a great many instances it exercises 
no such influence, as in jus'rtce, hos'tile, mar'i-Vime, doc'- 
trlne, an'ise, gran'ite, plain'tive. 

EN with E silent. 
§ 58. Most words ending in en drop the e in pronuncia- 
tion, as, often (ol' : n), heaven (heav'n), even (ev'n), &c. One 
of the most prevalent errors of the present day, especially 
among our clergy (for the lait} T have fallen into it much 
less), is that of pronouncing the words even (ev'n) evun, 
heaven (heav"n) heav//n or heaven, often (ofn) often, &c. 
Walker remarks with great keenness on this error, declar- 
ing it to be a .. puerile and false pronunciation." If the 
writer is correctly informed, it is never heard among good 
speakers in England. The following are nearly all the 
words in which the e should be sounded : aspen, chicken, 
hyphen, kitchen, jerken, latten, lichen, marten, mynchen, 
paten, patten, platen, rowen, wicken, and yewen. The e 
is also sounded when preceded by the liquids J, m, n, r, as 
in woo/en, omen, linen, siren, &c, though fallen, stolen, 
and swollen omit the e in pronunciation. With regard to 
Eden, bound en, heathen, mitten, sudden, and sloven, there 
is a diversity of usage among good speakers in this country, 
some suppressing, and some sounding, the e. 

ON with O silent. 
§ 59. Many words ending in on preceded by c, ck, s, and 
/, omit the o in pronunciation, as in reckon (reck'n), bacon 
(bak'n), treason (treas'n), mutton (mutt'n), &c. 

ED with E silent. 

§ 60 The termination ed is usually shortened in pro- 
nunciation by dropping the sound of the e (as in loved 
(lov'd). aimed (aim'd), diffused (diffus'd), &c), unless this 
letter is preceded by d or t (as in amended, contented, Sec), 
when its omission is organically impossible. But in adverbs 
formed by adding ly, and in nouns, formed by adding ness 
to words ending in ed, the e of this termination is uniformly 
sounded, as in assuredly, confusedly, reneivedly, amazed- 
ness, composedness, &c. There are also some participial 
adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in 
which the e is commonly sounded, as, aged, beloved, blessed, 
crabbed, cragged, crooked, crutched, cursed, cusped, deuced, 
dogged, hooked, jagged, learned, legged, naked, peaked, 
picked (sharp), ragged, rugged, stubbed, ivirked, winged, 
wretched. The e is also pronounced in the derivatives 
formed from such adjectives, as, learnedly, blessedness ; but 
is generally omitted in the compounds, as,fu ! l-aged (ajd), 
sheath-winged (-wingd). In poetry, the meter often requires 
us to pronounce ed as a distinct syllable, when it would not 
be so pronounced in prose. In all cases where it should 
properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vul- 
garity. 

NOTE. — In reading the Scriptures and Prayer-Book, 
some persons, chiefly among the clergy, make it a practice 



to pronounce the participial termination -ed, in most cases 
in which it is not preceded by a vowel (as in believed, re- 
vealed), as a distinct syllable. Thus, " Whom he did predes- 
tinate, them he also call-ed; and whom hecall-ed, them he 
also justified ,• and whom he justified, them he also glo- 
rified." This usage was formerly a very prevalent one, but 
at the present time it is much more limited, and is com- 
monly regarded as savoring of affectation or of an old- 
school education. 

EL with E silent 
§ 61. A s a general rule, the e is sounded in these ter- 
minations, as in grave/, level, vessel, chape/, &c. To omit 
the e in such cases, pronouncing level, lev'l, chapel, chap'l, 
&c, is generally regarded as a vulgarism. The following 
are nearly or quite all the words of this kind in which the 
e is properly omitted ; namely, barbel, betel, chattel, drazel, 
drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mangel wurzel, mantel, mis- 
pickel, mussel, navel, ousel, ravel, rivel, scovel, shekel, 
shovel, shrivel, snivel, swingel, swivel, teasel, toggel, towsel, 
weasel, and, according to a few orthoepists, model. 



CONSONANTS. 



§ 62. The sound represented by this letter (which is un- 
marked) is heard in the words barn, rob, labor, table, &c. - 

Note. — This sound is formed by the compression of 
vocalized breath or voice, within the mouth, while the lips 
are shut and the back nostrils are closed by covering them 
with the soft palate. When preceded by m, or followed by 
t, in the same syllable, b is generally silent, as in bomb, 
climb, tomb, debt, doubt, subt'le, &c. Accumb, dithyramb, 
iamb, succumb, rhomb, rhumb, are said to be exceptions ; 
yet,m this country, the first and the fourth of these words 
are commonly pronounced without sounding the b. B is 
also silent in bdellium. 

C. 

§ 63. C marked thus, C, c (soft c), has the sound of s, 
as in cede, trace, acid, cypress, &c. 

Note. — It takes this sound whenever it occurs before 
e (even if silent), i, or y. — See S, § 90. 

When the letters ce or ci are immediately preceded by an 
accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel in the next 
syllable, the c combines in pronunciation with the e or i to 
form the sound sh, as in ocean, social, saponaceous, &c. 
In some words, c alone has this sound, or, rather, the e or 
i is used twice, first combining with the c to represent the 
sound of sh, and then, in the same syllable, taking on its 
customary vowel sound, as in so-ci-al'i-ty. — See SH, § 95. 

§ 64. C marked thus, <3, « (hard c), has the sound of & 
when it comes before a, o, it, I, or r, before k, s, or t, and 
when it ends a word or a syllable, as in call, cot, cut, clot y 
crown, black, act, zinc, traffic, pic'ture, ftae'eid, eth'ics. — 
See K, § 78. 

§ 65. C has the sound of z in the words sacrifice, sice, 
suffice, and discern, and in their derivatives. It is silent in 
the words czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and 
also in the termination scle, as in muscle, corpuscle, &c. 

CH. 

§ 66. Ch unmarked (English ch) has very nearly the 
sound of tsh, as in child, much, richer, speechless, &c. 

Note. — The compound sound signified by this digraph 
is not precisely equivalent to that represented by tsh. The 
ordinary sound of t is uttered with the tip of the tongue 



xiv 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



pressed against the gum of the upper front teeth. The first 
element of ch is uttered with the upper flat surface of the 
tongue, near the tip, applied to the gum at a point higher 
up, just where a relaxation of the contact produces the 
configuration requisite for sounding sh, the second constit- 
uent of the compound. The two elements are so closely 
blended in pronunciation that, like a diphthong or com- 
pound vowel, they have the effect of only a single sound or 
beat upon the ear. 

When the letter t comes before u ( = yoo) in an unac- 
cented syllable, and is at the same time preceded by an ac- 
cented syllable (as in nature), or when it is preceded by sor 
x in an accented syllable, and is immediately followed by ia 
(= ya) or io (= yo) in an unaccented syllable (as in Chris- 
tian, question, admixtion), both this letter and the y vir- 
tually following it are, by some speakers, preserved in their 
usual and appropriate sounds ; thus, nature (nat'yoor) 
Christian (krlst'yan), question (kwgsVyun), admixtion (ad- 
mikst'yun), &c. But by others they are suffered to sink 
into the easier and closely allied sound of ch in church ; 
thus, nature (na-choor), Christian (krls'chan), question 
(kweVchun), admixtion (ad-miks'chun), &c. In regard to 
the pronunciation of words ending in teous, when this ter- 
mination is not under, but is immediately preceded by, the 
accent (as in boun'teous), usage is far from being uniform, 
6ome calling it t-yus (as bounl'yus), others reducing it to 
chus (as boun'chus), while others corrupt it into che-us (as 
boun'cheus) ; but that mode which keeps both the t and the 
e in their customary sounds (.as boun'te-us), is the most 
common, except in the single word righteous, which is 
properly pronounced rlt'yus, or rl'chus. 

§ 67. Ch marked thus, Ch, ch (French ch), has the 
sound of sh, as ia cliaise, marchioness, machine, &c. — See 
SH, § 95. Most words of this kind are derived, from the 
French. 

§ 68. Ch marked thus, €h, ch (Latin ch), has the 
eound of k, as in chorus, epoch, distich, &c. This is the 
usual sound in words derived from the ancient languages ; 
"but cherub and charity, with their derivatives, are excep- 
tions. Ch is always hard (like k) before I and r, as in chlo- 
rine, chrism. 

Note. — The prefix arch, denoting chief, is pronounced 
ark in archangel and its derivatives, and in words from 
foreign languages in which the other component part is not 
separately current in English, as, architecture, arcAipelago, 
architrave, &c. In all other cases, it is pronounced artch, 
as in arcA-bishop, arcA-enemy, arc/t-fiend, &c. 

§ 69. Ch is silent in the word drachm (though not in 
drachma, drak/ma), and also in scAism, yacAt (yot), and 
their derivatives. 

D. 

§ 70. The sound of d (unmarked), as in dale, sad, rider, 
tradesman, &c. 

Note. — The sound of this letter is formed by pressing 
the end of the tongue against the upper gums, and then 
forcing up vocalized breath, or voice, into the mouth, the 
soft palate being raised to prevent its escape through the 
nose. 

This is the regular and usual sound of d ; but when this 
letter follows a whispered or non-vocal consonant in the 
same syllable, it uniformly takes the sound of t, as in hissed 
(hist). (See § 108.) D is silent only in the words Wednes- 
day and handkerchief. 

F. 

§ 71. The sound of / (unmarked), as in fame, leaf, def- 
inite, softly, &c. 

NOTE. — This letter, w,hich is never silent, is uttered by 
applying the lower lip to the upper front teeth, and emit- 
ting the breath . JF has only this one sound, except in the 
Bingle word of, in which it has the power of v. In the 



compounds hereof, thereof, and whereof, many speakers 
preserve the customary and regular sound of the f; but 
good usage allows it to be sounded as in the simple word. 

G. 

§ 72. G marked thus, u, g (g hard), has the sound of 
that letter in the word go ; as in get, gave, give, begun, 
keg, sluggish, smuggle, &c. 

Note . — This sound is produced by a compression of in- 
tonated breath, or voice, confined within the mouth by a 
contact of the root of the tongue with the posterior part 
of the palate, which is at the same time raised sufficiently 
to cover the back nostrils, or openings from the pharynx 
into the nose. 

G is hard before a (except in the single word gaol and its 
derivatives), o, u, h f I, and r, as in gate, gore, gum, ghastly, 
glad, grain. It is sometimes, though not usually, hard 
before e, i, and y, as in get, give, gibbous, muggy. This 
occurs chiefly in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very 
few from the Greek. It is also, and always, hard at the 
end of words, and in the derivatives of such words, even 
when the g is doubled and followed by e, i, or y, as in crag, 
drug, fog, cragged, druggist, foggy. 

When a, I, or t, is preceded in the same syllable by the 
sound of g, or of k, very many speakers, particularly in 
England, interpose a slight sound of e, as in card, kind, 
garden, guard, girl, guile, guise, sky. Some persons affect 
the introduction of a full and distinct sound of long e, or 
of consonant y, in such cases ; saying kee-ard or k-yard, 
kee-lnd or k-ylnd, ske-y or sk-yl, &c. The practice of a 
very large portion, if not a majority, of the best speakers 
in the United States, and also of many educated persons in 
England, is to join the sound of the g or k to that of the a 
or I, without suffering any other sound to slip in between 
them. 

§ 73. G marked thus, G, g (g soft), has the compound 
sound of j, as in gem, rage, engine, caged, &c. — See § 77. 

Note. — The letter g generally takes this sound when it 
comes before e, i, or y; but there are some exceptions. (See 
the preceding section.) G has also its soft sound before a 
in the single word gaol (now commonly spelled jail), and in 
its derivatives and compounds. 

§ 74. In a few words from the French, g retains the 
sound of zh, which it has before e and i in that language, 
as in rouge (roozh), mirage (ml-ra'zh/), &c. 

G is silent before m and n final, and also when initial 
before n, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. 

For the office which g performs in such words as longer, 
stronger, &c, see § 82. 

GH. 

§ 75. This digraph (which is unmarked) is sounded, at 
the beginning of a word, like g hard, as in ghastly, ghost, 
gherkin, &c. It is silent after the vowel ?', as in high, sigh, 
weigh ; and it is generally silent before t, as in bought, 
fraught, taught, &c. The words draught and laughter, 
where it has the sound of/, are exceptions. In other 
cases, gh is generally pronounced like/, as in chough, cough, 
rough, tough, trough, enough, &c. ; but it sometimes has 
the sound of k, as in hough, lough, shough. In the word 
hiccough, it is usually pronounced like p. 



§ 76. This letter (which is unmarked) is a mere aspira- 
tion or breathing, and represents no fixed configuration of 
the vocal organs. 

Note. — It is an emission of unvocalized breath through 
whatever position of the mouth-organs is required by the 
succeeding element, the organs being always placed to form 
the next following letter before the A is pronounced. Thus, 
in he the tongue is put in a position to sound the e before 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



XV 



the A ia uttered ; and similarly in kail, hard, home, &c. It 
differs, however, from a mere whispered vowel, in being an 
expiration of breath through the open glottis, whereas in 
whispering a vowel the glottis is almost closed by the ap- 
proximation of the vocal cords. 

In the following words, heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, 
honor , honorable , hour, with their derivatives, and also in 
hostler (more properly spelt ostler), h is silent. It is also 
marked as silent by most orthoe'pists in hospital, humor, and 
humble, with their derivatives. There is, however, an in- 
creasing tendency to sound the h in these words. H is 
silent after g initial, as in ghost, gherkin, &c. ; after r,as in 
rhyme, myrrh, &c. ; and also when preceded by a vowel in 
the same syllable, as in ah, eh, oh, buhl, Jehovah, &c. In 
many parts of England, the sound of this letter is almost 
always omitted where it ought to be uttered, and uttered 
where it ought to be omitted ; as 'ouse for house, hopple for 
apple, &c. This very gross and vulgar error is rarely, if 
ever, heard among natives of the United States. 

J. 

§ 77. This letter (which i3 unmarked) has very nearly 
the sound of dzh, being precisely the same as that of g 
soft, as in jar, jeer, joke, &c. — See § 73. 

NOTE. — The sound of /, though almost identical with 
that of dzh, differs from it as the sound of ch in chin dif- 
fers from that of tsh. (See § 66, NOTE. ) J" is never silent. 
In the word hallelujah, it has the sound of consonant y. 

In words in which d precedes a letter having regularly 
the sound of y, and occurring in an unaccented syllable, as 
in modulate (mod'u-late), soldier (sold'yer), the sound of j 
is very often substituted for the combined sounds of the d 
and y (thus, mSj'oo-late, sol'jer) ; — just as the sound of ch 
is substituted for the combined sounds of t and y in nat- 
ure, question, righteous, &c. (See § 66, NOTE.) Smart 
remarks, " It is possible to preserve the pure sound of the 
t and d in nature and verdure ; yet nothing is more certain 
than that they are not preserved pure by the best and most 
careful speakers." 

K. 

§ 78. This letter (which is unmarked) has one uniform 
sound, as heard in keep, king, kitchen, &c, and is precisely 
equivalent to c hard. — See § 64. 

Note . — The sound represented by this letter differs from 
that of g in go (hard g) only in being a whispered and not 
a vocal utterance ; the organs are placed in the same posi- 
tion for forming both sounds. Before n, in the same sylla- 
ble, k is silent, as in knack, knell, knit, know, &c. It is 
also silent after c, as in back, barrack, &c. In regard to the 
pronunciation sometimes given to such words as kind, sky, 
&c, see § 72, Note. 

§ 79. The sound of I (unmarked), as heard, in left, bell, 
chalice, melting, &c. 

Note — This letter has only one sound, which consists 
of an efflux of vocalized breath, or voice, over the sides of 
the tongue, while its tip is pressed against the gums of the 
upper front teeth. L is silent in many words, especially 
before a final consonant, as in almond, malmsey, palmer, 
alms, calm, walk, half, could, would, should, &c. 

M. 

§ 80. The sound of m (unmarked), as heard in make, 
aim, clamor, armed, &c. 

NOTE. — This letter has one uniform sound, produced by 
closing the lips, and letting the voice issue through the 
nose. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, 
as in mnemonics. 

W. 

§ 81. The sound of n (unmarked), as heard in nail, ten, 
panel, entry, &c. 



NOTE. — In the production of this sound, the tip of the 
tongue is pressed against the upper gums, as for d ; but the 
voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suf- 
fered to escape uninterruptedly through the nose, the nasal 
passages being uncovered for that purpose. 

When final after I or m, n is uniformly silent, as in kiln, 
condemn, solemn, hymn, limn, &c. ; but it is generally 
sounded in the derivatives formed from such words by add- 
ing to them a termination beginning with a vowel, as in 
condemnatory, solemnize, hymnic, limner, &c. In the 
present participles of verbs ending in mn, as contemn, 
hymn, &c, the n, though often unpronounced, is more 
properly sounded, as, contemning, hymning, &c. 

§ 82. The sound of n as heard in linger, link) uncle, 
&c. (marked N, n). 

Note . — This is essentially the same sound as that repre- 
sented by ng ; but its length varies greatly according as it 
is followed by a whispered or a vocal consonant. When it 
is followed in the same syllable by the sound of k , as in link, 
it is cut so short by the instantaneous and perfect closure 
of the organs which form this pure mute as to add almost 
nothing to the length of the syllable. It seems undesirable, 
therefore, to respell words ending in nk by the use of ng ; and, 
in this volume, this is not done, a diacritical mark being 
placed below the n instead, as a sufficient indication of the 
true quality and quantity of the sound. But when this 
sound of n is followed by that of g in a separate syllable, 
as in the primitive words anger, finger, conger, hunger, it is 
long and sonorous, and increases the duration of the syl- 
labic utterance very perceptibly. As a general rule, the 
change of n into n takes place only before g and k (or before 
the equivalents of k, namely, c, q, and x = ks. It takes place 
before k or its equivalents when any one of these letters fol- 
lows n in the same syllable, as in link, cinque, minx, be- 
think, adungue 7 , phar'ynx ,• and before g or k, or an equiv- 
alent of k, when any one of these letters begins an unac- 
cented syllable and the n ends a preceding accented one, 
as in concord, congress, un'cle, &c. Penguin and a few 
other words are exceptions ; also words beginning with the 
prefixes in, non, quinque, and un; as, income, non'con- 
form'ity, quiVguevalve, un'compound'ed, &c. It is to be 
observed that, if the n ends an unaccented syllable, and the 
g or k begins an accented one, the n invariably retains its 
regular sound ; as in con-cord'ant, con-gres'sional, &c. 

It is also to be observed that in most derivative words, 
like hanger, singer, wronger (from hang, sing, and wrong), 
the g is not sounded, but unites with the n to represent 
the sound which in the primitives just cited is represented 
by n alone. But in the comparative and superlative de- 
grees of the three following words, namely, long, strong, and 
young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal 
(from diphthong and triphthong), the g is always, though 
very irregularly, pronounced, taking its hard sound, as in 
go; thus, lon'ger, stron'ger, &c. It is further to be ob- 
served that there is a small class of words in which the n 
has its ordinary sound, as in nail, and the g its soft sound, 
as in gem. Of this class, the words danger, stranger, gin- 
ger, and plunger are examples. 

§ 83. The sound of ng (unmarked), as in sing, singer, 
singly, &c. 

Note. — This is a simple elementary sound, and is not 
(as might be supposed) a compound sound made up of tho 
sound of n in conjunction with that of g. In forming ng, 
the tongue is placed in the same position as for forming g ; 
the nostrils, however, are not completely closed, but yet so 
much so as to produce a marked resonance (somewhat sim- 
ilar to the sound of n), which may be continued to any 
length, as in sing, bring, &c. — See § 82. 

P. 

§ 84. The sound of p (unmarked), as heard in pay, ape, 
paper, aptly, &c. 

NOTE. — The position of the organs necessary for forming 
this sound is the same as for b t but the sound itself differs 



XVI 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



from that of b in being an utterance of the breath instead 
of the voice. 

P has but one sound ; it is silent when initial before n, s, 
and I, as in pneumatics, psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan. It is 
also silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m and 
t in the same syllable, as in tempt, exempt, &c. ; but when 
preceded by m in the same syllable and followed by t or by 
k in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded ; as in 
iemp-ta'tion, exemption, redemption, consumptive, sump' - 
tuous, bump 1 kin, pump' kin, &c, though, in colloquial ut- 
terance, it is very often suppressed in words of this class. 
It. is also mute in the following words, and in their deriva- 
tives : namely, raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, and 
corps. 

PH. 

§ 85. This digraph (which is unmarked) occurs chiefly 
in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound 
of f, as in. phantom, sylph, philosophy, &c. In Stephen it 
has the sound of v ; and, according to most orthoepists, it 
has the same sound in nephew (nev'ew), though in this 
country it has commonly its regular sound of / in that 
word. 

Before th initial, ph is silent, as in />/ithisis ; it is also si- 
lent in apqp/ithegm. In diphthong, triphthong, ophthalmy, 
naphtha, and other allied words, together with their deriv- 
atives, the ph is often sounded as p, or the h may be re- 
garded as silent. 

Q. 

§ 86. Q i s followed in all cases by u, and these two let- 
ters, taken together, have usually the sound of kw, as in 
queen (kween), conquest (konk'wesi), &c. In a few words 
derived from the French, qu is sounded like k, as in co- 
quette, quadrille, &c. It has the same sound in the com- 
mon termination que, as in antique, oblique, burlesque, &c. 

R. 

§ 87. This letter (which is unmarked) may be viewed 
under three aspects : — 

(1.) R as in rip, trip, carol, &c. (sometimes called rough, 
trilled, dental, or initial r). 

In forming this sound, the tongue assumes nearly the 
same position as for d ; but the voice, instead of being con- 
fined within the mouth, is suffered to flow freely over the 
tip of the tongue, producing a very slightly trilled and 
pecuharly liquid sound, closely resembling that of z in the 
v ^i^e of its formation, but not partaking of its harsh, buzz- 
ing quality ; the difference between the two sounds, in this 
respect, resulting from the fact that the tip of the tongue 
is approximated more closely to the upper gum for z than 
for r. R is sometimes strongly trilled or rolled by a forcible 
expulsion of the voice ; but in customary speech it is very 
gently pronounced, and any marked vibration of the tongue 
should be carefully avoided as a pedantie affectation. The 
sound here described is heard in English in the two follow- 
ing cases : 1. When r is not preceded by a vowel, as in ream, 
dream, prompt, spring ; 2. When it stands between two 
vowels of* which the first is short, as in baron, merit, spirit, 
■florid. Often the r is doubled in the written word, as in 
barren, merry, torrid ; but, in these cases, only one r is 
heard in the pronunciation, providing the preceding vowel 
is short. — See § 109. 

(2.) R as in far, form, terse, surge, &c. (sometimes called 
smooth, palatal, guttural, obscure, or final r). 

By most orthoepists at the present day, the letter r, when 
it occurs before any consonant, or when final, is regarded 
as a distinct element from the last, and as formed by a 
slight vibration of the back part, or root, of the tongue 



against the extremity of the soft palate. Many writers, 
however, do not admit any such distinction in the sound 
of r, maintaining that the value of the letter (apart from 
the obscure vowel element described in No. 3) is uniform in 
all situations. 

(3.) R, connected with sgguttural vowel sound, as heard 
in such words as fare, mere, ire, ore, cure, poor, pure, &c 
Here the character r represents two sounds ; namely, an ob- 
scure vowel sound resembling that of u in urge, and a smooth 
or palatal r, so that the above words are pronounced faur (see 
§ 4), meur, lur, &c. 

§ 88. In the pronunciation of accurate speakers, r is 
never silent ; but when it occurs after a long vowel or a 
dipththong in the same syllable, as in here, fur, murmur, 
our, mire, &c, it is commonly and entirely suppressed, 
both in the United States and the south of England. In 
the northern counties of England, and in Scotland and Ire- 
land, with equal impropriety it is, when so situated, always 
trilled. 

§ 89. In English usage, when the letter r is preceded in 
an accented syllable by a long vowel or a diphthong, and is 
followed by a vowel in the next syllable, it uniformly repre- 
sents both the palatal, or smooth, and the dental, or trilled, 
sound of this letter, as in hero, iris, glory, lurid, pronounced 
her'ro, ir'ris, glor'ry, lur'rid. In the United States, this 
double power of the letter r is chiefly, though not invari- 
ably, restricted to the derivatives of words ending in r or 
re preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as in poorer 
(poor'rer), from poor; boring (bor'ring), from bore ; airy (ar'- 
ry), from air; peerage (peer'rage), from peer ; wiry (wlr'ry), 
from wire ; securing (seciir'ring), from secure ; but, on the 
other hand, we say he'ro, i'ris, glo'ry, lu/rid, &c, because 
these words are not derived from any other words in the 
language. • In Scotland, however, the universal practice is 
to join the r in all cases to the following vowel ; or, in other 
words, to give it only its dental or trilled sound ; thus, 
pee'rage and he'ro, wVry and I'ris, bo'ring and glo'ry, secu- 
ring and lii'rid, &c. • 

It is to be observed that those orthoSpists who maintain 
that r has one invariable sound, assert that the only pecu- 
liarity in the English pronunciation of such words as hero, 
iris, &c, and in the English and American pronunciation 
of such words as poorer, boring, &c, consists in the inter- 
position between the r and the preceding vowel of an ob- 
scure vowel sound like that of u in urge, which obscure 
sound is omitted by the Scotch. 

S. 

§ 90. S unmarked has its regular sharp or hissing 
sound, as in same, yes, massy, resting, &c. 

Note. — This sound is an utterance of unvocal breath 
forced between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, 
the tongue being placed in the proper position for sounding 
t and d. S always has this sound at the begiuning, and 
frequently in the middle and at the end, of words. — Sec 
§108. 

§ 91. S, when marked thus, S, g, has the buzzing 
sound of z in zeal, as in has, amuse, rosy, &c. — See § 108- 

Note. — There has been much diversity among orthoe- 
pists as to the sound of 5 in words commencing in dis, as 
disarm, disburse, &c. Walker laid down this rule : — " It 
[s] ought always to be pronounced like z when unaccented 
and followed by an accented flat mute [b, d. g hard, v], a 
liquid [I, m, n, r~\, or a vowel." Hence he gave pronuncia- 
tions like the following : disbud, dizbud ; disedify, diz- 
edify ; disjoin, diziom; dislike, dizUke; dislodge, dizlo&ge, 
&c. Scarcely any subsequent orthoepist has gone so far. 
Webster's Dictionary gives 5 the sound of z in the following 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xvu 



words only: namely, disarm, disaster, aiscern, disease, dis- 
heir, dishonest, dishonor, dismal, disown, dissolve. 

There are a few verbs ending in se, which are also used as 
nouns or adjectives. To distinguish between them, the 5 is 
vocalized in the verb, and whispered in the noun or adjec- 
tive ; as close, a.,- and close, v. ; house *n., and house, v. ; 
use, n., and use, v. ; diffuse, a., and diffuse, v. 

§ 92. "When the letter s, having regularly its sharp or 
hissing sound, follows a liquid or another s, and precedes a 
letter having the sound of consonant y, as i in reversion, 
mansion, passion, and, in a few cases, when it precedes u 
(=yoo), as in sure, sugar, censure, sensual, the sounds rep- 
resented by these letters are exchanged for that of the sim- 
ple but very similar element represented by sh. Thus the ex- 
amples just given are actually pronounced re-ver'shun, man'- 
shun. pash'un, shoor, sho'og'ar, cen'shoor, sen'shoo-al, though 
the theoretical pronunciation would be re-vers'yun, mans'- 
yun,p r xss'yun. s-yoor, s-yobg'ar, cens'yoor, sens'yoo-al. 

In a few words, 5 alone takes the sound of sh, as in nan- 
sea, Asiatic ; or rather the e or ?', in such cases, does double 
duty, imiting with the 5 to signify the sound of sh, and at 
the same time retaining its usual vowel character. 

§ 93. When 5 is preceded by a vowel in an accented syl- 
lable, and is followed by a vowel having regularly or theo- 
retically the sound of consonant y, these two letters are 
commonly pronounced like zh, as in adhesion, revision, ex- 
plosion, co7ifusion, jrteasure, visual, usury, &c. (See § 107.) 
So also in scission, abscission, rescission, though the s is 
not preceded 03* a vowel in the accented syllable. 

§ 94. 5 is silent in the words aisle, isle, island, demesne, 
puisne, viscount, and generally at the end of French words 
adopted into English, as chamois, corps, vis-a-vis, &c. 

Sh. 
§ 95. This digraph (which is unmarked) represents the 
simple sound heard in shelf, flesh, usher, &c. 

NOTE. — This element is formed by a partial contact of 
the upper surface of the tongue, near the tip, with that 
side of the arch or dome of the palate which is just above 
the gums of the front teeth, and by an effusion of unvocal 
breath through the narrow aperture left for its escape. Or- 
ganically considered, the sound is intermediate between 
those of s and consonant y: genetically considered, it has 
been evolved from the combination of these two sounds, 
which, in rapid utterance, do not easily maintain their dis- 
tinct character. Thus, if we pronounce the word special 
in three syllables, speg'i-al, and then try to reduce it to two, 
we shall find that it is difficult to articulate the c (= s) and 
the i (=y) by one continuous effort of the organs, and that 
the intermediates/! is naturally substituted as an easier and 
a closely allied sound. So with version, mission, sure, &c. 
In motion, and other words ending in Uon not preceded by 
s or by x, we may suppose the t to have been originally 
sounded like s, as in words of the same class in French ; or 
the process of development may have been, first, mo'ti-on 
(with the t kept pure); then mot'yun; next mot' shun or 
mo'chun (see § 66) ; and finally, by sinking the t, mo 1 shun. 
1 Sh is never silent. It is expressed : 1. By c, as in o-re- 
an'ic, e-ma-d-a'tion ; 2. By s, as in nau^e-ate, A-si-at'ic ; 
S. By t, as in ne-go-rt-a'tion ; 4. By ce, as in o'cean ; 5. By 
ci, as in so' 'cc'al ; 6. By se, as in nauseous ; 7. By si, as in 
tea'sion ; 8. By ti, as hi cap^'ous ; 9. By the si implied in 
as' (=ksi), as in norr/ous ; 10. By the sy implied in su (= 
syoo). as in men-.w-ra-'tion (men-.s/io0-ra / shun) ; 11. By the 
sy implied in xu (=ksyoo), as in luxury (luk'shoo-Tj ; 12. 
By ch, as in r/;aise, c/iar'la-tan, ma-chine' ; 13. By chs, as in 
iu'chsi-a, ; 14. By sc, as in con-sci-en'tious ; 15. By sch, as 
in schorl ■ 16. By sci, as in con'scfence. — See §§ 63, 92, 
97,104. 

In some words, particularly those ending in date and 
tiate, some orthoe'pists and. speakers pronounce the vowel 
distinctly after' the r. or $ sounded as sh ; as, enunciate 



(e-nun'shi-ate), expatiate (eks-pa'shT-ate), &c. ; others pro- 
nounce it with a slight sound, as. of a very brief or half- 
suppressed e, represented in the Dictionaries of Smart and 
Cooley by an apostrophe, thus, enunciate (e-nun'sh'ate'), 
expatiate (eks-pa'sh'ate), &c. ; others, again, as Sheridan, 
Perry, and Dr. Webster, considering it an error to use the 
vowel twice, pronounce these terminations, and others like 
them, in one syllable; as, enunciate (e-ntin'shate), expa- 
tiate (eks-pa/shate), &c. In this Dictionary, however, 
these terminations are given in two syllables (-shi-ate), in 
accordance with what is believed to be the best and most 
general usage ; but a reference to the present section is 
generally appended to words of this class, that the inquirer 
may not be left in ignorance of the fact that there is a want 
of uniformity in their pronunciation. 



§ 90. The sound of t (unmarked) as heard in tone, note, 
noted, assets^, &c. 

Note . — This sound differs from that of d (see § 70) only 
in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance ; that is to 
say, the position or configuration of the articulating organs 
is the same in both cases, but for d the breath, confined 
within the mouth by a close contact of the fore part of the 
tongue with the upper gum, is vocalized and rendered audi- 
ble in a sort of murmur heard before the organs separate, 
while for t it is kept pure or unvocal, and cannot therefore 
be heard until the contact is forcibly broken. 

T is silent in the terminations ten and tie after 5, as in 
fasten, listen, often, castle, gristle, throstle, &c. It is also 
silent in the words chestnut, Christmas, hostler, or ostler, 
mistletoe, and mortgage. 

§ 97. When t precedes any one of the diphthongs ia, ie, 
and io, and at the same time follows an accented syllable 
not ending in s or x, it assumes, in some words, tho' sound 
of sh, as in negotiation; but, in most cases, the compound 
sound resulting from the coalescence of t and i is exchanged 
for that of sh, as in patient, station, partial, &c. When s 
or x precedes the t, this letter and the i following it either 
preserve their own sounds pure, or exchange them for the 
sound of ch in chin, as in question (kwest'yun or kwes'- 
chun), mixtion (mikst/yun or miks'chun), &c. — See § 66, 
Note, and § 95. 

Th. 

§ 98. Th unmarked has its sharp or whispered sound, 
as in thing, breath, author, athlete, &c. 

Note. — This is the sound made in lisping. It is pro- 
duced by putting the point of the tongue betweer <-he 
teeth, or by placing it against the back of the upper frJt^ 
teeth, and forcing out unintonated breath. 

Th has this sound generally at the beginning and at the 
end of words ; but there are some exceptions. 

§ 99. Th marked thus, Th, th, has its soft, flat, or vo- 
cal sound, as in thine, then, with, mother, writhed, &c. 

Note. — This sound differs from the foregoing only in 
being an utterance of voice instead of simple breath. It 
occurs chiefly between two vowels in words purely English, 
as in leather, wither, heathen ; also at the end of the verbs 
mouth, bequeath, and smooth; and when followed by a final 
e mute, as in breathe, clothe, &c 

Nouns which, in the singular, end in th sharp, usually 
preserve the same sound in the plural, as death, deaths; 
sabbath, sabbaths, &c. ; but in the plurals of the following 
seven words the th is vocal ; namely, bath, cloth, lath, mouth, 
oath, path, and wreath, as, baths, cloths, laths, paths, &c. 
Some pronounce truths, in the plural, with the vocal sound 
(truths), but this is sanctioned by no orthoe'pist. 

Although th in with has its vocal sound, yet in the com- 
pounds herewith, therewith, and wherewith, it is, according 
to the orthoe'pists, pronounced with its sharp or whispered 
sound. Good usage, however, allows it to retain in the 
compound the same sound that it has in the simple word. 



XV111 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 100. Tli has the sound of t in phthisic (tiz/ik), thyme 
(tim), and their derivatives ; and also in the proper names 
Thomas (tom'as) and Thames (temz.) This is also its sound 
in all modern European languages except the Greek. In 
asthma and isthmus, it is said by the orthoepists to have 
the same sound ; but the great majority of speakers, in the 
United States at least, entirely suppress the th, pronoun- 
cing the former word az'ma or as'ina, and the latter Is'mus 
or iz/mus. — See § 108. 

V. 
§ 101. The sound of v (unmarked), as in vane, leave, 
civil, &c. 

NOTE. — This, sound differs from that of/ only in being 
an utterance of the voice instead of the breath, the organs 
assuming precisely the same position for both sounds. 

Vis never silent, except in sevennight (sen'nit), which is 
also written sennight, and, according to some orthoepists, 
in the word twelvemonth, colloquially pronounced tvceV- 
munth. 

W. 

§ 102. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, aa 
wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is unmarked) is a 
consonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel 
oo, but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or 
greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this com- 
pression of the lips changes the quality of the sound, giv- 
ing it a buzzing and articulative, instead of a smooth and 
purely vocal, character. 

NOTE. — Some writers, however, maintain that the sound 
is merely that of a brief oo ; in other words, that it is no 
consonant at all; but a simple experiment will serve to 
show the incorrectness of this view. If w is the same as 
oo, the word woo must be equivalent to oo pronounced 
twice in succession ; but oo-ob' is evidently a word of two 
syllables, and wo~o, as universally pronounced, is confess- 
edly a monosyllable. Another consideration will help to 
establish the consonantal nature of w. Like the other con- 
sonants, it is capable of stopping or shutting a vowel, that 
is, of causing it to assume its regular short sound, as in 
the cockney pronunciation of very as ve'wy, of marry as 
ma'wy, of horrid as h5 / wid, &c. 

After a vowel in the same syllable, w is generally silent, 
as in glow, thrown, &c. ; though sometimes significant, as 
in Haw. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is 
generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, new ; but it 
is sounded like So, or like u in rude, if the letter r stands 
before it, as in crew, shrew, &c. It is often joined with a 
preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise 
expressed by ou, as in brow, cow, town, &c. — See § 39. 

W is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in 
wring (ring), wrote (rot), awry (a-ry') ; also in the words 
answer (an'ser), sword (sord), toward (to'ard), two (too). 

It is often represented by u occurring before another 
vowel in the same syllable, as quail, query, languid, as- 
suage, &c. 

Wh. 

§ 103. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse 
order, namely, hw, as they were written by the Anglo-Sax- 
ons ; e. g., ivhet is pronounced hwet. The h is here a free 
emission of breath through the position taken by the lips in 
the formation of w, the vocal cords being all the while com- 
pletely relaxed. (See § 76.) Many recent phonologists, how- 
ever, contend that the combination wh represents a simple 
whisper of the ordinary w, to which it stands in the same 
relation as any surd consonant does to its corresponding so- 
nant. Those who hold this opinion not only wrongly appre- 
hend and describe their own pronunciation, but they over- 
look the fact, that, as a closer, approximation of the lips in 



pronouncing oo-et changes the sound to wet, so hoo-et in like 
manner gives rise to whet ; and they forget that all words 
of this class originally began with an aspiration or a gut- 
tural, as their etymological history clearly shows. Thus 
what is from the A*.-S. hwcet, 0. Sax. huat, Icel. hvater, &c. 
Compare also Scot- quhile and English while, Lat. quid and 
English what. In who, whole, whoop, whore, and their de- 
rivatives, the w is silent. 

X. 
§ 104. This letter has two sounds ; namely, its regular 
sharp sound (unmarked) like ks, as in expect, tax, &c, and 
its soft or flat sound (marked £, x,) like gz, as in exist, 
example, &c. 

Note. — This latter sound usually occurs when the syl- 
lable which immediately follows the x begins with an ac- 
cented vowel, as in auxiliary, exert, exalt, luxurious, and 
sometimes also in. the derivatives of such words, even 
though the x is under the accent, as in exemplary, exhala- 
tion, &c. 

In anxious, noxious, luxury, and a few other words, the 
s which is the second element of the x, and the following i 
or the first element of the following u, instead of retaining 
their usual sound of y, are generally exchanged for the 
sound of sh ; thus, ank'shus, nok'shus, luk'shoo-ry, &c. 

At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z, as in 
xanthic (zan'-), xebec (ze'-), xylography (zi-), &c. 



§ 105. The sound of y (unmarked), as in yawn, year, 
young, beyond, &c. 

Note . — This sound — which is heard in English only at 
the beginning of a word or a syllable — is formed from the 
vowel e by a closer approximation of the tongue to the roof 
of the mouth, which destroys the pure vocality of the e. 
As w is often confounded with oo. so y is often confounded 
with e ; but it may be proved to be a distinct sound by an 
experiment on the word ye similar to that by which w was 
shown to be distinct from oo. — See § 102. 

In the middle or at the end of a syllable, y is a vowel, 
and has precisely the sound that i. would have in the same 
situation. — See §§ 15, 16, 35, 48, 54, &c. 

Jf is often represented by i, when this letter occurs in an 
unaccented syllable before another vowel, and, at the same 
time, follows an accented syllable, as in familiar, minion, 
poniard, &c. 

Z. 

6 106. The regular and leading sound of this letter 
(which is unmarked) is heard in zone, maze, hazy, frozen, 
&c. It is the vocal or sonant form of s. (See § 90.) In a few 
words it takes the sound of zh, as in seizure (se'zhoor), &c. 
(See § 107.) In rendezvous it is silent. 

Zh. 

R 107. This sound is the vocal correspondent of sh, and 
is uttered with the organs in precisely the same position. 

Note. — It has arisen, in all English words, from an at- 
tempt to pronounce the sound of z in maze (see § 106) and 
that of consonant y (see § 105) in immediate succession. 
On account of the vicinity of the contacts represented by 
zh and y, the effort to do this causes the tongue to assume 
the position requisite for sounding zh, or nearly so ; and 
hence zh was naturally substituted as being a very similar 
sound of easier utterance. Thus, fusion may be supposed 
to have been originally pronounced fuz'yun, and then fu>- 
zhun ; grazier, first graz'yer, and then grazh'er.—See § 95. 

The combination zh is used in works on pronunciation to 
indicate the sound here described, on account of the rela- 
tionship of this sound to that commonly expressed by the 
digraph sh. But the two letters zh never come together in 
the proper orthography of any English word. The sound 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xis 



Tor which they stand is represented by zi (when the z occurs 
in, or is immediately preceded by, an accented syllable, and 
the i is followed by another vowel and occurs in an unac- 
cented syllable, as in glazier) ; by the zy implied in zu (= 
zyoo), as in azure ; by s in symposium, &c. ; by si in cer- 
tain situations (see § 93) ; by ti in the single word tran- 
sition, as sometimes pronounced ; and by g in one or two 
words adopted from the French, as rouge. 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 

§ 108. When a whispered and a vocal consonant come 
together in the same syllable, it is generally very difficult, 
in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and 
appropriate sound. • Hence it frequently becomes necessary 
to change the character of the one or of the other, in order 
to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is 
generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the 
second consonant, whether whispered or vocal, to that of 
the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes 
the sound of its whispered correspondent s, in order to 
unite with the whispered t. On the other hand, the s in 
winds is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake 
of corresponding with the vocal d. Sometimes, though 
rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to 
that of the second, as in spasm (spazm). 

This affinity between these two classes of consonants is 
an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly 
known. For there are four very common inflectional ter- 
minations which invariably come under its influence, 
namely : 1. Possessive forms in s, as maid's (maidz) ; 2. 
Plurals in 5, as tubs (tubz), groves (grovz) ; 3. Sin the third 
person singular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smoot/is (smoothz) , 
4. Preterits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in 
dashed (dasht), ingulfed (ingulft). 

It is necessary to observe, that there are a few words end- 
ing in dth, as breadth, hundredth, &c, where the aspirate 
th is not assimilated to the vocal d ; and also that, after ng, 
and the liquids I, m, n, r, — all of which are vocal conso- 
nants, — a whispered consonant can be pronounced with- 
out difficulty, and actually is pronounced, as in melt, terse, 
tempt (temt), fence, strength, &c. 

DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS. 

§ 109. I n many words, a consonant is doubled between 
two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articula- 
tion is ever used in speaking. In banner, for example, we 
close the organs but once between the first and second syl- 
lables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n with- 
out pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, 
opening the organs, and closing them a second time. 
Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written 
twice between vowels, as in banner, robbing, madden, let- 
ter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articula- 
tion of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the 
consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel 
has its short sound. 

But, although only one articulation is ever used, or, in 
fluent speech, possibly can be used, where a consonant is 
written twice, yet in some words the articulation is dwelt 
upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an appar- 
ent duplication of the sound. This effect takes place in 
many derived words in which the primitive ends or begins 
with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix 
or prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as 
in soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatura'. 
The same effect takes place in most compound words, in 
which the second part begins -with the same sound as that 



with which + <he iirst part ends, as in post-town, head-dress, 
half-filled. — See § 127. 



ACCENT. 

§ 110. Accent is a particular stress or effort of vofeg 
upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them 
from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of 
pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in irr 
tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last sylla- 
ble, and secondary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first 
syllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid 
on the second and third syllables, though less than that 
laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary 
or subordinate accents, as in in-com'pre-hen'si-bil'i-ty. 

Note. — (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether 
primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, *vben 
further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'emtnt, 
neg'essariness, an'atom'ical, person' ifica'tion, &c. ; but we 
say lu'bricate, and not lub'ricate ; tru'cultncy, and not trxic'- 
ixlency ; su'perabun'dant, and not sup'erabun'dant, &c. 
This tendency generally fails, if the accented syllable is fol- 
lowed by two unaccented vowels, as in pe'ri-od, ma'ni-ac; 
or by two vowels of which the former only is unaccented, 
as in de'vi-a'tion, o'ri-en'tal. 

(2.) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain 
cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely, 
" making," as Walker remarks, " the secondary principal 
and the principal secondary." He specifies violin, referee, 
privateer, artisan, courtesan, charlatan, and might have 
added ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette, reverie, 
confidante, governante, invalid, n., parachute , and others. 
Nearly all of these, except the first three, have now (ac- 
cording to able orthospists) transferred the primary accent 
from the last to the first syllable, as in artisan, &c, under 
the operation of a principle which is stated in § 117. 

(3.) Many in this country give a marked secondary accent 
in certain words which properly have but one accent, and 
that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'ri-to / ry , 
dif'fi-cwFty, cir'cum-stdn'ces, in'ter-cst'ing, &c. This 
droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syl- 
lable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly 
through the rest of the word. It is also a vulgar American 
custom, in many words having an unaccented initial sylla- 
ble followed by an accented one, to lay a nearly equal stress 
of voice on both, as in ex'act'ly, gl'gan'tic, Vtal'ic, po'lit'- 
ical, pre. 1 cise'ly , sdl'va'tion, stu'pen'dous. 

DIVIDED USAGE. 

§ HI. In quite a large number of words, there is a di- 
versity of practice among good speakers as to the place of 
the primary accent. This arises mainly from a conflict be- 
tween certain great principles which affect the seat of the 
accent. A few of these will now be mentioned, with a view 
to account for this diversity. It is all that can be done in 
a brief sketch like this. 

§ 112. First Principle. — Derivatives take for a time, 
if not permanently, the accent of the original words from 
which they are formed, as resolve', from resol'vo, aspect* 
(Shakespeare, Milton), from aspectus, Hindostan'ee, from 
Hindostan' , &c. So also words derived from other English 
words by adding one or more syllables to their beginning 
or end, as within', from in, improp'er, from prop'er, po'et- 
ess, from po'et, pleas'antly, from pleas'ant, serviceable, 
from ser'vice, re-adjust' ment, from adjust', &c. 

§ 113. Second Principle. — Ease of utterance has some 
influence in deciding the place of the accent. Ac'ceptable, 
receptacle, and u'tensil, fashionable in the days of Walker, 
have now taken the easier accentuation of accept'able, re- 



%K 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



:ept'acle, and uten'sil. Discrepant and discrepancy are 
marked discrepant and discrepancy by Richardson, Boag, 
Craig, Wright, Clarke, and others. Subal'tem (instead of 
Walker's sub'altern) is the accentuation of Richardson, 
Knowles, Barclay, Craig, Clarke, and many more. Dys- 
pep'sy has taken the place of dys'pepsy in the marking of 
Webster, Smart, Cull, Wright, Clarke, Cooley, &c, and is 
now the prevailing accentuation. On the same ground, 
ances'tral is preferred to an'cestral by Jameson, Webster, 
Boag, Clarke, and Cull, in conformity -with campes'tral 
and other similar words. Confes'sor, like profes'sor, has 
superseded confessor in this country, and has the support 
of Perry, Ash, Rees, Barclay, Boag, Clarke, Cull, Webster, 
and Worcester. Rem'ediless, from the difficulty of the 
sound, has been changed in this country into remediless, 
as sanctioned by Perry, Ash, Rees, Fulton and Knight, 
and Webster. Con'sislory has given way to consist'ory in 
the marking of Knowles, Barclay, Reid, Brande, Craig, 
Boag, Clarke, Cooley, and others. In like manner, ac' r 
cessary and ac'cessory (as marked in most English Dic- 
tionaries) are commonly pronounced in this country acces- 
sary and accessory, as recommended by Bailey and Ash. 
These may serve as instances of the application of this 
principle. It is an important one in its place ; and, though 
it may give rise for a time to a diversity of pronunciation 
(since some will cling to that which is older and harder), 
changes of this kind, which promote ease of utterance, will 
finally prevail. 

Dissyllables. 
§ 114. Third Principle. — In words of two syllables, 
there is a tendency (though with numerous exceptions) to 
accent the former or penultimate syllable, as in a'gue, bar'- 
on, com'mon, dis'cord, &c. 

Note. — (1.) This tendency meets with a powerful coun- 
teraction in Principle No. 1, namely, that of derivatives re- 
taining the accent of their primitives, as in amuse' , deter' , 
offend' , &c. It is natural, in such formatives, to place the 
accent on the radical part of the word ; and hence some 
hundreds of our dissyllables, especially verbs and adverbs, 
have their accent on the last syllable. 

(2.) Still, there is a constant struggle (especially among 
the common people, who are unacquainted with the deriva- 
tion of words) to draw back the accent to the first syllable. 
Here arises another conflict, which produces a diversity of 
accent ; and the common people, being a majority, are, on 
the whole, slowly gaining upon those who are tenacious of 
Principle No. 1. Hence, con'nate and in'nate (instead of 
connate' and innate') are genei'a.lly prevalent iu this coun- 
try, and are now sanctioned by Reid, Boag, Craig, and 
others. Al'cove (for alcove') is more common among us, 
and it is so marked by recent English orthoepists, Boag, 
Craig, Cull, and others. Con' tents (for contents') has be- 
come the general usage of this countrj', as sanctioned by 
Cull, Clarke, Webster, and Worcester. Re'tail (for retail') 
is now the marking of a majority of the orthoepists. De'- 
tail (for detail') is less prevalent, but is sanctioned by 
Smart, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, &c. Pro'lix and pre'text (for 
prolix' and pretext') are widely prevalent (especially the for- 
mer), and are authorized by some recent lexicographers. 
Bom' bast (for bombast') is the accentuation of Walker, Bar- 
clay, Richardson, Cull, and Webster ; it is admitted by 
Worcester, and is extensively used in this country. Bu'- 
Teau (for bureau') was admitted by Dr. Webster, and is very 
generally applied to the article of furniture, while bureau' 
is sometimes used in reference to a department of the gov- 
ernment. Ac' cess (for access') is authorized by a number 
of orthoepists, and especially, among the later ones, by 
Knowles, Boag, Wright, Clarke, and Cull. 

(3.) No orthoepist has given any sanction, it is believed, 
to ro'trtance and finance (for romance' and 'finance'), or to 
xe' search and re' source, (for. research' and resource'), though 



these pronunciations are not infrequently heard In America. 
The two last ought especially to be discountenanced ; for 
search and source are English words, and should tnerefore 
remain (as they were from, the first) the chief objects o/ 
thought. 

§ 115. We have about eighty cases among our dissylla- 
bles in which the same word is used for a verb on the one 
hand, and a noun or an adjective on the other. To distin- 
guish between them, we accent the nouns and the adjec- 
tives on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last, as, a 
con'vert, to convert' ; a con'tract, to contract', &c. It is 
unnecessary to give the list in full, since the accent of nearly 
all these words has been long settled by general usage. 

Note. — There are a few cases of divided use in nouns, 
which will sooner or later be made to conform to the gen- 
eral rule. For example, usage will probably soon fix per- 
manently on per'fect for the adjective, and perfect' for the 
verb ; per'mit for the noun, and permit' for the verb ; pro'- 
test for the noun, and protest' for the verb ; perfume for 
the noun, and perfume' for the verb ; pro'ceeds for the 
noun, and proceed' for the verb ; de'tail for the noun, and 
detail' for the verb ; in'crease for the noun, and increase' 
for the verb ; re'tail for the noun, and retail/ for the verb : 
sur'vey for the noun, and survey' for the verb. 

There is a tendency among many to accent the first sylla 
ble of the noun ally, allies ; and, although without sanc- 
tion as yet from a single orthoepist, it would not be sur- 
prising if this tendency should prevail on the ground stated 
above, making the noun al'ly, al'iie.s, and the verb ally'. 
The noun cement has been extensively pronounced cem'ent, 
as distinguished from the verb to cement' ; but Smart thinks 
this will not finally prevail ; and the tendency does eertainly 
now seem to be toward cement' for the ,noun as well as the 
verb. 

§ 118. We have a few dissyllables which are at once 
nouns and adjectives. These are distinguished by accent- 
ing the nouns on the first syllable, and the adjectives on 
the last. 

NOUNS. ADJECTIVES. 

Au 7 gust, the month. August 7 , noble. 
Com 7 pact, an engagement. Compact 7 , close. 

Ex 7 ile, banishment. Exile 7 , small, slender. 

Instinct, an impulse. Instinct 7 , animated. 

Min 7 ute (of time). Minute', very small. 

Su 7 pine (in grammar). Supine 7 , indolent. 

The word gallant departs from the above rule. When It 
denotes a suitor, or tc attentive to ladies," it is accented 
gallant', and is changed into gal'lant when it means high- 
spirited or daring. 

Trisyllables and Polysyllables. 
§ 117. Fourth Principle. — In words of three or more 
syllables, there is a strong tendency to accent the antepe- 
nult, or third syllable from the end, as in el'oquent, ac'ci- 
dent, opportunity. 

Note . — This tendency is counteracted by that of deriva- 
tion (Principle No. 1. See § 112) ; and here arises another 
" conflict," which, to some extent, arrays our scholars on 
the one side, and the body of the people on the other. 
Many scholars, for example, are strongly inclined to say 
conlem' plate, demon' str ate, confiscate, obdu'rate, &e. (for- 
getting that they come from participles, contcmpla'tus, dem- 
onstra'tus, Sec), because by Latin rules their second syhV 
ble is long ; while the mass of the people, who know noth- 
ing of Latin, and are governed by English analogies, are 
equally bent on saying con' template, demonstrate, ob'dw 
rate, &c. The latter pronunciation is now very extensively 
heard, and thus we have a "divided usage " in respect to 
these and similar words. There is a class of botanical and 
mineral ogical terms ending ia ghyllous and phyllite (from 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



XXI 



<5r. <l>vWov, a leaf), as quadriphyllous , anthophyllite, &c, 
in which the same struggle is going on. Words having 
these terminations are differently accented by different au- 
thorities, and sometimes even by the same authority. 
Knowles, Gray, and Worcester are the only authorities 
who are self-consistent in their pronunciation of such 
words — Knowles accenting them all on the antepenult, 
Gray as uniformly on the penult, and Worcester giving an 
alternative in every case, the penultimate accentuation 
being his preference. There can be no doubt that that 
mode of pronunciation which places the accent on the an- 
tepenult is most in accordance with the genius of our lan- 
guage ; and, in all probability, it will ultimately prevail 
over the learning or the pedantry of those who contend for 
the penultimate accentuation. In like manner, baUcony 
(for balco'ny) has now, according to Smart, become the true 
English pronunciation, and is so marked by Knowles, Web- 
ster, Cull, Wright, Cooley, and many more. 

Ele'giac (for e'cgi'ac) is the general pronunciation of this 
country (in accordance with maniac and most other words 
in -iac), and has the sanction of Perry, Knowles, Wright, 
Clarke, Cull, Cooley, and Webster. Qnan'dary (for quan- 
da'ry), in accordance with boundary and nearly every other 
word of three syllables in -ary, is our prevailing pronunci- 
ation, and is sanctioned by Maunder, Cull, Craig, Clarke, 
Cooley, Worcester, and Webster. Many are disposed to 
reduce vaga'ry to the same accentuation (va'gary). 

§ 118. It is a just principle, laid down by Walker, that 
* when words come to us who'e from the Greek or Latin, 
the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original." 
Hence the following words ought to be accented as here 
marked : namely, Abd.o'men, hori'zon, deco'rum, diplo'ma, 
muse'um, sono'rous, acu'rnen, bitu/men, and, on like 
grounds, farra'go, and others. Yet the strong tendency 
of our language to accent the cntepennltimate in all words 
of three or more syllables has caused this principle to be 
violated in some cases, as in am'azon, cic'atrix, min'ister, 
or'ator, pleth'orn, &c. 

§ 119. Words of more t^an two syllables having the 
same orthography are generally distinguished by a differ- 
ence of accent, as at'tri^ute, n., and attrib'ute, v., miscon'- 
duct, n., and miszovduct', v., o'verthrow, n., and over- 
throw', v. In such ^ases, the nouns have the accent fur- 
ther from the 3n<\. 

§ 120. With a very few exceptions, words of more than 
two s^Uable^ naving the following terminations take the 
accen/ **u the antepenult, or last syllable but two : — 

■<racy ; as, democracy, theoc'racy ; 

feroUs ; as, somniferous, umbelliferous ; 

fluent; as, affluent, circum 'fluent ; j 

fiuous ; as, mellifluous, superfluous; 

gonal ; as, diag'onal, kexag'onal ; 

gony ; as, cosmog'ony, theog'ony ; 

•grapker ; as, lexicographer, stenographer ; 

•graphy ; as, pkotog'raphy, typography; 

-loger ; as, philoUoger, astrol'oger ; 

-logist ; as, entomol'ogisi, physiologist ; 

iogy ; as, chronol'ogy, mythol'ogy ; 

ioquy as, colloquy, solil'oquy ; 

vnachy; as, logom'achy, theom'achy ; 

•mouthy; as, chrestom'athy, polym'athy ; 

■meter ; as, barom'eter, hygrom'eter ; 

vnetry ; as, ultim'etry, geom'etry ; 

•nomy; as, astron'omy, econ'omy; 

'parous; as, ovip'arous. vivip'arous; 

pathy ; as, ap'athy, antip'athy ; 

aphony; as, antiph'ony, roloph'ony ; 

-sropy ; as, acros'copy, deuteros'copy ; 

-strophe; as, apostrophe, calas'troplu; 



-tomy; as, anat'omy, lithofomy ,- 
-trophy; as, at'rophy, hyper' trophy ; 
-vovious, &s,flammiv'o?nous, igniv'omous ; 
-vorous, as, carniv'orous, graminiv'orous. 
§ 121 Words of more- than two syllables, ending in 
-cate, -date, -gate, -fly, -tude, and -ty, preceded by a vowel, 
have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult : as, 
dep'recate, rus'ticate, reciprocate ; an'tedate, elu'cidate, ac» 
comhnodate ; prop'agate, delegate, fu'migate ; rar'efy^ 
sanc'tify ; qui 1 etude, latitude; soci'ety, acid'ity, dep'uty. 

§ 122. The penultimate syllable is to be accented in al- 
most all words having the sound of sh, of zh, or of conso- 
nant y immediately before their last vowel or diphthong ; 
e. g., dona'tion, concession, illu'sion, controversial, ver* 
mil 1 ton, opm'ion. 

The Terminations 10 and ICS. 
§ 123. Words ending in ic and ics (derivatives from 
words in i/cos or icus, in Greek or Latin, or formed after the 
same analogy) have their accent on the penult ; as, epi- 
demic, scientific, &c. The following words are exceptions, 
having the accent on the antepenult ; namely 5 ag'aric, Ar- 
abic, arithmetic, ar'senic, n., cath'olic, choVeric, ephem'eric, 
her'etic, lu'natic, pleth'oric, pol'itic, rhet'oric, and tur'meric. 
Climacteric has usually the. antepenultimate accent, though 
some pronounce it climacter'ic. In like manner, the nouns 
empiric and schismatic, and the noun and adjective sple- 
netic, are sometimes accented on the penult, and sometimes 
on the antepenult. 

The Terminations E-AL, E-Al", and E-UM. 
§ 124. A part of the words having these terminations 
follow the English analogy, and take the antepenultimate 
accent ; as, ceru'lean. hyperborean, Hercu'lean, Mediterra- 
nean, subterra'nean, Tartarean, marrno'rean ; petro'leum, 
perios'teum, succeda'neum. A part accent the penult; as, 
adamante'an, Atlant'ean, colosse'an, empyre'an, Epicure'an, 
Europe 1 'an, pygme< 'an ; mausole'um, muse'um. Orphean, 
being derived from Or'pheus (or'ius), is more properly ac- 
cented Or'phean. Most words ending in eal accent the ante- 
penult ; as, lin'eal, ethe'real, fune'real ; but hymene'al and 
ide'al take the accent upon the penult. 

The Termination OSE. 
§ 125. There is a considerable number of adjectives 
ending in ose, as animose, comatose, operose, &c, in the 
accentuation of which the dictionaries are at variance with 
each other, and many of them inconsistent with them- 
selves. But all words of this class, as Walker remarks, 
ought, from their form and derivation, to be pronounced 
alike. Walker himself accents them all upon the last syl- 
lable, and in this he is followed by Worcester and Cooley; 
but, in trisyllables having this termination, most recent 
authorities, following the natural tendency of the language, 
as well as the prevailing usage, give only a secondary ac- 
cent to the last syllable, placing the principal accent on the 
antepenult. (See § 110, Note, second paragraph.) As to 
dissyllabic adjectives ending in ose. as jocose, verbose, mo- 
rose, &c, they take the accent on the last syllable, with a 
few exceptions. 

§ 126. In poetry, words are frequently used with an ac- 
centuation different from that adopted in ordinary speech, 
as in the following examples ; 



xxii 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier 1 . 
Forever separate, yet forever near. 



Pope. 



Ye icefalls ! ye that from the mountain's brow 
Adown enormous rav'ines slope amain. Coleridge. 

§ 127. When two words of similar formation and the 
same accentuation are contrasted with each other, the ac- 
cent is transferred to the syllable of difference (unless this 
is already accented, as in em'inent, im'minent), and the 
i'cgularly accented syllable takes a secondary accent ; thus, 
zmdo 1 is pronounced vn'do' when opposed to do or to out>- 
do', and intervene' is pronounced intervene 1 when used 
antithetically to su'pervene 1 . So also with am'jmta'tion 
and im'puta'tion, bi'en'nial and tri'en/nial, op 1 'pose' ', and 
sup'pose' ; ex'er'cise, and ex'or'cise, al-le'ga'tion &nd al-li'- 
gi'tion ; proph'et' and profit' ; do 1 nor' and do'nee', guar- 
antor' and guarantee'. 

§ 128. When separately pronounced, all monosyllabic 
words have their vowel as distinctly sounded as if under ac- 
cent. But in connected discourse, certain classes of mono- 
syllables, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunc- 
tions, and auxiliary verbs, are usually unemphasized, and 
their vowel is liable to the same corruption of quality as 
that in an unaccented syllable of a word. But when used 
antithetically to other words, they are emphasized, receiv- 
ing a full and distinct stress of voice. Thus, the possessive 
pronoun their, when emphatic, should take the full sound 
of e; as, "Tlieir (ther) interests, and not yours, are to be 
consulted." But when unemphatic, the sound becomes 
more obscure, verging toward, or falling into, that of the 
neutral vowel (u in urge) ; as, " They will not neglect their 
(thur) interests." So, also, there, when used as an adverb | 
of place, is distinctly pronounced with the appropriate | 
6ound of the vowel ; as, " I shall be there (ther)." When, j 
however, it serves merely to introduce a verb or a sentence, I 
it takes the obscurer sound ; as, "There (thur) is no dim- | 
culty in the case." In Jike manner we say a, your, that, I 
the, from, f Or, &c, when we pronounce the words by them- 



selves ; but in actual use they become nearly or quite ii, 
yur, thut, thu, frilm, fur, &c. The following passage from 
the « Spectator," No. 80, well illustrates this tendency to a 
corruption of the vowel sound in unemphasized monosylla- 
bles : — " My lords, with humble submission that that I 
say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is 
not that that he should have proved to your lordships. " 



SYLLABICATION. 

§ 129. Words are sometimes divided into syllables for 
the sole purpose of showing their proper pronunciation (as, 
a-dorn, o-void) ; and sometimes in order to exhibit their 
etymological composition merely, without the least regard 
to their pronunciation (as, ad-orn, ov-oid). In ordinary 
cases — as where a word requires to be divided at the end 
of a line — these modes of syllabication are to a certain 
extent combined. In the United States, the etymological 
principle is allowed to operate only in separating prefixes, 
suffixes, and gramrxatical terminations from the radical 
part of the word, where this can be done without misrepre- 
senting the pronunciation. In English practice, however, 
words are usually divided in such a manner as to show their 
constituent parts independently of the pronunciation (as, 
hypo-thesis, philosophy, belli-gerent, &c), and a single 
consonant or a consonant digraph between two vowels goes 
to the latter (as, a-na-to-my, de-li-cate, ma-thf -ma-tics, 
&c). In this Dictionary, words are uniformly divided so 
as to represent their pronunciation in the most accurate 
manner ; but very frequently the root of a word may be 
exhibited to the eye without violating the orthoepical prin- 
ciple of syllabication, and where this is possible it has 
generally been done, more particularly in the case of ac- 
cented syllables. 



RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. 

FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 



§ 130 (1). The letters /and I, at the end of monosyl- 
lables, and standing immediately after single vowels, are 
generally doubled ; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, 
hill, toll, null. The words clef, if, of, and sol, are excep- 
tions. 

',' § 131 (2). The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, 
and standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally 
doubled, except when it is used to form the possessive case 
or plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb ; 
as in grass, press, hiss, mossj truss. The only impor- 
tant exceptions are as, gas, has, was, yes, his, is, thus, and I 
us. 

§ 132 (3). Besides /, I, and s, the only consonants that 
are ever doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n, p, 
r, t, and z. The following list contains all, or nearly all, 
the words in which these letters aro doubled ; namely, abb, ' 



ebb; add, odd, rudd ; bigg, egg, snigg ; lamm, scomm, 
mumm (to mask) ; inn, bunn ; wapp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, 
shirr, shirr, burr, hurr, murr, purr ; mitt, plitt, stnitt, butt ; 
fizz, fuzz, buzz, huzz, muzz. 

Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes incor- 
rectly spelled lett, nett, and sett ; and some other words 
which should have the final letter single are spelled, by 
some writers, with it doubled. 

§ 133 (4). A consonant standing at the end of a word 
immediately after a diphthong or double vowel is never 
doubled. The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are 
examples. The word guess is only an apparent exception, 
as the u does not strictly form a diphthong with the e v 
but serves merely to render the g hard. 

§ 134 (5). Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with 
the sound of k, and in wjich. e follows the vowel, have 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



xxm 



usually h added after the c ; as in black, fleck, click, knock, 
and buck. The words lac, sac. talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, 
marc, ore, &nd flsc, are exceptions. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, 
which formerly ended in k, also words derived from the Lat- 
in or Greek languages, or from other sources, and similar to 
these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written 
without the k; as, maniac, elegiac, cubic, music, public. 
The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than 
one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i 
or ia, commonly end in ck ; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, 
iiUock, wedlock. The words almanac, sandarac, limbec, xebec, 
manioc, and havoc, are exceptions. Almanac, limbec, and 
havoc, however, are sometimes written with k after the c, 
especially in England. 

§ 135 (6)- In derivatives formed from words ending in 
e, by adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, the 
letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may 
not be inaccurately pronounced like s before the following 
vowel : as, colic, colicky ; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, 
trafficker ; talc, talcky : zinc, zincky. 

§ 136 (7)- In derivatives formed by adding a termina- 
tion beginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words 
accented on the last syllable, when these words end in a 
single consonant (except x) preceded by a single vowel, 
that consonant is doubled ; as, clan, clannish ; plan, planned, 
planning, planner ; bag, baggage ; hot, hotter, hottest ; wit, 
witty; cabal', cabal'ler ; abet 1 , abet 1 ted, abet 1 ting, abet 1 tor ; 
begin', begin' ning, begin' ner; infer', inferred', infer /ring. 
The consonant is doubled in these words in order to pre- 
serve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the latter 
would be liable to be pronounced long. Thus, planned, 
hjttest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, 
hotest, and abeteJ, if the consouant were not doubled. 
Words of this class, in which the final consonant is pre- 
ceded by qu followed by a single vowel, form no exception 
to the rule, since the u performs the office of the consonant 
w ; as, squab, squabbish, squaJjby ; squat, squatting, squat- 
ter ; quit, quitted, quitting; acquit', acquit' ted, acquit'ting. 

The derivatives of the word gas (except gassed, gassing, 
and gassy) are written with but one s ; as, gaseous, gaseity, 
gasify. Excellence, as being from the Latin excellens, re- 
tains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the 
termination of exc?l'. Besides these, the only exceptions 
to the rule are those derivatives in which the accent of the 
primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal', 
cab'alism, cab'alist ; prefer', preference ; refer' reference ; 
defer', deference. It is no exception to this rule that chan- 
cellor, and the derivatives of metal and crys'a 1 , as metalloid, 
metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written 
with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively from 
the Latin caacellarius (through the French), and metallum, 
and the Greek (cpvVraAAo?. So also the word tranquillity 
retains the double I as being from the Latin tranquillitas, 
while the English derivatives of tranquil, though often 
written with two I's, are more properly written with only 
one. as tranquiliz", tranquilizer, and the like. 

§ 137 (8)- When a diphthong, or a digraph represent- 
ing a vowel sound, precedes the final consonant of a word, 
or the accent of a word ending in a single consonant falls 
en any other syllable than the last, or when the word 
ends in two different consonants, the final consonant is not 
doubled in derivatives formed by the addition of a termina- 
tion beginning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, dauber ; 
need, needy ; brief, briefer, briefest ; rev'el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; 
trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler ; profit, profited ; act, acted, 
actor ; perform, performer ; stand } standing. 



The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few 
words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability to its 
being pronounced like /, before e or i : as, humbug, hum- 
bugged, humbugging ; periwig, periwigged. The word 
woolen is more generally thus written, in the United States, 
with one I ; but in England it is written woollen. 

Note . — There is a large class of words ending in a single 
consonant, and accented on some other syllable than the 
last, the final consonants of which are, by very many 
writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, 
unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. This practice ap- 
pears to have arisen from a desire to prevent the vowel of 
the final syllable of the primitive from being inaccurately 
pronounced long in the derivatives. These words are chiefly 
those ending in I, with also a few of other terminations. The 
following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes 
the most important of those in regard to which usage 
varies : namely, apparel, barrel, bevels bias, bowel, and its 
compounds, cancel, carburet, and all similar words ending in 
nret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, compromit, counsel, cud- 
gel, dial, dishevel, doive.l, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, 
equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, im- 
peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- 
shal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel^ parcel, 
pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, (quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, 
rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, 
tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles 
the final letters of all these words, except parallel, in form- 
ing derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning 
with vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those end- 
ing in I, that " it better accords with the analogy of the 
language " to spell their derivatives with but one /. Smart 
retains the double consonant in this class of words solely 
on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that " the 
double p in worshipped, worshipper, &c, the second I in 
travelling, traveller, &c, are quite unnecessary on any 
other score than to satisfy the prejudices of the eye." 
Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the deriva- 
tives of words of this class, but writes a single consonant in 
many, as in those of apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, 
gambol, &c. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words 
with but one I, according to the rule, and the same prac- 
tice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular 
rule has been advocated also by Lowth and other eminent 
scholars. 

§ 138 (9). Derivatives formed from words ending in a 
double consonant, by adding one or more syllables, com- 
monly retain both consonants : as, ebb, ebbing ; odd, oddly; 
stiff, stiffness ; fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, 
willful, willfulness ; dull, dullness; full, fullness. So also 
the double I is retained in the words installment, inthrall- 
ment, thraldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, 
thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent the false pronuncia- 
tion they might receive if spelled with one I. Many writers 
and lexicographers, especially in England, omit one l in 
these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, 
and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness. 

The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, be- 
ing written with only one f; as, pontific, pontifical, ponti- 
ftcia 1 , and the like. One I also is dropped in a few words 
formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in 
U, in order to prevent the concurrence of three I's : as, ill, 
illy ; dull, dully ; full, fully. AYords similarly formed by 
adding the termination less, however, are written either 
with three Ps, a hyphen being inserted before the termina- 
tion, or with two Vs and without the hyphen : as, bell-lzss, 
or belless, skill-less or skilless, smelt-l'ss or smelless. 

§ 139 (10)- In derivatives formed from words ending 
with silent e, the e is generally retained when the termina- 
tion begins with a consonant : as, pale, paleness ; hate, hate- 
ful; incite , incitement ; chaste, chastelu,-ch'dsteness ; move, 
movement. When, however, the e is immediately preceded 



XXIV 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



by another vowel (except el), it is often dropped from the 
derivative : as, dice, duly ; argue, argument ; true, truly ; 
awe, awful ; and the derivatives and compounds of these 
words. 

The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, ac- 
knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of 
some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are 
written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, 
lodgement, judgement. 

§ 140 (11)- In derivatives formed from words ending 
with silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, 
the e is generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in 
the next paragraph: as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance; 
•plume, plumage ; use, usage ; grieve, grievance ; come, com- 
ing ; shape, shaping; move, movable ; sale, salable; fleece, 
fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism. 

The e is retained in the word hoeing, shoeing, and toeing 
(from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent a doubt as to 
the pronunciation, that might arise in case it were omitted. 
Jt is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springe- 
tug; swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, 
tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, 
swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting.) 
The word mileage, as commonly written, docs not omit the 
e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled mil- 
age. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though appar- 
ently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived 
not directly from line and pine, but from the Latin linea 
(through the French), linealis, and pinea. The e, standing, 
in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, 
and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to pre- 
serve the soft sounds of these consonants : as, peace, 
peaceable; notice, noticeable ; manage, manigeable; change, 
changeable; advantage, advantageo 's ; ou'rage, outrage- 
ous ; mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes 
very improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'- 
ga-jor. 

§ 141 (12). In derivatives formed from words ending in 
ie, by adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and 
the i changed to y, in order to prevent two Vs from coming 
together : as, die, dying ; hie, hying ; lie, lying ; tie, tying ; 
vie, vying. 

§ 142 (13). In derivatives of words ending in y pre- 
ceded by a. consonant, and formed by appending any ter- 
mination except one beginning with i, the y is usually 
changed into i: as, icy, iciest, icily; mercy, merciless ; tidy, 
tidiness ; modify, modifies ; foggy, fogginess ; earthy, earth- 
iness ; pity, pitiful. 

The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y 
preceded by a consonant, are exceptions, and usually re- 
tain the y: as, shy, shyness; sly, slyest; dry, dryly; spry, 
spryer, spryesi ; wry, wryncss. But the adjectives drier 
and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead 
of y. Derivatives formed by adding the termination ship, 
as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also re- 
tain the y, though some authors write them with i, ac- 
cording to the rule. The words babyhood and ladykin are 
likewise exceptions. The y is also retained in the possessive 
case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the 
apostrophe : as, countries, everybody's. 

§ 143 (14)- Derivatives formed by affixing a termina- 
tion to words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally 
retain the y unchanged : as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, 
player, plays ; sway, swayed ; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful ; 
enjoy, enjoyed; buy, buying; gluey, giueyness. 

The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid 
(from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their com- 



pounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes 
written stayed. Derivatives from words ending in uy, as 
colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as 
u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the 
consonant w. 

§ 144 (15)- Derivatives formed by appending a syllable 
beginning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel 
sound, generally retain the letter or letters representing 
such sound : as, huzza, huzzaed ; agree, agneable, agree- 
ing; weigh, weighing; dough, doughy; echo, echoed ; woo, 
wooes; bow, bowed ; beau, burnish. 

Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as 
also those formed from words ending in double e by adding 
a termination beginning with e, drop the final e : as, hoe, 
hoed; sue, sued; owe, owed; free, freer, freest ; agree, 
agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 art 
also exceptions. 

§ 145 (16). Derivatives formed by prefixing one or 
more syllables to words ending in a double consonant com- 
monly retain both consonants : as, tipstaff, rebufl] befall, 
inthrall, disinthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss, 
(from staff, buff] fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss). 

The word until is an exception, being always written 
with one /■ Those words of this class which end in 11 are 
written by some authors, especially in England, with one I: 
as, bfal, inthral, foretel, fulfil' , enrol. The words distill and 
instill should be written with the I doubled, though they 
are often written distil and instil, with only one I. 

§ 146 (17)- Compound words formed by joining two or 
more words commonly retain all the letters of the simple 
words : as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, wide- 
mouthed. 

There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of 
them compounds which by long use have acquired the force 
of single words. They are the following : namely, some 
compounds of u'l and well; as, almighty, almost, alone, 
a 7 ready, also, although, altogether, always, ivithal, there- 
withal, wherewithal, welcome, welfare ; — ^compounds of 
mass ; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, 
Sec. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective 
full; as, ar.fiul, hateful, rueful, woeful; — also, the words 
chilblain, fulfill, namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, 
standish, and wherever. 

§ 147 (18). The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, 
in certain classes of words, in es. 

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
that the sound of s can unite with it and be pronounced 
without forming a separate syllable, 5 only is added in form- 
ing the plural : as, sea, seas ; tree, trees ; woe, woes ; canto, 
cantos; virtue, virtues: purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws ; cab, 
cabs ; panic, panics ; bead, beads ; chief, chiefs ; bag, bags ; 
path, paths; lock, locks ; bell, bells; gem, gems ; fan, fans; 
cup, cups ; ear, ears; act, acts. A few plurals from nouns 
ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es : as, echo, 
echoes; cargo, cargoes ; embargo, embargoes; motto, mot- 
toes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class gener- 
ally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs with 
regard to some of them. Those in which final o is pre- 
ceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly. The plural 
of alkali is written a'kalis or alkalies ; that of rabbi, either 
rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns ending in i 
usage differs, though they are more properly written with 
the termination is. 

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
(as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s can not 
unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate 
syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless 






EULES FOR SPELLING. 



XXV 



the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves 
to form a separate syllable with 5 : as, church, churches ; 
rush, rushes ; age, ages ; lace, laces ; gas, gases ; 60a;, 
boxes ; maze, mazes. 

To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character 
or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its 
meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, 
is appended, as in the phrases, " The two Vs in all ; " Two 
* ; s in Orion ; : ' " The ivhy's and wherefo^eh of the question." 
Some writers, however, omit the apostrophe in such cases, 
joining the s immediately to the letter, character, or word, 
as in the phrases " The two Is in all ; " « Two *s in Orion ; " 
Others still write the names of the letters with their proper 
plural endings, instead of the letters themselves : as, the 
two ees, efs, ells, esses, and the like. The plurals of letters 
are also rarely expressed by simply doubling them, without 
adding any plural sign : as, the two ee in bee, the two 11 in 
all ; but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, 11, &c, 
are properly read double e, double I, &c. 

§ 148 (19)- Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant 
form their plural by adding es and changing y into i: as, 
mercy, mercies ; lady, ladies ; sky, skies ; army, armies ; pity, 
pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which 
m, being pronounced like w, is strictly a consonant : as, 
colloquy, colloquies. The plural of proper nouns ending in 
y preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into 
ies, according to the rule : as, " The three Maries." Many 
writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply 
adding 5: as, " The three Marys." 

When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a 
vowel (except ;/ having the power of iv), the plural is regu- 
larly formed by adding 5 only : as, day, days ; key, keys ; 
money, moneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, 
guys. Some plurals of the latter class are often inaccu- 
rately written with the termination ies ; as, monies, attor- 
nies, and the like. 

§ 149 (20). The plurals of a few nouns ending in /or 
fe are irregularly formed by changing forfe into ves. The 
following words, with their compounds, are the principal 
examples : namely, life, lives ; knife, knives ; wife, wives ; 
leaf leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf loaves; beef, beeves; 
thief thieves ; calf, calves ; half halves ; elf, elves ; shelf 
shelves ; self selves ; wolf, wolves. The plural of staff is 
sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, ex- 
cept when it means a corps of officers, either military or 
civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural 
of iv/iarf is generally written wharfs in England ; in the 
United States it is more commonly, but improperly, written 
wharves, as it is also by some recent Eagiish writers. The 
plurals of hoof and turf, formerly -written hooves and turves, 
are now written hoofs and turfs. The plui-als of other 
nouns ending in /, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the 
addition of 5 only. 

§ 150 (21). In the following nouns, the plural is dis- 
tinguished from the singular only by a change of the vowel 
or vowel sound of the word : namely, man, men ; woman, 
women ; goose, geese ; foot, feet ; tooth, teeth ; brother, 
brethren ; louse, lice ; mous", mice. Compounds ending 
with these words form their plurals in the same manner : 
»s, foeman, foemen; dormouse, dormice. Words which 
end in the syllable man, and are not compounds, form 
their plurals regularly, by adding s only : as, cayman, cay- 
mans; desman, desmans; firman, firmans ; talisman, 
talismans; German, Germans; Mussidman, Mussulmans. 
The plurals of talisman and Mussulman are sometimes, by 
a gross blunder, written talismen and Mussulmen. 

§ 151 (22). A few plurals end in en : namely, brother, 



brethren; child, children; ox, oxen. To these may be added 
the obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen, (from 
eye, cow, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though 
they have received a slightly different form, end, as pro- 
nounced, with the sound of n. 

§ 152 (23). The words brother, die, pea, and penny, 
have each two plurals of different forms and with different 
significations : as, brothers, male children of the same parent, 
also, members of the same society, association, class, or 
profession ; brethren, members of the same religious or ec- 
clesiastical body, the word in this form being rarely used 
except in religious writings, or in scriptural language, 
where it also has the same meaning that brother has 
in ordinary language ; dies, implements for making im- 
pressions by stamping, or for making screws, also the 
cubical parts of pedestals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in 
games of chance ; peas, seeds of the pea-plant, when a defi- 
nite number is mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or 
spoken of collectively ; pennies, the coins, especially when 
a definite number is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned 
by these coins. 

§ 153 (24). A few words, mostly names of animals, 
have the same form in the plural as in the singular : as, 
deer, sheep, trout, and the like. 

§ 154 (25). Many words adopted from foreign languages 
retain their original plurals: as, datum, data; criterion, 
criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvse- ; crisis, crises; mat- 
rix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. 

Many words of this class, while retaining the original 
plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of 
English words of similar termination : as, formula, form- 
ula ox formulas; beau, beaux or beam; index, indices or 
indexes; stratum, strata or stratum s ; bandit, banditti or 
bandits; cherub, cherubim or cherubs; seraph, seraphim or 
seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes 
incorrectly written cherubims and seraphims, with double 
plural terminations, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the 
fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending. 

§ 155 (26). In certain loose compounds consisting of a 
noun followed by an adjective or other qualifying expres- 
sion, the plural is commonly formed by making the same 
change in the noun as when it stands alone : as, court- 
martial, courts-martial ; cousin-german, cousins-german ; 
son-in-law, sons-in-law. When, however, the adjective is 
so closely joined to the noun that the compound has the 
force of a simple word, the plural of the compound is com- 
monly formed like that of any other word of the same 
termination : as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, handfds. 

§ 156 (27). There are many words, besides those men- 
tioned in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which 
usage, even that of the best authors, is variable. The 
most important of these words are mentioned in this and 
the succeeding sections. 

The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- 
lainy, &c, though often written villanous, villany, &,c^ 
properly retain the i, according to the practice, of many 
writers, like those of other words similarly ending in ain: 
as, mountainous, from mountain ; captaincy, from captain; 
and the like. 

The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- 
tion follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, inflect, 
and reflect, though often written, especially in England, con- 
nexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. 

The word woe, though often written without the final e, 
should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and 
of similar form : as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and the 
like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more 



XXVI 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



than one syllable, haying a similar termination, omit the 
t ; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. 

The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are 
properly written thus, though often spelled with c instead 
of s, for the s belongs to the words from which they are 
derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. 

The words drought and height were formerly written 
drouth and flight, and are still very often thus written in 
America. 

1 The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in 
preference to the form practise, though the latter spell- 
ing is used by many writers, especially in England. The 
difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is 
properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as 
are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. 

Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pro- 
nounced hcd'ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, 
and the like, are properly thus written with h before the e 
of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, 
tetracdron, octacdral, &c, without the h. 

§ 157 (28). There is a class of adjectives ending either in 
able or in ible, of which a large majority have the termina- 
tion able ; as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, naviga- 
ble, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending 
in abilis or ibilis ; some are from the French ; and not a 
few are formed by adding the termination to English words. 
Those from Latin words end respectively in able or ible, 
according as they are derived from words ending in abilis or 
ibilis : as, mutable (Lat. mutabilis) ; credible (Lat. credibilis). 
Those formed from English words generally end in able ; 
as, avoidable, eatable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. 
There are a few words respecting which usage is variable : 
as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; infer- 
able or infer'rible ; referable or refer'rible. 

§ 158 (29). There is a class of words beginning with en 
or in, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or in- 
sure, and the like, many of which take either form of the 
prefix iudifferently. They are chiefly derived from the 
Latin, either directly or through the French, the prefix in 
belonging to the former language, and en to the latter. In 
some of these words, en is to be preferred ; in others, in ; 
in many of them, either may be used indifferently. 

§159 (30). There was formerly considerable diversity of 
usage in respect to the terminations ant and ent, both of 
which were in certain cases used almost indifferently ; as in 
the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, 
and the like. Present usage, however, is definitely settled 
in favor of one or the other form, in nearly or quite every 
word of this class, though not always upon uniform princi- 
ples. In the few words in which both these terminations 
are retained, it is the more general practice to write the 
adjective with ent, and the common noun with ant, while 
the corresponding abstract noun ends in ence, as in the 
adjectives confident and dependent, the common nouns con- 
fidant and dependant, and the abstract nouns confidence 
and dependence. In the case of very many words, however, 
the adjective ends in ant, as also the common noun ; while 
the abstract noun ends in ance , as in the adjectives attend- 
ant and repentant ; the common nouns attendant and re- 
pentant ; and the abstract nouns attendance and repent- 
ance. It may be remarked that the terminations ant and 
ance belong properly to words derived from the French 
or from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; ent and 
ence to words derived from Latin verbs of the other 
three conjugations. 

§ 160 (31). There is a class of words ending in er, some 
of which are written by most authors with the termination 



re ; as, center, meter, theater, &c, which are often written 
centre, metre, theatre, &c. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, mas- 
sacre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to 
preserve the hard sound of the c and g. 

§ 161 (32). There are two classes of chemical words end- 
ing respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, 
in regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them 
were formerly written without the final e ; but it is now the 
almost universal practice to retain it : as, bromide, iodide, 
chlorine, fluorine, &c. The word tannin is always written 
without the final e. Oxide is now generally written with 
the termination ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, 
from the supposition that the y of the last syllable repre- 
sented the v of the Greek o£us t from which the word is de- 
rived ; whereas the last syllable is simply the same as the 
termination of the words bromide, sulphide, and the like. 

§ 162 (33). There is a class of words ending, as pro- 
nounced, with the sound of Jong ?', followed by z, some of 
which are differently written, by different authors, with 
either ise or ize to represent this sound : as. criticize or 
criticise; civilize or civilise; naturalize or naturalise; 
patronize or patronise. These words are mostly verbs, and 
are chiefly derived from Greek words ending in i^o, or 
from French words ending in iser or isr. There are a few 
from other sources, but formed in analogy with those 
derived from these languages. Those formed from Greek 
words have the termination ize ; as, anathematize, char- 
acterize, dramatize, tantalize. The words catechise and 
exorcise are exceptions. Those formed in an analogous 
manner from English words are likewise written with ize : 
as, albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensitize. Those 
derived from the French verb prendre (participle pris or 
pris') end in ise : as, apprise, comprise, imprise, enurprise, 
surprise. Of those formed from French words other than 
prendre, or which have corresponding forms in the French, 
a majority end in ize, though in respect to some of them 
usage is variable : as, civilize, formalize, organize, satirize. 
The following are the principal English verbs ending in 
ise : namely, advertise, advise, affranchise, apprise, cate- 
chise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, compromise, criticise, 
demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, dis- 
guise, divertise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, 
exorcise, franchise, manumise, misprise, premise, reprise, 
revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. It may be remarked 
that most of those in respect to which usage varies are 
more frequently written in England with the termination 
ise, and in the United L'iates with the termination ize. 

§ 163 (34). The words mold and molt, and their com- 
pounds and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with 
o instead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, celt, 
gold, &c. from which the u has been dropped. Most 
authors, however, write these words mould and moult, and 
their derivatives in like manner. 

§ 164. (35). There is a numerous class of words almost 
universally written, in the United States, with the termina- 
tion or, many of which are written, in England, with the 
termination our: as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, 
vigor. English usage, however, is not uniform with respect 
to these Avords, many of them being written with or in 
English books. 

§ 165 (36). There is a small class of words ending with 
the syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination 
of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, 
written pede : as, biped, centiped, milliped, quadruped, soli- 
ped, &c. The words biped and quadruped are universally 
written without the final e, and the others, according to 
the best usage, should be written in the same manner. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



l* The " Exercises M given below are designed to furnish material for instruction and practice in the etymological 
analysis of English words. For some remarks as to the mode of using them, see the Preface, p. iv. 



PREFIXES. 

A, a prefix to many English words, is 
in some cases a contraction of on, 
in, at, of, to, for; as, ablaze for in 
a blaze, aboard for on board, afoot 
for on foot, aground for on the [ 
ground, ado for to do, await for 
wait for. In other cases, it is con- j 
traeted from the A.-S. inseparable 
particle ge-, which forms verbs from 
verbs, substantives, adjectives, and 
is a sort of augment to the past par- 
ticiple. In some cases, it only in- 
creases the force of the word, with- 
out any essential addition of mean- 
ing. — In some words of Greek orig- 
in, a gives them a negative sense ; be- 
fore a vowel it becomes an. In a 
few words of Latin origin, it is an- 
other form of the prefix ab. 

Exercise. — Jwake, asleep, ahead, 
aside, afar, aweary; apathetic, amorph- 
ous, atheist, abyss, aorist, onoiiymous, 
anomaly, anecdote, anarchy; abate, 
avert. 

AB. a prefix to words of Latin origin, 
and a Latin preposition, is the same 
as the Greek a-6. Goth, of, A.-S. 
and Eng. of. It denotes from , sepa- 
ration, or departure. Before c and t, it 
is generally changed into abs. See A. 
Exercise. — Jbduct, abject, abjure, 
abrupt, abrogate, absurd, abuse, abrade, 
absolve; abscess, abscond, abstemious, 
abstain. 

AD. [Cf. VT. at, to. toward. Goth. 
and Eng. at.] A Latin preposition, 
signifying to. In composition, the 
last letter is usually changed into 
the first letter of the word to which 
it is prefixed. 

Exercise. — Adhere, adjoin, addict, 
adjure, admit, admonish, adorn, ad- 
vent, acclaim, aggravate, a/5rm, ailege, 
applaud, arrogate, ascribe, attain. 

AL. 1. In Arabic, an article or insep- 
arable prefix, answering to the Ital- 
ian il, and the Sp. el. Its use is to 
render nouns definite, like tho Eng- 
lish the. 

Exercise. — ^4?cove. aZehemy, aZem- 
bic, aZmanac, a?cohol, aZkali. 
2. A form of the prefix ad. See Ab. 

Xmbi. [Lat. ambi, amb, am, an (as 
awzbidens, awbages, a?nicire, anhe- 
lare), Gr. ai±$L, A.-S. emb, ymb.] 
About ; around; — a prefix used in 
composition in words derived from 
the Latin. 

Exercise. — Ambidexter, ambient, 
ambition, ambiguous: anhelation. 
Am'phi, n. [See supra.] A prefix in 
words of Greek origin, signifying 



about, around, on both sides, on all 
sides, &c. 

Exercise. — ^mpnibious, amp/a'the- 
ater, anip/iibology, amph ibrach. 
A'NA. [Gr. dva.] A prefix in words 
from the Greek, denoting on, up- 
ward, up to, throughout, backward, 
back to, again, previously, or against. 

Exercise. — Analogy, analytic, an- 
atomy, anabaptist, anachronism, an- 
agram, anapest, anathema. 

ANT-, ) [Gr. avrC, against.] A prefix 

A^f'Tl-. I in words from the Greek, 
meaning against, over against, or 
opposed to. 

Exercise. — ^nfarctic. anthelmintic, 
an^dote, antipathy, antithesis, antife- 
brile, antipodes, aiih'christian,uidiseptic, 
antitype. 

Xn'te. A Latin preposition, the Gr. 
cant, A.-S. & Goth, and (cf. AN- 
SWER) ; used in the composition of 
English words, esp. in words from 
the Latin and Greek. It signifies 
before in place, in front ; and figura- 
tively, before in time. 

Exercise. — Antechamber, anteced- 
ent, antediluvian, antemundane* ante- 
date, antepenult. 

A'PO. [Gr. euro. SeeAB.] A Greek 
preposition used in composition, and 
signifying from, away from, off , or 
asicnder. It sometimes has the con- 
tracted form ap. 

Exercise. — Apoplexy, apothecary, 
apologue, apostacy, apostrophe, a_postle; 
aphelion, aphorism. 

Be. is originally the same word as by, 
A.-S. be and bi ov big, Goth. bi. It 
denotes' n ear n ess, closeness, about, 
on, at, and generally has an intensive 
force. 

Exerctse. — TJeset, bedeck, become, 
bestow, bedim, becalm, becloud, befriend, 
because, before, betimes. 

BI. [From Lat. bis, twice, which in 
composition drops the s.] In most 
branches of science, bi in composi- 
tion denotes two, twice, doubly. In 
chemistry, it denotes that the com- 
pound contains two parts of the 
first-mentioned ingredient to one of 
the other ; thus, a bichromate of 
potash contains two parts of chromic 
acid to one of potash. 

Exercise.— 7?identate, biternate. 6t- 
axal, bicapsular. bicephalous, bieipitous, 
bifoliate, bisect, biweekly, binominal. 

Bis, adv. [Lat. bis, twice, for duis, 
from duo, two, like bellum from duel- 
lum.] Twice. See Bi. 
Exercise. — .Bissextile. 



€a'ta. [Gr. Kara..] The Latin am). 
English form of a Greek prepositior 
used in composition to signify down< 
downward, down upon, downright, 
completely, &c. It sometimes drops 
the final vowel, and is sometimes 
changed to cath. 

Exercise. — Cataclysm, catacomh 
catalogue, cataract, catarrh, cateicaus 
tic, catalepsy, catastrophe; eataptrie 
category; cathartic, catholic, cathedral 

QlR'-eUM. [Accusative of circus, ? 
circle, Gr. /ctpKO?.] A Latin prepo 
sition, used as a prefix in many Eng 
lish words. In a few words the m 
is dropped. 

Exercise. — Circw?nscribe . cirewtrv 
spect, circumvent, ci;"Cio»jacent, circum- 
navigate, ciVci/miocution; circuit, cir 
cuitous, circulate. 

€5i\r- or €on-. [The same as cum, 
which is akin to Gr. cruv.] A Latin 
preposition signifying with or against, 
used in composition as an inseparable 
prefix. The form com is used before 
b, p, andm, and con before the other 
consonants. Before I, however, con 
or com is changed into col ; before r 
into cor ; while before a vowel or h, 
the n or m is dropped. 

Exercise. — Compose, commotion, 
commerce, command, compact, connect, 
concur, construct, convoke, contract, col- 
lect, corrupt, coalesce, cohabit, co-oper- 
ate, coheir, cohere. 

Con'tra. A Latin preposition, sig- 
nifying against, in opposition, en- 
tering into the composition of some 
English words. In old English, it 
took the form counter. 

Exercise. — Confradict, contravene, 
contradistinguish, confravallation ; coun- 
teract, countermarch, counterpart, cowi- 
tercharm, coimterbalance. 

-Co. See Cox. 

€oun'ter. See Contra. 

De. A Latin prefix denoting a mov- 
ing from, separation. Hence, it often 
expresses a negative. Sometimes it 
augments the sense. It coincides 
nearly in sense with the Trench des 
and Latin dis. 

Exercise. — 7>bark, . decline, de- 
cense, deduct, decamp, deject, rteter, de- 
scend, detain, depart, detract, denude, 
denominate, denounce, derange, d-v 
prave, despoil. 

Dl. 1. [Gr. Si's, twice.] In chemistn , 
a prefix denoting two equivalents jf 
the substance indicated by the noun 
following that of which "the prefix 
forms a part ; a-s, dichloride of mer- 
cury ; i. Co a compound formed of 
exxvii) 



XXV111 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



two equivalents of mercury and one 
of chlorine. 2. See Dis 

Dl'A. [Gr. Sia, akin to Lat. dis.] A pre- 
fix denoting through, right through. 
Exercise. — Diameter, diagram, di- 
alogue, diagonal, diacritical, diatribe, 
dialect. 

Dis. An inseparable prefix, from the 
Latin (whence Fr. des), denoting 
separation, a parting from; hence 
it generally has the force of a nega- 
tive. It sometimes passes into the 
forms di and dif. 

Exercise. —Distribute, disconnect, 
disarm, disoblige, disagree, disorder, dis- 
pel, discover; divert: differ, diffuse. 

Dys-. An inseparable prefix, from 
the Greek Svo--, hard, ill, and signi- 
fying ill. bad, hard, unlucky, dan- 
gerous, &c. 
Exercise. — .Dysentery, dyspepsy. 

E. A Latin prefix ; the same as Ex. 

JEM. See En. 

£n. A prefix to many English words, 
chiefly borrowed from the French ; 
it coincides with the Latin in, Gr. ev. 
For ease of pronunciation, it is 
changed to em, particularly before a 
labial. 

Exercise. — .Enchant, enamor, en- 
core, encamp, engrave, enjoy, enlarge, 
ennoble, enrich; employ, empower, em- 
boss, embrace. 

EP, i [Gr. enC. See Ob.] A prefix, 

£p'i. ) signifying on, above, toward, 
by, to, among, near, &c. 

Exercise. — Epilogue, epithet, epi- 
demic, epitaph, epidermis, epitomize, 
ephemeral. 

EU. A prefix from the Gr. ev, well, 
signifying well, easy, advantageous, 
good, and the like. 

Exercise.— Tvnlogy, eriphony, eu- 
charist, euphemism. 

EX. A Latin preposition or prefix 
(Gr. e| or e<), signifying out of, out, 
proceeding from. Hence, in compo- 
sition, it signifies sometimes out of; 
sometimes off, from, or out; some- 
cimes beyond. In some words, it in- 
tensifies the meaning. The x regu- 
larly remains only before the vowels 
and before c, h, p, q, s, t ; it is as- 
similated to a following f and drops 
away altogether before the other con- 
sonants. In a few words it changes 
into ec. Prefixed to names of office, 
it denotes that a person has held that 
office, but has resigned it, or been 
left out, or dismissed. 

Exercise.— Exhale, exclude, ex- 
scind, excess, exceed, excel, exact, exert, 
exist, exonerate, exult, excel, exhaust, 
expend, exquisite, exsiccant, extort, ef- 
flux, effect, e/fusion, elect, event edi- 
tion, emigrate, eject, eccentric; ex-chan- 
cellor, ex-goverhor, ex-president. 

Ex'TRA. [Contr. from extern (parte), 
from exter, being on the outside, from 
ex, out of, from.] A Latin preposi- 
tion, denoting beyond or excess, often 
used in composition as a prefix sig- 
nifying outside of, or beyond the lim- 
its or jurisdiction of that denoted by 
the word to which it is joined. 

Exercise. — .Extradition, extrava- 
gant, extraneous, extraordinary, extra- 
judicial. 



For. [A.-S./or, allied to Goth, fair, 
Ger. ver.] As a prefix to verbs, for 
has usually the force of a negative or 
privative, denoting/crtA, away, out, 
without. 

Exercise. — Forbid., fors&ke, for- 
swear, forego. 

Fore. [\.-$. fore, kindred with for, 
prep.] An adjective used in compo- 
sition, to denote advancement in 
place or time. 

Exercise. — Forebode, forefather, 
ybreshorten, foreground, foresee, fore- 
tel\, foreordain, foreshow, forearm, fore- 
warn, .foreknowledge, forerunner, fore- 
stall. 

Hy'PER. [Gr. inip, allied to Lat. su- 
per, Skr. upare, Eng. over.] A prefix 
used in composition to denote excess, 
or something orer or beyond. 

Exercise. — 77>/perbolical, hypertro- 
phy, hyperborean, ft|/percritical, hyper- 
bole. 

Hy'po. A prefix from the Greek 
preposition vno [allied to Lat. sub, 
Skr. upar], under, beneath, frequent- 
ly used in composition to signify a 
less quantity, or a low state, or degree 
of that denoted by the word with 
which it is joined, position beneath it, 
&c. In chemistry, prefixed to the 
name of a compound containing oxy- 
gen, it designates another compound 
containing less oxygen ; as hypo-m- 
trous acid, which contains less oxygen 
than nitrous acid. 

Exercise. — //)//>ochondriac, hyr'>- 
static, hypothesis, hypotenuse, hyphen. 

IL. The form of in when used before 
words beginning with I. See In. 

IM. A prefix from the Lat. in, n being 
changed to m, before a labial, for 
the sake of easy utterance. The 
same prefix is sometimes used in 
compounds not of Latin origin. For 
im, the French write em, which is 
used in words introduced into Eng- 
lish from the French language. See 
Em. 

Exercise. — Imbibe, immense, im- 
partial, immoral, import, imprint, im- 
bank, imbitter, imprison. 

IN. 1. [Allied to Gr. ev, Skr. ina.] A 
prefix from the Latin in, often used 
in composition, and signifying with- 
in, into, or among, or serving to 
render emphatic the sense of the 
word to which it is prefixed. — In 
before Ms changed intoil; before r, 
into ir ; before a labial, into im. 2. 
[Allied to Eng. un. See UN.] A 
Latin particle of negation. Before b 
and p, it becomes im ; before I, m, r, 
the n assimilates itself to these con- 
sonants. In a few words in is 
changed into ig. 

Exercise. — ]. 7nl>red, incase, inject, 
inspect, induce, infuse, inclose, increase; 
illegal, Illumine, illusion ; irradiate, irra- 
tional, irregular; imbitter, immaterial, 
impatient. — 2. Inactive, incapable, in- 
vincible, intolerable, infirm, impassable; 
illicit, illimitable, immortal, irrepressi- 
ble, irresolute, irmoble, ignorant. 

In'ter. [From in, with an adverbial 
ending.] A Latin preposition, sig- 



nifying among or between; — used 
as a prefix. 

Exercise.— /wtercept, interfere, in- 
terrupt, intercede, interpose, inter- 
change, intermingle, interview, inter 
pose, intervene, intersperse. 
IN'TRO. [Lat., contr. from intero 
(loco).] A prefix signifying within, 
into, in, and the like. 

Exercise. — Introduce, intromission, 
introvert, introit, introspection. 

MET'A. [Gr. jaero, allied to /ueVro?, 
Lat. medius, Eng. mid , middle.] A 
prefix in words of Greek origin, sig- 
nifying in the midst of; also, beyond, 
over, after, behind, with, between, 
reversely. 

Exercise. — Metaphor, metaphysics, 
metamorphose, metaphrase. 

Mis. [A.-S., having the same origin 
with the verb to miss.] A prefix de- 
noting error, wrong, defect, unlike- 
ness, Sec. 

Exercise. — Mistake, mismanage, 
mispronounce, mistrust, misbehave, mis- 
believer, miscreant, misdemeanor. 

Non, adv. [Lat. won,©. Lat. ncenum. 
nenum, from ne-cenum, or neunum, 
not one.] Not; — used in English 
as a prefix, generally and properly to 
substantives and verbs only, giving 
them a negative sense, ordering and 
varying their meaning, as do the 
prefixes un and in those of adjec- 
tives ; alFO, in some cases, prefixed to 
adjectives. 

Exercise. — Aon-reeidenee, non-per- 
formance, now-arrival, ?j'm-intercourse, 
non-intervention, non-conductor, non- 
acid, non-electric, non-existent, non-com- 
missioned. 

Ob.. [Kindred with Gr. eVt.J A Latin 
preposition, signifying, primarily, in 
front, before, and hence against, to- 
ward. In composition the 6 is often 

. changed into the first letter of the 
word to which it is prefixed. In a 
few cases the b becomes s. It means re- 
versed or back in Novate, occiput, &c. 

Exercise.— Object, obligatory, occa- 
sion, offer, oppose, ostentation. 

Pa'ra. [Gr., prob. akin to Lat.pr^and 
prseler.] A preposition, used in com- 
position, and signifying beside, to the 
side of to, amiss, wrong, beyond, 
contrary to, &c. It is sometimes 
contracted into par. 

Exercise. — 7'a?-«dox, .paragon, 
paralysis, parasite, parallel, paragraph, 
paraclete, p«?-aphrase ; parody, par- 
oxysm, parhelion. 

PER. A Latin preposition often used 
in composition as a prefix denoting 
through, passing, or over the whole 
extent. The r is sometimes assimi- 
lated. In chemistry, it signifies very, 
fully, or to the utmost extent ; as 
in peroxide, a substance oxidated to 
the utmost degree. 

Exercise. — Perambulate, perfunc- 
tory, persecute, perforate, permanent, 
permit, percussion, pervade, peruse, 
perfection, perdition, pellucid; peroxide. 

PER'I. [Gr. irepC, Skr. pari.] A pre- 
fix used in many words derived from 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



XXIX 



the Greek, and signifying with, 
around, about, near, and the like. 

Exercise. — Pericarp, period, peri- 
phrase, peripatetic, periphery, periheli- 
on, perimeter. 

Post. A Latin preposition, used in 
composition as a prefix, signifying 
after. 

Exercise. — Postpone, postscript, 
posterior, posthumous, postobit. 

Pre. An English form of the Latin 
prefix, pree, before. It expresses pri- 
ority of time, place, or rank. 

Exercise. — Preclude, predict, pre- 
fer, preponderate, precursor, precede, 
prefix, prelude, premonition, pre-emi- 
nent. 

Pre 'TER. A prefix, from the Lat. 
prseter (from prse, with the adverbial 
termination ter), used in the compo- 
sition of some English words, and 
having the signification of past, be- 
yond ; heuce, beside, more. 

Exercise. — Preterit, pretermit, pre- 
ternatural. 

Pro. [Orig. neuter dative for proi, Gr. 
7rpo.] A Latin preposition, used in 
composition as a prefix, and denoting 
fore, forth, forward, in front of, in 
favor of, for, in the place of. 

Exercise. — Produce, p?-oject, pro- 
fess, promise, protract, pronoun, pro- 
ceed, provoke, promote, protrude. 

Pros. [Gr. Trpos. Cf. Skr. prati.] A 
Greek preposition, used in composi- 
tion, and signifying motion towards, 
a being on, at, by, or beside, are- 
maining bf-side, and hence connec- 
tion and engagement ivith any thing. 
Exercise.*- Proselyte, prosody. 

PSEU'DO (su'do). [From Gr. i/zevSifc, 
lying, false, from xj/evSeiv, to belie.] 
A prefix used in words from the 
Greek, and signifying false, counter- 
feit, pretended, or spurious. 

Exercise. — Pseudo-martyr, pseudo- 
philosophy, pseudonym. 

Ra. An inseparable prefix or preposi- 
tion in words from the French and 
Italian, coming from the Lat. re and 
•ad combined. See Re and Ad. 
Exercise.— .Sally, ramble. 

Re. [Lat.] A prefix or inseparable par- 
ticle in the composition of words, de- 
noting return, repetition, iteration. 
It is abbreviated from red, which the 
Latins retained in words beginning 
with a vowel. 

Exercise.— Pecur, reduce, refrain, 
retract, ?-evert, rebuild, reform, restore, 
resound, resist, renew, recall, remove, 
resume, revolve; ?-edeem, redintegrate. 

Re'tro. [Lat., from re, and the ad- 
verbial termination ter.] A prefix in 
words from the Latin, signifying back 
or backivard. 

Exercise. — Petrocede, retrospect, 
retrograde, ?-etroact. 

SE. [Orig. form of sine.] An insepa- 
rable preposition used in some words 
from the Latin, and signifying with- 
out, aside, by itself. 

Exercise. — .Secure, seduce, seclude, 
secede, sequester, separate, sedition, se- 
_gregate. 

Si'ne. A Latin prepositioE signifying 



without, and used in composition. 
It drops the final e in sincere, and 
also changes the n into m in simple. 
Exercise. — Sinecure. 

STEP. [A.-S. steop, fr. sieopan, stepan, 
to bereave.] A prefix used in compo- 
sition before father, mother, brother, 
&c, to indicate that the person thus 
spoken of is not a blood-relative, but 
is a relative by the marriage 01 a pa- 
rent. 

Exercise. — Stepson, stepsister, step- 
child. 

SDb. [Allied to Gr. vno.] A Latin 
preposition, denoting under or below, 
used in English as a prefix, to express 
aninferior position, or intention, and 
also a subordinate degree, or imper- 
fect state of a quality. Before c,f, g, 
p, r, and m, the b is changed into 
those letters. 

Exercise. — inscribe, subsequent, 
submarine, submerge, submit, subtract, 
subacid, substitute, subside, subordinate, 
subterranean ; succeed, su/fer, suggest, 
suppose, surrogate, summon. 

GST' When prefixed to the name of a 
chemical compound, sub denotes that 
this, if an oxysalt, contains a less number 
of equivalents of the acid than of the 
base, or that the base is a sub-oxide; or, 
if it is a haloid salt, or analogous com- 
pound, that the electro-negative is in a 
smaller proportion than the electro-posi- 
tive constituent, or is combined with it in 
the smallest proportion possible; as in 
sub-bromide, sub-iodide, &c. 

Sub'TER. [From swo, and the adverbial 
termination ter.] A Latin preposi- 
tion, signifying under, used as a 
prefix in English with the same 
meaning as sub ; but it is less general 
in its application. 
Exercise.— Subterfuge. 

Su'PER. A Latin preposition (same as 
Gr. vTrep), used as a prefix, and sig- 
nifying above, over, or in excess. 

Exercise.— Supe?-fine, superintend, 
supervise, supernumerary, superadd, su- 
perhuman, superfluous, superlative, su- 
perstructure. 

Su'PRA. [Orig. supera, from super.] 
A Latin preposition, signifying above, 
over, or beyond, and used in composi- 
tion. 
Exercise. — Supralapsarian. 

SfJR. A prefix, from the French, con- 
tracted from the Latin super, supra, 
and signifying over, above, beyond, 
upon. 

Exercise. — Surcharge, surmount, 
surprise, surfeit, surmise, surcoat, sur- 
face, surplus. 

Syn. A prefix from the Greek prepo- 
sition o-vv [Lat. cum, akin to Lat. 
simul, Skr. sa-, sam], with, along 
with, together with, at the same 
time. Before 6, m, p, ph, it changes 
into sym ; before I, into syl ; and 
sometimes the n is dropped. 

Exercise. — Synonym, syntax, syn- 
thesis, synod, synopsis, synchronous, 
synovial; symbol, symmetry, sympathy, 
symphony, sy/logism, system. 

TrXn§. A Latin preposition, used in 
English as a prefix, signifying over, 
beyond, through, on the other side. 
Hence, in a moral sense, it denotes a 
complete change. It sometimes drops 



the last consonant, and sometimes 
the two last consonants. 

Exercise. — Transalpine, trans-At- 
lantic, transport, transfer, transmit, 
transit, transgress, transform, transcend; 
tradition, traduce. 
TRI. A prefix, signifying three, thrive, 
from Gr. rpis, thrice, Tpets, rpia, Lat. 
tres, tria, tbree. 

Exercise.— Triangle, trident, tri- 
ennial, trjcenniai, tricuspid, triune. 

UL'TRA. [Lat., orig. fem, of ulter, 
being beyond.] A prefix from the 
Latin, having in composition the sig- 
nification beyond, on the other side, 
chiefly when joined with words ex- 
pressing relations of place. In other 
relations, it has the sense of excess- 
ively, exceedingly, beyond what is 
common, natural, right, ox- proper. 

Exercise. — CTtramarine, uZtramon* 
tane, ultramundane, uZtratropical; uL 
tra-conservative, uZtra-despotic. 

C"N. [A.-S vn , and sometimes on, al- 
lied to Gr. dv, a, Skr. an, a, Lat. in.] 
A negative prefix attached at will to 
almost any English adjective, or par- 
ticiple used adjectively, and to less 
numerous classes of nouns and verbs , 
See UN in the Dictionary. 

Exercise.— Unable, unfriendly, un* 
certain, undo, unbar, untruth, unworthy. 

WITH. [A.-S. widh, wid, with, at, 
against, Icel. vi'dh, against. Com- 
pare A.-S. mid, midh, Goth, mith, 
Ger. mit, with.] An English prepo- 
sition, used in composition, and sig- 
nifying opposition, privation, sepa- 
ration, or departure. 

Exercise. — JFitndraw, withstand, 
withhold. 



SUFFIXES. 

A€. [Gr. -a/cd?.] A suffix signifying 
of or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Demoniac, hypochon- 
driac, cardiac, elegiac, prosodiac. 

AGE. [Fr.] A termination of nouns 
having a collective or abstract mean- 
ing. 

Exercise. — Advantage, average, 
herbage, foliage, pillage, vassalage, ap- 
panage, homage, parentage, fruitage. 

AL. [Lat, -alis.] A termination of 
words from the Latin, denoting of, or 
pertaining to. See Cal. 

Exercise. — Annua?, cordiaZ, finaZ, 
legal, martiaZ, regaZ, frugaZ, filiaZ, car- 
nal, casual, flora 7 , manuaZ, judiciaZ, lo- 
caZ, decenniai. 

AN. [Lat. -anus.] A termination of 
some nouns and adjectives from the 
Latin, denoting office, profession, or 
character. 

Exercise. — Christian, comedian, 
tragedian, elysian, tertian, hyperborean, 
sylvan, republican, pagan, Roman. 

ANCE, ) [Lat. -antia.] Terminations 
.&N-CY. J of some nouns having an 
abstract signification. 

Exercise. — Elegance, abundance, 
brilliancy, vacancy, dissonance, toler- 
ance, ignorance, circumstance, repent- 
ance, imancy, necromancy. 



XXX 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



&NT. [Lat. -art!:, -antis.] A termina- 
tion of adjectives from the Latin, ex- 
pressing quality or habit ; and of 
nouns denoting the doer of a thing. 
Exekcise. — Vagrant, abundant, ver- 
dant, extravagant, triumphant, vigilant, 
dominant, exorbitant; assistant, com- 
mandant, dependant, intendant, lieu- 
tenant. 

AR. [Lat. -aris.] A termination of 
adjectives derived from the Latin, 
and denoting of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Angular, jocular, per- 
pendicular, similar, linear, familiar, 
solar, secular, regular. 

ARD, the termination of many English 
words, is taken from the Goth, har- 
dus, A.-S. heard, Icel. & Eng. hard, 
and appears in proper names ; as, 
Renard, strong in counsel ; Goddard, 
strong in, or through, God, &c. We 
find it also in appellatives, usually 
with a bad signification. 

Exercise. — Drunkard, dotard, bas- 
tard, niggard, sluggard, dullard, cow- 
ard, -wizard, laggard, dastard. 

A-RY. [Lat. -arius.] A termination 
of adjectives from the Latin, denot- 
ing of, or pertaining to; and of 
nouns, denoting the doer of a thing. 
Exercise. — Auxiliar.?/, military, 
biliarw, stipendiary, pecuniar?/, pri- 
mary, plenary, ordina?'?/, sublunar?/, 
adversary, mercenary, vocabulary, lap- 
idary, boundary, granary. 

ATE. [Lat. -atus.] A termination; 
— 1. Of verbs. 2. Of adjectives, 
implying nature, likeness, quality, 
agreement, effect, &c. 3. Of nouns, 
denoting (a.) office or dignity; (b.) 
the possessor of an office or dignity; 
(c.) salts containing one degree or 
more of oxygen. 

Exercise. — 1. Deliberate, initiate, 
extricate, permeate, suffocate, navigate, 
ventilate, fascinate, anticipate, vener- 
ate. 2. Moderate, ultimate, temperate, 
obdurate, fortunate, insensate, passion- 
ate, effeminate, immaculate. 3. Pontif- 
icate, electorate, palatinate; magistrate, 
delegate, legate, candidate, advocate, 
laureate, surrogate; sulphate, phos- 
phate. 

Bl/E. [Lat. -bilis.] A termination of 
adjectives derived from the Latin, or 
formed on the same model, and sig- 
nifying capable of being, or worthy 
to be. 

Exercise. — Flexible, mutabZe, sensi- 
ble, warrantable, capable, curabZe, blam- 
abZe, commendabZe, incredibZe, accessi- 
ble, excusable. 

■Cal. [Lat. -cms ] A termination of 
adjectives derived from the Latin or 
following the analogy of such, and 
signifying of or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — AnatomieaZ, comicaZ, 
magical, practicaZ, technical, classicaZ, 
analytical, botanicaZ, practicaZ, dogmat- 
ical, periodical 

D6M. A termination denoting juris- 
diction, or property and jurisdiction. 
It was originally doom, judgment. 
Hence it is used to denote state, con- 
dition, or quality. 

Exercise. — Kingdom, sheriffdom, 
dukedom, earldom, Christendom, wis- 
dom, freedom, thralldo*w» 



E-AN. [Gr. -cuos, or -<rio9, Lat. -seus, 
-eus.] A termination of adjectives 
derived from Greek adjectives, or 
formed on the pattern of such ad- 
jectives, and denoting of or pertain- 
ing to. 

Exercise. — Cerulean, herculean 
hyperborean, subterranean, epicurean, 
auanmntean, tartarean, empyrean. 

Ee. A termination of nouns, denoting 

one on or to whom something is done. 

Exercise. — Appellee, donee, referee, 

trustee, lessee, grantee, legatee, patentee. 

Eer. See IER. 

En. A plural termination of nouns 
and of verbs formerly in use, as in 
housen, escapen, and retained in oxen 
and children. It is also still used as 
the termination of some verbs, as in 
hearken, from the Anglo-Saxon in- 
finitive. It is also used to form from 
nouns adjectives expressing the ma- 
terial of which a thing is made. 

Exercise. — Glisten, listen; leaden, 
wooden, golden, birchen, earthen, oaken, 
hempen, oaten, flaxen, waxen. 

ENCE, ) [Lat. -entia.] A termination 

En-'cy. J of abstract nouns from the 
Latin, or of nouns that follow the 
analogy of nouns so derived. 

Exercise. — Abstinence, circumfer- 
ence, reticence, agency, contingency, in- 
nocence, coalescence, diffidence, provi- 
dence, intelligence, prudence, presidency, 
tendency, despondency, exigency, clem- 
ency, transparency, solvency. 

£nt. [Lat. -ens, -entis.] A termina- 
tion of nouns from the Latin, denot- 
ing the doer of a thing ; or of par- 
ticipial adjectives expressing quality 
or habit. 

Exercise. — Dependent, recipient, 
student, president, agent, adherent; fer- 
vent, arde??Z, indolent, esculent, reful- 
gent, incumbent, evanescent, evident, 
omnipotent. 

Er. A termination of many English 
words, and the Teutonic form of the 
Latin or. It denotes an agent, and 
was originally of the masculine gen- 
der, but is now applied to men or 
things indifferently. At the end of 
names of places, er signifies a man 
of the place ; thus, Londoner is the 
same as London man. 

Exercise.— Hater, farmer, heater, 
grater, builder, waiter, lover_, doer, mak- 
er, strainer, poke?-, ruler, pointer, paint- 
er, voter. 

ES'CENT. [Lat. -escens, -escentis.] A 
termination of participial adjectives 
from the Latin, denoting progression, 
growing, or becoming. 

Exercise. — Convalescent, putres- 
cent, quiescent, effervescent, phosphor- 
esce/it, incandescent. 

Ess. [Fr., from Lat. -ix.] A termina- 
tion of nouns feminine, distinguish- 
ing them from correspondent nouns 
masculine. 

Exercise. — Authoress, lioness, De- 
gress, shepherdess, actress, giantess, sor- 
ceress, tigress, huntress, countess, priest- 
ess, hostess, poetess. 

FUL. [The same as full.] A termina- 
tion of adjectives denoting plenitude 
or abundance, and generally formed 
from substantives. 



Exercise. — Art/id, beautiful, peace- 
ful, grate/?//, careful, useful, bash/td, fan- 
ciful, painful, powerful, doubtful. 

FY. [Lat. facere, fieri, Vr.fier.] A ter- 
mination of verbs, denoting to make, 
to become. 
Exercise. — Ampli/y, deify, grafi/y, 
que^y, rare;///, stupefy, paci/'?/, qualify, 
signi/y, gloriyy, rati/y, testj/y, recti/]/. 



Hood. [A.-S. had, from had, state, 
sex, order, degree, person, form, 
manner, Goth, haidus.] A termina- 
tion denoting slate or fixedness, con- 
dition, quality, character, totality. 
Sometimes it is written lit ad. 

Exercise. — Man//aorZ, childhood 
knight/;oor/, brother/iooc/, boyhood, wid- 
owhood, neighborhood, priesthood; god- 
head. 

I-e. [Gr. -(./cos, Lat. -icus.] A termi- 
nation of adjectives denoting of, or 
pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Authentic, concentric, 
magnetic, seraphic, academic, dogmatic, 
periodic, theoretic, botanic, cubic, pro- 
saic, apostolic. 

l€S. A termination of nouns, plural 
in form but singular in signification, 
applied to certain arts or sciences. 

Exercise. — Optics, mathematics, 
hydraulics, mechanics, physics, acous- 
tics, statics, hermeneutics. 

ID. [Lat. -idus.] A termination of 
adjectives denoting quality. 

Exercise. — Acid, liquid rigid, sor- 
did, arid, fervid, fluid, horrid, humid, 
torpid, timid, rancit/, torrid, vivid. 

IER, ) [Fr. -ier, -iere.] A termination 

EER. ) of nouns denoting men from 
their occupations or employment. 

Exercise. — Brigadie?-, grenndie-, 
cavalier, mountaineer, volunteer, finan- 
cier, enginee? - , auctionee?-, buccaneer. 

ILE. [Lat. -His.] A termination of 
adjectives from the Latin, denoting 
of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Agile, docile, fragile, 
versatile, faciZe, puerile, volatile, fertile, 
hostiZe, futi'Ze, mercantile. 

Ine. [Lat. -inus.] A termination of 
adjectives' from the Latin, denoting 
of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. —Adamantine, feminine, 
pristi??e, aquiline, canine, clandestine, 
alpine, serpentine, genuine, equine. 

Ion. [Lat. -io, genitive -ionis.] A ter- 
mination of abstract nouns derived 
from the Latin, or formed after the 
same analogy. 

Exercise. — Ambition, conception, 
probation, evasion, version, cnicifixion, 
union, action, addition, compassion, ex- 
tension, opinion, vermilion. 

ISH. [A.-S. -isc, Goth, -isk, N. H. Ger. 
-isch.] A termination of English 
words denoting diminution, or a 
small degree of the quality, ish an- 
nexed to proper names forms a pos- 
sessive adjective. Annexed to com- 
mon nouns, it forms an adjective de- 
noting a participation of the quali- 
ties expressed by the noun. 

Exercise. — "Whitisli, yellowish ; Swe- 
dish, Danish, Engli.d/, Spanish, Scottish; 
foolisli, roguish, brutish, childisli, doltisli, 
boorish, slavish, feverisA, knavisli, girl- 
ish, womanwft. 



PREFIXES A^D SUFFIXES. 



xxxi 



!§nl. [Gr. -to-ju.0?.] A termination of 
"nouns from the Greek, or of nouns 
formed on the same model as these, 
denoting tenets, doctrines, or princi- 
ples. 

Exercise. — Atheism, catechism, he- 
roism, mechanism, sophism, skepticism, 
archaism, barbarism, heathenism, ego- 
tism, magnetism. 

1st. [Gr. -ktttjs.] A termination of 
nouns denoting men from their occu- 
pations, pursuits, or principles. 

Exercise. — Baptist, chemist, eulo- 
gist, theist, oculist, moralist, novelist, 
philologist, sophist, annalist, cnemist, 
botanist. 

Ite. [Lat. -itus.] A termination of 
nouns and adjectives. It is often 
used to form collective or gentile 
names. 

Exercise — Appetite, exquisite, fa- 
vorite, recondite, definite, opposite, 
requisite, bedlamite. Jacobite. 

I-TY. See Ty. 

Ive. [Lat. -ivus.] A termination of 
nouns and adjectives from the Latin, 
denoting ability, power, or activity. 
Exercise. — Authoritative, incentive, 
persuasive, vindictive, convulsive, delu- 
sive, negative, formative, conducive, 
furtive, derisive. 

Ize, ) [Gr. -ifeiv.] A termination of 

IsE. J verbs from the Greek, or of 

verbs formed on the same model, and 

denoting to make, to cause to be, to 

become. 

Exercise. — Agonise, characterize, 
tantalize, criticise", exercise, equalise, 
civilise, enfranchise, exorcise, memorise, 
organise, satirise. 

KIN. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, off- 
spring, race ; allied to Lat. genus, 
Gr. yevos, yovos-] A diminutive ter- 
mination, denoting small, from the 
of child. 



Exercise. —Lambtin, manikin, nap- 
tin, pipA:i«, bocLtin. 

ItiE. A diminutive termination. 

Exercise. — CrumbZe, bundie, girdZe, 
joggZe, fondZe, dimpZe, throttZe, thimbZe, 
canticZe, ruff Ze, speckZe, suckie, sparkZe, 
6toppfe. 
Less. A terminating syllable of many- 
nouns and >ome adjectives. It is the 
A.-S. leas, allied to Eng. loose, from 
A.-S. leosan, to lose. Hence, it is a 
privative word, denoting destitution ; 
as, a wit/ess man, a man destitute of 
wit ; chiidiess, without children. 

Exercise. — FatherZess, faifhZess, 
penniZess, lawZess, boundZess, needZess, 
lifeZess, nameZess, careZess, hopeZess, 
nerveZess, worthZess, pitiZess. 

LET. [French dim. termination et, as 
in islet, eaglet, circlet, goblet, floweret, 
baronet : with I inserted, as in stream- 
let, branchlet.] A termination of di- 
minutives ; as, hamlet, a little house ; 
rimlet, a small stream. 

Exercise.— EyeZef, frontZet, tabZet, 
ringZet. 

IAxg. [A.-S.] A termination denoting 
condition, offspring, or progeny. 

Exercise. — HireZing, earthZing, 
worldZing, founding, darZing, firstling, 
underling, starling, grcundling, gosling, 
i&vling, changeling, faXling, nestling. 



LY. [0. Eng. lich, being an abbrevia- 
tion of A.-S. lie, Goth, leiks, Eng. 
like.} A termination of adjectives, 
as in lovely, manly, that is, love- 
like, man-like. It is also a termina- 
tion of adverbs [0. Eng. liche, A.-S. 
lice]. 

Exercise. — CourtZy, costZy, priestZy, 
portZy, gristZi/, hi%, shel??/, brave ly, 
coarse?;/, pure?;/, chief ly, tJ.sh.ly, tardily, 
sillily, angrily, meekly. 

Me NT. A termination of nouns (formed 
often from verbs), denoting con- 
dition, state, or act. 

Exercise. — Engagement, manage- 
ment, impediment, einbarrass?nenf, ludg- 
ntent, amusement, investment, arbitra- 
ment, infringement. 

Mo-NY. [Lat. -nionium,-monia.] A 
termination of nouns from the Latin, 
signifying action, or an active faculty, 
being, or a state of being, viewed ab- 
stractly. 

Exercise. — Alimony, matrimony, 
testimony, ceremony, parsimony, acri- 
mony, sanctimony, patrimony. 

Ness. [A.-S. -ness, -niss, Goth, -nas- 
sus.] A termination of abstract 
names, denoting state, or quality. 

Exercise. — Blindness, goodness, 
greatness, sweetness, godliness, weariness, 
stiffness, rashness, boyishness, blackness, 
usefubiess, zealousness. 

OCK. [A.-S. -ca or -uca.] A diminutive 
termination of nouns. 

Exercise. — Bulloefc, hillocfc, mat- 
tocfc, paddock, pollock. 

OR. A termination of Latin nouns, 
denoting an agent. It is annexed to 
many words of English origin ; as in 
lessor. In general, or is annexed to 
words of Latin, and er to those of 
English, origin. See ER. 

Exercise. — Actor, creditor, editor, 
captor, conductor, pastor, inspector, 
pretor, orator, dictator, professor. 

0-RY. [Lat. -orius.] A termination 
of words from the Latin, denoting 
of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Amatory, consolatory, 
promissory, satisfactory, compulsory, 
cursory, prefatory, nugatory, valedic- 

_ tory. 

Ose, I [Lat. -osus, -us.] A termina- 

Otis. ) tion of English adjectives 
(many of which are derived directly 
from the Latin), denoting quality or 
property). 

Exercise. — Dubious, conscious, atro- 
cious, conspicuous, onerous, generous, 
dangerous, populous, morose, comatose, 
operose, verbose. 

lire. [A.-S. rice, ric ; fr. the same root 
as Lat. regere, to rule, and regio , re- 
gion.] A termination signifying juris- 
diction, or a district over which gov- 
ernment is exercised. 
Exercise. — Bishopric. 

Ship. [A.-S. scipe, scype, fr. scyppan, 
to mold, form, shape.] A termina- 
tion denoting state, office, dignity, 
profession, or art. 

Exercise. — Lords/lip, friendsZiip, 
chancellorship, stewardship, horseman- 



ship, copartnership, hards/iip, clerkshiv, 
worship, scholars/tip, censors/lip. 

Sion. See Ion. 

SOME. [A.-S. sum, Goth, sama, like, 
the same.] A termination of certain 
adjectives. It indicates a considera- 
ble degree of the thing or quantity ; 
as, mettlesome, full of mettle or? 
spirit ; gladsome, very glad or joy" 
ous. 

Exercise. —Blithesome, wearisome, 
loathsome, troublesome, wholesome, lone- 
some. 

STER. [A.-S. -estre, -istre.] A termu 
nation denoting skill or occupation. 
It was originally applied to denote 
the female agent in an action. 
Thus, songster signified, at first, a 
female who sings ; but the ending 
ster having at length, in a measure, 
lost its peculiar force, the feminine 
termination ess was appended to it ; 
thus, songster became songsteress,or 
songstress, with a double ending. 

•Exercise. — Gamester, songster, 
spinster, youngster, punster, maltster, 
tapster. 

T, ) [A.-S.] A termination of abstract 
TH. ) nouns of Anglo-Saxon origin. 

Exercise. — DeptTi, growtn, strength, 
wealth, width, warmth, birth. breadtTi, 
dept/i, mirth, healtZi, truth; draff, joint, 
flight, height, drift, gift, theft. 

Tion. See Ion. 

Tude. [Lat. -tudo.] A termination 
of abstract nouns from the Latin, 
signifying action or an active fac- 
ulty, being, or a state of being. 

Exercise. — Amplitude, fortitude, 
gratitude, solitude, infinitude, turpitude, 
altitude, rectitude, servitude, aptitude, 
magnitude. ^ 

TY. [Lat. -tas, -tatis, Fr. -te\] A ter- 
mination of words denoting action or 
an active faculty, being, or a slate of 
being, viewed abstractly. 

Exercise. — Antiquity, difficulty, 
humility, necessity, probability, laxity, 
impiety, society, modesty, majesty, lib- 
erty, fatuity. 

Ure. [Lat. -ura.] A termination of 
words derived from the Latin (often 
through the Italian or French), and 
denoting action or an active faculty, 
being, or a state of being, viewed ab- 
stractly. 

Exercise. — Creature, fracture, legis- 
lature, nature, superstructure, lecture, 
fissure, flexwre, exposu?-e, tenure, junc- 
ture, verdure. 

Ward, or Wards.. [A.-S. -weard, 
-weardes; Goth, -vairths, allied to 
Lat. verier e, to turn, versus, toward.^ 
A suffix used in the composition of a 
large class of words, and denoting 
direction, or tendency to, motion to- 
ward, and the like. 

Exercise. — Up ward, omcards, west- 
ward, backioards, forward, homeward, 
downwards, inward. 

Wise. [A.-S. wise, allied to guise .] A 
termination of adverbs implying in 
the direction or manner of. 

Exercise. — Endwise, lengthwise, 
eidewise, likewise. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 



a. . .stands for adjective. 

abbrev abbreviated. 

adv adverb. 

Alg Algebra. 

Am. , Amer America, American. 

Anat Anatomy. 

Anc Ancient. 

Antiq Antiquities. 

Ar Arabic. 

Arch Architecture. 

Arith Arithmetic. 

Armor Armorican. 

A.-S Anglo-Saxon. 

Astrol Astrology. 

Aslron Astronomy. 

augm augmentative. 

Bisc Biscayan. 

Bot Botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

• 

Cf. Confer (compare). 

Chald Chaldee. 

Chem Chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

Colloq Colloquial, colloquially. 

Com Commerce, common. 

comp compound, compound- 

compar comparative. [ed. 

conj conjunction. 

contr contracted,con traction. 

corrupt corrupted, corruption. 

D Dutch. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

Dim., dim diminutive. 

Eccl Ecclesiastical. 

Eng England, English. 

esp especially. 

f. feminine. 

Far Farriery. 

fig figuratively. 

Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

Fr French.. 

fut future. 

Gael Gaelic. 

gen genitive 

Geol. Geology. 

Geom Geometry. 

Ger German. 



Goth, .stands for Gothic. 

Gr Greek. 

Gram Grammar. 

H. High. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Her Heraldry. 

Hind Hindostanee. 

Hist History. 

hypoth hypothetical. 

Icel Icelandic. 

i. e id est (that is). 

imp imperfect. 

impers impersonally. 

Ind Indian. 

infra below. 

intens intensive. 

inter j interjection. 

Ir Irish. 

it.,Bal Italian. 

Japan Japanese. 

L Low. 

Lat Latin. 

Lit., lit Literally, literally. 

ill... Middle. 

m masculine. 

Mach. . * Machinery . 

Malay. . . Malayan. 

Matk Mathematics. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy. 

modif. modification. 

Mus Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

N. New. 

n noun. 

Naut Nautical. 

neut neuter. 

Norm. Fr Norman French. 

Old. 

Obs Obsolete. 

orig original, originally. 

p participle. 

p. a participial adjective. 

Paint Painting. 

Per Persian. 



pe rh .. stands for perhaps. 

pers person. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

Pg Portuguese. 

pi. plural. 

Poet Poetry, poetical. 

Pol Polish. 

p. p participle past. 

p.pr participle present. 

Pref. , pre/. Prefix 

prep preposition. 

pret preterit. 

Prin Principles. 

prin principally. 

Print Printing. 

prin privative. 

Prob., prob probably. 

Pron mon \ Pronunciation, pro- 
ton., pron... j nounced ; pronoun. 

prop properly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prov Provincial. 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

Rom Roman. 

Rom. Cath Roman Catholic. 

Russ Russian. 

Sax Saxon. [stood) 

sc scilicet (being under- 

Scot Scotland, Scottish. 

Script Scripture, Scrip- 

sing singular. [tural- 

Skr Sanskrit. 

Sp Spanish. 

superl superlative. 

supra above. 

Sio Swedish. 

Syn Synonyms. 

Syr. Syriac. 

term termination. 

Theol Theology. 

Turk Turkish. 

77. S United States. 

v verb. 

vb. n verbal noun. 

v. i verb intransitive. 

v. t verb transitive. 

W. Welsh. 

Zool Zoology. 



%* In this Dictionary, words from foreign languages, both ancient and modern, are usually printed in Italics, 
though many of them are not ordinarily so printed in other works ; as, ADOBE, ADDENDUM, ALIBI. 

*#* Compound words, which in ordinary writing and printing have their constituent parts separated by a hy- 
phen, are here distinguished from those which are usually and properly written and printed without one, by the use 
of a longer hyphen than that employed for the mere division of words into syllables ; as, ALE-HOUSE. Words having 
prefixes or initial syllables which are commonly separated from other syllables by a hyphen, are distinguished in tho 
same way ; as, Re-enforce, Electro-magnetic. 

%* The syllables -ED ; -ING, inclosed within brackets (see Abandon), represent respectively the imperfect tense and 
past participle, and the present participle — which may in all cases be used as a verbal noun — of regular verbs. In 
like manner, the syllables -ER; -est (see Dark) represent the comparative and superlative degrees of regular adjectives. 
The principal parts of irregular verbs (as Make) and the comparative and superlative of irregular adjectives (as Good) are 
given in full. 

* # * The figures which immediately follow certain words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding sections in the 
Principles of Pronunciation on pp. vii.-xxii., or in the Rules for Spelling, on pp. xxii.-xxvi 

* # * For the " KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION," see page vi. It is desirable that those who use this Dictionary 
should make themselves familiar with the Key, as they will then find it eaay to understand the notation by which the 
pronunciation of every wwd is expressed. 
(xsxiU 



DICTIONARY 



OF THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



m 



A (2-8, 44, 45), an adjective, com- 
monly called the indefinite arti- 
cle, and signifying one or any, but 
less emphatically. It is a contrac- 
tion of an, and is substituted for it 
before all words beginning with a 
consonant sound, except words be- 
ginning with the soimd cf h and hav- 
ing the accent on any other syllable 
than the first. 

A-bAck', adv. Backward, against 
the mast ; — said of the sails when 
pressed by the wind. 

Xb'a-€US, n. [Lat.] 1. The upper 
plate upon the 
capital of a col- 
umn. 2. An in- lsissss?£2 
strument for per- 
forming a r i t h- Abacus. 
metical calculations by means of 
sliding balls. 

A-bAft' (6), prep. Towards the stern 
from ; back of. 

A-bAn'don, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 137.] 
[Lat. ad, and Low Lat. bandum.] 
To give up wholly and finally, or 
with a view never to resume. 

Syn.— To relinquish; forsake; desert; 
surrender; leave; forego. — We abandon 
what we give up finally, as vice ; we re- 
linquish what we have prized or sought, 
as a claim or hopes ; we desert what we 
ought to adhere to, as duty ; we surren- 
der (usually under a necessity) what we 
have held as our own or in trust, as a 
fortress; we renounce a thing publicly 
or as a duty, as allegiance or the world. 

A-bAn'don.ed, p. a. Given up en- 
tirely, as to a vice. 

A-bAn'don-ment, n. Entire deser- 
tion or relinquishment. 

A-base', v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 140.] [Fr. 
abaisser.] To bring low, as to the 
ground ; to cast down. 

Syn. — To depress; degrade; reduce; 
humiliate; humble. 

A-base 'me NT, n. Act of abasing, or 
bringing very low. 

Syn. — Humiliation; depression; deg- 
radation.— Abasement is a humbling, as 
of the proud ; debasement is a corrupting, 
as of coin; depression is a sinkingdown, 



as of spirits ; degradation is a bringing 
down from a higher rank or grade, as of 
a peer. 

A-bXsh', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
abaisser.] To destroy the self-pos- 
session of; to strike with sudden 
shame or fear. 

Syn. —To confuse ; confound. — We 
are confused when we lose our self-pos- 
session ; we are confounded when our 
faculties are overwhelmed and brought 
to a stand. 

A-bat'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
abated. 

A-BATE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. ab 
and batuere.] To bringdown or reduce 
from a higher to a lower state, num- 
ber, degree, or the like ; specifically, 
(Law.), (a.) to cause to fail as a 
writ ; (b.) to destroy as a nuisance. 
— v. i. 1. To decrease ; to become 
less in strength or violence. 2. To 
be defeated ; to fail, as a writ. 

Syn. — To decline ; subside ; dimin- 
ish.— Lessen, decrease, diminish, refer to 
quantity or size ; decline is to fall off; 
abate supposes previous violence, as, 
the storm abates ; subside, previous com- 
motion, as, the tumult subsides. 

A-BATE'MENT, n. Act of abating, or 
state of being abated ; decrease ; spe- 
cifically, (a.) a remitting, as of a 
tax; (b.) failure, as of a writ; (c.) 
removal, as of a nuisance. 

Ib'a-tISj In. [Fr. See Abate.] 

Ab'at-tis, ) A row of sharpened 
branches of trees turned outward for 
^defense. 

Ab'ba, n. A Syriac word meaning 
father, used to denote a religious 
superior. 

Xb'ba-^y, n. The condition or priv- 
ileges of an abbot- [abbey. 

Ab-bA'tial, a. Pertaining to an 

ABBE (ab'ba), n. [Fr.] Originally, 
an abbot ; but now, an ecclesiastic 
devoted to teaching, literature, &c. 

Xb'be ss , n. Governess of a nunnery. 

Ib'BEY, n. ; pi. Ab'BEY§. 1. A res- 
idence of monks or nuns. 2. The 
dwelling of an abbot. 3. A church 
attached to a monastery. 



ABECEDARIAN 

AB'BOT, n. [Lat. abba. See ABBA.} 
Head of a society of monks. 

Ab'bot-ship, n. The state or office 
of an_ abbot. 

AB-BRE'VI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; ING.] 
[Lat. ab and breviare.] To bring with- 
in less space. 

Syn. — To abridge; contract; curtail; 
compress ; condense. 

Ab-bre'VI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of ab- 
breviating. 2. The form to which 
a word or phrase is reduced by con- 
traction or omission; as, Gen. fot 
Genesis. 

Ab-bre'VI-A'TOR, n. One who ab- 
breviates. 

Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry(50),<z. Abbrevi- 
ating ;_ shortening. 

Ib'di-€ATE,-u. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abdicare.] To give up right or claim 
to ; to withdraw from (as an officef 
with or without formal resignation. 
— v. i. To relinquish an office, right ( 
trust, &c, with, or without resign- 
ing. 

Syn. — To relinquish; renounce; for- 
sake ; quit. 

Xb'di-ca'tion, n. Abandonment 
of a public office or of a right or trust, 
with or without a formal surrender. 

J\B'Dl-€ A'TIVE , a. Causing, or im- 
plying, abdication. 

AB-DO'MEN, n. [Lat.] The belly, or 
the upper part of the belly. 

Ab-dom'i-NAL, a. Pertaining to the 
abdomen. [belly ; pursy. 

Ab-dom'I-NOUS, a. Having a big 

AB-DUCE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
abducere.] To draw away ; to draw 
to a different part. 

Ab-dU€T', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abductus.] To take away by stealth 
or by unlawful force. 

Ab-dD€'TION, n. A drawing or car- 
rying away, especially of a person, 
by fraud, or stealth, or force. 

AB-D'5-e'TOR, n. 1. A person guilty 
of abduction. 2. A muscle which 
serves to draw a part out. 

A'be-^E-da'ri-an, n. One who 



A,£, i,6,u, \,long_; A, E,I,6.u, f, short; cAre, fAr, Ask, all, what ; ERE, veil, tSrm; pique, fTrm ; s6n, 
OR, do, wolf, too, TO"OK ; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, O, silent'; £, G, soft; c, 5, hard; Ag ; EJIST ; 5} cw Ng ; this. 



ABED 



ABRUPT 



teaches or who learns the a, b, c, or 
letters of the alphabet. 

A.BED',at/t'. In bed; on the bed. 

A-BELE', or A'BEL-TREE, n. The 

_ white poplar. [or Syrian mallow. 

A'BEL-MOSK, n. The musk-mallow, 

Ab-ER'RANCE, n. [Lat. aberrans.] 
Deviation from rectitude. 

Ab'er-ra'tjon, n. 1. Deviation, es- 
pecially from truth or mora*, recti- 
tude, or from the natural state. 2. 
Alienation of mind. 3. A small pe- 
riodical change of position in a 
star. 

A-bet', v. t. [-ted; -ting, 136.] 
[From the root of bait.] 1. To encour- 
age or incite by aid or countenance ; — 
used chiefly in a bad sense. 2. To en- 
courage or eissist in a criminal act. 

Syn.— To aid ; support ; sustain ; 
help ; assist ; favor ; further ; succor ; 
promote. 

A-bet'ter, ) n. One who abets, aids, 

A-bet'tor, ) or encourages ; an in- 
stigator. 

Syn. —Accomplice; accessary. — An 
abettor incites to a crime ; an accomplice 
takes part in it; an accessary is involved 
in it by giving countenance or aid. 

A-bey'anc;e, n. \f>. Fr. baer, beer.] 

1. A state of suspension or temporary 
extinction, with the expectation of a 
revival. 2. Expectation or contem- 
plation of law. 

Ab-hor', t\ t. [-red; -ring, 136.] 
[Lat. abhorrere.] To regard with hor- 
ror, detestation, or extreme dislike. 

Syn. — To detest ; loathe ; abomi- 
nate ; hate. 

\b-h6r'rence, n. Detestation; 
great hatred. 

AB-hor'rent, a. 1. Abhorring; de- 
testing. 2. Contrary ; repugnant. 

A-BIDE', v. i. [imp. & p.p. abode ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ablding.] [See 
Bide.] X- To continue in a place. 

2. To continue firm or stable. — v. t. 
1. To endure or bear without shrink- 
ing, or patiently. 2. To await firmly. 

Syn. — To sojourn ; reside ; dwell ; 
stay ; tarry ; remain ; hold to ; persist. 

^\.-bIl'I-ty, n. [Lat. habilitas.] Pow- 
er to act, whether bodily, moral, in- 
tellectual, conventional, or legal ; — 
in the plural, intellectual capacity. 



Syn. — Force; might; potency; capa- 
ility; faculty; talent; skill; dexterity; 
efficiency ; address. — As to mental pow- 



ers, ability is the generic term; capacity 
is the power of easily gaining or retain- 
ing knowledge ; talent is the power of 
executing ; dexterity, skill, and address 
relate to ease of execution. 

Xb'tn-tes'tate, a. Inheriting the 
estate of one dying without a will. 

Xb'JE€T, a. [Lat. abjectus.] Sunk 
to a low condition ; hence, low in 
estimation. 

Syn. — Mean ; worthless ; basr ; grov- 
eling; debased; despicable. 

Ab-JE€'tion, n. Meanness of spirit ; 



XbME€T-ly , adv. Meanly ; wretched- 
ly ; basely. 

A"b'je€T-ness, n. State of being ab- 
ject; baseness 



Ib'ju-RA'TION, n. Act of abjuring. 

Ab-JU'ra-to-RY, a. Containing, or 
relating to, abjuration. 

Ab-jure', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
abjurare.] To rericunce under oath, 
or with great solemnity. 

Ab'lac-tA'tioim, n. [Lat. ab and 
lac, milk.] 1. A weaning of a child. 
2. A method of grafting. 

AB-LA'QUE-A'TION, n. [Lat. ablaque- 
atio.] A laying bare the roots of 
trees. 

AJB'LA-TiVE, a. [Lat. ahlativus.] 
Taking away or removing ; — applied 
to the sixth case of Latin nouns. — 
n. The sixth case of Latin nouns. 

A-BLAZE', adv. 1. On fire ; in a blaze. 
2. Highly excited. 

A'ble (a'bl), a. [Lat. habilis.] Hav- 
ing ability or competency of any or 
every kind. 

Syn. — Strong ; powerful ; efficient ; 
effective; mighty; skillful; dexterous. 

Ab-lu'tion, n. [Lat. ablutio.] 1. 
Act of cleansing or washing. 2. Re- 
ligious purification. 

A'bly, adv. With ability or skill. 

AB'NE-GA'TION, n. [Lat. abnegatio.] 
Denial and renunciation. 

Ab-norm'al, a. [Lat. ab and norma.] 
Contrary to rule ; irregular. 

A-BOARD', adv. In a vessel ; on board. 
— prep. On board of. 

A-BODE', imp. & p. p. of abide. — n. 
[From abide.] State or place of resi- 
dence. 

Syn.— Dwelling; continuance; hab- 
itation ; domicile. 

A-BOL'ISH, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
abolescere.] To do away with utterly ; 
to put an end to ; hence, to make void. 
Syn.— To subvert; overturn; de- 
stroy; nullify; abrogate; annul; repeal. 
— Abolish, simvert, overturn, and destroy 
express under different images the same 
idea, that of doing wholly away with. 
We abrogate and annid by an authorita- 
tive act, as customs or a treaty, &c. ; we 
repeal by a legislative act, as knvs;v?e 
nullify when we set laws, &c, aside, with- 
out their being repealed. 

A-bol'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing abolished. [ing. 

A-boe'ish-ment, n. Act of abolish- 

AB'o-lI'tion (-lish'un), n. A doing 
away with finally and for ever ; — ap- 
plied particularly to slavery. 

Xb/o-lI'tion-Ism (-lish'un-), n. Prin- 

_ ciples or measures of an abolitionist. 

AB'o-li'tion-ist, n. One who favors 
abolition, especially the abolition of 
slavery. 

A-eom'i-na-ble, a. Odious in the 
highest degree. 

Syn. — Execrable ; detestable ; loath- 
some; hateful; shocking. 

A-bom'i-na-bly, adv. Detestably ; 
execrably. 

A-b6m'i-nate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. abominare, abominari.] To 
turn from as ominous of evil; to 
hate in the highest degree. 

Syn.— To hate ; detest; loathe; ab- 
hor. 

A-bom'i-na'tion, n. 1. Strong aver- 
sion. 2. An object of hatred. 



I B K A C A 

A B R A O 

A B R A 

A B R 

A B 



Ab'o-rIg'I-NAL, a. First, or primi- 
tive. — n. A first or original inhab- 
itant. 

Xb'o-rig'I-nes, n. pi. [Lat.] Theorig- 
inal inhabitants of a country. 

A-bor'tion, n. [Lat. abortio.] 1. 
An immature product of conception. 

2. Any thing which fails to come to 
maturity. [its effect. 

A-bor'tIve, a. Immature; failing in 
A-bound', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abundare.] 1. To be in great plenty; 
to be prevalent. 2. To be copiously 
supplied. 
A--BOVT',prep. [A.-S. abutan.] 1. All 
over or around. 2. Through or over 
in various directions. 3. Near, in 
place, time, quantity, &c. 4. Ready 
to; relating to. — adv. 1. On all 
sides ; around. 2. Here and there. 

3. Nearly. 4. In the opposite direc- 
tion. 

A-BOVE' (a-buV), prep. [A.-S. abu- 
fan.] 1. Higher in place than. 2. 
Superior to in any respect. — adv. 
Overhead ; higher ; before. 

AB'RA-eA-DAB'RA, n. A combination 
of letters abracadabra 
without abracadabf 
sense, form- a b r a c a n a b 
erlv used as abrac^da 

eny useu as a b r a c a d 

a charm 
against fe- 
vers, and ar- 
ranged as in 
the margin ; 
hence, unmeaning babble. 

Ab-rade', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
abradere.] To rub or wear off. 

AB-RA'glON, n. 1. A rubbing off. 2. 
Substance worn off. [line. 

A-breast', adv. Side by side ; on a 

A-brIdge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
abrcger ] 1. To bring within less 
space. 2. To deprive ; to cut off. 

Syn. — To contract; shorten ; con- 
dense ; compress ; curtail ; lessen ; re- 
duce ; diminish. 

A-BrIdg'ment, n. 1. A cutting off ; 
contraction or diminution. 2. A 
work abridged. 

Syn. — Reduction ; restriction ; re- 
straint ; compend ; compendium ; epit- 
ome; summary; abstract; synopsis. — A 
compendium or epitome is a condensed 
abridgment ; an abstract or summary i.-» 
a brief statement of a thing in its main 
points; a si/nopsis is a bird's-eye vit-w 
of a subject or work in its several parts. 

A-BROACH', adv. Letting out liquor, 
or in a condition to do so. 

A-BROAD', adv. 1. At large ; out of 
any i'nclosure. 2. In foreign coun- 
tries. 

Ib'ro-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat 
abrogare.] To annul by an authori- 
tative act. 

Syn. — To abolish ; repeal revokej 
rescind ; cance? ; annul. 

Xb'ro-GA'TION, a. Act of annulling 
or setting aside. 

.Ai-RUPr', a. [Lat. abruptus, p. p. of 
abrumpe.-e .] 1. Broken, steep, and 
craggy ; precipitous. 2. Without 
notice ; sudden. 3. Having sudden 
transitions. 



; oaseness. sion. 2. An object of hatred. transitions. 

I, 6, fj, y, long; * **, 1, 5, 0, y. short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n 



A, E, 






ABRUPTION 



ACCEPT 



Stx. — Bold ; broken ; unconnected ; 
unceremonious. 

Ab-rDp'tion, n. A violent separa- 
tion of bodies. [ner. 

Ab-rDpt'ly, adv. In an abrupt man- 

AB-RUPT'NESS, n Steepness; sud- 
denness ; great haste. 

*B'scess (149), n. [Lat. abscessus.] A 
collection of pus in an accidental 
cavity of the body. 

Ab-scis'sa, n. ; pi. Lat. AB-spis's^:, 
Eng. AB-scis'sAg. [Lat. abscissus.] 
(Geom.) One of the elements of 
reference by which a point, as of a 
curve, is referred to a system of fixed 
rectilineal co-ordinate axes. 

AB-SCOND', I'. ('. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
abscondere .] To secrete one's self, in 
order to avoid a legal process. 

Ab-S€OND'er, n. One who absconds. 

A.B'SENCE,«. [Lat. absentia.] 1. A 
being absent. 2. Want ; destitution. 
3. Heedlessness. 

Ab'sent, a. 1. Not present in a place. 
2. Inattentive to what is passing. 

Ab-sent', v. t. [-ed : -ING.] To take 
to such a distance as to prevent in- 
tercourse. 

Ab'sen-tee', n. One who absents 
himself from his country, office, post, 
or duty, and the like. 

Ae'sen-tee'i^m, n. State or habit 
of an absentee. 

Ab'so-lute, a. [Lat. absolutus, p. p. 
of absolvere.] 1. Freed or loosed from 
any limitation or condition 2. Fin- 
ished ; perfect ; total. 3. Capable 
of being conceived by itself alone. 

Syx.— Unlimited ; arbitrary; despot- 
ic; tyrannical; unconditional; positive; 
peremptory; certain. 

Ab'SO-lute-LY, adv. Positively : ar- 
bitrarily. 

Xb'so-lute-ness, n." Completeness ; 
arbitrary power. 

.ab'so-lu'tion, n. 1. An acquittal. 
2. A remission of sin. 

AB'so-LU / Tls.M\ n. Absolute govern- 
ment or its principles. 

Ab-soi/u-to-ry, a. Absolving ; that 
absolves. 

Ab-solv'A-to-ry, a. Containing ab- 
solution ; having power to absolve. 

Ab-solve', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
absolvere.] To set free or release 
from, as from some obligation, debt, 
or responsibility, &c. 

Syx. — To exonerate ; acquit. —We 
speak of a man as absolved from some- 
thins; that binds conscience, as quilt or 
its consequences ; exonerated from some 
load, as an imputation or debt; acquitted 
with reference to a trial and a decision 
thereon. 

Ab-sorb', v. t. [-ed; ING.] [Lat. 
absorbere.] 1. To drink in ; to suck 
up ; to imbibe, as a sponge. 2. 
Hence, to overwhelm ; to engage 
wholly. 

Ab-sorb'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
absorbed. 

Ab-s6rb'ent, a. Sucking up; im- 
bibing. — w. A substance or a bodi- 
ly organ which absorbs. 

Ab-s6rp'tion (-sorp'shun),**. 1. Act 
or process of being absorbed. 2. En- 



tire engrossment or occupation of 
mind. [absorb. 

Ab-sorp'tIve, a. Having power to 

Ab-stain', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
abstinere.] To forbear, or refrain, 
voluntarily. 

Ab-ste'mi-ous, a. [Lat. abstemius.] 
Sparing in diet ; temperate ; absti- 
nent^ [ly. 

Ab-ste'mi-oijs-ly, adv. Temperate- 
\ Ab-ste'MI-oDs-ness, n. A sparing 
, use of food or strong drink. 

Ab-st£rge'(14), v. t. [-ed;ing.] 
[Lat. abstergere.] To make clean 
by wiping. 

AB-STfiR'GENT,a. Serving to cleanse. 

! AB'STI-NENCE, It. [See ABSTAIN.] 

Act or practice of abstaining. 

Syx. — Temperance. — Abstinence is 
shown in refraining, temperance in a 
moderate and guarded use. 

AB'sti-nent, a. Refraining from in- 
dulgence ; temperate. 

Ab-stract', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abstr actus.] 1. To draw from or 
separate. 2. To consider by itself. 3. 

w To epitomize or reduce. 4. To purloin. 

AB'STRA€T, a. 1. Distinct from some- 
thing else. 2. Withdrawn from the 
concrete ; separate ; hence, difficult ; 
abstruse. — n. 1. A summary, or 
epitome. 2. State of separation from 
other things. 

Ab-stract'ed-ly, ) adv. By itself; 

AB'stract-ly, J separately. 

Ab-strac'tion, n. 1. Act of sepa- 
rating, or state of being separated. 
2. Analysis. 3. An abstract or the- 
oretical notion. 4. Absence of mind. 

Ab-strXct'ive, a. Having the pow- 
er of abstracting, [abstract. 

A"b'strA€T-ness, n. State of being 

AB-STRUSE' (32), a. [Lat. abstrusus.] 
Literally, thrust away ; hidden ; 
hence, hard to be understood. 

Ab-struse'ly, adv. Not plainly. 

Ab-struse'ness, n. State or quality 
of being abstruse. 

Ab-surd', a. [Lat. absurdus.] Op- 
posed to manifest truth, reason, or 
sound judgment. 

Syn. — Foolish ; irrational; preposter- 
ous; ridiculous.— Absurd is stronger than 
foolish or irrational, but not so strong as 
preposterous, which supposes a total in- 
version of the order of things. 

Ab-sOrd'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
absurd. 2. That which is absurd. 

AB SURD'LY, adv. Preposterously. 

Ab-sOrd'ness, n. Absurdity. 

A-bOn'dance, n. [Lat. abundantia.] 
An overflowing fullness ; great plenty. 
Syx. — Exuberance ; plenteousness ; 
riches ; wealth ; affluence. — We have a 
plentu when we have enough*; but abun- 
dance is more than enough, it is an over- 
flowing. Exuberance is still stronger, it 
is a bursting forth. 

A-BUN'DANT, a. Fully sufficient ; plen- 
tiful ; copious ; ample. [amply. 

A-BUN'DANT-LY, adv. Plentifully ; 

A-BUSE', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
abusus.] 1. To use ill; to misuse. 2. 
To treat rudely ; to revile. 3. To 
I deceive. • 

A-buse', n. 1. Ill use ; improper 



treatment. 2. A corrupt practice 

3. Rude or reproachful language. 

A-bu'sive, a. 1. Marked by abuse. 

2. Perverted; misapplied; improper. 
Syn.— Scurrilous; insulting; reproach- 
ful; opprobrious. 

A-bu'sive-ly, adv. In an abusive 
manner. 

A-bu'sIve-ness, n. Ill usage. 

A-BUT',«. i. [-ted; -ting, 136.] [Eft 
aboutir.] To terminate or border. 

A-but'ment, n. That on which * 
thing abuts, or that which abuts on 
any thing solid. [ary of land. 

A-but'tal, n. The butting or bound- 

A-BYSS', n. [Gr. ajSuo-o-o?.] A bot- 
tomless depth ; a gulf; hell. 

A-eA'Cl-A (-ka'shi-), n. [Gr. aKaucCa.] 
A genus of leguminous trees and 
shrubs. 

Xc'a-dem'ic, ) a. Belonging to 

AC'A-dem'ic-al, ) an academy or 
other institution of learning. 

Xe'A-DEM'l-e, n. 1. A Platonic phi- 
losopher. 2. A member of an acad- 
emy or university. 

Ac'a-de-mi'cian (-nush'an), n. A 
member of an academy, or society 
for promoting arts and sciences. 

A-€ad'e-MY, n. 1. The school of 
philosophy of which Plato was the 
head. 2. A place of education of 
high or of middle rank. 3. A soci- 
ety for the promotion of arts and 
sciences. 

A-€\N'THUS, n. [Gr. a/cai/0o?.] 1. 
An ornament resembling the foliage 
or leave's of the acanthus. 2. A 
prickly plant. 

A-CAT'A-LEC'TIC, n. [Gr. aKara\n<- 
tos.] A verse which has the com- 
plete number of syllables. 

Ac-cede',-!;, i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
accedere.] To agree or assent ; to 
become a party. 

A€-CEL'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. accelerare.] To quicken the 
motion or action of; to hasten ; to 
expedite. 

Ac-CEI/er-a'tion, n. Increase of 
motion or action. 

Ac-CEL/er-A-tive, ) a. Accelerat- 

Ac-^EL'ER-A-TO-RY, } ing ; quick- 
ening motion. 

Xe'CENT, n. [Lat. accentus.] 1. A 
superior force of voice on some par- 
ticular syllable of a word. (See Prin. 
of Pron. § 110.) 2. A mark in writ- 
ing to regulate the pronunciation. 

3. A peculiar modulation of the 
voice. 

Ac-cent', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
pronounce, utter, or mark with ac 
cent. [ciui, 

Ac-cent'u-al, a. Relating to ac- 

AC-^ENT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.J 
To mark or pronounce with an ac- 
cent. 

Ac-CENT'U-A'TION, n. Act of writ- 
ing or of pronouncing accents. 

A€-<?Spt', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
acceptare.] 1. To receive with a con- 
senting mind. 2. To admit and 
agree to. 3. To receive as obligatory 
and promise to pay. 



"R.DO. WOLF, TOO, XOt>a V URN, RUE, PULL ; E, 7, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, G,,kard\ A§; EXIST J N OS NG ; THIS 



ACCEPTABLE 



ACCUSATORY 



AC-CEPT'A-BLE, a. Worthy or sure 
of being accepted ; hence, pleasing 
to a receiver. 
Syn.— Agreeable; welcome. 

AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS, ) n. Quality of 

Ac-^ept'a-bil'i-ty, J being ac- 
ceptable or agreeable. 

Ac-CEPT'A-BLY, ado. In an accept- 
able manner. 

&C-CEPT'ANCE, n. 1. Favorable re- 
ception. 2. (a.) An assent and en- 
gagement to pay a bill of exchange 
when due. (b.) The bill itself when 
accepted 1 [2. Meaning. 

Ac'cep-ta'tion, n. 1. Acceptance. 

Ac-9£pt'er, n. One who accepts. 

Ac-^ESS' or ACCESS, n. [Lat. acces- 
sus. See Accede.] 1. Near ap- 
proach, admittance. 2. Means or way 
of approach. 3. Increase. 

Ac-CES'sa-ry, a. 1. Additional; ac- 
cessory. 2. Uniting in, or con- 
tributing to, a crime. — n. One who 
in some way becomes concerned in 
a crime, eilner before or after the 
d^ed is committed. 

Ac-CES'si-bil'i-ty, «. Quality of 
being approachable. [approach. 

Ac-CES'si-ble, a. Easy of access or 

Ac-^ES'siON (-sesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
acceding. 2. Increase by something 
added ; that which is added. 
Syn. — Addition ; augmentation. 

XCCES-so'Rl-AL, a. Pertaining to an 
accessory. 

Ac-CES'so-RY, a. 1. Contributing; — 
used in a bad sense. 2. Additional ; 
accompanying. — n. 1. One guilty 
of a felonious offense, though not 
present at its perpetration. 2. An 
accompaniment. 

Xc'CI-dence, n. A book containing 
the rudiments of grammar. 

Ac'ci-dent, n. 1. A chance event; 
casualty ; contingency. 2. A property 
or quality of a being which is not 
essential to it. 

Ac'CI-dent'AL, a. 1. Happening by 
chance. 2. Not necessarily belonging. 
Syn. — Casual; fortuitous; contingent; 
incidental. — A thing is accidental when 
it comes without being planned or sought, 
as a meeting; it is incidental when it 
comes in as secondary or out of the gen- 
eral course, as a remark; it is casual or 
fortuitous as opposed to what is constant 
and regular, as an occurrence ; it is con- 
tingent as opposed to what is settled and 
fixed, as an event. 

AC'ei-DENT'AL-LYjacfo. By chance ; 
unexpectedly. 

Ac-claim^, ) n. A shout of as- 

Ac'cla-ma'tion, J sent, or appro- 
bation, [plause. 

Ac-clam'a-to-ry, a. Expressing ap- 

AC-CLI'MATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
habituate to a climate not native. 

AC'cli-ma'tion, n. Process of be- 
coming, or state of being, acclimated. 

Ac-clIv'1-ty, n. [Lafc. acclivitas.] A 
slope considered as ascending ; rising 
ground. 

Ac-cli'VOUS, a. Rising with a slope. 

A€-€OM'MO-DATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. accommodate.] 1. To render 
fit, suitable, or correspondent. 2. 



To furnish with something desired, 
needed, or convenient. 3. To recon- 
cile. 

Syn. — To suit; adapt; conform; har- 
monize; compose; adjust; furnish. 

Ac-COM'mo-dat'ING, a. Affording, 
or disposed to afford, accommoda- 
tion ; kind. 

AC-COM'NIO-DA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
fitting, or state of being fitted. 2. 
pi. Whatever supplies a want or af- 
fords ease, refreshment, or conve- 
nience. 3. Reconciliation. 

Ac-COM'PA-NI-MENT, n. Something 
that attends as a circumstance, or is 
added by way of ornament to the 
principal thing. 

Ac-€OM'pa-nIst, n. The performer 
in music who takes the accompany- 
ing part. 

AC-COM'PA-NY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 

142.] [See Company.] To go with or 
attend as a companion or associate. 

Ac-eoM'PLlCE, n. An associate in a 
crime. 

AC-COM'PLISH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
accomplir.] 1. To finish entirely in 
time. 2. To bring to pass. 

Syn. — To execute; fulfill; effect; re- 
alize. 

A€-€om'plishjed (-kiWplisht), p. a. 
Complete and perfected. 

AC-COM'PLISH-MENT, n. 1. Act of 
accomplishing. 2. Acquirement ; at- 
tainment. 

Ac-compt'ant (-kount'-), n. See 
Accountant. 

Ac-cord', n. [From Lat. cor, cordis, 
heart.] 1. Concurrence of opinion, 
will, or action ; agreement. 2. Har- 
mony of sounds. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To make to agree or correspond. 

2. To grant ; to concede. — v. i. To 
be in accordance; to agree, [formity. 

Ac-cord'ANCE; n. Agreement ; con- 

Ac-cord'ant, a. Corresponding ; 
consonant; agreeing; agreeable. 

Ac-€ORD'ing-ly, arfv. In accordance 
with. • [wind-instrument. 

Ac-cor'di-on, n. A small keyed 

Ac-cost' (21), v. t. [-ed; -jng.] 
[Lat. ad and costa.] To speak first to. 

Ac-cost'a-ble, a. Easy of access ; 
affable. 

Accouchement (ak'koosh'mong') 
n. [Fr.] Delivery in child-bed. 

Accoucheur (ak'koosh'Qr'), n. 
[Fr.] A man who assists women in 
childbirth ; a man-midwife. 

Ac-count', n. 1. A reckoning ; a 
computation. 2. A statement in 
general. 3. Importance ; value ; ad- 
vantage. 4. Reason; consideration. 
Syn. — Narrative ; narration ; recital ; 
description ; detail. — In giving an ac- 
count of a thing, if we make it a contin- 
uous story, it is ^narrative or narration ; 
if we dwell on minute particulars, it is a 
recital or detail; if we picture a thing 
out, it is a description. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. ad and 
computare.] 1. To reckon. 2. To 
hold in opinion ; to estimate. — v. i. 
1. To render an account. 2. To 
1 constitute a reason. 3. To render 
reasons or answer. 



Ac-COUNT'A-BlL'l-TY, n. Liability 
to give account, and to suffer pun 
ishment. 

Ac-count'a-ble, a. Liable to be 
called to account, and to suffer pun- 
ishment or pay damages. 
Syn.— Amenable ; responsible. 

Ac-count'ant, n. One who keeps, 
or is skilled in, accounts. 

A€-COU'TER ) (160), V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 

Ac-cou'TRE J [Fr. accoutrer.] To 
furnish with dress or equipments. 

Ac-COU'ter-ments, I n. pi. Dress ; 

Ac-€OU'TRE-MENTS, ) equipage; 
trappings. 

A€-CRED'IT, V. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
accreditus.} 1. To receive, as an en- 
voy, in his public character. 2. To 
send with credentials, as an envoy. 

Ac-CRE'TION, n. [Lat. accretio.] 1. 
An increase by natural growth. 2. 
A growing together. 

ACCRUE' (32), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
accrue, increase.] To increase ; to be 
added, as increase, profit, or damage 
Syn.— To spring up; follow; arise. 

Xc'CU-BA'TION, n. A reclining on 9- 
couch, as practiced by the ancient* 
at their meals. 

Ac-cum'ben-cy, n. State of being 
accumbent. 

Ac-cDm'bent, a. Reclining, as the 
ancients did at their meals. 

AC-€U'MU-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. accumulatus.] To heap up ; to 
collect or bring together. — v. i. To 
increase greatly. 

Ac-cu'MU-la'tion, n. Act of accu- 
mulating, state of being accumulat- 
ed, or that which is accumulated. > 
Syn. — P'le; mass; heap. 

Ac-cu'MU-LA-tIve, a. Causing ac- 
cumulation ; accumulating. 

Ic'cu-ra-cy, \n. State of be- 

Xc'cu-rate-ness, I ing accurate ; 
exactness ; correctness. 

Xe'CU-RATE, a. [Lat. accuratus.] In 
careful conformity to truth, or to a 
standard or rule. 

Syn. — Correct; precise; just; nice — 
A man is accurate or correct when he 
avoids faults ; exact when he attends to 
all the minutia;, leaving nothing neglect- 
ed ; precise when he does any thing ac- 
cording to a certain rule or measure. 

Ac'CU-RATE-LY, adv. In an accurate 
manner. 

AC-CURSE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To de- 
vote to destruction ; to curse. 

Ac-€URS'ED, p. p. or a. {part, pro- 
nounced ak-kfirst', a. ak-kurs'ed). 

1. Doomed to destruction or misery 

2. Detestable ; execrable. 
Xc'CU-gA'TION, n. 1. Act of accus- 
ing. 2. That of which one is accused. 

Ac-€U'sA-tIve, a. ( Gram.) Applied 
to the case on which the action of a 
verb terminates or falls. — n. The 
fourth case of Greek and Latin nouns, 
corresponding to the objective in 
English. 

Ac-cu'§a-tIve-ly, adv In relation 
to the accusative case. 

Ac-CU'§A-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to, 
or containing, an accusation. 



&, e, I, 6, v,Y,long; A, £,*, 6,u,Y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TlRM; pique, fIrm; s6m, 



ACCUSE 



ACTIONABLE 



A€-€USE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
accusare.] To charge with a crime, 
offense, or fault. 

Stn. — To arraign; censure; impeach. 
— We censure or accuse a man for what 
is wrong ; we arraign him for trial ; we 
impeach him for maladministration or 
impropriety. 

A€-€f T s/ER, n. One who accuses. 

AC-e&S'TOM, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make familiar by use ; to habituate 

_ or inure. 

ACE, h. [Lat. as.] 1. A single point 
on a card or die ; or the card or die 
so marked. 2. A particle; an atom. 

A-CEPH'A-LO&S, a. [Gr. caceQakos.] 
Without a head ; headless. 

A-CERB'I-TY,7i. [Lat. acerbitas.] 1. 
Sourness of taste, with bitterness and 
astringency. 2. Harshness, bitter- 
ness, or severity. [ing sour. 

A-CES'CENT,a. [Lat. acescens.] Turn- 
Ac 'E -TATE, n. A salt formed by 
acetic acid united to a base. 

A-CET'I€, or A-CE'TI€, a. [Lat. ace- 
tum, vinegar.] Composed, as a cer- 
tain acid, of four parts each of car- 
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

A-cet'i-fi-ca'tion, 71. Act of mak- 
ing sour ; the operation of making 
vinegar. _ 

A-CET'I-FY. V. t. or f. [-ED: -ING, 
142.] [Lat. acetum and factre.} To 
turn into acid or vinegar. 

Ac'E-TlM'E-TER, n. [Lat. acetum, 
and metrum.] An instrument for 
ascertaining the strength of vinegar 
or other acids. 

Ac'e-tim'e-try, n. Art of ascertain- 
ing the strength of acids. 

A-ce'tous, o. 1. Sour. 2. Causing 
acetification. 

ACHE (ak), v. i. [-ed , -iffG, 140.] 
[A.-S. acan. Gr. axelv.] To have, or be 
in, pain, or in continued pain. — n. 
Continued pain. [achieved. 

A-CHIE v'a-ble , a. Capable of being 

A-chieve', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
achever.] To carry on to a final close. 
Syn.— To complete; accomplish; ful- 
fill: realize. 

A-chie ve'ment. n. 1. Act of achiev- 
ing : accomplishment. 2. A great or 
heroic deed. 

Byu. — Feat; deed: completion. 

A-chiev'er, n. One who accom- 
plishes a purpose. 

AcH'RO-MAT'IC, a. [Gr. dxpc6ju.a.Tos.] 
Not showing color, from the decom- 
position of light. 

Ach'ro-ma-tic'I-ty, ) n. State of 

A-€HRO'MA-ti§m, J beiug ach- 
romatic. 

A-CIC'U-LAR, a. Slender, like a needle. 

Ac'ID, a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the 
taste ; tart. — n. A sour substance. 

A-CiD'l-Fl'A-BLE,a. Capable of being 
acidified. _ [ing. 

A-cHv i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of acidifi- 

A-cid'I-fy, v.t.ori. [-ED; -ING,142.] 
To make or become acid. 

Ac'I-DIM'e-TER, n. An instrument 
for ascertaining the strength of acids. 

A-CID'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being acid 

Ac'ID-ness, j or sour ; sharpness ; 
sourness. 



A-ClD'U-LATE,l<. t. [-ED-, -ING.] To 
make slightly acid. 

A-cLd'u-lous, a. [Lat. acidulw .] 
Slightly sour ; sourish. 

AC-KNOWL/EDGEl-noFej),!-. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [From prefix a and knoivl- 
edge.] To own, avow, or admit ; to 
recognize as a fact, truth, or benefit. 
Stn. — To concede ; confess ; allow ; 
recognize. — We acknowledge what we 
feel bound to make known, as a fault or 
a favor; we concede and allow what is 
claimed or asked ; we recognize when at 
first we were doubtful ; we confess what 
is wrong or may appear so. 

AC-KNOWL/EDG-MENT (-nol'-, 137), 
n. 1. Act of acknowledging. 2. Some- 
thing given or done in return for a 
favor. 

Ac'ME, n. [Gr. <xkju.tj.] Height, top, or 

w highest point, of a thing. 

A-e'o-LYTE, ! n. [Gr. oxoAovflos-] An 

Ic'o-Li'TH, j inferior church serv- 
ant. 

Ac'o-nite, n. Wolf -s-bane, a poison. 

A'-eoRN, n. [A.-S. secern.] The seed 
or fruit of ah oak. 

A-cot'y-le'don, n. [Gr. a priv. and 
KOTv\r\htav.] A plant in which the 
seed-lobes are not present. 

A-eoT'Y-LED'o-NC-us, a. Having 
either no seed-lobes, or such as are 
indistinct. 

A-cou'stic (-kow'stik), a. [Gr. olkov- 
o-tikos.] Pertaining to hearing, or 
to the doctrine of sounds. 

A-eou'STies, n. sing. The science of 
sounds. 

Ac-quaint', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. accointer.] 1. To make familiar. 
2. To communicate notice to. 
Syn. — To apprise; to inform. 

A€-QUAINT'ANCE, n. 1. Familiar 
knowledge. 2. A person or persons 
well known. 

Syn. — Familiarity ; fellowship ; inti- 
macy. — Intimacy is the result of close 
connection, and hence is the stronger 
word; familiarity springs from frequent 
intercourse. 

ACQUl-ESCE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. acquiescere.] To rest satisfied, 
or apparently satisfied. 

Syk". — To accede ; assent; consent; 
comply ;i concur. 

A-c'QUI-es'cence, n. A silent assent 
or submission. 

Xe'QUi-ES'CENT,^ Submitting; dis- 
posed to submit. [acquired. 

Ac-QuIr'a-BLE. a. Capable of being 

AC-QUIRE', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
acqw'rere.] To gain, usually by one's 
own labor or exertions. 

Syn.— To attain ; obtain ; procure ; 
earn; win; secure; 

Ac-QUjRE'MENT, n. Act of acquiring, 
or that which is acquired. 
Syn. — Attainment: gain; acquisition. 

ACQUI-si'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
of acquiring. 2. The thing acquired. 

Ac-Quts'i-TIVE, a. Disposed to make 
acquisitions. 

A€-QUI2'i-tive-ness, n. State or 
quality of being acquisitive. 

Ac-quit', v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Fr. 
acquitter.] 1. To set free; to release 



or discharge, especially from an obli- 
gation, accusation, suspicion, &c. 'Z. 
Reflexively , to bear or conduct ones 
self. 
Syn. — To clear; absolve. 

Ac-QUIT'TAL, n. Formal deliverance 
from the charge of an offense. 

Ac-QuIt'tance, n. Discharge from 
debt. 

A'CRE (a'ker, 160), n. [A.-S. actr, 
zecer.] A piece of land containing 120 
square rods or perches, or 4840 square 
yards. [pungent. 

Ac'RlD, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; 

Ac'RlD-NESS, n. A sharp, harsh qual- 
ity ; pungency. 

AVri-mo'ni-o'us, a. 1. Abounding 
with acrimony. 2. Sarcastic. 
Syn. — Sharp; severe; bitter; caustic. 

Ac'RT-MO-NY, n. 1. Quality of cor- 
roding or dissolving. 2. Sharpness 
or severity, as of language or temper. 
Syn. — Asperity; harshness; tartness. 
— Acrimony springs from an embittered 
spirit; tartness from an irritable temper; 
asperity and harshness from disregard for 
the feelings of others. 

Ac'RI-tude (53), n. [Lat. acritudo] 
An acrid quality. 

l€'RO-\T f l€,a. [Gr. a/cpoa-riKos.] De- 
signed only to be heard ; oral. 

Xe'RO-BAT, n. [Gr. aicpos. and /3ai- 
veiv.] One who practices high vault- 

w ing, rope-dancing, &c. [acrobat. 

Xe'RO-BAT're, a. Belonging to an 

A-CRON'YC-AIi, a. [Gr. aitpovvKTOs .] 
(Astron.) Rising at sunset and set- 
ting at sunrise, as a star. 

A-grop'O-lis, n. Upper or higher 
part of a Grecian city ; hence, the 

w citadel or castle. 

Xe'RO-SPlRE, ii. [Gr. aKpo? and o-7r€i- 
pa.] A sprout at the end of a seed. 

A-eROSS' (21), prep. From side to 
side of; crosswise of. — adv. From 
side to side ; crosswise. 

A-€R6s'TIG, n. [Gr. a.icpvo-Ti.x ov -] -A- 
composition, in which the first or 
the last letter of every line, or of 
every word, read collectively, form 
a name or sentence. 

Act, v. i. [-ed; -ing, 137.] [Lat. 
actus.] 1. To exert power. 2. To be in 
action or motion. 3. To behave 
or conduct. — v. t. 1. To perform, 
especially on the stage. 2. Hence, to 
feign or counterfeit. 3- To assume 
the office or character of. — 11. 1. 
That which is done or doing; per- 
formance ; deed. 2. A decree, edict, 
law, judgment, or award. 3. One of 
the principal divisions of a play. 4. 
A state of reality , or real existence. 
5. A state of preparation. 

X€'tin-i§m, n. A property in the so- 
lar rays which produces chemical 
changes, as in photography. 

Action, n. 1. Exertion of power; 
or the effect of power exerted ; agen- 
cy. 2. An act or thing done ; a deed ; 
hence, conduct ; behavior. 3. A le- 
gal suit or process. 4. An engage- 
ment, between troops. 

Ac'tion-a-ble a. Admitting a suit, 
or an action at law. 



or, do, wqlf, TOO, took ; Urn, RUE, P'jLL, ; E, i, o, silent ; c t G,so//; €,G,hard; Ag; ejcist; N as ng ; this 



ACTIVE 



ADJURATION 



Act'Ive, «. 1. Having the power or 
quality of acting. 2. Constantly en- 
gaged in action ; hence, energetic ; 
busy. 3. Practical; operative; pro- 
ducing real effects. 4. Expressing 
the passing of an action from an 
agent to an object, as certain verbs 
do; transitive. 

Syn. — Brisk ; alert ; agile ; nimble ; 
sprightly ; prompt. 

Act'ive-ly, adv. In an active man- 
ner ; nimbly. 

Act'ive-ness, ( n. Quality of being 

A€-Tiv'l-TY, j active ; nimble- 
ness ; agility. 

A€T'OR, n. One who acts ; one who 
plays on the stage. [plays. 

Act'ress, n. A female who acts or 

Act'u-al, a. 1. Existing in act; re- 
ally acted or acting. 2. Existing at 
the present time. 

Act'u-al-ly, adv. In act or fact; 
really ; truly. 

Xct'u-a-ry, n. 1. A registrar or 
clerk. 2. Manager of a joint-stock 
company. 

A€T'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
put into action ; to incite to action. « 
Syn. — To move; impel; instigate; in- 
duce; rouse; animate. 

A-€U'LE-ATE,a. Having prickles, or 
sharp points. 

A-cu'men, ». Penetration of mind ; 
nice discrimination. 

Syn. — Acuteness: astuteness; shrewd- 
ness; perspicuity; discernment. 

A-€U'mi-nate, a. Having a long, 
tapering point. 

A-OU'MI-NA'TION, n. A sharpening ; 
termination in a sharp point. 

l€'U-pf;N€T'URE, 11. Introduction of 
needles into the living tissues for 
remedial purposes. 

A-€UTE',a. 1. Sharp at the end ; point- 
ed. 2. Penetrating ; shrewd. 3. Sus- 
ceptible of slight impressions. 4. 
Ilig-h, or shrill, in respect to some 
other sound. 5. Coming speedily to a 
crisis. 

Syn. — Penetrating; piercing; pointed; 
shrewd: subtle. 

A-€UTE'ly, adv. Sharply ; shrewdly ; 
keenly. 

Ad'age,ti. [Lat. adagitnri .] An old 
saying, which has obtained credit by 
long use. 

Syn. — Maxim ; proverb ; aphorism ; 
axiom; saw. 

A-Va'gio (-jo), a. [It.] (Mus.) Mov- 
ing slowlv, leisurely, and gracefully. 

Ad'a-mant, n. [Gr. aS6.fj.as.] A 
stone imagined to be of impenetrable 
hardness; — a name given to the 
diamond and other very hard sub- 
stances, [mant. 

AD'a-man-te'an. a. Hard as ada- 

Ad'a-mant'Ine, a. Made of, or hav- 
ing the qualities of, adamant. 

AD'am's-ap'ple, n. The projection 
formed by the thyroid cartilage in 
the neck. 

A-dapt', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
adaptare.] To make fit or suitable. 

Syn.— To suit; accommodate; adjust; 
apply; attune. 



A-dapt'A-bIl'i-TY. ) «. Quality of 

A-dapt'a ble-ness, ) beingadapt- 
able: suitableness. [adapted. 

A-dapt'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ad'AP-ta'tion, n. Act of adapting, 
or fitting ; the state of being adapted ; 
fitness. 

ADD,i'. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. addere.] 
To join or unite, as one thing or sum 
to another. 

Syn. — To subjoin; to annex. — We 
add numbers, &c. ; we subjoin, an after- 
thought; we annex some adjunct, as ter- 
ritory. 

Ad-den'bum, n. ; pi. A D-DEN'DA. 
[Lat.] A thing to be added. 

Ad'der, n. [A.-S. setter.] A venom- 
ous serpent ; a viper. 

Ad-dIgt', v. t. f-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
addictus.] To apply habitually ; to 
accustom ; to habituate. 

Syn.— To devote; to dedicate to.— Art- 
diet is commonly used in a bad sense, 
the other two in a good one; addicted to 
vice; devoted to literature; dedicated to 
religion. 

Ad-di'€T'ed-ness, n. Devotedness. 

Ad-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. 1. Act of 
adding. 2. Any thing added ; in- 
crease. 3. A branch of arithmetic. 
4. A title annexed to a man's name. 
Syn. — Accession; augmentation. 

Ad-dPtion-al (-dlsh'un-), a. Added. 

Ad-dPtion-al-ly, adv. By way of 
addition. 

Ad'dle, a. [A.-S. adl.] Putrid ; cor- 
rupt ; hence, unfruitful or barren, as 
brains. 

Ad-dress', v. t. [-ed; -ing,] [Lat. 
directus.] 1. To direct words or dis- 
course to. 2. To direct in writing, 
as a letter. 3. To court; to woo. 
4. To consign to the care of another. 

— n. 1. A formal application, speech, 
discourse, petition, &c. 2. Manner 
of speaking to another. 3. pi. At- 
ention in the way of courtship. 4. 
Skill ; dexterity. 5. Direction or 
superscription of a letter. 

Ad-duce' (30), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. adducere.] To present or offer ; 
to bring forward by way of proof. 

Syn. — To allege; cite; quote ; ad- 
vance; introduce. 

AD-DfJ'OENT, a. Briuging forward. 

Ad-DU'ci-BLE, a. Capable of being 
adduced. [ward. 

Ad-DU€'TION, n. Act of bringing for- 

Ad-duc'tive, a. Bringing forward. 

Ad'e-n5l'0-GY. n. [Gr. ah-qv and 
Aoyo?.] The doctrine of the glands, 
their nature, and their uses. 

A-DEPT',«. One well skilled in any art. 

— a. [Lat. adeptus.] Well skilled ; 
skillful. 

Ad'e-qua-cy, n. State or quality of 
being adequate. 

Ad'e-quate, a. [Lat. adxquatus.] 
Equal, proportionate, or correspond- 
ent ; fully sufficient. [fitly. 

AD'E -QUATE-LY, adv. In proportion ; 

Ad'e-quate-ness, n. Adequacy; 
sufficiency. 

Ad-heke', v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
adhasrere.] 1. To stick fast or cleave. 
2. To hold, be attached, or devoted. 



Ad-her'ence ) (89), w. Quality ov 

Ad her'en-cy ) state of adhering. 

Ad-her'ent. a. United with or to, 
sticking. — n. One who adheres. 

Syn. — Partisan ; follower; supporter; 
advocate. 

Ad-he'sion, n. Act or state of 
sticking, or being attached. 

Ad-he'sive, «. Sticky; tenacious. 

Ad-he 'si ve-ly, adv. In an adhe- 
sive manner. 

Ad-he 'si ve-ness, n. Quality of 
sticking, or adhering. 

Ad-hor'ta-to-ry, a. Containing 
counsel or warning. 

A-DIEU' (a-diP, 30), adv. Good-by ; 
farewell. — n. A farewell; commen- 
dation to the care of God. 

Ad'I-po-CERE', n. [Lat. adeps and 
cera.] A soft, unctuous, waxy sub- 
stance, into which the fat and mus- 
cular fiber of dead bodies are changed 
by long immersion in water or spirit. 

Ad'I-POSE', a. [Lat. adeps, fat.] Fat; 
fatty. 

Ad'it, n. [Lat. aditus.] 1. A hori- 
zontal or inclined entrance into a 
mine. 2. Passage ; access. 

Ad-ja'^en-c Y, n. State of being ad- 
jacent, [actually touching 

Ad-ja'cent, a. Lying near, but not 

Ad'je€-tj'val, or Ad'jec-tIv-al, 
a. Pertaining to an adjective. 

Ad'je€?-tive, n. [Lat. adjectivum.] 
A word used with a noun or substan- 
tive, to describe, specify, limit, or de- 
fine it, or to denote some property 
of it. 

Ad'JE€-tIve-ly, adv. In the man- 
ner of an adjective. 

Ad-join', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To be 
contiguous or next ; to be in contact 
or very near. — v.t. To join or unite 
to. 

Ad-journ', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
adjourner.] To put off to another 
time. — v.t. To suspend business 
for a time ; to close the session of a 
public body. 

Syn. — To postpone ; defer ; delay ; 
prorogue. — A court, legislature, or meet- 
ing is adjourned ; parliament is pro- 
rogued at the end of a session; we delay 
or defer a thing to a future time ; we 
postpone it when we make it give way to 
something else. 

Ad-journ'ment, n. 1. Act of ad- 
journing. 2. The interval during 
which a public body defers bus-iness. 

Ad-judge', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
adjvdieare.] 1. To award or decree 
judicially or by authority. 2. To 
sentence. 

Ad-ju'di-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To try and determine, as a court. 

Ad-ju'di-ca'tion, n. Judicial sen- 
tence, judgment, or decision. 

Ad'jungt, n. Something joined to 
another thing, but not an essential 
part of it ; an appendage. — a . Added 
or united. 

AD-JUNCT'IVE. a. Having the quality 
oi joining. — n. One who, or that 
wh;eh, is joined. 

Ad/JUtwA'tion, n. 1. Act of adjur- 
ing. 2. The form of oath. 



A, E, I, 0,fj,Y, long; X, £,I, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



ADJURE 



ADVANCEMENT 



Ad-JURE', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
adjurare.] To charge, command, or 
entreat solemnly and earnestly, as if 
under oath. 

Ad-jBst', v. t. [ -ED; -ING.] [Ir. Lat. 
adjusiare.] 1. To make exact or 
conformable. 2. To reduce to or- 
der. 3. To set right. 
Syn.— To fit ; adapt ; suit ; regulate. 

Ad-jGst'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
adjusted. 

Ad-jOst'ment, n. Act of adjusting; 
arrangement ; disposition ; settle- 
ment, [tant. 

Ad'ju-TAN-cy, n. ■ Office of anadju- 

AD'JU-TANT, n. An officer who assists 
the superior officers in the execution 
of orders, conducting correspond- 
ence, placing guards, &c. 

Xd'JU-VANT, a. Helping; assisting. 

Ad-MEAS'ure (-mezh'ur), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To take the dimensions, size, 
or capacity of. 

Ad-mEas/ure-ment, n. 1. Act or 
process of admeasuring. 2. Dimen- 
sions ascertained. [ment. 

Ad-Men'su-ra'tion, n. Admeasure- 

AD-MIN'IS-TER, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 

1. To manage, as public affairs. 2. 
To dispense, as justice. 3. To give, 
as an oath. 4. To settle, as an estate. 
— v. i. 1. To contribute. 2. To 
perform the office of administrator. 

Ad-min'IS-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining 
to administration. 

Ad-min'is-tra-ble, a. Capable of 
being administered. 

AD-MI.VIS-TRA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
administering. 2. Executive part 
of the goveimrnent. 3. Management 
of an estate of a deceased person. 

Ad-mInMs-tra'tive, a. Administer- 
ing. 

Ad-MIN'is-TRA'TOR. n. Ono to whom 
the right of administration has been 
committed by competent authority. 

Ad-mix'is-tra'tor-ship, n. Office 
of administrator. 

AD-MIN'is-TRA'TRIX, n. A woman 
who administers. [ration. 

Ad'mi-ra-ble, a. Worthy of admi- 
Syn. — Wonderful ; rare ; excellent. 

ad'mj-ra-bly, adv. In an admira- 

_ ble manner. 

AD'MI-RAL, n. [Ar. amir-al-bahr.~\ 
A naval officer of the highest rank. 

Ad'mi-ral-ty (112), n. The body of 
officers appointed for the manage- 
ment of naval affairs. 

Ad'MI-ra'TION, n. Wonder mingled 
with pleasing emotions, as approba- 
tion, esteem, or love. 

Ad-mire', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
admirari.] 1. To regard with wonder 
or surprise, mingled with approba- 
tion, reverence, or affection. 2. To 
estimate or prize highly. 

Ad-mir'er, n. One who admires. 

Ad-mIs'si-bil'i-TY, n. Quality of be- 
ing admissible. 

Ad-mTs'si-ble, a. Capable or worthy 
of being admitted. 

Ad-m'is'sion (-misb/un), n. 1. Act of 
admitting. 2. Leave to enter ; access. 



Ad-m1t', v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Lat. 
admittere, concession in argument.] 
1. To grant entrance to. 2. To re- 
ceive as true. 3. To be capable of. 

Syn. — To concede ; grant ; permit ; 
allow. — Admit has the widest sense. 
We grant or concede what is claimed : 
we allow what we suffer to take place or 
yield ; we permit what we consent to. 

Ad-mIt'tance, n. 1. Act of admit- 
ting. 2. Permission to enter. 

Ad-mix', v. t. To mingle with some- 
thing else. 

Ad-mix'tion (-mTkst'yun, 97), n. 
[Lat. admixHo.] A union by mixing 
different substances together. 

Ad-mixt'ure, n. 1. A mixing. 2. 
What is mixed. 

Ad-mon'ish,i\ t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
admonere.] 1. To reprove gently. 2. 
To counsel against wrong practices. 
3. To iustruct or direct ; to inform. 

Syn. — To reprove; caution: rebuke; 
reprimand ; warn ; advise. — We advise 
as to future conduct; we warn of danger 
or by way of threat; we admonish with a 
view to one's improvement; we reprove, 
reprimand, and rebuke by way of pun- 
ishment. 

Ad-mon'ish-er, n. A reprover. 

AD'MO-NI'TION (-nlsh'un), n. Gentle 
or friendlv reproof or counsel. 

AD-MON'I-TIVE, )a. Containing ad- 

Ad-m5n'I-to-ry, j monition ; ad- 
monishing. 

Ad-nas'cent, a. [Lat. adnascens.] 
Gmwing to or on something else. 

A-DO'(23), n. [Prefix a, for to, and 
do'.] Trouble ; labor ; difficulty. 

Adobe (a-do'ba), n. [Sp.] An un- 

w burnt brick dried in the sun. 

Ad'o-les'cence, n. Youth. 

AD'o-les'(;ent, a. [Lat. adolescens.] 
Advancing from childhood to man- 
hood. 

A-dopt', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
adoptare.] To select and take as 
one's own when not so before. 

A-DOP'TION, n. 1. Act of adopting, 
or state of being adopted. 2. The 
receiving as one's own what is new 
or not natural. [Adopting. 

A-dopt I ve, a. 1. Adopted. 2. 

A-DOR'A-BLE, a. Worthy of adora- 
tion. | [being adorable. 

A-DOR'A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of 

A-floa'A-BLY, adv. With adoration. 

AD'O-RA'TION, n. 1. Worship paid 
to a divine being. 2. Homage to one 
inhigh esteem. 

A-DORE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
adorare.] 1. To worship with pro- 
found reverence. 2. To love in the 
highest degree. 

A-d5r'er, n. A worshiper ; a lover. 

A-DORN', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
adornare.] To render beautiful ; to 
decorate. 

Syn.— To deck ; embellish : set off; 
beautify ; ornament. — We decorate and 
ornament for the sake of show ; we em- 
bellish and adorn to heighten beauty. 

A-DORN'MENT, n. Embellishment. 

Ad-6s'€U-la'tion, 77. 1. Impregna- 
tion of plants by the falling of the 
farina on the pistil. 2. A species of 
ingrafting. 



A-DOWN', prep. Down ; toward th» 
ground. — adv. Downward. 

A-drift', a. or adv. Floating at ran- 
dom ; at large. 

A-DROIT',a. [Fr. d droit, to the right.] 
Possessing or exercising skill or dex- 
terity. 

Syn.— Skillful ; expert; clever; dex- 
terous; ingenious. 

A-droit'ly, adv. Ingeniously. 

A-droit'ness, n. Dexterity ; readi- 
ness of body or mind. 

A-DRY', a. Thirsty. 

Ad'sci-ti'tious (-tish'us), a. [Lat. 
adsciscere.] Taken as supplemental. 

AD'u-LA'TION, n. [Lat. adulatio.\ 

w Servile flattery ; sycophancy. 

Ad'u-la'tor, n. A servile flatterer ; 

w a sycophant. [cess. 

AB'u-LA'TO-KY, a. Flattering to ex- 

A-DULT', a. [Lat. adultus.] Having 
arrived at mature years. — n. A per- 
son or thing grown to maturity. 

A-dul'ter-ant, n. A person or thing 
that adulterates. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; ING.} 
[Lat. adulterare .~\ To debase or cor- 
rupt by admixture of baser materials. 

A-Difl/TER-ATE, a. Debased; cor- 
rupted ; contaminated. 

A-dul/ter-a'tion, n. Act of adul- 
terating, or state of being adulter- 
ated, [adultery. 

A-dul'ter-er, n. A man guilty of 

A-dul'^'ER-ess, n. A woman who 
commits adultery. 

A-dul'ter-Ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, 
a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. 
A child born in adultery. 

A-dul'ter-oOs, a. Pertaining to, or 
guilty of, adultery. 

A-DUL'TER-Y, n. 1. A violation of 
the marriage-bed. 2. (Script.) Vio- 
lation of one's religious covenant. 

A-dDlt'ness, n. State of being an 
adult. - [shadow. 

Ad-um'brant, a. Giving a faint 

Ad-um'brate, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. adumbrare.] To shadow faintly 
forth ; to_ typify. 

AjyuM-BRA'TION, n. 1. Act of shad- 
owing forth. 2. A faint resemblance. 

A-DtJN'ci-TY, n. [Lat. aduncitas.] 
Hooke'dness. 

A-dust', a. [Lat. adust us.] 1. Burnt 
or scorched. 2. Looking as if burnt 
or scorched. 

Ad-vance' (6), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[0. Fr. advancer.] 1. To bring for- 
ward. 2. To raise to a higher rank. 
3. To accelerate the growth or pro- 
gress of. 4. To offer or propose. 5. To 
supply beforehand. — v. i. 1. To 
move or go forward. 2. To improve. 
3. To rise in rank, office, or conse- 
quence. — n. 1. A moving forward ; 
approach. 2. Improvement or pro- 
gression of any kind. 3. Additional 
price or profit. 4. A tender ; an offer ; 
a furnishing of somethiug before an 
equivalent is received toward a capi- 
tal or stock, or on loan. — a. Before 
in place, or beforehand in time. 

Ad-vance'ment, n. 1. Act of ad- 
vancing or state of being advanced ; 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,u,hard; A£j E^IST ; N as NG; THIS- 



ADVANTAGE 



8 



AFFECTING 



progression ; improvement ; promo- 
tion. 2. Payment of money in ad- 
vance 

Ad-van'tage (6), n. [See AD- 
VANCE ] 1. Any state, opportuni- 
ty, or means particularly favorable 
to some desired end. 2. Superiority ; 
benefit ; gain. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING .] 
To benefit ; to promote. 

Xd'VAN-TA/GEOUS (-taVjUS, 140), a. 
Being of advantage; furnishing ad- 
vantage ; profitable ; useful ; bene- 
ficial. 

Xd'van-ta'geoOs-ly, adv. In an 
advantageous manner. [ableness. 

J(D'VAN-TA'G-EOtJS-NESS,n. Profit- 

Xd'VENT, n. 1. A coming; specifi- 
cally, the first or the second coming 
of Christ. 2. A season of devotion 
including four Sundays before Christ- 
mas. 

Ad'ven-ti'tious (-tTsh'us), a. Added 
extrinsically ; accidental ; casual. 

Xd'ven-ti'tious-ly (-tish'us-), adv. 
In an adventitious manner. 

Ad-VENT'URE, n. [L. Lat. adventu- 
ra.] 1. Hazard ; risk ; chance. 2. 
An enterprise of hazard. 3. A re- 
markable occurrence or event. 4. A 
thing sent to sea at the risk of the 
person sending it. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To put at hazard ; to risk. 
2. To run the risk of attempting. — 
v. i. To try the chances : to dare. 

Ad-vent'ur-er, n. One who ad- 
ventures : one who relies fo_- success 
on his boldness or good fortune. 

Ad-vent'ure-s6me, a. Incurring 
hazard ; bold. 

Ad-vent'ur-ous, a. 1. Daring ; 
courageous ; enterprising. 2. Full 
of hazard. [daringly. 

Ad-vent'ur-ous-ly, adv. Boldly ; 

Ad'VERB (14), n. [Lat. adverbium.] 
A word used to modify the sense of a 
verb, participle, adjective, or other 
adverb. 

Ad-verb'i-al, a. Relating to or like 
an adverb. [of an adverb. 

AD-VERB'I-AL-LY, adv. In manner 

Ad'VER-SA-ry, n. [Lat. adversarius.] 
One who is hostile or opposed. 

Syn. — Opponent ; antagonist; ene- 
my, &c. — Unfriendly feelings mark the 
L enemy ; habitual hostility the adversary ; 
active hostility the foe. Opponents, are 
those who are pitted against each other; 
antagonists, those who struggle in the 
contest with all their might. 
— a. Adverse ; opposed ; antagonistic. 

Id'vErse (14), a. [Lat. adversus.] 1. 
Acting in a contrary direction. 2. 
Contrary to the wishes, or to sup- 
posed good; hence, unfortunate; 
calamitous. [unfortunately. 

Ad'verse-ly, adv. With opposition ; 

Xd'v£rse-ness, n. Opposition ; un- 
prosperousness. 

Ad-v£r'si-ty, n. An event or series 
of events attended with severe trials 
or misfortunes. 

Syn. — Calamity; affliction; distress; 
misery. 

AD-v£rt' (14), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. advertere.] To turn the mind 
Syn. — To attend; regard; observe. 



Ad-v£rt'ence, 1 n. Attention ; con- 

Ad-v£rt'en-CY, J sideration. 

Ad-vErt'ent, a. Attentive ; heedful. 

Ad'ver-tise' (162), v. t. or i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. advertere.] 1. To inform 
or apprise. 2. To make known 
through the press. 

Ad-v£r'tis_e-ment, or Ad'ver- 
TigE'MENT, n. 1. Information. 2. 
• Public notice through the press. 

AD'VER-Tis/ER, n. One who adver- 
tises. 

Ad- VICE', n. 1. An opinion offered 
as worthy to be followed ; counsel ; 
suggestion. 2. Information as to the 
state of an affair or affairs ; intelli- 
gence. 

Ad-vis/a-ble , a. Fit to be advised 
or to be done ; expedient. 

Ad-vis/a-ble-ness, n. Fitness to be 
done ; propriety ; expediency. 

Ad-vi§e'(162),'!'. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Advice.] 1. To give advice to. 2. To 
apprise ; to inform. — v. i. To deliber- 
ate i to consider, [edge; purposely. 

Ad-vis/ed-ly. adv. With full knowl- 

Ad-vi§e'ment, n. 1. Counsel. 2. 
Consultation; deliberation. 

Ad-vis/er, n. One who gives advice. 

Ad-VI'S_0-RY, a. 1. Having power to 
advise. 2. Containing advice. 

Ad'vc— CA-CY, n. A pleading for or 
supporting ; vindication ; defense. 

Ad'VO-CATE,ti. One who pleads any 
cause, especially the cause of another 
before some tribunal. 

Xd'vo-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
advocare.] To plead in favor of ; to 
maintain by argument. 
Syn.— To defend; support; vindicate. 

Id/vo-ca'tion, n. Act of advocat- 
ing or pleading. 

Xd'VOW-EE', n. [Fr. advoue, avouc.] 
One who has the right of presenting 
to a benefice. 

Ad-vow'jon, n. (Eng. Law.) The 
right of presenting or nominating to 

w a vacant benefice. 

ADZ, In. A car- 

Adze, J penter's 
tool for chip- 
ping. 

^'DiLE,n. [Lat. 
xdilis.] An of- 
ficer in ancient 

Rome who had the care of the public 
buildings, streets, &c. 

.Sl'GIS, n. [Gr. oiytg.] A shield ; 
hence, any thing that protects. 

yE-6'li-an Harp. A box with 
stretched strings, on which the wind 
produces musical notes. 

A'ER-ATE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Air.] 1. To combine with carbonic 
acid. 2. To supply with common 
air. 3. To arterialize. 

A-E'RI-AL, a. 1. Of or pertaining to, 
air. 2. High ; lofty. 3. Growing, 
or existing in the air. 

Ae'RIE (e'rv or a'ry), n. [L. Lat. 
acria.] The nest of an eagle, or 
other bird of prey. [ing. 

A'ER-i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of aerify- 

A'er-i-f6rm, a. Having the form of 
air, as gas. 



^\ 



A'ER-I-fy, v. t. [Lat. a'er and facere\ 
To change into an aeriform state. 

A'er-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. kr\p and 

_ ypd<f>eiv.] A description of the air. 

A'ER-O-LITE, n. [Gr. arip and Ai'0os.] 
A stone falling from the air ; a mete- 
oric stone. 

A/ER-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. arip and 
Aoyo?.] That science which treats 
of the air and its phenomena. 

A'er-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. arjp and 
p-erpov.] An instrument for measur- 

_ ing the density of air and gases. 

A'er-om'e-try, n. Art or science of 

_ ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. 

A'er-o-naut', n. [Gr. arip and 

_ vavTTjs ] An aerial navigator. 

A'er-o-naut'ic, a. Pertaining to 
aeronautics. 

A'er-o-naut'ics, ti. sing. The sci- 
ence or art of sailing in the air by 

_ means of a balloon. 

A'ER-O-PHYTE', n. [Gr. arip and 
<I>vt6v.] A plant deriving its support 

_ from the air alone. 

A'ER-0-STAT/,«. [Gr. cbjp and oraTo?.] 
A machine or vessel sustaining 

_ weights in the air ; — an air balloon. 

A'ER-o-StXt'IC, a. Pertaining to 
aerostatics or aerostation. 

A'ER-o-stat'ics, n. sing. The sci- 
ence that treats of the equilibrium 
of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sus- 

_ tained inthem. [tion. 

A'er-os-ta'TION, n. Aerial naviga- 

iE-Ry'Gi-Notis, a. [Lat. aeruginosas.] 
Pertaining to copper-rust. 

JEs-thet'ic, I a. Pertaining to res- 

Es-thEt'ic, j thetics. 

^S-THET'ICS, \ n. sing. [Gr. a\<r- 

Es-THET'ICS, I 0Trn./c6s.] The theory 
or philosophy of taste ; the science 
of the beautiful in nature and art. 

A-far', adv. At a great distance ; re- 
mote. 

aVfa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
affable; ease of access. 

Syn.— Courtesy; complaisance; ur- 
banity; civility. 

AF'fa-ble, a. [Lat. affabilis.] Ready 
to converse ; easy of access. 

Syn. — Courteous ; civil ; complais- 
ant; condescending; accessible. 

Af'fa-bly, adv. In an affable manner. 

AF-FAIR' (4), n. [Lat. ad and facere.] 

1. Business of any kind. 2. An en- 
gagement of troops, usually partial 
or of minor importance. 

Af-fect', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
affectare.] 1. To act upon ; to pro- 
duce a change in. 2. To influence, 
as the feelings or passions. 3. To aim 
at ; to desire. 4. To tend to. 5. To 
put on a pretense of. 

Syn. — To concern ; melt ; subdue? 
assume. 

Af'fec-ta'tion, n. Assumption of 
what is not natural or real ; artificial 
appearance ; false pretense. 

Af-fect'ed, p. a. 1. Pretending to 
possess what is not natural or real. 

2. Assumed artificially. 
Af-fect'ed-ly, adv. In an affected 

manner. 
AF-FEfcT'iNG, p. a. Having power, or 



k, E, I, 0,U, ¥,long; X,E,I, 6,tj, 1 } short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SOW 



AFFECTINGLY 



AGE 



tending, to move the affections ; pa- 
thetic, [ing manner. 
A.F-FE€T'ING-LY, adv. In an affect- 
AF-FE€'tion, n. 1. An attribute, 
quality, or property, inseparable from 
its subject. 2. A state of the mind 
in which it is bent toward a particu- 
lar object. 3. Love ; zealous or ten- 
der attachment. 4. Disease. 
Af-FE€'tion-ate, a. 1. Having af- 
fection. 2. Proceeding from affection. 

Stic. — Loving ; tender; fond; de- 
voted; warm-nearted. 

Af-FE€'TION-ate-ly, adv. With af- 
fection ; tenderly. 

Af-fec'tioned, a. Inclined ; dis- 
posed ; affected. 

Af-FE€T'ive, a. Affecting, or ex- 
citing emotion. 

Af-fi'ance, n. [0. Fr.] 1. Plighted 
faith ; the marriage contract or prom- 
ise. 2. Trust; reliance. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To betroth ; to pledge 
one ? s faith in marriage. 2. To trust. 

Af-FI'AN-cer, n. One who makes a 
contract of marriage between parties. 

Af-fi'ant, n. Oue who makes an af- 
fidavit . 

AVfi-da'vit, n. [Lat.] A statement 
in writing, signed and made upon 
oath before an authorized magistrate. 
See Deposition. 

AF-FIL'I-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. affiliare..] 1. To adopt as a son ; 
to ally. 2. To receive into a society 
as a member, and initiate in its mys- 
teries, plans, &c. 

Af-fil/i-a'tion, n. Adoption ; asso- 
ciation in the same family or society. 

Af'fin-age, n. A refining of metals. 

AF-FIN'I-TY, n. [Lat affinitas.] 1. 
Relationship by marriage. 2. Close 
agreement; conformity ; connection. 
3. Chemical attraction which takes 
place at an insensible distance. 

Syn. — Agreement ; conformity ; re- 
semblance; alliance; relationship. 

Af-firm'(18), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
affirmare.] 1. To confirm, establish, 
or ratify. 2. To assert positively . 

Syn.— To aver; protest; assert.— 
"We affirm a thing with confidence ; we 
assert it against all denial; we aver its 
truth with solemnity; we protest it, as 
what ought not to be called in question. 
—v. i. To declare or assert positively. 

Af-firm'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
affirmed. 

Af-fTrm'ANCE, n. Confirmation. 

Af-fTrm/aint, n. One who affirms. 

Af'fir-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of af- 
firming. 2. That which is asserted. 
3. Confirmation ; ratification. 4. 
(Law.) A solemn declaration made 
by persons who conscientiously de- 
cline taking an oath. 

Af-firm'A-tive, a. 1. Affirming or 
asserting. 2. Confirmative ; ratify- 
ing. — n. 1. A word expressing af- 
firmation or assent. 2. An affirma- 
tive proposition. 3 That side of a 
question which affirms or maintains. 

Af-FIRM'A-TIVE-ly, adv. Positive- 
ly ; — the opposite of negatively. 

A.F-Pix',v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. qf- 



Jigere . ] 1. To add at the close or end. 
2. To attach, unite, or connect. 3. To 
fix or fasten in any manner. 

Xf'FIX, n A syllable or letter joined 
to the end of a word ; a suffix ; a 
postfix. , 

Af-fl A'TION, n. A blowing or breath- 
ing on. 

AF-FEI€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
afflictare.] 1. To strike down. 2. To 
give continued pain ; to cause to suf- 
fer dejection, grief, or distress. 

Syn. — To trouble; distress; harass; 
torment; grieve. 

Af-fl,I€T'ing, p. a. Causing pain ; 
grievous ; distressing. 

Af-fli€'tion, n. 1. Cause of con- 
tinued pain of body or mind, &c. 2. 
State of being afflicted. 

Syn. — Trouble; distress; sorrow; 
adversity; misfortune. — Affliction is the 
strongest of these terms, being a state of 
prolonged suffering; adversity ma mis- 
fortune are general states ; distress is 
particular, being the case of one under 
the stress or pressure of severe pain, 
bodily or mental; the other two words 
are less strong. 

Af-flict'ive , a. Giving pain ; caus- 
ing affliction. 

Xf'flu-ence, n. Abundance of any 
thing, especially riches. 
Syn.— Opulence; wealth; plenty. 

AF'FLU-ENT, a. Wealthy ; plentiful ; 
abundant. — n. A stream flowing 

w into a river or lake. 

AF'flu-ent-ly, adv. In abundance. 

Af'flux, ) n. 1. Act of flow- 

Af-fluxTon, ) ing to. 2. That 
which flows to. 

Af-ford', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [L. Lat. 

afforare, of or are.] 1. To produce as 

the natural result. 2. To grant, sell, 

or expend, with profit or without loss. 

Syn. — To yield; give; impart; confer. 

Af-fray', n. 1. The fighting of two 
or more persons, in a public place. 
2. A tumultuous assault. 
Syn. — Quarrel ; scuffle ; brawl. 

Af-freight' (-fraf), v. t. To hire, 
as a ship, for the transportation of 
goods or freight. 

AF-FRIGHT'f-frltO.tt. t. [-ED; -TNG.] 
[A. -S.I afyrhtan.] To impress with 
sudden fear. 

Syn.— To terrify; appall; dismay; 
shock; alarm. 

— n. Sudden and great fear ; terror. 
AF-FRONT'(-frunt' ),*;.£. [-ED:-ING.] 

[Lat. ad and frons.] To offend by 
some manifestation of disrespect. 
Syn. — To insult ; provoke ; abuse. 

— n. Any reproachful or contempt- 
uous action or conduct. 

Syn. — Insult; offense; ill treatment. 
Af-front'ive, a. Giving offense. 
Af-fuse', v. t. To pour out ; to 

sprinkle. 
AF-vu'gloN, n. Pouring upon, or 

sprinkling with, a liquidsubstance. 
A-FIELD', adv. To, in, or on, the field. 
A-FlRE', a. or adv. On fire. 
A-FLOAT', adv. 1. In a floating state. 

2. Passing from place to place- 3. 

Unfixed ; without control. 



A-FO"OT', adv. 1. On foot. 2. In ac 
tiqn ; in a condition for action. 

A-FORE', adv. or prep. Before. 

A-FORE'SAID (-sed), adv. Spoken of 
or named before. [old. 

A-FORE'TIME, adv. In time past ; of 

A-FOUL.', a. or adv. Not free ; entan- 
gled. 

A-FRAID', a. [p. p. of affray (obs.),to 
frighten.] Struck with fear. 

Syn. — Fearful ; apprehensive; timid; 
timorous; frightened; alarmed; appalled. 

A-FRESH', adv. Anew ; over again. 

A-FRONT' (-frQnt'), adv. In front. 

Aft, adv. or a. Astern, or toward* 
the stern. 

AFT'ER, prep. [A.-S. sefter.] 1. Be- 
hind in place. 2. Later in time. 3. 
Moving toward from behind. 4. In 
imitation of. 5. According to the 
direction and influence of. 6. In re- 
m lation to. 

AFT'ER, adv. Subsequently in time 
or place. — a. 1. Later in time; 
subsequent. 2. Toward the stern. 

Aft'er-birth, n. Membrane inclos- 
ing the fetus, and coming away after 

. delivery. 

Aft'er-glap, n. An unexpected 

. subsequent event. [quent crop. 

AFT'ER— CROP, n. A second or subse- 

AFT'er-math, n. A second or sub- 
sequent crop of grass in the same 

. year ; rowen. 

Aft'er-noIdn', n. Time from noon to 
evening. 

Aft'er-pains, n. pi. Pains attend- 
ing the delivery of the after-birth. 

AF T 'E R-P I E C E , n . A piece performed 

. after a play. 

Aft'er-thought (-thawt), n. Later 
thought or expedient. 

Aft'er-ward, ) adv. In later or 

Aft'er-wards, j _ succeeding time; 
subsequently. 

A-GAIN' (a-pen/), adv. [A.-S. agcn, 
origin.] 1. Ano'aer time; once 
more. 2. In return ; back. 

A-GAINST' (a-gensf), prep. [A.-S. 
agcn.] 1. Opposite to. 2. In oppo- 
sition to. 3. In preparation for. 

A-GAPE', adv. Gaping, as with wonder. 

Xg'A-RIG, n. [Gr. ayapiKov.] 1. A 
family of fungi, including the com- 
mon mushrooms. 2. Touch-wood. 

AG'ATE, n. [Gr. axa-rr,?.] 1. A pre- 
cious stone, a variety of quartz. 2. 
A kind of type. 
K-jj-This line is printed in Agate. 

A-GA'VE, n. [Gr. ayavrj.] 
The American aloe, or cen- 
tury plant. 

AGE (147), n. [Lat. mtas.] 1. 
Whole duration of a being. 

2. That part of the duration 
of a being between its be- 
ginning, and any given time. 

3. Latter part of life. 4. A 
certain period of human x^ave 
life, marked by a difference 

of state. 5. Mature years ; period 
when one may act for himself. 6. 
A particular period of time in his- 
tory. 7. People living at a partic- 



or, do, "wqef, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent; c, (h,soJl; e,Gjiard; /gj EX.IST ; n as ng; this. 



AGED 



10 



AIMLESS 



alar period ; hence, a generation. 8. 
A century. 
Syn. — Epoch; date; era; maturity. 

AGED (a/jed), a. 1. Advanced in age 
or years ; old. 2. Having lived. 

A'Gen-CY, n. [Low Lat. agentia.] 1. 
Quality of acting ; state of being in 
action ; instrumentality. 2. Office or 
^duties of an agent or factor. 

JV'GENT, n. 1. A person or thing that 
exerts power ; an actor. 2. A sub- 
stitute ; a deputy ; a factor. 3. An 
active power or cause. 

A&-&LOM'ER-ATE,t'J. [-ED; -ING.] 

* Lat. agglomere.] To wind iutoaball ; 
to gather into a mass. 

Ag-glSm'er-a'tion, n. A gathering 
into a ball or mass. 

AG-GLU'TI-NANT,a. Uniting, as glue. 

— n. Any viscous, adhesive sub- 
stance. 

AG-GLU'TI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. agglutinare.] To unite, or cause 
to adhere, as with glue. 

AG-GLU'TI-NA'TION, ;/.. Act of unit- 
ing, or state of being united, as by 
glue. [unite. 

AG-GLU'TI-NA'TIVE, a. Tending to 

Ag'GRAN-DJZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ad and grandis.] 1. To enlarge ; 

— applied to things. 2. To make great 
or greater in power, rank, or houor. 

Syn. — To augment; exalt; promote; 
advance; increase. 

Ag-gran'dize-ment, or ag'gran- 
DIZEOMENT, n. Act of aggrandiz- 
ing or state of being aggrandized. 

AG'GRAN-DIZ'ER, n. One who ag- 
grandizes. 

Ag'GRA-VATE. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. aggravare.] 1. To make worse, 
more severe, more enormous. 2. To 
give an exaggerated representation of. 
3. To provoke or irritate ; to tease. 
[Improper.] 

Syn. — To enhance : heighten ; raise ; 
increase; magnify; tease. 

Ag'GRA-va/TION, n. 1. Act of aggra- 
vating. 2. That which aggravates. 
3. Provocation; irritation. [Not le- 
gitimate.) 

Ag'GRE-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. aggregare.] To bring together ; 
to accumulate. 

Xg'GRE-GATE, a. 1. Formed into a 
whole mass or sum. 2. Firmed into 
clusters. — n. Assemblage of par- 
ticulars ; sum total ; mass. 

Ag'gre-ga/TION, n. Act of aggre- 
gating, or state of being aggregated. 

Ag'gre-ga'tive, a. Causing aggre- 
gation ; collective. 

Ag-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. [Lat. 
aggressio.] First attack, or act of 
hostility or injury. 

Syn. — Attack; assault; invasion; en- 
croachment. 

£g-gres'SIVE, a. Making the first 
attack or encroachment. 

AG-GKES'SOR, n. One who first 
makes an aggression. 

Syn. — Assaulter ; invader.— An ag- 
gressor is one who begins a quarrel o? 
encroachment; an assaulter is one who 
makes a violent onset; an invader is on 



who enters by fovic into the possessions 
of another. 

AG-GRIEVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad and graois.] To give pain or 
sorrow to ; to oppress or injure. 

Ag-group', v i t. To group. 

A-GHAST' (-gast 7 ), a. or adv. [A contr. 

of agazed,p. p. of(obs.)ag-aze.] Stu- 

w pefied with sudden fright or horror. 

Ag'ile, a. [Lat. agilis.] Quick of 
motion. 
Syn. — Nimble; active; lively; brisk. 

Xg'ile-ness, ) n. Power to move 

A-gil'i-ty/, j quickly ; actively. 

A'GI-O, n.; pi. A'GI-os. [It.] 1. 
Difference in value between metallic 
and paper monev, or between one 
sort of metallic money and another. 
2. Premium. 

A'gi-o-tage, n. Maneuvers of spec- 
ulators to raise or depress the funds ; 
stock -jobbing. 

Ag'i-tate, r. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
qgitare.] 1. To move with a violent, 
irregular action. 2. To disturb or 
excite. 3. To discuss earnestly. 4. 
To consider on all sides. 

Ag'I-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of agitating, 
or state of being agitated. 2. Per- 
turbation of mind. 3. Discussion. 

Syn.— Disturbance ; excitement; de- 
bate; deliberation. 

Ag'i-ta'tor, n. One who agitates. 

Ag'nail, n. An inflammation round 
the nail ; a whitlow. 

Ag'NATE, a. Related on the father's 
side. — n. Any male relation by the 
father's side. [ther's side. 

Ag-na'tion, n. Relation by the fa- 

A-GO', adv. or a. [Old Eug. agone.] 
Past ; gone. 

A-GOG', a. or adv. [From a-going.] 
Highly exejted by eagerness after an 
object. 

A-go'ing, p. pr. In motion ; going ; 

_ ready to go. 

AG'o-nism, n. Contention for a prize. 

AG'o-NlST,rc. [Gr. aycoi/io-nj?.] A con- 
tender for the prize in public games. 

Ag/o-NIST'IC, ) a. Relating to 

xVG'o-NIST'IG-AL , J prize-fighting, or 
to any violent contest. 

Ag'o-nize,?;.?. [-ed; -ing.] [Gr. 
aytavlgeLv.] To writhe with agony. 
— v. t. To distress with great pain ; 

w to torture. 

Ag'o-ny, n. [Gr. ayoDvia.] Extreme 
pain of body or mind. 

Syn.— Anguish; pang. — Agony and 
pang denote a severe paroxysm of pain 
(agony being the greatest); anguish is 
prolonged suffering. The anguish of re- 
morse; thepangs or agonies of dissolution. 

A-GRA'RI-AN (89), a. Relating or 
tending to equal division of lands. — 
n. One who favors an equal division 
of property. 

A-gra'ri-an-ism, ft. Equal division 
of land or property, or the principles 
of those who favor such a division. 

A-GREE', v. i. [-ed ; -ING, ±44.] 
[Lat. ad and gradus.] 1. To har- 
monize in opinion, statement, or ac- 
tion. 2. To yield assent. 3. To come 
to terms. 4. To resemble. 5*. To cor- 



respond in gender, number, case, or 
person. 

A-GREE'A-BLE, 1. Suitable; con- 
formable. 2. In pursuance, or ac- 
cordance. 3. Pleasing, either to the 
mind or senses. 4. Willing to agree 
or consent. 

A-GREE'A-BLE -NESS, ». Quality of 
being agreeable. 

A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. Pleasingly. 

2. In accordance ; conformably. 
A-GREE'MENT, n. 1. A state of 

agreeing, or being in harmony or re- 
semblance. 2. Concord or corre- 
spondence of one word with another 
in gender, number, case, or person. 

3. A bargain, compact, or contract. 
A-GRES'TI€, ) a. [Lat. agrestis.] 
A-gres'tic-al, J Pertaining to the 

fields; rural; rustic. [agriculture. 

AG'RI-€ULT'UR-AL, a. Relating to 

Ag'ri-ciixt'URE, n. [Lat. agiicid- 
tura.] Cultivation of the ground; 
tillage : husbandry ; farming. 

Ag'ri-cOlt'ur-ist, n. One skilled 
in agriculture ; a farmer. 

A-ground', adv. On the ground; 

_ stranded. 
, A'GUE, n. 1. Chilliness. 2. An in- 
I termittent fever, attended by alter- 

_ nate cold and hot fits. 

A'gu-Ish, a. Having the qualities of 

m an ague ; chilly. 

AH, inter j. An exclamation, expressive 
of surprise, pity, complaint, joy, &c. 

A-HA', interj. An exclamation, ex- 
pressing triumph, contempt, or 
simple surprise, [advance ; onward. 

A-head', adv. Farther in front or in 

AID, v. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Lat. adju- 
tare.] To support, by furnishing 
strength or means to effect a purpose. 
Syn.— To assist ; help ; succor ; sup- 
port; relieve; sustain. 

— u. 1. Help. 2 A helper. 3. An 
aid-de-camp. 

AlD'-DE-€AMP(-k5ng), 11. ; pi AIDES- 
DE-CAMP. [6'r ] Au officer selected 
by a general officer to assist htm in his 
_ duties. [Written also Aide-de-camp.] 
AI'GRET, ) n. [Fr.] 1. The small 
AI'GRETTE, ) white heron. 2. A 
_ tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, &c. 
AIL, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. eglan.] 
To affect with pain or uneasiness ; 
to trouble ; to be the matter with. 

— v. i. To feel pain ; to be troubled. 
_ — n. Disorder; indisposition; pain. 
AI-LAN'TUS, n. A genus of beautiful 

trees, natives of the East. [Im- 

_ properly spelt ailanthus.] 

AIL'MENT, n. Morbid affection of the 

_ body ; disease. 

AIM, v. i. [Lat. sestirnare.] 1. To 
point with a missive weapon. 2. To 
direct the intention. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To direct or point, as a 
weapon. — n. 1. Pointing or di- 
rection of any thing to a particular 
point or object, with a view to strike 
or affect it. 2. Point intended to be 
hit, or object to be affected. 3. Pur- 
pose ; intention. 
Syn. — Direction ; end: scope; scheme 

AlM'LESS, a. Without aim or purpose- 



I, E, I, O, V,\,long,- X,E,Ij 0,0,5", short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM •, PIQUE FIRM; SON, 



AIR 



11 



ALIKE 




Air (4>. n. [Gr. drj P .] 1. The fluid 
ive breathe : atmosphere. 2. A mel- 
ody ; a tune. 3. Peculiar look, ap- 
pearance, or manner. 4. pi. An af- 
fected manner. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To expose to the air ; to ventilate. 

2. To expose to heat, for drying or 
warming. 

Air'-gun, n. A gun discharged by the 

^ elastic force of air. 

Air'-hole, n. An opening for air. 

AIR'I-LY, adv. Gayly ; merrily. 

A.IR'1-NESS, n. 1. Openness to the air. 

^ 2. Levity ; gayety. 

AIR'ING, n. 1. A short excursion in 
the open air. 2. "Exposure to air and 

a warmth. 

AlR'-PUMP, n. A 
machine, variously 
constructed, for ex- 
hausting the air 
from a closed ves- 

^ sel. Air-puinp. 

JtlR'-SHAFT, n. A passage for air into 
a mine. 

Air'-tight (-tit), a. So tight as not 
to admit air. 

AlR'Y, a. 1. Having the nature or 
properties of air. 2. Belonging to 
air ; high in air. 3. Exposed to the 
air. 4. Unsubstantial. 5. Having 
no solid foundation. 6. Full of vi- 
vacity and levity. 

AISLE (II), n. (Arch.) (a.) The wing 
of a building, (b.) One of the lat- 
eral divisions of a Gothic church, (c.) 
A passage in a church into which the 
pews open. 

A-JAR', adv. Partly open, as a door. 

A-KIM'BO, a. With a crook ; bent. 

A-KIN', a. 1. Related by blood. 2. 
Allied by nature. 

Al'a-bas'ter, ii. [Gr.] 1. A variety 
of sulphate of lime, or gypsum. 2. 
A variety of carbonate of lime. 

A-LACK/, inlerj. [Corrupted from alas.} 
An exclamation expressive of sorrow. 

A-lack' a-day, interj. An exclama- 
tion expressive of regret or sadness. 

A-LA€'RI-TY, n. [Lat. alacritas.] 
Cheerful readiness. 

Syn. — Briskness; liveliness; glee. 

Al'a-mode', adv. According to the 
mode or fashion. — n. A thin, glossy, 
black silk. 

A-LARM',w. [It. allarme, lit. to arms.] 
1. A summons to arms. 2. Any sound 
or information of approaching dan- 
ger. 3. Sudden surprise with fear or 
terror. 4. A contrivance for awaking 
persons from sleep. 

Syn. — Fright; terror; consternation; 
apprehension. — Alarm, is the dread of 
impending danger ; apprehension, fear 
that it may be approaching; terror is 
agitating and excessive fear; consterna- 
tion is terror which overpowers the 
faculties. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To call to 
arms for defense. 2. To fill with ap- 
prehension ; to disturb. 

A-larm/-€Lock, n. A cloc"k made to 
ring loudly at a particular hour. 

A-LARM'IST, n. One who intentionally 
excites alarm. 

A-LARM'-WATCH, n. A w;,tch that 



can be so set as to strike frequently 
! at a particular hour. 

A-LAR'UM, n. Same as ALARM. 

A-LAS', interj. [Lat. lassus, weary.] 
An exclamation expressive of sorrow, 

w grief, pity, or concern. 

ALB, n. [Lat. albus.] An ecclesiasti- 
cal vestment of white linen. 

AL'BA-TROSS, n. [Sp. alcatraz.] A 
very large web-footed sea-bird. 

Al-be'it, conj. or adv. Although ; 
notwithstanding. 

Al'ber-type. [From the inventor, 
Albert.'] (Photog.) A picture printed 
from a gelatine plate produced by 
means of a photographic nega- 
tive. 

AL-bes'cent, a. [Lat. albescere.] 
Becoming white ; whitish. 

Al'bi-nism, n. State of an albino. 

Al-BPWo", n. ; pi. AL-BI NOs, n. [Lat. 
albus, white.] Any person of a pre- 
ternatural whiteness of the skin and 
hair, and a peculiar redness of the 
iris and pupil of the eye. 

AL'BU-GIN'E-OUS, a. [Lat. albugo.] 
Like the white of an egg. 

AL'BUM, n. [Lat. albus.] 1. A white 
table or register. 2. A blank book 
for autographs or literary memorials. 

Al-bu'men, n. [Lat.] 1. A thick, 
viscous substance, found nearly 
pure in the white of an egg. 2. A 
white matter found in seeds. 

Al-bu'mi-nous, a. Like albumen. 

Al-bur'num, n. [Lat.] The white 
and softer part of wood next to the 

- bark, called sap-wood. 

Al'€A-hest, I n. A pretended uni- 

Al'ka-hkst, j versal solvent. 

AL-CAID', n. 1. In Spain, the gover- 
nor of a castle or fort. 2. A jailer or 
warden. [trate or judge. 

Al-€AL'de, n. In Spain, a liiagis- 

Al-ghem'ig-AL, a. Relating to al- 
chemy, [chemy. 

AL'ghe-mYst, n. One skilled in al- 

AL'eHE-MisT're-AL, a. Practicing 

^ alchemy, or relating to it. 

AX'GHE-MY, n. [Ar. al-kimia.] An 
ancient science which aimed to trans- 
mute the baser metals into gold, to 
find the panacea, the universal solv- 

w ent, &c. 

AL'€0-h5l, n. [Ar. al-kohl.] Pure 
or highly rectified spirits ; more loose- 
ly applied to ardent spirits in gen- 
eral. 

AL'€0-HOL'I€,a. Relating to alcohol. 

Al'go-ran, n. See Koran and Al- 

KORAN. 

Al'cove, or Al-cove' (114), n. [Ar. 
al-gubba.] A recess, or part of a 
room, separated from the rest by a 
partition. 

Al'der, n. [A.-S. aler.] A tree of sev- 
eral varieties. 

Al'der-MAN, n.; pi. AL'DER-MEN. 

" [A.-S. ealdorman.] A magistrate 
of a city or town, next below the 
mayor. 

ALE, n. [A.-S. eale.] A liquor made 
from malt by fermentation 

ALE '-HOUSE, n. A place where ale is 
retailed. 




A-LEM'Bl€. n. [Ar. al- 
amb'tq.} A chemical ves- 
sel, used in distillation. 

A-LfiRT' (14), a. [It. alP- 
erta.] 1. Watchful; vig- 
ilant ; hence, upon the 
alert, upon the watch. 
2. Moving with celerity. Alembic. 
Syn.— Brisk; prompt; lively; nimble. 

A-lErt'ness, n. Watchful activtiy 
or readiness. 

ALE'WIFE, n. ; pi. ALE'WlVEg. [Ind. 
aloof.} An American fish resem- 
bling a herring. [syllables. 

Xl'ek-an'drine, n. A verse of twelve 

A-LExa-PHAR'MlG, n. [Gr. aAe£i- 
(papfxaKo? .] What expels or resists 
poison. — a. Expelling poison, or in- 

w fection. 

AL'GE-BRA, n. [Ar. al-gabr, al-jabr.] 
That branch of analysis whose ob- 
ject is to investigate the relations and 
properties of numbers by means of 
letters and other symbols. 

.Xl'GE-BRA'IG, \a. Pertaining to, 

XL'GE-BRA're-AL, j or performed 
by, algebra. [of algebra. 

AL'GE-BRA'IC-AL-LY, adv. By means 

AL'ge-bra'ist, n. One who is skilled 
in algebra. 

Al'GO-RITHM, n. [Sp. algoritiho.] Art 
of computing in any particular way. 

AL r i-AS,adv. [Lat.] Otherwise called; 
— a term used in legal proceedings to 
connect the different names of a party 
who has gone by two or several. — 
n. 1. A second or further writ. 2. 
Another name. 

Al'i-bi, n. [Lat.] A being in another 
place at the time of the commission 
of a crime. 

AL'IEN (al'yen), a. [Lat. alienus.] 1. 
Foreign. 2. Wholly different in 
nature. — n. A foreigner ; a foreign- 
born and unnaturalized resident of a 

_ country. 

AL'ien-a-bil'i-ty, n. Capacity of 
being alienated. 

AL'IEN-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
alienated. 

AL'IEN-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
alienare.] 1. To transfer to another, 
as title, property, or right. 2. To 

_ estrange. [to. 

AL'IEN-ATE, a. Estranged; stranger 

AL'ien-a'tion, n. 1. Legal convey- 
ance of property to another. 2. State 
of being alienated. 3. Estrangement, 

_ as of the affections. 4. Insanity. 

AL'ien-a'tor, n. One who alienates 
or transfers property. 

AL'IEN-EE', n. One to whom a thing 
is sold. [an alien. 

AL'IEN-Iism, n. The state of being 

A-LIGHT' (-lit'), V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. allhtan.] 1. To get down or 
descend ; to dismount. 2. To fall 
and settle, or lodge. 

A-LIGN'MENT (-Hn'-), n. [Fr. aligne- 
ment.} 1. Act of adjusting to a 
line; line of adjustment. 2. Ground- 
plan of a railway or other road. 

A-like', a. Having resemblance; 
similar. — adv. In the same man- 
ner, form, or degree. 



6r,do,WQLF.TOO,TOOH.; URN, :tUE, PULL : e, 2, O, silent ; C, G, soft; c, g, hard; Ag; E^ist; KosKfi; THIS 



ALIMENT 



12 



ALLUDE 



Al'1-MENT, n. [Lat. alimentum.] That 
which feeds or supports. 

Syn. — Food; nourishment; sup- 
port; nutriment. 

Xl'i-MENT'AL, ) a. Pertaining to 

Al'i-ment'a-ry, J food or aliment ; 
nutritive. 

Al'i-men-ta'tion, n. Act or power 
of affording nutriment. 

Xl'I-ment'ive-ness, n. The phren- 
ological organ of appetite for food. 

Al'1-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. alimonia, 
alimonium.] An allowance to a wife 
out of her husband's estate or income 
for her support. 

Al'1-QUANT, a. [Lat. aliquantus.] 
Not dividing another number with- 
out a remainder. 

AL'1-ftuOT, a. [Lat. aliquot.] Divid- 
ing exactly, or without remainder. 

A-lIve', a. Having life ; active ; sus- 
ceptible. 

Al'ka-hest, n. A pretended univer- 
sal solvent. 

Al/KA-LES'^ENT, a. Tending to the 
properties of an alkali. 

Al/ka-lT, or Al'ka-li,». ,- pi. Xl/ka- 
L13g, or AL'KA-LIES.. [Ar. al-qali.] 
One of a class of caustic chemical 
bases, soda, potash, ammonia, and 
lithia. 

Al-kXl'i-fy, or Xl'ka-li-fy, v. i. 
To become changed into an alkali. 

Al'KA-LINE (or -lln), a. Having the 
qualities of alkali. 

Ai/ka-lin'i-ty, n. Quality which 
constitutes an alkali. 

Xl'ka-ljze, v. t. To make alkaline. 

Al'ka-loid, n. A salifiable base ex- 
isting in some vegetables as a proxi- 
mate principle. [ble. 

Ai/ko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bi- 

A.LL, a. [A.-S. eall, al.} Every one, or 

" the whole number of ; the whole 
quantity, extent, duration, amount, 
quality, or degree of. — adv. Wholly ; 
completely ; altogether ; entirely. — 
n. The whole number, quantity, or 
amount ; the whole ; the total. 

Al'lah, n. The Arabic name of the 
Supreme_Being. [allantoic. 

.Xl'LAN-TO'IC, a. Pertaining to the 

Al-lan'tois, or Al'lan-tois, ) 

Al-lXn'toid, or Xl'lan-toid, ) 
n. [Gr.aAAa.vT0e1.877s.] A thin mem- 
brane in animals. 

Al-LAY', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Partly 
from A.-S. alecgan, to lay down, les- 
sen, depress; partly from Fr. allier, 
to ally.] 1. To make quiet or put at 
rest. 2. To abate, mitigate, or sub- 
due. 

Syn. — To check; appease; calm; 
soothe; pacify; assuage. 

Al-lay'er,?i. He who, or that which, 
allays. 

Xl'LE-ga'tion, n. 1. Positive as- 
sertion ; affirmation. 2. That which 
is alleged 

AL-LEGE'fal-lej'), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. allegare.] 1. To bring forward 
with positivenees. 2. To produce, 
as an argument, plea, or excuse, 

Syn. — To declare ; affirm ; assert; 
urge; adduce; advance; cite; quote. 



Al-lege'a-ble (140), a. Capable of 

being alleged. 
Al-LE'GI-ance, n. [L. Lat. allegi- 

antia.] Obligation which a subject 

owes to his prince or government ; 

loyalty. 
Al'le-gor'I€, I o. In the manner 
Al'le-gor'ic-al, J of allegory ; 

figurative. 
Al'le-gor'ic-al-ly, adv. In an 

allegorical manner. 
Al'le-go-rist, n. One who teaches 

by allegory. 
Al'LE-GO-RIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To form or turn into allegory. — v. i. 

To use allegory. 
AL'LE-GO-RY(50),n. [Gr. akky\yopia.] 

A story in which the direct and 

literal meaning is not the real or 

principal one ; a figurative manner 

of speech or description. 
Al-le-gret'to, a. [It.] (Mus.) 

Quicker than andante, but not so 

quick as allegro. 
Al-le'gro, n. [It.] (Mus.) A 

quick, sprightly strain or piece. 
Al'le-lu'iah, n. Praise to Jehovah. 

See Halleluiah. 
AL-LE'VI-ATE,r. t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. 

Lat. alleviare.] To make light or easy 

to be borne ; hence, to remove in 

part ; to make easier to be endured. 

Syn. — To lessen ; diminish ; miti- 
gate; assuage; allay. — These words are 
all figurative. Alleviate supposes a load, 
as ofc«re, which is lightened; mitigate, 
something fierce, which is made mild, as 
suffering ; assuage, something violent, 
which is quieted, as sorrow; alia?/, 
something excited, but now brought 
down, as grief; lessen and diminish refer 
lo amount or degree. 

AL-LE'VI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of al- 
leviating. 2. That which mitigates. 
Syn. — Mitigation; diminution; relief. 

AL-LE'VI-A-TIVE, n. Something mit- 
igating. 

Al'ley (148), n. [Fr. allee.] 1. A 
walk in a garden. 2. A narrow pas- 
sage, as distinct from a public street. 

A.LL-FOOLS/-DAY, n. The first of 
April, when it is a popular custom to 
play off tricks or make fools. 

All-fours', n. pi. [From all and 
four.] A game at cards. 

All-hail', interj. All health ; — a 
phrase of salutation. 

All-hal'lo\v, ) n. All-Saints'- 

All-hXl'lows., [ day, the first 

All-hal'l6w"mas, ) day of No- 
vember ; a feast in honor of all the 
saints. [All-Saints'. 

All-hal'low-tide, n. Time near 

AL-LI'ANCE, n. [Fr. alliance.] 1. A 
union or connection of interests. 2. 
The compact which is the instru- 
ment of allying. 3. The persons or 
parties allied. 

Syn. — League ; confederacy ; af- 
finity; coalition. ■ 

AL'LI-gate, v. t. To tie together ; to 
unite. _ 

Al'LI-GA'TION, n. [Lat. alligatio.] 
A rule relating to the solution of 
questions concerning the compound- 
ing together of different ingredients, 




AWigator. 



or ingredients of different qualities 
or values. 

Al'li-ga'tor, rt. 
[Sp. el lagarlo, 
the lizard.] A 
large carnivor- 
ous amphibious 
reptile, peculiar 
to America. 

Al-lTs/ion ( -lizh/un), n. [Lat. allisio.] 
A striking against. 

Al-lIt'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. ad and 
litera.] Repetition of the same letter. 

Al-lTt'er-a-tIve, a. Pertaining to 
alliteration. 

AL'LO-€A'TUR,n. [Low Lat.] Al- 
lowance of a thing or proceeding, by 
a court or judicial officer. 

Xl'lo-cu'tion, n. An address; par- 
ticularly an address of the pope to 
his clergy. 

Al-lo'di-al, a. Freehold; free of 
rent or service ; — opposed to feudal. 

Al-l6'di-um, n. [L. Lat.] Freehold 
estate; land which is the absolute 
property of the owner. 

Al-l6nge' (-lunj>), n. [Fr.] A pass 
or thrust with a sword. [lopathy. 

Xl'lo-path'k;, a. Pertaining to al- 

Al-lop'a-thYst, n. One who prac- 
tices medicine according to the rules 
of allopathy. 

Al-lop'a-thy, n. [Gr. aAAos, and 
Trddos.] The ordinary practice of 
medicine, as opposed to homeopathy. 

At-LOT', i'. «, [-ED; -ING.] [Old Fr. 
allotir, alloter.] 1. To divide, as by 
lot. 2. To distribute in parts or por- 
tions ; hence, to grant, as a portion. 
Syn. — To divide; assign; apportion. 

Al-lot'ment, re. 1. Act of allotting. 
2. Part allotted. 

Al-low',«.<. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. ad 
and lor are.] 1. To give, afford, or 
yield. 2. To own or acknowledge. 3. 
To abate or deduct. 4. To permit. 

Al-low'a-ble, a. Capable of being, 
or proper to be, allowed. 

Al-low'A-bly, adv. In an allowa- 
ble manner. 

Allowance, n. 1. Act of allowing. 
2. That which is allowed; a stated 
quantity, as of food or drink. 3 
Abatement; deduction. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To put upon allowance. 

Al-loy', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. aloi, 
loi.] 1. To reduce the purity of by 
mixing with a less valuable metal. 2. 
To abate, impair, or corrupt. — n. 
(148) 1. Any compound of two or 
more metals. 2. A baser metal mixed 
with a finer. 3. Evil mixed with good. 

Al-LOY'age, n. 1. Act of alloying. 
2. A mixture ofdifferent metals. 

A.LL-SAINTS"-DAY, n. First day of 
November ; a feast in honor of all tho 
saints. 

All-souls"-day, n. Second day of 
November ; a Roman Catholic solem- 
nity held to pray for the souls of the 
faithful. 

All 'spice, n. The berry of the pi- 

" mento, an aromatic tree of the West 
Indies. 

Al-lCde', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. al- 



i,£, I, o,fJ, Y,long; X,e,i, 6,0, ¥, short; care, far. ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rmj pique, fTrm; son, 



ALLURE 



13 



ALVEARY 



ludere.] To refer to something not di- 
rectly mentioned ; to have reference. 

Sy>*. — To suggest; intimate. 
Al-lure', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
ad and lure.] To tempt by the offer 
of some good, real or apparent. 

St>-. — To entice; decoy; seduce.— 
"We are allured to evil by some promised 
good; we are enticed into it through our 
passions ; we are seduced when drawn 
aside from the path of rectitude. 

Al-lure'mext, ;i. That which al- 
lures. 

Al-lur/er, n. One who allures ; a 
tempter. 

Al-lu'§ion, n. Indirect reference. 

Al-lu'sive, a. Referring to indi- 
rectly. 

Al-lu'vi-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
contained in, or composed of, alluvi- 
uni. 2. Of fresh-water origin. 

Al-lu'vi-on, n. Same as ALLUVIUM. 

AL-LU'VI-UM, n. ; pi. AL-LU'VI-A. 
[Lat., from ad, to, against, and luere, 
to wash.] Deposits of earth, sand, 
gravel, &c, made by rivers, floods, or 
other causes. 

Al-ly', v. t. [-ED; -ING, 141, 142.] 
[Lat. alligare, from ad, to, and ligare, 
to bind.] 1. To unite, or form a con- 
nection between. 2. To connect by 
similitude, resemblance, or friend- 
ship. — n. (115, 148) 1. One who is 
united by compact, marriage, &c. ; 
a confederate. 2. One related to an- 
other by any tie. 

Al'ma-GEST, n. [Ax. al, the, and Gr. 
/LteyioTos, greatest.] A book of prob- 
lems in astronomy and geometry, 
drawn up by Ptolemy. 

AL'MA Ma'ter. [Lat.] A college 
or seminary where one is educated. 

Al'ma-na€"(134), n. [Ax.manakh.] A 
' book or table, containing a calendar 
of days, weeks, months, &c. 

Al-MIGHT'y (-mit/-), a. All-power- 

" ful ; omnipotent. — n. God ; the 
Supreme Being. 

AL'MOND (a'niund), n. [Gr. afivy- 
6oAt>.] 1. The fruit of the almond- 
tree. 2. One of the two glands 
called tonsils. 

AL'MON-ER,n. [See Alms.] One who 
distributes alms for another. 

Al'mon-ry, n. A place for distribut- 
ing alms. 

Al-most' (146), adv. Nearly; well- 

" nigh ; for the greatest part. 

ALMS, (amz), n. pi. [A.-S. almes, 
selmesse, from Gr. eAerjjuocrvvTj, fr. eAe- 
elv, to have pity.] Any thing gratu- 
itously given to relieve the poor ; a 
charitable donation. 

Almshouse (amz'-), n. A house for 
the use of the poor ; a poor-house. 

Al'oe (al'o), n. ; pi. al'OES.. [Gr. 
dAorj, Heb. ah&ltm.] 1. A genus of 
evergreen plants. 2. pi. The inspis- 
sated juice of several species of aloe, 
used as a purgative. 

AL'o-ET'l€, J a. Pertaining to, 

Al'o-et'ic-al, j obtained frora, or I 
partaking of the qualities of, aloes. 

A-LOFT' (21), adv. 1. On high. 2. 
At the mast-head : above the deck. I 




Alpaca. 



A-LONE', a. [From all and one.] 
Apart from others ; single ; solitary. 

A-LONG' (21), adv. [A.-S. andlang, 
ondlong, from and, ond, against, to- 
ward, and long, long.] 1. Lengthwise. 
2. In a liie ; onward : forward. 3. In 
company ; together. — prep. By the 
lengtn of, as distinguished from 
across. [ship. 

A-long'sIde, adv. By the side of a 

A-loof' (26), adv. [Cf. aloft.] At or 
from a small distance. — prep. At or 
to a distance from ; away from. 

A-loud', adv. With a loud voice; 
loudly. 

Al-pa-c'a, n. 1. An 
animal of Peru, hav- 
ing long, fine, woolly 
hair. 2. A thin kind 
of cloth made of the 
wool of the alpaca 
mixed with silk or 
with cotton. 

AL'PHA, n. The first 
letter of the Greek 
alphabet, used to de- 
note first. 

AL'PHA-BET, n. [Gr. aA^ajSrj-ros, fr. 
aA<£a and £t)to., the first two Gr. let- 
ters.] The letters of a language in 
the customary order. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To arrange in the order of 
an alphabet. 

Al'pha-bet'ic, ) a. Pertaining 

AL'PHA-BET'KJ-AL, j to, furnished 
with, or in the order of, the letters 
of the alphabet. 

AL'PHA-BET'IC-AL-LY, adv. Accord- 

_ ing to the alphabet. 

Al'pine (-pin or -pin), a. Pertain- 
ing to the Alps, or to any lofty moun- 
tain, [now. 

Al-read'y, adv. Before this time; 

Al'SO (146), adv. or conj. [a^and so.] 
In like manner ; likewise ; too. 

ALT, a. or n. [Lat. altus, high.] The 
higher part of the scale. 

Al'tar, n. [Lat. 

" altare, from altus, 
high.] 1 A table 
or elevated place 
on which gifts and 
sacrifices are of- 
fered! to some de- 
ity. 2. A com- 
munion table. 

AL'TAR-PIECE,n. 
' A painting placed 
over the altar. ah... 

AL'TER,*.*. [-ED; 

" -ING.] [Low Lat. alterare, from Lat. 
alter, another.] 1. To make some 
change in. 2. To change entirely or 
materially. — v. i. To become, in 
some respects, different. 

Al'ter-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
altered. [manner. 

Al'ter-a-BLY, adv. In an alterable 

AL'TER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of alter- 

" ing or state of being altered. 2. The 
change made. 

Al'ter-a-tive, a. Having power to 

" restore the healthy functions of the 
body without sensible evacuations. — 
n. A medicine having this power. I 




AL'TER-€ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. altercare, altercari, from Lat. al- 
ter, another.] To contend in words ; 
to wrangle. 

AL'TER-eA'TlON, n. Warm conten- 
tion in words ; controversy. 

Stu . — Wrangle ; dispute.— An alter- 
cation is an angry dispute between two 
parties ; a wrangle ia a noisy altercation. 
Al-t£r'NATE (14), a. [Lat. alter- 
natus.] Being by turns ; reciprocal. 

— n. That which happens by turns ; 
vicissitude. 

Al'TER-NATE , or AL-T£R'NATE,1>. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To perform by turns, oi 
in successiou ; to change reciprocally. 

— v. i. To happen or to act "by 
turns. 

Al-t£r'NATE-LY, adv. In recipro- 
cal succession ; by turns. 

AL'ter-na'tion, n. 1. Reciprocal 
succession of things in time or place. 
2. {Math.) The different changes of 
orders in numbers ; permutation. 

AL-TfiR'NA-TlvE,a. Offering a choice 
of two things. — ft. A choice of two 
things. 

Al-t1r'na-TIVE-LY, adv. In an al- 
ternative manner. 

Al-th6ugh' (awl-tho 7 ), conj. [all and 

" though.] Grant all this ; be it so ; sup 
pose that ; notwithstanding. 

AL-til'o-QUENCE, n. [Lat. altus, 
lofty, and loquentia, a speaking.] 
Pompous language. 

Al-tim'e-ter, n. [Lat. altus, high, 
and metrum, measure.] An instru- 
ment for taking altitudes by geomet- 
rical principles. 

Al-tim'e-try, n. Art of ascertaining 
altitudes by means of a proper in- 
strument. 

Al-tIs'o-nant, ) a. [Lat. altus, 

Al-tIs'o-NOUS, J high, and sonans, 
sounding.] High-sounding ; pomp- 
ous. 

AL'TI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. altitudo, fr. 
altus, high.] 1. Space extended up- 
ward ; height. 2. (Astron.) Eleva- 
tion of a celestial object above the 
horizon. 3. Highest point. 

AL'TO, n. The part sung by the low- 
est female voices. In instrumental 
music, _ the tenor. 

Al'to-geth'er (146), adv. [all and 
together.] 1. Conjointly. 2. Without 
exception ; wholly ; completely. 

AL'TO-re-lie'vo, n. [It. alto rilie- 
vo.] High relief. [each end. 

AL'U-DEL, «. A chemical pot open at 

AL'UM, n. [Lat. alumen.] A double 
sulphate of alumina and potassa. It 
is very astringent. 

A-lu'mi-na, \ n. (Min.) One of tho 

AL'u-mIne, j earths. 

Al'u-mIn'i-um, ) n. A very light, 

A-lu'MI-num, j white metal, with 
a bluish tinge. 

A-lu'mi-noOs, a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, alum, or alumina. 

A-LftM'NVS, n. pi.; A-LXjM'NI. A 
graduate of a college, or other semi- 
nary. 

Al've-a-RY, n. [Lat. alvearium, al~ 
ve are, from alvus, belly, bee-hive.] 1. 



6r,do, wolf, TOO, TOl) K; I RN, RyE, PULL; s, i, o, silent; c,G,so/i; €,&,hard; Ag; EXIST; N as NG; THIS. 



ALVEOLATE 



14 



AMIABLE 



A bee-hive, or something like one. 2. 
The hollow of the external ear. 

Al've-o-late, a. Pitted like a 
honey -comb. 

Al'vine, a. [Lat. alvus, belly.] Per- 
taining to the lower belly or intes- 
tines. 

AL'WAY, ) adv. 1. Perpetually ; con- 

AE'WAifg,) tinually. 2. Invariably 

AM. First person singular present in- 
dicative of Be. 

A-MAIN', adv. 1. Violently and sud- 
denly. 2. Suddenly, or at once. 

A-MAL'GAM, n. [Gr. fidKayna, any 
emollient.] ]. A compound of mer- 
cury with another metal. 2. Any 
mixture. 

A-MAL'GAM-ATE, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
1. To mix, as quicksilver, with an- 
other metal. 2. To mix, so as to make 
a compound. — v. i. 1. To unite in 
an amalgam. 2. To coalesce, as a re- 
sult of growth. 

A-mal'ga-ma'tion, n. 1. Act or 
operation of compounding mercury 
with another metal. 2. The mixing 
of different things or races. 

A-mAn'u-en'sis, n. ; pi. a-mAn'u- 
EN'SEg'. [Lat., from ab, from, and 
tnanus, hand.] One who writes what 
another dictates ; a copyist. 

Am'A-RANTH, n. [Gr. <i/u.apavros, lit., 
not withering.] 1. A genus of orna- 
mental annual plants of many spe- 
cies. 2. An imaginary flower that 
never fades. 3. A color inclining to 
purple. 

Am'a-rAnth'ine, of. 1. Not fading 
or decaying. 2. Of a purplish color. 

A-MASS'(6), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. amassare, from Lat. massa, 
mass.] To collect i^ito a mass or 
heap. 
Syjt. — To accumulate; gather. 

A-mass'ment, n. A heap ; accumu- 
lation. 

Am'A-teur', n. [Fr.] One who cul- 
tivates any study or art, without 
pursuing it professionally. 

Am'a-tive, a. Amorous; amatory. 

Am'A-tIve-ness, n. Propensity to 
love. 

Am'a-to'ri-AL, I a. Relating to, in- 

Am'A-to-ry, ) duced by, or ex- 
pressive of, love. 

AM'AV-RO'SIS,n. [Gr. afxavpwo-t?.] 
A loss or decay of sight, without any 
visible defect in the eye. 

A-MAZE', t. /. [-ED ; -ING.] To con- 
found with fear, sudden surprise, or 
wonder ; to astonish. — n. Aston- 
ishment ; amazement. 

A-maz'ed-ly, adv. With amazement. 

A-maze'ment, n. A feeling of sur- 
prise and wonder. 

Syn. — Astonishment ; admiration ; 
perplexity; confusion. 

A-maz'ing-ly, adv. In an amazing 
degree.. 

Am'a-zon, n. [Gr. afia^.] One of 
a fabulous race of female warriors ; 
— hence, a warlike or masculine wo- 
man ; a virago. 

Am-bas'sa-dor, n. An envoy of the 
highest rank. See Embassador. 



AM-BAS'SA-DRESS, n. A female am- 
bassador. 

AM'BER,n. [Ar. ''anbar, anbarum.] A 
yellowish resin found as a fossil. — a. 
Consisting of or resembling amber. 

Am'ber-gris (-grees), n. A fragrant 
substance used in perfumery, &c. 

Am'bi-DEX'ter, n. [Lat. ambo, both, 
and dexter, right.] 1. One who uses 
both hands with equal facility. 2. A 
double-dealer. 

Am'bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. Power 
of using both hands with equal ease. 
2. Double-dealing. 

Am'BI-ENT, a. [Lat. ambiens, fr. am- 
bire, to go around.] Encompassing ; 
surrounding. 

Am'bi-gu'i-ty, n. Doubtfulness or 
uncertainty, esp. of signification . 

AM-BlG'U-OUS, a. [Lat. ambiguus.] 
Doubtful or uncertain, particularly 
in respect to signification. 

Am-bIg'u-ous-ly, adv. In an am- 
biguous manner. 

Am-big'u-oGs-ness, n. Ambiguity. 

Am'bit, n. [Lat. ambitus.'] Circuit 
or compass. 

Am-BI'tion (-bisb/un), n. [Lat. am- 
bitio, a going around, esp. to get 
votes.] An eager desire of preferment, 
honor, superiority, or power. 

AM-Bi'Tloust-blsh'us), a. 1. Possess- 
ing, or controlled by, ambition. 2. 
Springing from, or indicating, am- 
bition. 

AM'BLE, v. i. [Lat. ambidare.] 1. To 
move, as a horse, by lifting together 
the two legs on one side ; to pace. 2. 
To move affectedly. — n. A peculiar 
gait of a horse, in which both legs on 

w one side are moved at the same time. 

AM'bler, n. A horse which ambles. 

AM-BRO'glA (-bro'zba),^. [Gr. a/u.|3po- 
erta.] _ The fabled food of the gods. 

AM-BRO'glAL, a. Partaking of the 
nature ofambrosia; delicious. 

Am'bro-TYPE, n. [Gr. d^poro^, im- 
mortal, and TU7J-0?, impression.] A 
photographic picture taken on a pre- 
pared glass. 

Ames/ace (amz'as), n. [0. Fr. ambes, 
ambs, both, and ace.] A double ace. 

Am'bu-lance, n. 
[Lat. ambulare, 
to walk.] A hos- 
pital wagon, for 
carrying sick or 
wounded sol- 

Am'bu-lant, a. Am ° ula ^ce. 
Walking ; moving from place to 

w place. 

Am'eu-la'tion, n. Act of walking. 

AM'bu-la-to-ry, a.- 1. Walking. 2. 
Not fixed in its legal character, but 
capable of being altered, as a will. 
— n. Any part of a building in- 
tended for walking in. 

Am'bu-RY, ) n. [A.-S. ampre, a crook- 

An'BU-RY, ) ed, swelling vein.] A 
soft swelling on ahorse, full of blood. 

Am'BUS-€ADE', n. [It. imboscata, fr. 
im, in, and bosco, a wood.] 1. A ly- 
ing concealed, for the purpose of at- 
tacking an enemy Tby surprise. 2. A 




concealed place in which troops lie 
hid ; ambush, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.j 
To lie in wait. 

Am'BUSH, n. [See AMBUSCADE.] 1. 
Act of attacking an enemy from a 
concealed station. 2. An ambus- 
cade. 3. Troops posted in a con- 
cealed place, for attacking by sur- 
prise.— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] Tolio 
in wait for ; to place in ambush. 

A-MEL'IO-RATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING. 
[Lat. ad and meliorare, to make bet- 
ter.] To make better ; to improve. — 
v. i. To grow better. 

A-MEI/IO-RA'TION, n. Improvement. 

A-MEN' {in singing, pron. a'men'). 
[Heb.] An expression used at the 
end of prayers, meaning, So be it. 

A-me'na-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to 
bring to account, fr. Lat. minare, to 
threaten.] 1. Liable to be brought 
to account ; answerable ; responsi- 
ble. 2. Willing to yield ; submissive. 

A-MEND', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
Lat. emendare, fr. e, out, and menda, 
a fault. ] To change in any way for 
the better. 

Syn. — To correct ; reform ; rectify. — 
To amend is literally to take away blots, 
and hence to remove faults; to reform is 
to form over again for the better; to cor- 
rect is to make straight or right; to recti* 
fy is to set right. "We rectify abuses, mis- 
takes, &c. ; we correct errors; we reform 
or amend our lives. 

— v. i. To grow better ; to improve 
morally. [amended. 

A-mend'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

A-MEND'a-to-ry, a. Containing 
amendment ; corrective. 

Amende (a'mongd'), n. [Fr.] A 
pecuniary fine or punishment ; rep- 
aration ; retraction. 

A-mend'ment, n. 1. A change for 
the better. 2. In public bodies, any 
alteration in a bill or motion by add- 
ing, changing, or omitting. 

A-MENDg', n. sing. & pi. Recom- 
pense ; satisfaction ; equivalent. 

A-MEN'I-TY, n. [Lat. amcenitas.] 
Quality of being pleasant or agree- 
able, whether in respect to situation, 
climate, manners, or disposition. 

A-MfiRCE' (14), f. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. merces, wages, penalty.] 1. To 
punish by a pecuniary penalty. 2. 
To punish, in general. 

A-m£rce'ment, n. A pecuniary pen- 
alty inflicted at the discretion of the 
court. 

A-MER'I-€AN, a. Pertaining to Amer. 
ica; — in a restricted sense, pertain, 
ing to the United States. — n. A 
native of America ; — applied esp. to 
the inhabitants of the United States. 

A-MfeR'l-€AN-I§M, n. A word, phrase, 
or idiom peculiar to America. 

Xm'E-THYST,m. [Gr. a/oie'0u<rros, with- 
out drunkenness.] A subspecies of 
quartz, of a bluish violet color. It was 
anciently thought to have the power 
of preventing intoxication. 

Am'e-th£st'iNE, a. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, amethyst. 

A'Mi-A-Bii/l-TY, n. Amiableness. 

A'MI-A-BLE, a. [Lat. amicabilis, 



A, E, I, O, V y \,long; A,B I, 6,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£EM; PIQUE, FTRM ; SON 






AMIABLENESS 



15 



ANALEPTIC 



friendly, and amabilis, lovely.] Wor- 
thy of love ; lovable. 
Svn. — Lovely; charming; delightful. 

A'>II-A.-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of 

_ deserving love ; loveliness. 

A'MI-A-BLY, adv. In an amiable 
manner. 

Am'I-AN'THUS, n. [Gr. ay-tavros \C0o<s, 
lit., unsoiled stone.] A mineral sub- 
stance somewhat resembling flax. 

Am'i-€A-b1l'i-ty , n. Quality of being 
amicable ; friendliness. 

Am'I-€A-bee, a. [Lat. amicabilis.] 
Harmonious in mutual intercourse. 
Syn. — Friendly; peaceable; fraternal. 

— Amicable always supposes two parties; 
as, an amicable arrangement. We cannot 
say of a single individual that he was am- 
icable, though we can say he w us friend- 
ly. 

Am'i-€A-ble-ness, n. Friendliness; 
kindness. [manner. 

Am']-€A-bl,y, adv. In an amicable 

Am'ice (Sm'is), n. [Lat. amictus.] 1. A 
loose flowing garment formerly worn 
by pilgrims. 2. An oblong piece 
of embroidered linen worn by priests. 

A-MID', \prep. In the midst or 

A-midst', ) middle ; among. 

A-mid'ships, adv. Half-way between 
the stem and the stern. 

A-MISS', a. Wrong ; faulty ; improper. 

— adv. Wrongly; improperly. 
Am'I-ty, n. [Fr. amitie.] Friendship, 

in a general sense ; harmony. 

AM-MO'NI-A, n. [From sal ammoniac.} 
A volatile alkali of a pungent smell ; 
spirit of hartshorn. 

Am-mo'NI-A€, I a. Pertaining to 

Am'MO-ni'ac-al, J ammonia, or 
possessing its qualities. 

Am-mu-ni'tion (-nish/un), n. [Low 
Lat. admunitio.] Military stores or 
provisions for attack or defense. 

A'm'NES-TY, n. [Gr. ayvrto-Tia, a for- 
getting.] A general pardon of politi- 
cal offenses. 

A-MONG', )prep. [A.-S. amang,on- 

A-MONGST', j mang.] 1. Mixed or 
mingled with. 2. Associated with, 
or making part of the number of. 

Am'o-ROUS, a. [Low Lat. amorosus.] 

1. Having a propensity to sexual en- 
joyment. 2. In love ; enamored. 3. 
Relating to love. [manner. 

Am'O-rous'LY, adv. In an amorous 
A-MOR'PHOUS, a. [Gr. a>op<£os, fr. a 
priv.,and p.opj>-q, form.] 1. Having 
no determinate form. 2. Of no par- 
ticular kind or character ; anomalous. 
A-MOR'TI-ZA'TION, 1 n. 1. Act or 
A-mor'tIze-ment, J rightofalien- 
ating lands to a corporation. 2. Ex- 
tinction of debt, particularly by 
means of a sinking fund. 
A-mount', v. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and mons, mountain.] 1. To 
come in the aggregate or whole. 2. To 
be equivalent. — n. 1. The sum total. 

2. The effect, substance, or result. 
A-MOUR', n. [Fr.] A love intrigue. 
Am-phib'i-an, n. An amphibious 

animal. 
Am-phIb'i-oOs, a. 1. Having the 
power of living in air and water. 2. 
Adapted for living on land or water. 



Am-phIb'i-oDs-ness, n. Ability to 
live in two elements. 

A^PHI-BOL'O-GY, 71. [Gr. afufyipo- 
\oyia.] A phrase, proposition, or 
discourse susceptible of two inter- 
pretations. 

Altt'PHI-BRACH, n. [Gr. afi^i/Spaxus.] 
A foot of three syllables, the middle 
one long, the first and last short. 

Am-PHI€'TY-6n'I€, n. Pertaining to 
the council of the Amphictyohs. 

Am-PHI€'ty-on§, n. pi. [Gr. -Ap.(f>t.K- 
Tvoia?.] ( Gr. Hist.) An assembly or 
council of deputies from the different 
states of Greece. 

Am-PHis' C7-/(-fTsh / i-T), ) n. pi. 

AM-PHls'cl-ANg (-i'Tsh'i-anz), j [Gr. 
dju$c<r/«os, from ap.$l, on both sides, 
and o-klol, shadow.] The inhabitants 
between the tropics, whose shadows in 
one part of the year are cast to the 
north, andin the other to the south. 

Am'phi-the/a-ter, ) n. [Gr. <z/ou£<-- 

Am'PHI-THE'A-TRE, J Biarpov, from 
a(i(f>£, about, and Oearpov, theater.] 
An oval or circular edifice having 
rows of seats one above another, 
around an open space, called the 
arena, and used for combats of gladi- 
ators and of wild beasts, and other 
public sports. 

Am'phi-the-.aT'RIC-AL, a. Pertain- 
ing to, or exhibited in, an amphithe- 
ater. 

AM'PLE,a. [Lat, amplus.] 1. Of 
large dimensions. 2. Fully sufficient. 
3. Extended ; diffusive. 

Syn.— Spacious ; capacious; exten- 
sive; abundant; plenteous. — When we 
mean by ample large in extent, we say 
spacious or extensive ; large in size, capa- 
cious; large in quantity, abundant or 
plenteous. 

AM/PLl-FI-eA'TION, n. 1. Enlarge- 
ment. 2. Exaggerated description 
or diffuse narration. 

Am'pli-fi-€A/tive, la. Serving or 

Am/pli-fi-ca'to-ry, j tending to 
amplify _or enlarge. 

Am'PLI-F'/er, n. One who amplifies. 

AM'PLI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. amplificare, fr. ampins, ample, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To render 
larger, more extended, or more in- 
tense; and the like. 2. To treat copi- 
ously. — v. i. 1. To grow or be- 
come large. 2. To be diffuse. 

Am'pli-tude (53), n. 1. State of 
being ample ; largeness of dimen- 
sions. 2. Largeness, in a figurative 
sense. 3. An arc of the horizon in- 
tercepted between the true east or 
west point and the center of the sun 
or a star at its rising or setting. 

Am'ply, adv. Largely ; liberally ; 
fully. 

Am'p'u-tate,"l-. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
amputate, from amb, about, and;?tt- 
tare, to prune.] To cut off, as a 
limb. 

Am'PU-TA'TION, n. Act or operation 
of cutting off a limb or other part. 

A-MUCK',n. [Malay.] Act of killing. 

To run amuck, to rush out frantically, 
attacking all that come in the way, as is 
done by fanatics in the East. 



AM'U-LET,n. [Ar. hamaiat, himalat, 
anything worn.] Something worn to 
prevent evil. 

A-MU£E', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
amuser.] 1. To entertain agreeably. 
2. To keep in expectation. 

Syn. — To divert; entertain. — Wo 
are amused by that which occupies ua 
lightly and pleasantly; entertained by 
that which brings our minds into agree- 
able contact with others, as conversation. 
or a book ; diverted by that which clrawo 
off our thoughts to something of livelier 
interest, especially of a sportive nature, 
as a humorous story or a laughable in- 
cident. 

A-MU§E'MENT, n. That which amuses. 
Syn. — Diversion; pastime; entertain- 
ment; sport. 

A-MU'SIVE, a. Entertaining; divert- 
ing ; pleasing. 

A-MYG'DA-E ATE , n. [Gr. ap.vya'ahov, 
almond.] An emulsion made of al- 
monds, [almonds. 

A-MYG'DA-LtNE, a. Pertaining to 

Am/Y-LA'CEOUS, a. [Gr. ajuvAov, 
starch.] Pertaining to starch. 

An, a., commonly called the indefinite 
article. [A.-S. an, ane.] It signifies 
one or any, but somewhat less em- 
phatically. 

AN'A-BAP'TIST,n. [Gr. d(/a/3a.7rn'£eiv, 
from dvd, again, and /3a.7rri£eii/, to 
baptize.] One who denies the validi- 
ty of infant baptism. 

AN-AGH'RO-NI§M, n. [Gr. avaxpovia- 
ju.6s, from ava, against, and \p6vos, 

w time.] An error in chronology. 

An'A-^on'dA, n. A large snake which 
lives in South America. 

A-nac're-on'TIC, a. Pertaining to, 
or after the manner of, the Greek 
poet Anacreon ; amatory; convivial. 
— n. A little poem in praise of love 
and wine. 

An'A-DEM, n. [Gr. dvdSrjixa.] A gar- 
land or fillet. 

An'jes-thet'k:, a. [Gr. dv priv., 
and aio-6t]o-i<i , feeling.] 1. Capable 
of rendering insensible by being in- 
haled. 2. Characterized by insensi- 
bility. — n. That which produces 
insensibility, as chloroform, &c, 

An'A-GLYPH, n. [Gr. dvdykvfyov ,from 
ava., up, and ykv^etv, to engrave.] 
An embossed or chased ornament, 
worked in relief, as a cameo. 

An'a-glyp'TIC, a. Relating to the 
art of carving, engraving, enchasing, 
or embossing plate. 

AN'A-GOG're-AL, a. [Gr. dvay(ayq, 
from ava, up, and dyeiv, to lead.] 
Mysterious ; mystical ; spiritual. 

An'A-GR.Xm, n. [Gr. avdypafi/xa, from 
ava, back, again, and ypayya, letter.] 
A transposition of the letters of a 
name, by which a new word is 
formed. Thus, astronomers may bo 
turned into moon-starers. 

An'a-gram-mXt'ic, a. Pertaining 
to, or making, an anagram. 

An'A-LE€'TI€, a. Collecting or se- 
lecting ; made up of selections. 

.Xn'A-LE€TS, ) n. pi. [Gr. avdAeKTa.] 

An'a-LE€'Ta, ) A collection of lit- 
erary fragments. 

.XN/A-LEP'TI€, a. [Gr. avoAT)7TTt(c6s.![ 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULE; JE, X, O, silent ; C,6,sq/i,- €,G,hard; Ag; E^IST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



ANALOGICAL 



16 



ANGLE 



Corroborating; invigorating. — n. 
Restorative medicine. 
An'A-l6g'I€-AL, a. According to, 

or founded on, analogy. 
An / A-l,66'I€-al,-l,y, adv. By way of 
analogy. _ [or consider by analogy. 
A-nXl'o-gize (162), v. t. To explain 
A-NXl/o-GoOs, a. [Gr. dvdAoyos, pro- 
portionate, fr. dvd, according to, and 
Xoyos, proportion.] Having analogy ; 
correspondent, [to some other thing. 
An'A-Logue, n. A thing analogous 
A-nXl'O-GY, n. 1. Likeness between 
things in some circumstances or ef- 
fects, when the things are otherwise 
entirely different. 2. Equality, pro- 
portion, or similarity of ratios. 
A-nXl'y-sis, n. ; pi. a-nAe'y-se^. 
[Gr. avd\v<ri<;, from dvd, again, and 
\veiv, to loose.] A resolution of any 
thing, whether an object of the 
senses or of the intellect, into its 
constituent or original elements. 
An>A-LYST, n. One who analyzes. 
AN'A-LYT're, ) a. Pertaining to 
An'a-lyt'kj-al, ) analysis; resolv- 
ing into component parts. [alysis. 
An'A-lyt'ICS, n. sing. Science of an- 
An'a-lyze(162),'U. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
separate into the component parts ; 
to resolve into first principles or ele- 
ments, [which, analyzes. 
Xn'A-LYZ'ER, n. One who, or that 
An' a-m6r> pho-sis,ox Aw a-mor- 

PHO'SIS, n. [Gr. dvap.6p0<»o-is.] A 
distorted representation of an image 
on a plane or curved surface, which, 
viewed in a certain way, appears reg- 
ular and in proportion. 

An'A-PjEST, n. [Gr. dvcoraio-TO?.] A 
metrical foot consisting of three sylla- 
bles, the first two short, the last 
long, or the first two accented and 
the last unaccented. 

An'XR€H, n. [Gr. dvapxos, from dv 
priv., and dpxij, beginning.] Author 
of anarchy. 

A-NAR€H'I€, 1 a. Being without 

A-NAR€H're-AL, j government ; law- 
less ; confused. [disorder. 

Xn'AR€H-IST, n. One who promotes 

An'ARCH-y, n. 1. Want of govern- 
ment in society ; lawlessness. 2. Con- 
fusion. 

An'a-sarc'ous, a. [Gr. dvd, and 
a-dpi-.] Dropsical. 

A-NATH'E-MA (147), n. [Gr. <W0ep.a, 
anything devoted, esp. to evil.] A 
ban or curse pronounced by ecclesi- 
astical authority, and accompanied 
by excommunication . 

An-Xth'e-ma-tTze (162), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To denounce with curses. 

An'a-tom'i^, ) a. Belonging to 

An'a-tom'kj-al, j anatomy or dis- 
section, [of dissection. 

An'A-Tom'IC-AL-LY, adv. By means 

A-NAT'o-mIst, n. One who dissects 
bodies, or is skilled in anatomy. 

A-nXt'o-mi-za'tion, n. The act of 
anatomizing. 

A-nXt'o-mize (162), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To dissect. 2. To lay open the 
interior structure of ; to analyze. 

A-NXT'O-MY, n. [Gr. dvaTOfxrf, from 




To 



avd, up, ana rop.7?, a cutting.] 1. Art 
of dissection. 2. Science of the struct- 
ure of animal bodies. 3. A skeleton. 

An'ces-TOR, n. [From Lat. anteces- 
sor, one who goes before.] One from 
whom a person is descended at any 
distance of time. 

Syn. — Forefather; progenitor. 

Xn-ces'tral, a. Relating to, or de- 
scending from, ancestors. 

AN'CES-TRY,n. 1. A 
series of ancestors ; 
lineage. 2. Birth or 
honorable descent. 

Xn€H'or, n. [Gr. 
dy/cvpa.] An iron 
instrument for hold- Anchor 
ing a vessel at rest ^ 

in water ; any firm shank ; c 
support. — t).(.[-ED; flukes; d 
-ING.] 1. To place arms- 
at anchor. 2. To fasten ; to fix 
v. i. 1. To come to anchor. 2 
stop ; to rest. 

Anch'or-age, n. 1. A place where 
a ship can anchor. 2. The anchor 
and all necessary tackle. 3. A duty 
on ships for anchoring in a harbor. 

Anch'or-ESS, n. A female hermit. 

AN€H'OR-ET, ) n. [Gr. di/axwpTj-rrjs.] 

AN€H'OR-tTE, | A hermit; a re- 
cluse ; a monk. . 

An-ch6'VY, n. [Bisc. antzua, anchu- 
va, dry.] A small sea-fish of the 
herring family. 

AN'CIENT (an'shent), a. [L. Lat. anti- 
anus, anteanus, fr. Lat. antea, ante, 
before.] 1. Old ; that happened or 
existed in former times. 2. Of great 
age. 

Syn. — Primitive ; pristine ; antiqua- 
ted; obsolete. — A thing is ancient when 
it is old; it is antiquated, antique, or obso- 
lete when it is gone out of use or fashion. 
— •». 1. pi. Those who lived in former 
ages. 2. pi. .Very old men. 3. Bear- 
er of a flag ; — now called an ensign. 

AN'CIENT-LY, adv. In old times ; 
formerly. [lineage. 

Xn'CIENT-RY, n. Honor of ancient 

An'CIL-LA-ry, a. [Lat. ancillaris, fr. 
ancilla, a female servant.] Subservi- 
ent or subordinate, like a handmaid. 

An-cIp'I-TAL, a. [Lat. anceps, two- 
headed.] Compressed, and forming 
two opposite angles. 

lN'€0-NY,n. [Gr. dy/cwv,abentarm.] 
A piece of half-wrought iron, in the 
shape of a bar in the middle, but 

w rude and unwrought at the ends. 

AND, conj. [A.-S.] A particle which 
expresses the relation of addition. 

AN-DAN'TE, a. [It.] Rather slow. 

And'i-ron (-T-urn), n. [A corrupt, 
of brand '-iron, or of hand-iron, or of 
end-iron.] A utensil for supporting 
wood in a fire-place. 

An-drog'y-nal, ) a. [Gr. dvSpoyv- 

An-drog'y-noOs, j vos, from dvqp, 
ai/fipos, man, and yvvrj, woman.] 
Having both sexes, or the mental 
characteristics of both sexes. 

An'droid, \n. [Gr. dvrjp, dv- 

Aw-DROl'VE§,i 6p6s, and eiSos.] 
A machine in the human form. 



a. Pertaining to an. 



An'ec-do'tal, 
ecdotes. 

An'E€-d6te, n. [Gr. dveKoofos, not 
published.] A particular or detached 
incident or fact of an interesting na- 
ture. 
Syn.— Story; tale; memoir. 

An'ec-dot'knal, a. Pertaining to 
anecdotes. 

Xn'E-MOG'ra-PHY, n. [Gr. dve/uos, 
wind, and ypa<f»j, description.] A 
description of the winds. 

Xn'E-MOM'e-TER, n. [Gr. dvefioi, 
wind, and fxerpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring the force of 
.the wind. 

A-NEM'O-NE, n. [Gr. dve/jiuivr), from 
dve/uos, wind (which easily strips off 
its leaves).] A genus of plants of the 
crowfoot family. \ 

A-NEM'O-SCOPE, n. [Gr. dve/nos, wind, 
and o-/co7reii',to view.] A contrivance 
for bringing down the indications of 
a wind-vane to a dial below. 

An'E-ROID, n. [Gr. a priv., vrjpos, 
wet, moist, and e!6os, form.] A port- 
able barometer, shaped like a watch. 

XN'EU-RlgM, n. [Gr. dvevpv<rfJLa, a 
widening.] A soft tumor, arising 
from dilatation or rupture of the 
coats of an artery, [again ; afresh. 

A-neW (a-nC), adv. Newly ; over 

AN'GEL, n. [Gr. dyyeAos, messenger.] 
1. A spirit, or a spiritual being. 2. 
An ancient gold coin of England, 
worth about ten shillings. — a. Re- 
sembling, or belonging to, angels. 

An-6ei/I€, ) a. Belonging to, or 

An-gei/I€-AL, j resembling, angels. 

AN'GEL-OL/O-GY, n. [Gr. dyyeAos, 
angel, and Adyos, discourse.] Doc- 
trine of angelic beings. 

An'ger (82), n. [Lat. angor.] A 
strong passion or emotion of the 
mind excited by a real or supposed 
injury. 

Syn. — Indignation ; resentment ; 
wrath ; fury ; rage. — Anger is a stronger 
term than resentment, but not so strong 
as indignation, which is awakened by 
what is flagitious in character or conduct; 
nor as wrath, fury, rage, in which anger 
is wrought up to a still higher point in 
the order of these words. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To excite to an- 
ger ; to rouse to resentment. 

Syn. — To provoke ; vex ; displease ; 

Xn'GI-OL/O-Gy, n. [Gr. dyyecW, ves- 
sel, and Adyos, discourse.] A treatise 
or discourse on the vessels of the hu- 
man body. 

Xn'GI-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. ayyeiov, ves- 
sel, and Top.»j, a cutting.] A dissec- 
tion of the vessels of the body. 

Xn'gle (ang'gl) C 
n. [Gr. ay/cvAo?.] 
1. A corner. 2. 
(Geom.) The 
difference of di- 
rection of two IL 

lines in the A 

same plane that C A E, right angle; C 
meet or tend to A D, acute angle ; B 
meet in a point ; A E » obtuse an S le - 
or the difference of direction of two 
planes intersecting, or tending to in- 




l, E, I, 6, U, Y,long; A, %., 5, 6, C, Y, short ; care, fXr, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VgIL, t£rm ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



ANGLER 



\< 



ANOINTMENT 



tersect, each other. 3. FishiDg 
tackle. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
fish with line and hook. 2. To in- 
trigue. 

An'gler, n. One who fishes with a 
hook. [to England. 

An'glI-CAN, a. English : pertaining 

AN'GLi-ctjsM, n. An English idiom 
or expression. 

Xn'gli-cize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
render conformable to the English 
idiom, or to English analogies. 

Xn'glo-. A prefix meaning the same 
as English ; — used in composition. 

An'gor, n. Intense bodily pain. 

An'GRI-LY, adv. In an angry manner. 

An'gry, a. [See Anger.] 1. in- 
flamed, as a sore. 2. Touched with 
anger. 3. Showing anger. 4. Stimu- 
lated ; roused. 

Syx.— Passionate; resentful; irritated; 
indignant; provoked; furious; wrathful; 
choleric; inflamed; infuriated. 

AlC-GUft/LI-FORM, a. [Lat. angitilla, 
eel, and forma, form.] In the form 
of an eel. 

An'guish, n. [Lat angustia.] Ex- 
treme pain, either of body or mind. 

Syx. — Agony; torture; torment; grief; 
pang; throe. 

An'gu-lar, a. 1. Having an angle or 
angles ; pointed. 2. Consisting of 
an angle. 3. Sharp and stiff in 
character. [iug angular. 

An'GU-lar'i-TY, n. Quality of be- 

AN'GU-LAR-LY,a«/i>. With angles ; in 
the direction of the angles. 

An'GU-lat'ed (ang'gu-), a. Formed 
with angles. 

AN'he-la'tion, n. [Lat. anhelatio.] 
Difficult respiration. 

An'IL, n. [Ar. an-nd, from Skr. nila, 
dark blue.] A shrub from whose 
leaves and stalks indigo is made. 

An'ILE, a. [Lat. znilis, fr. anus, old 
woman.] Old-womanish; imbecile. 

A-n|l'i-ty, \ n. State of being an 

An'ILE-ness, ) old woman ; old age 
of a woman. 

An'i-MAD-ver'sion, n. Remarks by 
way of criticism, censure, or reproof. 
Syx.— Strictures; comment; blame. 

Xn'i-m ad-vert' (14), v. i. [-ei>; 
-ING.] [Lat. animadvertere, from an- 
imus, mind, and vertere, to turn.] 1. 
To turn the miud with intent to 
notice. 2. To consider by way of 
criticism or censure 
Syx. — To remark; comment. 

X.N'I-MAL,n. [Lat.,fr. anima, breath, 
soul, animus, mind.] 1. An organized 
living being endowed with sensation 
and the power of voluntary mo- 
tion. 2. An irrational being, as dis- 
tinguished from man. — a. 1. Of, or 
relating to, animals. 2. Pertaining 
to the merely sentient part of a 
creature. [animalcules. 

An'I-mXl'CU LAR, a. Pertaining to 

An'I-mal'cule, n. [Dim. of animal.] 
An aninial that is invisible, or nearly 
so, to the naked eye 

An / i-Mal'€U-li'sT, n. One versed in 
the knowledge of animalcules. 

AN'I-MAL'€U-LVM, »./ pi. A'NI- 



mAl'cu-la.] [See Animalcule.] 
An animalcule. 

83~ Animalculse, as if from a Lat. sin- 
gular animalcule, is a gross barbarism. 

An-i-mal'i-tv, n. State of animal 
existence. 

An'I-MATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
animare. fr. anima, breath , soul.] 1. 
To give natural life to. 2. To give 
powers to, or to heighten the powers 
or effect of. 3. To give spirit or vigor 
to. [imal life. 

AN'I-MATE, a. Alive; possessing an- 

An'i-mat-ed, p. a. 1. Endowed with 
animal life. 2. Spirited; lively. 

ArVl-MA'TlON, n. Act of animating, 
or state of being animated. 

Syx.— Vivacity ; spirit; buoyancy; 
sprightliness ; liveliness; promptness. 

Xn'i-thos'i-ty, n. [Lat. animosilas.] 
Violent hatred ; active enmity. 

Syx.— Rancor; malevolence; malig- 
nity; rage; wrath. 

AN'l-MUS,n. [Lat.] Intention; pur- 
pose ; spirit ; temper. 

An'ise, n. [Gr. avi<xov.] A plant 
bearing aromatic seeds. 

An'KLE, n. [A. -S. ancle ow, dim. of 
anlce, bent, neck.] The joint cou- 

w necting the foot and leg. 

AN'nal-Ist, n. A writer of annals. 

XN'NALg, n. pi. [Lat. annalis, fr. an- 
nus, a year.] 1. A history of events 
in chronological order. 2. A series 
of historical events. 

An'nats, n. pi. [Lat. annus, a year.] 
First year's whole profits of a spirit- 
ual preferment. 

An-neal', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
anselan, onselan, to kindle.] 1. To 
heat nearly to fluidity, and then cool 
slowly, to render less brittle. 2. To 
heat, as glass, in order to fix colors. 

An-nex', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
annectere, annexion, from ad, to, and 
nectere, to tie.] 1. To unite at the 
end ; to affix. 2. To add, as a smaller 
thing to a greater. 3. To connect, 
especially as a consequence. 

Xn'nex-a'tion, ) n. Act of annex- 

AN-NEX'ION, ) ing; addition. 

An-ni'HI-LA-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing annihilated. 

AN-NI'Hl-jLATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. annihilare, fr. ad, to, and nihil, 
nothing.] 1. To cause to cease to be. 
2. To destroy the form or properties of. 

An-NI'hi-la'tion, n. A reducing to 
nothing ; destruction. 

Xn'ni-vEr'sa-ry (14), a. [Lat. an- 
niversarius, fr. annus, year, and ver- 
tere, to turn.] Returning with the 
year, at a stated time. — n. A day 
celebrated yearly as it returns. 

An-nom'I-na'tion, n. [Lat. annom- 
inatio.] 1. A pun. 2. Alliteration. 

AN-NO f NA, n. [Lat.] A year's pro- 
duction ; hence, provisions for a 
year's use. 

Xn'no-tate, v. i. [Lat. annotare, fr. 
ad, to, and nota, mark.] To make 
annotations or comments. 

Xn'no-ta'tion, n. An explanatory 
remark L note, or commentary. 

Xn'no-ta'tor, n. A commentator. 



An-not'to, n. A species of red or 
j ellowish-red dyeing material. 

AN-NOUNCE', V. t. [-ED ; -1N3.] 
[Lat. annunciare, fr. ad, to, and nun- 
cius, messenger.] To give public 
notice, or first notice of. 

Syx.— To proclaim ; publish ; adver- 
tise. —To publish is to make publicly 
known; to announce A& to make known 
for the first time ; to proclaim is to give 
the widest publicity; to advertise is to 
make known through the public prints. 

An-nounce'MENT, n. Act of an- 
nouncing ; proclamation ; declaration. 

An-noy', r. «. [-ed; , -ing.] [Fr. en- 
nuyer, fr. Lat. in odio, in hatred.] To 
injure or disturb by repeated acts. 

Syx. — To incommode; vex; disturb; 
pester ; molest ; tease ; bother ; plague. 

An-noy'ANCE, n. 1. Act of annoy- 
ing, or state of being annoyed. 2. 
That which annoys. 

Syx.— Vexation; disturbance; injury. 

AN'NU-AL (an'yu-al), a. [Lat. annua- 
lis, fr. annus, year.] 1. Returning or 
happening every year ; yearly. 2. Per- 
formed in a year. 3. Lasting only one 
year or -season. — n. 1. A literary 
work published once a year. 2. A 

w plant, living but one year or season. 

AN'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by 
year. [an annuity. 

An-nu'i-tant, n. A person' who has 

An-nu'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. annuitas, fr. 
Lat. annus, a year.] A sum of money , 
payable yearly, for a term of years. 

An-nul',^. t. [-ed; -ing, 133.] [Low 
Lat. annullare, from Lat. ad, to, and 
nullum, nothing.] To make void or 
of no effect. 

Syx. — To repeal ; nullify ; abolish ; 
abrogate; revoke; cancel; set aside. 

AN'NU-LAR, la. 1. Having the form 

Xn'nu-la-ry, ] of a ring. 2. Marked 
with circles, dots, &c. 

AN'NU-LET, n. [Lat. annulus.] 1. A 
little ring. 2. A small, flat fillet, en- 
circling a column, &c. 

An-nul'ment, n. Act of annulling. 

An-nu'mer-ate (30), v. t. [Lat. an- 
numerare, fr. ad, to, and numerate, 
to number.] To add to a number. 

An-nu/MER-a'tion, n. Addition to 
a former number. 

An-nun'ci-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. annunciare. See An- 
nounce.]_ To announce. 

An-nDn/ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. 
1. Act of announcing. 2. A festival 
celebrated (March 25) in memory of 
the angel's announcement to the 
Virgin Mary. 

AN'0-DYNE,a. [Gr. avwSwos, fr. av 
priv., and o&vvt), pain.] Serving to 
assuage pain. — n. Any mediciuo 
which allays pain. 

A-NOINT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] TLat. in~ 
ungere, fr. ?n,and unguere, to smear.]' 
1. To rub over with oil or unctuous 
substances ; also to spread over, as 
oil. 2. To consecrate, by unction. 3. 
To smear or daub. 

A-NOINT'ED, n. The Messiah. 

A-NOINT'ER. n. One who anoints. 

A-noint'ment, n. Act of anointing; 
state of being anointed. 



OR, do, WQLF, TOO. took ; URN,nyE, PULL', E, I, O, silent ; C,G, soft; €,G,harJ; AS; EXIST; NaSNG; TiilS 



ANOMALISM 



18 



ANTIFEBRILE 



A-NoM'A-lYsm, n. A deviation from 
rule ; anomaly. 

A-NOM/A-LOtJS, a. l"Gr. avutuakos , fr. 
av priv., and op-a}^,, even.] Deviat- 
ing from a general rule or method ; 
irregular. 

A-NOM'A-LY,n. Deviation fr. the com- 
mon rule or analogy ; irregularity. 

A-NON', adv. [0. Eng. anon , onane, 
lit. in owe (moment).] 1. Quickly ; im- 
mediately. 2. At another time ; again. 

Ever and anon, now and then ; fre- 
quently; often. 

A-NON'Y-MOtt's, a. [Gr. clvuvviaos, fr. 
dv priv., and ovoiua, name.] Without 
the real name of the author ; name- 
less, [name. 

A-non'y-mous-LY, adv. Without a 

An-6th'er, a. 1. Not the same: 
different. 2. One more. 3. Any 
other ;_any one else. 

AN'SER-INE, a. [Lat. anserinus, from 
anser, a goo? e.] Pertaining to, or like, 
a goose, or its skin. 

In'swer (Sn'ser), v. t. f-ED ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. andswarjan, fr. and, against, 
and swarjan, to affirm.] 1. To speak 
or write in return to. 2. To refute. 3 
To be or act in return to. — v. i. 1. 
To make response. 2. To make a 
satisfactory response; hence, to be 
accountable, liable, or responsible. 
3. To be or act in return. — n. 1. 
Something said or written in return. 

2. Something done in return for, or 
in cousequence of, something else. 

3. A matnematical solution. 
An'SWE"-a-ble (au'ser-a-bl), a. 1. 

Capable of being answered. 2. Obliged 
tc answer, pa^ , or make good ; amena- 
ble responsible. 3. Correspondent ; 
hen"", comparable. 4. Suitable ; 
suited; proportionate. 5. Equal ; 
equivalent. [answers. 

An'swer-er (an'ser-), n. One who 

ANT, n. [A con ti action of emmet.] An 
emmet ; a pismire. [the stomach. 

ANT-AC'ID, n. A remedy for acidity of 

An-TAG'O-nism, n. [Gr. avri, against, 
and ayiov, contest.] Counteraction or 
contrariety of things or principles. 

An-tXg'o-nist,m. One who contends 
with another. 

Syn.— Enemy; adversary; opponent; 
foe. 

AN-TAG'o-NlST'lGja. Opposing; act- 
ing in opposition. 

An-TAG'o-nize, v. i. To act in oppo- 
sition ; to contend. 

AN-TAL/GK ,a. [Gr. dvrC, against, and 
dAyo?, pain.] Alleviating pain. 

Xnt'APH-ro-DI£'i-A€, a. [Gr. avri, 
against, andi'-^poSio-ia/cos, venereal.] 
Having the quality of extinguishing 
or lessening venereal desire. 

Xnt-AR€'TI€?. a . [Gr. ai/rap/m/cos, fr. 
avri, against, ard apxros, bear, the 
constellation called Northern Bear.] 
Opposite to the arctic pole ; relating 
to the southern pole or to the region 
near it. 

XNT'XR-THRtT're, a. [Gr. avri, 
against, and dpflpms, gout.] Counter- 
acting the gout. — n. A remedy 
against the gout. 



AN'TE-OED'ENCE, ) n. Act or state 

An'te-^ed'en-^y, j of precedingiu 
time ; precedence. 

An'te-ced'ent,^ [Lat. antecedent, 
from ante, before, and cedtre, to go.] 
Going before in time. 

Syn. — Prior ; preceding ; foregoing ; 
previous. — Antecedent is specific, refer- 
ring to something consequent ; foregoing, 
preceding, and previous, are more gen- 
eral, being opposed io subsequent ; prior, 
like priority, implies a preference if there 
is competition, as, a. prior claim. 
— n. 1. That which goes before in 
time. 2. The first of two things re- 
lated to each other. 3. pi. The ear- 
lier events of one's life. 4. The noun 
to which a relative refers. 

Xn'te-ced'ent-ly, adv. Previously. 

An'te-^es'sor, n. One who goes be- 
fore ; a leader. 

In'te-cham'ber, n. A chamber 
leading to the chief apartment. 

Xn'te-cOr'sor, n. A forerunner. 

An'te-da te , n. A date before the true 
time. — v. t. [-EDj-lNG.] 1. To date 
before the true time. 2. To anticipate. 

An'te-di-lu'vi-an, a. Before the 
deluge. — n. One who lived before 
the flood. 

Xn'TE-LOPE, n. [Gr. dv9dko\f/.] One 
of a group of 
quadrupeds be- 
tween the deer 
and goat. 

AJV'TE-LU'GAN, a. 
[Lat. anteluca- 
nus, fr. ante, be- 
fore, and lux, 
light.] Being be- 
fore light. 

An'te-me-rid'ian, a 
noon. 

An'te-mun'dane, a. 
the creation of the world 

AN-TEN'NA, n. ; pi. AN-TEN'NJ£ 
[Lat.] A movable, ar- a 
ticulated organ of sen-* 
sation , attached to the 
heads of insects and 

w Crustacea. a a Antennas. 

AN / TE-NUP'TIAL(-nup / shal), a. Be- 
ing before marriage. 

Xn'te-pas'ghal (-paVkal), a. Being 

w before Easter. 

AN'.te-past, n. [Lat. ante, before, 
and paHus, pasture, food.] A fore- 

w taste. 

AN'te-pe-nult', n. [Lat. antepx- 
nultimus, fr. ante, before, psene, al- 
most, and ultimus, last.] The last 
syllable but two of a word. 

AN'TE-PE-NULT'I-MATE, a. Of the 
last syllable but two. — n. The an- 
tepenult, [time or place. 

An-te'RI-or, a. [Lat.] Before in 
Syn. — Antecedent ; prior ; previous; 
precedent; preceding; former; foregoing. 
— Anterior is opposed to, and implies, 
posterior ; the other words are opposed 
to subsequent. 

An-te'ri-or'I-TY, w. State of being 
anterior^ precedence. 

Xn'te-room, n. A room forming 
the passage to another. 

AVtHEL-MIN'TI€, a. [Gr. avri, 
against, and eA/u.i.i's, worm.] (Med.) 




Antelope. 
Being before 

Being before 



Destroying or expelling worms. — n. 

A medicine which destroys or expels 

worms ; a vermifuge. 
AN'THEM, n. [Gr. dvrifyuva, fr. olvtC, 

against, and cpiovr/, sound.] Church 

music adapted to passages from the 

Scriptures , a motet. 
An'tiier, n. [Gr. di/^pd?, 

flowery, from avOos, flower.] /fi 

That part of the stamen 
^ containiug the pollen. 
AN'ther-al, a. Pertaining 

to anthers. 
An-thol'o-Gy, n. [Gr. dv- a An- 

Ookoyia, from dv&o%, flower, ther. 

andAiyeii/, to gather.] 1. A collection 

of flowers. 2. A collection oi beau- 
tiful passages from authors. 
An'tho-ny's-fjre (an'to-niz), n. 

The erj sipelas. 
An'THRA-c'ite, n. [Gr. dvBpaKiTn<;, 

fr. av6pa£, coal.] A hard, compact 
w variety of mineral coal. [thracite 
AN'THRA-CIT'IC, a. Pertainiug to au- 
An'thro-poid, a. [Gr. alamos, 

man, and eldos, form.] Resembliug 

man. 
Xn'thro-pol'o-gy, n. [Gr. dvOpio- 

7ros, man, and Aoyos, description.] 1. 

Natural history of the human species. 

2. The science of man, considered in 
his entire nature. 

AN/THRO-PO-MOR'PHlgM,*!. [Gr. dv 
0pu>7ros , man , and /uop^, form .] Rep- 
resentation of the Deity as having 
human form or attributes. [bals 

AN' THRO-poph' A-Gl,n. pi. Canni 

AN'TIIRO-POPH'A-GY, n. [Gr. av 
6pio7ro<;, man, and ipayelv, to eat. 
Cannibalism. 

In'tig, a. [From antique.] Odd 
fanciful ; fantastic ; ludicrously wild- 
— n. A buffoon or merry-andrew. 

An'TI-CHRIST, w. A great adversary 
of Christ. 

Xn'tT-ghrTs'tian (-krTst'yan),^. An 
opposer of Christianity. — a. Oppos- 
ing Christianity. 

An-tic'i-pate, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. anticipare, fr. ante, before, and 
capere, to take.] 1. To take or do 
before another. 2. To take up be- 
forehand, or before the' proper time. 

3. To foretaste or foresee. 
An-tiC'I-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of an 

ticipating. 2. Previous view or im- 
pression. 3. Preconceived opinion. 

An-tIc'1-PA'TIVE, a. Anticipating; 
or containing anticipation. [pates. 

An-tIc'i-pa'tor, n. One who antici- 

AN'ti-cli'max, n. A sentence or ex- 
pression in which the ideas become 
less important and striking at tho 
close. [contagion. 

In'ti-gon-ta'Gious, a. Opposing 

AN'TI-DO'TAL, a. Efficacious againsS 
poison or other evil. 

In'TI-DOTE, n. [Gr. avriSoTov, from 
avri, against, and Sioovat, to give.] 
That which tends to counteract poi- 
son or other evil. 

AN'Tlf-FEB'RlLE or AN'TI-FE'BRILE, 
a. Having the quality of abating 
fever. — n. A medicine having a 
tendency to cure fever. 



A, e, I, 6,0, wlons, 



T o, u 



Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON 



ANTIMASON 



19 



APOCOPATE 



AN'ti-ma'son, n. One opposed to free- 
masonry, [to nionarfchv. 

AN'Tl-MO-NAReH'IC-AL, a. Opposed 

An'TI-mo'ni-al, a. Of, or pertaining 
to, antimony. — re. A preparation of 
antimony. 

An'ti-mo-ny, n. [Ax. al-itnmidun, or 
aJrHthmudun.] A whitish, brittle 
metal used in medicine and the arts. 

An'ti-no'JII-an, re. One of a sect- 
charged with maintaining that, un- 
der the gospel dispensation, the 
moral law is of no use or obligation. 
— a. Pertaining to the Antinomians. 

An'tI-no'mi-an-ism, a. The tenets 
of Antinomians. 

An'ti-nooiy, or An-tin'o-my, re. 
[Gr. di/Tu/Ojiu'a., fr. ami, against, and 
vofios, law.] 1. Opposition of one law 
or rule to another. 2. A law or other 

w thing opposite or contrary. 

An'tI-PA'PAL, a. Opposing popery. 

An'ti-PA-pist'IC, ) a. Opposing 

AWTi-PA-pfsT'ie-AL, J the papacy 
or popery ; antipapal. 

An'tI-pa-thet'i€, ) a. Having a 

An'ti-pa-thet'ic-al, ) natural 
contrariety or aversion. 

AN-TD?'A-THY, re. [Gr. di/Ti7rd0eia, fr. 
avri, against, and 7ra0os, suffering.] 

1. Aversion at the presence of a par- 
ticular object. 2. A contrariety in 
the properties or affections of matter. 

Stn. — Dislike; contrariety; repug- 
nance: disgust; distaste. 

An'TI-PHLO-GIS'TIC, a. Counter- 
acting inflammation. — re. Any med- 
icine or diet which tends to check 
inflammation. 

An-tiph'o-nal, ) a. Pertaining to 

An'TI-PHON'I€, antiphonies, 

An'ti-phon'kj-al, ) or alternate 
singing. 

An-tiph'o-ny, re. [Gr. di/Ti<fccoi/os. 
See Anthem.] An anthem or psalm 
sung in alternate parts ; a response. 

An-tiph'ra-sis, re. [Gr.] Use of 
words in a sense opposite to their 
proper meaning. 

An-tip'o-dal, a. Pertaining to the 
antipodes ; diametrically opposed. 

An'TI-PODE, n. ; pi. AN'TI-PODES, 

or Aiv-Trp'o-DEg. [Gr. dvTtVovs, 
from dim, opposite, and novs, foot.] 
One of those who live on opposite 
sides of the globe. [popedom. 

An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the 

An'TI-QUA'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to 
antiquity. — re. An antiquary. 

AN'TI-QUA'RI-AN-IgM, n. Love of an- 
tiquity, [antiquities. 

An'ti-qua-ry (44), n. One versed in 

An'tI-QUATE, v. t. [Lat. antiquatus.] 
To make_ obsolete, old, or Toid. 

An'tJ-QUATVED, p. a. Grown old, or 
out of fashion ; obsolete. 

AN-TIQUE', a. [Lat. antiquus, fr. ante. 
before.] 1, Old; ancient. 2. Of old 
fashion. 3. Made in imitation of an- 
tiquity. — re. 1. Any thing very old. 

2. A relic of antiquity. 
AN-TTQ'ui-TY(-tik'wi-), re. 1. Ancient 

times. 2. The people of ancient 
times. 3. Great age. 4. pi. Any or 
all of the remains of ancient times. 



An/tI-S€RIPT'ur-al, a. Not accord- 

w ant with Scripture. 

An'ti-sep'TIC, a. Opposing putre- 
faction. — n. A substance which re- 

w sists or corrects putrefaction. 

An/ti-slav'er-y,^. Opposition to 

w slavery. [spasm. 

An'TI-spas-mod'ic, a. Opposing 

An'TI-SPAS'TIC, a. [Gr. dimcnrao-Ti.- 
kos.} Causing a revulsion of fluids 
or humors; counteracting spasm. 

An-tis'tro-PHE, re. [Gr. avno- 
Tpo<j)r).] (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) Part 
of a song or dance, around the altar, 
performed by turning from the left 
to the right, in opposition to the 
stropke, which was performed by 
turning from the right to the left. 

An'ti-stroph'ic, a. Pertaining to 
the antistrophe. 

An-tith'e-sis, re.,- pi. an-tith'- 
E-SEg. [Gr. dim'flecri?, a setting 
against.] 1. An opposition of words 
or sentiments occurring in the same 
sentence ; contrast. 2. Hence, any 

w thing directly opposed to another. 

An'TI-THET'ic, ) a. Pertaining 

AN'Ti-THET'ie-AL, ) to antithesis. 

An'ti-trin/i-ta'ri-an, a. Opposing 

w the doctrine of the Trinity. 

An'ti-type, re. That which is pre- 
figured by the type ; thus the paschal 
lamb was a type of which Christ is 
the antitype. 

AW'TI-TYP'KJ-Ali, a. Relating to an 
antitype ; explaining a type. 

Ant'LER, n. [0. Fr. antoillier, prob. 
from Lat. ante, before.] A start or 
branch of a horn of a stag, moose, 
&c. 

An'VIL, n. [A.-S. anfilt.] An iron 
block, on which metals are ham- 
mered and shaped. 

Anx-I'e-TY (ang-zT'e-ty), n. Solici- 
tude about some future or uncertain 
event. 

Anx'ious (tink/shus), a. [Lat. anx- 
ius.] 1. Greatly concerned respect- 
ing something future or unknown. 
2. Accompanied with anxiety. 

Syn.— Disturbed; distressed; disquiet- 
ed; uneasy. 

Anx'IOUS-ly, adv. With anxiety. 

A'NY (enfj'); a - [A.-S. anig, senig, 
fr. an, em, one.] 1. Oneoutof many, 
indefinitely. 2. Some; an indefinite 
number or quantity. — adv. To any 
extent ; at all. 

A-5'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to the 
Muses, or to Aonia in Bceotia. 

A'o-RIST, n. [Gr. dopioTos, from d 
priv. and opos, limit.] A tense in 
Greek, expressing an action as com- 

_ pletedin indeterminate past time. 

A-OR'TA, n. [Gr. aopTTj, from deipeiv, 
to lift.] The great artery from the 
heart. 

A-pace', adv. Quickly ; hastily ; 
speedily : fast. 

Ap'A-GOG'IC-AL, a. [Gr. dn-ayoyi7, a 
leading away.] Proving indirectly 
by showing the absurdity of the con- 
trary. 

A-PART', adv. 1. Separately ; aside. 
2. In a state of separation, exclusion, 




or of distinction. 3. In two or more 
parts ; asunder. 

A-part'MENT, re. [Lat. ab, or a, from 4 
and pars, a part.] A room in a build- 
ing or house. 

Ap'A-THET're, a. Void of feeling ; 
insensible. 

Ap'a-thist, n. One destitute of feet* 

r ing - 

AP'A-THY, n. [Gr. a7rd0eia, from % 

priv. and ndQos, suffering.] Want, 

or a low degree, of feeling ; — applied 

either to the body or the mind. 

S yk. — Insensibility ; indifference ; 

_ unconcern. 

APE, ?t. [A..-S. apa, 
Skr. kapi.] 1. A 
kind of monkey 
having neither a 
tail nor cheek 
pouches. 2. One 
who imitates 
servilely. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To 
imitate servilely ; 

A-pe'RI-ent (89), a. [Lat. aperiens.] 
Having the quality of opening ; laxa- 
tive. — n. A laxative medicine. 

Ap'er-TURE (53), re. [Lat. apertura.] 
An opening through some solid sub- 
stance ; a hole. 

A-PET'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. dTreVoAo?, 
fr. d. priv. and niraKov, leaf.] Hav- 

_ ing no petals. 

A'pex, re. ; pi. A'PEX-E§ ; Lat. pi. 
AP'l-fE^. Top, tip, or summit of 
anything. 

A-PHEL'ION (-fePyun), n. ; pi. a 
PHE'LI-A. [Gr. awo, from, and 
■fjAios, sun.] That point of a planet's 
or comet's orbit most distant from 

^ the sun. 

APH'O-RlgM, re. [Gr.dc6optcru.6s.] A 
precept or principle expressed in a 
few words. 

Syn. — Axiom; maxim; adage — An 
axiom is a self-evident proposition of 
high importance: a maxim expresses 
some great practical truth; an aclarie is a 
saying which has gained credit by long 
use. 

Aph^o-rist, n. A writer of aphorisms. 

Aph'o-rist'ic, a. Having the form 
of an aphorism. 

Aph'thong (Sf thong or ap/thong, 
85), re. A letter or combination of 
letters having no sound. 

Aph'yl-lous^ or A-phyl'loPs 
(117), a. [Gr. dc6v'AAos, fr. d priv. and 

_<i>vkkov, leaf.] Destitute of leaves. 

A'PI-A-RY, n. [Lat. apiarium, fr. apis, 
a bee.] A place where bees are kept. 

A-Piece', adv. 1. To each ; to tho 

_ share of each. 2. Each by itself. 

AP'ISH, a. Having the qualities of an. 
ape ; hence, foolish ; silly ; trifling; 
insignificant. 

A-POC'A-LYPSE, re. [Gr. a-noKaKvx}/^, 
disclosure.] Revelation ; the last 
book in the Bible. 

A-poc/A-lyp'tic, | a. Containing 

A-po€/a-lyp'TI€-al, | or pertain- 
ing to revelation. 

A-POC'O-PATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cut off or omit the last letter cr 
syllable of. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; 0RN, RUE, PULE ; E, I, O, silent ; ^.d, soft; €,G,hard; As; EXIST; NasNG: THIS 



APOCOPE 



20 



APPETITE 



A-Poe f o-PE,n. [Gr.] Omission of the 
last letter or syllable of a word. 

A-PO£:'RY-PHA, n. pi. [Gr. airoKpvtyos , 
bidden, spurious.] Books which are 
not considered a part of the sacred 
canon of the Scripture. 

A-po€'ry-phal,, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the Apocrypha. 2. Of uncertain au- 

^thority; false; spurious. 

Ap'ODE,n. [Gr. a7rov?, from a priv. 
tind 7rovs, foot.] An animal that has 
no feet. 

AVo-DEl-e'Tre, ) a. [Gr. arro- 

AVo-DEI€'Tre-AL, J Ssi/fTiKos, from 
ano, from, and kotttsiv, to cut.] 
Demonstrative ; evident beyond con- 
tradiction. 

A-pod'o-sis, n. [Gr.] The conse- 
quent clause or conclusion in a con- 
ditional sentence, expressing the 
result. 

Xp'O-GEE, n. [Gr. a-rroyaio'; , fr. aird, 
from, and -yaia, earth.] That point 
in the orbit of the moon at the 
greatest distance from the earth. 

A--?OL/0-GET'l€, I a. Excusatory 

A-POL/o&ET'l-e-AL, j or defensive. 

A-pSl'o-get'ics, n. sing. That 
branch of theology which defends 
the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth 
the evidence of their divine au- 
thority. 

A-Poi/o-GrisT, n. One who makes an 
apology. _ 

A-POL'O-GIZE, V. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make an apology. 

Xp'O-LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr. inoKoyos. 
See below.] A moral fable. 

A-POI/O-GY, n. [Gr. airoKoyia, from 
aTro, from, and Aoyos, speech.] 1. 
Something said or written by way of 
defense or justification. 2. Expressed 
regret of some improper or injurious 
remark or act. 

Ap'OPH-THEGM ) (ap/o-them),n. [Gr. 

AP'O-THEGM ) 6.n6$eeyixa.,fv.aTr6, 
from, and fyQiyixa, saying.] A short, 
sententious, instructive remark. 

AVo-peec'tk;, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or consisting in, apoplexy. 2. Pre- 
disposed to apoplexy. 

AVo-PLEX'Y, n. [Gr. anotrX^ia, fr. 
ano, from, away, and TTXr/o-o-eLv, to 

• strike.] A disease characterized by 
sudden loss of sense and voluntary 
motion. 

A-pos'ta-SY, n. [Gr. anoo-TaaCa, fr. 
djro, from, and crrrji/ai, to stand.] A 
total desertion of one's faith, princi- 
ples, or party. 

A-p6s'tate,m. One who has forsaken 
his faith, principles, or party. — a. 
Falling from the faith ; renegade. 

A-POS'TA-TIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To abandon one's faith, party, or 
profession. ■ 

^-pos'te-mate, is. i. To form into 
an abscess and fill with pua. 

ZP'OS-TEME,r(,. [Gr. aTroa-nqfj-a.] An 
abscess. 

A-POS'TLE (-pos'l), n. [Gr. <xtt6<t- 
toAos, sent forth.] A person sent 
forth on some important business; 
one of the twelve disciples of Christ 
sent forth to preach the gospel. 



A-pos'tle-ship ) (-pos'l-), n. Office 

A-pos'to-late | of an apostle. 

AP'OS-TOLMe, ) a. 1. Pertaitiing 

AP'os-t6l'I€-al, ) to an apostle, 
or to the apostles. 2. According to 
the doctrines of the apostles. 

A-p6s'TRO-PHE,n. [Gr.] 1. A turn- 
ing away from the real auditory, and 
addressing an absent or imaginary 
one. 2. Contraction of a word by 
the omission of a letter or letters. 3. 
A mark [ ' ] used to denote that a 
word is contracted. 

A-POS'TRO-PIIIZE (162), V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 
2. To contract by omitting a letter 
or letters. 

A-POTH'E-€A-RY, n. [Gr. a7j-o0T/K7j, 
repository.] One who prepares and 
sells drugs for medicinal purposes. 

AVo-thegm I (ap'o-them),w.[Gr. 

AP'OPH-THEGM ) iw6(f>6eyna.\ A 
short, pithy, and instructive saying ; 
a sententious precept or maxim. 

AP/o-theg-mXt'I€, ) a. In the 

Ap'o-tiieg-mat'IC-al, J manner of 
an apothegm. 

aVo-tiie'o-sis, n. [Gr.] The act of 
placing a mortal among the number 
of the gods ; deification. 

Xp'o-the'o-size, r. t. To exalt to 
the dignity of a deity ; to deity. 

Ap-pall', v. t. [-eu; -ING.] [Fr. 
appalir, lit., to grow or make pale.] 
To depress or discourage with fear. 

Syn. — To dismay; daunt; terrify; 
scare; intimidate. 

— v. i. To occasion fear or dismay. 
Ap'PAN-AGE, n. [Low Lat. appanagi- 

um, from appanare, to furnish with 
bread.] 1. Land assigned by a sover- 
eign prince for the subsistence of his 
younger sons. 2. Means of nour- 
ishing^ 

Xp'pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. Xp'pa-ra'tus 
or AP'PA-RA'TUS-Eg. [Lat.] Things 
provided as means to some end ; a 
full collection or set of scientific im- 
plements, [ing for the body. 

Ap-PAR'EL, n. [Fr. appareil.] Cover- 
Syn. — Clothing; clothes; dress; rai- 
ment; vesture; vestment. 

— V. t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, -LING, 
137] 1. To dress or clothe; to attire. 
2. To cover with something orna- 
mental ; to adorn ; to embellish. 

AP-PAR'ENT (4), a. [Lat. apparere, 
apparens, to appear.] 1. Capable of 
being seen, or easily seen. 2. Beyond 
question. 3. Appearing to the eye, 
but not true or real. 

Syn. —Visible; distinct; plain: obvi- 
ous; clear; certain; evident; manifest; 
indubitable; notorious. "What is obvious 
is certain beyond doubt or dispute; what 
is plain, clear, or evident, has ample 
proof or illustration. 

Ap-par'ent-ly, adv. Evidently ; in 
appearance only. 

AVpa-ri'tion (-rlsh'un), n. 1. Ap- 
pearance. 2. A visible object ; a 
ghost ; a specter. 

Ap-par'i-tor, n. A messenger or 
officer who serves the process of a 
spiritual court. 

Ap-peal', n. 1. Removal of a cause 



or suit from an inferior to a superior 
j'utlge or court for re-exauiinatiou. 2. 
Right of appeal. 3. A summons to 
answer to a charge. 4. A call upon 
a person for proof or decision, or to 
grant a favor. 5. Resort; recourse 
— v. i. [Lat. appe/lure, from ad. to, 
and pellere, to drive.] 1. To re- 
move a cause from an inferior to a 
superior judge or court for re-exam- 
ination. 2. To refer to another ; 
hence, to call on for aid. — v.t. 
[-ED : -ing.] 1. To remove from an 
inferior to a superior judge or court. 
2. To charge with a crime. 

Ap-peal'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
appealed. 

Ap-pear', r. i. [-ed-ing.] [Lat. 
apparire.] 1. To come or be in sight. 
2. To bt5 obvious or manifest. 3. To 
^eem. 

Ap-pkar'ance, n. 1. Act of coming 
into sight. 2. A thing seen ; a 
phenomenon. 3. Apparent likeness. 
4. Personal presence. 

Syn. — Coming ; arrival ; presence ; 
semblance; pretense; air; look; man- 
ner; mien; figure; aspect. 

Ap-pear'a-Ble, a. Capable of being 
appeased. 

Ap-pease', «•. t. [-ED ; -ING, 144.] 
[Lat. a//, to, and pax, peace.] To 
make quiet. 

Syn. — To pacify; allay; assuage; 
compose; calm. 

AP-PEAgE'MENT, n. Act of appeasing. 

Ap-pel'lant, n. A person who 
makes an appeal. 

Ap-p£l'late, n. Belonging to, or 
having cognizance of, appeals. 

AVpel-l*a'TIOn, v. Name by whicl) 
a person or thing is called ; title. 

Ap-pel'la-tTve, a. [Lat. appel 
lativus.] Pertaining to a common 
name. — n. A common, as dis- 
tinguished from a proper, name. 

AVpel-lee', n. 1. The defendant 
in an appeal. 2. One who is prose- 
cuted by a private man for a crime. 

Xp'pel-lor', n. He who prosecutes 
another for a crime. 

Ap-pend', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
appendere, from ad, to, and pendere, 
to hang.] 1. To hang or attach. 2. 
To add. as an accessory. 

Ap-pend'age, n. Something added 
as subordinate or incidental. 

Ap-pend'ant,w. Any thing append- 
ed. — a. Hanging ; annexed. 

AP-PEND'IX,n. ,• pi. AP-PEND'IX-E§ ; 

Lat. pi. AP-PEN'Di-pihs. Some- 
thing appended ; an adjunct ; an ad- 
dition. 

AVper-tain', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. appertinere, from ad, to, and 
pertinere, to pertain.] To belong ; to 
relate. 

Ap'pe-ten^e, ) n. 1. Strong natu- 

AP'PE-TEN-CY, f ral desire; sen- 
sual appetite. 2. Tendency to seek 
or select. 

Ap'pe-tIte , n. [Lat. appetitus. from 
appetere, to seek.] Desire of gratifica- 
tion, especially a desire of food or 
drink. 



l, E, I, 6,u, Y,long; A, 5,1 6, ft, Y, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what; ere, VEIL, t£rm; pique, fIrm; SON 



APPETIZE 



21 



APSIS 



Ap'pe-tize, ». i. To create, or whet, 
an appetite. 

Ap'pe-tIz'er, v.. Something which 
creates or whets an appetite. 

Ap-plaud', v. t. or i. [-ed : -ing.] 
[Lat." applaudere, from ad, to, and 
plaudere, to clap the hands.] 1. To 
praise by clapping the nands, &c. 2. 
To praise by words ; to commend. 

Ap-plaud'er, n. One who applauds. 

Ap-plause', it. Approbation and 
praise publicly expressed ; commen- 
dation. 

AP'PLE (57), n. [A.-S. seppel.] 1. A 
well-known tree and its fruit. 2. 
The pupil of the eye. 

Ap-pli'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
applied : applicable. 

Ap-pli'ance, n. Act of applying or 
thing applied : instrument or means. 

AP'PLI €A-B1L'I-TY. ) n. Quality of 

AP'PLI-€A-BLE-NESS, ) being appli- 
cable or suitable. 

aVpli-ga-ble (147), a. Capable of 
being, or fit to be, applied ; suitable ; 

^ fit. [petitioner. 

AP'PLT-€ANT, ;?. One who applies ; a 

appli-ca'tion, 7i. [See Apply.] 1. 
Act of applying. 2. The thing ap- 
plied. 3. Act of making request. 
4. Act of fixing the mind ; intense- 
ness of thought. 

Ap'pli_-€A-tive, a. Applying. 

Ap-ply', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
applicare, from arf, to, and plicare, 
to fold.] 1. To lay or place ; to 
put, bring, or carrj'. 2. To use for 
a particular purpose. 3. To engage 
and employ diligently. — v. i. 1. To 
suit or to agree. 2. To have recourse. 

AP-PdG'GIA-TU'Rk (-pod'ji-), n. 
[It.] (Mus.) A" passing tone preced- 
ing an essential tone or an accented 
part of a measure. 

Ap-point', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. appunclare, from ad, to, and 
punctum.ii point.] 1. To fix ; to es- 
tablish. 2. To constitute ; to ordain. 

3. To allot, assign, or set apart. 4. 
To proTide with every necessary. 

Ap-poixt'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

__ appointed. 

AP'POINT-EE', n. A person appointed. 

AP-POINT'MENT, n. 1. Act of ap- 
pointing. 2. Stipulation ; arrange* 
ment. 3. Decree ; established order. 

4. pi. Whatever is appointed for use 
and_ management. 

Ap-por'tion, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. apportionare, from ad, to, and 
portio. a portion.] To divide and 
assign in just proportion. 

Ap-por'tion-ment, n. Act of ap- 

_ portioning. 

AP'PO-SITE. a. [Lat. appositus, from 
ad, to, and ponere, to put, place.] 
Very applicable ; well adapted. 

AVpo-giTE-LY. 'adv. Properly; fitly. 

AP'PO-sT'TlON (-zTsh'un), n. * 1. Act 
of adding. 2. State of two nouns 
(one of which explains the other) 
put in the same case, without a con- 
necting word between them. 

Ap-prais/al, n. A valuation by au- 
thority. 



Ap-praise', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 144.] 
[Lat. apprttiare, fr. ad, to, and pre- 
tium, value, price.] To estimate the 
worth of, particularly by persons ap- 
pointed for the purpose. 

Ap-praise'ment, n. Act of apprais- 
ing : valuation. 

Ap-prais'er, n. One who appraises. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-pre'shi-), a. Ca- 
pable of being estimated or appre- 
ciated. 

Ap-pre'ci-ate (-prS'sht-, 95), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. appretiare. See 
Appraise.] To set a price or value 
on ; to estimate justly. 

Syx. — To esteem; estimate; value.— 
We estimate things when we learn by cal- 
culation their real amount, as profits, &c; 
we appreciate when we prize them ac- 
cording to their true value or worth, as a 
man's services ; we esteem when we regard 
them with moral approbation. 

AP-PRE'CI-A'TION (-pr5-shT-), n. A 
just valuation or estimate. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-tI've (-shi-a-tiv), ) 

Ap-pre'ci-a-to-RY (-shi-a-), ) 
Having or implying a just apprecia- 

w tion. 

AP'PRE-HEND', I', t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. apprehendere , from ad, to, and 
prehendere, to seize.] 1. To seize or 
lay hold of. 2. To understand. 3. 
To entertain suspicion or fear of. 

Syx. — To catch; arrest; conceive; 
imagine; believe; fear; dread. 

— v, i. To be of opinion ; to believe. 
Ap'PRE-hen'si-bi.e, a. Capable of 

being apprehended. 

AP'PRE-HEN'SION, n. 1. Act of seiz- 
ing. 2. A taking by legal process. 3. 
Mere contemplation «of things. 4. 
Opinion ; conception ; idea. 5. Dis- 

w trust or fear at the prospect of evil. 

aVpre-hen'siye, a. Fearful; sus- 
picious ; perceptive. 

aVpre-hen'sive-ness, n. Quality 
of being apprehensive ; fearfulness. 

Ap-PREN'tiCE, n. [L. Lat. appren- 
ticius. See APPREHEND.] One 
bound to another to learn a trade or 
art.— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To bind 
out as an apprentice. 

Ap-pren'tice-ship, n. Condition of 
an apprentice ; time for which he 
serves. / 

Ap-prIse' (162), v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[Fr. apprise. See APPEHEND.] To 
inform ; to give notice, verbal or 
written ; to make known. 
Syx. — To acquaint; communicate. 

Ap-prTze', v. t. See Appraise. 

AP-PROACH',r. ?'. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and propiare, to draw near.] 
1. To come or go near. 2. To ap- 
proximate. — v. t. To come near to. 

— n. 1. Act or opportunity of draw- 
ing near ; access. 2. A passage by 
which buildings are approached. 3. 
pi. (Fort.) Works thrown up to 
cover an approach. 

Ap-pr6ach'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing approached ; accessible. 

Xp'PRO-ba'tion, n. Act of approv- 
ing : consent to a thing on the ground 
of its propriety ; approval. 
Syn. — License; liking; attestation. 



AP'PRO-BA'TO-RY, ) a. Approving. 

AP'pro-ba'TIVE, J containing ap 
probation. 

Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being appropriated. 

AP-PRO'PRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. appropriare, from ad, to, and 
proprius, one's own.] To set apart for 
a particular purpose, or for one's 
self, to assign. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate , a. (45) Set apart 
for a particular use or person ; hence, 
belonging peculiarly. 

Syn. — Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; 
pertinent; well-timed. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. In an ap- 
propriate manner. [ness. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, nl Suitable- 

AP-PRO'PRI-A'TION, n. 1. Act" of set- 
ting apart for a purpose. 2. Any 
thing, especially money, thus set 
apart. 

Ap-pro'pri-a'tor, n. 1. One who 
appropriates. 2. One who is pos- 
sessed of an appropriated benefice. 

Ap-PROV'A-BLE, a. Worthy of ap- 
probation, [probation. 

Ap-prov'al, n. Act of approving ; ap- 

Ap-prove', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
approbare, from ad, to, and prabits f 
good.] 1. To think well of. 2. To 
prove. 3. To commend. 4. To sanc- 
tion ofiicially. 

Ap-prox'I-mate (45), a. Near to. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. approx- 
imare, fr. ad, to, and proximare, to 
come near.] To carry or advance 
near; to cause to approach. — v. i. 
To come near ; to approach. 

Ap-prox'i-ma'tion, n. An ap- 
proach ; a coming near. 

Ap-pr6x'1-ma-ti ve , a. Approxi- 
mating ; approaching. 

AP'pulse, or AP-pfiLSE', ii. [Lat. 
appulsus, from ad, to, and pellere, 
pulsum, to drive.] 1. Act of striking 
against. 2. A touching, or very near 
approach. [a moving body. 

AP-PtSi/siON, n. A striking against by 

Ap-PUR'te-nance, it. That which 
appertains to something else ; ad- 
junct, [by right. 

Ap-pOr'te-nant, a. Belonging to 

AP'RI~eoT, n. [From Lat. prsecoquus 
or prsecox (early ripe), through the 

_ Arab.] A fine fruit, allied to the plum. 

A'PRIL, n. [Lat. ajnilis, from aperire, 

_ to open.] Fourth month of the year. 

A'PRIE-FOOL, 11. One sportively im- 

_ posed upon on the first of April. 

A'PRQN (iVpurn or a'prun), n. 1. 
Something worn on the fore part of 
the body, to keep the clothes clean. 

^ 2. A cover ; a boot. 

AP'RO-POS'tap'ro-po'), adv. [Fr.] 1, 
Opportunely. 2. By the way; to the 
purpose. 

Ap'sis ± n. ; pi. APi- 
si-des. [Gr.] 1. 
One of the two 
points in an ellipti- 
cal orbit wb : ch are Apsides, 
at the greatest and lea?t distance 
from the central body. 2. Domed 
part of a church. 



do, wolf, TOO, ook; fJRN, RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent ; 9,G, soft; €,G,hard; A§; EXIST; NasNG; THIS 



APT 



22 



ARDUOUS 



APT, a. [Lat. aptus, from apere, to 
fasten, fit.] 1. Fit ; suitable. 2 
Having a tendency ; liable. 3. Dis- 
posed customarily. 4. Ready ; quick 
prompt. 

Syit. — Appropriate ; qualified ; in 
clined : disposed; dexterous; fitted.— 
One who is disposed or inclined to any 
thine is apt to do it. He who is apt at 
any employment is qualified or dexterous. 
An apt quotation is one which is appro- 
priate, suitable, or fitted to the case. 

^'TER-AL, a. [Gr. aTrrepos, from a 
priv. and nrepov, wing.] 1. Des- 
titute of wings. 2. Having columns 
only in front. 

Ap'ter-ous, a. Destitute of wings. 

Apt'I-TUDE (53 a), n. 1. Natural or 
acquired disposition or tendency. 
2. Readiness in learning ; docility : 
aptness. 

Apt'ly, adv. Properly ; fitly ; readily. 

ApT'NESS, n. Fitness: readiness. 

AP'TOTE, n. [Gr. own-aiTOs.] An in- 

_ declinable noun. 

A'QUaFor'tis. [Lat.] Nitric acid. 

A-QUA'RI-UM,1l.; pi. A-QUA'RI-A. 
[Lat.] 1. An artificial pond for 
aquatic plants. 2. A tank of glass 
for aquatic animals. 

'A-QUAT'ic, 1 a. Pertaining to, or 

A-QUAT'I€-AL, J inhabiting water. 

A'QUA-TINT, ) n. [It. acqua tinta, 

A'QUA-TlNT'A, ) dyed water.] Etch- 
ing on copper by means of aqua fortis. 

Aq'ue-duct (ak'we-). [Lat. aquse- 
ductus, fr. aqua, water, and ductus, 
a leading ] An artificial conduit for 
water. 

A'QUE-OUS (a/kwe-us), a. Partaking 
of the nature of water, or abound- 
ing with it ; watery. 

Aq'UI-line (-lin or -lin), a. [Lat. 
aquilinus, from aquila, eagle.] 1. 
Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving; 
hooked ; like the beak of an eagle. 

Ar'AB, n. A native of Arabia. 

Ar'A-BESQUE (-besk), n. A species of 
ornamentation after the Arabian 
manner, often intricate and fantastic. 

A-RA'BI-AN, ) a. Pertaining to Ara- 

Ar'A-bic, J bia, or to its inhabit- 
ants. [Arabians. 

Ar'A-BIC, r\. The language of the 

Ar'a-bist, n. One versed in Arabic 
literature. 

Ar'A-BLE, a. [Lat. arabilis, from ar- 
are, to plow.] Fit for tillage or plow- 
> ing ; plowed. 

Xr'BI-ter,?i. [Lat.] Any person who 
has t.ie power of judging and de- 
termining, without control. 

Ar'bi-tra-bee, a. 1. Arbitrary. 2. 
Determinable. 

Ar-BIT'RA-MENT, n. [L. .Lat. arbi- 
tramentum.] 1. Will; determina- 

t tion. 2. Award of arbitrators. 

AR'BI-tra-RI-ly, adv. By will only. 

AR'BI-TRA-RY, a- [Lat. arbitrarius.] 

1. Depending on will or discretion. 

2. Founded on mere will or choice. 

3. Despotic ; bound by no law. 
Syn. — Tyrannical ; imperious ; un- 
limited: capricious. — When a ruler has 
absolute, unlimited, or arbitrary power, 
he is apt to be capricious, if not imperi- 
ous, tyrannical, and despotic. 



AR'BI-TRATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING, 144.] 
1. To decide ; to determine. 2. To 
judge or act as arbitrator. 

AR'BI-TRA'TION, n. The hearing and 
determination of a cause between 
parties in controversy, by a person 
or persons chosen by the parties. 

AR'bi-tra/tor, n. 1. A person 
chosen by contending parties to de- 
termine their differences. 2. An 
umpire. 3. One who has the power 

_ of deciding without control. 

Ar'BOR,«. [Lat.] 1. A bower; a seat 
shaded by trees. 2. A spindle or axis. 

Ar-BO'RE-oOs, \ a. Belonging to. or 

AR'BOR-AL, j having the nature 
of, trees. [blance of a tree. 

Ar'bo-res'oence, it. The resem- 

Ar'BO-RES'^ENT, a. [Lat. arborescere, 
arborescens, to become a tree.] Re- 

m sembling a tree. 

Ar'bo-ret, 11. A small tree; a shrub. 

Ar'BOR-1-CUL.t'URE, n. [Lat. arbor, 
tree, and cultura, culture.] Art of 
cultivating trees and shrubs. 

Arc, n. [Lat. arms.'] 
Part of the circum- 
ference of a circle or 

.. curve - Arc. 

AR-CADE', n. [L. Lat. 

areata, fr. Lat. arcus, bow, arch.] 1. 

A series of arches. 2. A walk arched 

above: a range of shops along an 

arched passage 



AR-€A'NUM, 
[Lat.] A secret. 

ARCH (68), a. 
[From Gr. prefix 
apxi--] Chief: of 
the first cllss ; 
p r i n ci p a 1 ; — 
much used as a 
prefix ; cunning 
or sly ; mischiev- 
ous in sport ; 
roguish. — 7i. 1. 
A curve line or 
part of a circle. 



pi. AR-€A'NA 




Arch. 



2. Any work in that form, or covered 
by an arch. — v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

n To form an arch. 

AR^HiE-O-LOG'iC-AL, a. Relating 

# to archaeology. 

Ar'ch^e-ol'o-gist, n. One versed 

__ in archaeology. 

AR'CHjE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. apxaio- 
Ao-yta, fr. apxouo?, ancient, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] Science of antiquities ; a 
treatise on antiquities. 

Ar-cha'ic, 1 a. Ancient ; anti- 

Ak-€ha'I€-al, j quated. 

Ar'€HA-Tkivi,7i. [Gr. apxaios, ancient.] 
An ancient or obsolete word, ex- 
pression, or idiom. 

Arch-an'Gel, ii. An angel of the 

#> highest order. [a metropolitan. 

ARCH-BISH'OP, n A chief bishop ; 

ARCH-BiSH'op-Rtc, 7?. Jurisdiction 
or diocese of an archbishop. 

Arch-dea'con (-dJ'kn), t?. An ec- 
clesiastical dignitary next in rank 
below a bishop. 

Arch-dea'con-ry, ) n. Office and 

Arch-dea'con-ship, J jurisdiction 
of an archdeacon. 



Arch-duch'ess, n. A princess oi 
the house of Austria. 

Arch-duch'y, w. The territory or 
jurisdiction of an archduke or arch- 
duchess. 

Archduke', n. A grand duke; a 
chief prince ; now, strictly, a son of 
an Emperor of Austria. [bow. 

ARCH'ER, n. One who shoots with a 

ARCH'ER-Y, 71. Art of shooting with 
a bow and arrow. 

Sr'€HE-TYP'al, a. Of or pertaining 

mm to a model or pattern : original. 

Ar'CHE-TYPE, 71. [Gr. apxeTvnov, 
fr. apxv, begining, and tvttos, type j 
Original pattern : the model from 
which athing is made. 

Arch-fiend', 7i. The chief of fiends. 

Xrch'i-dj-ac'o-nal, a. Pertaining 
to an archdeacon. 

Arch'I-e-pis'co-pal, a. Belonging 
to an archbishop. 

Ar-chim / e-de'an, a Pertainiug to 
Archimedes. 

Archimedean screio, or Archimedes' 
screw, an instrument for raising water, 
formed by winding a flexible tube round 
a cylinder in the form of a screw. 

Ar'CHI-PEL'A-GO, n. [Gr. apxi; 
chief, and TreAa-yos, sea.] Any water 
interspersed with many isles, or a 
group of isles. 

ArCH'I-TECT, 71. [Gr. apxtTfifCTbiV, 
from apx>--, chief, and tcktuiv, work- 
man.] 1. One who plans and super- 
intends the construction of a build- 
ing. 2. A contriver. 

Ar'chi-TECT'Tye, a. Adapted to me 
in architecture 

AR'CHI-TECT'UR-AL. a. Of, or per- 
taining to, architecture. 

Ar'chi-tect'ure. 7i. 1. Art or 
science of building. 2. Frame or 
structure. 

AR'CHI-TRAVE. n. [Gr. and Lat. ar- 
rhi-, chief, and Lat. trabs, beam.] 
Lower division of an entablature, or 
that part which rests immediately on 
the column. 

AR'CHIVES, 7i. [Lat. archivum.] 1. 
Place in which public records are 
kept. 2. Public records and papers. 

Arch'ly, adv. With sly humor; 

shrewdly. [ness. 

^\rch'ness, n. Sly humor; shrewd- 

ARC'O-GRAPH, n. [Lat. amis, bosv, 
and Gr ypd&eiv, to write.] An in- 
strument for drawing arcs of circles 
without the use of a central- point. 

ARCTIC, a. [Gr. ap/cri/cos.] Northern; 
lying far north. 

Arc'U-ate, )a. [Lat. arcuatus.] 

Arc'u-a/ted, I Bent like a bow. 

Arc'u-a'tion, n. A bending ; con- 

^ vexity ; incurvation. [zeal. 

AR'DEN CY, ?i. Ardor; eagerness; 

Ar'dent, 7i. [Lat arr/ens, burning.] 
1. Hot or burning. 2. Having the 
quality of fire. 3. Passionate ; af- 
fectionate. 

Syn. — Fiery: fierce: vehement; eager; 
zealous; fervid; fervent. 
Ar'dor, n. [Lat.] 1. Heat. 2. 
Warmth, or heat of passion or affec- 
tion ; eagerness. 
ARD'U-OUS (29, 52), a. [Lat. arduus.] 



'*.E, I,5,U, Y,long; X,fi,lt, 6,U, i, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL*, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TfiEMj PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



ARE 



23 



ARRAIGNMENT 



1. High or lofty. 2. Attended with 
great labor ; difficult. 

ARE (iir). Present indicative plural of 
the substantive verb to be. 

A'RE-A, n. [Lat.] 1. Any plane sur- 
face. 2. The inclosed space on which 
a building stands ; a sunken space 
around the basement of a building. 

t> 3. Superficial contents of any figure. 

-IR'E-fA^'TIOX, /(. [Lat. arefarere.] 
Act of drying ; dryness. 

£.-RE'NA, n. [Lat., sand, a sandy 
place.] 1. [Rom. Anliq.) The area 
for gladiators, &c, in the central 
part of an amphitheater. 2. Any 

_ place of public content. 

AR'E-NA'CEOis. a. [Lat. armnceus.] 
Having the properties of sand ; fri- 
able. 

A-RE'0-L\, n. ; pi. A-RE'O-LJZ. 
[Lat.] The colored ring around tae 
nipple, and around certain vesicles. 

A-RE'O-EAR, a. Pertaining to, or like, 
an areola ; filled with interstices. 

AR'e-op'A-Gite, n. A member of 
the Areopagus. 

AR'E-OP'A-GiJS, n. [Gr. 'Apet67ra-yos, 
lit. , hill of Ares , or Mars. ] A sovereign 

# tribunal at Athens. 

AR'GAL. ?). Unrefined or crude tartar. 
AR'gand Lamp. A lamp in which a 

hollow wick is surrounded by a glass 
_ chimney ; — invented by A. Argand. 
AR'g-ent, a [Lat. argeiitum, silver.] 

Silvery ; bright like silver. — n. The 

white color on a coat of arms. 
Ar-Gent'AL, a. Pertaining to, like, 

or containing, silver. [silver. 

AR'gen-tif'er-ous, a. Containing 
AR'GEN-TiXE, a. Pertaining to, or 
_ like, silver ; silvery. 
A.R'GIE, n [Gr. dpyiAAo? or dpyiAos.] 

Clay or potter's earth ; sometimes 

pjre clay. 
Ir'gil-la'ceoijs, a. Partaking of 

the properties of clay. 
Ar-gil'eous, a. Clayey. 
AR'GOL, n. Crude tartar. 
AR'GO-XAUT, 11. [Gr. 'Apyovau-rrjs.] 

1. One of the persons who sailed to 

Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in 

quest of the golden fleece. 2. The 

# nautilus. [Argonauts. 
Ar'go-naut'IC, a. Pertaining to the 
AR'GO-SY, n. [From Argo. See AR- 
GONAUT.] A large ship, either for 
merchandise or war. 

AR'GUE, v. i. [-eu; -ING, 144.] [Lat. 
arguere.] 1. To use arguments; to 
reason. 2. To contend in argument ; 
to dispute. — v. t. 1. To debate or 
discuss. 2. To prove. 3. To per- 
^suade by reasons. < 

AR'fiU-ER, h. Adisputer; a reasoner. 

AR'GU-MENT (139), n. 1. A proof or 
means of proving. 2. Process of 
reasoning. 3. Subject-matter, or an 
abstract of the subject-matter, of a 
discourse, writing, &c. 

AR/gu-men-ta'tion, n. Process or 
act of reasoning. 

AR'GU-ment'A-tive, a. 1. Contain- 
ing argument. 2. Addicted to argu- 
ment, [tuue. 

A'Ri-A, n. [It.] An air or song; a 



! Y 



A/RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Arius, or to 
his doctrines. — n. A follower of 
Arius, who held Christ to be only a 

_ a superangelic being. 

A'ri-an-is_m, n. Doctrine of the Arians. 

AR'ID, a. [Lat. artdus.] Dry ; parched 
up with heat. 

A-rid'i-ty, I n. Absence of moisture ; 

AR'ib-ness, j dryness. 

A-right' (a-rlt'), adv. Rightly ; duly ; 
without mistake. 

A-RISE', v. i. [imp. AROSE ; p. pr. & 
vbT n. ARISING; p. p. ARISEN.] 
[A.-S. arisan.] 1. To come or get up j 
higher ; to mount ; to ascend ; to j 
rise". 2. To come into action, being, 
or notice. 3. To proceed ; to issue. 

AR'IS-TOG'RA-CY, n. [Gr. dpt(TTOKpa- j 
tux, fir. apicrros, best, and KparzLv, to 
rule.] 1. A government in which 
the supreme power is vested in a 
privileged order. 2. The chief per- 
sons in a state. 

A-RIS'TO-€RAT, or AR'IS-TO-€RAT, 
n. 1. One who favors an aristocracy, j 

2. A proud or haughty person. 
AR'Is-TO-eRAT'Le, I a. Pertain- j 
AR'IS-TO-CRAT'IG-AL, ) ing to, con- I 

sisting in, or partaking of, aris- 
tocracy. 

AR'IS-to-te'LI-an, a. Pertaining to 
Aristotle, a Greek philosopher. 

AR'ITH-MAN'C Y, or A-RITH'MAN-C Y, 
11. [Gr. dptfyxos, number, and fxav- 
reia, divination.] The foretelling of 
future events, by means of numbers. 

A-RITH'ME-Ti'€, 11. Science of num- 
bers ; art of computation by figures. 

Ir'ith-m£t'I€-al, a. According to 
arithmetic. 

A-rith/jvie-tt'cian (-tish-'an), 11. 
One skilled in arithmetic. 

ARK, ?i. [Lat. area, A.-S. ark.] 1. A 
small, close chest. 2. The vessel in 
which Noah was preserved during 
the deluge. 3. A iarge boat for 

#> transporting produce. 

ARM, n. [A.-S. arm, Lat. armus.] 1. 
The limb which extends from the 
shoulder to the hand. 2. Any thing 
resembling an arm. 3. Power ; 
might. 4. (Mil.) (a.) A branch of 
the military service, (b.)pl. An in- 
strunient of warfare. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To furnish or equip with 
weapons. 2. To furnish with what- 
ever will add strength, force, security, 
or efficiency. 3. To furnish with 
means of defense. — v. i. To be 
provided with arms or weapons ; to 
take arms. [armed ships. 

Ar-ma'da, n. [Sp.] A fleet of 

AR'MA-DIL/LO, 11.: pi. AR-MA- 
DiL/LOS_. [Sp., dim. of armado, 
armed.] An animal peculiar to South 
America, having the body encased in 
armor. 

AR'MA-MENT, n. [Lat. arm amenta. ,] 
1. A body of land or naval forces 
equipped for war. 2. All arrange- 
ments made for the defense of a forti- 
fication with musketry and artillery. 

3. Guns and other munitions of a 
ship. 

AR'MA-TURE (53), n. [Lat. armatura, 



from armare, to arm.] A piece of 
iron used to connect the two poles ol 
a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order 
to complete the circuit. 

ARM'FUL, 11.; pi. ARM/FULS.. As 

much as the arms can hold. 

AR'MIL-EA-RY, a. [L. Lat. armilla- 
rius.] Ofj or resembling, a bracelet, 
consisting of rings or circles. 

AR-MIN'I-AN, 11. A follower of Ar 
minius, who denied predestinatio" 
and the kindred doctrines. 

AR-Mi']N'i-AN-I«M, n. Tenets of the 
Arminians. 

AR'MIS-TlCE, n. [Lat. arma, arms, 
and stare, to stand still.] A tempo 
rary cessation of arms ; a truce. 

ARM'LET, 11. A kind of bracelet. 

ARM'OR, n. [Lat. armaticra.] 1. De- 
fensive arms for the body. 2. Steel 
or iron covering of ships. 

Ar.M'OR-BEAR'ER, ». One who car- 
ries the armor or arms of another. 

Ar'mor-er, n. One who makes or 
has care of arms or armor. 

AR-MO'RI-AL, a. Belonging to armor, 
_ or to the escutcheon of a family. 

AR'MO-RY,ft. 1. A place where arms, 
&c, are kept. 2. A place in which 

#> arms are manufactured. 

ARM'PIT, 11. The hollow under the 

__ shoulder. 

ARMS, n. yl. [Lat. arma.] 1. Instru- 
ments or weapons of offense or de- 
fense. 2. Deeds of war. 3. Ensigns 
armorial. 

AR'MY, 11. [From Lat. armatus.] 1. 

A body of men armed for war. 2. 

. A great number ; a host. [cine. 

AR'NI-€A, 11. A plant used in medi- 
al -Kd'MA, 11. [Gr.] The fragrant 
quality iu plants. 

AR'O-MAT'I-e, ) a. Of, or contain- 

AR'O-ivzat'ic-al,, j ing, aroma ; 

^fragrant; spicy. 

AR'o-MAT'ie, n. A fragrant plant, 
drug, or medicine, having usually a 
warm, pungent taste. 

A-RO'MA-TIZE, or AR'O-MA-TIZE, 
v. t. [-CD ; -ING.] To impregnate 
with aroma 

A-rose'. Past or preterit tense of arise. 

A-ROUND', prep. 1. On all sides of. 
2. Prom one part to another of. — 
adv. 1. On every side. 2. Here and 
there. [awaken suddenly . 

A-ROUSE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
Syx. — To excite; animate; rouse. 

AR'QUE-BUSE (-bus). 11. [D. haak-bus, 
a gun with a hook, or forked re.st.j 
A sort of hand-gun. 

AR^Ue-bus-ier', 11. A soldier armed 
with an arquebuse. 

Ar-Rack', 11. [Ar. araq, from oraqa, 
to sweat.] A spirit obtained from 
rice or the cocoa-nut-tree, &c. 

Ar-RAIGN' (-ran'), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.; 
[From Lat. ad and ratio, reason, in 
Low Lat. cause, judgment.] 1. To 
call or set to answer at the bar of a 
court- 2. To call in question. 

Syx. — To accuse; impeach; charge; 
censure. 

Ar-ratgn'ment (-rtLn'-), n. Act oJ 
arraigning. 



or 3 do, w<?lf, Tot);, took ; urn, rue, pijLL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G, soft ; €, G, hard; As; EJIST; n.o-sngj this 



ARRANGE 



24 



ASCENDENCY 



AR-RANGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
arrange" from ad, to, and rang, 
rank.] 1. To put or place in proper 
order. 2. To adjust or settle. 

Ar-rAnge'ment, n. 1. Actorresult 
of arranging ; classification ; state 
of being arranged. 2. Preparatory 
measure. 3. Settlement ; adjust- 
ment 

Xr'RANT, a. [From Eng. errant, 
wandering.] Very bad ; notorious. 

Xr'RAS, n. Tapestry; hangings; — 
first made at Arras in the French 
Netherlands. 

Ar-RAY', n. [0. Fr. arrai, from ad, 
to, and rai, order.] 1. Order ; dis- 
position in regular lines. 2. An or- 
derly collection. 3. Dress : raiment. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To place in 
order, as troops for battle. 2. To 

. deck or dress. 3. To set in order, 
as a jury. 
AR-REAR', n. sing. \ That which is 
Ar-rEars', n.pl. J behind in pay- 
Ar-rear'age, «. ) ment, or re- 
mains unpaid, though due. 
AR-REGT', 1 a. [Lat. arrectus.] 
AR-re€T'ed,| Lifted up; raised ; 

erect. 
AR-REST', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. ad, 
to, and restare, to remain.] 1. To 
check or hinder the motion or action 
of. 2. To seize by authority of law. 
3. To engage. 

Syn. — To check; stop; apprehend. 

— To arrest, like seize, denotes a forcible 
and usually a sudden act. by which we 
check, stop, or detain. "When we arrest 
a criminal, we seize and detain him; 
when we apprehend, we lay hold of, for 
the same purpose. 

— n. 1. The taking of a person by 
authority of law. 2. Any seizure, or 
taking by power. 

Xr'RES-ta'tion, n. Arrest or seizure. 

AR-RI'VAL, n. 1. Act of arriving. 2. 
Attainment of any object. 3. Person 
or thing arriving. 

AR-RlVE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
arrivare, from Lat. ad, to. and ripa, 
bank, shore.] 1 To come in progress 
by water, or by land. 2. To gain an 
object by effort, practice, study, &c. 

Xr'RO-GANCE, n. [Lat. arroganlia, 
fr. ad, to, and rogare, to ask.] Un- 
due assumption of importance. 

Syn. — Haughtiness; lordliness. — Ar- 
rogance disgusts by its assumption, 
havghtiness and lordliness by their con- 
temptuous claims to superiority. 

Xr'RO-GANT, a. 1. Assuming undue 
importance. 2. Containing, or char- 
acterized by, such assumption. 

Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; overbear-* 
ing; presumptuous; haughty. 

Xr'RO-gant-ly, adv. Haughtily ; 
very proudly. 

Xr'ro-gate, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
claim unduly ; to assume. 

Xr'RO-GA'TION, n. Act of arrogating. 

Xr'RO-ga'tive, a. Making undue 
pretension. 

Ar'ROW, n. [A.-S. arewe, areiva.] 
A weapon ^o be shot from a bow. 

Ar'row-root, n. A tropical plant, 
and the starch which it yields. 



AR'SE-NAL, n. [Ar. darcinah, lit. 
house of industry.] A public estab- 
lishment for the manufacture and 
storage of arms and military equip- 
ments. 

AR'SE-NI€ (123), n. [Gr. apcrevLKov, 
from apprjv, male, on account of its 
strength.] 1. A metal of a steel 
gray color, and brilliant luster. 2. A 
virulent poison. 

Ar-sen'I€, I a. Belonging to, 

Ar-sen'J€-AL, J composed of, or 
containing, arsenic. 

AR-SE'Ni-otJS, a. Composed of, or 

._ containing, arsenic. 

AR' SIS, n. [Gr.] (Pros.) Part of a 
foot distinguished from the rest by a 
_ greater stress of voice. 

AR'S ON, n. [From Lat. arde.re, arsum, 
to burn.] Malicious and voluntary 

#> burning of buildings and ships. 

ART. Second person, indie, mode, 
pres. tense, of the substantive verb 
to be. — n. [.Lat. or.?.] 1. Employ- 
ment of means to accomplish some 
desired end. 2. A system of rules. 

3. Acquired power of performing 
certain actions. 4. Cunning ; artifice. 

Ar-te'ri-ae, a. Pertaining to, or 
contained in, the arteries. 

AR-TE'RI-AL-'IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To communicate the qualities of ar- 

#> terial blood to. 

AR'TER-Y, n. [Gr. aprqpLa, fr. alpeiv, 
to raise, to lift.] One of the vessels 
which convey the blood from the 
heart. 

AR-TE'glAN, a. Pertaining to Artois 
(anciently Artesium), in France. 

Artesian wells, wells made by boring 
into the earth till the instrument reaches 
watc& which, from internal pressure, 
fiowsspontaneously like a fountain. 

ART'FUL, a. 1. Made, performed with, 
characterized by , or using, art. 2. 
Practicing art or stratagem. 

Syn.— Cunning; crafty; dexterous. 

aRT'ful-ly, adv. With art; cun- 
ningly, [ty. 

Art'ful-ness, n. Cunning; dexteri- 

Ar-thrit'ig, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Ar-thrit'I€-al, j or affecting, the 
joints. 

Ar-tiirT'tis, n. [Gr.] Inflamma- 
tion of the joints ; the gout. 

AR'TI-CHOKE, n. [Ar. ardl schauki, 
lit. , earth-thorn.] An esculent plant 
somewhat resembling a thistle. 

AR'ti-cle (ar'ti-kl), n. [Lat. arti- 
culus, dim. of artus, a joint.] 1. A 
distinct portion of any writing, con- 
sisting of two or more particulars ; 
hence, a clause in a contract, ac- 
count, &c. 2. A distinct part. 3. A 
particular commodity or substance. 

4. ( Gram.) One of the three words, 
a, an, the. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To set forth in distinct articles. 2. 
To bind by articles. 

AR-Tle'u-LAR, a. Of or belonging to 

joints. 
Ar-ti€'u-eate, a. 1. Formed with 

joints. 2. Distinctly uttered. — v. t. 

[■ED; -ING.] 1. To unite by means 

of a joint. 2. To form into ele- 



mentary sounds. — v. 7. To uttoi 
articulate sounds ; to enunciate. 

AR-Tl€'u-LATE-LY, adv. Distinctly ; 
clearly. 

AR-TKVU-LA'TrON, n. 1. Junction, 
as of bones. 2. A joint, as in cane. 
_ 3. Utterance of elementary sounds. 

AR'TI-FJCE , n. [Lat. urtiflciitm , from 
ars, art, and facere, to make.] Art- 
ful or skillful contrivance ; device. 

Syn. — Stratagem; finesse; deception; 
cheat; fraud. 

Ar-tif'i-cer, n. 1. A skillful work- 
man. 2. One who constructs and 
contrives. 

Ar'TI-fPcial (-fish'al), a. 1. Made 
or contrived by art. 2. Feigned' 
fictitious. 3. Cultivated. 

Xr'ti-fi'cial-ly, adv. By art. 

AR-TiL'LER-iST, n. One skilled in 
gunnery. 

Ar-til'ler-y, n. [L. Lat* artilleria, 
from Lat. ars, art.] 1. Offensive 
weapons of war. 2. Cannon ; great 
guns. 3. Those who manage cannon 

#> and mortars. 

ART'l-gAN, n. One skilled in any 
_ mechanical art. 

Art'IST, n. One who professes and 
practices one of the liberal arts. 

Ar-ti'st'IC, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

Ar-tist'I€-AL, ] marked by, art. 

ART'LESS, a. 1. Free from art or 
craft ; ingenuous. 2. Contrived 
without skill or art. [naturally. 

ART'LESS-LY, adv. "Without art ; 

ART'less-ness,w. Quality of being 
artless. 

A-RiJN'Dl-NA'CEOtJS,a. [Lat. arvndi- 
naceus, from ariindo, reed.] Of or 

„ like a reed or cane. 

Ar'un-d'in'e-oO's, a. Abounding in 
reeds. 

A-RUS'PICE, n. [Lat. arvspex.] A 
priest, in ancient Rome, whe fore- 
told the future by inspecting the en- 
trails of victims killed in sacrifice. 

Xg, adv. [A.-S. ase.] 1. Like; simi- 
lar to. 2. While; during. 3. In 
the idea, character, nature, or condi- 
tion of. 4. For instance ; thus. 

Xs'a-fet'1-da, ) n. [N. Lat. asa 

As'a-fcet'i-da, j and La* fatidus, 
fetid.] A fetid, inspissated sap from 
the East Indies. [asbestus. 

As-BES'TINE, a. Pertaining to 

As-BES'TUS, ) n. [Gr. aafieo-TOs, fr. a 

As-BES'TOS, J priv. and trfievvvvai, 
to extinguish.] A fibrous vaiiety of 
hornblende and pyroxene. 

As-CEND', v. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ascender?, from ad, to, and scandere, 
to climb.] To mount ; to go up ; to 
rise. — v. t. To go or move upward 
upon ; to climb. [ascended. 

As-CEND'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

As-cend'ant, a. 1. Above the hori- 
zon. 2. Superior; predominant. — 
n. 1. Superior influence. 2. (Ast.rol.) 
The horoscope, or that degree of the 
ecliptic which rises above the horizon 
at the time of one's birth. 

As-cend'en-oy, n. Superior or con- 
trolling influence. 

Syn. — Authority; sway; control. 



i, E, I, 0,U, Y,long; A, fi', 1, fr, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, "WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; FIQUE, FIRM ; SON 



ASCENSION 



25 



ASSERTOR 



As-^en'sion, n. Act of ascending. 

As-£ENT'. n. 1. Act of rising. 2. 
Way by which one ascends. 3. A hill, 
or high place. 4. Inclination. 

AS'CER-TAIN', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ac/ y to, and certum, sure.] 1. 
To make certain. 2. To find out for 
a certainty. 

As'cer-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being ascertained. 

AVcer-tAin'ment, n. A making or 
gaining certainty. 

As-cet'ic, n. One who practices un- 
due rigor or self-denial in religious 
things. — a. [Gr. da-KTjrucos, from 
ao-Keiv. to exercise.] Undulj rigid in 
religious things. 

As-CET'I-Cis.:vi, n. Practice of ascetics. 

As-£lT'J€, ) a. [Gr. io-KiTrj?, from 

As-CIT'I€-AL, ) ao-K-os, belly.] Tend- 
ing to dropsy of the abdomen. 

As-€R1B'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
ascribed. 

As-cribe', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
ascrioere, from ad, to, and scribe.re, to 
write.] To attribute to, as a cause 
or quality ; to impute ; to assign. 

As-€RIP'tion, n. 1. Act of ascrib- 
ing. 2. Thing ascribed. 

Ash, /i. [A.-S. 3BSc] A forest tree. 

A-shambd', rt. [See Shame.] Af- 
fected by shame ; abashed by a con- 
sciousness of guilt, &c. 

Ash'en, a. 1. Made or formed of ash- 
wood. 2. Of the color of ashes. 

ASH'ER-Y, n. A place for putting 
ashes. 

AsH'Eg. n. pi. [A.-S. asca.] 1. Earthy 
or mineral particles remaining after 
combustion. 2. Remains of a dead 
body. 

Ash'lar, ) n. 1. Free-stones as they 

AsH'LER, ] come from the quarry. 
2. Hewn stoues for facing of walls. 

A-shore', adv. On or to shore. 

Ash'-Wednes'day (-wenz'dy), n. 
The first day of Lent. 

Asil'Y, a. Ash-colored ; like ashes. 

A -side', adv. On, or to, one side ; out 
of the way ; apart. 

As'l-NlNE, a. [Lat. asininns,fr. asi- 
nus, ass.] Belonging to, or having 
the qualities of, an ass. 

ASK(6),v.t.ori. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
ascian, acsian.] To request ; to seek 
to obtain by words ; to petition. 

Syn.— To solicit; beg; entreat; claim; 
demand; require; interrogate. 

As-kance', I adv. [D. schuin, schu- 

As-kant', J ins.] Obliquely ; side- 
wise. 

A-skeW (a-sk&V), adv. Sideways; 
askant. 

A-slant', adv. In a slanting man- 
ner ; obliquely. 

Asleep', adv. 1. In a state of sleep. 
2. Dead. [scent. 

A-slope', adv. With a slope or de- 

ASP. n. [Gr. ao-irls-] A small, hooded, 
and poisonous serpent. 

As-PAR'A-GUS, «. [Gr. ao-7n£payo?.] A 
culinary plant cultivated in gardens. 

As'PECT, n. [Lat. aspectus, from ad, 
to, and spir.ere, to look.] 1. Look ; 
countenance ; mien. 2. Appearance 



to the eye or the mind. 3. Position 
or situation in relation to the points 
of the compass. 

As'PEN, n. [A.-S. xspe, sesp ] O f ne 
of several species of poplar. — a. 
Pertaining to the aspen. 

As-PER'I-TY, n. [Lat. asperitas, from 
asper, rough.] 1. Roughness of sur- 
face, taste, or sound. 2. Harshness 
of spirit and language. 

Syn.— Acrimony ; bitterness ; rough- 
ness ; sourness ; tartness ; crabbedness ; 
moroseness. 

As-p£rse' (14). v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. aspergere, asper sum, fr. ad, to, 
at, and spargere, to strew, scatter.] 
To bespatter with foul reports or false 
and injurious charges. 

Syn. — To calumniate; slander; de- 
fame. —To slander and calumniate are to 
charge with a crime falsely and knowing- 
ly ; to asperse is to cast blots upon the 
character of some one; to defame is to 
assail reputation by falsehood. 

As-p£r'sion, n. 1. A sprinkling, as 
of water or dust. 2. Calumny. 

As-PHALT', )n. [Gr. aa^aAro?.] 

As-phal'tum, J Compact native bit- 
umen. 

As-phalt'I€, a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, asphalt. 

As-PHYX'l-A, [n. [Gr. do-$v£ia, fr. d 

As-PHYX'Y, j priv. and afyvgis, 
throbbing pulse.] Apparent death, 
or suspended animation 

As-PIR'ANT, a. Aspiring. — n. One 
who aspires or seeks eagerly. 

AS'PI-RATEj'U. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
aspirare, from ad, to, and spirare, to 
breathe, blow.] To pronounce with 
a breathing or full emission of breath . 

As'pi-rate (45), n. 1. A letter marked 
with a note of breathing. 2. A mark 
of aspiration (') used in Greek. 3. A 
whispered or non-vocal consonant. 
— a. Pronounced with a rough 
breathing. 

As'PI-ra'tion, n. 1. Pronunciation 
of a letter with a full emission of 
breath. 2. Strong wish or desire. 

As-PIRE', v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
desire with eagerness ; to long. 2. 
To rise ; to ascend. 

As-pir'ER, n. One who aspires or 
seeks earnestly. 

A-SQUINT', adv. To the corner of the 

. eye ; obliquely. 

Ass, n. [A.-S. as- 
sa.] 1. A quad- 
ruped of the 
horse family, 
having a pecul- 
iarly harsh bray, 
and long, slouch- 
ing ears. 2. A 
dull, heavy, stu- 
pid fellow ; a dolt. 

AVsA-FffiT'i-DA, n. See Asafcet- 

IDA. 

As-SAIL', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, on, an&salire, to leap.] 1. To 
attack with violence, or in a hostile 
manner. 2. To attack morally. 
Syn. — To assault; beset; fall upon. 

As-sail'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
assailed. 




As-sail/ant, n. One who attacks or 
assaults. — a. Assaulting ; assailing 

As-sas'sin, n. [Ar. 'hashishin, lit., 
one who is drunk with hashish.) One 
who kills or attempts to kill by secret 
assault. 

AS-SAS'SIN-ATE, V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 

To murder by secret assault or by 
sudden violence. [sinatnig. 

As-sas'sin-a'tion, n. Act of assas- 
As-SAS'SIN-A'TOR, n. An assassin. 
As-sault', n. [Lat. ad, to, on, and 
salius, a leaping.] 1. A violent 
attack with blows, weapons, &c. 
2. A violent attack with words, ar- 
guments, appeals. &c. 3. (Law. ) 
An attempt to beat another, accom- 
panied by a degree of violence, but 
without touching his person. 

Syn. — Attack ; invasion ; incursion ; 
descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm. 

— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To attack 
with great physical violence. 2. To 
attack with moral means, or with a 
view of producing moral effects. 

Syn. — Assavlt is the strongest term, 
being literally to leap upon; to attack is 
to commence an onset; to invade is to 
enter upon forcibly or by arms; to assail 
is nearly the same as assaidt. 

As-SAY', n. [Lat. exagium, a weigh- 
ing, a balance.] 1. Determination of 
the quantity of gold or silver in an 
ore, or other compound alloy. 2. 
The substance to be assayed. 3. A 
trial of weights and measures. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To subject, as an ore 
or alloy, to chemical examination. — 
v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. 

As-say'er, n. One who tries or ex- 
amines metals. 

As-sem'bjlage, n. A collection of 
individuals, or of particular things. 

AS-SEM'BLE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 

ad, to, and simul, together.] To 
bring or call together ; to congregate. 

— v. i. To meet or come together. 
As-SEM'BLY, n. A company of per- 
sons collected together in one place. 

Syn. — Assemblage; company; meet- 
ing; collection; group. 
As-sent', n. Act of assenting. 

Syn. — Consent.— Assent is an act of 
the understanding, consent of the will or 
feelings. We assent to a statement or a 
proposition; we consent to a proposal. 

— v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. assen- 
tire, fr. ad, to, and sc-ntire, to feei, 

w think.] To admit a thing as true. 

As'SEN-TA'TION, ii. Assent by way 
of flattery or dissimulation. 

As-s£rt' (14), v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 
[Lat. assertre, assertvm, from ad, to, 
and serere, to join together.] 1. To 
affirm positively. 2. To defend by 
words or measures. 

Syn.— To maintain ; aver ; affirm.— 
We assert, against denial, as a right q? 
claim; we maintain against opposition, 
as_ the ground we have taken; we affirm 
with a great confidence or firmness ; wo 
aver in a peremptory manner. 

As-s£r'tion, n. 1. Act of asserting. 
2. Maintenance; vindication. 

As-s£rt'Ive, a. Affirming confi- 
dently. 

As-s£rt'or, n. An affirmer. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO.TOQK; fJRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, sq/i ; €,&, hard; A§-,EXIST; NasNG; Tfiis 



ASSESS 



26 



ASYMPTOTE 



As-sLss', V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Low 
Lat. assessare, fr. Lat. assidere, to sit 
by.] 1. To tax. 2. To value for the 
purpose of taxation. 3. To fix or 
ascertain ; to estimate. 

As-sess'a-ble, a. Liable to be as- 
sessed. 

As-sess'ment, n, 1. Act of assess- 
ing. 2. A valuation for the purpose 
of taxation. 3. Sum charged. 

As-sess'or, n. One appointed to as- 
sess persons or property. 

AVsETS, n. pi. [Lat. ad, to, and sat 
or satis, enough.] Property in pos- 
session or money due. 

AS-3EV'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. asseverate, fr. ad, to, and seve- 
rus, severe, serious.] To affirm with 
solemnity._ [mation. 

As-SEV'ER-A'TION, n. Positive affir- 

AS'SI-DU'l-TY, n. Constant or close 
application. 

As-SlD'u-oDs, a. [Lat. assiduus, fr. 
ad, to, and sedcre, to sit.] Constant 
in application or attention. 

Syn. — Unwearied ; sedulous ; perse- 
vering; indefatigable. 

As-sid'u-ous-ly, adv. Diligently. 

As-SIGN' (-sin/), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. assignare, from ad, to, and sig- 
nare, to mark.] 1. To appoint; to 
allot. 2. To fix, specify, or designate. 
3. To transfer to another. — n. One 
to whom property or an interest is 
transferred. 

As-sign'a-ble (-sln'a-bl), a. Capable 

w of being assigned. 

AS'SIG-NA'TION, n. An appointment 
to meet ; — used of love meetings. 

As'siGN-EE' (aVsi-ne'), n. One to 
whom something is assigned, [signs. 

As-SIGN'ER (-sin''-), ti. One who as- 

As-sign'ment (-sin 7 -), n. 1. Act of 
assigning. 2. Transfer of title or in- 
terest or property. 3. Writing by 
which an interest is transferred. 

As'sign-or' (-si-nor/), n. [Law.) 
One who assigns an interest. 

AS-SIM'I-L ATE , V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. assimilare, fr. ad, to, and sim- 
ilis, like.] 1. To cause to resemble. 
2. To convert into a like substance. 

— v. i. To become similar. 
As-SIM'I-LA'TION, ii. Act of assim- 
ilating, [of assimilating. 

As-siM'I-LA-TlVE, a. Having power 

As-sisT', v. t. [-EB; -ING.] [Lat. 
assistere, from ad, to, and sistere, to 
cause to stand.] To give support to ; 
to succor. [relief. 

As-s'i'st'anoe, n. Help ; aid ; succor ; 

As-s'lST'ANT, a. Helping; auxiliary. 

— n. One who assists. 
Ap-SIZE', ii. [From Lat. assidere, to 

cit by. See Assess.] 1. Lit., a sit- 
ting. 2. A regulation, particularly 
about the weight of bread, &c. 3. 
Periodical sessions of the superior 
courts in the counties of England ; 

— usually in the pi. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To fix the weight, measure, 
or price of, by authority. 

As-so'ciA-BLE (-sha.-), a. 1. Capable 
of being associated. 2. Sociable ; 
companionable. 



As-SO'CI-ATE (-so'shT-^S),^. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. associate, from ad, to, 
and socius, companion.] 1. To join 
in company. 2. To unite in the 
same mass. — a. Closely connected 
or joined with some other. — n. A 
companion ; a mate ; a partner. 

As-SO'CI-A'TION (-shl-a'shun), n. 1. 
Union; connection. 2. Union of 
persons in a society for some partic- 
ular purpose. 

As-so'CI-A'TION-AL (-sh]-), a. Per- 
taining to an association. 

As-so'ci-A-TiVE (-sht-), a. Tending 
or pertaining to association. 

AS'so-nance, n. A kind of imperfect 
rhyme. 

As-SORT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and sors, lot.] To distribute 
into classes. 

As-s6rt'ment, n. 1. Distribution 
intoelasses. 2. Things assorted. 

AS-sUAGE'f-swaj 7 ), v. t. [-EV> ; -ING.] 
[Lat. ad, to, and suavis, sweet.] To 
allay or lessen, as pain or grief; to 



Syn. — To relieve ; soothe ; mitigate ; 

alleviate; pacify. 
As-suage'ment, n. Abatement; 

mitigation. [ing ; easing. 

As-SUA's'lVE, a. Mitigating ; soften- 
As-SUME', v. t. [-ED : -ING.] [Lat. 

assumere, fr. ad, to, and sum ere, to 

take.] 1. To take on one's self. 

2. To take for granted. 3. To pre- 
tend to possess. — v. i. To be arro- 
gant ; to claim unduly. 

As-SUM'ER, ii. An arrogant person. 

■An-SUMP'slT,n. [Lat,.] (Law.) A 
promise or an action to recover dam- 
ages for a breach of a contract or 
promise. 

As-sGmp'tion (84), n. 1. Act of as- 
suming; supposition. 2. Thing sup- 
posed, [assumed. 

As-stJMP'TlVE, a. That is or may be 

As-syR'ANCE (-shur'-), n. 1. Act of 
assuring. 2. Freedom from doubt. 

3. Firmness of mind. 4. Impudence 
5. Insurance. 

As-sure' (a-shijr', 30), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [L. Lat. assecurare, fr. Lat 
ad, to, and securus, sure] 1. To 
make sure or certain. 2. To confirm. 
3. To covenant to indemnify for loss. 
Syn. — To assert; declare; avouch; 
protest; insure. 

As-sur'ed-ly, adv. Without doubt. 

AS'TER-tsK, 11. [Gr. dtrrepicncos, dim. 
of ao-TTJp, star.] The mark [*J in 
printing and writing. 

A-st£ rn', adv. ]. In, at, or toward, 
the hinder part of a 6hip. 2. Behind 

w a ship. 

AS'TER-OID, n. [Gr. ao-repoiSij?, star- 
like.] One of the small planets be- 
tween Mars and Jupiter. 

As/ter-oid'al, a. Pertaining to the 
asteroids. 

As-THEN'IG, a. [Gr. dcrflei/i/cos, from d 
priv. and crQevo<>, strength.] Char- 
acterized by debility. 

Asth'ma (jtst'ma, aVma, or aVma, 
100), n. [Gr., fr. deiv, to blow.] A 
disorder of respiration. 



ASTH-MAT'I€ )(ast-, as-, orn.tr) 

Asth-mAt'I€-al J a. Pertaining to 
or affected by, asthma. 

As-ton'ish, v. t. [Lat. attonare, fr. 
ad, to, and tonare, to thunder. See 
Astound.] To strike dumb with 
sudden fear, terror, surprise, or won- 
der ; to amaze. 

As-ton'ish-inr, a. Of a nature to 
excite astonishment. 

As-ton'ish-ment, n. Confusion of 
mind from fear or surprise, at an ex- 
traordinary or unexpected event. 
Syn. — Amazement; wonder; surprise. 

As-TOUND', V. t. [-ED : -ING.] [0. 
Eng. astone, to astonish.] To as- 
tonish. 

AS'TRA-GAL, n. [Gr. da-rpayaAos] 
A little round molding around a 
column. [starry. 

Xs'tral, a. Belonging to the stars ; 

A-STRA.Y', adv. Out of, or from the 
right way ; wrong. 

A-stride', adv. With the legs apart. 

AS-TRINGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
astringere, fr. ad, to, and stringere, 
to strain.] To bind fast ; to constrict. 

As-TRiN'GEN-CY, n. Quality of be- 
ing astringent. 

As-trin'gent, a. Binding ; contract- 
ing. — n. A medicine that causes 
vital contraction in the organic text- 
ures. 

As'tro-l ABE , n. 
[Gr dcrrpoAd/3os, 
from ao-Tpov, star, 
and \atxpdve<.v, Ad- 
fieiv, to take.] An 
instrument for tak- 
ing the altitude of 
the sun or stars at 
sea. 

As-troi/o-ger, n. 

[Gr da-TpoAoyos, fr. acrrpov, star, and 
Aoyos, discourse.] One who pretends 
to foretell events by the aspects of 
the stars. 

As'TRO-LOG'IG, ) a. Pertaining 

As y TRO-LOG'[€-AL, j to astrology. 

As-troi/o-gy, n. The science of 
predicting events by the aspects or 
situation of the stars. 

As-TRON'O-MER, n. [Gr. ao-Tpovdfxos, 
from ixo-rpov, star, and oco/uos, law, 

w rule.] One versed in astronomy. 

As'tro-nom'ic, ) a. Pertaining 

As'tro-nom'ic-al, J to astronomy. 

As-tr5n'0-MY, n. The science that 
teaches the knowledge of the hea- 
venly bodies. 

As-TfJTE' (29), a. [Lat. astutus.] 
Critically examining or discerning. 

Syn.— Shrewd ; discerning ; subtle ; 
cunning; sagacious. 

As-tutE'ness, n. Shrewdness ; cun- 
ning: subtlety. 

A-stJN'DER, adv. Apart; separately. 

A-SY'LUM. n. [Gr. ao-vKov, fr. dcrvAo?, 
inviolable.] 1 . A place of refuge. 2. 
An institution for the deaf and 
dumb, or the insane. 

A-SYM'ME-TRY, n. [Gr. dcrvjU.ju.6Tpia, 
from d priv. and o-v/up-erpia, symrne- 

w try.] Want of proportion. 

AS'YMP-TOTE (sometimes pron. a- 




Astrolabe. 



E, I, o,v,y, long; A,E,l, 6, 0, ¥, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ERE, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son, 



ASYNDETON 



ATTIRE 



syrn'tot), n. [Gr. <xcrv|U.7rTa>TOs.] A 
line which approaches some curve, 
but, though infinitely extended, 
would never meet it. 

A-SYJS' de-ton, n. [Gr.] A figure 
which omits the connective, as, I 
came, saw, conquered. 

%.T,prep. [A.-S. set, Lat. ad.] Prima- 
rily, this word expresses the relations 
of presence, nearness in -place or time, 
or direction toward. From this 
original import are derived all the 
various uses of at, which denotes, — 
1. The relation of an external or 
outward situation, or of attendant 
circumstances or appendages. 2. 
The relation of some state or con- 
dition. 3. The relation of some em- 
ployment or action. 4. A relation 
of degree. 5. The relations of occa- 
sion, reason, consequence, or effect. 

Xt'a-bal,, n. [Ar. l at--tabl.] A ket- 

_ tie-drum ; a tabor. 

ATE, pret. of Eat. See EaT. 

A'the-ism, n. A disbelief in the being 

_ of a God. 

A'THE-IST, n. [Gr. afleos, without 
God.] One who denies the existence 

_ of God. 

A/THE-isT'I€, ] a. Pertaining to 

A'THE-lST're-AL, } atheism; deny- 
ing a God ; impious. 

XtH'E-NE'UM, I 11. [Gr. 'KBr)valov, 

ATH/E-NJE'UM, } a temple of Ath- 
ena at Athens.] 1. A literary or 
scientific association. 2. A public 
library and reading-room. 

A-THE ' NI- A N , a. Pertaining to Athens , 
in Greece. 

A-thIrst' (18), a. 1. Thirsty. 2. 
Having a keen desire. 

ATH'LETE, n. [Gr. aflATjnjs , fr. a0Aos, 
aQKov, prize.] A contender for vic- 
tory in wrestling, &c. 

ATH-LET'I€, a. Belonging to wrest- 
ling, &c. ; hence, strong ; vigorous. 

A-THWART', prep. Across. — adv. 
1. Sid'ewise. 2. So as to cross and 
perplex. 

A-TILT', adv. 1. So as to make a 
thrust. 2. With one end raised. 

At'lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to or 
resembling Atlas. 

At-lan'tes, n. pi. Figures of men, 
used to support an entablature. 

AT'LAS, n. ; pi. AT'LAS-ES. 1. A col- 
lection of maps. 2. A volume of 
plates. 3. A kind of large drawing 
paper. 

X.T'iVlos-PHERE, «. [Gr. aTjuds, vapor, 
and cr^aipa, sphere.] 1. The aeriform 
fluid surrounding the earth. 2. 
Pressure of the air on a unit of 
surface. 

Ar'MOS-PHER'ie, } a. Relating to 

AT'MOS-PHER're-AL, ) the atmos- 
phere. 

AT'OM, n. [Gr. a-rofios, indivisible, 
fr. a priv. and ri^veiv, to cut.] 1. 
An ultimate or a constituent particle 
of matter. 2. Any thing extremely 
small. 

At'OM-ism. n. Doctrine of atoms. 



.Xt'OM-IST, n. One who holds to the 
atomical philosophy. 

A-tone'. t'. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
at one, i. e., to be, or cause to be, 
at one.] To stand as an equivalent ; 
toexpiate. 

A-TONE'MENT, n. 1. Reconciliation. 
2. Satisfaction by giviDg an equiva- 
lent for an injury ; expiation. 

A-TOP', adv. At or on the top ; above. 

AT/RA-BI-LA'Rl-otrs, a. [Lat. aira 
bilis, black bile.] Affected with mel- 
ancholy. 

AT/RA-MEN'TAL,, 1 a. [Lat. alra- 

It'ra-men'toOs, J mentum, ink.] 
Black, like ink ; inky. 

A-tro'cious, a. [Lat. atrox, cruel.] 
Extremely heinous ; very wicked. 

Syx. — Flagitious ; flagrant. — Flagi- 
tious points to an act as grossly wicked or 
vile; flagrant {literal!}/, flaming) marks 
the vivid impression made upon us by 
some great crime; atrocious represents it 
as springing from a violent and cruel 
spirit. 

A-tro'cious-ly, adv. Enormously. 

A-TROC'I-TY, n. Extreme heinous- 
ness ; enormity, as of guilt. 

AT'RO-PHY, n. [Gr. arpo^Ca, from a 
priv. and rpe^eii/, to nourish.] A 
wasting away from lack of nourish- 
ment. 

At-tach', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
attacker ; Eng. tack, to fasten.] 1. To 
bind, fasten, or tie. 2. To take by 
legal authority. 3. To take -or seize 
by force. 4. To connect. 

Syx.— To fasten; affix; win. 

A TTACHE (at'ta'shu'), n. [Fr.] One 
attached to the suite of an embassa- 
dor. 

At-tach'ment, ii. 1. Act of at- 
taching or state of being attached. 2. 
Any affection that binds a person. 3. 
That which attaches. 4. An adjunct. 
5. Seizure by legal process or a writ 
for this purpose. 

At-tack', v. t. [-ED: -ING.] [See 
ATTACH.] To fall upon with force. 
Syx.— To assail; assault. — To attack 
is to commence the contest; to assail {lit- 
erally, spring at) is to attack suddenly; 
to assault {literally, leap upon) is to at- 
tack violently: to invade is to enter by 
force on what belongs to another. 

— n. Assault ; onset; inroad; charge. 
AT-TAIN', v. i. [Lat. atlinere, to hold 
to, and attingere, to touch, reach.] 
To come or arrive, by motion or ef- 
forts; to reach. — v. t. [-ED; -ING] 
1. To reach by efforts ; to gain ; to 
compass. 2. to equal. 

S yx. — Obtain ; acquire. — To ohtain 
is generic, viz., to get possession of ; to 
attain, is to arrive at or reach something 
aimed at and Hdis obtained, as knowl- 
edge, or one's object; to acquire is to 
make one's own by progressive advances, 
as property or a language. 

At-tain'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
attained. 

At-TAIN'DER,w. [Fr. atteindre. See 
ATTATN.] Act of attainting. 

AT-TAIN'MENT, n. 1, Act of attain- 
ing, or obtaining. 2. That which is 
attained, or obtained. 

At-taint', v. t. [-ed; -ING. See 



ATTAINDER] 1. To stain : to dis 
grace. 2. (Law.) (a.) To taint or 
corrupt, as blood, (b.) To taint, as 
the credit of jurors, —n. A stain, 
spot, or taint. 

AT-TEM'PER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. attemper ar e ,fc. ad , and temper- 
are, to temper.] 1. To reduce or 
qualify, by mixture. 2. To soften. 
3. To make suitable ; to adapt. 

AT-TEMPT' (84), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. attentate, from ad, to, and ten- 
tare, to try.] 1. To make trial 
or experiment of. 2. To make an 
attack upon. — n. An essay, trial, 
or endeavor ; an effort to gain a 
point. 

Syx. — Trial is the generic term; at- 
tempt is specific, being directed to some 
definite object; an endeavor is a con- 
tinued or repeated attempt; an effort 
and exertion is a straining of the facul- 
ties, the latter being the stronger term. 

At-tend', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
attend ere, fr. ad, to. and tendere, to 
stretch.] To go or stay with ; to 
wait on ; to serve ; to accompany ; 
to be united to. — v. i. 1. To pay 
attention ; to heed. 2. To wait or 
be in waiting. 

Syx.— To listen; hearken. — We at- 
tend with a view to hear or learn; we 
listen with a view to hear correctly or to 
consider. Hearken is to hear with in- 
terest, and with reference to obeying. 

At-tend'ance (159), n. 1. Act of 
attending or being in waiting. 2. 
Persons attending ; a train ; a ret- 
inue. 

At-TEND'ANT, a. Accompanying or 
connected, as consequential.— n. 
One who, or that which, attends. 

At-ten'tion, n. 1. Act of attend- 
ing. 2. Act of civility- 

Syx. — Care; heed; consideration ; re- 
spect; regard; notice. 

AT-TENT'ive, a. Full of attention. 
Syx. — Heedful ; intent ; regardful ; 
mindful; civil; polite. 

AT-TENT'IVE-LY, adv. Cheerfully ; 
heedfully ; diligently. 

At-tent'ive-ness, n. State of being 
attentive ; carefulness. 

At-ten'u-ant. a. Making less viscid ; 
thinning. — n. A medicine that 
thins or dilutes the fluids. 

AT-TEN'U-ATE, f, f. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. attenuatus, fr. ad, to, and tenu- 
is, thin.] _ To make thin, or slender. 

AT-TEN'U-A'TION, n. A making thin, 
or slender. 

At-test', v. t. [-ed: -ING.] [Lat. 
attestari, from ad, to, and testis, wit- 
ness.] 1. To bear witness to. 2. 
To give proof of. 3. To call to wit- 
ness. 

At'test-a'tion, n. Official testi- 
mony. 
fAT'Tre, a. Pertaining to Attica, in 
Greece. — Attic wit, Attic salt, a 
poignant, delicate wit. — n. A story 

w in the upper part of a house. 

AT'TI-Ojpm, n. Peculiar style or 
idiom' of the Greek language. 

At-tire', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [O.Fr. 
attirer.] To dress ; to array. — n. 1. 



OR, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G, so/i; -e, g, hard; AS; E£IST; NasNG; this. 



ATTITUDE 



28 



AUTHENTICITY 



Clothes; ornamental dress. 2. Horns 
of a buck. 

£t'ti-tude (53), n. [For aptitude.] 
Posture or position of a person. 

Syn. — An attitude, like a gesture, is 
suited, and usually designed to express, 
some mental state, as an attitude of 
wonder, &c. ; a posture is either not ex- 
pressive, as a reclining posture, or is less 
dignified and artistic. 

AT-TOR'NEY (-tar'ny) (148), n. [0. 
Fr. attornc, fr. Lat. ad, to, and tor- 
nare, to turn.] One legally appointed 
by another to transact any business 
for him. 

AT-TOR'NEY-SHiP(at-tur-ny-), n. Of- 
fice of an attorney. 

AT-TRAGT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. attractare, from Lat. ad, to, and 
trakere, to draw.] To draw or cause 
to tend toward ; to draw to, or cause 
to adhere or combine. 

Syn. — To allure ; to invite ; to engage. 

At-tract'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing attracted. 

At-tragt'ile, a. Having power to 
attract. 

At-trag'tion, ii. 1. An invisible 
power in a body by which it draws 
any thing to itself. 2. Act of at- 
tracting. 3. Power or act of allur- 
ing, or engaging. 

A'i>TRA€T'iVE, a. Having the powe-r 
of attracting. 

Syn. — Alluring; enticing; inviting. 

At-tragt'ive-ly, adv. With the 
power of attracting. 

At-tract'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
being attractive. 

At-tragt'or, n. One who attracts. 

Xt'tra-hent, n. That which at- 
tracts, [being attributed. 

At-trib'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of 

AT-TRIB'UTE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. attribuere, attributum, from ad, 
to, and tribuere, to bestow.] To con- 
sider as belonging to ; to ascribe to. 
Syn. — To impute; refer; charge. 

At'tri-BUTE (119), n. A thing that 
may be attributed ; inherent quali- 
ty ; necessary property. 

AtVtri-bu'tion, n. 1. Act of at- 
tributing. 2- Quality attributed. 

.ItVtrib'u-tive, a. Relating to, or 
expressing, an attribute. — n. A 
word_ denoting an attribute. 

AT-TRITE', a. [Lat. altritus, from ad, 
to, and terere, to rub.] Worn by 
rubbing or friction. 

At-trPtion (-tnsh/un), n. 1. Act 
of wearing by friction. 2. State of 
. being worn. 

At-tune', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
ad, to, and tune.] 1. To put in tune. 
2. To arrange fitly. 

Au'burn, a. [Low Lat. alburnus.] 
Reddish brown. 

Aug'tion, n. [Lat. audio, fr. augere, 
to increase.] A public sale of property 
to the highest bidder ; a vendue. 

Au€'tion-a-ry, a. Belonging to an 
auction. 

Aug'tion-eer', n. One who sells by 
auction. — v. t. To sell by auction. 

Au-DA'ciotJS, a. [Lat. audax, fr. au- 



dere, to dare.] Contemning the re- 
straints of law ; bold in wickedness. 
Au-DA'ciotJs-LY, adv. Impudently. 
Au-DAC'I-TY, n. 1. Daring spirit or 
resolution. 2. Presumptuous im- 
pudence. 

Syn. — Hardihood ; boldness; impu- 
dence.— Hardihood and boldness may be 
used either in a good or bad sense, the 
former indicating a disregard of conse- 
quences, the latter more of spirit and en- 
terprise. 
Au'DI-BLE, a. [L. Lat. audibilis, fr. 
" audire, to hear.]' Capable of being 

heard. 
Au'di-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 
" ing audible. [heard. 

Au'di-bly, adv. In a manner to be 
Au'di-ence, n. 1. Act of hearing. 
" 2. Admittance to a hearing. 3. As- 
sembly of hearers. 
Au'DlT, 11. [Lat.. fr. audire, to hear.] 
" An examination of accounts by pro- 
per officers, —v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To examine and adjust, as accounts. 
Au'dit-or, n. 1. A hearer. 2. One 
" authorized to adjust accounts. 
Au'di-to'ri-Dm, n. The portion of 
" a public building in which the au 

dience is placed 
Au'bit-or-ship, n Office of auditor. 
AU'dit-O-RY, a. Pertaining to the 
"" sense of hearing. — n. An audience- 
AU-GE'AN, a. Belonging to Augeas 
" or his stable, which contained 3000 

oxen ; hence filthy ; dirty. 
Au'G£R,«. [A.-S. nafegar,]it.,&na,\e- 
" borer.] A carpenter's tool to bore 

holes with. 
Aught (awt), n. [A.-S. auht, Goth. 

vaihts, a thing.] Any thing. 
AUG-MENT', r. f. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
augmentare, fr. augere, to increase.] 
To enlarge or increase ; to make big- 
ger. — v.i. To grow larger. 
Aug'ment, n. 1. Enlargement; in- 
crease. 2. ( Grr. Gram. ) A sign of 
past time. 
Aug'men-ta/tion, n. Act of aug- 
" menting, or state of being augment- 
ed; enlargement. 
AUG-MENT'A-TIVE, a. Having the 

quality of augmenting. 
Au'GUR, n. [Lat.] One who pretend- 
" ed to foretell future events by the 
flight of birds, &c. ; a soothsayer. — 
v. [-EB ; -ING] To conjecture or 
foretell by signs or omens. 
Au'gu-ral, la, Pertaining to au- 
Au-GU'RI-AL, ) gurs or augury. 
Au'GU-RY,n. 1. A foretelling of events 
" by the actions of birds, &c. 2. An 

omen ; prediction. 
Au-gOst", a. [Lat. augustus, fr. au- 
gere, to increase.] Creating extra- 
ordinary respect and" veneration. 
Syn.— Grand; imposing; majestic. 
Au'gust, n. Eighth month of the 

year. 
Au-GiJs'TAN, a. Pertaining to Au- 
gustus or to his times. 
Au-gGst'ness, n. Dignity ; majesty ; 

grandeur. 
Au-EET'IG, a. [Gr. avArrrtKos, from 
aiiAds, flute.] Pertaining to pipes. 



Au'LIG, a. [Gr. avAixos.] Pertain 

" ing to a royal court. 

Aunt (ant), n. [Lat. amila.] A fa- 
ther's or mother's sister. 

Au'RA, n. ; pi. au'rje. [Lat.] Any 
subtile, invisible fluid, supposed to 
flow from a body. 

Au'ra-ted, a. [Lat. auratus.] Ro- 
sembling gold. 

Au-re'o-la, ) n. [Lat. aureolus, dim. 

Au'RE-OLE, ) of aureus, golden. | 

" The circle of rays, with which pair.fc- 
ers surround the body of Christ, 
saints, &c. 

Au'Rl-GLE, n. [Lat. auricula, dim. 

" of auris, ear ] 1. The external ear. 
2. One of two sacs at the base of the 
heart. 

Au-Ri€'u-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or 
told in, the ear. [ear. 

Au-RiG'u-LATE, a. Shaped like an 

AU-RlF'ER-ous, a. [Lat. aurifer, fr. 
auruin. gold, and ferre, to bear.] 
Yielding gold. 

Au'ri-form, a. [Li^t. auris, ear, and 

"forma, form.] Ear-shaped. 

Au'RlST, r> One skilled in disorders 

" of the ear. 

Au-RO'ra, n. [Lat.] 1. The dawning 
light. 2. A species of crowfoot. 

Auroira borea/lis, a luminous meteoric 
phenomenon, seen only at night; called 
also northern lights. 

Au-r6'ral, a. Belonging to, or re- 
sembling, the aurora. 

Aus'gul-ta'tion, n. [Lat. auscul. 
tat'to, fr. auris, ear.] Act of listening, 
especially to sounds in the chest, by 
means of a stethoscope. 

Au'SPlCE, n. ; pi. AU'SPl-CEg. [Lat. 

" auspicium.] Omens; augury; fa- 
vor shown ; patronage. 

Au-spPcioCs (-spish'us). a. Having 

" omens of success or favorable ap- 
pearances. 

Syn. — Prosperous; fortunate; lucky; 
favorable; propitious. 

Au-SPPcious-LY (-spjsh'us-). adv. 

" With favorable tokens ; prosperous- 
ly ; happily. 

Au-STERE', a. [Gr. cwcmjpo?.] 1. 
Sour with astringency. 2. Severe in 
modes of judging, living, or acting. 
Syn. — Rigid; harsh; rough; stern. 

Au-STERE'LY, adv. Severely : rigidly. 

Au-STER'I-TY, n. Severity of man- 
ners or living ; strictness. 

Au'STRAL, a. [Lat. auster, south 
" wind.] Of or tending to the south ; 
southern. 

AU-THEN'TIG, )a. [Gr. av6ei>->- 

Au-then'tig-al, J /cos.] Of ap- 
proved authority ; to be relied on. 

Syn. — True; certain; faithful: credi- 
ble; reliable; genuine. Authentic and 
genuine were once used as convertible 
terms, but a distinction is now mada 
between them, the former being opposed 
to fahe, and the latter to s/niriovs, as, an 
authentic history, a genuine manuscript. 

AU-THEN'TI-GATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To establish by proof, [thenticating. 

Au-then'ti-ca'tion, n. Act of au- 

Au'then-tTc'i-ty, n. Quality of 

" being authentic ; reliability ; gen- 
uineness- 



A.-. E • I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, 1, 6, U, Y, short; CARS, FAR, AsK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



AUTHOR 



29 



AWARD 



AU'THOR, n. [Lat. auctor, fr. augere, 

" to increase, produce.] 1. Beginner or 
former of any thi og ; creator ; orig- 
inator. 2. One who writes a book. 
Au'thor-ess, n. A female author 

" or writer. 

Au-THOR'I-TA-TIVE, a. 1. Having 

authority. 2. Positive. 
Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly, adv. With 

authority ; positively. 
Au-THOR'i-ty, n. 1. Legal or right- 
ful power-; rule ; influence ; credit. 
2. pi. Sayings which carry weight ; 
persons in power. 

Syn. — Force; rule; sway; command; 
dominion; control; influence; warrant. 

Au'thor-i-za'tion, n. Establish- 

' ment by authority. 

AU'THOR-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 

" To clothe with authority. 2. To le- 
galize. 3. To establish by authority. 
4. To give authority to. " [author. 

Au'thor-ship, n. State of being an 

Au'TO-Bl-o&'RA-PHER, n. One who 

" writes a life of himself. 

Au'To-Bi'o-GRXPH're-AL, a. Per- 

" taming to autobiography. 

AU'TO-BI-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Or. avTO?, 

" self, and Eng. biography.} A memoir 
or biography of a person written by 
himself. 

Au-TO€'RA-CY, n. An absolute gov- 
ernment by one person ; uncon- 
trolled authority. 

AU'TO-CRAT, n. [Or. atnwpa-nfc, fr. 

" avros, self, and /cparos, strength.] 
An absolute prince or sovereign. 

Au'TO-^RXT'ie, a. Absolute. 

AXT'TO-DA-FE* (-fa'), n. [Pg.] _ 1. 

" Punishment of a heretic by burning. 
2. The sentence then read. 

AU'TO-GRXPH, n. [Gr. avTOypa^os, 
fr. avrds, self, and ypd^eLv, to write.] 
A person's own hand-writing; an 
original manuscript. 

Au'to-grXph'I€, ) a. Pertaining 

Au'to-grXph'I€-al, J to, or con- 

" sisting in one's own handwriting. 

AU-TOG'RA-PHY, n. A person's own 
writing. 

Au'TO-MAT'ie, | a. Pertaining to, 

AU'TO-MAT'ie-AL, ) or performed 

" by, an automaton ; self acting. 

AU-T5M'A-TON, n. ; pi. AU-TOM'A- 
TONg ; Lat. pi. AU-T&M'A-TA. 
[Gr. avrofiarov, from avros, self, and 
Haeiv, to move.] A machine moved 
by interior machinery which imitates 
the actions of men or animals. 

AU-TON'O-MY, n. [Gr. avrovop-ia, fr. 
auTos, self, and rojuos, law.] Power 
or right of self-government. 

Au'TOP-SY, n. [Gr. avrov^ia, fr. civtos, 
"and ovfas, sight.] A post-mortem 
examination. 

Au'TO-TVTPE,n. [Gr. avro?, self, and 
tJtto?, an impression.] (Photog.) A 
photographic transcript of a picture, 
by a certain process. 

Au'TUMN (aw'tum), n. [Lat. auc- 
tumnus, from augere, to increase, to 
furnish abundantly.] The third 
season of the year ; fall. 

Au-tOm'NAL, a. Of or belonging to 
autumn. 



AUX-Il'IA-ry, a. [Lat. auxiliaris,fr. 
augere, to increase.] Helping; assist- 
ing. — n. 1. A helper ; an assistant ; 
csp. in the pi., foreign troops in the 
service of a nation at war. 2. A verb 
helping to form the moods and tenses 
ofother verbs. 

A- VAIL', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. ad, 
to, and valere, to be strong, to be 
worth.] To profit ; to assist : to 
promote. — v. i. To be of use or ad- 
vantage. — n. Advantage; use; — 
pl._, profits or proceeds. 

A-vaii/a-b'il'i-ty, )n. State of be- 

A-vail'a-ble-ness, ) ing available. 

A-vail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
used to advantage ; profitable ; able 
toeffect the object ; valid. 

A-vail'a-bly, adv. With success or 
effect. 

AVA-LXN9HE', n. [Fr.,from Lat. ad, 
to, and vallis, valley.] A vast body 
of snow, ice, or earth sliding down a 
mountain. 

Av'A-Ri'^E , n. [Lat. avaritia, fr. avere, 
to covet.] Excessive love of gain. 

Av'A-Ri'ciotJs (-rish'us), a. Greedy 
after wealth or gain. 

Syn. — Covetous; parsimonious; pe- 
nurious ; miserly ; niggardly. — The 
covetous eagerly desire wealth, even at 
the expense of others; the avaricious 
hoard it ; the penurious, parsimonious, 
and miserly save it by disgraceful self- 
denial; and the niggardly, by meanness 
in their dealings. 

AV'A-Ri'cioDs-LY (-rish/us), adv. 
Covetously ; greedily. 

AvA-ri'cious-ness (-rish'us-), n. 
Undue love of money, [hold ; stop. 

A-V AST', inter j. [D. hand 'fast.] Cease; 

Av'A-TAR', n. [Skr. aiatara, descent.] 
An incarnation of a Hindoo deity. 

A-VAUNT', inter). Begone. 

A'VE-MA'RY, n. A prayer to the 
Virgin Mary, beginning Ave Maria 

^ [Hail, Mary.] 

Av'E-NA'CEOtis, a. [Lat. avena, oats.] 
Relating to oats. 

A-VENGE', v. t. [0. Fr. avengier, from 
Lat. vindi care.] [-ED;-ING.j To 
vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on 
the wrongdoer. 

Syn. — Revenge. — It may be right to 
avenge injuries, but never to indulge 
revenge, which is a spirit of malicious 
resentment. 

A-VENG'ER, n. One who takes ven- 

w geance. 

AVE-NfJE,n. [Fr., from Lat adve.nire, 
to come to.] 1. An entrance to any 
place. 2. A shady alley or walk. 3. 
A wide street. 

A-V£R' (14), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Low 
Lat. ave.rare, from ad, to, and verus, 
true.] To declare positively. 
Syn. — To affirm ; protest; avouch. 

AVer- AGE (45), a. 1. Medial ; con- 
taining a mean proportion. 2. Ac- 
cording to the laws of average. — n. 
[0. Fr. See AVER.] A mean pro- 
portion ; medial sum, quantity, or 
estimate. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
reduce to a mean ; to proportion. — 
v. i. To be or form a medial sum or 
quantity 



A-VEr'MENT, n. Positive assertion 
A-vErse' (14), a. [See Avert.] I 
Turned away. 2. Having a repug 
nance or opposition of mind. 

Syn. — Disinclined ; backward; re- 
luctant. — Averse is stronger than disin- 
clined and backward, but not so strong 
as reluctant. 
A-vErse'ly, adv. 1. Backwardly. 2. 

Unwillingly. 
A-ver'sion, n. Opposition of mind ; 
dislike. 

Syn.'— Disgust ; reluctance ; repug- 
nance; antipathy. — Disgust is a repug- 
nance of feeling or taste; antipathy is 
properly a constitutional disgust, thougn 
sometimes an acquired one. 
A-v£rt', v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.j 
[Lat. avertere, from a, ab, from, and 
vertere, to turn.] To turn or cause 
_ to turn off, aside, or away. 
A'VI-A-RY, n. [Lat. aviarium] An 

inclosure for keeping birds. 
A-vid'i-ty, n. [Lat. aviditas.] An 

intense desire ; strong appetite. 
Av'o-CA'tion, n. [Lat. avocatio, fr. 
a, ab, from, and vocare, to call.] 
Aside ; business that calls off. 

B3- Sometimes improperly used for 
vocation. 
A- VOID', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Prefix 
a and void.] 1. To keep at a distance 
from. 2. To make void. 

Syn. — To shun . — Avoid is negative; 
it is simply to keep away from. Shun is 
positive; it is to turn from. Prudence 
may induce us to avoid, fear or dislike 
lead us to shvn. We avoid bad habits; 
we ought to shun vices. 
A-void'a-ble (157), a. Cap_hle ot 

being avoided. 
A-void'an^e , n. Act of avoiding. 
AV'OIR-DU-POIS' (av'er-du-poiz'), n. 
or a. [Fr. avoir du poids, to have (p 
fixed) weight.] A weight of 16 ounces 
to the pound. 
A-vouch', v. t. [-ed;-ing] [Lat. 
advocate, from ad, to, and vocare, tc 
call. ] To declare positively. 
A- VOW, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
avouer, fr. Lat. ad, to, and vovere, to 
vow.] To declare openly ; to own. 
A-VOW'AL, n. An open or frank 

declaration. 
A-vow'ei>-ly, adv. In an avowed 

manner ; openly. 
A-VOW'ER, n. One who avows. 
A-vul'sion, n. [Lat. avulsio, from a 
for ab, from, and vellere, to pluck.] 
A tearing asunder ; forcible separa- 
tion. 
A-wait', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 

wait for. 2. To be in store for. 
A- WAKE', V. t. [imp. AWOKE, A- 
WAKED ; p. p. AWAKED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. AWAKING.] 1. To rouse from 
sleep. 2. To put into action or new 
life. — v. i. To cease to sleep; to 
come out of a state resembling sleep. 
— a. Not sleeping ; in a state of 
wakefulness. 

A-WAK'JBN, V. t. & ?'. [-ED; ING.] 
To rouse from sleep or torpor 

A-WARD', 1). «. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
awarder. See Guard.] To assign 
by sentence , to adjudge. — v. i. To 
make an award. — r. 1. A sentence, 



or,do ] WOLF,TOO,'-^k; URN, RUE, PULE; E, r,0, silent; 9,G,so/i; e,&,hard; AS; EXIST; l\[«sNG; THIS 



AWARDER 



30 



BADGER 



or final decision ; the decision of ar- 
bitrators. 

Awaru'er, n. One who awards. 

A-ware', a. Apprised ; cognizant. 

A- way', adv. At a distance. — interj. 
Begone 

Awe, n. [A. -S. oga, fr. Goth, agan, 

" ogan, to fear.] Fear mingled with 
admiration or reverence. 

Syn. — Dread ; veneration.— .Rever- 
ence is a strong sentiment of respect and 
esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with 
fear. Dread is strong personal fear; as, 
dread of punishment. Veneration is 
reverence in its strongest manifestation ; 
it is the highest emotion we can exer- 
cise toward human beings. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To strike 
with fear and reverence. 

AWful,, a. Striking with awe ; ter- 
rible, fner. 

Aw'ful-ly, adv. In an awful man - 

A w'ful-ness, n. Quality of striking 
with awe. 

A -WHILE', adv. For a short time. 

AWK'WARD, a. [0. Eug. atok, left, 

" and the termination ward.] Want- 
ing dexterity, readiness, or grace. 

Syn. — Clumsy; uncouth. — One who 
is clumsy is heavy, and, of course, un- 
graceful in every thing; one who is awk- 
ward wants grace of movement ; one 
who is uncouth is so for want of training. 

AWK'ward-ly, adv. In an awk- 
ward manner. 



Awk'wakd-ness, n. Quality of be- 
" ing awkward. 

Awl, n. [A.-S. sel, al.] A pointed 
" instrument for making small holes. 
Awn, n. [Goth, ahana.] Beard of 
" barley, oats, grasses, &c. 
AWN'ING, n. [Cf. A.-S. helan, to 
" cover.] A covering from the sun, 

wind, or rain. 
Awn'less, a. Without awn or beard. 
A-woke', imp. & p. p. of Awake. 
A- WRY' (a-rl'), a. or adv. 1. To one 

side ; asquint. 2. Aside from truth 

or reason. 
Ax, In. [A.-S. eax. ,rx : Gr. a^iVrj.] 
AXE, I An instrument for hewing 

timber, chopping wood, &c. 
Ax-lF'ER-oOs. a. [Lat. axis and fer- 

re, to bear.] Having an axis, without 

leaves or other appendages. 
Ax'il-lar, ) a. Pertaining to the 
Ax'lL-LA-RY, f armpit. 
Ix'l-OM. n. [Gr. a£i'<ofAa.] A self- 
evident truth or proposition. 

Syn. — Maxim; aphorism; adage. — 
Axioms are the foundations of seience; 
maxims are guiding principles in our 
practical concerns. An aphorism is a 
detached sentence expressing a weighty 
sentiment; an adage is a saying of long- 
established authority. 
Xx'l-O-MAT'IC, a. Pertaining to, or 
having the nature of, an axiom. 



, or may li 

n 



Ax'IS, n.; pi. AX'E§. [Lat.] Th 
straight line, real or imaginary, on 
which a body revolves, or may br 
supposed to revolve. 

Ax'LE (aks'l), n. [A.-S 
xx, eax.] A trans- 
verse bar or shaft on 
which wheels turn. 

Xx'LE-TREE (Sks'l-), n. 
An axle. C) Axle _ 

Ay 1("*i), adv. Yes; — used to af- 

AYE ) firm or assent. — n. 1. An 
affirmative vote. 2. A voter in the 

_ affirmative. 

AYE (a), adv. [A.-S. a, aa.] Always; 
ever ; continually. 

AZ'I-MUTH, n. [Ar. as-samt, pi. as- 
sumut.] An arc of the horizon 
between the meridian of the place 
and a vertical circle passing through 
the centre of any object. — Magnet- 
ical azimuth, an azimuth from the 
magnetic meridian. 

A-ZOTE', n. [Gr. a priv. and <Jwij, 
life.] Nitrogen gas. 

A-zoT're, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, azote. 

Az'ure (azh'ur or a'zhur), a. [Per. 
Ihjau-ard or lajuward ,■ a blue color.] 
Of a sky-blue; cerulean. — n. 1. 
Blue color of the sky. 2. The blue 
vault above. 



B. 



r> ^be). is the second letter, and the 
y first consonant, in the English al- 
phabet. (See Prin. of Pron., §62.) 

Baa, v. i. To cry or bleat as sheep. 

BXB'BLE, V. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
babbelen.] 1. To utter words imper- 
fectly or unintelligibly. 2. To prate. 

Bab'ble, I n. Idle talk ; un- 

BXb'ble-ment, j meaning words. 

Bab'bler, n. An idle talker ; a tell- 
tale: [baby. 

Babe^m. [W. baban.] An infant ; a 

Bab-oon', n. [Prob. 
akin to babe.] A kind 
of monkey. 

Ba'by,w. [See BABE.] 
1. An infant. 2. A 
doll. — v. t. [ED; 
-ING, 142 ] To treat 
jike a young child 

Ba'by-hood, n. State 
of being a baby. 

Ba'by-ish, a. Like a 
baby ; childish. 

BXCCA-LAU'RE-ATE, n 
ELOR.] "Degree of bachelor of arts. 

BXc'ca-ted, a. [Lat. baccatus.] 
Having many berries. 

BXc'cha-nal, ) n. A noisy 

BXc'cha-na'li-an, ) drunkard. — 
a. Reveling in intemperance. 

BXg'gha-na'LI-a, n. pi. [Lat.] 
Feasts in honor of Bacchus ; drunk- 
en revels. 




K:!l;oot> 



[See Bach- 



Bac-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. baccifer.] 
Producing berries. 

Bac-civ'o-roOs, a. [Lat. bacca, a 
berry, and vorare, to devour.] Sub- 
sisting on berries. 

Bach'e-lor, n. [L. Lat. baccalarius , 
from W. bach.] 1. A man who has 
not been married. 2. One who has 
taken the first degree in the liberal 
arts. 3. A young knight. [elor. 

BXcH'E-LOR-SHi'P, n. State of a bach- 

BXck, n. [A.-S. bsec, bac] 1. Upper 
or hinder part of an animal. 2. The 
rear. 3. Outward or upper part of 
a thing. 4. The part out of sight. 
— adv. 1. To or toward a former 
place, state, or time. 2. Away from 
the front, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To get on the back of. 2. To sup- 
port or strengthen. 3. To force 
backward. — v. i. To move or go 
back. — a. In the rear ; remote. 

BXck'bite, v. t. To speak evil of, in 
the absence of the person traduced. 

BXck'bit-ER, n. A secret calum- 
niator^ - [Moral principle. 

Back'BONE, n. 1. The spine. 2. 

BXck-gXm/MON, n. [W. bach, little, 
and cammawn, combat.] A game 
played by two persons, with box and 
dice. 

BXck'ground, n. 1. Ground in the 
rear. 2. A place of obscurity. 

BXCK'slDE,rc. Hinder part ; rear. 



BXCK-SL1DE', v. i. [imp. back- 
slid ; p. p. BACKSLIDDEN, BACK- 
SLID.] To fall back or off; to apos- 
tatize. _ [slides ; a renegade. 
BXck-slid'ER, n. One who back- 
BXck'staff, n. An instrument for 
taking the altitude of heavenly bod- 
ies, [with one sharp edge. 
BXck'sword (-sord), n. A sword 
BXck'ward, ) adv. 1. With the 
BXcK'WARDg, ) back in advance. 2. 
Toward the back. 3. Toward or in 
past time. 4. From a better to a 
worse state. — a. 1. Unwilling; 
averse. 2. Dull. 3. Late or behind- 
hand, [luctance. 
BXck'ward-ness, n. Aversion ; re- 
BXcic- woods/man, n. An inhabitant 

of the forest in new settlements. 
Bacon (ba'kn), n. [0. H. Ger. bacho, 
back.] Hog's flesh salted or pickled 
and dried, usually in smoke. 
BXd, a. [comp. WORSE; superl. 
WORST.] [Cf. Per. bad, Goth. 
bauchs.] Wanting good qualities? 
evil ; ill ; vicious. 

BXde } (57)> Past tense of BUL 
BXdge,ji. [A.-S. beag.] A mark of 

distinction . 
BXd'GER, n. [L. Lat. bladarivs, from 
blada, corn.]. A burrowing quadru- 
ped related to the bear. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To pester or worry. 



A, E, I, o, 0, Y,long; X,fl,I,6,u, Y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TfRM; pique, fIrm ; son 



BADINAGE 



31 



BANDIT 



Badinage (bad'e-nazh'), n. [Fr.] 
Light or playful discourse. [well. 

B a d'ly, adv. In a bad manner ; not 

Bad'ness, a. State of being bad; 
want of good qualities. 

Baf'fle, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Prov. 
Ger. baffen, baffen.} To check by 
shifts and turns, or by perplexing. 

STN. — To balk; frustrate; disappoint; 
confound; defeat; elude; foil. 

Bag, n. [Goth, balgs.} A sack or 
pouch.— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
put into a bag. 2. To seize or intrap. 
— v. i. To swell like a full bag. 

Bagatelle (bag'a-tel'), n. [Fr.] 

1. A trifle ; a thing of no importance. 

2. A game played with balls and a 
rod on a board with holes at one end. 

B.\G'GAGE,n. [See Bag.] 1. Tents, 
clothing, utensils, &c, of an army. 
2. Trunks, carpet-bags, &c. ; lug- 
gage. 3. A playful, saucy young 
woman. [bags. 

BXg'GING, n. Cloth or materials for 

BXGN'IO (ban'yo), n. [It.] 1. A bath- 
house. 2. A brothel. 

Bag'pjpe,?i. A musical instrument, 
used in Scotland. [bagpipe. 

BXg'pip-er, n. One who plays on a 

BAIL, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. ba- 
julare, to bear a burden.] 1. To set 
free on giving security for appearance 
at a certain day and place. 2 To 
deliver, as (roods, upon a contract, ex- 
pressed or implied. 3. To free from 
water. — n. 1. One who becomes 
su ety for a prisoner's appear mce in 
court. 2. The security given. 3. 
H-indle of a kettle. &c. 

Bail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
bailed. 2 Admittiug of bail. 

Batl'-bond, n. A boud or obligation 
given by a prisoner and his surety. 

BAIL-EE', n. One to whom goods are 
committed in trust. 

Bail'er I (126), n. One who delivers 

Bail/or ) goods to another iu trust. 

BAIL'IFF, n. [See BAIL, v. I.] A 
sheriffs deputy. 

Bail'i-wIck, n. [0. Fr. baillie, juris- 
diction of a bailiff, and A.-S. wic, 
station, abode.] Precincts in which a 
bailiff has jurisdiction. [trust. 

Bail'ment, it. A delivery of goods in 

BAIT, n. 1. Any substance to catch 
fish, &c. 2. Temptation. 3. Re- 
freshment on a journey. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. batan, fr. bitan, 
to bite.] 1. To put on or in, to al- 
lure fish, &c. 2. To give food and 
drink to, upon the road. 3. To pro- 
voke and harass. — v. i. To stop to 
jtake refreshment. 

Baize, n. A coarse woolen s'uff. 

Bake, w. t. [-ed ; -ing.j [A.-S. 
bacan.] 1. To heat, dry. and harden, 
to prepare for food, in an oven. — 
~- i. To be baked. 

BAke'house, n. A house for-baking. 

BAK'ER, it. One whose occupation is 
to bake bread, biscuit, &c. 

Bak'er-y, n. 1. Trade of a baker. 2. 
A place for baking. 

Bak'ing, n. Quantity baked at once. 

Bal'ance, n. [Lat. bilanx, from Ms, 



twice,and lanx, plate, scale.] 1 An 
apparatus for weighing bodies. 2. 
That which is necessary to make two 
quantities or sums equal. 3. Esti- 
mate. 4. An equipoise or just pro- 
portion. 5. A regulating wheel in a 
watch. 6. A sign in the zodiac. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. To bring to 
an equipoise. 2. To render equal. 
3. To estimate. 4. To settle and 
adjust, as an account. — v. i. 1. To 
be in equipoise. 2. To hesitate. 3. 
(Da?icing.) To move toward a person 
opposite, and then back. 

BAL'ANgE-SHEET, n. A paper giv- 
ing a summation and balance of ac- 
counts. 

BXl'go-ny, n. [0. H. Ger. bakho, 
palcho, Eng. balk, beam.] A kind 
of gallery on the outside of a building. 

Bald, a. 1. Destitute of the natural 
covering, as of hair, feathers, foliage, 
&c. 2. Unadorned. 

BXl'da-ghin (-kin), n. A canopy. 

Bal'der-dash, n. [Cf. W. baldor- 
duss, prattle.] 1. A worthless mixt- 
ure. 2. Senseless jargon ; ribaldry. 

Bald'ness, 7i. State of being bald. 

Eald'pate, n. A pate without hair ; 
a bald person. 

Bal'drig, n. [0. H. Ger. balderich.] 
A girdle, or belt, hanging from one 
shoulder across the breast, and under 
the opposite arm. 

Bale, n. [0. H. Ger. balla.] A bundle 
of goods corded for transportation. 

— [A.-S. beal, balo.] Misery ; calam- 
ity ; misfortune * sorrow. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To make up in a bale. 

BALE '-FIRE, n. A signal-fire; an 

alarm-fire. 
Bale'ful, a. 1. Full of bale or 

misery. 2. Full of grief or sorrow. 
Ba-LIZE' (-leez'), n. [Fr.] A pole 

raised on a bank. 
Balk (bawk), n. [A.-S. bale] 1. An 

un plowed ridge. 2. A great beam. 

3. A hindrance or disappointment. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To leave 
untouched in plowing. 2. To disap- 
point ; to frustrate. — v. i. To stop 
abruptly in one's course. 

Balk'y (bawk'Jr), a. Apt to turn 
aside or stop abruptly. 

Ball, n. 1. [0. H. Ger. balla.} Any 
round body. 2. A well-known ga,me. 
3. [From Gr. /SaAAeiv, to toss, throw, 
or 7raAAeiv, to leap, bound.] A so- 
cial assembly for dancing. — v. i. To 
form, as snow, into balls on the feet 

BAL'LAD, n. [It. ballata.] A popu- 
lar song, narrative or sentimental, in 
simple, homely verses. 

BAl'last, n. Some heavy substance, 
in the hold of a vessel, to steady it. — 
v.t. [-ED;-ING.] To load or fur- 
nish with ballast. 

BAl'let (or bal'la), n. [Fr.] A the- 
atrical exhibition of dancing, &c. 

BAL-LIS'TA, n. ; pi. BAL-LIS'TJE. 
[Lat.] A machine used by the 
ancients for throwing stones. 

Bal-lis'tig, a. Pertaining to the 
ballista. [projectiles. 

Bal-lIs'TIGS, n. sing. Science of 



Bal-loon', n. 
[Augm. of Fr. 
balle, ball, bale.] 
A bag filled with 
gas or heated air, 
so as to rise and 
float in the at- 
mosphere. 

BXl'lot, n. [Fr. 
ballote. See 

Ball.] 1. A 
written or print- 




Balloon. 



ed vote. 2. Act of voting by balls cor 
tickets. — v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
vote or decide by ballot. 

BXl'lot-box, n. A box for receiving 
ballots. 

Balm (bam), n. [Gr. /SaAaa^oi/.] 2. 
An aromatic plant. 2. Sap or juice 
of certain trees. 3. Any fragrant 
ointment. 4. Any thing which heals. 
— v. t. 1. To anoint with balm. 2. 
To assuage. 

Bal-MOR'al, n. [From Balmoral, in 
Scotland.] A kind of figured petti- 
coat. 

Balm'Y (bam'y), a. 1. Having the 
qualities of balm ; odoriferous ; aro- 
matic ; soothing. -2. Producing balm. 

BAL'SAM, n. [Gr. /3aAo-<x/aov.] 1. An 
aromatic resinous substance. 2. A 
species of tree ; also, an annual 
garden plant. 

BXl-sXm'ig, ) a. Having the qual- 

BXl-sXm'I€-al, ) i ties of balsam; 
containing, or resembling, balsam. 

BXL-sXM'IG, n. That which has the 
properties of a balsam. 

BXl'US-TER, n. [Gr. /SoAauorioi', 
flower of wild pomegranate, on ac- 
count of the similarity of form.] A 
small column used as a support to a 
rail. 

BXl'us-trade, n. A row of balus- 
ters, joined by a rail. 

BAM-BOO', n. [Malay.] A plant grow- 
ing in_tropical countries. [upon. 

Bam-boo'zle, v. t. To play tricks 

Ban, n. [L. Lat. banntcs, bannum, 0. 
H. Ger. ban.} 1. Edict. 2. pi. Pub- 
lic notice of a marriage proposed. 
3. Prohibition. 4. A curse. 

Ba-na'na, n. [Sp. banana.] A species 
of the plantain-tree, and its fruit. 

BXND, n. [A.-S. banda, fr. bindan, to 
bind.] 1. That with which a thing 
is bound or fastened. 2. Means of 
union or connection. 3. A linen 
neckcloth worn by clergymen. 4. A 
company of persons. — v. t. or ?'. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To unite in a com- 
pany or confederacy. 

BXnd'age, n. [See Band.] 1. A 
fillet, roller, or swathe, used in bind- 
ing up wounds, &c. — v. <-. To bind 
with a bandage. 

Ban-dXn'a, In. [Sp. bandana.] A 

Ban-dXn'nA, ) species of silk or 
cotton handkerchief. 

BXnd'box, n. A slight paper box for 
]ight articles. 

BXn'dIt, n. ; pi. bXn'dits or BAN- 
dit'TI. [It. bandito, proclaimed, 
banished.] A lawless or desperate 
fellow ; a brigand. 



dr,do,woif,TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; JB, /, O, silent ; $,&,soft; €,G,hard; AS; EXIST; NasNG; this. 



BANDLET 



32 



BARILLA 



BXnd-let, i n. [See Band.] Any 
BAnd'e-let, I little baud or Hat 
molding. 

BXn'dog, n. [band and dog.] A 
large, fierce kind of dog, kept chained. 

BAn'do-leer', n. [Fr. bandouliere, 
fr. bande, band.] A large leathern 
belt, thrown oyer the right shoulder. 

BAn'dy, n. [See Band.] A club for 
striking a ball.— v. t. [-ed; -ING, 
142.] 1. To beat to and fro. 2. To 
exchange. 3. To agitate. 

BAn'dy-legg^d (-legd), a. Having 
crooked legs. 

Bane, n. [A.-S. bana.] 1. A deadly 
poison. 2. Ruin ; destruction. 

Bane'ful, a. Having poisonous 
qualities. 

BANG, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Icel. 
banga.] To beat, as with a cudgel ; 
to handle roughly. — n. A blow, as 
with a club ; a heavy blow. 

BXn'ian (or ban-yan'), n. 1. [Skr. 
pan, to sell, banik, merchant.] A 
Hindoo merchant. 2. A morning 
gown. 3. [Cf. puny a, holy , the banian 
tree being held sacred.] The Indian 
fig-tree. 

BAn'ish, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Low 
Lat. bannire. See Ban.] 1. To 
compel to leave one's country. 2. To 
drive away. 

Syn. — To exile, expel. — A man is 
banished when forced to depart; exiled 
when sent from his own into a foreign 
country; expelled when forcibly ejected, 
usually with disgrace. 

BAn'ish-MENT, n. Act of banishing, 
or state of being banished. 

BAN'IS-TER,n. [A corrupt, of balus- 
ter.] A baluster. 

BAn'jo, n. [A corruption of bandore.] 
A stringed musical instrument. 

BAnk (82), n. [A.-S. banc. See 
Bench.] 1. A ridge of earth. 2. 
Any steep acclivity. 3. A flat ; a 
shoal. 4. A bench of rowers. 5. 
Place where a collection of money is 
deposited. 6- A company of persons 
concerned in a bank. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To raise a mound or dike 
about. — v.i. To deposit money in 
a bank. 

BANK'A-BLE,a. Receivable at a bank, 
as bills ; or discountable, aa notes. 

BAnk'-bIll, n. 1. In America, a 
promissory note of a bank payable to 
the bearer on demand ; a bank-note. 
2. In Eng.,a note, or a bill of ex- 
change, of a bank, payable to order. 

BAnk'er, n. One who receives and 
remits money, negotiates bills of ex- 
change, &c. 

Bank'ING, n. Business of a banker. 

BAnk'-NOTE, n. A promissory note 
issued by a bank, payable to bearer 
on demand. 

BXnk'RUPT, «.. [Fr. banque, bank, 
and Lat. ruptus, broken.] A person 
unable top/ his debts, —a. Unable 
to pay debts ; insolvent. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make insolvent. 

BXnk'RUPT-CY, n. State of being 
bankrupt ; failure in trade. 

BXnk'-stock, n. Shares in the 
capital stock of a bank. 



BXn'NER, n. [Fr. bannicre, fr. band?, 
band.] A military eu.-ign ; a hag. 

BAn'ner-et, n. [From L. Lat. ban- 
neretus. See BANNER.] A military 
rank conferred only on such as were 
able to bring a certain number of 
vassals into the field. 

BAn'nock, n. [Gael, bonnach.] A 
cake made of oatmeal, &c. 

BAn'quet (b&nk'wet), n. [Fr.] A 
feast; a rich entertainment. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To treat with a feast. 
— v. i. To regale one's self; to feast. 

Banquette (ban-kef), n. [Fr., fr. 
bane, bench, seat] A little raised 
way, along the inside of a parapet. 

BAn'SIIEE, I n. [Ir. bean, woman, and 

BEN'SHIE, ) sith, fairy.] An Irish 
fairy. 

BAn'TAM, n. A very small variety of 
fowl, brought, probably, from Ban- 
tam, in Java. 

BAn'Ter, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Per- 
haps from Fr. badiner, to joke .] To 
play upon in words and in good hu- 
mor. 

Syn. — To rally. — We banter in good 
humor, turning the laugh upon a person 
for something he has done or neglected 
todo. We nitty when we attack a person 
with ridicule, raillery, or sarcasm. This 
is always more pungent, and often ill- 
natured. 
— n. Humorous raillery ; pleasantry. 

BAnt'ling, n. [Corrupted from Ger. 
bankling, bastard.] A young or small 
child ; an infant. [of fig-tree. 

BAn'yan, or Ban-yAn', n. A kind 

Ba'o-bab, n. [Ethiopic] The largest 
known tree in the world, a native of 
tropical Africa. 

BAp'TIgM, n. [Gr. /3a7rrio-,ua, from 
j8a7TT€(v, to dip in water.] Applica- 
tion of water to a person, as a re- 
ligious ceremony. [tism. 

Bap-tI§'MAL, a. Pertaining to bap- 

BAp'TIST, n. 1. One who administers 
baptism; esp. John, the forerunner 
of Christ. 2. One who rejects infant 
baptism, and holds to adult baptism 
by immersion. 

Bap'tis-ter-y, n. A place where 
baptism is administered. 

Bap-t&t'I€-al, a. Pertaining to 
baptism ; baptismal. 

Bap-tize', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
auminister the sacrament of baptism 
to ; to christen. 

Bap-tiz'er, n. One who baptizes. 

Bar, n. [From W. bar, branch of a 
tree, bar, bolt.] 1. A long piece of 
wood, metal, or other solid matter. 
2. An obstacle ; a barrier. 3. Bank of 
sand, at the mouth of a river or har- 
bor. 4. (a.) The legal profession, (b.) 
A sufficient answer to the plaintiff's 
action. 5. Inclosed place of a tavern, 
where liquors are sold. 6. (Mus.) 
A line drawn across the staff. — v. t. 
[-RED ; -RING, 136.] 1. To fasten 
with a bar. 2. To hinder ; to ob- 
struct. 3. To except. 

Barb, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] 1. 
Beard. 2. The point that stands 
backward in an arrow, fish-hook, 
&c. 3. A horse of the Barbary 



stock.— v. t. 1. To furnish with 
barbs, as an arrow, &c. 2. To 
clothe, as a horse, with armor. 
Bar'ba-can, ) n. [Fr., pf Arabic 
BAr'bi-€AN, ) origin.] An ad- 
vanced work defending the entrance 
to a castle or city. 
Bar-ba'ri-an (89), n. [Gr. /3dp/3apos.] 
A cruel, savage, brutal man. — a. 
Rude ; uncivilized ; cruel ; inhuman. 
Bar-bar'ic, a. 1. Foreign. 2. Bar- 
barous. 
Ear'ba-r'i§iyi, n. 1. An uncivilized 
state. 2. Any form of speech con- 
trary to the pure idioms of a partic- 
ular language. 
Bar-bAr'1-ty, n. Savageness ; cru- 
elty ; inhumanity. 
Bar'BA-rize, v. ?'. To use a barba- 
rous mode of speech. — v. t. To 
make barbarous. 
Bar'ba-rous, a. 1. Uncivilized or 
savage. 2. Cruel ; ferocious. 3. 
Contrary to the pure idioms of a 
language. [rous manner. 

Bar'ba-rous-ly, adv. In a barba- 
Bar'BATE, a. [Lat. barbatvs, from 
. barba, beard.] Bearing tufts of hair ; 
bearded. [points. 

Bar'ba-ted, a. Having barbed 
Bar'be-€UE, n. [Fr. barbe-d-quene , i. 
e., from snout to tail.] 1. A large 
animal roasted whole. 2. A large 
social entertainment, in the open air, 
at which animals are roasted whole. 
Bar'ber, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] 

One who shaves beards, &c. 
Bar'ber-ry, n. [At. barbaris.] A 

shrubby plant, common in hedges. 
Bard, n. [W. bardd.] A minstrel 
among the ancient Celts ; hence, in 
modern usage, a poet. 
Eard'ig, a. Pertaining to bards. 
Bare, a. [A.-S. bar, bser.] 1. With- 
out covering ; naked. 2. Without 
adjuncts of any kind. — v. t. [-ed; 
-1NG.]_ To strip off the covering of. 
Bare'FAC£D (-f;.st-), a. 1. With the 
face uncovered. 2. Shameless ; im- 
pudent, [feet bare. 
BAre'foot, a. & adv. With the 
Bare'foot-ed, a. Having the feet 
bare. [uncovered. 
Eare'head-ed, a. Having the head 
Bare'-legGjBD, a. Having the legs 
bare. [kedly. 
BAre'LY, adv. Only; merely; na- 
Bare'ness, n. State of being bare. 
Bar'GAIN (42), n. [Low Lat. bar- 
gania,.] 1. An agreement concern- 
ing the sale of property. 2. An agree- 
ment of any kind. 3. A gainful 
transaction. 

Syn.— Contract ; stipulation; pur- 
chase; engagement. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To transfer 
for a consideration. — v. i. To make 
a contract ; to agree. [bargain. 

Bar'GAIN-er, n. One who makes a 
Barge, n. [Low Lat. bargia.] See 
Bark.] 1. An elegant pleasure- 
boat. 2. A large boat for passengers 
or goods. 
Ba-ril'la, n. Impure soda obtained 
from the ashes of any sea-shore plant. 



A.E, I, o, u, \,long; Aft 1 6, u,y, short; cAre, far. ask, all, what; ere, veil, TERM; PIQUE, fIrm; son 



BARITONE 



33 



BASS-VIOL 




B.Xr'i-tone, a. & n. See Bary- 
tone. 

Bark, n. [Icel. bbrkr.] Exterior cov- 
ering of a tree ; the rind. [Of Icel. 
barki, throat.] The noise made by 
a dog. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To strip 
the bark from. — v.i. 1. To make 
the noise of dogs. 2. To clamor. 

Bark, ) 

Barque, ) n - 
[Icel. barkr, 
skiff, barki, 
prow,Gr. /3a- 
pts, a small 
row-boat.] 1. 
A three- 
masted ves- Bark, 
sel 2. Any small vessel. 

BAR'LEY, n. [Goth, ban's, W. barlys.] 
A grain, used for making malt, &c. 

BARM, n. [A.-S. beorma.] The foam 
rising upon fermenting beer or other 
m lit liquors, used as leaven. 

Baryi'y, a. Containing barm or yeast. 

BARN, n. [A.-S. berern, bern, fr. here, 
barley, and ern, xrn, a secret or 
close place.] A building for storing 
grain, hay, &c. ; also for stabling. 

Bar'na-€LE (bir'na-kl), n. [Low Lat. 
bernacula.] 1. A shell-fish. 2. A 
species of wild goose. 3. pi. An in- 
strument for holding horses by the 
nose 4. pi. A pair of spectacles. 

BA-ROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. fiapos. weight, 
and fj-erpov, measure.] An instru- 
ment for determining the weight or 
pressure of the atmosphere. 

BXR'O-MET'Rie, la. Pertaining 

Bar'o-met'rki-al, J to the barom- 
eter. 

BXr'ON, n. [Prob. from Goth, vair, 
Lat. vir, man.] In England, one 
who holds rank between a viscount 
and baronet. 

B.Xr'on-age, n. 1. Whole body of 
barons. 2. Dignity of a baron. 

BXr'ON-ESS, n. A baron's wife. 

Bar'ON-et, n. [Dim. of baron.] A 
degree of honor next beiow a baron. 

BXr'on-et-age, n. Collective body 
of baronets. [b?ronet 

BXr'on-et-cy, n. The rank of a 

Ba-r6'NI-al, a. Pertaining to a baron. 

B \r'o-ny, n. Lordship, aonor, or fee 
of a btron. 

Ba-rou^he' (-nTosh'). n. [Lat. biro- 
tus, two-wheeled.] A four-wheeled 
carriage, with falling top. 

Barque (bark), n. See Bark. 

BXr'RACK, n. [Sp. barraca, from bar- 
ra, bar.] A hut or house for soldiers. 

B.Xr'RA-TOR, n. [Prob. from Gr. Trpar- 
tciv, to do, to use practices.] 1. An 
encourager of litigation. 2. A ship- 
master who manages fraudulently. 

Bar'ra-TRY, re. 1 Practice of encour- 
aging lawsuits. 2. Fraud on the part 
of a ship-master, or of th<? mariners. 
Y BAR'REL, n. [Gael, baraill, fr. barra, 
bar.] 1. A round, bulgy vessel. 2. 
Quantity which such a vessel con- 
tains, varying from 31£ to 36 gallons. 
3. Any tube. —v. t. [-ED, -ING; or 
-led, -ling, 137.] To put or pack 
in a barrel. 



Bar-shot. 



BAR'REN, a. [Norm. Fr. barein.] 1. 
Incapable of producing offspring. 2. 
Producing nothing. 

Syn. — Unfruitful ; sterile; scanty; 
dull; uninventive. 

— n. pi. Elevated plains on which 
grow small trees. 

BXr'ren-ly, adv. Unfruitfully. 
Bar'RI-CADE', n. [Orig. a barring up 
with casks, from Fr. barrique, cask.] 

1. (Mil.) A defensive fortification, 
made in haste. 2. Any bar, or ob- 
struction. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
fortify with any slight work. 

Bar'RI-ER,m. [Fr. barriere, fr. barre, 
bar.] 1. A kind of fence made to 
stop an enemy. 2. Any obstruction. 
3. Any limit or boundary. 

Bar'ris-ter, n. A counselor admit- 
ted to plead at the bar. 

BAR'ROW, n. 1. [A.-S. berewe, fr. 
beran, to bear.] A light, small hand- 
carriage. 2. [A.-S. bearg, Skr. barahu, 
hog.] A male hog castrated. 3. [A.- 
S. beorg, beorh.] A mound of earth 
raised over the dead. 

BAR'-SHOT,n. Shot, con- 
sisting of a bar with a 
round head at each end. 

Bar'ter, v. i. [0. Fr. 

barater, to exchange.] To traffic by 
exchanging one commodity for an- 
other. — v.t. [-ed : -ING.] To ex- 
change, or give in exchange. — n. 1. 
Practice of exchanging commodities. 

2. Thing given in exchange. 
Ba-RY'TA, n. [Gr. Sapvs, heavy.] 

The_ heaviest of the earths. 

Ba-ry'tes., n. Sulphate of baryta. 

Ba-ryt'I€, a. Pertaining to baryta. 

BAR'Y-TONE , a. [Gr. Sapurovo?, from 
Bapvs, heavy, and tovos, tone.] 
Grave, and deep, as a kind of male 
voice. — n. A male voice, the com- 
pass of which partakes of the com- 
mon bass and the tenor. 

BA'sal,, a. Pertaining to the base. 

Ba-salt', n. [Lat. basaltes.] A green- 
ish-black rock of igneous origin. 

Ba-SALT'I€, a. Pertaining to basalt. 

Bas-BLEU (ba'blu/ or ba-bloo/), n. 
[Fr.] A literary lady; a blue-stocking. 

Base, a. [L. Lat. bassus, thick, short, 
humble. Cf. W. bas, shallow.] 1 
Of humble birth. 2. Low in value 
or estimation. 3. Morally low. 4. 
Deep or grave in sound. 

S yn. — Vile ; mean .— Base is a stronger 
term than vile, and vile than mean. The 
two first denote what is wicked as well as 
low, the latter what is disgraceful or dis- 
honorable. 

— n. [Gr. /3<£o-is, step, base.] 1. The 
bottom ; part of a thing on which it 
stands. 2. Principal element of a 
chemical compound. 3. The gravest 
male voice. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
put on a base or basis ; to found 

Base'-ball, n. A game of ball, so 
called from the bases or bounds des- 
ignating the circuit each player must 
make after striking the ball. 

Base '-born, a. Born of low parent- 
age, [or support. 

Base'less, a. Having no foundation 

Base'ly, adv. In a base manner. 



Base'ment, n. [See Base.] Lower 
story of a building. 

BAse'NESS, n. Quality of being base. 

Ba-SIIAW', n. A Turkish title of honor. 
j Bash'ful, a. [See Abash.] Ilaving 
a down-cast look ; very modest. 

BASH'FUL-LY, adv. ±n a bashful 
manner. [bashful. 

BAsh'ful-ness, n . Quality of being 

Ba'si-fy, v. t. [Lat. basis, base, and 
facere, to make.] To convert into a 
salifiable base. 

Bas/il, u. 1. [From base.] Angle to 
which the cutting edge of a tool is 
ground. 2. [From Gr. flcuri At/cos, 
royal.] A fragrant aromatic plant. 
3. [Corrupt, fr. L. Lat. basanium.] 
Skin of a sheep tanned. — v. t. [-ed , 
-ING.] To grind or form the edge of 
to an angle. 

BA-sjfl/re, I n. [Gr. jWiAikij (sc. 

Ba-sil'I-€A, i oiKLa, or o-Toa.),from 
/SaaiAevs, king.] 1. A large hall oi 
court of justice. 2. A church, chapel, 
or cathedral. 

BA-§li/re, ) a In the manner of 

Ba-s.il'I€-al, ) a public edifice or 
cathedral. 

BXs'I-LISK, n. [Gr. j8a<rtAiVKos,dim. 
of SacnAews, a king ; so named from 
some prominences on the head re- 
sembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous 
serpent, said to be produced from a 
cock's egg brooded by a serpent ; a 
cockatrice. 2. A large piece of ord- 
nance 

Ba's/n (ba'sn), n. [L. Lat. bacchinus, 
from bacca, a water vessel.] 1. A 
hollow vessel, for water for washing, 
&c. 2. Any hollow place containing 
water. 3. The entire tract of coun- 
try drained by a river. 

Ba'sis, n. ; pi. BA'SEg. [See Base.] 
1. That on which a thing rests. 2. 
Groundwork or first principle. 

Bask (6), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. D 
bakeren, Eng. bake.] To lie exposed 
to genial heat. 

Bas'ket. n. [W. basgawd, basged.] 
A vessel made of twigs, rushes, &c, 

• interwoven. 

Basque (bask), n. [Prob. so called 
because it came from the Basques.] 
Part of a lady 9 dress, resembling a 
jacket with a short skirt. 

Bass, n. sing. & pi. 1. [A.-S. bears, Gr. 
TrepKrj.] A fish of several species. 2. 
[A corrupt, of bast.] The teil-tree, or 
jts bark, used for mats, &c. 

Bass, n. The lowest part in a musical 
composition. [Written also base.] 

Bas'set, or Bas-set', n. [See Base, 
«.] An old game at cards. 

BAs'so, n. [It. See Base, a.] The 
bass or lowest part. One who sings 
this part. 

Bas-soon', n. [It. bassone, augm. of 
basso, low.] (Mus.) A wind instru- 
ment with holes, which are stopped 
by the fingers. 

Bass'-re-LIEF' (bas're-leef), n. [Fr., 
from bas, low, and relief, raised 
work.] Sculpture, whose figures pro- 
ject but little. 

Bass'- vi'ol, n. A stringed instru- 



6r, do, WOLF, T0~0, TO"OK; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, S, hard; Ag ; ejist ; N as NG ; THIS. 



BAST 



34 



BEAMY 




merit for playing the bass or gravest 
part; the violoncello. 

BAST, n. [0. H. Ger. bast, past.] In- 
ner bark of the lime-tree ; mattiug, 
cordage, &c, made of the bark. 

BAs'tard, n. [0. Fr. bast, a p ick-sad- 
dle used as beds by the muleteers, 
and the term, ard, art.] An illegit- 
imate or spurious child. — a. 1. Ille- 
gitimate. 2. Spurious ; adulterate. 

BAS'TARD-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To make or prove to be a bastard. 

BAs'tar-dy, n. State of being a bas- 
tard ; illegitimacy. 

Baste, v. t. [Cf. Icel. beysta, to strike, 
powder.] [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
beat ; to cudgel. 2. To put flour, 
salt, and butter on, as on meat in 
roasting. [0. H. Ger. bestan, to sew.] 
To sew slightly, or with long stitches. 

Bas-tile' (bas-teel' or bas'teel), n. 
[0. Fr. bastille, from bastir, to build.] 
Any tower or fortification. 

Bas'ti-nade', ) n. [0. Fr. baston, a 

BAs'ti-na'do, J stick or staff. Cf. 
Baste.] A sound beating, especi- 
ally on the soles of his feet. — v. t. 
To beat, especially on the soles of the 
feet. 

BAs'tion (bast'yun, 
n. [0. Fr. bastir, 
to build.] A part 
of the main inclo- 
sure which projects 
toward the exterior. A, Bastion. 

BAT, n. [A.-S. bat, allied to beatan, to 
beat.] 1. A heavy club, used in play- 
ing ball. 2. A sheet of cotton. 3. A 
piece of a brick. [0. Eng. back, backe, 
Scot, back, back- 
ie, bird.] An an- 
imal that looks 
as if it were a 
winged mouse. — 
v. i. To manage 
a bat, or play 
with one. 

BATCH, n. [From bake.] 1. Quanti- 
ty of bread baked at one time. 2. 
Any business dispatched at once. 

BATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [AbbrevT 
from abate.] To lessen ; to abate. 

Bateau (bat-5'), n. ; pi. ba tea ux 
(bat-oz'). [Fr.] A light boat, long 
in proportion to its breadth. 

BAT'-FOWL/lNG,n. A mode of catch- 
ing birds at night, by torch-light. 

BATH, n. ; pi. BATHS,. [A.-S. baeth, 
Skr. bad, vad, to bathe.] 1. A place 
to bathe in. 2. Act of exposing the 
body to water or vapor. 3. A medi- 
um, as heated sand, through which 
heat is applied to a body. 

Bathe, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To wash 
by immersion. 2. To moisten with a 
liquid, -—v. i. 1. To be, or lie, in a 
bath. 2. To immerse. — n. Immer- 
sion in water ; bath [ing. 

Bath'ing-tOb, n. A vessel for bath- 

Ba'THOS, n. [Gr. /3d0o?. from /3a0us, 
deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent 
from the elevated to the mean . 

BAT'lNG, prep., or a part. With the 
exception of ; excepting. [linen. 

BAt'let, n. A small bat for beating 




Bat. 




.EMTOivCba-tong') \n. [Fr. baton.] 

Ba-toon' (ba-tJbn') J A staff or 
truncheon. 

Bat-tAl'ia (-ya), n. [Lat.] Dispo- 
sition or arrangement of troops, as 
for action. 

Bat-tal'ION (-tal'yun), n. [Fr. ba- 
laitlon. See Battle.] A body of 
infantry comprising from two to ten 
or twelve companies. 

BAt'T^N, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [0. Eng. 
bat, increase, and A.-S. dxl, deal.] 1. 
To fatten. 2. To fertilizers land. 3. 
To form or fasten with battens. — r. 
?'. To grow fat ; to live in luxury. — 
n. [Fr. baton, stick.] A narrow 
piece of board, or scantling. 

BAt'ter, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
batuere, to strike, beat.] 1. To beat 
repeatedly and with violence. 2. To 
wear or impair with beating or by 
use. — n. A mixture of several" in- 
gredients, beaten up with some liq- 
uid, in cookery. 

BAt'ter-ing-rAm, n. An engine 
used to beat 
down the walls 
of besieged 
places. 

BAt'ter-y, n. 
1. Act of bat- 
tering. 2. A 
body of can- 
non taken col- Battering-ram. 
iectively. 3. An apparatus for gen- 
erating electricity. 4. Unlawful beat- 
ing of another. [sheets. 

BAt'ting, n. Cotton or wool in 

BAt'TLE, n. [Lat. battalia, fighting 
and fencing exercises, fr. batuere, to 
strike, to beat.] A fight or encounter 
between enemies or opposing forces. 

Syn.— Combat; fight; engagement.— 
Combat is a close encounter, and may be 
(like fight) between single individuals ; 
a battle is more general and prolonged ; 
engagement supposes large numbers on 
each side engaged or intermingled in the 
conflict. 

— v.i. [-ed; -ing.] Tocontendin 
fight. 

Bat'tle-Xx, ) n. A kind of ax for- 

Bat'TLE-axe, ) merly used in war. 

BXt'TLE-door, n. [Sp. battallador, 
a great combatant.] An instrument 
used to strike a shuttlecock. 

Bat'tle-ment, 
n. [Either from 
battle, or from 
L. Lat. bast ilia, 
bastillus, tower, 
fortification. ] 
An indented 
parapet, originally used only ou for- 
tifications. 

Bau'ble, n. [Fr. babiole, Lat. babu- 
"lus, foolish.] A trifling piece of 
finery ; a gew-gaw. 

Bawd, n. [Goth, balths, Eng. bold.] 
A person who keeps a brothel, and 
conducts criminal intrigues. — v. i. 
To procure women for lewd purposes. 

Bawd'I-ly,«i^. Obscenely; lewdly. 

Bawd'i-ness, n. Obscenity ; lewd- 
ness, [chaste. 

Bawd'y, a. Obscene ; filthy ; un- 




Battlement. 



Bawl. v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. baula, 
to low, A.-S. bellan.] To cry with 
vehemence, esp. as a child. — v. t. 
To proclaim by outcry ; to cry. 

BAY, a. [I.<at. badius.] Red, inclining 
to a chestnut color. — n. [Ir. & 
Gael, badh or bagh.] 1. An inlet of 
the sea. 2. [Lat. baca, bacca, berry.] 
The laurel-tree. 3. A state of being 
obliged to face an antagonist. — v. i. 
[Lat. ad, to, at, and bavbari, to bark 
moderately.] To bark, as a dog at 
his game. 

BAy'o-net, n. [First made at Bay- 
onne.] A kiud of dagger fitted to a 
gun. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To stab 
with a bayonet. 

BAVpu (bi'oo), n. [Fr., from Lat. bo- 
tellus, a small sausage] Outlet of a 
lake; a channel for water. [South- 
ern States.] 

Bay'-rDm, n. A fragrant liquor ob 
tained from the leaves of the ba} -tree 

BAY'-SALT, n. Salt obtained from 
sea-water, by natural evaporation. 

Bay'-wIn'dow, n. A projecting 
window forming a recess in a room. 

BA-ZAAR', » n. [Per. bazar, market.] 

Ba-zar', ( A spacious hall or suite 
of rooms for the sale of goods. 

Bdell'ium (del/yum), n. [Heb.]. A 
gummy, resinous juice from the East. 

Be, v. i. and auxiliary, [iwp. WAS; 
p. p. BEEN.] [A.-S. beon, beonne, 
Skr. bhfi, to be.] 1. To exist logical- 
ly, or actually. 2. To exist in some 
particular state, or in some relation. 
3. To become. 

Beach, n. A sandy shore; strand- 
— v. t. To run upon a beach. 

BEA'€ON,n. [A.-S. beacen becen.] 1. 
A signal-fire. 2. (Naut.) A signal 
as a guide to mariners. 3. That 
which gives notice of danger. 

Bea'con-age, n. Money to maintain 
a beacon. 

BeId, n. [A.-S. bead, prayer; from 
bvddan, to pray.] 1. A little perfo- 
rated ball. 2. Any small globular 
body. 

Bea'dle, n. [A.-S. bydel, bs-del ; from 
beodan, to bid.] 1. A messenger or 
crier of a court. 2. An inferior parish 
officer. 

Bea'dle-shIp, n. Office of beadle. 

Bead'-roll, n. A catalogue of de- 
ceased persons to be praA ed for. 

Bead£'-mAn, n. A man employed in 
praying. 

Bea'gle, n. A small hound. 

Beak, n. [W. pig; D. bek.] 1. Bill 
or nib of a bird, turtle, &c. 2. Any 
thing ending in a point. 

Beak.ed (beekt), a. Having a beak; 
ending in a point. 

BEAK/ER,n. LLat bacar.baczio, wine- 
glass.] A large drinkii.g-cup. 

Beam, n. [A.-S.] 1. A main timber 
of a building, ship, loom, &c. 2. 
The part of a balance, from which 
the scales hang. 3. A collection of 
parallel rays. — v. t. To send forth ; 
to emit. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
emit rays of light. 

BEAM'Y, a. Shining ; radiant. 



e, I, 6, u, y,long; X fi, 1,6,0, y, short; cAre, fAr, Ask; all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



BEAN 



35 



BEECHEN 



Bean, n. [A.-S.] A well-known le- 
guminous plant, and its seed 

Bean'-fly, m. A beautiful fly, of a 
pale purple color, found on bean 
flowers. 

BeAr, v. t. [imp. BORE (formerly 
BARE); p. p. BORN, BORNE.] [A.-S. 
beran, Goth, bairan, Skr. bhri.] 1. To 
support or sustain. 2. To convey. 
3. To wear. 4. To possess. 5. To 
endure ; to suffer. 6. To carry on. 
7. To behave ; to act. 8. To give 
birth to. — v.i. 1. To produce, as 
fruit. 2. To press. 3. To relate or re- 



fer to. — n. [A.- 
S. bera.] 1. A 
wild quadru- 
ped. 2. One 
who contracts 
to deliver, at a 
specified future 



V": 



time, stocks Black Bear, 

which he does not own. 
Beard, m. [A.-S. beard, Lat. barba.] 

1. The hair that grows on the chin, 
lips, &c. 2. Long stiff hairs on a 
plant; &wn. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To seize, pluck, or pull the beard of. 

2. To set at defiance. 
Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. 
Beard'less, a. Without a beard. 
Bear'er, n. One who, or that which, 

bears, sustains, or carries. 
Bear'-gar'd.en, n. 1. A place where 

bears are kept for sport. 2. A rude, 

turbulent assembly. 
BEAR'ING, n. 1. The manner in which 

a person bears himself. 2. Relative 

situation of an object. 

Syn. — Deportment; mien; behavior; 

relation; tendency; influence. 
Bear'ish, a. Having the qualities of 

a bear. 
BEAST, n. [Lat. bestia, H. Ger. bestie.] 

Any four-footed animal, which may 

be used for labor, food, or sport ; a 

brute. [ness. 

Beast'li-ness, n. Brutality ; filthi- 
Beast'ey, a. Pertaining to, or like, 

a, beast ; brutal . 
Beat, v. t. [imp. beat ; p.p. BEAT, 

BEATEN.] [A.-S. beatan, Lat. batu- 

ere.] 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To 

break or pulverize by beating. 3. To 

form b . beating. 4. To range over. 

5. To overcome in contest. — v. i. 

1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To throb. 

3. To come or act with violence. 4. 
To be in agitation or doubt. 5. 
To sail in a zigzag line against the 
wind. — n. 1. A stroke ; a blow. 2. 
A recurring stroke ; a pulsation. 3. 
A customary round or course. — a. 
Weary ; tired ; fatigued. 

Be/a-tif'ic, 1 a. Imparting or 

Be'a-tif'KJ-al, ) completing bliss- 
ful enjoyment. 

Be-Xt'i-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of 
beatifying. 2. Act of the pope de- 
claring aperson beatified after death. 

Be-at'i-fy,v. l. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
beatifie.are, fr. beatus, happy, and /V 
cere, to make.] To pronounce or re- 
gard as happy. 

Beat'ing, n. 1. Punishment by 



blows. 2. Pulsation ; throbbing. 3. j 
Sailing against the wind by tacks. 

Be-Xt'I-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. beati- 
tude] Felicity of the highest kind ; 
blessedness ; bliss. 

BEAUlbc,),_n.; pi. Fr. BEAUX, Eng. 
BEAUS (boz). [Fr., from Lat. bellies, 
fine.] A fine, gay man ; a lady's at- 
tendant. 

Beau I-de'AL (bo). [Fr.] A concep- 
tion of perfect or consummate beau- 
ty- 

BEAU'ISH (bo'ish), a. Foppish ; fine. 

Beau Monde (bo mond). [Fr.] The 
fashionable world. 

Beau'te-ous (bu/te-us), a. Very 
handsome; beautiful. 

Beau'te-ous-ness, n. Beauty. 

Beau'ti-fi'er, n. One who, or that 
which, beautifies. 

Beau'ti-ful (ba'ti-ful), a. Having 
the qualities which constitute beauty. 
Syn. — Handsome; pretty. — Pretty 
applies to things comparatively small, 
which please by their delicacy and grace, 
as a pretty girl. Handsome is more strik- 
ing and the pleasure greater, as a hand- 
some woman; it implies suitableness, and 
hence we speak of a handsome fortune. 
Beautiful implies all the higher qualities 
which delight the taste and imagination. 

BEAU'TI-FUL-LY (bu'ti-ful-ly), adv. 

Iu a beautiful manner. 
Beau'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

make or render beautiful. 

Syn\— To adorn; grace; ornament; 

embellish; deck. 

— v. i. To become beautiful. 

Beau'ty (bu'ty), ft. [Fr. beaute. See 
BEAU.] 1. An assemblage of graces 
or of properties which pleases the 
sight or any of the other senses, or 
the mind. 2. A particular grace, or- 
nament, or excellence. 3. A beau- 
tiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. 

Beau'ty-SpSt, n. A patch placed 
on the face to heighten beauty. 

BEA'VER (b3 / ver). 
«. [A.-S. beofe 
befer, Lat. fiber.] 

1. An amphibious 
quadruped and 
his fur. 2. A hat 
made of the fur. 
3. [Fr. baciere.] 
Part of a helmet in front, 

Be-CALM' (be-kam'),!-. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. lo ren- 
der calm ; to appease. 

2. To keep from motion 
by want cf wind. 

BE-CAME', imp. of Be- 
come. 

BE-CAUgE', conj. By or for the cause 
that ; for the reason that. 

BE-chance', v. t. To happen to. 

Be-charm', v. t. To charm. 

Beck, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen, sign.] 
A sign with the head or hand. — v. 
i. To make a sign with the head or 
hand ; to intimate a command to. 

Beck' on, v. [See Beck.] To make 
a sign to another : to summon. 

Be-cloud', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
make dark or gloomy ; to overshadow. 

BE-COME' (-kum / ), v. i. [imp. BE- 



gh ten beauty. 
Beaver (1). 




Beaver (2). 



CAME ; p. p. become.] [Prefix be 
and come.] To pass from one state 
or condition to another. — v. t. To 
suit or be suitable to ; to befit. 

Be-com'ING, a. Appropriate or fit ; 
suitable ; graceful. 

Be-cOm'ing-ly, adv. After a becom- 
ing manner. 

Be-com'ing-ness, n. State or quaL 
ity of being becoming ; suitableness. 

Bed, ft. [A.-S. bed, Goth, bad!.] L 
An article of furniture to sleep on. 
2. A plat of ground in a garden. 3. 
Bottom of a stream, or other body 
of water. 4. A layer, seam, or stra- 
tum. — V.t. [-DED; -DING, 136.] 1. 
To place in abed. 2. To plant. — 
v. i. To go to bed ; to cohabit. 

Be-dab'ble, i'. t. [-ed:-ing.] To 
sprinkle or wet with moisture. 

Be-daub', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 36.] To 
daub over. [dazzle. 

Be-daz'zle, 1-. /. [-ed; -ing.] To 

Bed'-bug, n. An offensive bug which 
infests beds. [a bed. 

Bed'-cham/ber, ft. A chamber for 

Bed'€LOTHE£, ft. pi. Blankets, 
sheets, coverlets, &c, for a bed. 

Bed'ding, n. Materials of a bed. 

Be-deck', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
deck, ornament, or adorn. 

Be-dev'/l (dev/1), v.. t. [-ed; -ing, 
137.] To throw into utter confusion, 
as if by the agency of evil spirits. 

Be-deW (-du'), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To moisten with, or as with, dew. 

Bed'fee-low, ft. One who lies in 
the same bed. [make dim. 

Be-dim', v. t. [-med; -MING.] To 

Be-di'zen, or Be-diz'.en, v. t. To 
dress or adorn tawdrily. 

Bed'LAM, n. [Corrupted from Beth- 
lehem, a hospital in London for lu- 
natics.] A mad-house. 

Bed'lam-ite, ft. A madman. 

BED'OU-IN (bed'oo-een), n. [Ar. bed- 
aivl, rural, living in the desert.] 
One of a tribe of nomadic Arabs. 

BE-DRAG'GLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To soil, by dragging in dirt, mud, 
&c. [drench. 

Be-ubench', r. i. [-ed;-ing.] To 

Bed'rid, ) a. Confined to the 

Bed'rid-djen, J bed by age or in- 
firmity, [bed. 

Bed'room, ft. An apartment for a 

Be-drop', v. t. To sprinkle, or cover 
as with drops. 

BED'siDE,ft. The side of the bed. 

BED'STEAD, ft. A frame for support- 
ing a bed. 

Bed'tIck, ft. A case of cloth, for 
inclosing the materials of the bed. t 

BED'-TiME,ft. Usual hour of going 
to bed. 

Be-dye', v. t. To dye or stain. 

Bee, n. [A.-S. beo.] A well-known 
four-winged insect. 

Bee'-bread, n. The pollen of flow- 
ers, collected by bees, as food for 
their young. [tree. 

BEECH, ft. [A.-S. bece, Gr. </>TryoV] A 

Beech'.en ( bdeh'n), a. Consisting 
of, or pertaining to, the wood or 
bark of the beech. 



OR. DO,wpLF,TOO.Td*bK; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; i},&,soft; €,5,hard; As; EYJST ; NasNG; THii: 



BEEF 



36 



BELLY 



Beef, n. [Fr. bozuf, ox, beef, fr. Lat. 
bos, Gr./3ovs.] 1. (pi. BEEVES..) Aq 
auimal of the genus Bos, including 
the bull, cow, and ox. 2. The tiesh 
of an ox, bull, or cow. 

3eef'-eat'er, n. 1. One who eats 
beef; hence, a large, well-fed person. 
2. [Corrupt, fr. buffetier,a, keeper of 
the buffet.] One of the yeomen of 
the guard, in England. [broiling. 

Beef'steak, n. A slice of beef for 

Bee'-hive, n. A case or box for bees. 

BEEN (bin), the past participle of Be. 

BEER, n. [A.-S. beor, bear, Icel. bior.] 
A fermented liquor made from any 
malted grain, or from various plants. 

Bees'-wax, n. Wax secreted by bees. 

Beet, n. [Lat. beta.] A plant hav- 
ing a root much used for food. 

Bee'TLE. n. 1. [A.-S. bi/tl, bitl; 
beatan, to beat.] A heavy mallet or 
wooden hammer. 2. [A.-S. b'tel, fr. 
bitan, to bite.] An insect having 
four wings, the outer pair being stiff 
cases for covering the others when 
they are folded up. — v. i. [Cf. A.-S. 
beotan, to threaten.] To hang or 
extend out ; to jut. [or cow. 

Beeve, n. [See Beef.] A bull, ox, 

Be-fall', v.t. [imp. befell; p.p. 
BEFALLEN.] To happen to ; to oc- 
cur to. — v. i. To come to pass. 

Be-fit', v. t. To suit ; to become. 

Be-foggjed' (-rogd'), a. Involved in 
a fog. [to deceive. 

Be-fool', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To fool; 

Be-fore', prep. 1. In front of. 2. 
Preceding in time, dignity, worth, 
&c. 3. In presence or sight of. 4. 
In the power of. — adv. 1. In front. 
2. In time preceding ; already. 

Be-fore'hXnd, adv. 1. In a state 
of anticipation or pre-occupation. 
2. By way of preparation or prelim- 
inary. — a. In comfortable circum- 
stances as regards property. 

Be-foul', v. t. To make foul ; to soil. 

Be-friend', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
act as a friend to ; to aid, benefit, or 
countenance. [fringe. 

Be-fringe', v. t. To furnish with a 

Beg (or ba), n. [Turk.] A Turkish 
governor of a town ; a bev. 

BEG, v. t. [-GED ; -ging, 133.] [Prob. 
a modif. of to bag.] 1. To ask ear- 
nestly. 2. To take for granted. 

Syn\ — To entreat; solicit; implore; 
beseech; supplicate. 
— v. i. To ask alms. 

Be-gan', imp. of Begin. 

BE-GET', v. t. [imp. BEGOT, BE- 
GAT; p. p. BEGOT, BEGOTTEN.] 
To_ generate ; to produce. 

Be-get'TER, n. One who begets. 

Beg'gar, n. One who begs ; a men- 
dicant. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
reduce to beggary. 2. To exhaust. 

Beg'gar-li-ness, n. State of being 
beggarly. [mean ; poor. 

Beg'gar-ly, a. Extremely indigent ; 

Beg'gar-y, n. A state of extreme 
poverty or indigence. 

Be-gIn', v. i. [imp. BEGAN ; p. p. 
BEGUN.] L A.-S. beginnan, ginnan.] 
1. To take rise ,■ to commence. 2. 



To take the first step. — v. t. To 
enter on ; to commence. [tyro. 

Be-gin'ner, n. One who begins; a 

Be-uIn'NING, n. 1. First cause. 2. 
First state ; commencement. 3. Ru- 
diments or first materials. 

Be -GIRD', V. t. [imp. BEGIRT, BE- 
girded ; p. p. begirt.] To gird; 
to surround ; to encompass. 

Be-gone' (21), interj. Go away ; de- 
part. 

Be-got', ) p. p. of Beget. See 

Be-got'tjsn, ) Beget. 

Be-grime', v. t. To soil with dirt. 

Be-grGdge', v. t. To envy the pos- 
session of. 

BE-GUlLE'f-gil'), V- t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To delude by artifice. 2. To 
cause to pass without notice. 
Svn. — To deceive; cheat; amuse. 

BE-GUN', p.p. of Begin. 

Be-half' (-haf), n. [A.-S. benefe, 
profit, benefit.] Advantage ; benefit ; 
interest ; defense. 

Be-have', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Pre- 
fix be and have.] To carry ; to con- 
duct ; to manage ; to bear ; — used 
refiexively. — v. i. To act ; to carry 
one j3 self. 

Be-iiav'ior (-hav'yur), n. Manner of 
behaving, whether good or bad. 

Syn. — Conduct ; deportment. — Be- 
havior is the mode in which we have <>r 
bear ourselves toward others; conduct is 
the mode of our conducting, and involves 
the general tenor of our actions. Behav- 
ior in society; conduct of life. 

BE-HEAD', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
take off the head of; to decapitate. 

BE-HELD', imp. & p.p. of Behold. 

Be'iie-moth, n. [Heb. beasts, ani- 
mals, esp. of the larger kind.] An 
animal described in Job xl., thought 
by some to be the hippopotamus. 

Be-HEST', n. [be and hest.] Com- 
mand ; mandate ; injunction. 

BE-HIND', prep. 1. At the back of; 
on the other side of. 2. Inferior to. 
— adv. 1. In the rear. 2. Back- 
ward. 3. Remaining. 4. Past. 

Be-hind'hXnd, a. & adv. 1. In ar- 
rear. 2. In a state of backwardness. 

Be-hold', v. t. [imp. & p. p. be- 
held.] [A.-S. beliealdan, to hold 
in sight.] To look at ; to see with 
attention. — v. i. To direct the e.>es 
to an object. 

Be-h5ld'.en, p. a. [The old p. p. of 
behold, used in the primitive sense of 
the simple verb hold.] Obliged ; in- 
debted. 

Be-hoj.d'er, n. A spectator. 

BE-HOOF', n. Advantage; benefit. 

Be-hoove', v. t. [A.-S. behofian, fr. 
0. II. Ger. biheffan, to take, contain.] 
To be necessary for ; to be fit for. 

Be'ing, n. 1. Existence. 2. That 
which exists in any way. 

Be-la'bor,i\ t. 1. To work diligently 
upon. 2. To beat soundly. 

Be-late', v. t. To retard or make 
too late. 

Be-lay', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make 
fast, as a rope, by taking several 
turns with it round a pin. 

Belch (66), v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 



bealcjan.] To throw up from the 
stomach with violence, as wind. — 
v. i. To eject wind from the htomach. 
— n. Act of belching ; eructation. 

BEL'DAM, ) n. [Fr. belle-dame, fine 

Bel'dame,) lady.] An ugly old 
woman ; a hag. 

Be-lea'guer (-le'aer), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [be and leaguer ; n.] To be- 
siege ; to block up. 

Bel-esprit (bel'es-pree'), n. ; pi. 
beaux-esprits (boz'es-pree'). 
[Fr.] A man of wit. 

BEL'FRY, v. [Ger. bergfriide, b rg. 
friede, from berg, mountain, or burg, 
castle, citadel, and friede, peace, se- 
curity] A cupola or turret in which 
a bell is hung. 

Be-lie', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
show_ to be false 2. To slander. 

Be-lief', n. 1. Assent of mind to the 
truth of something. 2. The thing 
believed. 

Syn.— Credence; trust; faith; credit. 

Be-lie v'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy 
of being believed. 

Be-lieve', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] Prefix 
be and A.-S. lefan, lyfan, to allow.] 
Vo regard as true ; to credit. — v. ?'. 
1. To have a firm persuasion. 2. To 
think ; to suppose. 

Be-liev'er, n. One who believes. 

Be-lIke', adv. Probably ; perhaps. 

Be-lTt'tle, v. t. To lower in char 
acter ; to depreciate. 

BELL, n. [A.-S. b>lle, bellan, to be) 
low.] A hollow metallic vessel whicb 
gives forth a clear, ringing sound. 

Bel'la-don'na, n. [J t., prop, fine 
lady.] Deadly nightshade, and an 
extract from it. 

Belle, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. bellus, beau- 
tiful, fine.] A handsome young lady 
much admired. 

Belles-lettres (bel-let'ter), n. 
pi. [Fr.] Polite or elegant litera- 
ture, [beils. 

Bell'-found'er, n. One who casts 

Bell'-found'er-y, \ n. A place 

Bell'-found'ry, ] where bells 
are cast. 

Bel-lIg'er-ent, a. [Lat. belhim, 
war, and gerere, to wage.] 1. Wag- 
ing war. 2. Disposed for war. — it- 
A nation or state cany ing on war. 

Bell'man (ISO), n. A public crier. 

Bell'-met'al (-va&t'l or -met'al), n. 
An alloy of copper and tin. 

Bel'low, v. i. [A.-S. bellan.] 1. To 
make a noise like a bull. 2. To bawl : 
to roar. — n. A loud outcry ; roar. 

BEL'lows (bel'lus), n. sing. & pi. 
[A.-S. bselg, bag, belly.] An instru- 
ment for propelling air through a 
tube, for various purposes. 

Bell'-ring/er, n. One whose busi- 
ness is to ring a bell. 

BEL'LU-INE, a. [Lat. belluinus, fr. 
bellua, beast.] Like a beast ; brutal. 

Bell'-weth'er, n. A wether or 
sheep which leads the flock, with a 
bell on his neck. 

BEL'LY, n. [A.-S. bselg, bselig. See 
BELLOWS.] 1. Part of the body 
which contains the bowels ; abdo- 



i, o, u,y, long; A, £,t, 6,u, ¥, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t*«w; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



B^LLI-BAND 



37 



BESPATTER 



men 2. Something which resem- 
bles the belly. — v. i. To swell out. 

Bel'ly-band, n. A girth. 

Be-long' (21), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Pref.be and 0. Eng. long, v. i., to be- 
long.] 1. To be the. property of: to 
pertain. 2. To have a legal residence. 

BE-LO VED' (be-lUYd' as a p., be-luv'ed 
as an a., 60), p. p. or a. Greatly 
loved ; dear to the heart. 

Be-I,OW, prep. 1. Under in place. 2. 
Inferior to. — adv. 1. In a lower 
place, or state. 2. On the earth, or 
in hell as opposed to heaven. 

Syn. — Beneath. — Below is opposed 
to on high; beneath is opposed to above. 
A person who is below us at table is not 
beneath us. Below has not, therefore, 
like beneath, the sense of unbecoming or 
unworthy of. We say beneath (not below) 
the character of a gentleman, beneath 
contempt, &c. 

Belt, n. [A.-S.] 1. A band or girdle. 

2. That which restrains or confines. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To encircle as 
with a belt ; to encompass. 

Be-lu'gA, n. [Russ. bieluga.] A fish 

of the dojphin family. 
Bel've-dere', n. [It., lit., a beau- 
tiful sight.]. A small structure on 

the top of an edifice in a garden. 
Be-maze', v. t. To bewilder. 
Be-mjre', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To drag 

or soil in the mire. 
Be-moan', v. c. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

lament ; to bewail. [ery. 

Be-mock', v. l. To treat with mock- 
Be.nch (65), n. [A.-S. bene, \Y. bank.] 

1. A long seat. 2. A long table at 

which mechanics and others work. 3. 

A judge's seat in court. 4. Judges; 

the court. 
Bench'er, *. A senior member of 

one of the English inns of court. 
Bend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bended 

or BENT.] [A..-S. bendun, a modi f. 

of bindan, to bind.] 1. To crook. ; 

to curve. 2. To incline ; to apply. 

3. To render submissive. — v. i. 
1. To be strained out of a straight 
line. 2. To be inclined or directed. 

— n. A turn: a curve. 
BE-NEATH'. orBE-NEATH', prep. [A.- 

S. beneodh.] 1. Lower in place than ; 
under. 2. Unworthy of; unbecom- 
ing. — ado. In a lower place. See 
Below. 

Ben'e-di'€T, ) n. [From Benedick, 

Ben'e-dick, ) one of the characters 
in Shakespeare's " Much Ado About 
Nothing."] A man newly married. 

BEN'E-DtCT'lNE, a. Pertaining to the 
order of monks of St. Benedict. 

BEN'E-Die'TION, n. [Lat. benedietio, 
a speaking well of.] 1. Act of bless- 
ing. 2. Blessing, prayer, or kind 
wishes. 

BEN'E-F ACTION, n. [Lat. bene/actio, 
a doing good.] 1. Act of conferring 
a benefit. 2. A benefit conferred. 

BiJN'E-FXe'TOR, n. One who confers 
a benefit. [confers a benefit. 

BEN'E-F A€'TRESS, n. A woman who 

BEN'E-FICE, n. [Lat. bene fie ium.] An 
ecclesiastical living ; especially a par- 
sonage or vicarage 



Be-nef'I-CENCE, n. Practice of do- 
ing good: active goodness, kindness, 
or charity. 

Syn. — Benevolence. — Benevolence is 
literally well-willing; beneficence is liter- 
ally well-doing. The former may exist 
without the latter, but beneficence always 
supposes benevolence. 

Be-nLf'I-CENT, a. Doing good. 

Syn.— Bountiful ; liberal ; generous 

BE-NEF'I-CENT-LY, adv. In a be- 
neficent manner. 

Ben'e-fi'cial (-i'lsh'al). a. Confer- 
ring beuefits ; useful ; profitable. 

Ben'e-fi'cial-ly (-flsh'al-), adv. In 
a beneficial manner. 

Ben'E-FI'ci-a-RY (-fish'!-), a. Hold- 
ing some valuable possession, in sub- 
ordination to another. — n. 1. One 
who holds a benefice. 2. One who 
receives the avails of a charit}'. 

Ben'e-fit, n. [See Benefaction.] 
1. An act of kindness; a favor con- 
ferred. 2. Whatever contributes to 
happiness or prosperity. 3. A per- 
formance, the proceeds of which are 
given to a particular person or object. 
Syn.— Advantage ; profit; service; 
use; avail. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To do good 
to ; to be useful to. — v. i. To gain 
advantage. 

Be-nev'o-lence, n. Disposition to 
do good ; good will. 

Syn. — Kindness; benignity; tender- 
ness. — Kindness and tenderness lean to 
the side of natural feeling; benevolence is 
considerate kindness, and often overrules 
mere impulse; benignity is condescend- 
ing kindness. 

BE-NEV'0-LENT,a. [Lat. benevolens, 
from bene, well, and volens, wishing.] 
Ilaving a disposition to do good. 

Syn. — Beneficent ; munificent. — 
Originally, benevolent meant well-it'M- 
ing, and beneficent v;e\\-doing ; but now 
(with a slight linge of the original sense) 
they differ in their outward exercise 
chiefly in degree ; a beneficent act being 
one on a larger scale than a benevolent 
one. while a munificent act is greater and 
more imposing than either. 

Be-nIght' (-nltO, v. t. 1. To involve 
in darkness. 2. To involve in moral 
darkness, or ignorance. 

BE-NIGN' (-nin'),". [Lat. benignus, 
from bonus, good, and genus, kind.] 
Full of benignity. 

Syn. — Kind ; wholesome ; liberal ; 
generous. 

Be-nig'nant, a. Kind ; gracious. 

Be-nig'ni-ty, n. 1. Condescending 
kindness ; graciousness. 2. AY hole- 
some quality. 

BE-nign'ly '(-nib/-), adv. Favorably ; 
graciously. [diction. 

B£n'i-s_on (-zn), n. Blessing; bene- 

BENT, imp. & p. p. of Bend. 

Bent, n. 1. Flexure; curvity. 2. 
Leaning or bias ; inclination. 3. 
Particular tendency. — 4. [A.-S. 
beonet.] A kind of grass. 

Be-NUMB' (-num'), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To deprive of sensibility. 

Ben'zine , n. Same as Benzole . 

Ben-zoin', n. A fragrant resinous 
substance. 

Ben'zole, n. [Eng. benzoin and 



Lat. oleum^ oil.J An oily substance, 
possessing great solvent powers. 

Be-prai§e', v. t. To praise extrava- 
gantly. 

Be-queath', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [A- 
S. becvedhan, fr. pref. be and cvedli- 
an, to say, to speak.] 1 To givo 
or leave by will. 2. To transmit. 

Syn.— To devise. — Devise is propei ly 
used to denote a gift by will of real pio- 
perty. Bequeath is properlv applied to 
a gift by will of a legacy ; i. e'., of personal 
property. 

Be-quest', n. Something left by 
will ; a legacy. 

Be-rate', v. t. To chide rehemently. 

BE-REAVE', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BE- 
REAVED, BEREFT.] 1. To deprive. 
2. To take away from. 

Be-reave'ment, n. State of being 
bereaved ; deprivation. 

BfiR'GA-MOT, n. [Fiom Bergamo, in 
Italy.] 1. A species of orange-tree. 
2. An essence or perfume obtained 
from it. 3. A variety of pear. 

B£rg'mas-ter, n. Chief officer 
among the Derbyshire miners. 

Be-RHYME' (-rim'), v. t. To mention 
in rhyme ; — used in contempt. 

Ber'ry, n. [A.-S. beria, berie.] A 
small pulpy fruit containing seeds 
scattered through it. 

BERTH (14), n. [From the root of 
bear.] 1. Place where a ship lies at 
anchor, or at a wharf. 2. A place 
in a ship to sleep in. 3. Official 
situation or employment. 

Ber'YL, n. [Gr. /3rjpuAAos.] A green- 
ish mineral of great harduess. 

Be-seech', v. t. [imp. & p. p. EE- 
SOUGHT ] [Pref. be and seek.] To 
ask with urgency. 

Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; 
supplicate. — Beg supposes sim ply a state 
of want: to beseech, entreat, and solicit, 
a state of urgent necessity; to implore 
and supplicate, a state of overwhelming 
distress. 

Be-seem', v. t. To become ; to befit. 

BE-SET', V. t. [imp. & p. p. BESET.] 

1. To put or place, on, in, or around. 

2. To waylay ; to blockade. 3. To 
hem in or press on all sides. 

Be-set'ting, p. a. Habitually at- 
tending, or pressing. [curse to. 

Be-shrew' (-shru/), v. t. To wish a 

Be-side', prep. 1. At the side of. 2. 
Aside from ; out of. 

Be-sides/, adv. More than that ; 
moreover ; in addition. — prep. Over 
and above ; in addition to. 

Be-siege', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
beset or surround with armed forces. 

Be-SIEG'EH, n. The party that be- 
sieges. 

Be-smear', v. t. To smear with any 
viscous, glutinous mattei. 

Be's_OM, n. [A.-S. besma.] A brush 
of twigs ; a broom. 

BE-SOT', V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] To 
make sottish by drink ; hence, to 
make dull or stupid. 

Be -sought' (be-sawt/), p. p. of Be- 
seech, [spangles. 

Be-spXn'GLE, v. t. To adorn with 

Be-spXt'ter, v. t. 1. To soil by 
spattering. 2 To asperse. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PL'LL : E.i. o. silent ; $,G,sqfl; €,G,hard; AS; EXIST; n a; 



BESPEAK 



38 



BICIPITOUS 



Be-speak', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; 
p. p. bespoke, bespoken.] To 

speak for beforehand ; to betoken. 

Bespread', v. t. To spread over. 

Be-sprink'le,tj.*. To sprinkle over. 

Bes'se-mer Steel. [From the in- 
ventor, Bessemer.] Steel made di- 
rectly from cast-iron, by forcing a 
blast of air through the molten 
metal. 

Best, a. superl. [A.-S. besta, best.] 
1. Most good. 2. Most advanced ; 
most complete. — n. Utmost ; highest 
endeavor. — adv. 1. In the highest 
degree. 2. To the most advantage. 

Bes'tial (best'yal), a. [Lat. be.stialis; 
bestia, beast.] Belonging to a beast, 
or having the qualities of a beast. 

Syn.— Brutish; beastly; brutal; sen- 
sual. 

BES-TlXL'I-TY (best-yaP-), n. 1. 
Quality of a beast. 2. Unnatural 
connection with a beast. 

Bes'tial-ize (best'yal-), v. t. To 
make like a beast. 

Be -stir', v. t. To put into brisk or 
vigorous actiou. 

Be-stow', f. t. [-ED: -ing.] [See 
Stow.] 1. To deposit for safe keep- 
ing. 2. To make vise of; to apply. 
3. To give, confer, or impart. 

Be-stow'al, in. 1. Act of be- 

Be-stow'ment, j stowing. 2. That 
which is bestowed ; donation. 

Be-strad'dle, v. t. To bestride. 

Be-STREW' (-stru/ or -stro'), v. t. 
[imp. BESTREWED; p. p. BE- 
STREWED, bestrown.] To scat- 
ter over ; to strow. 

BE-STRIDE', v. t. [imp. BESTRID or 
BESTRODE ; p. p. BESTRID, BE- 
STRIDDEN.] To stride over ; to 
stand or sit with the legs extended 
across^ 

BE-STRODE', imp. of Bestride. 

BE-ST JD', v. t. To set with studs. 

Bet,?i. [A.-S. bad, pledge, stake.] 
That which is staked, or pledged, to 
be won or lost on certain conditions ; 
a wager. — v.t. [-ted ; -ting.] To 
stake upon the event of a contest ; to 
wager. 

Be-take', v. t. [imp. betook ; p. 
p. BETAKEN.] To have recourse to ; 
to resort. 

Be'T-EL (h2't\). n. A species of pep- 
per, the leaves of which are chewed 
in the East Indies. 

Beth'el, n. [Heb., house of God.] 

1. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.] 

2. A house of worship for seamen. 
Be-think', v. t. [imp. & p. p. be- 
thought.] To call to mind; to 
recall . 

Be-tide', v. t. [i?np. BETID or BE- 
TIDED; p. p. BETID.] To happen 
to; to befall. — v.i. To come to 
pass ; to happen. 

Be-time', ) adv. 1. In good time ; 

Be-times', j seasonably. 2. In a 
short time ; soon. 

Be-to'ken (-to'kn), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

1. To signify bv some visible object. 

2. To foreshow by present signs. 
Syn.— To presage; portend; indicate. 



Bet'o-ny, n. A plant used to dye 
wool of a dark-) ellow color. 

BE-TOOK', imp. of B'takf. 

Be-TRAV, v. t. [-ED : -ING.] [From 
be and Lat. tratJere, to give up.] 1. 
To give up treacherously or faith- 
lessly. 2. To discover in violation of 
trust. 3. To show or to indicate. 

BE-TRAV'ER, n. One who betrays. 

Be-troth', v. t To contract to any 
one ; to affiance: 

BE-TROTH'MENT, ti. A mutual en- 
gagement for a future marriage ; 
espousals. 

BET'TER,o. ,• compar. of Good- [A.-S., 
bett, betera ; Goth, batiza, from bats, 
good.] 1. Having good qualities in 
a greater degree than another. 2. 
Preferable i;i any respect. 3. Im- 
proved in health. — n. 1. Advant- 
age or victory. 2. A superior. — 
adv., compar. of Well. 1. In a more 
excellent manner. 2. More correctly. 
3. In a higher degree. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To increase the good quali- 
ties of. 

Syx.— To improve; meliorate; amend; 
correct; advance. 

Bet'ter-ment, v. A making bet- 
ter ; improvement. 

BET'TOR, h. One who bets. 

Bet'ty, n. A short bar used by 
thieves to wrench doors open. 

BE-TWEEM'^cp. [Pref. be, equiv. to 
Eng. by, and twain, two.] 1. In the 
intermediate space of. 2. From one 
to another of. 3. Shared by two or 
both of. 

S yx.— Among.— Between applies prop- 
erly to only two parties ; as, a ijnarrcl 
between two men, two nations. Among 
always supposes more than two. 

Bev'el, ». [Fr. bew>au.] 

1. A slant of a surface. 

2. An instrument for ad- 
justing surfaces to t.ie 
same inclination. — a. Bevel (£). 
Slanting. — v. t. [-ED, -ING; or 
-LED, -LING, 137.] To cut to a bevel 
angle. — v. i. To slant off. 

Bev'er-AGE, ii. [From Lat. bibere, 
to drink.] Liquor for drinking. 

BEV'Y, n. 1. A flock of birds, especial- 
ly quails. 2. A collection of ladies. 

De-wAil', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
grieve for ; to mourn ; to lament. 

Be-ware', v. i To be cautious ; to 
take care : to take heed. 

BE-Wn/DER, {'. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To 
lead into perplexity or confusion ; to j 
lead astray. [bewildered. 

Be-wil'der-ment, r). State of being 

BE-W'lTCH', f. «. [-ed; -ING.] 1. 1 
To affect by witchcraft or sorcery, j 
2. To charm or fascinate. [nation. | 

Be-witch'er-y, 11. Charm; fasei- j 

Be-w'itch'ing-ly, adv. In a man- i 
ner to bewitch . 

Be-witch'ing-ness, ti. Quality of j 
being bewitching. 

Be-witch'ment,ti. Powerof charm- 
ing ; fascination. 

Be-wray' (-ra'), v. t. To betray. 

BEY (ba), n. A Turkish governor, 
See Beg. 



Be-YOND', prep. [A.-S. begeond.] 1. 
On the further side of. 2. Before, iu 
place, or time. 3. Further than , 
past. 4. Above, as in excellence, or 
quality of any kind. — adv. At a 
distance ; y ouder. 

Bez'el, n. Part of a ring which 
holds the stone. 

BI'as, n. [Fr. biais, N. Catalan liar, 
slope.] 1. A "weight on the side of a 
bowl which turns it from a straight 
line. 2. A leaning of the mind : 
propensity. 3. A v. edjze-shaped piece 
of cloth taken out of a garment. 

Syn. — Bent; prejudice; preposses- 
sion. 

— V.t [-ED, -ING; or -SED, -SING, 
137.] To incline to one side ; to pre- 



BlB, n. [Lat. bibere. to drink.] A cloth 
worn by children over the breast. 

Bi-BA'CIOUS, a. [Lat. bibax.] Ad- 
dicted to drinking. 

Bib'ber, ii. A drinker ; a tippler. 

Bi'BLE, ii. [Gr. /Si/SAtoy, dim. of /3i'/3- 
Aos, book.] 1m; Book, or that 
which contains the Scriptures. 

BlB'LIC-AL, a. 1 ertaining to the Bi- 
ble. 

Bib Li-fG'RA-niER, n. [Gr. /3i/3Ai- 
o-yp<i(f>os, fr. /St/3AiW, look, and ypa- 
<j)eiv, to vrue.j One versed in bib- 
liography. 

BiB'n-o-GRAPH're, ) a. Pertain- 

LlB'LI-O-GRAPH'IC-AL, J ing to 

bibliography , or the history of books. 

Ei'B'LI-OG'RA-PHY, 71. An J.CCOlU.t 

of books and manuscripts. 

BIB'LI-OL'A-TRY, 71. [Gr. /3i/3AiW, 
book, and Aarpeux, service, worship.- 
Homage paid to books, especially to 
the Eible. 

BlB'LI-0-MAN'CY,77. [Gr. /3i/3AiW. 
book, and pavTeia, divination.] 
Divination by t electing passages of 
Scripture at hazard. 

BIB'LI-O-IVIA'NI-A, n. [Gr. /3i/3Ai'ov, 
book, and ixavia, madness. A rage 
for pcs.-es.-ing lare and curious books. 

Bib'li-o-mA'ni-ac, 7i. One who has 
a rage ior books. 

BiB'Ll-o-MA-Ni'AC-AL, a. Pertaining 
to a passion for books. 

B'ib'li-cp'o-list, ) n. [Gr. /3i/3Ai- 

LlB'LI-O-POLE/, j ott^Atj?, fr. /3t/3- 
AiW, and jrwAetv, to sell.] A book- 
seller. • 

ElB'LI-O-THE'-eAL, a. [Gr. 0t/3Aio- 
BrJK-q, library.] Belonging to a li- 
brary. 

Bib'list, ti. A biblical scholar. 

BlB'U-LOUS, a. [Lat. bibtilus, fr. bi- 
bere, to drink.] Spongy ; porous. 

Bl-€AP'SU-LAR, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and Eng. capsular.] Having two 
capsules to each flower. 

Bice, in. A pale blue paint or pig- 

Bise, I ment. 

Bi-CEPH'A-LOfjs, a. [Lat. bis, twice 
and Gr. KectjoAij, head.] Having two 
heads. 

Bl-ciP'I-TAL, \a. [Lat. biceps ; b.r, 

Bl-riP'I-TotJS, | twice, and capui. 
head.] Having tw© heads or ori- 
gins. 



A,E, I, 0,V,Y, long; X,E,I, 6, D, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



BICKER 



39 



BIOGRAPHER 



BtCK'ER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [W. 
bicre, conflict, skirmish.] 1. To ton- 
tend in words. 2. To quiver. 

Syn. — To quarrel; scold; wrangle; 
contend; quiver. 

Bl-COL'OR, ) a. [Lat bicolor.] Of 

Bl-€OL'OR.ED, ) two colors. 
Bi'corn, 1 a. [Lat. bicornis.] 

BI-cor'noOs, ( Having two horns. 

BI-€OR'po-ral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and corpus, body.] Having two 
bodies. 

Bi-€Ds'pid, la. [Lit. bis, twice, 

BJ-€US'pid-ate, | and cuspis, point.] 
Having two points. 

BI'cy-€LE, n [Lat. bis, twice, and 
Low L. cyclus, circle.] A two- 
wheeled velocipede. 

Bid, v. t. [imp. BID or B.Xde ; p.p. 
BID, bidden.] [A.-S. biddan, to 
pray, ask, beodan, to offer, to com- 
mand.] 1. To offer to pay. 2. To 
declare. 3. To order ; to direct. 4. 
To invite. — n. An offer of a price. 

Bid'der, n. One who bids. 

BIDE, i'. i. [Goth, beidan.) To dwell 
permanently ; to inhabit. — v. t. 1. 
To endure; to suffer. 2. To wait 
for. 

Bi-den'tal, a. Having two teeth. 

Bi-en'ni-al, a. [Lit. biennalis ; bis, 
twice, and annus, year.] 1. Happen- 
ing once in two years. 2. Continu- 
ing for two years, and then perishing. 
_ — n. A plant lasting for two years. 

Bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in two 
years. 

Bier, n. [Same root as to bear.] A 
carriage for the dead. 

BlEST'lNGg, n. pi. First milk given 
by & cow after calving. 

Bl-FA'CIAL, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
fades, face.] Having the opposite 
surfaces alike. 

Bi-fa'ri-o&s, a. [Lat. bifarius.] 1. 
Tn two rows. 2. Pointing two ways. 

BlF'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. bifer, from bis, 
twice, and ferre, to bear.] Bearing 
fruit twice a year. 

BI'FID, 1 a. [Lat. bifidus, fr. bis, 

Bif'id-ate, ) twice, and findere, to 
cleave.] Opening with a cleft. 

Bi-flo'rate, 1 a. [Lat. bis, twice, 

Bi-FLO'RoDs, ) and fins, flower, flo- 
rere, to bloom.] Bearing two flow- 

Bl-FO'LI-ATE, a. Having two leaves. 

Bl'FORM, I a. [Lat. bi/ormis.] Ilav- 

Bl'FORMED. ( hig two forms. 

Bl-FORM'f-TY, n. A double form. 

Bl-FUR'€ATE, )a. [Lit. bis, twice, 

Bi-fOr'€A-ted, I and Eng. furcate, 
furcated^] Having two branches. 

Bi'FUR-€A'tio\, n. A forking, or 
division into two branches. 

B'fG, a. [W. baic.li, burden.] «1. Hav- 
ing largeness of size. 2. Pregnant. 
Syn. — Bulky; large; great; proud. 

BIg'a-m'ist, n. One who has com- 
mitted bigamy. 

BIg'a-iviy , n . Crime of having two 
wives or husbands at once. 

BlG'GIN, n. [Prob. from the cap worn 
by the Biguines.] A child's cap or 
hood ; a small wooden vessel. 



BIGHT (bit), n. [Goth, biugan, to 
bend.] 1. A bend in tne sea-coast. 
2. Double part of a rope when fold- 
ed. 

BIg'ness, n. Quality of being big. 

BlG'OT, n. [Fr. bigot; Cf. Sp. bigote, 
a whisker ; hornbre de bigote, a man 
of spirit and vigor; It. s-bigottire, to 
terrify, appall.] One obstinately and 
unreasonably wedded to a particular 
creed, opinion, practice, or ritual. 

Big'ot-ed, a. Obstinately and un- 
duly wedded to a system or party. 

Big'ot-ed-ly, adv. In the manner 
of a bigot. 

BiG'OT-RY, n. Perverse or blind at- 
tachment to a particular creed, or to 
certain tenets. 

Bijou (be'zhob'), n. ; pi. bijoux 
(be'zhob'.) [Fr.] A trinket ; a jewel. 

Bi-JOU'try (-zhob'-), ?7. Small arti- 
cles, such as jewelry, trinkets, &c. 

Bl-LA'BT-ATE, a. Having two lips. 

Bi-LAM'EL-LATE, ) a. Formed of 

Bl-LAM'EL-LA'TED, ) two plates. 

Bl-LAT'ER-AL,a. Having two sides. 

Bit/BER-RY, n. [Corrupted fr. blue- 
berry.] A shrub and its berry. 

BlL'BO, 11. ; pi. BIL/BOEg. [From 
Bilboa, in Spain, where they were 
fabricated.] 1. A kind of shackle or 
fetter. 2. A rapier. 

Bile, n. [Lat. bills.] A greenish, bit- 
ter fluid secreted by the liver. 

Bilge, n. [Another form of bulge.] 
1. Protuberant part of a cask. 2. 
Broadest part of a ship's bottom. — 
v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To suffer a frac- 
ture in the bilge. 

Bi'LGE'-WA/TER, ii. Water lying on 
a ship's bilge or bottom. 

B'IL'IA-RY (bTPya-ry), a. Pertaining 
to, or conveying, the bile. 

Bl-LIN'GUAL, a. [Lat. bilinguis, fr. 
bis, twice, and lingua, language.] 
Containing two languages. 

BlL'IotJS (biPyus). a. Pertaining to 
the bile ; disordered in respect to the 
bile 

Bl-LiT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
an .1 litera, letter.] Consisting of two 
letters! 

Bilk, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Cf. Goth. 
bilaihan, to mock or deride.] To dis- 
appoint, or defraud, by non-fulfill- 
ment of engagement. 

Bill, n. 1. [A.-S. bile.] Beak of a 
fowl. 2. [A.-S. bill, bil; Skr. b/iil. 
to split.] A hook-shaped cutting in- 
strument. 3. An ancient kind of 
battle-ax. 4. [Lat. bulla, any thing 
rounded.] A written declaration of 
some wrong or fault, &c. 5. An ob- 
ligation given for money. 6. A pro- 
posed law. 7. Advertisement posted 
in some public place. 8. An ac- 
count of goods ; a statement of par- 
ticulars. 

Bill of Exchange. — A written order 
from one person to another, desiring the 
latter to pay to some person designated 
a specified sum of money. 

— v. i. To join bills, as doves; to 
caress. 
Bill'-book, n. A book in which a 



person keeps an account of his notes^ 
bills of exchange, &c. 

BiL'LET,w. [Fr. See BILL, a writ- 
ing.] A small paper or note ; a short 
letter.— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To quar 
ter, as soldiers in private houses. 

Billet-doux (bil'le-doo'), n. [Fr.] 
A love-note or letter, [curved edge. 

BlLL'-HOOK, n. A small hatchet with 

BlLL'IARDS, n. pi. [Fr. billard, from 
bille, ball.] A game played with 
ivory balls, on a rectangular table. 

BlL'LINGg-GATE, ii. [From a fish- 
market of this name in London.] 
Foul or profane language ; ribaldry . 

Bill'ion (biPyun), n. [Lat. bis, 
twice, and L. Lat. millio. a million.] 
According to the French method of 
numeration, a thousand millions; 
according to the English method, a 
million of millions. 

BlL'LOW, n. [Ger. bulge, fr. root bel- 
gen, to swell.] A great wave or surge 
of the sea. [into large waves. 

BiL'LOW-Y, a. Swelling, or swelled 

Bii/LY,n. A watchman's club. 

Bi'lobed, I a. Divided into two 

Bi-lo'bate,J lobes. 

Bi-ma'nous, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
manus, hand.] Having two hands. 

Bl-MEN'SAL, ) a. Occurring once in 

Bi-m6nth'ly, I two months. 

BIN, n. [A.-S. binn.] A box or in- 
closed place, to hold any commodity. 

Bl'NA-RY, a. [Lat. binarius, fr. bini, 
two by two.] Compounded of two ; 
double. [couples. 

Bi'nate, a. Being double or in 

Bind, v. t. [imp. bound ; p. p. 
BOUND, formerly BOUNDEN.] 
[Goth, bindan, Skr. bandh.] 1. To 
tie together. 2. To confine, restrain, 
or hold in any way. 3. To sew or 
fasten together, and inclose in a 
cover. 4. To oblige. — v. i. To con- 
tract ; to grow* hard or stiff. 

Bind'er,«. 1. One who binds books. 
2. Any thing that binds ; a bandage. 

Bind'er-y, n. A place where books 
are bound. [An Americanism.] 

BlND'lNG,a. Having power to bind 
or oblige; obligatory. — n. Any 
thing that binds, as a bandage, the 
cover of a book, or something used 
to secure the edge of cloth from rav- 
eling. 

Bin'na-CLE, n. [Lat. habi- 
taculum, habitation, from 
habitare, to dwell.] A 
ship's compass-box. 

Bin'o-cle (bm'o-kl), n. 
[Lat. bini, two and two, 
and oculus, eye.] A tele- 
scope, fitted with two Binnacle, 
tubes joining. 

Bl-NO€'u-LAR, a. 1. Having two eyes. 
2. Adapted to the ufe of bet i eyes. 

Bl-NO'MI-AL, n. [Lat. bis. twice, and 
nomen, name.] An algebraical ex- 
pression consisting of two terms con- 
nected by the sign plus or minus. — 
a. Consisting of two terms; — per- 
taining to binomials. 

Bi-5g'ra-pher, n. One who writes 
a person's life. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; 9, 



soft; €,H,kard; A§; EjiST ; N as NG ; this 



BIOGRAPHIC 



40 



BLACK-LEAD 



BVo graph'ic, ) a. Pertaining to 

Bi'o-graph'ic-al, j biography. 

Bi-6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /Stos, life, and 
ypd<f>eiv, to write.] The history of 
the life and character of a person. 

Bi-6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. /Stos, life, and 
Aoyos , disco urse .] Scienceof life . 

Bl-PA'ROUS, or BlP'A-ROUS, a. [Lat. 
bis, twice, and parere, to bring forth.] 
Bringing forth two at a birth. 

Bl-PAR'T1TE, or BIP'AR-TITE, a. 
[Lat. bipartire, from bis, twice, and 
partite, to divide.] Having two cor- 
respondent parts. 

BPpXr-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. Act of 
dividing into two parts. 

Bl'PED, n. [Lat. bipes, fr. bis, twice, 
and pes, pedis, foot.] An animal 
having two feet, as man. 

BPpe'iT'K "--S^feet. 
Bl-PEN'NATE, ) a. Having two 
Bl-PEN'NA-TED, J wings. 

Bl PET'AL-oi)s,a. Having two fl i >wer- 
leaves or petals. 

Bl-PIN'NATE, | m • ■ i. 

Bi-PIN'NA-TED, J "■ TwlCe P ,Dnate - 

Bl-PLI'CATE, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
plicare, to fold.] Twice folded to- 
gether. 

Bi-QUAD'rate, In. The power 

Bi'quad-rat'ic, ) arising from the 
multiplication of a square number 
by itself. [fourth power. 

BVquad-rXt'IC, a. Pertaining to the 

B2-f.a'dt-ate, ) a. Having two 

Bi-ka'di-a ted, ) ray's. 

BIRCH (18), n. [A.-S. birce, Icel. 
biQrk ] A tree of several species. 

BiRCH, I a. Made of birch ; con- 

Birch'en, J sisting of birch. 

Bird (18). n. [A.-S. bird, or brid, 
young of any animal, brood.] A 
two-legged, feathered, thing animal. 

BTrd'-cAge, n. A cage for birds. 

BIrd'-call, n. An instrument for 
calling birds. 

BTrd's/-eye, a. Seen from above, as 
if by a flying bird ; hence, general. 

BIrd's'nest," n. The nest in which 
a bird lays eggs. 

Bi'REME,«. [Lat. biremis; bis, twice, 
and remus, oar.] A vessel with two 
tiers of oars. 

BIRTH (18), n. [A.-S. beord/i, byrdjx. 
beran, beoran, to bear, bring forth.] 
1. Act of coming into life. 2. Line- 
age; extraction. 

BlRTH'DAY, n. 1. Day in which any 
one is born. 2. Anniversary of one's 
birth. 

BIrth'-mark, n. Some peculiar mark 
on the body at birth . 

BIrth'place, n. Place where one 
is born L 

BIrth'right (-rTt), n. A right to 
which one is entitled by birth. 

Bis'cuit (bls'kit), n. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and cocius, baked.] 1. A kind of 
bread variously made. 2. Earthen- 
ware baked but not glazed. 

Bl SECT', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
bis, twice, and secare, to cut.] To 
divide into two equal parts. 

Bi-sec'tion, n. Act of bisecting. 




Bl-sifiG'MENT, p. One of the parts of 
i line, or other magnitude, divided 
into two equal parts. [both sexes. 

Bi-SEX'y-AL, ( -sek'shu-), a. Being of 

2>ISH'op', n. [A.-S. bisceop, biscop, fr. 
Gr. £7ri<rK07ros, inspector.] The high- 
est of the three orders of the Chris- 
tian ministry. 

Bish'op-ric, n. A diocese; the juris- 
diction of a bishop. 

Bis/MUTH, n. A metal of a reddish- 
white color, somewhat harder than 
lead. 

Bi'g'MUTH-AL, a. Consisting of bis- 
muth, or containing it. 

Bl'SON (or bi'sn), n. [Gr. /Stow.] A 
quadruped in- 
habiting the in- 
terior of North 
America ; popu- 
larly, but er- 
roneously, call- 
ed the buffalo. 

BlS-SEX'TlLE 

(-seks'til), n. American Bison. 
[Lat. bissextilis, from bisseztus, sixth 
of the calends of March, or Feb. 24, 
which was reckoned twice every 
fourth year.] Leap year ; every 
fourth year, in which a day is added 
to the month of February. — a. Per- 
taining to leap year. 

BYs'TER, ) n. [Fr. bistre.] A dark- 

Bls'TRE, ) brown pigment. 

Bis'TOU-RY, n. [From Pistoria, where 
it was first manufactured.] A surgi- 
cal instrument for incisions. 

Bl-sUL'€Otrs, a. [Lat. bi sulcus, from 
bis, twice, and sulcus, furrow.] 
Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. 

Bit, n. [From A.-S. bltan, to bite.] 

1. The iron mouthpiece of a bridle. 

2. A morsel : a bite ; hence, a small 
piece of any thing ; a small coin. 3. 
A small instrument for boring. — v. t. 
[-TED ; -TING.] To put a bit in the 
mouth of. — imp. & p. p. of Bite. 

Bitch, n. [A.-S. bicce.] The female 
of the canine kind. 

Bite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bit, bit- 
ten.] [Goth beitan.] 1. To cut, 
crush, or seize with the teeth 2. 
To cause sharp pain to. 3. To cheat ; 
to trick. — n. 1. Act of seizing with 
the teeth. 2. The wound made by 
the teeth. 3. A morsel. 4. A trick. 

Bit'er, n. One who, or that which, 
bites. [caustic. 

Bit'ing. a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; 

BIt'ta-cle, n. See Binnacle. 

Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter; fr. bite.] 1. 
Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste. 
2. Causing pain or distress to the 
mind. 3. Mournful ; distressing. 

Syx. — Sharp ; severe ; cruel ; poign- 
ant; reproachful ; pitiable. 

Bit'ter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. 

Bit'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter man- 
ner. 

BlT'TERN, «.. [N. Lat. botaurus, bos- 
taurus. Lat. taurus.] 1. A wading- 
bird, related to the herons. 2. 
[From bitter.] The brine which re- 
mains in salt works after the salt is 
concreted. 



Bit'TER-ness, h. State or quality 
of being bitter. 

BlT'TERs, n. pi. A liquor in which 
bitter herbs are steeped. 

Bit'ter-sweet, n. A plant, whose 
root produces first a bitter, then a 
sweet taste. 

Bl-TfJ'MEN,n. [Lat.] Mineral pitch; 
an inflammable substance having a 
pitch-like odor. 

Bl-TU'MI-NIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To jmpregnate with bitumen. 

Bi-tu'mi-nous, a. Having the quali- 
ties of bitumen. 

Bi'valve, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
valva, valve.] A molluscous ani- 
mal, having a shell consisting of two 
parts or valves. 

Bi'valve, ) a. Having two 

Bi-valv'ous, J valves which open 

Bi-valv'U-lar, ) and shut, as the 
oyster. 

BlVl-oOs, or Bl'vi-ous, a. [Lat. 
bivius ; bis, twice, and via, way.] 
Having, or leading, two ways. 

Biv'ouav (biv'wak), n. [Fr.] 1. 
Guard or watch of a whole army. 2 . 
An encampment without tents. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To encamp 
without tents or covering. 

Bi'-week'ly, a. Occurring once in 
every two weeks. 

Bizarre (he-zdr'), a. [Fr.] Oddin 
manner or appearance. 

Blab, r. J. [-bed ;-bing,136.] [Ger. 
blappen.] To tell unnecessarily. — 
v. i. To talk without discretion ; to 
tattle. — n. A babbler ; a telltale. 

Black, a. [A.-S. bliec. See Bleak.] 

1. Destitute of light. 2. Very dark 
or gloomy. — n. 1. Darkest color. 

2. A negro. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make black ; to blacken. 

Black'-ART, n. Conjuration ; magic. 

Black'a-moor, n. A negro ; a black. 

Black'ball, n. A composition for 
blacking shoes, boots, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] To reject by black 
balls or ballots. [bramble. 

Black'ber-ry, n. The berry of the 

BLACK'BiRD, n. In England, a spe- 
cies of thrush ; in America, this 
name is given to different birds. 

Black'board, n. A board used to 
write or draw on with chalk. 

Black'-cat'tle, n. Cattle of the 
bovine genus reared for slaughter, 
whatever their color may be. 

Black'en, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To make black. 2. To sully, as 
reputation. — v. i. To grow black. 

Black'fi'sh, n. A fish < aught on the 
shores of New England ; tautog. 

Black'-FRI'ar, n. A friar of the 
Dominican order. 

Black'guard (biag'gard), n. [Orig. 
the guard of the devil.] A person of 
low character and scurrilous lan- 
guage. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] Tore- 
vile in scurrilous language. 

Black'ing, n. A preparation used 
for blacking shoes, boots, &c. 

Black'ish, a. Somewhat black. 

Black-lead', n. [From its color, 
and fr. making a mark like lead.] A 



A, E, I, O, U,Y, long; X,E,1, 6, V, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM ; SON 



BLACKLEG 



41 



BLIND-WORM 



mineral composed of carbon ; plum- 
bago ; graphite. [and cheat. 

Black'leg, n. A notorious gambler 

Black'-LET'TER, n, The old Eng- 
lish or modern Gothic letter. — a. 
Written or printed in black-letter. 

Black'-MAIL, n. Extortion of money 
from a person by threats. [black. 

Black'ness, n. Quality of being 

Black'-pud/ding, n. A kind of 
sausage made of blood, suet, &c. 

Black'-rod, n. The usher belonging 
to the order of the Garter. [Eng.] 

Rlack'smith, n. A smith who works 
in iron. 

Bi,ack'th6rn, n. A spiny plant 
bearing a small black fruit. 

BlXd'DER, n. [A.-S blaedre, bladdre.] 
A. sac in animals, serving as the re- 
ceptacle of some secreted fluid. 

BLADE, n. [A.-S. bleed, that which 
springs forth.] 1. The leaf, or flat 
part of the leaf, of any plant. 2. 
Cutting part of an instrument. 3. 
Broad part of au oar. 4. A sharp- 
witted, dashing fellow. 

Blade'-bone, n. Upper bone in the 
shoulder. [blades. 

BLAD'ED, p. p. Having a blade or 

BLAIN,n. [A.-S.blegen.] An inflam- 
matory swelling ; a blister. 

Blam'a-ble, a. Deserving of cen- 
sure ; faulty ; culpable. 

BlAm'a-bly, adv. In a manner de- 
serving of censure. 

Blame, t. t. [ed ; -ixg ] [Gr. 
^\a<r<j>r](Jieiv, to speak ill. J To cen- 
sure ; to find fault with. — n. 1. 
Expression of disapprobation. 2. 
That whk h is deserving of censure. 

Syn.— Censure; reprehension; con- 
demnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime. 

Blame'ful, a. Meriting blame. 

Blame'less, a. Without fault ; not 
meriting censure. 

Blame'less -LY, adv. Innocently. 

Blame'less-ness, n. Freedom from 
blame; innocence. 

Blame'wor-thv (-wQr-), a. Deserv- 
ing blame ; censurable ; culpable. 

Blanch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
blanckir, from blanc, white.] 1. To 
take out the color of; to whiten. 2. 
To make white by stripping off the 
peel. — v. i. To grow white. 

Blanch'ER, n. 1. One who blanches 
or whitens. 2. One who anneals and 
cleanses money. 

Blanc-mange ) (bla-monj'), n. 

Blanc-manger ) [Fr., lit. white 
food.] A preparation of dissolved 
isinglass, or sea-mess, milk, sugar, 
cinnamon, &c, boiled. 

Bland, a. [Lat. bland ux.} Marked 
by soft or soothing qualities. 

Syn.— Mild; soft; gentle; courteous. 

Blan-dil'oquence, n. [Lat. blan- 
diloquentia.] Fair, mild, flattering 
speech. 

Bland'ish, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
bland hi, fr. blandus, mild.] To flat- 
ter by kind words or affectionate ac- 
tions ; to caress 

Bland'ish-ment, n. Soft words ; 
artful caresses. 



BlXnd'NESS, n. State of being bland. 

BLANK, a. [Ger. blank, bright, white, 

allied to blinlcen, to shine, glitter.] 

1. Of a white or pale color. 2. Dis- 
pirited ; dejected. 3. Lacking some- 
thing ; empty. 4. Without mixture , 
pure. — n. 1. Any void space. 2. A 
ticket in a lottery on which no prize 
is indicated. 3. A paper unwritten. 

Blank verse, Verse without rhyme. 

BLANK'ET, n. [Fr. blanchet, from 
blanc, white.] A coarse woolen cover, 
to protect from cold. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ing ] To toss in a blanket. 

Blare, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Ger. blar- 
ren, D. blaren, to bleat, to cry, to 
weep.] To roar. — n. Noise; loud 
sound. 

Blar'ney, n. [Of. Ir. bladar, flat- 
tery.] Smooth, deceitful talk. 

Blas-pheme', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Gr. 
p\a<r<$>r\tJ.eiv .] To speak impiously of, 
as of God or Christ. — v. i. To utter 
blasphemy. 

Blas-phem'er. n. One who blas- 
phemes. 

Blas'phe-MOUS, a. Containing blas- 
phemy. 

Blas'phe-mous-ly, adv. In a blas- 
phemous manner. 

Blas'phe-my, n. An indignity of- 
fered to God by contemptuous words. 

Blast, n. [A.-S. blsest , a puff, fr. blse,- 
san, to blow.] 1. A destructive wind. 

2. Forcible stream of air from an 
orifice. 3. Sound made by blowing 
a wind instrument. 4. The rending 
of rocks by gunpowder. 5. A blight. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To wither; 
to blight. 2. To confound, or strike 
with force, by a loud blast. 3. To 
split, as with gunpowder. 

Bla'tant, a. [Prov. Eng. blate, to 
bellow.] Bellowing, as a calf ; noisy*. 
,pLAZE, n. [A.-S. blsese.] 1. Flame. 
2. Light, as from flame. 3. A white 
spot on the face of a horse. 4. A spot 
on trees made by chipping off bark. 
Syn. — Flame.— A blaze and aflame 
are both produced by burning gas, but 
the former gives light and the latter heat, 

— the one shines and the other burns. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To shine 
with flame. 2. To send forth a bright 
light. 3. To be conspicuous. — v.t. 
1. To make public. 2. To mark, as 
atree, by chipping off bark. 

Bla'zon, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
display. 2. To deck ; to adorn. 3. 
To explain, as the figures on armo- 
rial ensigns. — n. [From blaze, torch, 
i. e., splendor.] 1. Art of drawing or 
explaining coats of arms. 2. Osten- 
tatious display. 

Bla/zon-ry, n. Art of describing 
coats of arms in proper terms. 

Bleach, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] A.-S. 
blsecan. See BLEAK.] To make 
white by removing the original color. 

— v. i. To grow white in any way. 

BLEACH'ER, n. One who bleaches. 

Bleach'er-Y, n. A place for bleach- 
ing. 

BLEAK, a. [A.-S. Mac, blaec, pale, 
wan, from blican, to shine.] 1. Des- 



olate and exposed, 2. Cold ; cheer 

less. [wind. 

Bleak'ly, adv. Openly as to coid and 

Bleak'ness. n. Quality of beiug 

bleak. 

Blear, a. D.m or sore with water 

or rheum. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

affect with soreness of eyes, or a 

watery humor. [eyes. 

Blear-eyed (-Id), a. Having sore 

Bleat, v. i. [A.-S. blietan.] To cry 

as a sheep. — n. Cry of a sheep. 
Bleed, d. i. [imp. & p.p. bled." 
[A.-S. bledan.) 1. To lose blood. 2. 
To die a violent death. 3. To lose 
sap, gum, or juice. 4. To lo.-e moue„> . 

— v. t. 1. To take blood from. 2. 
To lose, as blood, sap, or gum. 

BLEED'ING, n. A running or issuing 
of blood ; a hemorrhage. 

Blem'ish, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
blemir, blesmir, bleme, blesme, pale, 
wan.] 1. To mark with deformity; 
to mar. 2. To tarnish, as reputa- 
tion ; to defame. — n. Any mark of 
deformity. 

Syn. — Spot ; flaw ; fault ; taint ; re- 
proach ; dishonor; disgrace. 

Blench, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [See 
Blanch.] To shrink ; to start back ; 
to flinch. 

Blend, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Goth. 
blandan, to mix.] To mix together ; 
to confound. — v. i. To be mixed 
or united. 

Blende, n. [Ger., fr. blenden, to daz- 
zle.] An ore of zinc. 

Blent, p. p. of Blend. 

Bless, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blessed 
or BLEST.] [A.-S. bletsjan, blessjan, 
fr. blidhe, blithe.] 1 To make hap- 
py. 2. To invoke a blessing on. 3. 
To praise, or glorify. 

Bless'ed (60), a. Enjoying happiness 
or bliss ; happy ; prosperous. 

Bless'ed-ness, h. State of being 
blessed. 

Syn.— Happiness; felicity; bliss; joy. 

Bless'ing, n. A wish of happiness 
pronounced ; a benediction. 

Blest, a. 1. Made happy. 2. Mak- 
ing happy. 

Blew (blu), imp. of Blow. 

Blight (bllt), n. 1. Mildew; decay. 
2. That which frustrates one's plans 
or hopes. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
affect with blight ; to blast. 

BLIND, a. [A.-S. blind, Goth, blinds.} 
1. Destitute of sight. 2. Hidden ; 
unseen ; obscure. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To deprive of sight or discernment. 

— n. Something to hinder sight. 
Blind'fold, a. Having the eyes cov- 
ered ; blinded, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cover the eves of ; to hinder from 
seeing. 

Blind'ly, adv. Without sight, un- 
derstanding, or discernment. 

Blind'-man*s_-BOFF, n. A play in 
which one person is blindfolded. 

Blind'ness, n. Want of sight. 

Blind'-side, n. Side on which one 
is most easily assailed. 

Blind'-worm (-wQrm),n. A small 
reptile without *eet, like a snake. 



or, do, wolf, too, took; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G, so/i; €,G,hard; A§; E^IST; n as ng ; rais- 



ELINK 



42 



BLUNT 



BlYnk, i'. i. [Ger. bli-nken, blicken, to 
glance.] To wink ; to see with fre- 
quent winKing. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To shut out of sight ; to avoid. — n. 
1. A glimpse or glance. 2. A daz- 
zling whiteness about the horizon. 

Blink'ard, n. [From blink.] One 
who blinks. 

Blink'er, n. 1. One who blinks. 2. 
A blind for horses. 

3l.lfss, n. [See Bless.] Highest de- 
gree of happiness. 

Syn. — Blessedness ; felicity ; joy. 

Bliss'ful, a. Supremely happy. 

BLiss'FyL-LY, adv. In a blissful 
manner. [ness ; bliss. 

Bliss'ful'ness, n. Exalted happi- 

Blis'TER, n. [From plaster.] A thin, 
watery bladder on the skin. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To raise blisters on. — 
^\ i. To rise in blister*. 

Blithe, a. [Goth, bleiths.] Gay; 
merry ; joyous ; sprightly. 

Br/lTHE'Lif,af/f. In a joyful manner. 

LlIthe'ness, n. Quality of being 
blithe. [blithe. 

Blithe'some, a. Gay; merry; 

Bloat, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To cause 
to swell or become turgid. — v i. To 
grow turgid ; to puff out ; to swell. 

Blob'ber-lip, n. A thick lip. 

Block, n. [Ger. block, lcel. blokkr.] 
1. A solid mass of wood, 
stone, &c. 2. A connected 
row of buildings. 3. A sys- 
tem of one or more pulleys 
arranged in a frame. 4. 
Any obstruction. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To stop; to 
obstruct. Block (3). 

Block-ade', n. [It. bloccata. See 
Block!] The shutting up of a 
place by troops or ships. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To shut up, as a 
town or fortress, by troops or ships. 

Elock-ad'er, n. One who block- 
ades, [dolt. 

Elock'HEAD, n. A stupid fellow ; a 

Block' -house, 
n. A kind of 
fortress of heavy 
timber or logs. 

Block'ish, a. 
Stupid; dull. 

Block'ish-ness, 

n. Stupidity. Block-house. 

Block'-tin, n. Tin in blocks or in- 
gots. 

Blom'a-ry (blobm'-), n. The first 
forge through which iron passes after 
it is melted from the ore. 

Blonde, n. [Fr.] A person with fair 
complexion, light hair, and light 
blue eyes. 

Blonde, _ 1 n. [Fr. blonde, from 

Blond'-lace, ) its color.] A fine 
kind of lace made of silk. 

Blood (blud), n. [A.-S. blod, Goth. 
bluth.] 1. The fluid which circulates 
through the arteries and veins of 
animals. 2. Kindred ; consanguin- 
ity. 3. Descent ; lineage. 4. Mur- 
der 5. Temper of mind. 6. Excited 
feeling ; passion. 7. A man of fire 
or spirit, —v. t. [-EU ; -ing.] 1 



8S 




To let blood from ; to bleed. 2. To 

stain with blood. 
Blood'-guIlt'i-NESS, n. Guilt or 

crime of shedding blood. 
BlOod'-heat, 11. Heat equal to the 

temperature of blood, or about 98° 

Fahr. 
Bl6od'- hound, 

n. A ferocious, 

bloodthirsty va 

riety of dog, of 

keen scent 
BLOOD'I-LY,arfD. 

In a bloody man 
ner, 

BLOOD'I-NESS, n. Blood-hound. 
State of being bloody. [dead. 

Blood'less, a. Without blood , 

Blood'shed, n. Slaughter; waste 
of life. 

Blood'-shed'der, n. A murderer. 

Bl6od'-shot, ) a. Bed and in- 

bL6oD'-SHOT'T£N, J flamed by a 
turgid state of the blood-vessels. 

Blood'-suck'er, n. An animal that 
sucks blood; the leech. 

Blood'-thirst'V, a. Desirous to 
shed blood ; mm-derous. [vein. 

BLOOD'-VES'SEL, n. An artery or a 

BLOOD'Y (blud'-), a. 1. Stained with 
blood. 2. Murderous. — v. t. To 
stain with blood. 

Blood'y-flux, n. The dysentery. 

Blood'y-mind'ed, a. Cruel ; fero- 
cious. 

Bloom, n. [A.-S. blOvan, to blow, 
blossom.] 1. A blossom ; flower of 
a plant. 2. Opening of flowers. 3. 
An opening to higher perfection. 4. 
Powdery coating on certain newly - 
gathered fruits. 5. [A.-S. bluma, a 
mass or lump.] A mass of crude iron 
undergoing the first hammering. — 
v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To produce 
blossoms ; to flower. 2. To flourish. 

BLOOM'ER, n. [From the introducer, 
Mrs. Bloomer.] A peculiar costume 
for ladies. 

Bloom'ing, a. 1. Flowering. 2. 
Thriving in health , beauty , and vigor. 

Bloom'y, a. Full of bloom ; flowery. 

Blos'SOM, n. [A.-S. blOsma.] The 
flower of a plant. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To put forth blossoms; to 
bloom ; to blow ; to flower. 

Blot, v. t. [-ted ; -ting, 135.] [Icel. 
bletta.] 1. To spot or stain. 2. To 
disgrace. 3. To obliterate; to ob- 
scure. — n. 1. A spot or stain ; blur. 
| 2. Disgrace; reproach. 
1 Blotch, n. [Cf. Blot.] A pustule 
1 or eruption upon the skin. 

Blot'ter. n. A waste-book. 

Blouse, I n. [Fr.] A light, loose 
! Blowse, I over-garment. 

Blow, n. 1. [0. H. Ger. pluohi.] A 
blossom; a flower. 2. [Goth, bligg- 
van.] A stroke. 3. A calamity. 4. 
Egg of a fly in flesh. 5. A violent 
wind. — v. ?'. 1. To flower; to blos- 
som. 2. [imp. BLEW ; p. p. BLOWN.] 
[A.-S. blavan.] To produce a cur- 
rent of air with the mouth ; hence, 
to move, as air. 3. To pant ; to puif. 
— v.t. 1. To drive by a current of 



air. 2. To sound, as a wind instru 
ment. 3. To deposit, as eggs by flies. , 
4. To inflate. 5. To put out of 
breath. 

Blower, n. A contrivance for se- 
curing a current of air. 

Blow'-pipe, n. A tube with a small 
orifice for blowing an intense flame 
on any substance. 

Blowze,ti. [Same root as blush.] A 
ruddy, fat-faced woman. 

Blow'zy (blou'zy), a. Coarse and 
ruddy-faced. 

Blub'ber, n. Fat of whales and other 
large sea animals. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To weep noisily, or so as to 
disfigure the face. 

Blud'geon, n. [Cf. Blow, n.] A 
short stick, with one end loaded. 

BLUE, jt. [A.-S. bleoh, bled.] 1. One 
of the seven primary colors. 2. pi. 
Low spirits; melancholy. — a. 1. Of 
the color called blue. 2. Low in spir- 
its ; melancholy. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make blue. [berry. 

Blue'bEr-ry, n. A kind of whortle- 

BLUE'-BO"OK, n. 1. A parliamentary 
publication, so called from its blue 
paper covers. [Eng.] 2. A register 
of all persons in the employment of 
the government. [A??if.] 

Blue'-bot'tle, n. A fly with a 
large blue belly. , 

Blue'-dev'jls (-dfcVlz), -j. pi. Low- 
ness of spirits ; hypochondria. [ Cot- 
log.] 

Blue'-light (-lit), n. A compo- 
sition, burning with a blue flame, 
u?ed as a night signal in ships, &c. 

Blue'ness, n. Quality ot being blue. 

BLUE'-PE'TER, ii. [Corrupt, of blue 
repeater.] (British Marine.) A blue 
flag with a white square in the center. 

Blue'-stock'ING, n. A literary lady ; 
a female pedant. 

Bluff, a. 1. Rude or coarse in man- 
ner. 2. Roughly frank. 3. Steep ; 
bold. — n. 1. A high, steep bank. 2. 
A game of cards. — v. t. To frighten 
from accomplishing one's ends. 

Blu'ing, n. Something to give a blu- 
ish tint, as indigo. 

Blu'ish, a. Blue in a small degree. 

Blon'der, v. i. I-ed ; -ing.] [Allied 
to blend.] To mistake grossly. — n. 
A gross mistake. 

Syn. — Error; mistake; bull. — An 
error is a wanderm;/ from the ri^ht ; a 
mistake is the 7nw-takingofone thing for 
another, through haste, &c.; a blunder is 
pomething more gross, a blending or con- 
fusion of things through carelessness, ig- 
norance, or stupidity. An error may be 
corrected ; a mistake may be rectified ; a 
blunder is always blamed or laughed at. 
A bull is a verbal blunder, containing a 
laughable incongruity of ideas. 

Blun'der-bjjss, it. [Prob. fr. D. r/077- 
derbus, thunder-tube.] 1. A short 
gun, with a large bore. 2. A stupid, 
blundering fellow. 

Blun'der-er, ) n. One apt to 

Blun'der-head, j blunder; a stu- 
pid fellow. 

BlC'NT, a. 1. Having a thick edge or 
point ; dull. 2. Abrupt in address. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To dull the 



l, E, I, o,v,y, long; A,E,1, o, 0, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son, 



BLUNTLY 



43 



BOND 



edge or point of. 2. To repress or 
weaken. 

BlGnt'ly, adv. Unceremoniously. 

BlCnt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or 
point ; dullness. 2. Abruptness of 
address. 

BLUR, n. 1. A stain ; a blot. 2. A 
dim, confused appearance. 3. In- 
jury, as to character, &c. — v. t. 
[-BED; -ring, 13i3.] 1. To ob- 
scure. 2. To dim. 3. To blemish. 
Syn.— To spot; blot; stain; sully. 

Blurt, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To utter 
suddenly or unadvisedly. 

BLUSH, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
ablisian, to blush, blysa, torch.] To 
redden in the face, as from a sense 
of shame, &c. — n. 1. A red color 
suffusing the face. 2. Glance ; view. 

BlOs'ter, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] Allied 
to blast.] 1. To blow fitfully. 2. To 
talk with noisy violence. — n. 1. Fit- 
ful noise and violence, as of a storm. 
2. Noisy, threatening talk. 

Blus'te"r-er, «. One who blusters ; 
a swaggerer : a bully. 

Bo'A, n. [Lat.] 1. A genus of ser- 
pents 2. A round fur tippet. 

Bo'A-eoN-STRie'TOR, n. [N. Lat. 
constrictor, from Lat. constringere, to 
draw together.] A large and power- 
ful serpent, sometimes thirty or forty 
feet long. [not castrated. 

Boar, n. [A.-S.&Sr.] The male of swine 

BOARD, n. [A.-S. bord, Goth, baurd.] 
1. A piece of timber sawed broad and 
thin. 2. A table. 3. Food ; enter- 
tainment. 4. Any authorized assem- 
bly or meeting. 5. Deck of a vessel. 
6. pi. The stage iu a theater. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To lay or cover 
with boards. 2. To go on board of, 
or enter. 3. To furnish with food^ 
for compensation. — v. i. To obtain 
food statedly for compensation. 

Board'er, n. 1. One who has his 
meals for pay. 2. One who boards a 
ship. [boarders. 

BOARD'ING-HOUSE, n. A house for 

BOARD'ING-SOHOOL (-skJbl), n. A 
school in which the scholars board 
with the teacher. 

Boar'ish, a. Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. 

Boast, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] To exalt, 
or extravagantly |>raise one's self. 

Syn. — To brag; vaunt; vapor; glory. 
— v.t. To speak of with pride or exul- 
tation. — n. 1 Expression of pride, 
or vanity. 2. Cause of boasting. 

BOAST'ER, n. One who boasts. 

Boast'ful, a. Given to boasting. 

Boast'ful-ness, n. State or quali- 
ty of being boastful. 

BJOAT (20), n. [A.-S. bat.] A small 
open vessel, usually moved by oars. 
— v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To transport 
in a boat. 

Boat'a-bl,e, a. Navigable for boats. 

Boat'-hook. n. A long pole, with a 
hook, to pull or push a boat. 

Boat'man (150), n. A man who 
manages a boat. 

Boat'swatn (colloq. bo'sn), n. An of- 
ficer who has charge of a ship's boats, 
sails, rigging, colors, &c. 



Bob, n. 1. Any thing that plays loose- j 
ly, as at the end of a string. 2. Bait | 
used in angling. 3. A short, jerking 
action, — v. t. [-ed; -ING, 136.] 
To move in a short, jerking manner. 
— v. i. To have a shoit, jerking 
motion. 

Bob'bin, n. [Lat. bombus, a humming, 
because it makes a humming noise.] 
A kind of spool. 

Bob'bin-et', or Bob'bin et', n. A 
kind of lace. 

Bob'o-l'ink, n. An American sing- 
ing-bird. 

Bob'tail, n. 1. A short tail, or a 
tail cut short. 2. The rabble. 

Bock'ing, n. A kind of baize or 
drugget ; — from Bocking, Eng. 

BODE,r. t. or i. [-ed ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
bodian. See BID.] To presage ; to 
foreshow. 

Bod'ice, )n. [Prop. pi. of body.] 

Bod'dI^e,) Stays; a corset. 

Bod'i-less, a. Having no body. 

B6d'I-ly, a. Having or containing a 
body; corporeal. — adv. 1. Corpore- 
ally. 2. Completely. 

Bod'kin, n. [\Y. bidogyn, a dim. of 
bidog, short sword.] A pointed in- 
strument for making holes, &c. 

Bod'y, n. [A.-S. bodig.] 1. Material 
substance of an animal. 2. Princi- 
pal part, as of an animal , tree, army, 
&c. 3. A human being. 4. A col- 
lective mass of individuals. 5. A 
number of things taken together. 6. 
Any mass. 7. (Paint.) Consistency ; 
thickness. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To produce in definite shape ; to em- 
body, [tect the person. 

Bod'y-guard, it. A guard to pro- 

Bod'y-snatch/er, n. One who robs 
graves for the purposes of dissection. 

Bog, n. [Ir. & Gael, bog, soft, moist.] 
A marsh; a morass. — v. t. To 
whelm or plunge, as in mud. 

Bog'gle, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [See 
Bug.] To exhibit hesitancy. 

Bog'gy, a. Full of bogs; swampy. 

Bog '-ORE, n. An ore of iron found 
in bogs. 

Bog'-trot'ter, n. One who fives 
in a boggy country. 

Bo'Gus, a. [A corruption of Borghese, 
a noted swindler.] Spurious. \Amer.] 

Bo-hea', n. [From Wu-i, the hills 
where this kind of tea is grown.] An 
inferior kind of black tea. 

BOIL, v. i. [Lat. bidlirc] 1. To be 
agitated by heat ; — used of liquids. 
2. To bubble ; to effervesce. — v.t. 
-ed; -ING.] To cook or form by 
boiling. — n. [A.-S. b>jle, b : lf>, sore.] 
A painful, suppurating tumor. 

Boil'er, n. A vessel in which any 
thing is boiled. 

BoiL'ER-Y, 11. A place for boiling. 

Boil'ing, n. Agitation by heat; eb- 
ullition. 

Bois'TER-otrs, a. [0. Eng. boistous, 
Icel. bistr, stormy, furious.] 1. Ex- 
hibiting tumultuous violence. 2. 
Noisy ; turbulent. 

Syn.— Loud; violent; furious ; tumul- 
tuous ; vehement. 



Bois'TER-ous-LY, adv. In a boi*. 
terous manner. [boisterous. 

Bois'TER-oDs-NESS,n. State of being 
Bold, a. [Goth, balths.] 1. Forward 
to meet danger. 2. Lacking proper 
modesty or restraint ; rude. 8. Tak- 
ing liberties in composition or expres- 
sion. 4. Markedly conspicuous. 

Syn.— Courageous ; daring ; brave ; 
intrepid ; valiant ; manful ; audacious; 
forward ; impudent. 

Bold'ly, adv. In a bold manner. 

Bold'ness, n. Quality of being bold. 

Bole,h. [Sw. bal.] 1. The body or 
stem of a tree. 2. A measure. 

Boll, n. [Cf. Bowl, n.] Pod or 
capsule of a plant, as of flax ; peri- 
carp. — v. i. To form into a seed- 
vessel. 

Bol'ster (20), n. [A.-S.] 1. A long 
under-pillow. 2. A pad or support. 

— v. t. [-LD; -ING.] 1. To sup- 
port with a bolster. 2. To hold up ; 
to maintain. 

Bolt (20), n. [A.-S. bolt, Icel. bolti.] 
1. An arrow. 2. A strong pin to 
fasten or hold something. 3. Light- 
ning. 4. Twenty -eight ells of canvas. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To secure 
with a bolt. 2. To fasten. 3. To 
swallow without chewing. [0. Fr. 
bulter, M. II. Cer. biuteln.] To sift ; 
to separate or assort. — v. i. 1. To 
move abruptly. 2. To spring sud- 
denly aside. [bolts. 

Bolt'er, it. One who, or that which, 
Bolt'-head, ii. A long glass 

for distillations. 
Bo'lus, n. [Lat.] A large pill. 
Bomb (bum), n. [Gr. 

/36ju./3os, a hollow, deep 

sound.] A hollow ball 

of cast iron filled with 

explosive materials, to 

be fired from a mortar. 
B6M'BARD', v. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To attack with, 

bombs. 

Bom/bar-dier', n. A person em- 
ployed in throwing bombs, [bombs. 
BOM-BARD'MENT, n. An attack with 
Bom'bast (bum'biist, 114), n. [L. 

Lat. bombax, cotton.] An inflated 

style ; fustian. [flated. 

B6m-bast'I€, a High-sounding; in- 
B6m-bast'I€-al-LY, adv. With in- 
flation of style. 
Bom/ba-zet', } n. A sort of thin 
BOM'BA-ZETTE', \ woolen cloth. 
BOM'BA-ZINE', )n. [Gr. /Soju/Su^, silk, 
BOM'BA-SINE', ) cotton.] A twilled 

fabric of silk and worsted. 
Boivt'BlG, a. [Lat. bombyx, silk-worm.] 

Pertaining to the silk-worm. 
B6mb'-ketch ) (bum'-), n. A 
BOMB'-VES'SEL ) strong vessel, 

carrying mortars for bombs. 
B6mb'-pro~of (bum'-), a. Secure 

against the force of bombs. 
B6mb'-shell (bfinV-), n. A bomb. 
B6n'bon (or bong'bSng), n. [Fr.] 

A sugar-plum. 
Bond, n. [A.-S. bond, bound.] 1. 

That which binds. 2. A binding 

force or influence 3. A legal writ- 




Bomb. 



or, do, wolf, TOO, took ; URN, rue, PULL; E,i, o, silent; C\G,sq/fc; €,G,hard; AS-, EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS 



BONDAGE 



U 



BOTTLE 



ing under seal. 4. Union of stones 
forming a wail. — a. in a state of 
servitude. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
secure payment of, by giving a bond. 

Bond'age, n. luvoluntary servitude. 
Syn. — Thralldom; captivity; slavery. 

Bond'ed-ware'house, ft. A ware- 
house for storing bonded goods in. 

Bond'maid, ft. A female slave. 

Bond'man, ft. A man slave. 

Bond'-sErv'ant, ft. A slave ; a 
bondman_. [of slavery . 

Bonu'-slave, ft. A person in a state 

Bonds/man, n One who gives secu- 
rity for another. 

Bond'wom'An, ft. A woman slave. 

Bone (20), «. [A.-S. ban, Goth, bain.] 
A hard, whitish substance, compos- 
ing a skeleton. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To take out bones from. 2. To 
put whalebone into. 

Bone'set, ft. A medicinal plant ; 
thoroughwort. 

Bone'-set'ter, ft. One who sets 
broken and dislocated bones. 

Bone'-SPAV'IN, n. A bony excres- 
cence on the hock of a horse's leg. 

Bon'FIRE , ft. [Fr. bon. good, and Eng. 
fire.] A fire to express public joy. 

Bon-mot (bSng'mS'), n. [Fr.] A 
witty repartee ; a jest. 

Bon'NET, ft. [Fr.] 1. A covering for 
the head. 2. Addition to a sail. 3. 
A dome-shaped casing or appendage. 

B6n'NI-ly, adv. Gayly ; handsomely. 

Bon'NY, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good.] 
Handsome; beautiful. 

Bon'ny-clab'Ber, m. [Tr. bainne, 
baine, milk, and clabar, r/iuti.] Thick 
part of milk-that has become sour. 

Bon Ton (b5ng t5ng). [Fr., good 
tone.] Fashionable society. 

l3o'NUS, n. [Lat.,good.] A premium 
given for a loan, charter, or other 
privilege. 

BON-VIVANT (bong've-vong'), w. 
[Fr. bon, good, and vivant, living.] 
A jovial companion. 

fiON'Y, a. 1. Full of, or pertaining to, 
bones. 2. Having large or promi- 
nent bones. 

Bon'zf. , ft. [Japan, busse, a pious 
man ] A priest of different Oriental 
sects. 

Boo'BY, ft. [Fr. boubie.} 1. A water- 
fowl allied to the pelican. 2. A 
dunce ; a stupid fellow. 

Boo'by-hut, h. A kind of sleigh, 
with a covered top. 

BOOK (27), n. [A.-S. bOc, from bdce, 
beech, because the ancient Saxons 
wrote on beechen boards.] 1. Sheets 
of paper bound together, whether 
printed or not. 2. A sub-division 
of a work. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
enter in_ a book. 

Book'-bind'er, ft. One who binds 
books. _ [shelves for books. 

Book'-oase (109), ft. A case with 

Book'ish, a. Given to reading. 

Bo"ok'ISH-ness, ft. Addictedness to 
books ; fondness for books. 

Book'-keep'er (109), ft. One who 
keeps accounts. [accounts. 

BobK'-KEEP'lNG, ft. Art of keeping 



Book'-lEarnjED (60), a. Versed in 
books; ignorant of men. 

BOok'-learn'ing, ft. Learning ac- 
quired by reading only. [books. 

Bo^K'-SELL/ER, n. One who sells 

Bo"ok/-st6re, n. A shop where 
books are kept for sale. [Amer.] 

BOOK'WORM (-warm), ft. 1. A worm 
or mite that eats holes in books. 2. 
A student addicted to books. 

Bo"OM, n. [See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) 
A spar to extend the bottom of a sail. 
2. A line of spars across a river or 
other water. 3. A hollow roar, as of 
waves or cannon. — v. i. I -ED; 
-ING.] 1. To rush with violence. 2. 
To make a hollow sound or roar, as 
of waves. 3. To cry, as the bittern. 

BOOM'ER-ANG, V. 
A remarkable mis- 
sile weapon used 
by the natives of Boomerang. 
Australia. 

Boon, ft. [Lat. bonus, good.] Gift ; 
grant; present. — a. 1. Gay; mer- 
ry. 2. Kind ; bountiful. 

BOOR, n. [A -S. gebur, D. boer; fr. A.- 
S. buan, to inhabit, cultivate.] A 
clown ; a rude and illiterate person. 

BoliR'ISH, a. Clownish ; rustic. 

Boost, v. t. [Cf. Boast, v. ?'.] To 
lift from behind ; to push up. 

Boo'sy, I a. A little intoxicated ; 

Boo'zy, ) fuddled. 

Boot, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. [A.-S. 
but, compensation.] To profit ; to 
advantage. 2. To put boots on. — 
n. 1. Profit ; gain , advantage. [Fr. 
botte, A.-S. butte ,bytte.] 2. A cov- 
ering for the foot and leg. 3. An 
apron for a carriage, to defend from 
rain and mud. 4. pi. A servant at 
hotels v. ho blacks the boots. 

Boot-ee', n. A half or short boot. 

Booth, n. [Icel. bfrdh, W. bwtk.] 
A temporary shelter of boards or 
boughs of trees. 

Boot'-jack, n. An instrument for 
drawing off boots. [itable. 

Bootless, a. Unavailing; unprof- 

Boot'-tree, 1 ft. An instrument to 

Boot'-LAST, j stretch the leg of a 
boot. 

Boot'Y, «. [Tcel. byti, byta, to dis- 
tribute.] Spoil taken in war, or by 
violence ; plunder. 

Bo-peep', «. A child's play. 

BOR'AGE (bur'rej), ft. [Low Lat. bo- 
rago.] An annual garden plant, for- 
merly esteemed as a cordial. 

BO'RAX, ft. [Ar. bbraq, niter, salt- 
peter.] A salt formed by a combina- 
tion of boracic acid with soda. 

BOR'DER,ft. [A.-S. bord. See BOARD.] 
Outer part or edge of any thing. 

Syn. — Verge; brink; margin; brim; 
rim; boundary. 

— v. i. To touch at the edge. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make a border for. 

B6r'der-er, ft. One who dwells on a 
border. 

B6RE,f. t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. bo- 
rian.] 1. To penetrate with an au- 
ger, gimlet, or the like. 2. To weary 
by iteration. — v. i. To pierce or 



enter by boring. — n. 1. Hole made 
by boring; cavity of any nie-ann; 
caliber. 2. One who, or that which, 
wearies. — v., imp. of Bear. 

Bo'RE-Al,,«. [Lat. borealis, fr. Bore- 
as, the north wind.] Northern ; per- 
taining to the north. 

Bor'er, n. 1. Ore who bores ; an in- 
strument for boring. 2. A worm that 
pierces wood. 

Born and Borne, p. p. of Bear. 

BOR'OUGH (bQVo), v. [A.-S. bvrvk, 
burh, burg, fr. be organ, to hide, de- 
fend, be prominent.] An incorpo- 
ratedtown that is not a city. 

Bor'row (boVro), r. t. [-ed ; -ING.J 
[A.-S. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge.] 
1. To take from another on trust, 
with intention to return or give an 
equivalent for. 2. To appropriate. 

B6r'row-er, n. One who boirows. 

Bosc'age, ft. [From 0. Eng. bvsk, 
Eng. bush.] Wood ; underwood. 

Bosh, n. [Prov. Eng. bosh, dash, 
show.] Nonsense; foolishness. [Col- 

Bosk'y, a. U'oody ; bushy. [log.] 

Bps/OM, m. [A -S. bCsvm.] 1. The 
breast or its covering. 2. The breast, 
as the seat of the sensibilities. 3. 
Any inclosed place. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To inclose in the bosom. 

Boss, n. [Ger. .butz, butzen, some- 
thing cloddy or stumpy, point, tip.] 
1. A stud ; a knob. 2. Any protu- 
berant part. 3. [D. baas, master.] 
A master workman. 

Boss'Y, a. Containing, or ornament- 
ed with, bosses. 

Bo-TAN'l€, ) a. Pertaining to bot- 

Bo-TAN'l€-AL, ) any. 

Bo-tan'ic-al-LY, adv. In a botan- 
ical manner. 

Bot'an-'ist, ft. One skilled in botany. 

BOT'A-NIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] to 
seek for plants for the purpose of 
botanical investigation. 

B6t'a-NY, «. [Gr. po-ravri, herb, 
plant.] The science which treats of 
plants, their classification, &c. 

Botch, n. [Cf. Boss and Patch.] 
1. A patch of a garment. 2. A clum- 
sy performance. — v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To mend in a clumsy manner. 

Bot'-fly, ft. An insect troublesome 
to domestic animals. 

Both (20), a. & pron. [A.-S. 66; 
bUtu, butvti.] The one and the other; 
the two. — conj. It precedes the first 
of two co-ordinate words or phrases, 
and is followed by and before the 
other. 

Both'er, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
teate or perplex. — ft. One who, or 
that which, bothers ; annoyance. 

Bot'RY-OID, 1 a. [Gr. jSorpos, a 

Bot'ry-oid'al, ) cluster of grapes, 
and elfio?, form.] Having the form 
of a bunch of grapes. 

Bots, I ft. pi. [Prob. fr. bite.] Small 

Botts, ( worms in horses' intestines. 

Bot'tle, m. [Fr. bouttille, fr. botte, 
cask.] 1. A vessel with a narrow 
mouth, for liquors. 2. Contents 
of a bottle, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
inclose in bottles. 



A, E, l, o, u, \,long; l,t,i, 6,0, Y, short; care, Far, ask; all, what; ere, VEIL, t£rm; PIQUE, fTrm ; son, 



BOTTLE-HOLDER 



45 



BRAIN 



fSOT'TLE-HOLD'ER, n. One who aids 
a boxer, by giving him refreshment, 
&c, between the rounds. 

Bot'tom, n. [A.-S. bot?n.] 1. Low- 
est part of any thing. 2. Jbouuda- 
tion ; base. 3. Low land ; a daie ; a 
valley. 4.. Keel of a vessel ; hence, 
the vessel inseif. 5. Power of endur- 
ance. 6. Dreg=!. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 

1. To found or build. 2. To furnish 
with a seat or bottom. 

i^ot'TOM-less, a. Without a bot- 
tom ; hence, fathomless. 

B6t'TOM-ry, n. Contract* by which 
a ship is bound as security for the 
payment of money advanced or lent. 

Boudoir (bocVdwor), n. [Fr.] A 
lady's private room. 

Bough (bou), n. [A -S. boga, from 
beogan, btigan, to bow, bend. J A 
large branch of a tree. 

Bought (bawt), imp. & p. p. of Buy. 

Bouillon (bJOPyoug), n. [Fr.] 
Broth ; soup. 

Boul'der, n. See Bowlder. 

Boulevard (b JoPvar'), n. [Fr , 
fr. Eng. bulwark.} A public walk or 
street on the site of a demolished 
fortificatiou. 

Bounce, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Gr. p6/x- 
/3os, a hollow, deep sound.] To ieap 
or spring suddenly. — n. 1. A sud- 
den leap or bound. 2. A heavy blow 
or thump. 

Boun'CER, n. 1. One who bounces. 

2. A bold lie. 3 A liar. 4. Some- 
thing big. 

Boun'cing, a. Stout; lusty. 

BOUND, n. 1. Limit ; confine ; ex- 
tent ; boundary. 2. A leap ; a jump. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To limit; 
to restrain ; to confine. 2. To men- 
tion the boundaries of. — v. i. [Gr. 
/36/u./3os, a hollow, deep sound.] 1. To 
move forward by leaps ; to leap ; to 
jump. 2. To rebound. — imp. & p. 
p. of Bind. — a. Destined ; tending ; 
going. 

Bound'a-ry, n. That which fixes a 
limit ; esp. a visible mark. 

BoUND'.EN(bound / n),a. [Fvombind.] 
Made obligatory ; binding. 

Bound'less, a. Without bounds or 
confines ; infinite. 

Boun'te-oOs (65), a. Disposed to 
give freely ; generous ; munificent. 

BOUN'TE-OUS-LY, adv. Liberally. 

BOUN'te-OUS-ness, n. Liberality. 

Boun'ti-ful, a. Free in giving ; mu- 
nificent ; generous. 

Boun'ti-ful-ly, adv. In a bounti- 
ful manner. 

Boun'ty, n. [Lat. bonitas, fr. bonus, 
good.] 1. Liberality ; generosity. 2. 
A. premium to encourage some object. 

BOU-QUET' (bob'ka/ or boiVka), n. 1. 
A nosegay; a bunch of flowers. 2. A 
perfume or aromatic odor. 

Bour-geois' (bur-jois'), n. [Prob. 
from a type-founder of that name.] 
A small kind of type. 

ggt^ Bourgeois type. 

Bourn, ) n. [Fr. borne.] 1. A limit ; 
Bourne, j goal. 2. Stream or rivulet. 



Bourse (bobrss), n. [Fr.,fr. Gr./3vp- 
tra, skin, because a purse was made 
of leather.] A French exchange. 

Bout, n. [0. Eng. bought, bend. See 
Bight.] 1. A contest ; trial. 2. 
As much of an action as is performed 
at one time. 

Bo' VINE, a. [Lat. bos, bovis, ox.] 
Pertaining to cattle of the ox kind. 

Bow (bou), v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.^S. bhgan, beogan, Skr. blitidj, to 
be bent.] To bend ; — used esp. of 
the head or body. — n. 1. An incli- 
nation of the head, or the body. 2. 
Rounded part of a ship forward. 

Bow (bo), n. [See supra, and cf. 
Bough.] 1. A weapon for shooting 
arrows. 2. An instrument having a 
curved form. 

Bow'ei, (bou'el), n. [Lat. botellus, 
a small sausage.] 1. One of the in- 
testines ; a gut ; — chiefly in the pi, 
2. Interior part of any thing. 3. Ten- 
derness ; compassion. — v. t. (137) Ti. 
take out the bowels of 

Bow'er (bou'er), n. [From bow.] 1. 
An anchor at the bow of a ship. 2. 
[Ger. bauer, a peasant, the knave in 
cards.] One of the two highest cards 
in the game of euchre. 3. [A.-S. b^ir, 
from Goth, bauan. to dwell.] A cot- 
tage. 4. An arbor. 

Bow'er-y, a. Covering, as a bower ; 
containing bowers. 

BoWie-KnIfe (-nTf), n. A peculiar 
kind of knife, worn as a weapon ; — 
from its inventor, Col. Bowie. 

Bowl, n. [A.-S. bolla, any round 
vessel.] 1. A concave vessel. 2. 
Hollow part of any thing. 3. [Lat. 
bulla, any thing rounded by art.] 
A ball for rolling on a level surface. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To roll as 
a bowl. — v. i. 1. To play with 
bowls. 2. To roll the ball on a level. 

Bowl'der, n. [See Bowl, ball.] A 
mass of rock, transported by natural 
agencies from its native bed. 

BoW-legged (bo'legd), a. Having 
crooked legs. [at bowls. 

Bowl'er (b5P-), n. One who plays 

Bow'line, n. [Prop, the line of the 
bow, lor bend.] A rope to keep the 
weather-edge of the sail tight for- 
ward. 

Bowl'ing-AL'ley, n. A covered 
place for playing at bowls. 

Bowl'ing-green, n. A level piece 
ot' ground for bowling. 

BoW-shot, n. Space which an ar- 
row may pass when shot. 

BoWsprIt (bo'sprit or bou'sprit), n. 
[Boiv (of a ship) and sprit.] A large 
spar projecting over the stem of a 
vessel, to carry sail. 

Bowstring, «. 1. String of a bow. 
2. A string used by the Turks for 
strangling offenders. 

Box, n. [Gr. ttv^is, a box, esp. of 
box-wood.] 1. A case or receptacle. 
2. Inclosed space with seats in a place 
of amusement. 3. A hollow iron 
in which an axle-tree runs. 4. Buck- 
et of a lifting pump. 5. Driver's seat 
on a carriage. 6. [Gr. 7ru£os.] A 



tree or a shrub. 7. [Cf. Gr. nv$ 
with clenched fist.] A blow on the 
head or ear. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To inclose in a box. 2. To fur- 
nish with boxes. 3. To strike with 
the hand. — v. i. To fight with the 
fist, [fist. 

Box'ER, n. One who fights with hie 

Box'haul, v. t. [-ed; -ing] To 
wear, as a ship, in a certain manner. 

BOY, n. [Prov. Ger. bua, bue,D. boef. 
Cf. Lat. pupus ; A.-S. & Dan. plge } 
a little girl.] A male child ; a lad. 

Boy'hood (27), n. State of a boy- 

Boy'ish, a. Childish ; puerile. 

Boy'ish-ness, n. Manners or behav- 
ior of a boy. 

BRA€'€ATE,a. [Lat. braccatus, wear- 
ing breeches.] Furnished with feath 
ers which conceal the feet. 

Brace, n. [Lat. brachia, the arms 

1 (stretched out).] 1. A prop or sup- 
port. 2. That which holds any thing 
firmly. 3. A character connecting 
two or more words or lines, thus, 
boll, )4. A pair. 5- A strap. — -v. t. 
bowl.) [-ed;-ing.] 1. To sup- 
port ; to prop. 2. To tighten. 

Brace'let, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. brachi- 
i*w, -arm.] Ornament for the wrist. 

Brach'i-al, or BRA'CHi-AL,a. [Lat. 
brachialis ; brachium, arm.] Belong- 
ing to, or resembling, an arm. 

BRA-«HYG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. /Spec's , 
short, and ypatyeiv, to write.] Art 
of writing in short hand ; stenogra- 
phy- 

BrXck/en, n. Fern. 

Brack'ET, n. [0. Fr. braquet, from 
Lat. brachium, arm.] 1. A small 
projecting support. 2. One of two 
hooks, [ ], used to inclose an expla- 
nation, note, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To place within brackets. 

Brack'ish, a. [D. & L. Ger. brak, 
brackish.] Saltish ; salt, [brackish. 

Brack'ish-ness, n. Quality of being 

BRA-GT, n. [Lat. bractea i & thin plate.] 
A small leaf or scale, from the axil of 
which a flower proceeds. 

BrXd, n. [Cf. Dan. braad, prick, 
sting.] A kind of nail, with a slight 
projection at the top on one side. 

Brag, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
bragga, to adorn, W. bragiaw, to 
swell out.] To swagger ; to boast. — 
n. 1. A boast. 2. A game at cards. 

Brag'ga-do'ci-o (-do'shi-o), n. 
[From Braggadocchio, a character 
in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 1. A 
boaster. 2. Empty boasting. 

Brag'GART, n. [0. Fr. bragord, vain 
bragging.] A boaster ; a vain fellow. 
— a. Boastful ; vainly ostentatious. 

BrAg'ger, n. One who brags. 

Brah'ma, n. First person in the 
trinity of the Hindoos ; the creator. 

Brah'man, I n . One of the upper caste? 

Brah'min, ) among the Hindoos. 

Braid, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. bre- 
dan.] To weave ; to plat. — n. A cord 
or other texture, formed by weaving. 

BRAIL§, n. pi. [Lat. brara, bracx 
breeches.] Ropes to haul up sails. 

BRAIN, n. [A.-S. bragtn.] 1. The 



0R a DO, wolf, too ,, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, 6, soft; €,5, hard; AS; EXIST ; gasNU; THIS 



BRAINLESS 



46 



BREECHES 



soft whitish mass in the upper cavity 
of the skull. 2. The understanding. 
— v. t. To dash out the brains of. 

BRAlN'LESS,a. Without understand- 
ing ; witless. 

Brain'-PAN, n. Skull ; cranium. 

Brain'-sick, a. Disordered in the 
understanding. 

BRAKE, n. [L. Ger. brake, brushwood.] 

1. A fern. 2. A place overgrown 
with brakes. 3. A thicket. 4. [ From 
root ot break.] An instrument to 
break flax. 5. Handle by which a 
pump, &c, is worked. 6. Mechanism 
to retard the motion of a carriage. 

Brake 'man (150), n. One whose busi- 
ness is to manage a brake. 

BRAM'BLE, n. [A.-S. brembel.] 1. 
The raspberry or blackberry shrub. 

2. Any rough, prickly shrub. 
Bran. n. Coat of the seed of wheat, 

rye, &c, separated from the flour. ' 

BRANCH, n. [Ger. branke, claw, W. 
braich, arm.] 1. A limb ; a bough. 
2. Any part extended from the main 
body of a thing. 3. A subdivision ; a 
department. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To spread in branches. 2. To divide 
into separate parts. — v. t. To divide 
as into branches. 

Branch'let, n. A little branch. 

Branch'y, a. Full of branches. 

Brand, n. [A.-S., from brinnan, to 
burn.] 1. A burning or partly burnt 
stick. 2. A sword. 3. An iron for 
burning a mark on something. 4. 
Quality ; kind. 5. A stigma. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To burn with a hot 
iron. 2. To stigmatize. 

Brand'-goose, n. [See Brant.] A 
species of wild goose. 

BrAn'dish, v. t. [-ED; -ING] From 
brand, a sword.] To wave, as a 
weapon; to shake or flourish. — n. 
A flourish, as with a weapon. 

Brand'ling, n. A small red worm. 

Brand'-new, «. [See Brand.] Quite 
new, as if fresh from the fire. 

Bran'DY, n. [O.Eng. brandwine,\. e., 
burned wine.] A spirit distilled from 
wine, &c. 

Bran'gle, n. [Probably a modif. of 
wrangle.) A wrangle ; a squabble. — 
v. i. To wrangle ; to squabble. 

Brank, n. 1. Buckwheat. 2. [Cf. 
Branch.] A bridle for scolds. 

Bran'-new (109), a. See Brand- 
new, [bling, bran. 

Bran'ny, a. Consisting of, or resem- 

Brant, n. [It. branta.] A species of 
wjld goose. 

Bra'rier (bra/zher), n. [From brass.] 
1. One who works in brass. 2. [Fr. 
brasier, braisier, from braise, live 
coals.] A pan for holding coals. 

BRASS, n. [A.-S. bras.] 1. A yellow 
alloy of copper and zinc. 2. Impu- 



Brass'i-ness, n. Quality or appear- 
ance of brass. 

Brass'Y, a. 1. Pertaining to brass ; 
hard as brass. 2. Impudent. 

BRAT,n. [A.-S. bratt, cloak, rag.] A 
childj — in contempt. 

Bra-va'do, n. [See Brave.] 1. An 



arrogant menace; a boast. 2. A 
boasting feuow. 

Brave, a. [Fr. brave, Sp. and It. 
bravo, courageous.] 1. Of noble or 
admirable courage. 2. Excellent ; 
beautiful. 

Syn. — Courageous; gallant; valiant; 
valorous; bold; intrepid; fearless. 
— n. 1. A brave person; esp., an 
Indian warrior. 2. A hector; a bul- 
ly. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To en- 
counter with courage ; to defy. 

BRAVE'LY, adv. In a brave manner. 

Brav'er-y, n. 1. Quality of being 
brave. 2. Ostentation. 

Syn. — Courage; heroism; intrepidi- 
ty ; gallantry ; valor ; dauntlessnebs ; 
audacity. — Courage is that firmness of 
spirit which meets danger without fear; 
bravery defies or brares it, and shows it- 
self in outward acts; audacity is bravery 
running out into rashness. 

Bra'vo, n. ; pi. BRA'VOiis. [It. See 
Brave.] A daring villain ; an assas- 
sin. — interj . Well done. 

Brawl, v. i. [W. bragal, to vocifer- 
ate, brag ; brawl, boast.] 1. To 
quarrel noisily and indecently. 2. To 
complain loudly. 3. To roar; as 
water. — n. A noisy quarrel. 

Brawl'er, n. A noisy fellow. 

Brawn, n. [0. H. Ger. brato, fatness.] 
1. Flesh of a boar. 2. Muscular 
hence, the arm. 



Having large, strong 



strengtl 

Brawn'y, a. 
muscles. 

BRAY, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Icel. braka, 
to break, A.-S. bracan, to rub.] To 
pound or grind small.— v. i. [Fr. 
braire.] To utter a harsh cry, as an 
ass. — n. Harsh sound of an ass. 

Bray'er,m. One who brays like an 
ass. — n. [From bray, to grind.] An 
instrument for mixing or spreading 
ink. 

Braze, v.t. [From brass.] 1. To 
solder with an alloy of brass and 
zinc. 2. To harden to impudence. 

Bra'ZEN (bra'zn), a. 1. Pertaining 
to, or made of, brass. 2. Impudent. 
— v. i. To be impudent. 

BRA'Z£N-FAC£D (-fast), a. Impu- 
dent ; shameless. [manner. 

BRA/Z.EN-LY, adv. In an impudent 

Bra'zier (brasher), n. [See Bra- 
sier.] 1. An artificer who works in 
brass. 2. A pan to hold coals. 

BREACH, n. [A.-S. brire, bryce. See 
Break.] 1. Act of breaking. 2. 
Opening made by breaking. 3. In- 
fraction, as of a law. 4. A breaking 
up of amicable relations. 

Syn. —Kent; cleft; chasm; break; 
differerce; misunderstanding. 
— v.t. To make a breach in the 
walls of. 

Breach'y, a. Apt to break fences ; — 
applied to unruly cattle. 

Bread, n. [A.-S.] 1. Food made of 
flour or meal. 2. Provisions in gen- 
eral, [bread is made. 

Bread'~€ORN, n. Grain of which 

Breadth (108), n. [A.-S. brado, 
braed, from brad, broad.] Distance 
from side to side ; width. 

Break, v. t. [imp. broke (brake, 



obs.); p. p. BROKE or BROKEN\ 
[A.-S. & Goth, brikan.] 1. (a.) To 
strain apart; and (Fig.) to disclose. 
(b.) To violate, (c.) To interrupt; 
to terminate. 2. lo dash to pieces. 

3. (a.) To bruise. (0.) To weaken, 
impair, or subdue. \Fig.) To im. 
part cautiously, (c.) 'lo make bank- 
rupt, (d.) To cashier, — v. i. 1. To 
come to pieces. 2. To open spon- 
taneously. 3. To appear; to dawn. 

4. To burst forth violently. 5. To 
fail in business. — n. 1. An open- 
ing. 2. Interruption. 3. The dawn. 

Break'age (45), n. 1. A breaking. 
2. Allowance for things broken. 

Break'er, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, breaks. 2. pi. Waves break- 
ing into foam against the shore, &c. 

BREAK'FAST(brek / fast), n. The first 
meal in the day. — v.i. [-ED;-ing.] 
To eat the first meal in the morning. 

Break'wa-ter, n. Any structure 
to break the force of waves. 

Bream, v. t. To burn filth, as grass, 
seaweed, &c, off from. 

Breast, n. [A.-S. breost. The root 
is A.-S. berstan, Eng. burst.] 1. 
Fore part of the body next below the 
neck. 2. The glaT ;ds, in females, in 
which milk is secreted. 3. Seat of 
consciousness, the affections, Sec. ; 
the heart. — v. t. To meet with the 
breast, or manfully. 

BREAST'-BONEjW.'l'oneof the breast 
to which ribs are attached. 

Breast'knot (-not), n. A knot of 
ribbons worn on the breast. 

Breast'pin, n. A pin worn for orna- 
ment on the breast. 

Breast'plate, n. 1. Armor worn 
upon the breast. 2. A strap that 
runs across a horse's breast. 

Breast'-plow, » n. A kind of 

Breast'-plough, ) plow, driven 
by the breast, for cutting turf. 

Breast'work (-wurk), n. A defen- 
sive earthwork breast-high. 

Breath, n. [A.-S. brsedh.] 1. Air 
respired. 2. Act or power of breath- 
ing. 3. Time to breathe ; respite. 4. 
A single respiration or act ; an in- 
stant. 5. A slight breeze. 

Breath' a-ble, a. Capable of being 
breathed. 

Breathe, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
respire ; hence, to live. 2. To take 
breath ; to rest. 3. To pass, as air ; 
to exhale ; to emanate. — v. t. 1. To 
respire. 2. To utter softly. 3. To 
emit, as breath. 4. To suffer to take 
breath. 5. To put out of breath. 

Breath'ing, n. 1. Respiration. 2. 
Aspiration. 3. Tent. 

Breath'less, a. 1. Out of breath. 
2. Dead; expired. 

Breath'less-ness, n. State of bo- 
ing breathless. 

Breccia (bret'cha), n. [It.] A party- 
colored rock composed of angular 
fragments, united by a ce,ment. 

Breech, n. [See Breeches] 1. 
Lower part of the body behind. 2. 
Hinder part of any thing. 

Breech'es (bricb/ez), n. pi. [A.-S 



A, E.3, o,u,Y,;ong; A,£,l, 6, tf, ¥, short; cAre, far, ask, ale, what; ere, veil, x£kmj pique, fIrm; s6n, 



BREECHING 



47 



BRISTLE 



brec, brssc, Lat. bracse, oraccac.] A 
garment worn by men, covering the 
hips and thighs. 

Breech'ING (brich'ing), n. Part of 
a harness round a horse's breech. 

Breech'-load'ING, a. Receiving 
the charge at tht breech instead of 
the muzzle. 

Breed,!-, t. [imp. & p. p. bred.] 
[A.-S. bredan.] 1. To procreate; to 
beget. 2. To bring up. 3. To in- 
struct. 4. To produce. — v. i. To 
bear and nourish young. — n. 1. A 
race from the same stock. 2. Off- 
spring; progeny. 

BREED'ER, n. One who breeds. 

BREED'ING, n. 1. Formation of man- 
ners. 2. Deportment or behavior. 

Breeze, n. A ligat wind. — v. i. To 
blow gently. [winds. 

BREEZ'Y, a. Fanned with gentle 

BRENT, n. A brant, or brand-goose. 

BRfiTH'REN (152), n. ; pi. of Brother. 

BREVE, n. [Lat. brevis. short.] 1. 
(Mus.) A note, equivalent to i —». i 
two semibreves. 2. A curved I ""* ' I 
mark [~] to indicate the short quan- 
tity or sound of a vowel. 

Bre-vet', n. [Fr.] A commission 
entitling the officer to take rank 
above his actual rank or pay. — v. t. 
To confer rank or title upon by bre- 
vet. — a. Taking rank by brevet. 

BRE'VI-A-RY, n. [Lat. breviariwn, 
fr. brevis, short.] 1. An abridgment ; 
a compend ; a summary. 2. A 
book containing the daily service of 
the Roman Catholic or Greek church. 

tfRE-viER', n. [Prob. from being orig. 
used in printing a breviary.] A small 
kind of printing type. 

$3^" This type is brevier. 

Brev'i-ty, n. [Lat. brevitas, from 
brevis, short.] 1. Shortness of dura- 
tion. 2. Conciseness. 

Brew (bru), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. breovan, allied to Gr. <bpvyei.v, 
to roast, fry, broil.] 1. To boil or 
seethe. 2. To prepare from malt or 
other materials, by steeping, boil- 
ing, and fermentation. 3. To plot. 
— v.i. 1. To carry on brewing. 2. 
To be forming, or gathering. 

Brew'age (bruM, n. Malt liquor. 

brew'er (bru/er), n. One who brews. 

Brew'er-y I (bru/-), n. A house 

BreW-house J where brewing is 
carried on. 

Brewing (bribing), n. 1. Prepar- 
ation of liquors from malt and hops 
&c. 2. Quantity brewed at once. 

BREWls (bru/is),n. [A.-S., from breo- 
van, Eng. brew.] Bread soaked in 
gravy, or in water and butter. 

Bribe, n. [Fr. bribe, a hunch ofbread, 
leavings of meals generally given to 
a beggar.] 1. A gift intended to cor- 
rupt. 2. That which seduces. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ing.] 1. To corrupt by gifts. 
2. To gain by a bribe. 

Brib'er,«. One who bribes, 

Brib'ER-y, n. Act of bribing. 

Brick, n. [Armor, priek, clayey, prt, 
clay.] 1. Clay and sand, tempered 



with water, molded into regular 
forms, and dried or burnt. 2. Bricks 
collectively. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
lay or pave with bricks. 

BrIck'bat, n. A fragment of a brick. 

Brick'-kiln (-k.il), n. A kiln, in 
which bricks are burnt. 

Brick'-lay'er, n. One who builds 
with bricks. 

Brick'-work (-wGrk), n. A struct- 
ure of bricks. 

BRID'AL, a. Belonging to a bride ; 
nuptial; connubial. — n. Nuptial 
festival; marriage. 

Bride, n. [A.-S. bryd, Skr. praudha. 
Cf. Skr. prl, to love.] 1. A woman 
recently married. 2. A woman con- 
tracted to be married. [wedding. 

BR IDE '-CAKE, n. Cake for guests at a 

BRlDE'GROOM,n. [A.-S. brydguma, 
fr. bryd, bride, and guma, man.] A 
man newly married, or about to be 
married. 

Bride' maid, ) n. A woman who at- 

Brides/-MAID, ) tends on a bride. 

Bride '-man, ) n. A man who at- 

Bride§'-"MAN. I tends upon a bride- 
groom and bride. 

Bride'well, n. A house of correc- 
tion ; — from a workhouse near St. 
• Bride's well, in London. 

Bridge, n. [A.-S. brycg, brig.] 1. A 
structure on which to pass over a 
watercourse, ravine, &c. 2. Some- 
thing analogous to a bridge. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To build a bridgeover. 

BRl'DLE,n. [A.-S. bridel.] 1. An in- 
strument to govern and restrain a 
horse. 2. A restraint ; a check. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To put a 
bridle upon. 2. To restrain. 

Bri'dle-path, ) n. A path for 

Bri'dle-way, ) horsemen. 

BRI-DOON', n. [Fr. bridon, fr. bride.] 
Snaffle and rein of a military bridle, 
acting independently of the bit. 

Brief, a. [Lat. brevis, short.] 1. 
Short in duration. 2. Short in ex- 
pression ; using few words. 

Syn.— Short; limited; concise; suc- 
cinct; summary; laconic. 

— n. jL. An epitome ; a concise writ- 
ing. 2. Abridgment of a client's 
case. 3. A writ summoning a man 
to answer to any action. 

Brief'less, a. Having no brief; 
without clients. 

Brief'ly, adv. Concisely. 

Brief'ness, n. Conciseness. 

BRl'ER, n. [A.-S. brser, br&r.] A 
prickly plant or shrub. 

BrI'er-y, a. Full of briers; rough. 

Brig, n. [Abbrev. 
of brigantine.] A 
vessel with two 
masts, square- 
rigged. 

Brigade', n. 
[Orig. a contend- 
ing troop, fr. 0. 
Fr. brigue, trou- Brig, 

ble, quarrel.] A division of troops, 
commanded by a general officer, or 
brigadier. — v.t [-ED; -ING.] To 
form into brigades. 




BrIg'a-diek'-gen'er-al, n. The 
officer who commands a brigade. 

BRIG'AND, n. [VV. brigant, summit, 
highlander, plunderer.] A robber ; 
a freebooter. [plunder. 

Brig'and-aGe, n. Theft ; robbery; 

BRIG'AN-TINE , n. [Fr. brigantm, orig. 
a piratical vessel.] A kind of small 
brig. 

Bright (brlt), a. [A.-S. beorht,bri\f 
Skr. bliradsh , to shine.] 1. Shedcbnr; 
much light. 2. Having qualities 
that render conspicuous or attrac- 
tive. 3. Having a clear, quick in- 
tellect. 

Syn.— Shining ; luminous; resplen- 
dent; effulgent; radiant. 

Brighton (brit'n), v. t. [-ed ;-ing.] 

1. To make bright. 2. To make il- 
lustrious. 3. To shed light upon. 
4. To make acute. — v. i. To grow 
bright, or more bright. 

BRIGHT'EY (brlt'-), adv. Splendidly. 

Bright'ness (brlt'-), n. 1. Quality 
of being bright. 2. Acuteness. 

Brill'iance, In, Great brightness ; 

Brill'Ian-cy, 1 splendor. 

BRlLL'lANT (bril'yant), a. [Fr. bril- 
lant, p. pr. of briller, to shine or 
sparkle.] 1. Sparkling with luster. 

2. Splendid; shining. — n. A dia- 
mond of the finest cut. 

Brile'iant-ly, adv. In a brilliant 
manner. 

Brim, n. [A.-S. brymme.] Rim, or 
border, of any thing. — v. i. To be 
full to the brim. [pletely full. 

Brim'ful, a. Full to the top ; com- 

Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top. 

Brim'ming, a. Full to the brim. 

Brim'stone, n. [A.-S. bryne, fire, 
and stone.] Sulphur. 

Brin'ded, a. [Equiv. to branded.] 
Having different colors ; variegated. 

Brin'dle, n. [A dim. form of brind, 
the root of brinded.] State of being 
brinded. [variegated. 

BRlN'DLiSD (brin'dld), a. Spotted ; 

BRINE, n. [A.-S. bryne, fr. brinnan, 
byrnan, to burn.] 1. Water im- 
pregnated with salt. 2. The ocean 
or sea. 3. Tears. 

Brine'-pan,». A pit of salt-water, 
for evaporation. 

Bring,!", t. [imp. k,p.p. brought.] 
[A.-S. bringan.] 1. To convey ; to 
fetch. 2. To make to come. 3. To 
induce ; to influence. [salt. 

Brin'ISH, a. Like brine; somewhat 

Brink (82), n. [Icel. bringr, hillock, 
W. bryncyn.] Edge or border of a 
steep place ; verge. 

Brin'y, a. Pertaining to brine ; salt. 

Brisk, a. [W. brysg, fr. brys, haste.] 
1. Full of liveliness and activity. 2. 
Effervescing, as liquors. 

BRISK'et, n. [W. brysced.] That 
part of the breast of an animal that 
lies next to the ribs. 

Brisk'LY, adv. In a brisk manner. 

Brisk'ness, n. Quality of being brisk. 

Bris'TLE (bris'l), n. [A.-S. bristl.] A 
short, stiff, coarse hair. — v. t. [-E D ; 
-ING.] To erect the bristles of. — « 
v.i. To stand erect, like u ristles. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO. T^K.- fjRN, rue, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €,5, hard; As; E JIST ; NasNG; this. 



BRISTLY 



48 



BRUSH 



Bltfs'TLY (bris'ly ), a. Thick set with 
bristles ; rough. 

BRI-TAN'Nl-A,w. A compound of tin, 
antimony, bismuth, and copper. 

British, a. Pertaining to Great 
Britain or its inhabitants. 

Brit'tle (brlt'tl), a. [A.-S. bryttan, 
to break.] Easily broken; apt to 
break ; fragile. 

Brit'tle-ness, n. Fragility. 

Broach, n. [Fr. broche, spit, It. 
brocca.] A tool for smoothing or en- 
larging holes in metal. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To pierce, as with a spit. 
2. To tap ; to pierce, as a cask. 3. 
To make public. [who broaches. 

Broagh'er, n. 1. A spit. 2. One 

Broad (brawd), a. [-er; -est. J 
(A.'-S. brad.] 1. Wide; extended 
from side to side. 2. Diffused. 3. 
Having a large measure of any thing 
or quality. 

Syjt.— Ample; extensive; comprehen- 
sive; vulgar; coarse. 

Broad'-Xx, ) n. An ax with a 

Broad'-axe, J broad edge, for hew- 
ing timber. 

Broad'cAst, n. A casting seed from 
the hand in sowing. — adv. By scat- 
tering at large, from the hand. — ■ a. 
1. Dispersed upon the ground with 
the hand. 2. Widely diffused. 

Broad'cloth, «. Aline kind of wool- 
en cloth more than 29 inches wide. 

Broad'jen, v. i. To grow broad. — 
v. i. To make broad. 

Broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. 

Broad'ness, n. Quality of being 
broad; breadth. 

Broad'-piece, n. A piece of gold 
coin broader than a guinea ; in the 
reigns of James I. and Charles T. a 
20s. piece. [country or state. 

BROAD'-SEAL,n. Public seal of a 

BROAD'siDE, n. 1. A discharge of 
all* the guns on one side of a ship at 
once. 2. The side of a ship above the 
water. 3. A sheet of paper printed 
on one side only. 

Broad's word (-sord), n. A sword 
with a broad blade. 

BRO-€ADE',w. [It. broccare, to figure, 
to stitch.] Silk or other stun, varie- 
gated with gold and silver, or en- 
riched with flowers, &c. 

Bro-cad'ed, a. Woven as brocade. 

SSSHi}-- «-*«*• 

BRd'<3A-TEL',n. [Sp.] A kind of 
coarse brocade, commonly made of 
silk and cotton. 

BRO€'€0-Ll, n. [It., pi. of broccolo, 
cabbage sprout.] A variety of the 
common cabbage. 

Brochure (bro-shur'), w. [Fr., fr. 
brocher, to stitch.] A pamphlet. 

Brock, n. [A.-S. broc] A badger. 

Bro'gan, or Bro-gAn', n. A stout, 
coarse shoe. 

Brogue (brog), n. [Tr. & Gael, brog.] 
1. A stout, coarse shoe. 2. A cor- 
rupt manner of pronunciation. 

Broil., n. [Of Celtic origin.] Anoisy 
quarrel. 

Syn. — Affray; tumult; altercation 



l — v t. [-ed; -inc.] To dress or 

| cook over coals. — v i. To be sub- 

i jected to the action of heat. 

j Broil'er, n. 1. One who excites 

I broils. 2. A gridiron. 

| Broke (2o), imp. & p. p. of Break. 

Brok'bn (brok'n, 20), p. a. [From 
break.] 1. Parted by violence. 2. 
Made weak ; infirm. 3. Subdued ; 
contrite. 

Brok'en-heart'ed, a. Crushed by 
grief or despair. 

BROK' en-lv, adv. In a broken, in- 
terrupted manner. 

BROK'EN-wiND'ED,a. Having short 
breath, as a horse. 

Bro'ker, n. One who transacts busi- 
ness for another for a certain com- 
pensation. 

Ero'ker-age, n. 1. Business of a 
broker. 2. Fee or commission for 
transacting business as a broker. 

Bro'mA, n. [Gr. /3pa>p.a, food.] A 
chocolate preparation from the seeds 
of the cocoa. 

Bro'mIne, n. [Gr. ^pco^o?, bad smell.] 
One of the elements, related in its 
chemical qualities to chlorine and 
iodine. 

BroN'€HI, -jn.pl. [Gr. /Spo-yx"*, 

BroN'€HI-a, i /2p6yx°s, windpipe.] 

BRbJV'€Hl-JE,) The ramifications 
of the windpipe in the lungs. 

Bron'chi-al ) (82), a. Belonging to 

Bron'ciiic j the bronchiae, or 
ramifications of the windpipe. 

Bron-€HT'tis, n. Inflammation 
of any part of the bronchial mem- 
brane. 

Bron'CHO-CELE, n. [Gr. ppoyxos, 
windpipe, and KrjKr), tumor.] A mor- 
bid enlargement of the thyroid 
gland ; goiter. 

BRON-CHOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. ppoyxos, 
windpipe, and -rofo?, a cutting.] An 
incision into the windpipe. 

Bronze (bronz or bronz), n. [Prob. 
fr. It. bruno, brown.] 1. An alloy of 
copper with tin. 2. A work or art 
cast in bronze. 3. A brown color. 
— v.t [-ED; -INC.] 1. To give 
the appearance or bronze. 2. To 
maKe hard or unfeeling. 

Brooch, n. [See Broach.] A 
bosom-pin. 

Brood, f. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S 
brdd. See Breed.] 1. To sit on 
and cover eggs or young, as a fowl. 
2. To remain in anxious thought ; to 
muse. — v. t. To sit over, cover, and 
cherish. — n. 1. Offspring; progeny. 
2. That which is bred or produced. 

BRO"bK (27), n. [A.-S. brCc] A small 
natural stream. — v. t. [A.-S. brucan, 
to eat, enjoy, use, bear.] To endure ; 
to be contented with. 

Broom (28), n. [A.-S. brdm.] 1. A 
genus of plants. 2. A brush with a 
long handle, for sweeping floors, &c. 

Broom'-corn, n. A plant bearing a 
head of which brooms are made. 

Broom'rtick, n. Handle of a broom. 

Broom'y, a. Full of broom ; con- 
sisting of broom. 

Broth (21), n. [A.-S. brodh, from 



breovan, to brew.] Liquor in which 
flesh is boiled. 

Broth'el, /!. [A form of bordel, orig 
a little hut.] A house of ill-fame. 

Broth'er (bruth'er, 152), n. [A.-S. 
brodhor, brCdhvr.] 1. He who is born 
of the same father and mother. 2 
One closely united to another by 
some common tie. 3. One who re- 
sembles another. 

Broth'er-hood (27), n. 1. State of 
being a brother. 2. An association ; 
a fraternity. 3. A class of individu- 
als of the same profession. 

Brot«'er-IN-i,aw, n. Brother of a 
husband or wile ; also, a sister's 
husband. 

Br6th'er-ly, a. Tertaining to 
brothers; kir.d ; affectionate. 

Brow, n. [A.-S. brav, bitiva, Skr. 
bhril.] 1. The lidge and hair c\er 
the eye* 2. The lorehead. 3. Edge 
of a steep place. 

Browbeat, v. t. [imp. browbeat ; 
p. p. browbeaten.] To bear 
down with haughty, stern looks ox 
arrogant assertions. 

Brown, n. A dark color inclining to 
red or yellow. — a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[A.-S. brtin. The root is A.-S. beam- 
an, byrnan, Eng. burn.] Of a dark 
color, inclining to red or vellow. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make brown. 

Brown'-stout, n. A superior kind 
of porter. 

Brown'-stud'y, n. Mental abstrac- 
tion ; reverie. 

Brows.e,i\ t. To eat off, as the ends 
of branches, &c. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To feed on the tender branch- 
es of shrubs or trees. 

Browse (browss), n. [0. H. Ger. 
broz, prozzen, to sprout.] Tender 
branches of trees and. shrubs, fit for 
the food of cattle. 

Bru'IN, n. [D. bruin, brown, from 
his color.] A bear. 

Bruis_e (32), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
br.ysan.] To injure or crush, as by 
collision ; to contuse ; to reduce to 
fragments. — n. An injury to the 
flesh of animals, to plants, &c. ; a 
contusion. 

Bruis/er, n. A boxer. 

BR(ilT(brut),n. [Fr. ; W. brud,brwth.] 
Report; rumor; fame. — v. I. [-ED; 
-ING.] To noise abroad 

Brtj'mal, (32), a. [Lat. brumalis, fr. 
b'r'uma, winter.] Belonging to winter. 

Bru-nette', n. [Fr., brownish.] A 
woman with a dark complexion. 

Brunt, n. [A.-S. bront, boiling, foam- 
ing, raging.] 1. Utmost violence of 
an onset. 2. Force of a blow ; shock 
3. A sudden effort. 

Brush, n. [0. H. Ger. brusta, bursta, 
burst, bristle.] 1. An instrument of 
bristles, &c, for various purposes. 

2. Branches of trees lopped off. 3. 
A thicket or coppice. 4. A skirmish. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. Toapply 
a brush to. 2. To pass lightly over. 

3. To remove or gather by brush- 
ing. — v. i. 1. To move nimbly. 2. 
To move over with a slight contact. 



I, £ , I, O, U, Y,long; X, E,I, 6, D, Y, short; CA\RE, FAR. ASK, ALL, WHAT , ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



BRUSH-WOOD 



49 



BULGE 



BRUSH'-wobD, n. 1. A tliioket. ?,. 

Small branches cut from trees. 

BrUSH'y, a Resembling a brush. 

Bru'tal (32), a. 1. Pertaining to a 
brute. 2. Savage ; inhuman. 

Bru-tal'I-ty, n. Inhumanity ; 
savageness ; cruelty. 

BRU'TAL-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
make brutal. [ner ; cruelly. 

Bru'tal-LY, adv. In a brutal man- 

BRUTE (32), a. [Lat. brutus.] 1. Sense- 
less ; unconscious. 2. Irrational. 3. 
Unintelligent; animal. 4. Bestial. 
— n. 1. A beast ; an animal desti- 
tute of reason. 2. A low-bred, un- 
feeling person. 

Bru'TI-fy, v. t. [Lat. brutus, brute, 
and facere, to make.] [-IED ; -ING, 
142.] To make a brute of. 

BRUTISH, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, a brute. 

Svx. — Ignorant ; insensible ; stupid; 
savage; cruel; brutal. 

Bru'tish-ly, adv. In the manner of 
a'brute. [tality. 

Bru'tish-ness, n. Stupidity ; bru- 

LRU'TI§M, n. Nature or characteristic 
qualities of a brute. 

BRVO-NY, n. [Gr. fipvutvLa..] A genus 
of climbing plants. 

B&B'BLE,n. [D. bobbel.] 1. A small 
vesicle of water or other fluid inflated 
with air. 2. Any thing that wauts 
solidity; a delusive scheme. — v. i. 
I-ED; -ing.] 1. To rise in bubbles. 
2. To run with a gurgling noise. — 
v. t. To impose on. 

BUB'BLY, a. Abounding in bubbles. 

BUB'BY,n. A woman's breast. 

BfJ'BO, n. ; pi. BU'BOEg. [Gr. /3ovj8c6i'.] 
1. The groin. 2. An inflammation, 
with enlargement, of a gland in the 
groin. 

Bu-BON'O-CELE, n. [Gr. /3ov/3oV, 
groin, and ierj\ri, tumor.] A tumor 
in the groin. 

BUCCAL, a. [Lat. bucca, cheek.] Per- 
taining to the cheek. 

Buc'CA-neer', ) n. [A word of Amer. 

Btic'A-NIER', J origin.] A pirate ; 
a freebooter. 

Bu-CEN'TAUR,n. [Gr. /Sou?, ox and 
icevTavpos , a centaur.] 1. A fabulous 
monster, half ox and half man. 2. 
The state barge of Venice. 

BtJ'CHU, n. A plant used for diseases 
of the bladder. 

BUCK, n. [L. Ger. bnke, prob. ff. boke, 
book, beech, because formerly lye was 
made of the ashes of this tree.] 1. 
Lye in which 
cloth is soaked in 
bleaching ; also, 
the liquor in 
which clothes are 
washed. 2. The 
clothes soaked or 
washed. 3. [A.-S. Buck. 

bucca, hue, W. bwrh.] 4. Male of the 
fallow deer, goat, sheep, rabbit, and 
hare. 5. A gav, dashing young fel- 
low. — v. t. To soak or steep in lye. 

Buck'-bAs'ket, n. A basket to car- 
ry clothes in to the wash. 

Buck'ET, n. [A.-S. buc] A vessel 




for drawing or carrying water or 
other liquids. [gay ; foppish. 

Buck'ish , a. Pertaining to a buck ; 

BUCK'LE (buk'l), n. [Lat. buccula, 
dim. of bucca, cheek] An instru- 
ment attached to a strap. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To fasten with a 
buckle. 2. To prepare for action. 
— v.i.l. To bend; to bow. 2. To 
struggle. [of shield. 

Buck'ler, n. [See Buckle.] A kind 

BUCK'-MAST, n. [For beech-mast.] 
Fruit of the beech-tree. 

BUCK'RAM, n. [Fr. bougran, fr. bou- 
racan, &c, by transposing the r.] A 
coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. 

Buck'skin, n. 1. Leather of a buck. 
2. pi. Breeches made of buckskin. 

Buck'thorn, n. A genus of plants. 

BUCK'WHEAT, n. [Scot, buck, beech, 
and wheat.] A plant, the seed of 
which is used as a grain. 

BU-COL'IC, ) a. [Gr. /3oukoAikos, 

BU-COL'IC-AL, ) fr. j8ou/c6Aos, cow- 
herd, herdsman.] Relating to shep- 
herds ; pastoral ; rustic. — n. A pas- 
toral poem. 

BUD, n. [H. Ger. butze, butz, core of 
a fruit, bud.] An undeveloped 
branch or flower. — v. i. [-ded ; 
-ding.] 1. To put forth buds. 2. 
To begin to grow, as a horn. 3. To 
be in bloom. — v. t. To insert, as the 
bud of a plant, under the bark of 
another tree, to raise a different fruit. 

BUD'DHigM (bood/mn), n. The doc- 
trine taught by the Hindoo sage, sur- 
named Buddha, in the 6th century 
B. c. [of Buddhism. 

Bud'dhist (bcTod/ist), n. A votary 

Bud'dhist, ) a. Relating to, or 

Bud-dhIst'I€, ) connected with, 
Buddhism, or its founder. 

Bude '-LIGHT (-lit), n. [From Bude, 
the residence of the inventor.] An 
intense white light, produced by 
burning purified coal-gas in a lamp 
of peculiar construction. 

Budge, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. bou- 
ger, to stir ; move.] To move off; to 
stir. — n. [Lat. bulga, a leathern bag 
or knapsack.] Lamb-skin fur. 

Budg'et,,». [See Budge, n.] 1. A 
sack, with its contents ; hence, a 
stock or store. 2. Annual financial 
statement made in the House of 
Commons. 

Bud'let, n. A little bud or shoot. 

Buff, n. [Fr. bteuf, beef.] 1. A sort of 
leather, prepared in oil. 2. A color 
between light pink and light yeliow. 

BUFF, a. 1. Maae of buff leather. 2 
Between light pink 
and light yellow. 

Buf'fa-lo, n. ; pi. 

BilF'FA-LOEg 
[Gr. j3ov/3aAos, a 
wild ox.] 1. A kind 
of wild ox found in 
warm countries of 
the East. 



n duu leatner. z. 

ilEf 



Buffalo. 



EQf The name is erroneouslv applied 
to the Bison of North America. See 
Bison. 

BtJF'FA-LO-ROBE , n. The skin of the 



bison, or so-called buffalo, prepared 
with the hair on. 

Buf'fer, n. A cush- 
ion, or apparatus, to ■ 
deaden concussion. Buffer. 

BUF'FET, n. [Fr. buffet, It. buffetlo, 
orig. a wineskin, and then a table 
where wine in skins was placed and 
sold.] 1. A cupboard or sideboard 
at one side of a room. 2. [0. Fr., fr. 
buffe, blow.] 3. A blow with the 
hand ; a cuff. 4. Violent force or re- 
sistance. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
box ; to beat ; to cuff. 2. To con- 
tend against. [actor in an opera. 

BuF'FO,n. [It. See infra.] Thecomic 

BUF-FOON', n. [It. buff one, buffo.} A. 
droll ;_a harlequin ; a clown. 

Buf-foon'er-y, n. Low jests ; vul- 
gar tricks and postures. 

BtJFF'Y, a. Resembling buff. 

Bug, n. [Cf. W. bwg, hobgoblin, scare- 
crow.] An insect of many species. 

BUG, \ n. [W. bwg, bwgan, 

Bug'bear, i from bw, a terrifying 

Bug'A-boo', ) object.] Something 
frightful, as a spo( rer. 

BUG'GY, a. Abounding with bugs. — 
n. 1. A light one-horse chaise. 2. 
A light one-horse, four-wheel vehicle. 

Bu'GLE, ) n. [From bugle 

Bu'gle-horn, j (Lat. buculus, a 
young bullock, dim. 
of bos, ox), a sort of 
wild ox, buffalo.] A 
musical wind instru- 
ment. 

Bu'gle (bii'gl), n. 1. , 

[Ger. biigel, a bent Bugle-horn, 
piece of metal or wood.] An elon 
gated glass bead. 2. [Lat. bugillo.l 
A plant used in medicine. 

Bu'gloss, n. [Gr. j8ovyAwo-<ros, or 
tongue, from /Sous, ox, and -yAcocrcra, 
tongue; — from its long, rough 
leaves.] A plant used in dyeing. 

Buhl (bQl), n. [From A. Ch. Boule, a 
French carver in wood.] A figure of 
brass, unburnished gold, &c, set 
into surfaces of ebony, &c. 

BOhr'-stone (bfir^ston), n. [O.Eng 
bur, a whetstone for scythes.] A va- 
riety of flinty quartz. 

Build, v. t, [imp. & p. p. built.] 
[A.-S. byldan, to build, from bold, 
house, hall.] 1. To construct, as an 
edifice. 2. To raise on any founda- 
tion. 3. To increase and strengthen. 
— v. i. 1. To practice building. 2. 
To depend, as on a foundation. — n. 
Form of construction. 

Build'er, n. One who builds. 

Build'ing, n. A thing built, as a 
house, church, &c. ; an edifice. 

BULB, n. [Gr. /3oA/36s.] 1. A cluster 
of partially developed leaves (usually 
below the ground), producing a stem 
above, and roots below. 2. A protu- 
berance as of a thermometer. 

Bulb'OUS, a. Having or containing 
bulbs ; bulb-like in shr„pe. 

BULGE, n. [Cf. A.-S. balg, bdlig, Eng. 
belly.] Protuberant part of a cask ; 
protuberance. — v. i. To swell or 
jut ou': 




OR, DO, WOLF . TOO, -nToK -, URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O silent ; 9, G, soft; €, S, hard; as ; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



BULK 



50 



BURLESQUE 




Bulk, n. [Ieei. bulka, to swell, W. 
oivig, bulk.] 1. Dimensions; size; 
mass. 2. Largest or principal portion. 

Bulk'-hEAD, n. A partition in a 
ship, to form separate apartments. 

BOlk'I-ness, n. Greatness in bulk, 
size, or stature. [sious ; large. 

BULK'Y, a. Of great bulk or dimen- 

UULL, n. [The root is A.-S. bellan, to 
bellow. - ] 1. The male of any bovine 
quadruped. 2. One of the twelve 
signs of the zodiac. 3. One who is 
interested in raising the Talue of 
stocks. 4. [Lat. bulla..] Any thing 
rounded by art. 5. The seal appended 
to the edicts and briefs of the pope. 

6. An edict, or rescript of the pope. 

7. An apparent congruity, but real 
incongruity, of ideas, suddenly dis- 
covered. 

ByLL'-BAlT'lNG, n. Practice of ex- 
citing bulls with dogs. 

Bull'-calf (-kiif), n. A male calf; 
a stupid fellow. 

Bull'-dog, n. A 
kind of dog, of 
remarkable fe- 
rocity and cour- 
age. 

BUL'LET, n. [Fr 
boulet, dim. of 
boule, ball.] A Bull-dog. 

small ball for a gun. 

Bul'le-tin, n. [Fr. bulletin. See 
Bull.] Any public announcement, 
especially of news recently received. 

Bull'-fight (-tit), n. A combat 
with a bull. 

Bull'-finch (66), n. A singing-bird. 

BULL'-FROG, n. A large, noisy species 
of frog, found in North America. 

Bull'ion (bobl'yun), n. [Lat. bulla, 
any thing rounded by art.] Un- 
coined gold or silver in the mass. 

Bull'ock, n. 1. A young bull. 2. 
An ox, orcastrated bull. 

Bull's/-eye, n. A thick piece of 
glass inserted in a deck, roof, &c, to 
let in light. 

ByLL'Y, n , a noisy, blustering fellow : 
a quarrelsome person. — a. JoTial ; 
merry. [Low.] — v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 
142.] To insult with noise and blus- 
tering menaces. 

ByL'RUSH, n . [Bull, in the sense of 
large, and rush.] A large kind of rush. 

BUL'WARK, n. 1. An outwork for de- 
fense. 2. Any means of defense. 3. pi. 
Sides of a ship above the upper deck. 
— v. t. To fortify with a rampart ; 
to protect. 

BUM'BAIL'iff, n. [A corruption of 
bound-bailiff.] An under bailiff. 

BUM'BLE-BEE, n. [0. Eng. bumble, 
to make a humming noise, and bee.] 
A large bee. 

BUM'boat, n. A clumsy boat, for con- 
veying provisions, &c. to vessels ly- 
ing off shore. 

BfJM'KTN, n. [From boom, and the 
dim. termination kin.] Pieces of tim- 
ber projecting from each bow of a 
vessel, to haul the foretaek to. 

Bum'mer, n. 1. A houseless vagrant. 
2. A forager. 



Bump, n. [From bump, to strike, 
thump.] 1. A thump; a blow. 2. 
A swelling or protuberance. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To strike, as with or 
against any thing large or solid. — v. 
i. To make a loud, ht-wy noise, as 
the bittern. 

BUM'PER, n. [A corrupt, of bombard, 
a large drinking vessel.] A cup or 
glass filled to the brim. 

BOmp'kin (84), n. [Perh. fr. bump, a 
swelling.] An awkward, heavy rus- 
tic ; a clown, or country lout. 

Bun, ) n. [Cf. 0. H. Ger. bungo, bulb ] 

BUNN, ) A kind of small sweet-cake. 

BUNCH, n. [Icel. bunki, heap, pile, 
\V. pwng, cluster.] 1. A protuber- 
ance ; a knob or lump. 2. A collec- 
tion, cluster, or tuft. — v. i. To 
swell out, as into a bunch. — v. i. 
To form or tie in a bunch. 

BDnch'y, a. 1. Swelling out in 
bunches. 2. Growing in bunches. 

BfJN'DLE, n. [A.-S. byndel, from the 
root of bind.] A uumber of things 
bound together ; a parcel ; a roll. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To tie or bind 
in a bundle or roll. 

Bung, n. 1. Stopper of the orifice in 
the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice 
itself, —v. t. To stop with a bung. 

Bun'ga-LOW, n. [Bengalee bangla.] 
A house or cottage, of a single floor. 
[India.] 

BUN'GLE,1\ 7. [-ED ; -ING.] To act 
or work in a clumsy, awkward man- 
ner, [workman . 

BUN'GLER, n. A clumsy, awkward 

Bun'gling, a. Unskillful; awkward. 

Bun'ion (bun'yunf, n. See Bunyon. 

Bunk, n. A wooden case, which serves 
for a seat in the day-time and for a 
bed at night. 

Bun'yon, \n. [0. Eng. bunny, a 

Bun'ion, \ small swelling. Cf. Bun.] 
An enlargement and inflammation 
of the joint of the great toe. 

Bunt'ing, n. [Perh. from Ger. bunt, 
variegated, as it is covered with a 
great many small black spots.] A 
bird of different species. 

Bunt'ing, ) n. [Prob. from Ger. bunt, 

Bunt'ine, I variegated, streaked.] 
A thin woolen stuff, of which flags 
are made. 

buoy (bwoy or bwoy). 
77. [D. boey, boei 
buoy, fetter, 0. Fr 
buie, a fetter, Lat. bo- 
ja.] A floating mark Buoy, 

to point out the position of objects 
beneath the water! — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To keep afloat. 2. To fix 
buoys to ; to mark by buoys. 

Buoy'an-cy (bwo?'- or bwoy'-). n. 
1. Quality of floating: specific light- 
ness. 2. Cheerfulness ; vivacity. 

Buoy'ant (bwo?'- or bwo^-), a. 
1, Having the quality of floating in a 
fluid. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid. ' 3. 
Vivacious. 

Buoy'ant-ly, adv. In a buoyant 
manner. 

BUR, \ n. [D. burre, 0. Sw. bona, 
burdock, thistle, Ger. burre, 



hair, feathers, straw.] Prickly en 
velope of seeds. 

B0r'i>£N, n. [A.-S. byrdhen, fr. the 
rootof bear.] 1. That which is borne ; 
a load. 2. That which is grievous or 
oppressive. 3. Capacity of a ship. 
4. [Fr. bourdon, great bell, drone, 
humble-bee.] Verse repeated in u 
song ; chorus : refrain ; main topic. 
— c. t. [-ed:-ing.] 1. To lay r, 
heavy load upon. 2. To oppress. 

BOr'd^n-some, a. Grievous tcbo 
borne ; oppressive. 

BOr'dock, 7?. A genus of plants 

having a rough, bristly fruit. 
|BU'REAU (bu'ro, 314), v.; pi. BU- 
REAUX (bu'roz) or BU'REAUg (bu'- 
roz). [Fr., from 0. Fr. bure, drug- 
get, with which, orig. a writing table 
was covered.] 1. A desk with drawers 
for papers. 2. Office where business 
is transacted. 3. A department for 
the transaction of public business. 
4. A chest of drawers for clothes, &c. 

BU-REAU'€RA-CY (bu-ro'-), n. [Bureau 
and Gr. Kparelv, to govern.] A 8} stem 
in which the business of government 
is carried on in departments. 

BURG, 77. [A.-S. form of borough.] A 
borough . 

BUR'GA-MOT', 7i. 1. A variety of 
pear. 2. A perfume. See Berga- 
MOT. l t GEOIS. 

Bur-geois' (bur-jois'), n. See BOUR- 

BUR'GESS, v. [Fr. bourgeois, from 
bourg, borough.] 1. A citizen, or 
freeman of a borough. 2. A repre- 
sentative or a magistrate of a bor- 
ough. [BOROUGH. 

Burgh (bfirg), 7i. See Burg and 

BURGH'ER(bfirg'er),77. [From burgh.] 
A freeman of a burgh or borough. 

EfjRG'LAR, 77. [From burgh, borough, 
town, and 0. Fr. laire, thief, fr. Lat. 
latro.] One who breaks into a dwell- 
ing-house, in the night-time, to com- 
mit a felony, [burglary. 

BUR-GLA'Rl-otJS, a. Pertaining to 

Bur-gla'ri-oOs-ly, adv. YVitb>in- 
tent to commit burglary. 

BURG'la-ry, 77. Act of entering a 
dwelling-house, in the night, with in- 
tent to commit a felony therein. 

BCrg'o-mas'TER, 77. [Lat. burgvs 
(equiv. to burg, burgh), and Eng. 
master.] A chief magistrate of some 
municipal towns. 

BUr'gun-dy, 7i. A superior kind of 
wine ; — from Burgundy, in France. 

Bu'Rl-AL (beVI-al), 77. Act of bury- 
rag; sepulture; interment. 

EU'RIN, 77. [Prob. from 0. H. Ger 
bora, borer.] 1. An engraver's tool. 
2. Style of execution of an engraver. 

BURKE, v. t. [-ed:-ing.] [From an 
Irishman who committed the crime 
in 1829.] 1. To murder, so as to ob- 
tain a body f or dissection. 2. To 
dispose of quietly or indirectly. 

BURL. 7-. t. [Cf. Fr. bourlet , bourreh t , 
pad.] To pick knots, loose threads, 
&c, from, as in finishing cloth. 

BUR'LAP, n. A coarse linen fabric. 

BUR-LESQUE' (-leak'), a- [It. burles- 
co, fr. burla, sneer, mockery.] Tend- 



l. E, I, 5,fj, Y,long; X *,.l, 6,ti, V, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM V PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



BURLETTA 



51 



BUXOM 



ing to excite laughter by ludicrous 
images. — /(. 1. Exaggerated paro- 
dv ; satire. 2 A ludicrous imitation ; 
a earicatare.— v. t. [-eu; -ing.] 
To turn into ridicule. 

Bur-let' ta, n. [It., dim. of burla, 
mockery.] A comic opera. 

BUR'LY, a. [0. Eng. boorely, equiv. 
to boorlike, clownisu.] 1. Of great 
bulk; stout. 2. Coarse and rough. 

B&RN, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BURNED or 
BURNT.] [A.-S. be ornan, byrnan, 
Goth, brinnan.] 1. To consume with 
fire. 2. To injure by fire or heat. 

3. To submit to the action of fire or 
heat. 4 To produce a sensation akin 
to that of heat. — v. i. 1. To be on 
fire. 2. To be injured by heat. 3. To 
be hot or in a passion. — n. Injury 
caused by the action of fire. 

BURN'ER, n. 1. One who sets on fire. 
2. An appendage to a lamp or gas- 
fixture. 

BCrVing-glass, it. A convex lens 
used for producing an intense heat 
by converging the sun's rays. 

BOr'nish, v. t. [-ed:-ing.] [Fr. 
brunir, It. brunire, to make brown, 
bright, or glossy.] 1. To polish by I 
rubbing. 2. To render bi*ight. — n. 
Effect of burnishing ; gloss ; luster. 

BOr'nish-er, n. 1. One who bur- 
nishes. 2. A tool for burnishing. 

BOrnt'-off'er-ing, n. Something 
offered and burnt on an altar. 

BOrr, n. See Bur. 

BtJR'ROW, n. [A.-S. beorg, beorh, hill, 
burrow, fr. beorgan, to be prominent, 
to protect.] A hole in the ground 
made by certain animals. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To excavate a hole 
to lodge in ; to lodge in a hole. 2. 
To hide ; to take refuge in . 

Bur'sar, n. [L. Lat. bursarius, from 
bursa, byrsa, purse.] 1. A treasurer ; 
a purser. 2. A student to whom a 
stipend is paid. 

BOr'sa-ry, n. 1. Treasury of a col- 
lege or monastery. 2. A charitable 
foundation in a university. 

BURSE, n. [L. Lat. bursa. See 
Bourse.] A public edifice for the 
meeting of merchants ; an exchange. 

Burst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burst.] 
[A.-S. berstan.] 1. To fly or break 
open with force. 2. To make any sud- 
den change to an opposite or different 
state. — v. t. To rend by violence ; 
to open suddenly. — n. A sudden 
breaking forth ; a violent rending. 

Burthen, n. & v. See Burden. 

BUR'Y(ber'y),i\ t. [-ed; -ing. 142.] 
[A.-S. byrigan, allied to beorgan, to 
keep, cover, hide.] 1. To cover out 
of sight, as in a grave. 2. To hide 
in oblivion. 

BUR'Y-ING-GROUND ) (ber'\--), n. A 

Bur'y-ing-place J grave-yard ; a 
church-yard. [skin. 

Bus/BY, n. A military cap of bear- 

BUSH, n. [0. H. Ger buse, Fr. bois.] 
1. A place abounding in trees or 
shrubs. 2. A thick shrub : also, a 
cluster of shrubs. 3. A tavern si<;n. 

4. A lining of metal let into an orifice. 



— v. i. To grow thick or bushy. — v. 

| t. To furnish with a bush. 

feusH'EL, n. [Low Lat. boissel, bois- 

' sellus, fr. bustia, buxis, equiv. to Gr. 
7rv£ts, box.] A dry measure of four 
pecks or eight gallons. 

BusH'EL-AGE, n. A duty payable on 
commodities by the bushel. [Eng.] 

Bush'i-ness, n. Quality of being 
bushy. 

Bush'-whack'er, n. 1. A raw coun- 
tryman. 2. One engaged in predato- 
ry excursions against an enemy. 

Bush'y, a. 1. Full of bushes. 2. 
Thick and spreading, like a bush. 

Bus/I-EY (bjz'i-ly), adv. In a busy 
manner. 

Bus/i-ness (btz'nes), n. 1. Employ- 
ment ; occupation. 2. Traffic in gen- 
eral. 3. Concern. 4. Affair ; trans- 
action. 

BUSK, n. [Er. buse, busque, from bois, 
bos, wood.] A piece of metal, whale- 
bone, or wood, worn in corsets. — 
v. t. or v. i. [L. Lat. buscus, boscus ; 
orig. to go through a bush; hence, 
to hunt.] To prepare, make ready, 
array. 

Bt'S'KlN, n. [Contr. fr. Fr. brosse- 
quiii ; prob. fr. Gr. /Supcm, skin, hide.] 

1. A covering for the foot and leg, 
formerly worn by actors in tragedy. 

2. Tragedy, as distinguished from 
comedy. [2. Tragic. 

Bus'kin\ed, a. 1. Dressed in buskins. 

Buss, n. [Allied to Lat. 6a;s/w»n,kiss.] 
A rude or playful kiss. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To kiss. 

Bust, n. [Ger. brunt, breast.] 1. 
Statuary representing the upper 
part of the human figure. 2. The 
trunk of the body. 

Bus'tard, n. [Lat. avis tarda.] A 
bird of the ostrich family. 

Bus'tle (bus'l), v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Prob. fr. A.-S. bysig, busy, bysg-ian, 
to busy, and the termination le.] To 
stir quickly ; to be very active. — n. 
1. Great stir , hurried activity. 2. 
A cushion worn by ladies to expand 
the skirts behind. 

Bus'tler (bus'ier), n. An active, 
stirring person. 

Bus/Y (biz'y),a. [A.-S. bysig.] 1. En- 
gaged in business. 2. Constantly in 
motion; restless. 3. Officious. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ing, 142.] To make or keep 
busy ; to employ ; to occupy. 

Bus/y-bod'Y (biz'y-), n. A meddling 
person. 

But, prep. & conj. [A.-S. butan, from 
pref. be and vtan, outward, without, 
fr. tit, tXte, out, without.] 1. Except ; 
besides ; unless ; save. 2. Otherwise 
than that ; that not. 3. Only ; sole- 
ly ; merely. 4. On the contrary ; 
yet ; still ; nevertheless. 

But, p. See Butt. 

Butch'er, n. [Fr. boucher, orig. a 
killer of buck-goats, from Fr. bone, a 
buck-goat.] I. One who slaughters 
animals for food. 2. One who kills 
in a bloody manner, — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To slaughter, as animals, 
for food. 2. To slay inhumanly. 



BUTCH'ER-LY. a. Grossly cruel u,ntl 
barbarous ; bloody. 

Butch'er-y, n. 1. Business of a 
butcher. 2. Carnage ; massacre. 

BDt'-end, In. Largest or blunt end 

BUTT'-END, j of a thing. 

BUT'LER, n. [Fr. bouteillier, boutillicr, 
a bottle-bearer.] A servant who 
takes charge of the liquors, &c. 

BuT'LER-SHiP, n. Office of a butler. 

Butt, l h. [Fr. but, butt, aim, 0. Fr. 

BUT, ) bot, end, extremity.] I. 
The larger end of a thing. 2. A 
mark to be shot at. 3. Object of 
ridicule. 4. A thrust in fencing or by 
the head of an animal. 5. A large 
cask or vessel. 6. Thickest and 
stoutest part of tanned ox-hides. 7. 
A kind of hinge. — v.i. 1. To be 
bouuded ; to abut. 2. To thrust the 
head forward. — v.t. To strike by 
thrusting the head against. 

But'TER, n. [Gr. ^ovrvpov, fr. (Sou?, 
ox, cow, and rupos, cheese.] 1. A sub- 
stance obtained from cream. 2. Any 
substance resembling butter in de- 
gree of consistence, or other qualities. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To cover or 
spread with butter. 

But'ter-cup, n. A plant having 
bright yellow flowers. 

BOt'ter-fly, n. [From the color 
of a yellow species.] A lepidopterous 
insect of different species. 

But'ter-milk, n. The milk that re- 
mains after the butter is separated 
from it. [fruit. 

But'ter-nut, n. A tree and its oily 

But'ter-y, a. Having the qualities 
or appearance of butter. — n. An 
apartment where butter, provisions, 
&c, are kept. 

But'tock, n. [From butt, end.] 1. 
The rump. 2. The convexity of a 
ship behind, under the stern. 

BOt'ton (bat'n), n. [Fr. bouton. fr. 
bout, end, extremity.] 1. A small 
ball ; a knob. 2. A catch to fasten 
parts of dress. 3. A bud ; a germ. 
4. A piece of wood or metal to fasten 
doors, &c — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
fasten with a button. 

But'ton-hole, n. The hole in 
which a button is caught. — v. t. To 
detain in conversation to weariness ; 
to bore. 

But'ton-wood (27), n. A large tree 
growing in North America. 

BC'T'TRESS, n. [Fr. boa- 
ter, to push, butt, put.] 
A projecting support 
to the exterior of a 
wall; a prop. — v. t. 
To support by a but- 
tress ; to prop. 

Bu/ty-ra'ceoOs, ) a. 

Bu'TY-ROtis, } [See 

Butter.] Ilaving the 
qualities of butter ; re- 
sembling butter. 

Bux'OM, a. [A.-S. boc- 
sum , fr. beogan, bftgan , 
to bow, bend, and the term, sum, 
equiv. to Eng. some.] Brisk ; jolly ; 
frolicsome. . 




Buttress. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK ; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; as; E£I8T; N. as NG ; this 



BUXOMLY 



52 



CAGE 



BiJX'OM-LY, adv. In a buxom man- 
ner ; briskly. 

^UY, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOUGHT 
(bawt).] [A.-S. bycgan, bygan.] 1. 
To purchase ; to obtain tor a price. 
2. To procure by a consideration. 

Buy'er, «. One who bu^s; a pur- 
chaser. 

SiJZZ, ■». i. [-ED; -ING.] [An ono- 
matopoeia.] To make a low, contin- 
uous, humming sound, as bees. — 
v. t. To spread, as report, by whis- 
pers. — n. 1. A continuous hum- 
ming noise, as of bees. 2. A whis- 
per ; a report. 

Buz'ZARD, n. [Lat. buteo.] 1. A 
bird of prey , of the Falcon family . 2. 
/ dunce. 



BY (35), prep. [A.-S. be, bi , big.] 1. 
Near or next to. 2. Near to in mo- 
tion ; hence, from one to the other 
side of. 3. With, as instrument, 
means, way, &c. ; through. 

£y-and-by.—(u.) Immediately; at once. 
[Obs.] (6.) Presently; pretty soon; before 
Jong. 

— adv. 1. Near; present. 2. Pass- 
ing near. 

By, )n. A thing not directly aimed 

Bye, I at ; an object by the way. 
By the bye, in passing ; by way of di- 
gression; apropos to the matter in hand. 

By'-end, n. Private end or interest. 

By'-gone (21), a. Past ; gone by. — 
n. A past event. 

By'-law, n. A local or subordinate 
law ; a private law or regulation. 



By'-NAME, n. A nickname ; a sobri 
quet. 

By'-path, n. A private path. 

By'-PLAY, n. A scene which is car- 
ried on aside, and couin.onlv in 
dumb show, while the main action 
proceeds. [spectator. 

By'-stand'er, n. A looker-on ; a 

By'-way, n. A private or secluded 
way. 

By'-word (bl'wurd), n. A common 
saying ; a proverb. 

Byz'ANT,_ ) n. A gold coin worth 

Byz'an-tine, ) .£15 sterling, so 
called from being coined at Byzan 
tium. 

By-zan'tIne, or Byz'an-tIne, a. 
Of, or pertaining to, Byzantium. 



c. 



C1 (ce), the third letter in the English 
/ alphabet. See §§63-69. 

fAB, n. [An abbrev. of cabriolet.] A 
covered carriage drawn by one horse. 

{Ja-b4l', n. [Heb. gabbalah, fr. ga- 
bal, to take or receive.] 1. A num- 
ber of persons united to promote 
their private views by intrigue ; a 
junto. 2. Intrigue. 

Syn. — Party; faction. — Cabal and 
faction differ from party, being always 
used in a bad sense. A cabal intrigues 
secretly to gain power ; a faction labors 
more or less openly to change or break 
down the existing order of things. 
— v. i. [-LED : -ling, 13b.] To unite 
in secret artifices ; to plot. 

•Gab'A-la, n. [See supra.] 1. A 
mysterious science among Jewish 
rabbins. 2. Mystery. [cabnlists. 

•GXB'A-LlgM, n. Secret science of the 

■6ab'a-list, n. A Jewish doctor con- 
versant with the cabala. 

€ab'a-list'I€, la. Pertaining to 

CXb'a-ltst'ic-al, ) the cabala ; 
containing an occult meaning. 

€a-bal'ler, n. One who cabals. 

•GAB'BAGE, n. [0. Eng. cabbish, from 
Lat. capitatus, having a head, from 
caput, head.] A common garden 
vegetable. — v.i. To form a head in 
growing. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Orig. 
to cut off the heads of cabbages, esp. 
such as belong to others.] To pur- 
loin, as pieces of cloth, after cutting 
out a garment. 

•GAB'IN, n. [W. caban, dim. of cab, 
cot, tent.] 1. A cottage ; a hut. 2. 
An apartment in a ship for officers, 
ke. — v.i. [-ed; -ing.] To live 
in a cabin ; to lodge. — v. t. To con- 
fine in a cabin. 
CXb'in-boy, n. A boy who waits on 
the officers and passengers in a ship. 

€ab'in-et, n. [Dim. of cabin.] 1. A 
small room. 2. A room in which 
consultations are held. 3. Select 
council of a prince or executive gov- 
ernment. 4. A piece of furniture 
with drawers, &c. 



€a'ble, n. [L. Lat. capulum, cap- 
lum, a rope, from capere, to take.] A 
large, strong rope or chain. 

€a-boose', n. A house on deck, 
where the cooking is done. 

€ab'ri-o-let' (-1;V), n. [Fr., dim. of 
cabriole, a goat-leap, caper.] A one- 
horse pleasure-carriage with two 
seats. 

■Ga-€A'0 {or ka'ko), n. [Mexican caca- 
uatl.] The chocolate tree. 

€Xch'a-l6t (kiish'-), n. [Greenland 
ktgutilik.] The sperm whale. 

CACHE (kash), n. [Fr., fr. cacher, to 
hide.] A hiding-place for provisions. 

€!a-€He€'TI€, ) a. Having, or 

€a-€HE€'TI€-al, ) pertaining to, a 
bad state of body. 

Cachet (k&sh'H), n. [Fr., fr. cacher, 
to conceal.] A seal, r.s of a letter. 

Lettre de cachet, a sealed letter of state, 
formerly much used in France for im- 
prisoning obnoxious persons. 

£!A-€HEX'Y, n. [Gr. Kax^ia, fr. iea- 
kos, bad, and efts, state.] A de- 
praved condition of the system. 

^ACH'IN-NA'TION, n. [Lat. cachinna- 
tio.] Loud or immoderate laughter. 

€ack'le, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [II. 
Ger. gackeln, gackern.] 1. To make 
a noise like a goose or hen. 2. To 
giggle. — n. 1. Noise of a goose or 
hen. 2. Sillv prattle. 

€a€'0-e'THE2, n. [Gr. to /caKoijfles, 
from xa/cos, bad, and rfios, custom, 
habit.] 1. A bad custom or habit. 
2. An incurable ulcer. 

€a-oog'ra-PHY, n. [Gr. *ca/cds, bad, 
and ypa<jiri, writing.] Bad spelling or 
writing. [ing. 

-eA-ccPH'o-Nous, a. Harsh-sound- 

€A-€OPH'0-NY, n. [Gr. KanofytavLa, 
fr. tea/cos, bad, and fytavf), sound.] A 
disagreeable sound of words. 2. A 
bad voice. 

•eie'TUS^, n. ; pi. CA€'TUS-ES, or 
€A€"TI. [Gr. /ca/cTos, a prickly 
plant.] A genus of tropical Ameri- 
can plants. 



€AD, n. [Abbrev. of cadet.] One who 
stands at the door of an omnibus to 
open and shut it, &c. 

Ca-dav'er-ous, a. [Lat. cadavero- 
sus, fr. cadaver, a corpse.] Resem- 
bling a corpse ; pale ; wan ; ghastly. 

€ad'dice, 1 n. The larva of the cad- 

€ad'dis, } dice-fly. 

£ad'dIce-fly, n. A species of in- 
sect, frequenting marshy places. 

€AD'DY,«. [Dim. of cade, cask.] A 
small box for tea. [or cask. 

€ade, n. [Gr. KaSos, jar.] A barrel 

€a'dence, n. [L. Lat. cadentia, fr. 
Lat. cadere, to fall.] 1. A fall of the 
voice in reading or speaking. 2. A 
uniform time and pace in marching 

€a-det", n. [0. Fr. capdet, as if from 
N. Lat. capitettvm , dim. of caput, 
head, top.] A j oung man in a mili- 
tary school. 

€A'vr, n. ; pi. €A'Vi§. [Turk.] The 
judge of a town or village among the 
Turks. [zinc. 

<3Ad'mi-um, v. A metal related to 

t'A-nu'pE-zrs, n. [Lat. 
Mercury 's rod or wand. 

-Ga-du'ci-ty, n. [L. Lat. 
caducitas, from Lat. cadu- 
CM5.1 Tendency to fall. 

■Ca-du'coOs, a. [Lat. cadtt- 
cus, from cadere, to fall.] 
Falling off quickly or early. 

CJ^E-gU'RA, or C/jE-SU'RA, 
n.; Eng. pi. C-E-gu'RAg 
(or -su'-) ; Lat pi- fiJE- 
S v'RJE. [Lat. , from ex- Caduceug , 
dere, exsum, to cut off.] A 
pause or division in a verse. 

Q^-gu'RAL , or £jE-s€'ral, a. Per- 
taining to the caesura. 

Cafe (kaf'a), n. [Fr. See Coffee J 
A coffee-house. 

€af-fe'I€. a. [See Coffee.] Per- 
taining to, or obtained from , coffee. 

€af-fe'Ine, n. A white, bitter sub- 
stance, obtained from coffee. [keg 

€XG,n. [I eel. kaggi.] A small cask : a 

€age, n. [Lat. cavea, cavity.] A box 




£, I, d,V,Y, long; A, E, I, 6, D, \, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N. 



CAIMAN 



53 



CALL 



or inclosure for confining birds or 
other animals. — v. t. [-eb ; -iNG.j 
To confine in a cage. 

CAI'MAN. n. See CAYMAN. 

€A'IQUE, or €a-IQUE', n. [Turk. 
qaiq, boat.] A kind of Turkish skiff 
or lighu boat. 

€airn, n [\V. cam, heap.] A round- 
ed or conical pile of stones. 

€Als'SON, n. [Fr., from caisse, case, 
chest.] A chest containing ammu- 
nition. 

^Al'TlFF, n. [Lat. captivus, captive, 
fr. caper e, to take.] A mean, despi- 
cable person. 

€aj'e-pDt, n. [Of Malayan origin, fr. 
kayxi, tree, and patik, white.] An 
essential oil from the East Indies. 

€a-jole', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
cajoler, to flatter, orig. to allure one 
into a cage like a bird, fr. geCle, dim. 
of cage] To deceive by flattery. 

Syn. — To flatter ; wheedle ; deceive; 
delude; coax; entrap. 

€?a-jol'er, n. One who cajoles ; a 
flatterer ; a wheedler. 

Ca-jol'er-y, n. A wheedling ; coax- 
ing language ; flattery. 

€"AKE, n. [From Lat. coquere, to cook, 
bake.] 1. A composition of flour, 
butter, sugar, &c, baked in a small 
mass. 2. Any mass of matter flat 
and concrete. — v. t. To form into 
a cake, or mass. — v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To concrete or form into a hard 
mass. 

Gal'A-basH, n. [Ar. gara/i, f., a 
kind of gourd, and aibas, f. aibasak, 
dry, i. e., a dry gourd scooped out.] 
1. Fruit of the calabash-tree. 2. A 
vessel made from the gourd, or the 
gourd itself. 

€al'a-boose', n. [A corruption of 
Sp. calabozo, dungeon.] A prison ; a 
jail. 

€al'A-m.Xn'€0 (82), n. [L. Lat. cal- 
amancus, camelaucus, a head cover- 
ing made of camels hair, wheuce 
the name.] A woolen stuff, of a fine 
gioss, and either ribbed or plain. 

€Al/A-MIF'ER-olJS,a. [Lat. calamus, 
reed, and ferre, to bear.] Producing 
reeds; reedy. 

€Al/A-MiNE, n. [Lat. carlmia, d 
having been, as it often is, changed 
into I.] The silicate of zinc. 

€A-LAM'I-TOUS, a. 1. Suffering ca- 
lamity ; miserable. 2. Producing 
calamity ; making wretched. 

Syn.— Deplorable ; distressful ; af- 
flictive; wretched; sad; grievous; bale- 
ful; disastrous; adverse ; unhappy. 

€a-lXm'i-tous-ness, a. Wretched- 
ness; distress. 

i-A-LAM'I-TY, n. [Lat. calamitas, 
orig. injury of crops, fr. calamus, 
reed, straw of grain .] Any great mis- 
fortune or cause of misery. 

Syn. — Disaster; misfortune: mishap; 
mischance. — Calamity is either private 
or public, and is a somewhat continu- 
ous st-ate ; disaster (lit., ill-starred) is a 
sudden and distressing event or stroke, 
as if from >ome hostile planet. Misfor- 
tune, nishap. mischance, are words which 
diminish in force according to the order 
in wh.ch they stand. 



€Al'a-MUS, n. ; pi. €AL> A-MI. [Gr. 
*caAa/u.os.] The Indian cane ; a plant 
of the palm famih . 

€a-lash', n. [Of Slavonic origin.] 1. 
A light carriage having a top that 
can be raised or lowered. 2. Top of 
a carriage which can be thrown back 
at pleasure. 3. A kind of hood. 

€!AL-eA'RE-ous, a. [Lat. calx, lime.] 
Of the nature of limestone. 

eXL'CE-A'TED, a. [Lat. calceatus.] 
from calceus, shoe.] Wearing shoes. 

€al-c!f'er-OUS, a. [Lat. calx, lime, 
and ferre, to bear.] Containing car- 
bonate of lime. 

€al'ci-form, a. [Lat. calx, lime, 
and forma, form.] In the form of 
chalk or lime. 

€al-cin'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
calcined L [calcining. 

CJal/ci-na'tion, n. Operation of 

€al-^INE, or €al'c!ne, v.t. [-ED ; 
-1NG.] [Lat. calx, lime.] To reduce, 
or to be reduced to a powder, or to a 
friable state, by heat. 

€al'(;i-UM, n. Metallic basis of lime. 

Cal'€U-la-ble, a. Capable of being 
calculated. 

€.AL'€U-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ing]. 
[Lat. calculate, calculatus, fr. calcu- 
lus, pebble.] To ascertain by arith- 
metical or mathematical processes. — 
v. i. To make a calculation. 

Syn. — To compute ; reckon ; count ; 
estimate ; rate. — Calculate is generic, 
referring to the operation as a whole; 
compute relates to the obtaining of a 
gross sum or amount : reckon and count 
to the details in so doing. 

@g- In the U. S., calculate is often im- 
properly used for intend or purpose ; as, 
a man calculates to go a journey. 

€al'* , u-la/tion, n. Computation; 
reckoning. [calculation. 

^al/cu-la/tive, a. Pertaining to 

€al'€U-la'tor, n. One who com- 
putes or reckons. 

€ae'«u-eoOs, a. 1. Like stone ; grit- 
ty. 2. Affected with the gravel or 
stone. 

€ai/€U-l,us, n.; pi. elL'^u-Li. 
[Lat. See Calculate.] 1. A concre- 
tion in any part of the body ; the 
stone in the bladder. 2. One of the 
branches jof mathematics. 

€al'dron (kawl'-), n. [Lat. caldari- 
u?n, from caldus, calidus, warm, hot.] 
A large_kettle or boiler. 

-eXL'E-FA'clENT, a. [Lat. calefacere, 
calefaciens.] Making warm ; heat- 
ing. — 7i. A substance that excites 
warmth in the parts to which it is 
applied. [or heating. 

Oal'e-fac'TION, n. Act of warming 

^AL'E-FAC'TIVE, I a. Making warm 

€al'e-fa€'to-ry, J or hot. 

-Gal'E-FY, v. i. [Lat. calefieri, from 
calefacere.] To grow hot or warm. 
— v. t. To make warm or hot. 

CXl'EN-DAR, n. [Lat. calendarium, 
an interest or account book. See 
Calends.] ]. An arrangement of 
the divisions of time, as days, weeks, 
months, &c. 2. An almanac. — v. t. 
To write in a calendar. 

€al'en-der, n. [A modif. of cylin- 



der.] A hot press, to make cloths 
paper, &c, smooth, even, and glos- 
sy, or to give them a wavy appear- 
ance. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To pre 3 
between rollers so as to make smooth, 
glossy, or wavy. 

■Cal'ENDSj, n. pi. [Lat. calendse, from 
calare, to call, proclaim.] First, day 
of each month among the Komain. 

€al'en-ture (53), n. [From Lafc. 
calere, to be warm.] A furious deliri- 
um caused by the heat of the tropi- 
cal sun at sea. 

•eA-LES'CENCE, n. [Lat. calescfre, 
calescens, to grow warm.] Growing 
warmth . 

€alf (kaf), n. ; pi. calves, (kavz). 
[A.-S. c.ealf] 1. Young of the cow. 
2. Thick, fleshy part of the leg be- 
hind, below the knee. 

<3Xl'I-BER, ) n. [Lat. qua libra, of 

Cal'i-bre, ) what pound or weight?] 
1. Diameter of a round body. 2. Di- 
ameter of the bore of any tube. 3- 
Mental capacity. 

€)AL'I-CO, n.; pi. CAL'I-COEg. [First 
imported from Calicut, in the E. I.] 

1. Plain white cotton cloth. [Eng.] 

2. Printed cotton cloth. \Amer.~\ 
€ae'i-du€t, n. [Lat. color, heat, and 

ductus, lead.] A pipe used to con- 
vey heat. 

-fA'LiF, n. See Caliph. 

€a-lig'i-nous, a. [Lat. caliginosus, 
from caligo, mist, darkness.] Dark. 

€al'I-PASH', n. Part of a turtle 
which belongs to the upper shell. 

€al'i-pee , n. Part of a turtle which 
belongs to the lower shell. 

€al'i-per§, n. pi. Com- 
passes with curved legs for 
measuring the diameter 
of round bodies. 

€A'LIPH,n. [Ar. Malifah, 
fr. khalafa, to succeed.] 
One of the successors of 
Mohammed. Calipers. 

€al'iph-ate, ) n. Office or dignity 

€IAL'IF-ATE, J of a caliph. 

<3AL'ls-THEN're, a. Pertaining to 
calisthenics. 

CAL'is-THEN'res, n. sing. [Gr. Ka- 
Aos, beautiful, and crfleVos, strength.] 
Exercise of the body and limbs, to 
promote strength and grace. 

€a'lix, ii. A cup. See Calyx. 

tJalk (kawk), v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1, 
[Prob. fr. Fr. calfater, fr. Ar. galafa, 
to fill up crevices with fibers of palm- 
trees, or with moss.] To drive oak- 
um into the seams of, to prevent 
leaking. 2. [See infra.] To furnish 
the shoes of with sharp points : — 
said of a horse or ox. — n. [A.-S. 
calc, shoe, hoof. Lat. calx, heel.] A 
sharp-pointed piece of iron on a shoo 
for a horse or an ox. [calks. 

CALK'ER (kawk'er), n. One who 

Calk'ING-i'RON (kawk'ing-T/urn), n. 
An instrument like a chisel, used in 
calking ships. 

€ALL,v.t. [-ED;-ING.] [Tcel. kal- 
la, Gr. KaAeiV.] 1. To invite or com- 
mand to be present ; to summon ; to 
bid. 2. To name. 3. To designate, 




OR, DQ, WOLF, TOO, TOTOK j URN, RUE, PULL ; E,T, o, silent ; c, G, soft , ; -C, G, hard ; AS; EXIST; Nosng; THIS. 



CALLER 



54 



CAN 



as for an office, duty, &c. 4. To utter 
in a loud voice. — v. i. 1. To cry 
out. 2. To make a brief stay or 
visit. — n. 1. A summons or invita- 
tion. 2. Public claim or demand. 
3. A short visit. 

■€al,l/er, n. One who calls. 

tAL'LI-GRAPH'lC, ) a. Of. or 

•6aLLI-graph'I€-al, J pertaining 
to, caligraphy. [penman. 

•€AL-LfG'RA-PHlST, n. An elegant 

•Gal-LIG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. /caAAiypa- 
<£ia.from /caAos, beautiful, and ypd- 
<f>€i.v,to write.] Elegant penmanship. 

■Call'ing, ii. 1. A summons or in- 
vitation. 2. Occupation; vocation; 
business. [ofskin. 

€al-los'i-ty, n. A horny hardness 

Gal'loDs, a. [Lat. callosus, fr. caZ- 
te, callus.] I. Hardened ; indu- 
rated. 2. Hardened in mind. 

■Cal'LOCs-LY, adv. In a callous or 
hardened manner. [callous. 

€al'lous-ness, n. State of being 

€al'LOW, a. [A.-S. calo.] Destitute 
of feathers ; unfledged. 

6AJL'LUS,n. [Lat.] 1. A preternat- 
ural hardness of the skin. 2. New 
growth of bony matter between the 
extremities of fractured bones. 

€ALM(kam),a. [-ER ; -est.] 1. Not 

stormy. 2. Undisturbed by passion. 

Syn.— Still; quiet; tranquil; serene. 

— n. Freedom from motion or dis- 
turbance. 

Syn. — Tranquillity; stillness; quiet. 

— v. t. [-EJ); -ING.] To render 
still or quiet. 

Syn. — To appease; allay; tranquillize. 

€ALM'LY (kam'-), adv. In a calm or 
quiet manner. [calm. 

CXlm/ness (kam'-), n. State of being 

€al'o-mel, n, [Or. kccAos, beauti- 

: ful, and jneAas, black, in allusion to 
its color.] Mild chloride of mercury. 

€a-LOR'I€, n. [Lat. color, heat.] The 
principle of heat and combustion. 

€XL/0-RlF're, a. [Lat. calorificus, fr. 
color, heat, and facere, to make.] 
Causing heat ; heating. 

•Cal/o-RIM'e-ter, n. [Lat. color, 
heat, and Gr. nerpov, measure.] Ap- 
paratus for measuring heat in bodies. 

C'A-iLOR'I-MO'TOR, n. [Lat. calor, 
heat, and motor, a mover.] A gal- 
vanic battery, producing powerful 
effects. 

€a-LOY'ER, 11. [Gr. kclAos, beautiful, 
and yepwv, an old man.] One of a 
sect of monks of the Greek church. 

•€Xl/trap, ) it. [It. 

€ai/trop, ) cal- 
catreppo, calca- 
treppolo, star-this- 
tle, fr. calcare, to 
tread, and tribolo, 
Star-thistle, steel- 
trap.] 1. A plant 
having a prickly 
fruit. 2. An in- Caltrop, 

strument with 

four iron points, so arranged that, 
three of them being on the ground, 
the other projects upward. 

€Xl'u-MET, n. [Lat. calamus, reed.] 




€al'vin-ism, n. 

and his folio wei 

€al'vin-'ist, ii. 

Gal'vin 1sT'I€, 



A kind of pipe, used by the Ameri- 
can Indians for smoking tobacco, 
and as a symbol of peace and war. 
€A-L,OM'NI-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[Lat. calumniari.] To accuse falsely 
and knowingly. 

Syn. — To asperse; slander; defame; 
vilify; traduce; libel. 

€a-lijM'NI-a'TION, n. False accu- 
sation of a crime or offense ; slander. 

€a-lDm'n1-a'TOR, n. One who ca- 
lumniates. 

€a-lDm'ni-oGs, a. Slanderous ; de- 
famatory, [ously. 

€'A-LUM'NI-OUS-LY, adv. Slauder- 

€al'UMNY, ii. [Lat. calumnia.] 
False accusation of ;i crime or offense. 
Syn. — Slander; defamation ; libel.— 
Calumny properly denotes the originat- 
ing or first uttering of such a charge; the 
remaining words apply to this, and also 
to the circulation of the charge when 
originated by others. 

■CXi/VA-RY, n. [Lat. calvarivm, cal- 
varia, skull.] The place of Christ's 
crucifixion. [calf. 

€alve (kav), v. i. To bring forth a 

Doctrines of Calvin 

[Calvinism. 

One who adheres to 

( a. Pertaining 

€al'vin-1st'I€-al, j to Calvin, or 
to his opinions in theology. 

€alx, tj.j Eng.pl. CALX'Eg; Lat. pi. 
■cAL'pES. [Lat. calx, limestone.] 
Earthy residuum remaining after the 
calcination of a metal or mineral. 

rjA'IA'X. ll.; Eng. pi. €A'- 

lyx-es ; Lat. pi. eAz'- 
Y-pE$. [Gr. k<xAv£. fr. 
/caAujrTctv, to cover.] The 
outer covering, or leaf- 
like envelope of a flower. 

€am, n. [W. cam, crook- 
ed, bent.] A projecting 
part of a wheel or other 
moving piece, to produce 
an alternating or variable 
motion. 

€am'ber, n. [Lat. camera, vault, 
arch.] A convexity on the top of a 
beam, or of an aperture. 

■eXM'BlST, «. [Lat. cambire, to ex- 
change.] A banker. 

<3am-boose', n. See Caboose. 

t'AM'BRl-e, n. [From Cambray, in 
Flanders, where it was first made.] 
A fine, white fabric of tlax, linen, or 
cotton. 

€ame, imp. of Come 

^am'el, n. [Gr. 

' /cd/u.T)Aos, Hebrew 
gamdl.] 1. A large 
ruminant quadru- 
ped of Asia and 
Africa. 2. A con- 
trivance for lifting 
ships over shoals. 

€a-mel'o-pard, < 

PARD' 

Kaju.T)Aos, a camel, and 7rapSaAi?, 
pard, leopard ; so named because he 
has a neck and head like a camel, 
and is spotted like a pard.] A rumin- 
ant quadruped, inhabiting the deserts 
of Africa ; the giraffe. 




Calyx. 



EX 

Camel. 
>r Cam'el-O- 
[Gr. KajuajAoTrapSaAis, fr. 



€Xm'e-o(147),ti. [It., from L&t. gem 
ma, gem, jewel.] A precious stone, 
or a shell, carved in relief. 

€am'e-ra, n. [Lat.] 1. An arched 
or vaulted roof. 2. Form of the camt - 
ra obscura used by photographers. 

€AM'E-RA-Lls"ri€S, n. sivg. [Lat. 
camera, vault, arch, Low Lat. treas- 
ury.] Science of finance or public 
revenue. 

€am'e-ra Ob-scu'ra. [Lat., lit. 
dark chamber.] An apparatus in 
which the images cf external objects 
are thrown upon a white surface 
placed on the focus of the glass with- 
in a darkened chamber or box. 

€XiYii-SADE', \ n. [0. Fr. camise. 

€am'i-sa'do, ) shirt.] An attack 
by surprise at night. 

€am'let, n. A stuff originally made 
of camel's hair, now frequently of 
hair and silk , or of wool and thread. 

■eXM'o-MlLE, n. [Gr. x o M a t-M 1 7^ 0,/ ! 
strictly earth-apple.] A bitter plant 
used in medic inc. 

■Gamp, n. [Lat. campus.] 1. Ground 
on which tents, huts, &c, are erect- 
ed for shelter. 2. Arrangement of 
such tents, huts, &c. 3. Whole 
company encamped in the same spot- 

— v.i. To rest or lodge; to pitch 
tents, &c. 

€am-PAIGN' (-pan'), t?. [Lat. Cam 
pania, the country about Naples, sc 
called from its being level (rampes 
tris).] 1. A large, open plain. 2 
Time that an army keeps the field 

— v.i. To serve in a campaign. 
€am-paign'er (-pin'-), n. An old 

soldier; a veteran. 

€am-pXn'i-FORM, a. [Low Lat. tam- 
pana, bell, and forma, form.] In 
the shape of a bell. 

€Xm'pa-nol'o-gy, 77. [Low Lat. 
camparia, bell, and Gr. Ao-yov, dis- 
course.] Art of ringing bells. 

€am-pan'u-late (45), a. [Low Lat. 
campanula, dim. of campana, bell.] 
Bell-shaped. 

Cam-pes'tral, I a. [Lat. campes- 

-Gam-pes'tri-an. I ter, campestris, 
from campus, field.] Pertaining to a 
field, or open ground. 

GaM'Phene', n. [A contraction of 
campliogen.] Pure oil of turpentine. 

Cam'PHOR, 11. [Ar. & Per. kafrti. 
Skr. ^karpiira.] The solidified sap of 
an East Indian tree. 

€am'PHOR-ate, v. t. To impregnate 
with camphor. [phor. 

CAM-PHOR^I€, a. Pertaining to cam- 

Camp'-stool, n. A stool with cross- 
legs to fold up. 

■Can, n. [Lat. canna, reed, a small 
vessel, Gr. navva.] A metal cup or 
vessel for liquors. — v. i. [imp. 
COULD.] [A.-S. cvnnan, Goth. 
kunnan.] To be able: to have power, 
either physical or moral. 

Syn. — Can but; can not but. — "lean 
bvt .perish if I try," means it is the ut- 
most that can befall me: "I can not hut 
think," &c. means, " I can not (morally) 
but do it" — that is. can not help it- 
This latter idea of constraint is a very 
common one, and should alway.. be ex- 



A, e, I, 5, v,\,long; A, E, 1, 6, u,y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, TlM; pique, firm; son. 



CANAILLE 



.;o 



CANTILEVER 



pressed by the words can not but. Can 
but is properly used (as above) only 
where we refer to the worst that can 
happen. 

Canaille (ka-nal' or ka'na'y'), n. 
[Fr.,fr. Lat. canis, dog.] The rabble ; 
the vulgar. 

(Ba-KAL', ». [Lat. canalis, fr. canna, 
reed, pipe.] 1. Au artificial water- 
course. 2. A duct for tae passage 
of liquidsor solids. [COAL. 

£jUV'AL-€OAL, 11. See Cannel- 

Canard (ka-n'ir' or ka-nard'), n. 
[Fr., a duck, hi allusion to a certain 
absurd stor/ abou • some ducks.] 
An extra vagaat and ridiculous fabri- 
cation . 

€a-na'ry-b'['rd (18), n. A small 
singing bird of the fiuca family, a 
native of the Canary Islands. 

t'AN'CEL.r t. [-ED.-IJfG: or -LED, 
-LING-, 137 ] [Lat. cunct-llare, from 
eanceUi.Cam of cancer, lattice.] 1. To 
cross and deface the line* of. . 2. To 
annul, or desrov. — n. Suppression 
and reprinting of a page or more of a 
work, or the part thus altered. 

GXN'CEL-LA'TION, V. 1 Act of 
canceling. 2. Operation of striking 
out common factors. 

€an'cer, n. [Lat.] 1. The crab. 2. 
A sign in the zodiac. 3. (Med.) A 
kind of tumor, usually terminating 
in an ulcer. [cancerous. 

CXn'CER-a'tion, n. A growing 

€an'9ER-ous, a. Like, or consisting 
of, a cancer. 

GXn'DE-LA'BRUM. n. ; Lai. pi. €AN'- 
DE-LA'BRA ; Brtff. pi. €AN'DE- 
LA'BRUMS. [Lat.,fr. candela, can- 
dle.] A branched, highly ornamented 
candlestick. 

€AN'DENT,a. [Lat. candens, -end's.] 
Heated to whiteness. 

€'an'did, a. [Lat. Candidas, fr. can- 
dere, to be of a glowing white.] Free 
from undue bias. 

Syn.— Fair; open; ingenuous; frank. 
— A man is fair when he puts things on 
a just or equitable footing; he is candid 
•Then he looks impartially on both sides 
.if a subject, doing justice especially to 
the motives and conduct of an opponent; 
lie is ojien and frank when lie declares 
his sentiments without reserve; he is 
ingenuous when he does this from a no- 
ble regard for truth. 

€an'di-da-cy, n. The position of a 
candidate. ' 

€Xn'di-date, n. [Lat. candidates, 
from Candidas, white, because those 
•who sought offices in Rome were 
clothed in a white toga.] One who 
seeks, or is selected for some office. 

€Xn'did-ly, adv. Openly; frankly. 

C\n'did-ness,m. Frankness ; candor. 

■6'an'DLE, n. [Lat. candela, from ran- 
de.re, to be white.] A cvlinder of 
tallow, wax, spermaceti, &c.,used to 
furnish light, [candle. 

•cXn'dle-light (-lit), n. Light of a 

•fclAN'DLE-MAs(14S), n. The feast of the 
purification of the Virgin Mary, Feb. 
2: — so called from the great number 
of lights used on that occasion. 

€'Xn'dle-stick, n. A utensil to 
hold a candle . 



€Xn'dor, n. [Lat., fr. randere, to be 
white] Freedom from prejudice or 
disguise ; fairness ; impartiality. 

€AN'Dy, t). (. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 1. 
To conserve in sugar. 2. 'to form 
into crystals, as sugar. — v. i. 1. To 
change into sugar. 2. To be formed 
into congelations or crystals. — n. 
[Skr. kiianda , a piece, sugar in lumps , 
sugar-cane, treacle, fr. khand, khad, 
to break.] A preparation of sugar 
or sirup. 

CANE,ri. [Lat. canna.] 1. A plant 
of several species belonging to differ- 
ent genera. 2. A walking-stick ; a 
staff, — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To beat 
with a cane. 

€ane '-brake, n. A thicket of canes. 

€a-ni€'u-lar, a. [Lat. cunicula, a 
little dog.] Pertaining to, or meas- 
ured by, the rising of the Dog-star. 

■Ga-nine', a. [Lat. caninus, fr. canis, 
dog.] Pertaining to dogs. 

Canine teeth, the sharp teeth* on each 
side, between the incisors and grinders. 

€JXn'IS-TER, n. [Gv.Kavao-Tpov, from 
Kavy\, Kavva, reed.] A small box or 
case for tea, coffee, &c. 

€Xn'ker (82), n. [Lat. cancer.] 1. 
An ulcer in the mouth. 2. Any 
thing which corrodes, corrupts, or 
destroys. 3. A kind of wild, worth- 
less rose; dog-rose. 4. A caterpillar. 
— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To eat; 
corrode ; corrupt ; consume. 2. To 
infect or pollute. — t. ;'. 1. To be or 
become venomous. 2. To waste 
away or grow rusty. [canker. 

€an'ker-ous, a. Corroding like a 

Gan'ker-rash, n. A variety of the 
scarlet fever. 

€XN'KER-wORM(-wfirm), n. A worm 
destructive to certain trees and 
plants. 

GXN'NEL-eoAL, n. [A corruption of 
candle-coal.] A kind of hard black 
coal. It burns readily, with a clear, 
yellow flanie. 

€Xn'NI-BAL,«. [Sp. Caribales (equiv. 
to Eng. Caribbees), afrerward changed 
into N. Lat. CanibaUs, to expi-ess 
their canine appetite for human 
flesh.] A human being that eats 
human flesh. 

€an'ni-b'al-'ism, n. Act or practice 
of eating human flesh by mankind. 

€Xn'non,»!. [Lat. 
eayin«,reed, pipe, 
tube.] A large 
metal cylinder for 
throwing balls by 
the force of gun- 
powder 

Can'non-ade', n. Act of discharging 
cannon and throwing balls. — v. t. 
[-ed;-ing.] To attack with heavy 
artillery. 

€Xn'non-ball, n. A ball to be 
thrown from cannon. 

€AN'NON-EER',ln. A man who 

GXn'non-ier', j manages cannon. 

€Xn'non-shot, n. . 1. A ball for 
cannon. 2. The distance a cannon 
will throw balls. [able. 

Can'NOT. [can and no/.] To be un- 



Cannon. 



Uf. KOLViOV.] ±. A 1U.W 

Aa 



€Xn'nu-LAR (kan'u-lar), a. [Lat 
cannula, dim. of canna, reed, tube.; 
Having the form of a tube ; tubular. 

€a-noe' (ka-nob'), n. A boat formed 
of the trunk of a tree, excavated, or 
of bark or skins. 

€an'on, n. [Gr. kolvuv.] 1. A law 
or rule. 2. 
Genu i n e 
books of the 
Scriptures. 
A catalogue 
of saints. 4. 
An ecclesias- 
tical digni- Canon Type, 
tary. 5. The largest size of type 
having a specific name. 

<3an'on-ess, n. A woman who enjoys 
a prebend. 

€a-non'I€, ) a. Pertaining to a 

€a-non'I€-al, J canon ; according 
to rule. [nonical manner. 

€a<-non'ic-al-ly, adv. In a ca- 

€a-non'I€-al-ness, n. Quality of 
being canonical. 

€a-non'I€-alr, n. pi. Full official 
dress of the clergy. 

€A-NON'I€-ATE, n. Office of a canon. 

GXn'on-ic'i-ty,?*. State of belong- 
ing to the canon, or genuine books 
of Scripture. 

€Jan'on-ist, n. A professor of canon 
law. [a canonist. 

€Xn'0]\-ist'I€, a. Of, or relating to, 

GXn'on-i-za'tion, n. 1. Ceremony 
of placing the name of a deceased 
person in the catalogue of saints. 2. 
State of being canonized. 

■Gan'on-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
place upon the catalogue of saints. 

Gan'on-law, n. The law sanctioned 
by the church of Rome. 

€an'ON-RY, \n. A benefice, in a 

Gan'on-SHIP, j cathedral or collegi- 
ate church, having a prebend an- 
nexed. 

€an'OPY,«. [Gr. Koivtanelov, a net 
over a bed to keep off gnats, from 
k<*>vui\J/, gnat.] 1. A covering over 
the head. 2. An ornamental pro- 
jection over doors, wiudows, arches, 
See— v.t. [-ed; -ING, 142.] To 
cover with a canopy. 

€ant, f. ;. To place on the edge, as 
a cask. — n. [Icel. kantr, edge, an- 
gle, Gr. kolvOos, corLer of the eye, 
felly of a wheel.] 1. An inclination 
from a horizontal line. 2. A thrust 
or push, with a sudden jerk. 3. [Lat. 
cantus, chant.] A sing-song mode 
of speaking. 4. Affected religious 
phraseology. 5. Secret language of 
gypsies,. thieves, &c. — a. Affected, 
inelegant, or vulgar. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To speak in an affected, 
singing tone. 2. To make whining 
pretensions to goodness. 

Can'ta-leup, » n. [From Ca,italu- 

GXn'TA-LOUPE, I po, a castle in 
Italy.] A delicate variety of musk- 
melon. 

Gan'ta-lev'er, ) n. [From cant, an 

GXn'ti-lev'er, ) external angle, 
and lever, a supporter of the roof- 
timber of a house.] A bracket for 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, IOOE ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; £ , G, soft'; e, g, hard; Ag; EXIST ; N as NG ; Tflis- 



CANTATA 



56 



CAPTAIN 



supporting a balcony, the eaves of a 

house. &c. 
Can- ta'ta, or -Can- ta' ta , n. [It.] 

A poein set to music. 
Can-teen', n. [Sp. cantina.] A vessel 

for carrying liquor for drink. 

GAN'TER, V. i. [-ED; -ING] To 

move in a moderate gallop. — v. I. 
To ride upon a canter. — n. [From 
pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this 
pace.] A moderate gallop. 

£an'ter-bur/y (-beVry), n. A re- 
ceptacle for music, portfolios, &c, 
being a stand with divisions in it. 

Can'ter-bur'y-tale, n. A fabu- 
lous story : — fr. the tales of Chaucer. 

Can-thAr'i-ves, n. pi. [Lat. & 
Gr.] Spanish flies used for blistering. 

Gan'ti-cle, n. [Lat. canticulum, 
dim. of canticum, song.] 1. A little 
song. 2. pi. The Song of Solomon. 

Gan'TIL-LATE, v. t. [Lat. cantillare, 
from canere, to sing.] To chant.- 

Gan'til-la'tion, n. A chanting. 

Gan-t'ine', n. See Canteen. 

GXnt'let, n. A piece. 

GAN'TO, n. / pi. gan'tSs. [It. canto, 
from Lat. cantus, singing, song.] 1. 
A chief division of a poem. 2. ( Mus.) 
The soprano, or highest part. 

GAN'TON, n. [L. Lat. cantonus, corner, 
district. See CANT, n.] A small 
district constituting a distinct state 
or government. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] 

1. To divide into distiuct portions. 

2. To allot separate quarters to, as 
to troops^ [cantons. 

GXn'ton ize, v. t. To divide into 

GAn'ton-ment, n. Part of a town 
or village, assigued to a particular 
regiment of troops. 

Can-toon', m. A kind of strong stuff. 

GXn'VAS, n. [Gr. /cavi/ajSis, Kavvafios, 
hemp.] 1. A coarse cloth of hemp 
or flax. 2. The sails of a vessel. 

Gan'vas-back, n. A kind of sea-duck. 

€Jan'vass,v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [From 
canvas, in 0. Eng. a sieve.] 1. To 
sift ; to examine thoroughly. 2. To 
debate. 3. To go through in the way 
of solicitation. — v. i. To solicit 
votes or interest. — n. 1. Close in- 
spection. 2. Discussion. 3. Solici- 
tation, or effort to obtain something. 

GXn'vass-er, n. 1. One who solicits 
votes or subscriptions. 2. One who 
examines the returns of votes. 

San-zo'ne, n. [It.] A song or air in 
two or three parts, with passages of 
fugue and imitation. 

GXn'ZO-NET', n. [It. canzonetta, 
dim. of canzone.} A short song, in 
one, two, or three parts. 

Caout'chouc (koVchook), n. [A 
South American word.] An elastic 
substance, obtained from the milky 
juice of several tropical plants ; — 
called also India rubber. 

GAp, n. [A.-S. cappe .] 1. A covering 
for the head 2. Any thing re- 
sembling a cap. — v. t. [-ped ; 
-PING.] 1. To cover the top or end 
of. 2. To render complete. 3. To 
provide with a cap. [capable. 

Ga'PA-bIl'I-ty, n. Quality of being 



Ga'PA-ble,a. [L. Lat. capabilis, fr. 
Lat. capere, to take.] 1. Possessing 
ability or qualification. 2. Possess- 
ing intellectual power. 

Syn".— Able; competent; efficient. 

Ga'PA-ble-ness, n. Capacity ; capa- 
bility ; competence. 

Ga-pa'cioOs, a. [Lat. capax.] Hav- 
ing capacity ; able to contain. 

Syn. — Large; spacious; broad; com- 
prehensive^ 

GA-PAc'I-TATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To render capable ; to qualify. 

Ga-pAc'i-TY, n. 1. Extent of room 
or space. 2. Power of the mind to 
receive ideas, &c. 3. Solid contents 
of a body. 

Syn. — Ability ; faculty ; talent ; capa- 
bility: skill; efficiency. 

Cap-A-pie (kap'a-pee'). [0. Fr.] 
From head to foot. 

Ga-Par'1-son, n. [Sp. caparazon, 
cover for a saddle, coach, &c, fr. ca- 
pa, ctoak, cover, and arzon, bows of 
a saddle.] 1. A covering for a saddle 
or harness; trappings. 2. Gay or rich 
clothing, — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To cover with a caparison. 2. To 
dress richly. 

Cape, n. 1. [Lat. caput, head, ex- 
tremity.] A headland. 2. [Fr. cape.] 
Neckpiece of a coat or other garment. 

Ga'per, v. i. [Lat. caper, a he-goat.] 
To leap or jump about ; to spring. — 
n. 1. A frolicsome leap or spring. 2. 
[Gr. Ka.inra.pt<; , Kamrapt., Ar. al-kabar.] 
Flower-bud of the caper-bush. 

Qa'PI-as, n. [Lat., thou mayesttake.] 
A writ commanding the officer to ar- 
rest the person named in it. 

GAp'IL-la'ceoDs, a. [Lax. capilla- 
ceus, hairy.] Having long filaments. 

Ga-pil'la-ment, n. [Lat. capilla- 
mentum, from capillus, hair.] A fila- 
ment ; a fine hair-like thread or fiber. 

GAp'il-la-ry, or Ga-pil'la-ry, a. 
1. Resembling a hair ; long and very 
slender. 2. Pertaining to capillary 
tubes. — n. A fine vessel or canal. 

GAP'I-TAL, a. [Lat. capitalis, fr. ca- 
put, head.] 1. Pertaining to the head 
or to forfeiture of the head'or life. 2. 
First in importance. 

Syn.— Chief; principal; leading. 
— n. 1. Upper part of a column. 2. 
Chief city or town ; metropolis. 3. 
Stock employed in trade, &c. 4. 
Means of increasing one's power. 5. 
A letter of greater size than those 
ordinarily used in the body of the 
page. [property. 

Gap'I-TAL-Ist, n. A man of large 

Gap'i-tal-ize, v. t. 1. To convert 
into capital. 2. To print in capital 
letters. [ner. 

GAp'i-tal-ly, adv. In a capital man- 

GAp'I-ta'tion,*?. [Lat. capitatio, fr. 
caput, head.] 1. A numbering of 
persons. 2. A tax upon each head ; 
a poll-tax. 

€>AP f i-TE, n. [Lat., ablative case of 
caput, head.] A tenure of land. 

GAp'I-TOL, n. [Lat. capilolium, fr. 
caput, head.] 1. Temple of Jupiter, 
in Rome. 2. A government house. 



Ga-pIt'U-lar, ) n. [Lat. capitu- 
Ga-pIt'u-la-ry, J lum, dim. of ca- 
put, head, chapter.] 1. An act passed 
in a chapter of knighte, canons, &c 

2. A collection of laws or statutes. 

3. Member of a chapter. 
Ga-pit'u-la-ry (44), a. Relating to 

the chapter of a cathedral. 

Ga-pit'u-late, v. i. [-ed; -ing.^ 
To surrender on stipulated terms. 

Ga-pIt'u-la'tion, n. Act or instru- 
ment of capitulation. [pitulates. 

Ga-pIt'u-la'tor, n. One who ca- 

Ga-p'i'vi (-p3've), n. [See COPAIBA.] 
A balsam. 

Ga-poch' (ka-pobtsh'), n. [L. Lat. ca- 
pucium, fr. capa, cappa, cape, cloak.] 
A monk's hood. 

Ca'PON (ka'pn orka'pun), n. [Gr. 
Kantov.] A cock gelded to improve 
his tieshfor the table. 

GAp'o-niere', n. [Fr. caponnicre.] 
A work placed in a ditch for its de- 
fense by fire-arms. 

C'A-POTE', n. [Fr. See CAP.] 1. A 
long cloak worn by women. 2. A 
coat with a hood, worn by soldiers, 
&c. [paper. 

Cap'-pa'per, n. A coarse wrapping 

GAP'RE-O-LATE, a. [Lat. capnolus, 
wild goat, tendril, fr. caper, he-goat.] 
Having tendrils, or spiral claspers. 

Ga-price' (ka-prees'), n. [Fr., from 
Lat. caper, capra, goat ; orig. a fan- 
tastical goat-leap.] Sudden or un- 
reasonable change of mind or humor. 
Syn. — Freak; whim; fancy; vagary. 

Ga-pri'cious (-prisb/us), a. Gov- 
rrned by caprice. 

Syn. — Arbitrary ; freakish ; whimsi- 
cal; unsteady. 

Ga-pri'cious-ly (-prlsh'us-), adv. In 
a capricious manner. 

GAp'ri-gorn (25), n. [Lat. capricor- 
nus, fr. caper, goat, and cornu, born.] 
Tenth sign of the zodiac. 

GAp'Rl-FI-GA'TION, n. [Lat. capri- 
ficatio, from caprificus, wild fig.] A 
process of accelerating the ripening 
of fruit. 

GAp'RI-OLE, 7i. [Lat. caper, capra, 
goat.] A leap that a horse makes 
without advancing. 

Cap'-sheaf, n. Top sheaf of a stack 
of grain. 

GAP'SI-GUM, n. [N. Lat., from capsa, 
box, because it is contained in pods.] 
A plant producing red or Cayenne 
pepper. 

Gap-size', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. 
from cap, top, head, and seize.] To 
upset or overturn. 

GAp'stan, n. [Lat. capistrum, hal« 
ter.] A machine for weighing anch' 
ors. or drawing up any great weight. 

Cap'su-lar, \ a. Hollow, like a cap- 

GAp'su-la-ry, J sule. 

Cap'su-late, ) a. Inclosed in l 

Cap'su-la'TED, j capsule. 

Gap'sule, n. [Lat. capsula, a little 
box, from capsa, chest, case.] 1. A 
seed-pod or pericarp. 2. A small, 
shallow saucer or dish. 3. A metal- 
lic cover for closing a bottle. 

GAp'tain (42), n. [Lat. caput, the 



A, E, 1, 6, U, Y, long; A : tS,I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK,. ALE, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FTRM ; SON. 



CAPTAINCY 



57 



CARICATURE 



head.] 1. Commander of a company 
or troop ; — also, the commander of" 
a ship. 2. A military leader. 

€ap'taIn-CY, n. Rank, post, or com- 
mission of a ciptain. 

€ap'taIn-RY, n. Chieftainship. 

Gap'tain-shIp, n. 1. Rank or au- 
thority of a captain. 2. Skill in mil- 
itary affairs. 

GXP'TION, ii. [Lat. captio, fr. capr.re, 
to take.] That part of a legal instru- 
ment which shows where, when, and 
by what authority it was taken, 
found, or executed. 

Gap'tioDs, a. [Lat. captiosus. See 
iupra.] Apt to find fault. 

SYN. — Caviling; petulant; fretful.— 
One who is captions is ready to catch at 
the slightest faults; one who is caviling 
does it on trivial or imaginary grounds; 
one who is petulant is apt, from irritabil- 
ity, to make hasty but slight attacks ; 
fretfulness is complaining impatience. 

€ AP'Tiot'S-LY, adv. In a captious 
manner. [find fault. 

Gap'tioljs-ness, n. Disposition to 

Gap'ti-vate, v. t. [-ed: -ING.] 
[Lat. captivare, from captirus, cap- 
tive.] To overpower with excellence 
or beauty. 

Syx. — To enslave ; subdue ; charm; 
enchant ;_fascinate. 

GXp'TI-va'tion, n. Act of taking 
a prisoner. 

Gap'TIVE. n. [Lat. captivus, fr. ca- 
pere, to take.] 1. A prisoner taken 
in war. 2. One charmed by beauty 
or affection. — a. 1. Made prisoner. 
2. Serving to confine. 

Cap-txv'i-ty. n. State of being a 
prisoner or under control. 

Gap'tor, n. One who takes, as a 
prisoner or a prize. 

GXpt'ure, n. 1. A seizing by force ; 
seizure. 2. Thing taken. — v.t. To 
take by force, surprise, or stratagem. 

^AP'U-CHIN', n. [Fr. capita' n, fr. ca- 
pw.e. capuchon, hood, cowl.] 1. A 
monk of the order of St. Francis. 2. 
A cloak with a hood. 

Car, n. [W. car. allied to Ger. karre, 
Jcarren.] 1. A sma'l vehicle on wheels. 
2. A railway carriage. [Amer.] 3. 
A chariot of war. 

€ar'a-€OLE, n. 1. A half turn made 
by a horseman. 2. A spiral staircase. 

Gar'a-gheen, n. See Carrageen. 

€ar'A-M£L, n. [Lat. canna, reed, 
and mel, mellis, honey.] A black, 
porous substance, obtained by heat- 
ing sugir to about 400°. 

€ar'a-pace, ) n. Upper shell of the 

Gar'a-pax, ] crab, or other crus- 
taceoas animal. 

Gar'AT, n. [Ar. qirrat, q'rat, fr. Gr. 
Kepariov, a little horn, a weight, car- 
at.] 1. The weight of four grains, 
used for precious stones and pearls. 
2. A twenty -fourth part ; — used of 
the fineness of gold. 

Gar'a-van, or Gar'a-van', n. [Per. 
Icarwan. qirioan, traveling through 
many regions.] 1. A company travel- 
ing together for security. 2. A close 
carriage, or a train of such carriages, 
for conveying wild beasts, &c. 



GXr'a-vXn'sa-ry, I n. [Per. kar- 

GXr'A-VAN'SE-RAI, ) wan-sarai, fr. 
Icarwan, caravan, and sara'i, palace, 
inn.] A kind of inn, in the East. 

Gar'A-VEL, n. [Gr. <capa/3os, a kind 
of light ship.] A small boat used for 
the herring-fishery , on the coast of 
France. _ 

€ar'A-wav,«. [Ar. karwiya, kara- 
tviya, fr. Gr. tcapov, *apos.] 1. An aro- 
matic plant, and its seed. 2. A sweet- 
meat containing caraway seeds. 

Gar'bIne, n. [L. Lat. carabaga, cabu- 
lus, for cadahulus, engine of war, fr. 
Gr. Ka.Ta/3oA7J, a throwing down.] A 
kind of fire-arm used by mounted 
troops. 

Gar'bi-neer', n. A soldier armed 
w ith a carbine. 

€AR'BO,v, n. [Lat. carbo, coal.] An 
elementary substance, forming the 
base of charcoal. [carbon. 

Car'BO-na'ceous, a. Pertaining to 

G ar'bon-ate, n. A salt formed by 
union of carbonic acid with a base. 

G'AR-BON'Mc a. Pertaining to carbon. 

GAR'BON-iF'ER-OLS. a. [Lat. carbo, 
coal, and ftrre, to bear.] . Producing 
carbon. 

Gar'bon-i-za'tion, n. Act or pro- 
cess of carbonizing. 

Gar'bon-ize, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
convert into carbon. 

Gar'BOY, n. [Cf. Gael, carb, basket.] 
A large, globular glass bottle, in- 
closed in basket-work. 

Car'bux-cle ( bunk-1, 82), n. [Lat. 
carbunculus, dim. of carbo, coal.] 1. 
A beautiful gem, of a deep red color. 
2. A malignant bcil of long contin- 
uance, having no central core. 

Gar-bun'€U-lar, a. Lelonging to, 
or resembling, a carbuncle. 

€ar'bu-ret, n. A combination of 
carbon with some other substance. 

€ar'bu-ret / ed, ) a. Combined 

€ar'bu-ret'ted, I with carbon in 
the manner of a carburet. 

€AR'€A-NET. n. [Allied to 0. H Ger. 
que.rca, throat.] A collar of jewels. 

Gar'GASS, ii. [Lat. ca.ro, flesh, and 
capsa, chest, box.] 1. A dead body ; 
a corpse. 2. Decaying remains of a 
thing. | 3. A kind of bomb. 

Gard, n. [Gr. ^apif??, a leaf of paper.] 
1. A piece of pasteboard or thick pa- 
per. 2. A published note. 3. A paper 
on which the points of the compass 
are marked. 4. [Lat. carduus, cardus, 
thistle.] An instrument for combing 
wool, flax, or the hair of animals. — 
v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] To play at cards. 
— v. t. To comb with a card. 

CAR'DA-MOM, 11. [Gr. Kap8ap.wju.ov, 
from ap.wp.oe, an Indian spice-plant, 
and <apt, for <r/capS, fr. Skr. tsh/iarrl, 
to vomit : lit. enemy to vomiting.] 
An aromatic plant of the E. Indies. 

Gard'ER, n. One who cards wool. 

GAR'DI-A€, ( a. [Gr. KapSia«o<r, 

GAR-DI'A€-AL, i fr. KapSi'a, heart.] 
1. Pertaining to or resembling the 
heart. 2. Pertaining to the upper 
orifice of the stomach. 

I Gar'DI-AL'&Y, n. [Gr. KapStaXyia, 



from icapSCa, heart, and aAyos, pain.', 
Heartburn. 

GAR'DI-NAL, a. [Lat. cardinalis, fr 
cardo, hinge of a door, that on whicb 
a thing depends.] Of fundamental im 
portanee ; superior ; chief; principal. 
Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, 
tivo, three, &c., in distinction from first, 
second, third, &c. — Cardinal pointn, 
north and south, east and west.— Car- 
dinal virtues, prudence, justice, temper? 
ance, and fortitude. 

— n. 1. One of the pope's council 
2. A womanjs short cloak. 

Gar'di-nal-ate, ) n. Office, rank, 

Gar'di-nal-ship, j or dignity of a 
cardinal. 

Gar'DI-OID, ii. [Gr. /cap8io-eio%, 
heart-shaped.] An algebraic curve 

€a , R'DI-6l'0-&Y, 11. [Gr. Kap&La, 
heart, and Aoyos, speech.] A dis 1 
courseor treatise on the heart. 

Gar-DOON', n. [Lat. carduus, card us, 
thistle. )_ A. plant used as salad. 

€ard'-ta'ble, n. A table having a 
leaf which folds over upon the other, 
used for playing cards on. 

Gare (4), n. [A.-S. caru, Goth. kara. 
allied to Lat. cura, care.] 1. Charge 
or oversight. 2. Attention or heed : 
watchfulness. 3. A burdensome 
sense of responsibility. 4. Object of 
watchful attention. 

Syx. — Anxiety; solicitude; concern; 
trouble. — Care belongs primarily to the 
intellect, and becomes painful from over- 
burdening thought; anxiety is a state of 
painful uneasiness from the dread of 
evil; solicitude and concern express the 
same feeling in diminished degrees. 
—v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To be anx- 
ious. 2. To be inclined. 

€a-reen', i'. «. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
carina, the keel.] To heave on one 
side, as a ship, for repairing, cleans- 
ing, &c. — v.i. To incline to one 
side, as a ship. 

€a-reer', ii. [Lat. carrus, wagon.] 
1. A race-course. 2. Rapidity of 
motion. 3- General course of pro- 
ceeding.—!', i. [-ed; -ING.] To 
move or run rapidly. 

Gare'ftjl (4), a. 1. Giving good 
heed. 2. Full of care or solicitude. 

Syx. — Anxious ; solicitous ; provi' 
dent ; thoughtful ; cautious ; circum- 
spect; heedful; watchful; vigilant. 

CiRE'FUL-LY, adv. \Yith care. 

Gare'ful-ness, ii. Quality or state 
of being careful. 

Gare'less, a. 1. Having no care; 
inattentive. 2. Done or said with- 
out care. [manner. 

GXre'less-EY, adv. In a careless 

Gare'less-ness, 11. State of bein~ 
careless. 

Ga-rEss',v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. La'» 
caritia, caress, fr. Lat. earns, dear.] 
To treat with affection or kinduesc; 
to fondle. — n. Act of endearment. 

CI'RET, n. [Lat.. there is wanting.] 
A mark [A] used in writing which 
shows that something js omitted. 

GAR'GO, n. ; pi. €AR'goes. [Sp. car- 
gar, to load, charge.] Lading or 
freight of a ship. 

€ar'I-ca-ture' (53), n. [It. carica. 



OR, DQ, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; tiRN, RUE, pyLL ; E, I, O, silent ; c,G,soft; €,G,kard; AS; E£IST ; N as NG 



THIS 



CARICATURIST 



58 



CASE 



turn, fr. carkare, to charge, exaggei- 
ate.] A figure or description iu 
which the peculiarities of a person 
or thing are so exaggerated as to ap- 
pear ridiculous. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make a caricature of. 

€Xr'i-€A-tur'ist, n. One who makes 

' caricatures. 

£a'ri-E£, n. [Lat., rottenness.] Ul- 
ceration of hone. 

•Gar'i-nate, ) a. [Lat. carinatus, 

■Gar'i-NA'ted, ) from carina, keel.] 
Shaped like the keel of a ship. 

€ar'[-ole, n. [It. carriuola, dim. fr. 
Lat. carrus.] A small, open carriage, 
somewhat resembling a calash. 

CA'Rl-os'l-TY, n. Ulceration of a 
bone. 

Ca'ri-oGs, a. Affected with caries. 

CARL,n. [A.-S. carl, Jcel. karl, man.] 
A rude, rustic, rough man. 

€ar'man (150), n. A man who drives 
a cart. 

Car-min'a-TIVE, a. [From Lat. car- 
minare, to card, hence to cleanse.] 
Expelling wind from the body. — n. 
A medicine to expel wind. 

CAR'MlNE,rc. [Contr. fr. L. Lat. car- 
niesinus, purple color, Eug. crimson.] 
A beautiful pigment, of a rich red or 
crimson color. 

Car'nage (45), n. [Lat. caro, carnis, 
flesh.] 1. Flesh of slain animals. 2. 
Slaughter; massacre; havoc. 

€ar'NAL, a. [Lat. carnalis, fr. caro, 
carnis, flesh.] 1. Pertaining to flesh ; 
sensual. 2. Lustful ; libidinous. 

Car'NAL-IST, n. One given to sen- 
suality, [nal; sensuality. 

Car-nXl'i-ty, n. State of being car- 

CAR'NAL-JZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make carnal. [flesh. 

fXR'NAL-LY, adv. According to the 

Car-na'TION, n. [Lat. carnatio, 
fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. 
Flesh-color. 2. A kind of clove-pink. 

Car-NEL'IAN (-yan), n. [N. Lat. car- 
neolus, fr. carneus, fleshy.] A variety 
of chalcedony, of a reddish-white 
color. 

Car'ne-oOs, a. [Lat. carneus.] Con- 
sisting of, or like, flesh. [flesh. 

C AR'Nl-Fl-CA'TlOiY, n. A turning to 

CAR'NI-FY, v. i. [Lat. carnificare, fr. 
caro, carnis, flesh, and face.re, to 
make.] To form flesh. 

CXr'NI-val, n. [It. carnevale, fare- 
well to meat.] A festival celebrated 
in Roman Catholic countries for a 
number of davs before Lent. 

Car-NIV'o-rous, a. [Lat. caro, car- 
nis, flesh, and vorare, to devour.] 
Feeding on flesh 

•Sar-nos'I-TY, n. 1. A fleshy ex- 
crescence. 2. Fleshiness. [tree. 

Car'ob, n. A leguminous evergreen 

CXr'OL, n. [L. Lat. carola, dim. of 
Lat. chorus, a choral dance.] A song 
of joy or of mirth; a lay. — v. t. 
[-ED, -ING; or -LED. -LING, 137-] 
. To praise or celebrate in song. — o. i. 
To sing ; to warble. 

Ca-ROT'ID, n. [Gr. pi. KapwriSe?, 
Kapa, head.] A large artery convey- 
ing blood from the neck to the head. 



CA-ROT'ID, I a. Pertaining to the 
Ca-rot'id-al, ) two r;reat arteries 
of the neck that carry blood to the 
head. [festival. 

Ca-ROUS/AL, n. A jovial feast or 
Syn. — Feast; banquet. — Feast is gen- 
eric; a banquet is a sumptuous feast; a 
carousal is unrestrained indulgence in 
frolic and wine. 

Ca-ROUSE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Ger. 
garaus, end. entire emptying of the 
cup.] To drink freely and in a jovial 
manner. — n. A drinking match. 

Ca-rous/ER, n. One who carouses. 

Carp, v. i [Lat. carpere, to seize.] 
To censure, cavil, or find fault pet- 
ulantly. — n. [L. Lat. carpi o, carpo, 
carpa, prob. from carpere, to seize.] 
A soft-finned, fresh-^ater fish. 

Car'pal, a. [N. Lat. carpus, wrist.] 
Pertaining to the wrist. 

CAR'PEL, n. [Gr. icapiros, fruit.] A 
sim pie pistil , or one of the parts of a 
compound pistil. 

Car'pen-ter. n. [L. Lat. carpentari- 
Mi'.from Lat. rarpentum , wagon, car- 
riage.] An artificer who works in 
timber. 

Car'PEN-TRY, n. Art of cutting, 
framing, and joining timber. [iler. 

Carp'er, n. One who carps ; a cav- 

Car'PET, n. [L. Lat. carpeta, woolly 
cloths, from Lat. carpere, to pluck.] 
A covering for a floor. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover with a carpet. 

Car'pet-BAG. n. A traveling-bag. 

Car'pet-ing. n. Cloth or materials 
for carpets. 

€ar'ra-_geen', I n. A kind of sea- 

Car'RI-(xEEN', ( weed, used for jel- 
lies, &c. ; — called also Irish moss. 

€AR'RiAGE,n. [See Carry.] 1. Act 
of carrying. 2. A vehicle, especia' / 
one for pleasure or for passengers. 3. 
Personal demeanor. 

Syn. — Conveyance ; behavior ; con- 
duct. 

Car'ri-er, n. One who, or that 
which, carries. 

CXr'ri-on, n. [L. Lat. caronia, from 
Lat. caro, flesh.] Dead and putre- 
fying flesh — a. Relating to carcass- 
es ; feeding on carrion. 

Car'rom, n. Act of hitting two bil- 
liard balls at once with another. • 

Car'ron-ade', n. [From Carron, in 
Scotland.] A kind of short cannon. 

Car'rot, n. [Lat. carola.] A plant 
having an esculent root. 

Car'rot-y, a. Like a carrot in color ; 
reddish-yellow. 

Car'ry, «. t. [-ed ; -ING, 142.] [Fr. 
charrier, to cart, from car, char, cay.] 
1. To convev ; to bear. 2. To urge ; 
to impel. 3. To exhibit ; to imply. 
4. To behave ; to demean ; — reflex- 
ively. — v. i. To convey or propel. 

CXr'ry-all,m. [Corrupt.fr. cariole.] 
A four-wheeled one horse vehicle. 

Cart, n. [L. Lat. carreta, from Lat. 
carrus, car.] A two-wheeled carriage, 
for heavy commodities. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To carry in a cart. 

CXrt'AGE, n. Act or cost of carting. 

Carte-blanche (karfblonsh'), n. 



[Fr.] 1. A blank paper, signed at 
the bottom with a person's name, to 
be filled up as another pleases. 2. 
Unconditional terms. 

Carte-de-visite (kart/dtl-ve' 
zeet'), n. [Fr.] A small photo- 
graphic picture fastened upon a card. 

€ar-tel', or Car'tel, n. [Lat. 
char la, dim. chartula.] A writing or 
agreement, between states at war, as 
for the exchange of prisoners. 

Cart'er, v. A man who drives a cart. 

Car-t£'sian, a. Pertaining to the 
French philosopher Pes Cartes, or to 
his philosophy . 

Car'TI-lage (45), n. [Lat. cartilage] 
A smooth, whitish , elastic substance ; 
gristle. 

CXr'ti-l ag'i-nous, a. Pertaining 
to, or like a cartilage ; gristly. 

Car-toG'ra-piiy, n. [Gr. x^R* 7 )-. a 
leaf of paper, and ypdtyeiv, to write.] 
Art of forming charts or maps. 

Car'TON, n. [See infra.] 1. Paste- 
board . 2. A pasteboard box. 

Car-toon', n. [Fr. carton, from Lat. 
charta, paper.] 1. A design on paper, 
to be painted in fresco. 2. A design 
colored for working in tapestry, &c. 

Car-touch' (kar-to'otch'). n. [Fr.. 
fr. carte, paper.] 1. A modillion. 2. A 
case holding a charge for a fire-arm. 

Car'tridge, n. [Formerly cartrage . 
as if fr. a N. Lat. chart aragium. front 
Lat. charta, paper ] A case of paper, 
pasteboard, &c, containing a charge 
for a fire-arm. [tridges 

CXr'tridge-box, n. A case for car- 

C'art'- wright (-rlt), n. A maker 
of carts. 

CXr'un-cle (82), n. [Lat. carvncula, 
dim. of caro, flesh.] A small, fleshy 
excrescence on the head of a bird. 

Carve, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
ceorfan.] 1. To cut, as wood, stone, 
&c, in an artistic manner. 2. To 
make or shape by cutting. 3. To cut 
into small pieces or slices. — v. i. 1. 
To exercise the trade of a carver. 2. 
To cut up meat. [small ship. 

Car'VEL, n. [Contr. from caravel.] A 

Carv'er. n. One who carves. 

€a'R y-a' TE$, \n.pl. [Gr.Kapv- 

€X'RY-AT'I-I>E2, ( dnSes, priestess- 
es of CarysB serving in the ten' pie of 
Diana.] Figures of women, serving 
to support entablatures. 

Ca/ry-at'id, n. A female figure sup- 
porting an entablature. 

C.\S'€A-BEL, n. [Lat. scabillum, sca- 
bellum,an instrument resembling the 
castanet.] That part of a cannon in 
rear of the base-ring. 

Cas-cade', n. [Lat. casare, to be 
rtjady to fall, from cadere, to fall.] A 
water-fall less than a cataract. 

Cas'ca-ril'la. n. [Sp.,dim. of cas- 
cara, peel, bark.] A plant, the bark 
of which is used as a tonic. 

Case,«. [Lat. capsa.] 1. A coverirg, 
box, or sheath. 2. Quantity con- 
tained in a box. 3. A frame contain- 
ing boxes for holding type. 4. [Lat. ca- 
sus, fr. cadere, to fall, to happen.] An 
event ; a circumstance. 5. A par- 



A. f.. I. o. u. Y lom 



.£,1, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N. 



CASEHARDEN 



59 



CATALOGUE 



ticular instance. 6. A question for 
discussion or decision. 7. Form of a 
noun, showing its relation to other 
parts of the sentence. 

Syn. — Situation ; condition ; state ; 
plight ; predicament. 
— v. t. [-ed, -ing.] Tocoverwith, 
or put in, a case. 

■£ase'hard-.en, r. t. To harden by 
converting the surface into steel. 

■Gase'-knife (-ulf), n. A large table- 
knife. _ 

Gase'mate, n. [It. casamatta, from 
casa, house, and matto, matta, mad, 
weak, feeble.] A bomb-proof cham- 
ber, in which cannon may be placed, 
to be fired through embrasures. 

G'ASE'aiENT, n. [From case, frame.] 
A glazed frame or sash, opening on 
hinges. 

Ga'se-ous, a. [Lat. caseus, cheese.] 
Pertaining to, or like, cheese. 

€'A'SERN, n. [L;it. rasa, shed, house.] 
A lodging for soldiers in garrison 
towns ; barracks. 

Gase'-shot, n. Small projectiles, in- 
closed in a case or envelope. 

■Gash, n. [Fr. caisse. See Case, a 
box.] Coin or specie; — sometimes, 
bank-notes, drafts, bonds, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To turn into cash ; to 
exchange for money. 

Gash'-book (27), n. A book in which 
is kept an account of money received 
or paid. 

€a-shew' (ka-shob'), n. [A corrupt. 
of acajou, the Fr. form of the native 
name, acajaiba.] A tropical tree of 
the same family with the sumac. 

Gash-ier', n. One who has charge of 
money in a bank, &c. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. cassare, equiv. to cas- 
sum reddere, to annul.] To dismiss 
from an office or place of trust, by 
annulling the commission of 

Gash 'me RE, n. A rich and costly 
kind of shawl. 

Gas'ing, n. 1. Act of covering with 
a thin substance. 2. An outside 
covering. 

■CASK, n. [Sp. casco, skull, helmet, 
cask, Fr. casque.] A close wooden 
vessel for liquors. 

Gask'et, n. [Dim. of cask.] A ^mall 
chest or box, for jewels. 

GAsque, n. [See Cask, ».] A helmet. 

Gas'sa-dA, n. Same as Cassava. 

Gas-sA'tion, n. [L. Lat. cassatio, fr. 
cassare, to annul. | Act of annulling. 

Gas'SA-vA, n. [Haytian Icasabi.] A 
plant from which tapioca is obtained. 

Gas'SE-PA / PER, n. [Fr. papier casse.] 
Broken paper ; two outside quires of 
a ream. 

dXs'SlA (kash/'i), n. [Heb. qes'ah. fr. 
qasa\ to cut or peel off.] The cheap- 
er kindsof cinnamon. 

■Gas'SI-MERE, n. [Perh. of the same 
origin as cashmere.] A thin, twilled, 
woolen cloth. 

Gas-SI'no, n. [It. casino, a small 
house.] A game at cards, generally 
played by four persons. 

GAs'SOCK, n. [Fr. casaque, from Lat. 
casa, cottage.] A close fitting eccle- 



siastical garment, worn under the 
surplice or gown. 

Gas'so-wa-RY, n. [Hindost. kassu- 
warts.] A large bird, resembling the 
ostrich. 

GAst (6), v. t.. [imp. & p.p. cast.] 
[Icel. kasta.] 1. To send or drive 
from, by force ; to throw. 2. To di- 
rect, as the sight. 3. To throw on 
the ground, as in wrestling. 4. To 
shed. 5. To compute ; to reckon. 6. 
To form from liquid metal ; to found. 
— v.i. 1. To receive form or shape. 
2. To warp. — n. 1. A throw. 2. 
A chance or venture. 8. Act of cast- 
ing in a mold. 4. Form into which 
any thing is cast. 5. Assignment of 
parts in a play to the actors. 6. 
Look ; glance ; squint. 

Gas'TA-NET/, n. [Lat. castanea, a 
chestnut.] A small concave shell of 
ivory or hard wood, fastened with 
another to the thumb, and beat with 
the middle finger. 

GAst'a-way, n. An abandoned per- 
son ; a reprobate. 

GAste (6), n. [From Lat. castus, pure, 
chaste.] A separate and fixed class 
of society, as in India. 

GAs'TEL-LAN, n. [Lat. castellanus, 
from castellum, castle.] A governor 
of a castle. [longing to a castle. 

Gas'tel-la-ny (44), n. Lordship be- 

Gas'tel-la'ted, a. Adorned with 
turrets and battlements, like a castle. 

GAst'er, n. 1. One who casts. 2. 
A stand to contain phials with con- 
diments. 3. A small wheel on a 
swivel, on which furniture is rolled. 

Gas'ti-gate,?>. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
rastigare, fr. castus, pure, chaste, and 
agere, to move, drive.] To punish 
by stripes ; to chastise. 

GXs'Tl-GA'TION, n. Punishment by 
whippiug. [gales or corrects. 

Gas'ti-ga'tor, n One who casti- 

GAs'Tl-GA-TO-RY(50),a. Tending to 
correction ; punitive. 

Gas'tile SOAP. [From Castile, 
whence it originally came.] A kind 
of fine, hird, white, or mottled soap. 

GAst'ing, n. 1. Act of one who casts. 
2. That which is cast in a mold. 

GAst'ing-net, n. A net which is 
cast and drawn. 

GAst'ing-vote, n. Vote of a presid- 
ing officer, when the votes of the as- 
sembly are equally divided. 

Gas'tle (kas'l), n. [Lat. castellum, 
dim. of castrum, a fortified place.] A 
fortified residence ; a fortress. — v. t. 
In chess, to cover with a castle; — 
said of the king. 

Castle in the air, a visionary project. 

Gas'tle-build'er (kSs'l-), n. One 
who builds castles in the air. 

Gas'TOR, n. [Gr. Kaorcop, akin to Skr. 
kastSin, musk.] 1. A genus of ani- 
mals, in which the beaver is included. 
2. A hat, esp. one made of the fur of 
the beaver. 3. A heavy quality of 
broadcloth. 4. [See Caster.] A 
small wheel for supporting furniture. 

GAs'TOR-OIL, n. [A corruption of 
Castus-o\l, the plant producing it 



having formerly been called Agnia 
castus.] The mild cathartic oil of 
a plant found in the West Indies. 

Gas'TRA-me-ta'tion, n. [Lat. cas- 
tra metari, to measure a camp] Art 
of laj ing out a camp. 

Gas'trate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
castrare.] To deprive of the testicles; 
to geld. 

Ga^'u-al (kazh/ij-al), a. [Lat. casu- 
alis, from casus, fall, accident, from 
cadtre, to fall.] 1. Happening with- 
out design, and without being fore- 
seen. 2. Coming without regularity. 

Syn. — Accidental; fortuitous; inci- 
dental; occasional. — Casual and fortu- 
itous are substantially the same; a thing 
is accidental when not planned or 
sought, as a meeting ; incidental when it 
falls in as secondary, or out of the regu- 
lar course of things, as a remark; occa- 
sional when it occurs only now and then. 

Gas/u-al-ly (k&zh'u-), adv. By 
chance : accidentally. 

Gas/u-al-ty (kazh'u-),?!. 1. An ac- 
cident. 2. An accidental injury ; 
hence, de-ath; misfortune. 

Gas'u-ist (kazh'u-ist), n. [Lat. casus, 
fall, case.] One who studies and 
resolves cases of conscience. 

GAS'u-isT're, \a. Relating to cases 

Gas'u-'ist'I€-al, ) of conscience. 

Ga^'u-ist-ry, 11. Science of deter- 
mining the right or wrong of acts 
and opinions of doubtful propriety 

Gat, n. [A.-S. cat, W.cath, Late Lat. 
catus, Ar. qitt.] 1. A well-known do- 
mestic animal. 2. A kind of ship. 3. 
A double tripod. 4. A kind of whip 

GAT'A-CHRE'SIS, n. [Gr. /caTaxprjo-ts , 
misuse.] A harsh or far-fetched 
metaphor. 

Gat'a-chres'tic, ) a. Forced; 

Gat'a-ghres'tkj-ae. ) far-fetched. 

GAT'A-CLYSM, n. [Gr. jcaTa/cAvtr^tos, 
from KaTaKA.v£eiv, to inundate.] A 
deluge : a flood : an inundation. 

Gat'a-comb (-kom). n. [Gr. koltol, 
downward, and /cvp|3i?, cavity.] A 
cave, or subterraneous place for the 
burial of the dead. 

Gat'a-COUS'tics, n. sing. [Gr. Kara, 
against, and Eng. acoustics.] That 
part of acoustics which teeats of re- 
flected sounds. 

Gat / a-dI-6p'trI€, )a. [Gr. koto., 

Gat'A-DI-OP'TRIC-AL, ) against, and 
SConrpa, a geometrical instrument.] 
Pertaining to the reflection and re- 
fraction of light. 

Gat'a-falque', ii. [0. Sp. catar, to 
see, to view, and It. falco, for palco, 
scaffold , stage . ] A tern porary struct- 
ure, use ! in funeral solemnities. 

GAT'A-LEG'TIG, a. [Gr. /caTaArj/CTiKOs, 
fr. KaraXriyeiv, to leave off.] Want- 
ing a syllable at the end. 

Gat'A-LEP'SY, n. [Gr. /caToArji/u?, r, 
grasping.] Sudden suspension of the 
action of the senses and of volition. 

GXt'a-lep'tk:, a. Pertaining to 
catalepsv. 

GAT'A-LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr Kard- 
Ao-yos, from Kara., down, completely, 
and \eyeiv, to say.] A list or enu- 
meration of names, titles, or articles. 



OR, do,wolf,too, TOOK; fJRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; q,G,soJl;€,G,hard' As; EXLST j n as NG ; THIS 



CATAMARAN 



60 



CAUCASIAN 



Catalogue raisonnt (riV zo-n&f) (Biblio- 
graphy), a catalogue of books classed ac- 
cording to their subjects. 

— v. t. To make a list of. 

^iT'A-MA-KAPf', n. [Catha-nidran, 
floating trees, the native name in 
Ceylon.JA raft moved by a large sail. 

ClT* a-me' ni-A ,n. [Gr.] The month- 
ly courses of females. 

€ATA-ME'N[-AL, a. [Gr. KaTajiMjvios, 
monthly.] Pertaining to menstrual 
discharges. 

CXt'a-mount, n. [Cat of the moun- 
tain.] The North American tiger; 
the cougar, or puma. 

CXt'A-PHRA€T, n. [Gr. KaracjipaKTry; , 
fr. Kara, down, quite, Jind <f)pdaa-eiv, 
to inclose.] Heavy, defensive armor, 
anciently used by horsemen. 

GXT'A-PLAR_M, n. [Gr. Kard-nXao-p-a, 
fr. Kara, down, quite, and irAao-o-eii/, 
to form, mold.] A poultice. 

CXt'a-pOlt, n. [Lat. catapulta, Gr. 
KaTa7reArr)s.] An ancient engine 
used for throwing stones, arrows, &c. 

GXt'A-RACT, n. [Gr. KarapaKTij?, fr. 
Kara, down, and pr\yvvvai, to break.] 
1. A great cascade or waterfall. 2. 
Opacity of the crystalline lens, or of 
its capsule. 

€a-tarrh' (-tar 7 ), n. [Gr. *carappoo?, 
from Kara, down, and petv. to flow.] 
Inflammation of the air passages, at- 
tended with a discharge of a watery 
or glairy fluid. 

Ga-tarrii'al, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

Ga-tarrh'ous, ) attending, catarrh. 

CA-TAS'TRO-PHE,n. [Gr. Karao-rpo- 
4>r), fr. Kara, down, and arpe^eiv, to 
turn.] 1. A final event, usually 
calamitous. 2. The unfolding and 
winding up of the plot of a play. 

€at'-€ALL, n. A squeaking instru- 
ment, used to condemn plays. 

CAtch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CAUGHT.] 
[0. Eng. cacche. peril, akin to A.-S. 
reac, fetter, or from Lat. captiare, fr. 
capere, to take.] 1. To seize, especi- 
ally with the hand. 2. To ensnare. 
3. To take by sympathy, contagion, 
or infection. — v. i. 1. To be held 
or impeded. 2. To spread by in- 
fecting. — //. 1. Act of seizing; 
seizure. 2. That which is caught. 
3. A humorous round, in which the 
singers catch up each other's sen- 
tences. 

GXtch'pen-ny, n. Something worth- 
less, intended to gain money. 

Gatch'poll, n. [From catch and 
poll, the head.] A bailiff's assistant. 

Gatch'UP, In. [Chin, kitjap.} Sauce 

GXt'sup, ) made from mushrooms, 
tomatoes, &c. 

GXtch'-word (-wfird), n. 1. Last 
word of an actor; cue. 2. First 
word of every page of a book put at 
the right-hand bottom corner of the 
preceding page to assist the reader. 

GXT'E-CHET'IC, ) a. [Gr. Karn- 

Cat'e-CHET'IC-AL, ) xyrn?, an in- 
structor.] Consisting in asking ques- 
tions and receiving answers. 

€at'e-€hT§e,v. (.[-ed; -ing-.] [Gr. 
KanqxC^eiv, from Kara, down , against, 



and^x e '»'. tosound> ] !• To instruct 
by questions and answers. 2. To 
question. [chises. 

GXt'e-chis/ER, ti. One who cate- 

GXt'e-€HI£sm, n. A system of in- 
struction by means of questions and 
answers. 

CXt'e-cihst, n. One who catechises. 

CXt/e-ciiist'ic, la. Pertaining 

Gat'e-cihst'ic-al, ) to a catechist 
or to catechism. 

€At'e-€HU, n. A brown, astringent, 
vegetable extract, from ] ndia. 

€AT'E-€IIU'MEN,«. [Gr. Karvxov- 
p.evo<;, instructed, fr. Karnx^lv, to in- 
struct.] One who is receiving in- 
struction in the elements of Christi- 
anity. 

€at'E-GOR'I€-AL, a. 1. Pertaining 
to a category. 2. Absolute; posi- 
tive ; express. 

€at'e-&6r'I€-al-ly, adv. Abso- 
lutely ; directly : expressly. 

GXT'E GO-RY "(CO), W. [Gr. Karn- 
yopia, from Kara, down, against, and 
ayopevetv, to harangue, assert.] 1. 
One of the highest classes to which 
the objects of knowledge or thought 
can be reduced, as quantity, quality, 
relation, &c. 2. State ; condition. 

Syn. — Predicament. — Category and 
predicament arc both popularly used to 
express the idea of condition or situation, 
but with this difference, that predica- 
ment supposes it to be a bad or unfortu- 
nate one. Hence to say, "I am in the 
same category with you," is not of ne- 
cessity to say, " I am in the same pre- 
dicament." 

GXt'e-na'ri-an, ) a. [Lat. cate- 

Gat'e-na-ry (44), I narius; catena, 
chain.] Relating to, or like, a chain. 

€AT'E-NATE,fJ. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
catenate, fr. catena, chain.] To con- 
nect by links. [a.? in a chain. 

Gat'E-na'tion, n. Union of parts, 

€a'ter, f. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
captare, to strive, to lay hold of, in- 
tens. form of capere. to take.] To 
provide food ; to purvey, [provider. 

€a'ter-er, n. One who caters; a 

GX'TER-ESS, n. A woman who caters. 

Gat'er-pil'LAR, n. [0. Eng. rater- 
piller, prob. fr. rate, rates, food, and 
0. Eng. piller, plunderer, because it 
eats up leaves and fruits.] The jarve 
or larval state of a butterfly or any 
lepidopterous insect. 

Gat'er-WAUL, v. i. [From rat and 
waul, to cry as a cat.] To cry as 
cats in rutting time. 

Gates, n. pi. [0. Fr. arat, buying, 
purchase.] Luxurious food ; delica- 
cies ; dainties. 

Cat'-fish, n. 1. A large and vora- 
cious fish of the shark kind. 2. A 
fresh-water fish of different species. 

CXt'gut, n. 1. A cord made from 
the intestines of animals. 2. A 
coarse sort of linen or canvas. 

GXth'A-RIST, n. [Gr. KaOapog, clean, 
pure.] One who pretends to be 
purer than others. 

Gat'-harp-in, ) n. A rope to brace 

€at'-harp-ing, ] in the shrouds of 
the lower masts. 



€A-THAR'TI€, ) a. [Gr. KaBaprv- 

GA-THAR'TI€-AL, J kos, fr. KaOapos, 
pure.] Cleansing the bowels ; pur- 
gative, [cine. 

Ga-thar'tic, n. A purgative medi- 

CXt'-iiead, n. A projecting timber 
through which the ropes pass by 
which a ship's anchor is raised. 

Cath'e-dra, or CA-THE'DRA,',l, 
[Gr. KaOeSpa, seat.] A chair ; scab 
of a person in authority. 

Cathe'dral, n. The principal 
church in a diocese. — a. 1. Per- 
taining to the head church of a 
diocese. 2. Official ; a-uthoritative. 

CATH'E-TER, n. [Gr. KaOerrjp, a 
thing put in, from Kara., down, and 
vevai, to send.] A tubular instru 
men t to draw off the urine. 

€at'-iiole,«. A small hole astern, 
through which a hawser may be 
passed. 

Gatii'o-li€(123), a. [Gr. KaOoXwos, 
fr. KaQokos, whole.] 1. Universal or 
general. 2. Liberal. 3. Pertaining 
to the Roman Catholics. — n. A 
member of the Roman Catholic 
church. 

€a-THOL'J-C*sm, n. 1. The faith of 
the whole Christian church. 2. The 
Roman Catholic faith. 3. Liberality 
of sentiment. 

CATH^o-l/ic'i-TY, n. 1. System of 
doctrine held by all parts of the or- 
thodox Christian church. 2. Doc- 
trines of the church of Rome. 3. 
Liberality of sentiments. 

Ga-th6l'i-cize, v. i. To become ca- 
tholic or a Roman Catholic. 

€a-thol'i-€ON, n. A 
remedy for all diseases ; 
a panacea. 

GXt'kin, n. [Dim. of 
cat, from its resem- 
blance to a cat's tail.] 
A kind of inflorescence, 
consisting of overlap- 
ping scales. 

Cat'mYnt, I n. A well-known plant, 

GXt'nIp, ) having a strong scent ; 
— so called because cats have a pecul- 
iar fondness for it. [with nine lashes. 

€at'-o'-nine'-tails, n. A whip 

Ga-TOP'TRIC, I a. [Gr. Karonrpi- 

CA-TOP'TRl€-AL, ) /cos, fr. Karonrpov , 
mirror.] Relating to catoptrics. 

-Ga-top'trics, n. sing. That part of 
optics which explains the properties 
and phenomena of reflected light. 

Cat's'-paw, n. A dupe ; the tool of 
another; — from the fable of the 
monkey who used the paws of the 
cat to draw roasting chestnuts out 
of the fire. [ Ketchup. 

Gat'sup, n. Same as Catchup, or 

Cat'TLE, n. pi. [Lat. capitalis, chief, 
because in early ages beasts were tho 
chief part of a man 's property .] Do- 
mestic quadrupeds collectively, esp. 
those of the bovine genus. 

Cat'tle-show, n. An exhibition 
of domestic animals for prizes, &c. 

Gau CA'SIAN, n. Any one belonging 
to the Tndo-European race, or the 
race originating near Mt. Caucasus. 




Catkin 



I, E, I, 5, u, y, long; X, E, jf, 6, 0, Y» short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ere, veil, t£bm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CAUCUS 



61 



CELLULAR 



Ga.U'€US, n. [A corrupt, of calkers, al- 
luding to an association of calkers in 
Boston, Mass., in the time of the 
American lie volution.] A prepara- 
tory meeting for political purposes. 

Gau'dal, a. [Lat. cauda, tail.] Per- 
taining to a tail. 

CaU'date, la. Having a tail, or 

Cau'dA-ted, ) tail-like appendage. 

Gau'dle, n. [Lat. calidus, warm.] A 
kind of warm drink for sick persons. 

GAUF, n. A chest with holes for keep- 
ing fish alive in water. 

Gau'fle, n. A gang or drove of cap- 
tured negroes. [ Catch . 

•Caught (kawt), imp. & p. p. of 

Caul, n. [Prob. a modif. of cowl.] 1. 
A membrane covering the lower in- 
testines. 2. A part of the membrane 
enveloping the fetus. 

Gau-les'cent, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, 
stem.] Having a perfect stem. 

Gau-lIf'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. caulis, 
stalk, and ferre, to bear.] Caulescent. 

€au'li-flow'er, n. [Lat. caulis, 
colis, stalk, stem, cabbage, and 
flower.] A variety of cabbage. 

CA.US/AL, a. Relating to a cause or 
causes. [cause. 

€au-§al'i-ty. n. The agency of a 

Gau-§a'tion, n. Act of causing. 

CAUg'A-TlVE, a. 1. Expressing a 
cause or reason. 2. Effecting, as a 
cause or agent. 

Gau§e (kawz), n. [Lat. causa.] 1. 
That which produces a result, or is 
the occasion of an action. 2. A legal 
process; case. 8. One side of a ques- 
tion or controversy. 

S tk. — Agency ; motive ; inducement. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To effect by 
agency, power, or influence ; produce. 

Gau§e'less, a. 1. Uncaused or un- 
created. 2. Without just cause, 
reason, or motive. 

Gaus/er, n. One who causes. 

Caus_e'way, ) n. [L. Lat. calceata, 

CAU'gEY, J calciata, via calciata, 
fr. Lat. calceare, calciare, to pave with 
limestone.] A raised way over wet 
or marshy ground. 

CAUS'Tre, 1 a. [Gr. /cavern/cos, fr. 

CAUS'TI€-AL, J /caieiv, to burn.] 1. 
Burning ; corrosive. 2. Severe ; 
satirical ; sharp. 

Ga.US'TI€, n. Any substance which, 
applied to animal substances, burns 
or def-troys the texture. 

Caus-tIc'i-ty, n. 1. Property which 
characterizes caustic bodies. 2. Se- 
verity of language ; sarcasm. 

Gau'ter, n. A hot, searing iron. 

CAU'TER-IgM, n. Application of caus- 
tics; cautery. 

Gau'ter-i-za'tion, n. A burning or 
searing some morbid part by the ap- 
plication^ fire. 

■fcAU'TER-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
burn or sear with fire or a hot iron, 
as morbid flesh. 

Cad'ter-y, n. [See Cauter.] A 
burning, as of morbid flesh, by a 
hot iron, or by caustic medicines. 

CAU'TION, n. [Lat. cautio, fr. cavere, 
to take care.] 1. Prudence in re- 



gard to danger ; wariness. 2. Ex- 
hortation to wariness. 

Syn. — Forethought ; forecast ; pru- 
dence; vigilance; circumspection. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To give no- 
tice of danger to ; to warn. 

Gau'tion-a-ry (44), a. 1. Contain- 
ing caution. 2. Given aS a pledge. 
Gau'tious, a. Prudent ; watchful. 

Syn. — Wary ; circumspect. — A man 
is cautious chiefly as the result of tim- 
idity; one may be wary, i. e., watchful in 
a high degree against danger, and yet 
bold and active; a circumspect man looks 
around him to weigh and deliberate. 

Cau'tious-ly, adv. With caution. 

Gau'tioOs-ness, n. Watchfulness ; 
provident care. 

CXv'AL-eADE'', n. [Lat. caballus, Gr. 
Ka/SaAArjs, an inferior horse.] A pro- 
cession of persons on horseback. 

GXv'a-lier', n. [See Cavalcade.] 
1. A horseman; a knight. 2. One 
of the leaders of the court party in 
the time, of King Charles I. — a. 1. 
Gay; sprightly. 2. Brave; warlike. 
3. Haughty ; disdainful. 

GXv'A-lier'ly, adv. In a haughty 
manner. [horseback. 

GXv'al-RY, n. Troops that serve on 

€X r'A- TPNA ,n. [It. ] ( Mus . ) An air 
of one movement, with little repeti- 
tion of the words. 

Gave , n. [Lat. cavus, hollow, cavea, 
cavity.] A hollow place in the earth ; 
a den. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make hollow. — v.i. 1. To dwell in 
a cave. 2. To fall and leave a hollow. 

Ea've-at, n. [Lat., let him beware.] 
1. A notice to some officer not to do 
a certain act until the party is heard 
in opposition. 2. A description of 
some invention, lodged in the patent- 
office before the patent right is taken 
out, operating as a bar to other ap- 
plications respecting the same inven- 
tion. 3. Warning. [and pressed. 

GXv'EN-DlSH, n. Tobacco softened 

GXv'ERN, n. [Lat. caverna, fr. cavus, 
hollow.] A large cave. [hollow. 

Gav'ern-ous, a. Full of caverns ; 

Ga-VIARE' (ka-veer'), \ n. [Turk, ha- 

GXv'I-ar (kav'e-ar), ) viar ] Roes of 
certain large fish, prepared and salted. 

GXVIL, v. i. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] [Lat cavillari, fr. ca- 
vil'a, bantering jests.] To raise cap- 
tious and frivolous objections. — n. 
A frivolous objection. 

Gav'IL-er, In. A captious dispu- 

GXV'il-ler, J tant. [Hollowness. 

CXVl-TY, n. 1 A hollow place. 2. 

Gaw, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [From the 
sound.] To cry like a crow, or raven. 

— n. The noise made by the crow 
or raven. 

Gay-ENNE' PEP' per. [From Cay- 
enne, in South America.] A very 
pungent red pepper. 

Gay'MAN (150), n. An alligator. 

Ga-ZIQUE' (ka-zeek'), n. [From the 
language of Hayti ] A chief among 
some tribes of Indians. 

Cease, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. ces~ 
sare, intens. form of cedere, to with- 



draw.] 1. To come to an end. 2. T^ 
be wanting. 

Syn. — To desist; forbear; fail. 
— - v. t. To put a stop to. [incessant. 

Cease'less, a. Without cessation ; 

C/E'DAR, n. [Gr *ee'8pos.] An ever- 
green tree of different species. 

Cede,v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. cedere.] 
To yield or surrender ; to give up. 

Ce-dil'la, n. [It. zediglia, dim. of 
zeta, Gr. name of z, which letter 
was formerly written after c, and 
then below it, to give it the pronun- 
ciation of s.] A mark placed under 
the letter c [thus, p], to show that it 
is to be sounded like s. 

Ce'drine, a. Belonging to cedar. 

Ceil, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
celare, to cover, arch, Lat. caelum, 
heaven, vault, arch.] To overlay or 
cover the inner roof of. 

Ceil'ING, n. Upper, interior surface 
of an apartment, opposite the floor. 

Cel'an-DINE , n. A genus of plants 
belonging to the poppy famil^ 

Cel'e-brate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. celebrare, celebratus; celeber, fa- 
mous.] 1. To mention with praise. 
2. To honor by appropriate ceremo- 
nies ; to solemnize. 

Syn. — To praise ; extol ; commemo- 
rate. — Extol is stronger than praise ; we 
commemorate events which we desire to 
cherish in affectionate remembrance by 
appropriate rites, as the death of our Sav- 
ior; we celebrate by demonstrations of 
Sublic joy, processions, &c, as the birth- 
ay of our independence. 

Cel'e-bra/ted, a. Having celebrity. 
Syn. — Distinguished ; famous ; re- 
nowned; illustrious. 

Cel'e-bra'tion, n. Act of cele- 
brating, [brates. 

Cel'e-bra'tor, n. One who cele- 

Ce-leb'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of 
being celebrated. 2. A person of 
distinction. 

Syn. — Renown; honor; repute; fame. 

Ce-LER'I-TY, n. [Lat. celeritas, from 
celer, swift.] Rapidity of motion. 

Syn. — Swiftness ; speed ; velocity ; 
quickness. 

Cel'ER-Y,m. [Gr. <re\ivov.] A plant 
of the parsley family. 

Ce-les'TIAL (-lest/yal), a. [Lat. cae- 
Itstis, cselestis, from caelum, cselum, 
heaven.] Heavenly. — n. An in- 
habitant of heaven. 

Ce'LI-A€>, a. [Gr. KoiAiajcos, fr. KOikia, 
belly.] Pertaining to the belly. 

CE-LtB'A-CY, or CEL'I-BA-CY , n. 
[Lat. caslibatus, from caslebs, unmar- 
ried.] Bachelorship. [bachelor. 

Cel'i-bate, n. 1. Celibacy. 2. A 

Cell, n. [Lat. cella, akin to celare, 
to conceal.] 1. A very small and 
close apartment. 2. Any small, 
closed cavity ; a minute sac. 

Cel'lar, n. [Lat. cellarium, a pan- 
try.] A room under a building. 

Cel'lar-age, n, 1. Excavation for a 
cellar ; a cellar, or a series of cellars. 
2. Charge for storage in a cellar. 

CELL'U-LAR, a. [Lat. cellula, a little 
cell.] Consisting of, or containing, 
cells. 



6R,DQ,WQLF,TOb,TO*bK: URN RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,&,hard; AS; EJIST ; NasNG; this 



CELLULE 



02 



CERTAINTY 



CEll'ULE, n. A small cell. 

(, ell'u-loid, n. [Eng. cellulose, and 
Gr. etSo9, form.] A compound in 
imitation of coral, ivory, tortoise- 
shell, etc. ; — made chiefly from 
gun-cotton and camphor. 

Qell'u-lo^' , n. One of the sub- 
stances constituting the cellular tis- 
sue of plants. 

£ELT, n. [W. Celtiad, Celt, from celt, 
covert, shelter.] One of an ancient 
race of people, who inhabited Central 
and Western Europe, and from whom 
are descended the Irish, Welsh, &c. 

C/eltTG, a. Pertaining to the Celts, 
or to their language. — n. The lan- 
guage of the Celts. 

C;em'ent, or CJe-ment' (115), n. 
[Lat. cxmentum, chips of marble, 
from which mortar was made.] 1. 
Any adhesive substance used to unite 
bodies. 2. Bond of union. 

CJe-ment', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To unite by the use of cement. 2. 
To unite firmly and closely. — v. i. 
To iinite and cohere. 

C/EM'en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of ce- 
menting. 2. The process by which 
iron is turned into steel, glass into 
porcelain, &c 

C/EiVl'E-TfiR'Y, n. [Gr. KocfivTrtptov, 
fr. Koi/xav, to sleep.] A grave-yard. 

<^en'o-b"ite, n. [Gr. koh^os, common, 
and /3io5, life.] One of a religious 
order, dwelling in a convent. 

Cen'o-bit'ig, I a. Living in com- 

CJen'O-bjt'ic-AE, J munity, as monks 

(^EN'O-TAPH, n. [Gr. Kcvora^iov, fr. 
Kepos, empty, and ra<£os, tomb.] A 
monument erected to one who is 
buried elsewhere. 

<2ense,i>. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Abbrev. 
from incense.] To perfume with 
odors from burning substances. 

Qens'er, n. A pan in which incense 
is burned. 

Qen'sor, n. [Lat., from censere, to 
value, to tax.] 1. One empowered to 
examine manuscripts and books, be- 
fore publication. 2. A harsh critic. 

^en-so'ri-al (89), a. Belonging to 
a censor. 

C;en-so'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Apt to 
blame or condemn. 2. Implying or 
expressing censure. 

C!en-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a cen- 
sorious manner. [being censorious. 

CJen-so'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of 

Cen'sor-ship, n. Office of a censor. 

£en'sur-A-ble (sen'shur-), a. Wor- 
thy of censure ; blamable. 

pEN'sUR-A-BLY, adv. In a censura- 
ble manner. 

Qen'sure (sen'shur), n. [Lat. sensu- 
ra.] Act of blaming or finding fault ; 
blame ; reproof. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To find fault with and condemn. 

Stn. — To blame; reprove; condemn; 
reprehend; reprimand. 

C^EN'SUS, n. [Lat. See Censor.] An 
official enumeration of the people, 
registration of the value of their es- 
tates, &c. 

CENT, n. [Lat. centum.] 1. A hun- 
dred. 2. An American coin of cop- 



per, or of copper and nickel, worth 
tue luutn part of a dollar. 

CJENT'AGE, n. Kate by the hundred. 

IfiN'TAUR, n. [Gr. Kevravpos, orig. a 
herdsman.] A fabulous being, ualf 
man and half horse. 

Qen'te-na'ri-an, n. [See Cent.] 
A person'a hundred years old. 

C^N'TE-NA-RY (44), n. A hundred; 
a century. — a. 1. Relating to a hun- 
dred. 2. Occurring once in a hun- 
dred years. 

C:en-ten'ni-al, a. 1. Belonging to 
the hundredth anniversary. 2. Hap- 
pening once in a hundred jcars. 

Cen'ter, 1 n. [Lat. centrum, Gr. 

("EN'TRE, ( Kevrpov, fr. Kevjelv, to 
prick.] 1. Exact middle point of 
any thing. 2. Middle portion ; the 
midst. — v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
be placed in a center. 2. To be col- 
lected to a point. — v. t. 1. To place 
on a center. 2. To collect to a point. 

Cen'ter-eIt. i n . An instrument for 

Qen'tre-bit, j boring holes. 

(,e\'TEr-1ng, ( n. Temporary frarn- 

(^EN'trinu, I ing on which any 
vaulted work U constructed. 

C;en-tes'I-mal, a. Hundredth ; by 
the hundred. — n. A hundredth 
part. 

C^en'ti-fo'li-oGs, a. [Lat. centifo- 
lius,1ir. centum, hundred, and foli- 
um, leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. 

C^EN'TI-GRADE, a. [Lat. centwn } hun- 
dred, and gradus, degree.] Divided 
into a hundred degrees, as a ther- 
mometer between the freezing point 
and the boiling point of water. 

Centime (song'teem'), n. [Fr.] The 
100th part of a franc. 

QEN'ti-ped (165), n. [Lat. centipeda, 
fr. centum, hundred, and joes, pedis, 
foot.] A species of land articulates, 
having a great number of feet. 

f^EN'TO, n. ; pi. CEN'TOg. [Lat.] A 
composition formed by passages from 
different authors. 

C^en'tral, a. Relating to, placed in, 
or containing, the center. 

C/EN-tral'I-ty, n. State of being 
central. [tralizing. 

CEN'TRAL-I-ZA'TION, n. Actofcen- 

<Pen'tral-Tze, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
draw to a central point. [manner. 

C£n'tral-ly, adv. In a central 

Cen'tre (sender), n. See Center. 

CEN'TRIG, ) a. Placed in the 

Cen'TRIG-AL, J center; central. 

Qen'TRIG-AL-LY, adv. In a central 
position. [being centric. 

Cen-trI^'i-TY {-tris'-), n. State of 

Qen-TRIF'U-gal, a. [Lat. centrum, 
center, andfugere, to flee.] Tending 
to recede from the center. 

CJEN-TRIP'E-TAL, a. [Lat. centrum, 
center, and petere, to move toward.] 
Tending toward the center. 

CEN-TUJiFVIR, n.; pi. CEN-TtJM'- 
vi-ri. [Lat., fr. centum, hundred, 
and vir, man.] (Rom. Antiq.) A 
judge appointed to decide common 
causes among the people. 

C;en-tum'VI-RAL, a. Pertaining to 
a centumvir. 



C;EN'TU-PL,E, a. [Lat. centuphx, fr 
centum, nundred, and plic.are, to 
fold.] lluudred-fold. — v.i. [-ED ; 
-ING.J io increase a hundred-foid 

(;en-TU'ri-al, a. Relating to a cen- 
tury. 

^en-tu'ri-on, v. [Lat. centurio.] 
(Roman Antic/.) A military officer 
over a hundred foot-soidiers. 

CJENT'U-RY, n. [Lat. cenluria, fr. cen- 
tum, hundred.] 1. A hundred. 2, 
A period of a hundred jears. 

CjE-PHAL'IG, a. [Gr. Ke<j)aAiK6s,from 
/ce<£aA»7, head.] Pertaining to the 
head. — n. A medicine for a disorder 
in the head. 

f;EPH'A-LO-POD', or C^E-PHAL'O- 
POD, n. [Gr. *ce<J>aATj, head, and 
7rou?, 7ro66s, foot.] A molluscous an- 
imal, having a distinct head, sur- 
rounded by a circle of long arms. 

CJe-ra'ceoCs, a. [Lat. cera, wax.] 
Of the nature of wax. 

(pE-RXM'lG, a. [Gr. Kepa/xiKos, from 
icepap.os, earthenware.] Pertaining 
to pottery. [oil, &c. 

Ce'rate, n. An ointment of wax, 

CE'RA-TED,a. Covered with wax. 

yERE, n. [Lat. rem, wax.] Naked 
wax-like skin covering the base of 
the bill in some birds. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To wax, or cover with wax. 

(pE'RE-AL (89), a. [Pertaining to Ce- 
res, or to grain.] Pertaining to edi- 
ble grain. — n. Any edible grain. 

CER'E-BEL'LUM,n. [L., dim. of 
\cerebrum, brain.] Hinder and low- 
er division of the brain. 

C^ER'E-BRAL, a. Pertaining to the 
cerebrum, or brain. 

Cer'E-brum, n. [Lat.] Superior 
' and larger division of the brain. 

Cere'gloth, 1 n. [Lat. cera, wax.] 

(JERE'MENT, ) A cloth dipped in 
melted wax, used for embalming. 

C^ER'E-MO'NI-AL, a. Relating to cer- 
emony ; ritual. — n. A system of rules 
and ceremonies. 

(^ER'E-MO'NI-OUS, a. 1. According 
to prescribed rules and forms. 2. 
Precise \_ formal. 

QER/E-mo'ni-oOs-ly, adv. In a cer- 
emonious manner. 

CJ£r'e-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. cxrimo- 
nia.] 1. External form in religion. 
2. Forms of civility. 

Ce'RO-graph'ig, )a. Pertaining 

VE'RO-GRAPH'IG-AE, J to cerogra- 

phy- 

£e-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /ojpos, wax, 
and ypdfciv, to write.] Engraving 
on wax, from which a stereotype 
platejs taken. 

CJe-roon', n. [Sp. seron, augmenta- 
tive of sera, a large basket.] A bale 
or package of skins. 

QER'TAIN, a. [Lat. certus, orig. p. p.oi? 
cernere, to perceive, decide.] 1. Hav- 
ing no doubts. 2. Not to be doubted 
or denied. 3. Fixed or stated. 4 In- 
determinate ; one or some. 

Syn. — Sure ; undeniable ; indubita- 
ble; indisputable; undoubting. 

C£R'TAlN-LY, adv. Without failure. 

(^ER'TAlN-TY, n. 1. Exemption from 



a,E, I, o,U, Y.long; X, E, I, o, fr, f, short; cAre, far, ask, all, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM : PIQUE, f7rm ; s6n. 



CERTIFICATE 



03 



CHAMFER 



doubt or failure. 2. An established 
fact. 

Cer-TiF'i-CATE, n. 1. A written tes- 
timony. 2. A written declaration le- 
gally authenticated. 

QER-TIF'l-€ATE, v. t. f-ED ; -TNG.] 
[Lat. cert us, certain, and facere, to 
make.] To verif, by certificate. 

QUr'TI-fi-Ca'TION, n. Act of certi- 
fying, [or assures. 

Cer'ti-fi^er, n. One who certifies, 

gjER'TI-FV (14), V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
1. To establish as a fact. 2. To give 
certain information of or to. 

C/er'TI-tude (53), n. Assurance ; 
certainty. 

Qe-ru'le-an (124). a. [Lat. cserule- 
us.]~ Sky-blue. 

Ce-rv'men, n. [Lat. cera, wax.] 
Yellow matter secreted by tne ear. 

QE'RUSE (52), n. [Lat. ctrussa.] 1. 
White lead. 2. Native carbonate of 
lead. 

(^£r'VI€-AL, a. [Lat. cervix, neck.] 
Belonging to the neck. 

fyfiR'VINE, a. [Lat. eertnnua. fr «r- 
vus, deer.] Pertaining to the deer. 

(^E-gA'RE-AN, a. Relating to Caesar. 
Cesarean section, an incision made to 
extract a fetus; — said to have been done 
at the birth of Julius Csesar. 

Ces'pi-tose' (125), I a. [Lat. aespes, 

C'es'pi-tous, J turf.] Grow- 

ing in tufts ; turf-like. 

QES-SA'TlOiV, n. [Lat. cessatio, from 
cessare, to cease.] Act of ceasing. 

Synv— Stop ; rest ; pause ; intermis- 
sion. — Stop is generic ; cessation is a 
ceasing from action, either temporary or 
final; pause, temporary stopping ; rest, 
stopping for the sake of relief or repose ; 
intermission, stopping at intervals to re- 
commence. 

^ES'siON (seWun), n. [Lat. cessio, 
from cedere, cessum, to give way.] A 
yielding_or surrender, as of property. 

V ess'-pool (26), n. [See Sess-pool.] 
A cavity in the earth, to receive the 
sediment of drains. 

C/es'tus, n. [Gr. Keoros.} 1. The 
girdle of Yenus, on which 
was represented every thing 
that could awaken love. 2. 
A loaded leather covering 
for the hand. 

Ce-§u'rA, n. See Cjesura. 

('E-TA'CEAN, n. [Gr. /ojtos, 
whale.] An animal of the Cestus. 
whale kind. [whale kind. 

C/E-TA'CEOUS, a. Pertaining to tbe 

C'E-TOI/O-GY, n . [Gr. /o)to<t, wnale, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] Natural his- 
tory of cetaceous animals 

CHAFE, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. cal- 
efacere, to make warm.] 1. To ex- 
cite heat or irritation in by means of 
friction. 2. To irritate : to vex. 3. 
To fret and wear by rubbing. — v. i. 
1. To be excited or heated. 2. To 
be fretted and worn by rubbing. — 
n. 1. Heat or irritation excited by 
friction. 2. Agitation of the mind. 

Chaf'er, n. 1. One who chafes. 2. 
[A.-S. ceafor.] An insect. 

Chaf'er-y, n. A forge in which iron 
is subjected to a welding heat. 



Chaff (3), n. [A.-S. ceaf, 0. II. Ger. 
ckeca, pod, husk.] 1. The husk, 
or light, dry covering of grains and 
grasses. 2. Worthless matter. 3. 
Light, idle talk, by way of turning 
into ridicule. — v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
To use light, idle language by way of 
ridicule. — v. t. To make fun of. 

Chaf'fer, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Eng. chaffare ,chepefare ^iv . A.-S. c.ea- 
pan, to buy ; to attempt to buy, and 
Eng. fare, to go.] 1. To bargain ; to 
haggle. 2. To telk much or idly. 

Chaf'fer-er, n. One who chaffers. 

Chaf'finch, n. A bird of the finch 
familv, said to delight in chaff. 

Chaff'y, a. 1. Containing, resem- 
bling, or consisting of, chaff. 2. 
Light; worthless. [for coals. 

Chaf'ing-dish, n. A portable grate 

C;ha-grin' (sha-gnn'), n. [Fr., from 
chagrin, or chagrain, shagreen.] Ill- 
humor ; peevishness ; fretfulness. 

Syn. — Yexation ; mortification.— Vex- 
ation springs from a sense of loss, dis- 
appointment, &c. ; mortification from 
wounded pride ; chagrin may spring 
from either, and is not usually so keen 
nor lasting. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To vex; to 
mortify. 

Chain (66), n. [Lat. catena.] 1. A 
series of links connected together. 2. 
That which confines or secures ; a 
bond. 3. A series of things con- 
nected. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To fasten with, or as with, a chain. 
2. To enslave. 3. To unite. 

Chain'-bridge, n. A bridge sus- 
pended on chains. 

Chain'-gang, n. A number of con- 
victs chained together. 

ChAin'-pump, n. A pump consisting 
of an endless chain, carrying disks 
or buckets. 

Chain'-shot, n. Two ^a^ __^ 
balls connected by a %psg@3S|p 
chain, used to cut chain-shot, 
down masts, &c. 

Chair (4), n. [Lat. cathedra, Gr. ica- 
64Spa.] 1. A movable seat with a 
back. 2. An official seat ; hence, 
the office itself. 3. A presiding offi- 
cer. 4. A vehicle for one person. 5. 
An iron to support the rails on a 
railway. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
carry publicly in a chair in triumph. 

ChAir'man (150), n. A presiding of- 
ficer. 

CJHAI§E (67), n. [Fr. chaise, for chaire. 
See Chair.] A two-wheeled car- 
riage for two persons. 

€hal-ced'o-ny, or €h.Xl'<oe-do- 
NY, n. [From Chalcedon, in Asia 
Minor.] An uncrystallized translu- 
cent variety of quartz. 

€hal-«6g'ra-pher, in. An en- 

€hal-cog'ra-phist, ) graver on 
copper and brass. 

€hal-€og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x^A/cos, 
copper, brass, and ypafciv, to write.] 
Art of engraving on copper or brass. 

€hal-da'I€, a. Pertaining to Chal- 
dea. — n. Language of the Chalde- 
ans. 

€hXl'dee, or €hal-dee', a. Per- 



taining to Chaldea. — n. Language 
or dialect of the Chaldeans. 
Chai/dron, n. [Same as caldron ] 
A dry measure for coals, containing, 
at London, thirty -six bushels. 
CHAl/iCE (chalks), n. [Lat. calix, 
Gr. *rvA.t£.] A cup ; especially a com- 
munion-cup. 
Chalk (chawk), n. [A.-S. cealc, from 
Lat. calx, limestone.] A soft, earthy 
substance, consisting of carbonate o^ 
lime. 

Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To rub or 
mark with chalk. 
Chalk'-stone (chawk'-, 20), n. A 

concretion in the hands and feet. 
CHALK'Y (chawk'y), a. Consisting of, 

or resembling chaik. 
Chal'lenge, n. [Lat. calumnia, 
false accusation.] 1. Invitation to 
a contest of any kind. 2. A claim or 
demand made of a right. 3. Excep- 
tion to a juror or voter. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To call to a contest of 

| any kind ; to defy. 2. To claim as 
due. 3. To make exception or objec- 

I tion to. 

; Chal'lenge-a-ble, a- Capable of 

j being challenged. [lenges. 

i Chal'len-ger, n. One who chal- 

i QhXl'lis (shaFiy), n. [Fr. chaly.} 

\ A fine, twilled, woolen fabric. 

! Cha-LVB'e-ATE, a. [N. Lat. chalyb- 
eatus, from Gr. ^aAvv^, still.] Im- 
pregnated with some salt of iron. — 
n. Any water or liquor into which 
iron enters. 
Chamade (sha/mad'). n. [Fr., from 
Lat. clamare, to call.] Beat of a 
drum, or sound of a trumpet, invit- 
ing to a parley. 
Cham'ber, n. [Lat. camara, camera, 
vault, arched roof, Gr. xa/aapa.] 1. 
An upper room for lodging, privacy, 
or study. 2. A hollow, closed space. 
3. A place where an assembly meets, 
and the assembly itself.— -v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To occupy as a chamber ; 
2. To be wanton, — v. t. To shut up, 
as in a chamber. 
CHAM'BER-€OBN'SEL, \ n. A 

Cham'ber-€OUN'sel-or, ) coun- 
selor who gives his opinion in private. 
Cham'BER-Lain, n. [Ger. hammer 
(Lat. camera), and the term, ling.} 
1. An officer having charge of the 
private chambers of a nobleman or 
monarch. 2. One of the high offi- 
cers of a court. 3. A receiver of 
public money. [chamberlain. 

Cham'ber-lain-SHIP, n. Office of a 
Cham'ber-maid, «. A woman who 
has the care of chambers. 

Cha-me'le-on, 
n. [Gr. x^niaiAe- 
wv, lit. ground 
lion, from xa/mai, 
on the ground, 
and Ae'cop. lion.] 
A lizard-like rep- 
tile of changeable 
hues. 

ChXm'fer, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
cut a groove in. 2. To bevel. 




Chameleon. 



To 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; $, G, soft; €,&,hard; A<\; EJIST ; NasNG; THIS 



CHAMOIS 



64 



CHARGE 



f HAM'OIS (sham'my or sham-oi'), n. 

[Sp. carnuza, from 0. Ger. gamz.] 1. 

A species of antelope. 2. A kind of 

soft leather. 
€hXm'o-mile, n. See Camomile. 
ChXmp, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 

campus, field.] To chew ; to bite. — 

v. i. To bite frequently. 
'Qham-PAGNE' (sham-pan'), n. A 
, brisk, sparkling wine, from Cham- 
pagne, in France. 
yHAM-PAiGN' (sham-pan'), n. [See 

Campaign.] A flat, open country. 

— a . Flat or open , as a coun try . 
PhXm'per-ty, n. [0. Fr. champart, 

deld-rent; champ, Lat. ca mpus, field, 
and part, Lat. pars, share.] Mainte- 
nance of a lawsuit, with an agree- 
ment to divide the thing in suit in 
case of success. 

Oham'pi-on, n. [Lat. campus, field.] 
One who engages in any contest for 
another or for a cause. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To furnish with, or to at- 
tend as, a champion. 

CHANGE, n. [Fr., from cheoir,. Lat. 
cadere, to fall, as dice.] 1. Absence 
of any recognized cause. 2. An event 
happening without assigned cause. 

Syn. — Luck i acciaent ; casualty; 
hazard ; fortune ; opportunity. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To happen.— 
a. Happening by chance ; casual ; 
fortuitous. 

OhXn'^EL, n. [Lat. canrelli, lattices, 
cross-bars, inclosing the place.] That 
part of a church where the altar is 
placed. 

Chan'cel-lor, n. A high officer of 
state, or chief judge of a court of 
chancery. [chancellor. 

Chan'cel-lor-shTp, n. Office of a 

Chance'-med'LEY, n. [See CHANCE 
and Medley.] Unpremeditated 
killing of another in self-defense. 

Chan'cer-y,«. [See Chancel.] A 
high court of equity . 

QhAn'cre (sh<ai_ik'er, 67,160), n. [Fr. 
See Canker and Cancer.] An 
ulcer, especially a venereal sore. 

^hXn'crotjs (shaijk'rus), a. Like a 
chancre ; ulcerous. 

C^HAN'DE-LIER' (shan'-), n. [Lat. 
candela, candle.] A frame with 
branches for lights. 

Chand'ler, n. [Fr. chandelier, can- 
dlestick, tallow-chandler.] 1. A 
manufacturer of, or dealer in can- 
dles. 2. A dealer in other commod- 
ities, [by a chandler. 

Chand'ler-y, n. Commodities sold 

Change, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
cambire.] 1. To alter or make dif- 
ferent. 2. To substitute another 
thing for ; to exchange. — v. i. 1. 
To be altered. 2. To become acid or 
tainted. — n. 1. Any variation or 
alteration. 2. That which makes a 

1 variety. 3*. Small pieces of money. 
Stn\ — Variety ; mutation; transi- 
tion; vicissitude; innovation; novelty ; 
transmutation ; revolution. ; reverse. 

Change'a-bYl't-tt, to. Changeable- 
ness ; mutability. 

Change'a-ble, a. 3. Capable of 



change. 2. Appearing different un- 
der different circumstauces. 

Syn. — Mutable; variable ; fickle; in- 
constant; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; 
versatile ; wavering; eiratic; volatile. 

Change'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being changeable ; fickleness ; incon- 
stancy, [ble manner. 

Change 'A -bly, adv. In a changea- 

Change'FUL, a. Full of change ; in- 
constant. 

Change'less, n. Not admitting al- 
teration ; constant. 

Change'ling, w. 1. A child left or 
taken in the place of another, as by 
fairies. 2. One apt to change. 

Chang'er, n. One who changes. 

Chan'nel, n. [A different spelling of 
canal.] 1. Bed of a stream of water. 
2. A strait or narrow sea. 3. That 
through which any thing passes. 4. 
A furrow, as in a column. — v. t. 
[-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, 137.] 
To form a channel or channels in. 

Chant, v. t. ori. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
cantare, v. intens. of canere, to sing.] 
1. To sing; to warble. 2. To sing 
after the manner of a chant. — n. 1. 
Song; melody. 2. Words recited to 
musical tones without musical meas- 
ure. 

Chant'er, n. One who chants. 

ChXnt'i-cleer, n. [From chant and 
clear.] A cock, so called from the 
clearness of his voice in crowing. 

Chant'ry, n. An endowed chapel 
where masses for the souls of the 
donors are celebrated. 

6ha'os (ka'os), n. [Lat. chaos, Gr. 
Xaos, from xatWv, to open widely.] 

1. Unorganized condition of matter 
before the creation of the universe. 

2. Confusion ; disorder. [confused. 
■Gha-ot'ic (44), a. Resembling chaos ; 
ChXp, or Chap, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To cleave ; to split ; to craci*. — v.i. 
To crack or open in long slits. — n. 
A longitudinal cleft in the flesh. 

Chap (ch5p), n. [From chap, to open 
longitudinally.] The jaw ; — gener- 
ally in the pi. 

ChXp, n [An abbrev. of chapman.] 
A man or boy ; a } outh. 

Chap 1 ar-kajJ ,n. [Sp.] A thicket 
of low evergreen oaks. 

Chape, n. [Fr.] 1. Catch of any 
thing, as of a buckle. 2. A plate of 
metal at the end of a scabbard. 

Chape av (shap'o'), n. ; pi. chap- 
EAUS( shap'oz' ). [ Fr. ] A hat . 

CHAP'EL, n. [L. Lat. capella, a short 
cloak, hood, or cowl ; hence, chapel, 
orig., the tent in which St. Martin's 
cowl was preserved.] A place of 
worship usually connected with a 
church or some establishment. 

ChXp'el-ry, n. Bounds or jurisdic- 
tion of a chapel. 

Chap'ER-ON (shSp'er-on), n. [Fr.] 1. 
A hood or cap. 2. One who attends 
a lady in public places as a guide and 
protector. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
attend in public places as a guide 
and protector. [ jected. 

CHAP'-FALLJEN (chop'fawln), a. De- 



CHXP'I-TER, n. [Late Lat. capitellum. 
capilulum, dim. of caput, head.] A 
summary in writing of such matter? 
as are to be inquired of or presenteu 
before justices. 

ChXp'lain (-lin, 42), n. 1. An ec- 
clesiastic who performs service in a 
chapel. 2. A clergjman attached to 
a ship of war, an army, some public 
institution, or a family. 

ChXp'laIn-c,:y, In. Office of a 

ChXp'laIn-ship, J chaplain. 

ChXp'LET, n. [Fr. chapelet, dim. of 

0. Fr. chapel, garland.] 1. A gar- 
land or wreath. 2. A string of beads 
used by Roman Catholics in counting 
their prayers. 

CHXP'MAN,n./ pi. chXp'men. [A.-S. 
ceapman, fr. ceapan, to buy.] One 
who buys or sells. 

Chaps, n. pi. The jaws. See Chap. 

Chap'TER, n. [From Lat. cajritvlvm, 
dim. of caput, head.] 1. A divii-ion 
of a book or treatise 2. An or- 
ganized branch of some body. 3. A 
decretal epistle. 

ChXp'trel, n. [From chapiter.] 
Capital of a pier or pilaster which re- 
ceives an arch. 

Char, ) n. [A.-S. cerr, cyrr, turn, 

Chare, I time, business, fr. cerran, 
cirran, to turn.] Work done by the 
day ; a task. See CHORE. [Eng.] 

Char, v.t. [-red; -ring, 136.] [Cf. 
Ir. caor, brand, flame, spark of fire.] 
To reduce to charcoal. 

€hXr'A€-ter, n. [Gr. x a P aKT iPi fr - 
Xapdaa-eLv , to engrave.] 1. A letter, 
figure, or sign. 2. Sum of distin- 
guishing qualities. 3. Estimate put 
upon a person or thing ; reputation. 
4. A person. 

€hAr/A€-ter-Ys'ti€, J a. Serving 

€har'A€-ter-Ys'tj€-al, j to con- 
stitute the character ; peculiar. 

CJh Xr'ac-ter-Is'tjc, n. That which 
constitutes a character. 

ChXr/ac-ter-is'tic-al-ly, adv. 1c 
a manner to dii-tirgvish character. 

€hXr'ac-ter-i-za'tion, n. Actor 
characterizing^ 

€hXr'A€-ter-ize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

1. To mark with a peculiar stamp. 

2. To give an account of the personal 
qualities of. 3. To distinguish or 
express the character of. 

Qha-RADE' (sha-radO, n. [Fr.] A 
composition in which are described 
enigmatically the objects expressed 
by each syllable of a word, separate- 
ly, and then by the word as a whole. 

ChXr'coal, n. [See Char, v. t.] 
Coal made by charring wood. 

Charge, n. [Fr.] 1. Person or thing 
intrusted to one's care or custody. 
2. Office ; commission. 3. Earnest 
command, or instruction. 4. Costs ; 
expense. 5. Account of that which 
is due from one party to another. 6. 
Imputation ; accusation. 7. Quan- 
tity which am apparatus, as a gun, 
machine, &c, is h. tended to receive. 
8. Attack, or signal for attack. 9. 
(Her.) A bearing or emblem on a 
field. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 



A, E, I, d,V,Y, long; X.£,L 6, U,Y, short; CARE, FAP *SK, ALL, WHAT; EKE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N 



CHARGEABLE 



65 



CHECK 



charger, fr. L. Lat. carricare, fr. Lat. 
carrus, wagon.] 1. To impose, as a 
load, task, duty, or trust. 2. To 
command, request, or exhort ear- 
nestly or authoritatively ; to give in- 
structions to. 3. To place to the ac- 
count of. 4. To accuse of. 5. To 
load, as a gun, &c. 6. To rush 
upon; to fall on. — v.i. To make 
an onset. 

Charge'a-BLE, a. 1. Capable of 
being charged. 2. Subject to be 
charged or accused. 3. Costly ; 
burdensome. [being expensive. 

Charge'a-BLE-ness, n. Quality of 

Charge d'affaires (shar'zha' 
daf fir'). [Fr. charge, p. p. of charger, 
ta charge, and affaire, affair.] An 
inferior diplomatic representative at 
a foreign court. 

Char'ger, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, charges. 2. A large dish. 3. 
A horse used in battle. 

Cha.r'1-ly, adv. In a careful, wary 
manner. [chary. 

Char'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Char'I-OT, n. [Fr. chariot, fr. char, 
car.] 1. A war car or vehicle. 2. A 
four-wheeled pleasure or state car- 
riage, having one seat. 

Char'i-ot-eer', n. One who drives 
or conducts a chariot. ^ 

ChXr'i-ta-ble, a. [See Charity.] 
1. Full of love and good will. 2. 
Liberal to the poor. 

ChXr'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being charitable. [manner. 

ChXr'I-ta-BLY adv. In a charitable 

ChXr'I-TY-(88), n. [Lat. caritas, fr. 
cants, dear, ccstly, loved] 1. Dis- 
position to think favorably of others, 
and to do them good. 2. Liberality 
to the poor. 3. Alms. 4. Any act 
of kindness or benevolence. 

Syx. — Love; benevolence; affection; 
tenderness; liberality. 

CHARiVARl(sh'd-vee'ya,-Tee f ), n. [Fr.] 
A mock serenade. 

QHAR'LA-TAN, n. [Sp. charlar, It. 
ciarlare, to chatter, prate.] A quack ; 
an empiric. 

Char'la-tan-Ism, ) n. Undue pre- 

Qhar'la-tan-RY, ) tensions to 
skill : quackery ; empiricism. 

CHARLES/s. WAIN (charlz'ez wan.) 
[A.-S. carles -lusen, or ceorles-wsen, 
the churl's or farmer's wain.] The 
cluster of seven stars, commonly 
called the Dipper. 

CHARM, n. [Lat. carmen, song, in- 
cantation, for casmen, Skr. gasman, 
a laudatory song, fr. cans, to praise.] 

1. Something possessing, or imagined 
to possess, occult power or influence. 

2. Enchantment; fascination. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To subdue or con- 
trol by occult influence. 2. To at- 
tract irresistibly ; to fascinate. 

Charm'ER, n. One who charms. 

Charm'ING, p. a. Pleasing in the 
highest degree. 

Syn.— Enchanting ; bewitching; cap- 
tivating ; enrapturing ; alluring ; fasci- 
nating; delightful; pleasurable. 

Charm'ING-LY, adv. Delightfully. 



Char'nel, a. [Lat. carnalis, fr. caro, 
camis, flesh.] Containing the re- 
mains of dead men or animals. 

Char'nel-house, n. A place under 
or near a church, for the bones of 
the dead. 

Char'ry, a. [See CHAR.] Pertaining 
to, or like, charcoal. 

CHART, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. xapr»}S, 
a leaf of paper.] 1. A sheet of paper 
containing information arranged 
methodically. 2. A map representing 
a portion of water and land. 

Char-ta'ceous, a. Resembling pa- 
per or parchment. 

Char'ter, n. [Lat. charta, paper.] 
1. An instrument in writing, bestow- 
ing rights and privileges ; an act of 
incorporation. 2. A special privilege 
or immunity. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To establish by charter. 2. To 
hire or let, as a ship. 

Char'ter-par'TY-, n. [Fr. chartre 
partie, or charte partie, a divided 
charter, from the practice of cutting 
the instrument in two, and giving 
one part to each of the contractors.] 
A conditional agreement respecting 
the hire of a vessel. 

Chart'i§m, n. [Fr. charte, charter. 
Cf. Chart.] The principles of a po- 
litical party in England. 

Chart'ist, n. A supporter of chart- 
ism. [Eng.] 

ChAr'Y, a. [A.-S. cearig ; cear, cearu, 
care.] Careful ; close ; cautious. 

Chase, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
captiare, for captare, to strive to 
seize, in tens, form of captre, to take.] 

1. To pursue, as game ; to hunt. 2. 
To urge onward ; to persecute. 3. 
[A contr. of enchase.'] To engrave, as 
plate. — n. 1. Hunting, as of an 
enemy, game, &c. 2. That which is 
hunted. 3. A private hunting-ground. 
4. [Lat. capsa, box^case.] An iron 
frame used by printers to confine 
type. 

Chas'er, n. 1. One who chases. 2. 
A gun at the head or stern of a ves- 
sel for firing when in chase. 

€ha§m (ktizm), n. [Gr. x^t\°-, fr° m 
XaLveiv, to gape, to open wide.] 1. 
A deep opening ; a cleft ; a fissure. 

2. A gap or break. 

(^hXs'seur (shaVsur), n. [Fr., a 
huntfeman, fr. chasser, to hunt.] One 
of a body of cavalry trained for 
rapid movements. 

Chaste, a. [Lat. castus.] 1. Pure 
from unlawful sexual intercourse ; 
virtuous. 2. Pure from obscenity, 
from barbarous words, or the like. 

Chaste'ly, adv. In a chaste manner. 

Chas'TJEN (chas'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[Lat. castigare, to punish, fr. castus, 
pure, and agere, to lead, drive.] 1. 
To correct by punishment ; to chas- 
tise. 2. To purify from errors or 
faults. 

Chas'T^N-ER ^chas'n-er), n. One 
who chastens. [chastisement. 

Chas-tis/a-BLE, a. Deserving of 

Chas-tjse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
castigare. See CHASTEN.] 1. To 



inflict pain upon, in any manner, for 
the purpose of correction. 2. To 
free from faults or excesses. 

Syx. — To punish; chasten. — Punish 
and chastise differ in the object aimed 
at. The former is designed to uphold 
law by the infliction of penalty; the lat- 
ter to prevent the repetition of faults and 
reclaim the offender. In a rarer and 
somewhat irregular sense, chastise de- 
notes to disgrace publicly by stripes. 

Chas'tIse-ment, n. Pain inflicted 
for punishment and correction. 

Chas-ti§'er, n. One who chastises. 

Chas'TI-ty, n. 1. Purity from un- 
lawful sexual intercourse. 2. Free- 
dom from corrupt or extravagant 
thought. 

Cha§'U-bl.e, n. [L. Lat. casubula, a 
hooded garment, covering the person 
like a little house; from Lat. casa, 
house.] A vestment worn by the 
priest in saying mass. 

Chat, v.i. [-ted; -ting, 133.] [Cf. 
A.-S. civsedan, Goth, gvithan, to 
speak. See Chatter.] To talk in 
a light and familiar manner. — n. 
Light familiar talk. 

Chateau (sha-tS'), n. ; pi. cha- 
teaux (sha-toz') [Fr.] 1. A castle 
[France.] 2. A country-seat. 

£hXt'el-la-ny, n. [See Castel. 
LANY.] Lordship or jurisdiction of 
the governor of a castle. 

Chat'tel (chat'tl), n. [See Cattle.] 
Any kind of property except the 
freehold, or things parcel of it. . 

ChXt'ter, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
D. koeteren, to jabber.] 1. To utter 
inarticulate and indistinct sounds. 
2. To talk idly and rapidly ; to jab- 
ber; to prate. — n. Sounds like 
those of a magpie ; idle talk. 

ChXt'TER-box, ) n. One who talks 

ChXt'TER-ER, J incessantly. 

ChXt'TY, a. Given to conversation ; 
talkative. 

Chaud'-med'eey (shod'mgd'K-), n. 
[Fr. chaude rnelle, fr. chaud, hot, and 
mesler, meler, to mingle.] The kill- 
ing of a person in an affray, while 
under the influence of passion. 

Chaunt, n. & v. See Chant. 

CHAW,t).i. [-ED;-ING.J To chew. 
— n. As much as is put in the 
mouth at once ; a chew. [Low.] 

Cheap, a. [An abbrev. of good cheap, 
a good bargain ; A.-S. ceap, bargain, 
price.] 1. Of small cost. 2. Being 
of small value. 

Cheapen (chjp'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. ceapan, ceapian, to buy, sell, 
Goth, kavpon.] 1. To attempt to 
buy. 2. To beat down the price of. 

Cheap'jsn-er, n. One who cheapens. 

Cheap'ly, arfi). At a low rate. 

Cheap'ness, n. Lowness in price. 

Cheat, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To de- 
ceive and defraud in anyway. — n. 
[Prob. an abbrev. of escheat, because 
fraudulent measures were often taken 
in procuring escheats.] 1. An act 
of deception ; a fraud ; a trick ; im- 
position. 2. A person who cheats. 

CllEAT'ER, n. One who cheats. 

CHECK, n. [Fr. echec, check (No. 5.). 



OR do, wolf. TOO ^o"bK \ URN, RUE, pyLL ; e, I, o, silent ; C, G,so/2 /C,3, hard; as; exist; £osng; this. 



CHECKER 



66 



CHIEF 



See Chess.] 1. Restraint, physical 
or moral ; hindrance ; obstruction. 
2. [From the Exchequer Chamber, 
where the king's accounts were set- 
tled on a checkered cloth.] A mark. 
put against items in goiug over a list. 
3 A token given to identify a thing 
of person. 4. An order ou a bank 
for money. 5. (Chess.) Exposure of 
the king to the attack of an adversary . 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To hinder; 
to repress; to curb. 2. To rebuke, 
chide, or reprove. 3. To make a 
mark against in going over a list. 4. 
To provide with checks, as luggage. 

CHECK'ER, t'. f. [-EDI-ING.] [Sec 
Check.] 1. To form into little 
squares. 2. To diversify. — n. 1. 
One who checks. 2. A piece in the 
game of draughts. 

Cueck'er-bSard, n. A board for 
playing checkers, or draughts. 

Check'ers, «.;?£. A common game, 
called also draughts. 

Cttbck'mate, n. [Ger.se/iactmatt, 
fr. Per. shall mat, checkmate, lit. the 
king is conquered or dead, from Ar. 
mata, is dead ; because, when the 
king is made prisoner, the game is 
finished.] 1. The movement in chess 
which ends the game. 2. A com- 
plete check or defeat. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To defeat by checkmate. 
2. To arrest or defeat completely . 

CHEEK, n. [A.-S. ceac, fr. ceowan, to 
chew.] Either side of the face below 
the eyes. [To chirp. 

CHEEP, v. i. [A modification of chirp.} 

Cheer, n. [Gr. Kapa, head, face.] 1. 
A state of feeling or spirits. 2. A 
state of gayety or mirth. 3. Enter- 
tainment. 4. Applause ; encourage- 
ment. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
cause to rejoice. 2. To infuse life, 
courage, or hope, into. 3. To urge 
or salute by cheers. — v.i. To utter 
cheers. 

CHEER'FUEjfl. Having, promoting, or 
expressing, good spirits or joy. 

Cheer'FUL-LY, adv. In a cheerful 
manner. 

Cheer'ful-ness, n. Good spirits ; 
moderate joy or gayety. 

Syn . — Gayety ; mirth ; merriment. — 
Cheerfulnessis a habit of mind; gu>/eii/ is 
an occasional excitement of animal spir- 
its; mirth or merriment is noisy gayety. 

Cheer'i-ly, adv. With cheerfulness. 

Cheer'less, a. Gloomy; comfort- 
less ; dreary. 

Cheer'ly , a. Gay ; cheerful. — adv. 
In a cheerful manner. 

Cheer'y, a. 1. In good spirits ; 
cheerful. 2. Promoting cheerfulness. 

C 1EE§E, n. [Lat. caseus.] Curd of 
milk, separated from the whey, and 
pressed. 

Cheese '-cake , n. A cake made of 
soft curds, sugar, and butter. 

Chee§e'-mon/ger (-mung/ger, 82), 
n. One who deals in cheese. 

Cheese '-press, n. A press for ex- 
pelling whey from curd. 

CHEE§'Y,a. Having the qualities or 
taste of cheese. 



Chef-d'(EUVRE (shil'dobvr'), n. ; 

pi. CHEFS-D'CEUVRE. [Fr.] A 
master-piece in art, literature, &c. 

Chel'i-form, a. [Gr. xV^?> claw, 
and Lat. forma, form.] Having a 
movable joint closing against a pre- 
ceding joint or a projecting part of it, 
as in the claw of a crab. 

€he-lo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to ani- 
mals of the tortoise kind. 

€ilKM'l€, ) a. Pertaining to chem- 

€hem'ic-al, J istry. 

€hem'ic-al-ly, adv. According to 
chemical principles. 

€hem'ic-al§, n. pi. Substances for 
producing chemical effects. 

Qhe-mise' (she-meez'), n. [Fr., from 
Ar. kamis, shirt, linen uuder-gar- 
ment.] An under-garment worn by 
females. 

C , iiIi;\l/i-£ETTE'(shem / e-zet'), n. [Fr., 
dim. of chemise.] An under-garment 
worn over the chemise, [chemistry. 

■Chem'ist, n. A person versed in 

•Ghem'IS-try (kem'is-try), n. [See 
ALCHEMY.] That branch of science 
which treats of the composition of 
substances, and of the changes which 
they undergo. 

Qhe-nille' (she-neeP), n. [Fr., a 
caterpillar.] Tufted cord, used in 
ladies' dresses. 

Cheque (ch6k), n. See Check. 

Cheq'uer (chek'er), n. & v. See 
Checker. 

Oher'ish, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
chcrir, fr. cher, dear, Lat. earns.] 1. 
To treat . with tenderness and affec- 
tion. 2. To hold dear. 

Syn.— To nourish; foster; nurse; en- 
tertain; encourage; comfort; support. 

Cher'ish-ek, n. One who cherishes. 

Che-root', n. A kind of cigar. 

Cher'RY,h. [Lat. cerasus,fr.Cerasus, 
a city in Pontus, whence the tree was 
imported into Italy.] 1. A tree and 
its fruit. 2. A cordial of cherry- 
juice and spirit, sweetened. — a. 
Like a red cherry in color ; ruddy, 

€h£r'SO-NESE, n. [Gr. xepcroi^jcro?, 
fr. xeperos, land, and vfjeros, an isle.] 
A peninsula. 

Cher'ub (68, 154), n. [Heb. kerttb, 
from karab, to grasp.] 1. One of an 
order of angels. 2. A symbolical 
figure, used in the tabernacle and 
temple. 3. A beautiful child. 

Che-ru'bic, ) a. Of, or pertain- 

CHE-RU'Bre-AL, ) ing to, cherubs; 
angelic. [of Cherub. 

Cher'u-eim, n. The Hebrew plural 

CHER'UP, v. i. [Prob. from chirp.] To 
make a short, shrill sound ; to chirp. 
— n. A short, sharp noise, as of a 
cricket. 

Chess, n. [Per. shah, king, as being 
the principal figure.] A game played 
by two persons, on a board contain- 
ing sixty-four squares. [in chess. 

Chess'-board, n. The board used 

Chess'-man (150), n. A piece used 
in the game of chess. 

Chest, n. [Lat. cista, Gr. kiVttj.] 1. 



A box in which articles are deposited 
2. The thorax. 
Chest'nut (ches'nut), n. [Gr. xdo-- 
ravov. fr. Kd<TTava,a, city of Pontus. [ 

1. The fruit, seed, or nut of a certain 
tree. 2. The tree itself, or its tim- 
ber. —a. Being of the color of a 
chestnut ; of a reddish brown color. 

Cheva l-de-fr ise (shviild'-frecz'), 

71.; pi. CHEVAUX-DE FRISC 
(shev'o-de-freez ; Fr. pron. shvod'- 
freez'). [Fr., fr. cheval, horse, and 
Frise, Friesland.] A piece of timber 
traversed with pointed spikes. 

Qhev'a-lier' (she?/-), n. [Fr.,from 
cheval, horse.] 1. A horseman ; 
hence, a knight. 2. A member of 
certain orders of knighthood. 

C;hev'i-RANCe (shev'-),j?. [O.Fr.,fr. 
chevir, to come to an end, to per- 
form.] 1. A making of contracts; a 
bargain. 2. An unlawful agreement. 

(pHEV'RON, n. [Fr., rafter, chevron^ 
equiv. to Lat. capriolus, a support of 
timber, from caper, goat.] 1. An 
honorable ordinary, representing two 
rafters meeting at the top. 2. Dis- 
tinguishing marks on the sleeves of 
non-commissioned officers' coats. 

Chew (cho~o), v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. ceowan.] 1. To bite and grind 
\«ith the teeth. 2. To ruminate 
mentally ; to meditate. — n. That 
which is chewed ; a cud. [Low.] 

CHi-A'RO-oiJ-ev'RO, 1 The same as 

CHi-AR'-os-ev/Ro, j Clare- 
obscurer. V. 

Chi-bouqve' ) (che-bo"ok'), n. 

Ch'i-bo'uk' ) [Turkish.] A Turk- 

ish tobacco-pipe. 

CJhI-cane' (shT-kan'), n. [Fr.,orig. 
a crumb, a small part.] An artful 
subterfuge; cavil; sophistry. 

CM-can'er-y, n. Mean or unfair ar- 
tifice to perplex a cause ; chicane. 

Syn. — Trick ; sophistry ; quibble ; 
fetch; stratagem. 

ChIc'o-RY, n. [Lat. cichorivm, Gr. 
Kixupiov.] A plant used for adulter- 
ating coffee ; succory ; endive. 

ChIck, ) n. [A.-S. cicen, D. kieken, 

ChIck'en, ) leuiken.] 1. The young 
of fowls. 2. A young person. 

ChIck'a-dee', n. A bird of North 
America ; — named from its note. 

ChIck'en-heart'ed, a. Timid ; 
fearful ; cowardly. 

Chick'en-pox, n. A mild, conta- 
gious, eruptive disease, [cant weed. 

Ghick'-WEED, n. A kind of insignifi- 

Chide, v. t. [imp. CHID; p. p. CHID, 
chidden.] [A.-S. cidan, chidan.] 
To rebuke ; to reproach ; to blame. 

— v. i. 1. To find fault. 2. To 
make a clamorous, roaring noise. 

Chief, a. [0. Fr. chief, chef, fr. Lat. 
caput, head] 1- Highest in office or 
rank. 2. Principal or most eminent 
in any quality or action. — n. 1. 
Leader of any band or community. 

2. Principal person or thing. 
Syn.— Chieftain; commander; leader. 

— A chief has the pre-eminence or rule 
in civil matters, as, the chief of police or 
of a tribe; a chieftain and commander 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y,long; X. E,i, 6, tj, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON 



V 



CHIEF-JUSTICE 



CHOKER 



occupy fii'gft military stations; a leader 
takes the direction of enterprises. 

Chief'-JUS'TICE, n. The presiding 
judge of a court. 

Chief'ly, adv. 1. In the first place ; 
principally. 2. For the most part. 

Chief'tai'n (42), n. [L. Lat. capi- 
taneus, from Lat. caput, head. See 
Chief.] Head of a troop, army, or 
clan. [of a chieftain. 

Chief'tain-ship, n. Rank or office 

ChYg'oe, ( n. A small tropical insect 

Chig'reJ of the flea family. 

ChTl'blain, n. A sore caused by cold. 

Child, n.; pi. chil'dren. [A.-S. 
did, pi. cildru, cildra.] 1. A son or 
a daughter. 2. A young person of 
either sex. [ducing children. 

Child'-bear'ING n. Act of pro- 

ChIld'bed, n. State of a woman in 
labor; parturition. 

Child'birth, n. Act of bringing 
forth a child ; travail ; labor. 

Childe (in Eng. child or child), n. A 
title formerly prefixed to his name 
by the oldest son, until he succeeded 
to the titles of his ancestors, or gained 
new honors. 

Chjld'ho"od(27). n. State of a child ; 
time in which persons are children. 

Child'Ish, a. Of, or pertaining to, a 
child ; puerile. [a child. 

CHILD'ISH-LY, adv. In the manner of 

Child'ish-ness, n. State or qualities 
of a child ; simplicity. 

Child'less, a. Destitute of children. 

CHILD'-LIKE , a. Like or becoming a 
child ;_submissive ; docile. 

€h?I/I-AD, n. [Gr. x^as, fr- x^ 10 "* 
thousand.] A thousand ; especially, 
a thousand years. 

€HIL'I-AR€H, n. [Gr. ^i\Capxr)?, fr. 
viAtov, thousand, and apxos, leader.] 
Commander of a thousand men. 

CHILL, a. [A.-S. cyle, cele, fr. celan, 
calan, to be cold ] 1. Moderately 
cold ; cool. 2. Affected by cold. 3. 
Formal; distant. — n. A disagree- 
able sensation of coolness ; shiver- 
ing. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1.1 To 
make chilly ; to affect with cold. 2. 
To depress ; to discourage. 

CutLL'l-NESS, n. A sensation of 
coolness. 

ChIll'ness, n. Coolness ; coldness. 

Chill'y, n. Moderately cold. 

Chimb (chlm), n. [D. kirn.] Edge of 
a cask, &c. See Chine, 2. 

CHIME, n. [It. campana, bell.] 1. 
Harmonious sound of bells. 2. A 
set of bells musically tuned to one 
another. 3. [See Chimb.] Edge of 
a cask or tub. — v i. [-ed ; -ING.] 
1. To sound in harmonious accord, as 
bells. 2. To be in harmony ; to cor- 
respond. 3. To jingle, as in rhyming. 

•GhI-Me'ra, n. [Lat. chimsera, Gr. 
X^aCpa, orig. a she-goat.] 1. A 
fabulous fire-spouting monster. 2. A 
vain or foolish fancy. 

€hI-mer'I€-AL, a. Merely imaginary; 
existing only in thought. 

€hI-mer'ic-al-ly, adv. Wildly ; 
vainly ; fancifully. 

ChIm'ney (148), n. [Fr. cheminie, fr. 



Gr. Kap.tvos, furnace, oven.] Passage 
through which the smoke is carried 
off ; a flue. 

ChIm'ney-sweep, ) n. One who 

Chm'ney-sweep'er, j sweepsand 
scrapes chimneys. 

Chim-pan'zee , n. A kind of African 
monkey resembling man. 

CHIN, n. [A.-S. cinne, cin, Goth, kin- 
nus, cheek, akin to Lat. gena, Gr. 
yews, Skr. ganda.] The lower ex- 
tremity of the face, below the mouth. 

Chi'na, n. A fine species of earthen 
ware; porcelain. 

ChIng'a-pin, n. The dwarf chestnut. 

Chin-chil'la, n. [Sp.] A small 
rodent animal, remarkable for its 
fine fur. [cough. 

Chin'cough (-kof,21), n. Hooping- 

ClHNE,n. [0 H. Ger. skina, needle, 
prickie.] 1. Back-bone of an animal. 
2. The chimb or chime of a cask. 

Chink, n. [A.-S. cine, fissure, chink, 
from cinan, to gape.] 1. A gap or 
crack. 2. [See Jingle.] A short, 
sharp sound, as of metal. — v. i. To 
crack; to open; to jingle. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To jingle. 

Chintz (chints, 108), n. [Hind, chhint, 
spotted cotton cloth.] Cotton cloth, 
printed with flowers and colors. 

Chip, v. t. [-ped; -ping, 136.] [II. 
Ger. kippen, to clip, pare.] To cut 
into small pieces. — v. i. To break in 
small pieces. — n. A piece cut or 
broken off. 

Chi'ro-grXph, n. [Gr. x^poypa.4>o<;, 
written with the hand ; x et P j hand, 
and yp&fyeiv, to write.] A writing re- 
quiring a counterpart. It answered 
to what is now called a charter-party. 

€Hl-ROG'RA-PHER,n. One who prac- 
tices writing. 

€hI / ro-graph'I€, ) a. Pertain- 

€hi / ro-graph'I€-al, j ing to chi- 
rography. [pher. 

€hi-rog'ra-phist, n. A chirogra- 

€hi-rog'ra-phy, n. 1. Art of writ- 
ing. 2. A writing done with one's 
own hand ; handwriting. 

Ghi-rol'O-GY, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, 
and Aoyos, speech.] Art of com- 
municating thoughts by signs made 
by the hands and fingers. 

Grn'RO-MAN'OY, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, 
and p.avTeia,'divination.] Divination 
by inspection of the hand ; palm- 
istry. 

Ghi-ron'o-mv (kl-), n. [Gr. x«povo- 
fiCa, fr. x et 'P) band, and vofjios, law, 
rule.] Gesture. 

Ghi-rop'o-dIst, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, 
and ttovs, tto86s, foot.] One who re- 
moves corns, &c, from the feet. 

Chirp (18), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. 
zirpen, tschirpen.) To make a short, 
sharp sound, as is done by fowls or 
crickets. — n. A short, sharp note. 

Chir'rup, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See 
Chirp.] To quicken or animate by 
chirping. — n. Act of chirping. 

Chi-RUr'geon (kT-nir/jun, 34), n. 
See Surgeon. 

*ChIs/el,«. [0. Fr. cisel, Fr. ciseau, 
fr. Lat. sicilicula, dim. of sicilis, 



sickle.] An instrument for paring, 
hewing, or gouging. — v. I. [-ED, 
■ ING; or -LED, -LING, 137.] To cut, 
pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel. 

Chit, n. [A.-S. cidh, shoot, sprig, fr. 
the root cian, to germinate.] 1. A 
shoot ; a sprout. 2. A child or babe. 

CHlT'CHAT,n. [From chat, by re- 
duplication.] Familiar or trifling 
talk. 

Chit'ter-lIng§,m. pi. [Cf. A.-S. 
cwidh and cwidha, belly, womb, 
stomach.] The smaller intestines of 
swine, &c, fried for food. 

(/'HIV'AL-Rie ) (shlv 1 -), a. Pertain- 

()Hlv'AL-ROUS j ing to chivalry ; gal- 
lant. 

Qhiv'al-ry (shiv'-, 67), n. [Fr. cheval- 
erie, fr. chevalier, knight.] 1. A body 
of cavaliers or knights serving on 
horseback ; cavalry. 2. Dignity or 
system of knighthood. . 3. Qualifica- 
tions or character of knights. 

Chives., n. pi. [See Cives.] 1. Slenuer 
filaments in the blossoms of plants. 

2. A small species of onion. 
€hlo'RATE, n. A salt formed by the 

union of chloric acid with a base. 

€hlo'RI€, a. Pertaining to chlorine, 
or obtained from it. 

€hlo'ride (49), n. A compound of 
chlorine with another element. 

€hlo'rine, rc. [Gr. x Aa »po?, pale- 
green; — from its color.] A heavy 
gas of greenish color, which forms a 
constituent of common salt. 

Ghlo'ro-form (25), n. [From chlo- 
rine andformyl, it being a terchloride 
of formyl.] An oily, volatile liquid, 
used to produce insensibility. 

Chock, v. t. To stop or fasten as with 
a wedge. — n. Something to confine 
a cask or other body, by fitting into 
the space around or beneath it. 

Chock'-full, a. Completely full. 

Choc'o-late, n. [Mexican cacuatl, 
cacao.] A paste composed of the 
roasted and ground kernel of the ca- 
cao, or a beverage obtained from it. 

Choice (66), n. [Fr. choix, fr. choisir, 
to choose, fr. Goth, kausjan, to ex- 
amine.] 1. Act of choosing ; elec- 
tion. 2. Power of choosing ; option. 

3. The thing chosen. — a. [-ER,- 
-EST.] 1. Worthy of being chosen. 
2. Selected with care. 

Syn. — Precious; costly; uncommon. 

Choice'ly, adv. With care in choos- 
ing, [choice. 

Choice'ness, n. ' Quality of being 

-Choir (kwlr) (38), n. [Lat. chorus, 
Gr. x°P°?-] 1- An organized com- 
pany of singers. 2. That part of .i 
church appropriated to the singers. 

Choke (20), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
aceocjan, to suffocate ; ceace, ceac, 
jaw, cheek.] 1. To stifle; to suffo- 
cate. 2. To obstruct by filling up or 
clogging. — v. i. To have the wind- 
pipe stopped. 

Choke'-damp, n. Carbonic acid gas 
accumulated in wells, mines, &c. 

Ch5ke'-full, a. Full as possible; 
quite full. [chokes. 

CHOK'ER, n. He who, or that which, 



or, do, wolf, to"0, took; urn,rue,pull; js,i, o, silent; Q,&,so/i; €,G,hard; A§; exist; nosng; tsis 



CHOKY 



G8 



CHUCK-FARTHING 



Chok'y, a. Tending to phoke. 

ttlOL'EH (kol'er), n. [Gr. \o\ipa, fr. 
\6Ao?, x°^Vi Dile J 1- Tlle Dile ; — 
formerly supposed to be the seat of 
irascibility. 2. Anger; wrath. 

Chol'er-a, n. A disease character- 
ized by vomiting and purging, and 
also by griping and spasms in the 
legs and arms. 

Cholera morbus, a milder and more 
common form of the cholera. 

€hol'er-I€ (123), a. 1. Easily ir- 
ritated ; irascible. 2. Angry ; indi- 
cating anger. m 

Choose (66), v. t. [imp. chose ; p. 
p. chosen, CHOSE.] [A.-S. ceosan, 
Goth, kiusan.] To make choice of. 

Syn. — Prefer; elect. — Choose is ge- 
neric; to prefer is to choose one thing us 
more desirable than another; to elect is 
to choose or take for some purpose, of- 
fice, &c., usually by suffrage, as, to elect a 
president. 

— v. i. 1. To prefer. 2. To have 
the power of choice. 

Chooser, ». One who chooses ; an 
elector. 

Chop (66), v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [Gr. 
KoKaipo';, buffet.] 1. To cut into 
pieces. 2. To sever by one or more 
blows. — v. i. 1. To come upon or 
seize suddenly. 2. To shift suddenly. 

— n. 1. Act of chopping. 2. A 
piece chopped off; a slice or small 
piece. 3. [Chinese.] Quality ; brand. 

Chop'-house, n. A house where 
chops, &c, are sold, [which, chops. 

Chop'PER, n. One who, or that 

Chop'ping, a. [Cf. Chubby.] 1. 
Stout or plump. 2. Coming from 
different directions. 

Chop'stick, n. One of two small 
sticks used by the Chinese to convey 
food to the mouth. 

CHO'RAL, a. [Lat. choralis, fr. chorus, 
Gr. x°P°?-] Belonging to a choir ; 
sung in chorus. — n. A hymn-tune. 

CHORD, n. [Lat. chorda, 
Gr. x°P$y> string.] 1. 
String of a musical in- 
strument. 2. An har- 
monious combination of 
tones simultaneously 
performed. 3. A right Chord (3). 
line, uniting the extrem- AC > AB, 
ities of the arc of a cir- . cnords - 
cle. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To pro- 
vide with musical chords or strings. 

Chore, n. [Eng. char.] A small job ; 

— commonly in the pi. [Amer.] 
€h5'RI-Xmb, n. [Gr. xopia/aBos, fr. 

Xopeios, trochee, and ia/uj3os,iambus ] 

(Ancient Pros.) A foot consisting of 

four syllables, the first and last long, 

and the others short. 
€ho'rist, n. A singer in a choir. 
€hor'is-ter, n. 1. One of a choir ; 

a singer in a concert. 2. A leader 

of a choir. 
•Cho-rSg'ra-pher, n. One who 

makes a map of a particular country. 
Cho'ro-grXph'ic-al, a. Pertaining 

to chorography. 
€ho-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xwpoypa- 

<$>Ca, fr. x<«>pos, place, and ypa^eiv, to 

describe.] Art of making a map or 




description of a particular region or 
country. 

€h6'rus, n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. x°P°s-] 
1. ( Gr. Dram i.) A company sup- 
posed to behold what passes in the 
acts of a tragedy, and who sing their 
sentiments between the acts. 2. A 
company of singers singing in con- 
cert. 3. What is said or sung by the 
chorus in a tragedy ; part of a song 
in which the company join. 

CHOgE (shoz), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. causa, 
cause.] A thing ; personal property. 

Chose in action, a thing of which one 
has not possession or actual enjoyment, 
but only a right to it. 

CHOgE, imp. & p. p. of Choose. 

ChSs'EN (choz'n), p. p. of Choose. 

Chough (chilf), n. [A.-S. ceo, Fr. 
c/iourus.] A bird of the crow family. 

Chouse, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Turk. 
chiaous, a messenger of the Turkish 
emperor, one of whom, in 1609, com- 
mitted a gross fraud upon the Turk- 
ish merchants resident in England.] 
To cheat, trick, defraud. — n. 1. A 
simpleton ; a gull. 2. A trick ; im- 
position. 

Chow'chow, n. [Chin.] A kind of 
mixed pickles. 

Chow'der, ». A dish of fresh fish, 
pork, onions, &c, stewed together. 

€hres-tom'a-thy, n. [Gr. xPV<r- 
TOjtxa^eia, from xpi?c">"6s, useful, and 
fxaOelv, to learn.] A selection of 
passages, with notes, &c, to be used 
in acquiring a language. 

^HfilsM, n. [Gr. xp^o-iia, fr. xP^ etv t *° 
anoint.] Oil consecrated by a bishop. 

•Ghris-ma'TION, n. Act of applying 
consecrated oil. [the chrism. 

€hriS/ma-to-RY (50), n. A vessel for 

■GhrIst, n. [Gr. xpioros, anointed, fr. 
XpiW, to anoint.] The Anointed ; 
the Savior; the Messiah. 

-eHRfs'TjENtkris/n),!-. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[A.-S, cristnian, fr. cristen, cristena, 
a Christian.] 1. To baptize. 2. To 
give a name to. 

€hris't.en-d6m (kris'n-), n. [A.-S. 
cristendom, from cristen, a Christian, 
and the term, dom.] 1. That portion 
of the world in which Christianity 
prevails. 2. Whole body of Christians. 

€hris'TIAN (krYst'yan, 63), n. [See 
Christ.] A believer in Christ. — a. 
1. Pertaining to Christ or his re- 
ligion. 2. Professing Christianity. 

Christian name, the name given in bap- 
tism, as distinct from the family name, 
or surname. 

€hris-tiXn'i-ty (krist-ySn'i-ty), n. 
The religion taught by Christ. 

€hris'tian-ize, V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To convert to Christianity. 

€hris'tian-ly, adv. In a Christian 
manner. [Christ. 

€hr!sT'less, a. Having no faith in 

€hr!st'mas (kns'mas, 146), n. 1. 
Festival of Christ's nativity ; the 25th 
of December. 2. Christmas-day. 

€hrIst'mas-box (kris'mas-), n. A 
box in which presents are put at 
Christmas. 

€hris-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. XP"™"°«> 



Christ, and Adyos, discourse.] A dis- 
course or treatise concerning Christ. 

€hro-mat'ic, a. [Gr. xp<"P-<"-ik6s, 
suited for color, fr. xpw/txa, color. J 1. 
Relating to color. 2. (Mus.) Pro- 
ceeding by the smaller intervals 
(half-steps or semitones) of the scale. 

€iiro-mAt'I€8, n. Science of colors. 

€HROME, In. [Gr. xpu>/u.a, color.] 

€hro'mi-UM, j A hard, brittle metal 
of a grayish-white color. 

€hro'MO, n. [Gr. xpwp-<*> color.] A 
chromo-lithograph. 

€HK6'MO-LiTH'o-GRXpH,n. A lith- 
ograph printed in colors. 

€hron'I€, I a. [Gr. xpovikos, fr. 

€hron'J€-AL, J xpo^os, time.] Con- 
tinuing for a long time. 

€hr6n'1-cle (kr5n'!-kl), n. A reg- 
ister of events in the order of time. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To record in 
history ; to register. [chronicle. 

€hron'i-€LER, n. A writer of a 

€hron'o-gram, \ n. [Gr. XP°"<>«, 

€hron'o-grAph, ) time, and "ypd/m- 
p.a, writing, ypa.4>e>.v, to write.] An 
inscription which includes in it the 
date of an event. [oger. 

€hro-nog'ra-pher, n. A chronol- 

€hro-nol'o-ger, 1 n. One skilled 

€hro-nol'o-g!st, J in chronology. 

€hron'o-l6g'I€, ) a. Relating 

€hr6n'o-l6c;'I€-al, ) to chronol- 
ogy ; according to the order of time. 

-CHRON'O-LOG'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a 
chronological manner. 

€hR0-n6l'O-GY,«. [Gr. xpovoAoyia, 
fr. xpoVos, time, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Science of computing time by regular 
divisions and which assigns to events 
their proper dates. 

€hro-n5m'e-TER, n. [Gr. xp°"os, 
time, and p-erpov, measure.] A time- 
keeper ; esp. a portable time-keeper of 
superior construction and accuracy. 

Chron'o-met'ric, ) a. Pertain 

Chron'o-met'ric-al, J ing to, oi- 
measured by, a chronometer. 

€hrys'a-eIs (krts-), n. ; pi. CHRY- 
sXL/I-DEg. [Gr. xpvcraAAis, gold- 
colored sheath of butterflies, from 
Xpvcros, gold.] A form into which 
the caterpillar of butterflies, moths, 
&c, passes, and from which the per- 
fect insect, after a while, emerges. 

€hrys'0-PRAse, n. [Gr. xpv<r67rpa- 
<ros, from xpvo-6s, gold, and npdaw, 
leek.] A kind of massive quartz. 

CHUB, n. [Cf. Fr. chabot, a chub, 
Lat. capito, a fish with'a large head, 
caput, head.] A fresh- water fish of 
the carp family. 

ChOb'bed, ) a. Like a chub ; plump, 

ChOb'BY, ) short, and thick. 

ChOck, v. i. [Formed in imitation of 
the sound ] To make a noise like 
that of a hen calling her chickens. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To strike 
gently. 2. To throw ; to pitch. — n. 
1. The call of a hen. 2. A slight 
blow under the chin. 3. A contriv- 
ance fixed to the mandrel of a turn- 
ing-lathe for holding the material to 
be operated upon. 

Chuck'-far'thing, n. A play in 



a, e, i, o } v,\,long; X.E,!, 6, Vs,^, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 



CHUCKLE 



69 



CIRCUMFERENTOR 



which a farthing is pitched into a 
hole. 

ChDck'le, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [From 
chuck.] To call, as a hen her chick- 
ens. — 1\ i. To laugh in a suppressed 
or broken manner. — n. A short, 
suppressed laugh of exultation or de- 
rision. 

CHUFF, n. [Perhaps a modif. of chub.] 
A coarse, dull, or surly fellow. 

CHUFF'Y, a. Surly ; clownish. 

CHUM, n. [Prob. a contr. from com- 
rade.] A room-mate, esp. in a college. 

Chunk, n. A short, thick piece of 
any thing. 

CHURCH (oo), n. [Gr. Kvpicuoj, Kvpia- 
koi>, Lord's house, fr. Kvpios, lord.] 

1. A building for Christian worship. 

2. An organized body of Christian 
believers. 3. The collective body of 
Christians. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
unite with in returning thanks in 
church, as after childbirth. 

ChOrc-h'man (150), n. 1. An eccle- 
siastic or clergyman. 2. An Episco- 
palian, [a churchman. 

ChOrch'man-ship, a. State of being 

ChOrch'-ward'-EN, n. An officer 
whose duties respect the temporal 
interests of a church or parish. 

Church'-yXrd, n. A grave-yard ad- 
joining to a church : a cemetery. 

Churl' "(66), n. [A.-S. ceorl.] 1. A 
rustic ; a countryman or laborer. 2. 
A rough, surly, ill-bred man. 3. A 
niggard. 

Churl'Ish, a. Like a churl ; illiberal. 

Churl 'ish-ness, n. Rudeness of 
manners or temper ; indisposition to 
kindness or courtesy. 

Churn (66), n. A vessel for making 
butter in.— v. t. [-ED; -ING] [A.- 
S. cernan, Icel. kirna, from kiarni, 
marrow, cream.] To agitate, as 
cream, in order to make butter. 

Churn'ing, n. Quantity of butter 
made at one operation. 

CHVLE (kTl), a. [Gr. xvA.6?, juice, 
from \4eiv, to pour.] A milky fluid, 
derived from chyme, and conveyed 
into the circulation. 

€hyl/i-fa€'tion, n. [Gr. \v\6<;, 
and Lat. facere, to make.] Process 
by which chyle is formed. [chyle. 

{iHYLa-Fl-eA'TION, n. Formation of 

€HYL'OUS (kil'us), a. Consisting of 
chyle, or partaking of it. 

€HYME (kfm), n. [Gr. x^os, juice, 
from x* eiv i to pour.] Pulp formed 
by the food after it has been for 
some time in the stomach. 

Chym'is-try, &c See Chemistry. 

Chym'I-FI-ca'TIOX, n. [Lat. chymus, 
chyme, and facere, to make.] Act 
or process of becoming or of forming 
chyme. [chyme. 

Chym'ous (klm'us), a. Pertaining to 

£l€'A-TR?CE, n. A scar remaining 
after a wound is healed. 

Cf-€A' TRIX, 11. ; pi. pi€'A-TRl'- 

PE$. [Lat] A scar ; a cicatrice. 
QKv'a-tri-za'tion, n. Process of 

forminga cicatrice. 
^le'A-TRIZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

heal and induce the formation of a 



cicatrice in, as in wounded flesh. — 
v. i. To heal or be healed. 

Cicerone (che-che-ro'ne or sis'e- 
ro'ne), n. [It. Cicerone, Cicero, the 
Roman orator; fr. the talkativeness 
of such a guide.] One who shows 
strangers the curiosities of a place. 

Qic'e-r6'ni-an, a. Resembling Cice- 
ro in style or action. 

ClClSBEO (che'chis-ba'o or se-sls'- 
be-o), n. [It.] The professed gal- 
lant of a married woman. 

£I'DER, n. [Fr. cidre, Gr. a-Uepa; of 
Oriental origin.] A drink made from 
the juice of apples. 

Ci-devant (sGd'vong'), a. [Fr.] 
Former ; previous. 

£l-GAR', n. [Sp. cigarro.] A small 
roll of tobacco, used for smoking. 

Cig'ar-ette', n. A little cigar. 

£il'ia-ry (sll'ya-), a. Belonging to 
the eye-lashes. 

C'i-li'cioOs (si-llsh'us), a. [Lat. cili- 
cium, a covering, orig. of Cilician 
goat-shair, from Cilicia, in Asia Mi- 
nor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. 

(P'iM'E-TER, n. [Biscay an cimetarra, 
with a sharp edge.] A short sword 
with a recurvated point. 

CJim-me'ri-an (89), a. 1. Pertaining 
to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, 
said to have dwelt in caves, in utter 
darkness. 2. Intensely dark. 

C'in-cho'na. n. [Named from the 
Countess Cinchon.] Peruvian bark, 
or thetree which produces it. 

Qinct'ure (53), n. [Lat. cinctura, 
from cingere, to gird.] 1. A belt ; a 
girdle. 2. That which encompasses ; 
inclosure. 

(pi'N'DER, n. [A.-S. sinder, fr. syndri- 
an, to separate.] 1. A particle of 
matter remaining after combustion. 
2. A small coal with ashes ; an ember. 

CJIN'E-MAT'ICS, n. sing. [Gr. *ai/e'a>, 
to move.] Science which treats of 
motions considered apart from their 
causes. 

CilN'ER-A-RY, a. [Lat. cinerarius, fr. 
cinis, ashes.] Pertaining to, or con- 
taining, ashes. [thing to ashes. 

Cin'er-a'tion, n. Reducing of any 

QiVER-I'Tious (-Tsh'us), a. Having 
the color or consistence of ashes. 

C!in'NA-BAR, n. [Gr. Kiwa/Sapis, Per. 
qinbarj] Red sulphuret of mercury ; 
vermilion. 

Qi'N'NA-MON, n. [Gr. KLvvafjLov, Kivva.- 
fjuoixov, from a Phenician word.] Aro- 
matic inner bark of a tree growing in 
Ceylon. 

CWQUE (sink, 82), n. [Lat. quinque, 
five.] Five, upon dice or in cards. 

£lNQUE'-FOIL, n. [Fr. cinque, five, 
a.ndfeuiUe, leaf.] 1. A plaut of dif- 
ferent species. 2. An ornamental 
foliation having five points, used in 
windows, panels, &c. 

Ql'ON, n. [0- Fr. fr. Lat. sectio, a cut- 
ting.] A young shoot, twig, or sprout. 

f^i'PHER, n. [Ar. sifrun, empty, ci- 
pher, zero.] 1. The character in 
arithmetic. 2. A person of no worth 
or character 3. An enigmatical 
character. 4. A private alphabet or 




system of characters. — v. i. [-ED, 
-ing.] To practice arithmetic. 

(^Ir'cle (18), n. [Lat. circulus, dim, 
of circus, circle.] 1. A 
plane figure, bounded by 
a single curve line, every 
part of which is equally 
distant from a point 
within it called the cen- 
ter. 2. The line that Circle - 
bounds such a figure ; a circumfer- 
ence. 3. A round body ; a sphere. 
4. Compass ; circuit. 5. A company- 
6. A series ending where it begins. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To move or 
revolve around. 2. To surround ; to 
inclose. — v. i. To move circularly. 

£lR'eLET, n. A little circle. 

£lR'€UIT (sTr'kit, 18), n. [Lat. circu- 
itus, from circum, around, and ire, to 
go ] 1. Act of moving or revolving 
around. 2. The region over which 
the jurisdiction, as of a judge, &c, 
extends. 3. The distance around 
any space. — v. t. To move or make 
to go round. [circuit ; indirect. 

ClR-€U'l-TOUS, a. Going round in a 

V'lR-cu'I-TOUS-LY, adv. In a circuit. 

()IR'<:U-L>R(18). a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or in the form of, a circle ; round. 2. 
Addressed to a number of persons. — 
n. A letter, or paper, copies of which 
are addressed to various persons. 

QlR'cu-LAR'l-TY, n . State of being 
circular. [manner. 

CTr'^u-LAR-ly, adv. In a circular 

QlB.'€U-IiATE, V.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To move or pass round. 2. To pass 
from place to place, from person to 
person, or from hand to hand. — v. 
t. To cause to pass round. 

<plR'€U-LA'TlON, n, 1. Act of circu- 
lating. 2. Currency ; coin, or notes, 
bills, &c, current as money. 3. Ex- 
tent to which any thing circulates. 

C^IR^eUM-AM'Bl-ENT, a. [Lat. circum , 
around, and ambire, to go round.] 
Surrounding ; encompassing. 

ClR'CUM-AM'BU-LATE, v. i. [Lat. 
circumambulate, fr. circum, around, 
and ambulare, to walk.] To walk 
round about. _ [walking around. 

^IR/CUM-AM/BU-LA'TION. ii. Act of 

£lR'€UM-Cl£E (18), V. t. [-ED ; -ING. J 
[Lat. circumcidere, circumcisum, fr. 
circum, around, and csedere, to cut.] 

1. To cut off the foreskin of. 2. To 
render spiritual or holy. 

CilR'CUin-^is/ER, n. One who per- 
forms circumcision. 

CiR^UM-ci's/lON (-sizh'un), n. 1. 
Act of cutting off the prepuce or 
foreskin. 2. (Script.) (a.) Spiritual 
purification, and acceptance of the 
Christian faith, (b.) The Jews as 
distinguished from the Geutiles. 

(pIR-€UM'FER-EN£E, n. [Lat. circum- 
ferentia, from circum. around, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. Line that encom- 
passes a circular figure: periphery. 

2. Any thing circular. 3. External 
surface of a sphere. 

ClR-eUM'FER-EN'TiAL, a. Pertain- 
ing to a circumference. 
QlR-CUM/FER-EN'TOR, n. An instru- 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,&,hard; as; EJIST; ffasNG; this. 



CIRCUMFLEX 



70 



CIVILIZE 



ment used by surveyors for taking 
horizontal angles and bearings. 

flR'€UM-FLEX, n. [Lat. circumflexus, 
a bending round.] 1. A wave of the 
voice. 2. A character, denoting in 
Greek a rise and fall of the voice 
on the same long syllable [marked 
thus, ~ or "] ; and in Latin and some 
other languages, denoting a long and 
contracted syllable [marked »]. 

pIR-eOM'FLU-ENT, ) a. [Lat. circuin- 

<^IR-€UM'FLU-oOs, ) fluere , circum- 
fluens, from circum, around, i\n& flu- 
ere, to flow.] Flowing around. 

CIr'^um-fo-ra'ne-an, )a. [Lat. 

^Ir-'cum-fo-ra'ne-ous, ) circum- 
foraneus, fr. circum, around, and/b- 
rum, a market-place.] Going about 
or from house to house. 

^Ir'cjum-fuse', v. t. [Lat. circum- 
fundere, -fusum, fr. circum, around, 
and fund ere, to pour.] To pour or 
spread round. [spreading around. 

CiR^euM-FU'siON, n. A pouring or 

(^IR'CUM-GY-RA'TION, 11. [Lat. cir- 
cum, around, and gyrare, to turn 
around.] A turning, rolling, or 
whirling round. 

CjlR'CUM-JA'CENT, a. [Lat. circum- 
jaccre, circumjacens, from circum, 
around, and jac.cre, to lie.] Lying 
around ; bordering. 

CtfR'CMJM-LO-GU'TION, n. [Lat. cir- 
cumlocutio, fr. circum, around, and 
loqui, to speak.] A circuit of words ; 
a periphrase. 

ClR'CUM-Loe'U-TO-RY, a. Relating 
to a circumlocution ; periphrastic. 

giR/euM-NAV'i-GA-BLE, a. Capable 
of being sailed around. 

QlR'^UM-HAV'I-GATE, V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. circumnavigare, fr. cir- 
cum, around, and navigare, to nav- 
igate.] To sail around. 

CSJR/eUM-NAV/J-GA'TION, n. Act of 
circumnavigating. [sails around. 

CIr'GUM-NAV'I-gA'TOR, n. One who 

VTr'GUM-po'LAR, a. [Lat. circum, 
around, and Eng. polar.] About or 
near the pole. 

QIr/cum-ko'ta-ry, a. Turning, roll- 

- ing, or whirling round. 
QIr'CUM-RO-ta'tion, n. [Lat. cir- 

cumrotare , from circum, around, and 
rota, wheel.] A rolling or revolving 
round, as a wheel. 

QIr'oum-ro'ta-to-ry (50), a. Turn- 
ing, rolling, or whirling round. 

£Tr'€UM-S€RIB'a-BL,e, a. Capable 
of being circumscribed. 

(piR'CUM-SGRIBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. circumscribere, from circum, 

t around, and scribere, to write, draw.] 

- To inclose within a certain limit. 
^r/gum-scrip'ti-ble, a. Capable 

of being circumscribed. 
^Tr'gum-sgrip'tion, n. Limitation 
by conditions, restraints. &c. ; con- 
finement ; limit. [external form . 
CIr'gum-sgrip'tive, a. Defining the 
£lR'€UM-SPE€T, a. [Lat. circumspi- 
cere, circumspectus, from circum, 
around, and spicere, to look.] Cau- 
tious ; prudent ; watchful ; wary ; 
visilant. 



^iR'euM-SPEC'TlON,/!. Attention to 
all the facts and circumstances of a 
case ; caution ; watchfulness. 

C^r/gum-spegt'Ive, a. Cautious; 
careful of consequences ; wary. 

CJIr'GUM-spect'ly, adv. With cir- 
cumspection, [circumspection. 

CjIr'CUM-spectVness, n. Caution; 

£ir'€UM-stance (113), n. [Lat. cir- 
cumslantia, fr. circum, around, and 
stare, to stand.] 1 Something at- 
tending on a fact, though not essen- 
tial thereto. 2. pi. Condition in re- 
gard to property. 

Syn. — Fact; event; incident.— A fact 
is a thing clone; an event a thing which 
turns up or occurs ; an incident some- 
thing that falls in to some general course 
of events. A circumstance is some ad- 
junct to an event which more or less 
affects it. 

CJIR'gum-stan'TIAL, a. 1. Consisting 
in, or pertaining to, particular inci- 
dents. 2. Abounding with circum- 
stances ; minute ; particular. — n. 
Something incidental, but of minor 
importance ; — in the plural. 

QlR'CUM-STAN'TlAL-LY,^/-^ 1. Ac- 
cording to circumstances. 2. In every 
particular. 

C/Ir'gum-stan'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To place in partic- 
ular circumstances. 2. To enter into 
details concerning. 

C^R'GUM-VAL'LATE, v. t. [Lat. cir- 
cumvallare, fr. circum, around, and 
vallare, to wall.] To surround with 
a rampart. 

C/L?/€UM-VAL-LA'TrON, It. 1. Act of 
surrounding with a wall or rampart. 
2. A line of field works surrounding 
the camp of a besieging army. 

C/IR'eUM-VENT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. circumvenire, from circum, 
around, and venire., to come.] To 
overreach : to deceive ; to delude. 

C^R/euM-VEN'TlON, nl Deception; 
fraud ; imposture. [artifices. 

ClR'GUM-VENT'iVE, a. Deceiving by 

QlR/eUM-VEST', v. t. [Lat. circum- 
vestire, fr. circum, around, and ves- 
tire, to clothe.] To cover round, as 
with a garment. 

C/Tr'cum-vo-lu'tion. n. 1. Act of 
rolling round. 2. A thing rolled 
round another. 

CJlR'GUM-VOLVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. circumvolvere, from circum, 
around, a,ndvolvere, to roll.] To cause 
to revolve. — v. i. To revolve. 

C^r'gus, n.; pi. ciR'eus-Eg. [Lat. 
circus, Gr. /ap/eos'.] 1. An inclosed 
place for games or feats of horseman- 
ship. 2. Performers in a circus. 

CTlR'ROUS, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl.] 
Terminating in a curl or tendril. 

Cas-AL'PiNE , a. [Lat. Cisalpinus ; cis, 
on this side, and alpinus, Alpine.] On 
the hither or south side of the Alps. 

Qis'AT-lan'tig, a. Being on this side 
of the Atlantic Ocean, [mountains. 

Cis-mon'tane, a. On this side of the 

Qi's'pa-dane , a. [Lat. cis, on this 
side, and Padanus, fr. Padus, the Po.] 
On the hither or south side of the Po. 

Qts'SOID, n. [Gr. Kicro-oeicSrjs, like ivy, 



fr. Kicrcros, ivy, and e!6os, form.] A 
certain geometrical curve. 

£is-t£r'cian (63), n. One of an or- 
der of Benedictine monks established 
at Citeaux, in France. 

C/ls'TERN, n. [Lat. cisterna, fr. cista, 
chest.] A reservoir for water, beer, 
or other liquids. 

C/iT, n. [Contr. from citizen.] A cit- 
izen : — used contemptuously. 

C/lT'A-DEL, n. [It. citadella, dim. of 
cittd, city.] A fortress or castle in 
or near a fortified city. 

CJl-TA'TION, n. [L. Lat. citatio, fr. ci- 
tare, to cite.] 1. A summons ; a notice 
to appear. 2. A passage from a book , 
or from another person, in his own 
words ; a quotation. 

C^J'ta-to-ry, it. Having the power or 
form of citation. 

CJite, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [L&t.eitare, 
intens. form of cire, cicre, to put in 
motion, to excite.] 1. To summon. 

2. To quote, name, or repeat. 3. To 
call or name, in support, proof, or 
confirmation of. [or quotes. 

ClT'ER, n. One who cites, summons, 

(Iith'ern, a. Same as Cittern. 

C/iT'1-Z.EiV, n. [From city.] 1. A 
freeman of a city. 2. An inhabitant 
in any city, town, or place. 3. Any 
native born or naturalized inhabi- 
tant of a country. [Amer.] [citizen. 

ClT'l-ZEN-SHip, n. State of being a 

(jlT'RATE, n. [Lat. ritreum, citron, 
lemon.] A salt formed by the union 
of citric acid and a base. 

C/i't'RIG, a. Pertaining to an acid 
in the juice of the lemon, &c. 

CjiT'RiNE , a. Like a citron or lemon ; 
of a lemon color. 

CjlT'RON, n. [Gr. KiTpov.] Fruit of 
the citron-tree, resembling a lemon. 

C/IT'Y, n. [Lat. civitas, fr. civis, citi- 
zen.] 1. A large town. 2. A corpo- 
rate town. 3. Inhabitants of a city. 

CUVEg (slvz), n.pl. [L&t. cepa, czepa, 
cxpe, onion.] A species of garlic. 

g'lV'ET, n. [L. Gr. gairenov, from Per. 
zabad, civet.] 1. 
A strong, musky 
substance, used 
as a perfume. 2. 
The animal that 
produces civet ; — 
a native of North Civet. 

Africa. 

Cjiv're, «• [Lat. civicus, fr. civis, citi- 
zen.] Relating to, or derived from, 
a city or citizen. 

(pIv'lL, a. [Lat. civilis, fr. civis, citi- 
zen.] 1. Lawful or political, as op- 
posed to military. 2. Pertaining to 
an organized community ; civilized. 

3. Courteous ; complaisant. 
Qi-vii/ian, n. 1. One skilled in the 

civil law. 2. One whose pursuits 
are those of civil life. 

<pI-vlL'l-TY, n. 1. Courtesy ; polite- 
ness. 2. pi. Acts of politeness. 

CJiv'il-I-za'tion, n. Act of civiliz- 
ing, or state of being civilized. 

Ctfv'lL-izE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To re- 
claim from a savage state ; to edu- 
cate ; to refine. 




I, E, 1, 5,U, Y,long; X 3 E,I, 5, ft, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALE, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TlBM; P'fQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



N 



CIVILIZED 



71 



CLEAN 



CTv'lL-I Z£D, a. Reclaimed from sav- 
age lite and manners ; cultivated. 

Civ'ie-iz'ee, n. One who, or that 
which, civilizes. 

CTv'il-ly, adv. 1. In a civilmanner, 
in reference to civil society. 2. Po- 
litely. 

Civ'IgM, n. State of citizenship. 

Clab'BER, n. [See BONNY-CLAB- 
BEK.] Milk turned thick. 

■Clack, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
make a sudden, sharp noise; to 
clink ; to click. 2. To talk rapidly. 
— n. [Fr. claque, a slap or smack, 
£1. H. Ger. klar, crack.] 1. A sharp, 
abrupt sound made by striking an 
object. 2. Any thing that causes a 
clacking noise. 3. Continual talk. 

CLAIM, i\ t. [-ED ; -ING-.] [Lat. da- 
mare, to cry out, call.] To call for ; 
to challenge as a right. — n. 1. A 
demand of a right. 2. A right to 
demand : a title to any thing in pos- 
session" of another. 3. The thing 
demanded. [claimed. 

€ladi'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Claim'ant, n. One who claims. 

Clair- voy'axce, n. A power of dis- 
cerning objects not present to the 
senses. 

Clair- voy'ant, a. [Fr., from clair, 
clear, and voi/ant, p. pr. of voir, to 
see.] Discerning objects which are 
not present. — n. One who discerns 
objects not present to the senses. 

Clam, ft. [Another form of clamp.] 

1. A bivalve shell-fish. 2. pi. A kind 
of vise. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [A.-S. 
clxmian.] To clog, as with gluti- 
nous matter. 

Clam'ber, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 

Ger. klempern, 0. II. Ger. c'lUmban, 

chlimpan.] Toclimb with difficulty, 

or with hands and feet. 
Clam'MI-ness, n. State of being 

clammy. [ous. 

Clam/my, a. Soft and sticky ; glutin- 
Clam'OR, 11. [Lat.] Loud and con- 
tinued shouting or noise. 

Syx. — Outcry ; exclamation ; noise ; 

uproar ; vociferation. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To salute or stun 

with noise. — v. i. To vociferate ; 

to make importunate demands. 
Clam'or-ous, a. Xoisy : vociferous ; 

turbulent. [noise or words. 

Clam'or-ous-ly, adv. With loud 
Clamp, n. [D. klamp, fr. klampen, 

to fasten.] 1. A piece 

of timber or iron, used 

to fasten work together. 

2. One of a pair of mova- 
ble pieces of soft materi- 
al, to cover the jaws of a 
vise.— v.t. [-ed: -ing.] 
To fasten with a clamp. clam P W" 

Clan, n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A 
tribe under one chieftain, and bear- 
ing the same surname. 2. A clique. 

Clan-des'tine, a. [Lat. clandesti- 
nus, fr. clam, secretly.] Kept secret. 
Syx. — Hidden : secret ; private ; con- 
cealed ; underhand ; sly; fraudulent. 

Clan-des'tine-ly, adv. Secretly. 

Clang, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 




clanger e, Ger. klingen.] To strike to- 
gether with a ringiug metallic sound. 

— v. i. To produce a sharp, shrill 
sound. — 7i. A sharp, ringing sound. 

Clan'gor (82), n. [Lat.] A sharp, 
shrill, harsh sound. 

Clank (82), n. [See Clang.] The 
loud, ringing sound made by a col- 
lision of sonorous bodies. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To cause to make a 
sharp, ringing sound. — v. i. To make 
a sharp, ringing noise. 

Clan'nish, a. Closely united, like a 
clan ; disposed to unite. 

Clan'nish-ness, 11. Close adher- 
ence or disposition to unite. 

Clan 'ship, n. A state of union as 
in a family or clan. 

Clap, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [A.-S. 
clappan.] 1. To strike with a quick 
motion. 2. To thrust, drive, or put 
hastily. 3. To applaud, by striking 
the hands together. — n. 1. Aloud 
noise made by sudden collision. 2. 
A stroke ; a thrust. 3. A sudden 
explosion. 4. A striking of hands to 
express approbation. 

ClaP'"BOARD (krOVburd), n. A strip 
of board for covering tue outside of 
houses. 

Clap'per, n. 1. A person who claps. 
2. That which strikes, as the tongue 
of a bell. 

Clap'per-cla\v, v. t. [From clap 
and claw.] To fight and scratch. 

Clap'-trap, n. A trick to gain ap- 
plause. 

Clare'-ob-scure', n. [Lat. clarus, 
clear, and obscurus, obscure.] Light 
and shade in painting. 

Clar'et, it. [Fr. clairet, prop. dim. 
of clair. clear.] A light French wine. 

Clar'I-FI-ca/TION, n. Act of clear- 
ing or fining. 

Clar'i-fl'er, n. 1. That which 
clarifies. 2. A vessel in which clari- 
fication is conducted. 

Clar'i-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
clarificare, from clarus, clear, and fa- 
cere, to make] To make clear; to 
defecate"; to fine. — v.i. 1. To be- 
come pure, as liquors. 2. To grow 
clear or bright. 

Clar'I-ON, n. [Lat. clarus, clear.] 
A kind of trumpet, whose note is 
clearj and shrill. 

Clar'I-O-NET', i n. A wind instru- 

Clar'i-net', j ment, of the reed 
kind. [obscure. 

€la'ro-ob-S€u'ro,ii. See Clare- 
Clash, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. klat- 
schen, klitschen.] 1. To dash noisily 
together. 2. To come hr'collision ; 
to interfere; — v. t. To strike noisi- 
ly against. — n. 1. A violent meet- 
ing of bodies. 2. Contradiction. 

Clasp (6), n. 1. A catch, for holding 
parts together. 2. A close embrace. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
elapse, Ger. klappsen, to tap, clack, 
slap.] 1. To fasten with a clasp. 2. 
To embrace. 

Clasp'er, n. One who, op that 

which, clasps, as a tendril. 
Clasp'-knife (-nTf), n. A large 



knife, the blade of which shuts into 
the handle. 

Class (6), n. [Lat. classis, from Gr. 
KAatris, kAtjo-is, the people assembled 
or called together.] 1. A group ol 
individuals ranked together. 2. A 
number of students pursuing the 
same studies. 3. An order or divis- 
ion . — v . t. [-E D ; -ING.] To form 
into a class ; to arrange in classes. 

ClXs'sk;, la. 1. Of the first claro 

Clas'sI€-al, J or rank, esp. in lit- 
erature or art. 2. Pertaining to the 
Greeks and Latins. 

Clas'sic, ii. 1. A work of acknowl- 
edged excellence. 2. One learned i.i 
the classics. 

CLAS'sre-AL-LY, adv. 1. In a classic 1 
manner. 2. According to a regular 
order. 

CLAS-sTF'l€,_a. Constituting a class. 

Clas'si-fi-ca'tion, ii. Act of form- 
ing into a class or classes. 

Clas'si-fy.v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
classis, class, and facere, to make.] 
To distribute into classes. 

Class'mate, n. One who is in the 
same class with another. 

Clat'ter, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [D. 
klateren, A.-S. clatrung, drum, »">.fc- 
tle.] To make rattling sounds. =--r. 
t. To strike and make a rattling 
noise. — n. A repeated rattling noi.-c. 

CLAUSE, n. [Lat. claudere, to shut, 
to end.] 1. A separate portion < f 
any writing. 2. A portion of a «- - 
tence containing a finite verb ai I 
its adjunct. 

CLAUS'TRAL, a. [Lat. claustrum, 
lock, bar, inclosure.] Relating to a 
cloister. 

Cea/vate, la. [Lat. clava, club. [ 

Cla'va-ted, J Club-shaped. 

Clav'I-CHORD, n. [Lat. clavis, ke , 
and chorda, string.] A musical i - 
strument with keys and strings, now 
disused. 

Clav'I-CEE (klav'i-kl), n. [Lat. clu- 
vicula, dim. of clavis, key.] The 
collar-bone. 

Cla'vi-er (kla'vi-er or klaVve-a'), v. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. clavis, key.] The ke.\ - 
board of a musical instrument. 

CLAW, ». [A.-S. clavn, cla.] 1. A 
sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast. 2. 
Any thing resembling the claw of f.a 
animal. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
pull, tear, or scratch with claws. 

Clay, n. [A.-S. claeg.] 1. A soft 
earth, consisting of alumina and sili- 
ca, with water. 2. Earth in general ; 
hence, the human body. Jles;;. 

Clay'-cold, a. Cold as clay; lifc- 

Clay'ey, a. Consisting of clay; 
abounding with clay ; like clay. 

CLAY'MORE, n. [Gael, claidheamh- 
mdr, a broadsword, from Gael, daiil- 
heamh, sword, and mor, great, large. | 
A large two-handed sword. 

Clean, a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. clxnc.\ 
1. Free from dirt or filth. 2. Wit'i- 
out defects. 3. Adroit; dexterous. 
4. Complete. 5. Sinless ; pure. G 
( Script.) Free from ceremonial defile- 
ment. — adv. 1. Quite ; perfectly, 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; (?,G,soft ;<>,&, hard; Ag; e^ist ; nojng; this. 



CLEANLINESS 



72 



CLIP 



wholly; entirely. 2. Adroitly. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To free from dirt. 

Clean'li-ness (klen'li-nes), n. 1. 
Freedom from dirt/ 2. Neatness of 
person or dress ; purity. 

Clean'ly (klen'ly), a. [-ER ; -EST, 
L42.] [Frorn clean.] 1. Habitually 
clean. 2. Innocent ; pure. 3. Cleansing 

CLEAN'LY (klSn'iy), adv. In a clean 
manner. 

•Glean'ness (109), n. State or qual- 
ity of being clean, [cleansed. 

CLEAN§'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

CLEANSE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
clainsjan, fr. clasne, clean.] To ren- 
der clean, [which, cleanses. 

Cleans/er, n. One who, or that 

Clear, n. Full extent ; distance 
between extreme limits. 

€lear,«. [-er;-est.] [Lit. clams, 
clear ; bright.] 1. Free from opaque- 
ness, uncertainty, pas-ion, blemish, 
guilt, obstacle, &c. 2. Ahle to per- 
ceive clearly ; acute ; discriminating; 
unbiased. 3. Easily or distinctly 
heard ; audible. — adv. 1. Plainly. 
2. Wholly; quite; entirely. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To free from obscu- 
rity, perplexity, or impediment, &c. 
2. To pass by, or over, without touch- 
ing or failure. 3. To remove so as 
to leave something unobstructed. 

To clear a ship, to procure a permis- 
sion to sail, and such papers as the law 
requires. 

— v . i. 1. To become free from clouds 
or fog. 2. To become disengaged. 

Clear'age, n. Act of removing any 
thing ; clearance. 

Clearance, n. 1. Act of clearing. 
2. A certificate that a vessel has been 
cleared at the custom-house. 

Clear'ING, n. 1. Act of making 
clear. 2. A tract of laud cleared of 
wood. 

CLEAR'lNG-HOUSE,n. A place where 
the accounts of different banks are 
adjusted. [obstruction, &c. 

CLEAR'LY, adv. Without obscurity, 

CLEAR'NESS, ii. Freedom from what- 
ever obscures, obstructs, injures, or 
defiles, &c. 

ClIsar'-sight'ed (-suVed), a. Hav- 
ing acuteness of sight. 

€lear'-starcii, r. ;. [-ed; -ing.] 
To stiffen with starch, and then clear 
by clapping with the hands. 

6leat,«. [Prov. Eng. dead, 
to clothe.] A narrow strip of 
wood of different forms for 
strengthening, fastening, or 
other uses. 

Cleav'age, n. Act or quality 
of cleaving. 

Cleave, r. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 

clifan, clifjan.] To adhere closely ; 
to stick. — v. t. [imp. CLEFT 
(CLAVE, obs., CLOVE, obsolescent) ; 
p. p. CLEFT Or CLEAVED.] [A.-S. 
cleo fan, clifan.] 1. To part by force ; 
to split. 2. To open naturally ; to 
divide. 

Cleav'er, n. A butcher's instru- 
ment for cutting up meat. 

€LEF, n. [Lat. clavis, key.] (Mus.) 



&., E, I, O, 



Cleat. 

[A.-S. 



A character to determine the position 
and pitch of the scale. 

Cleft, imp. & p- p. from Cleave. 
— n. 1. An opening made by split- 
ting. 2. A piece made by splitting. 
Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink. 

CLEM'A-TIS, n. [Gr. /cAry/maTt's, from 
/cA/j/xa, twig, shoot.] A genus of 
climbing plants. 

Clem'en-cy, n. [Lat. dementia, fr. 
e'emens, mild, calm.] Disposition to 
treat with lenity. 

Syn.— Mildness; tenderness; indulg- 
ence; mercy; gentleness; compassion. 

Clem'ent, a. Mild in temper and 
disposition . [of temper. 

Clem'ent-LY, adv. With mildness 

Clench, v.t. Sec Clinch. 

Clep'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. 
[Gr. /cAei/niopa, fr. ic\.enTeii>, to steal, 
and v6wp, water.] An ancient kind 
of clock, in which water was dis- 
charged from small apertures, as if 
by stealth. 

€l£r'GY(14),«. [Gr. KAnpiKos, priest; 
KAj)po5, the clergy.] 1. The whole 
body of ecclesiastics. 2. The privi- 
lege or benefit of clergy. 

Benefit of clergy, the exemption of 
clergymen from criminal process before 
a secular judge — a privilege extended 
at one time to all who could read, but 
now abolished. 

Cl£r'gy-a-ble, a. Entitled to, or 
admitting, the benefit of clergy 



CLER'GY-MAN, 



CLERGY- 



MEN. One of the clergy. 

Cler'ic, n. A clerk, or clergyman. 

Cler'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining to the 

Cler'ic-al, ) clergy. 2. Pertain- 
ing to a clerk or copyist. 

Clerk (14), n. [Lat. elerievs. See 
CLERGY.] 1. An educated person. 
[06s.] 2. [Eng.] A parish officer, 
who assists in the church service. 3. 
An assistant in a shop or store. 
E@~ Pronounced llarL in England. 

ClErk'ly. a. Scholar-like. 

CLERK'sinP,rc. Condition, office, or 
business of a clerk. 

Clev'er, a. [A.-S. gleaw, skillful, 
wise.] 1. Possessing skill, dexterity, 
talent, or adroitness. 2. Showing 
skill or adroitness in the doer or 
former. 3. Kind-hearted. [Amer.] 

Syn.— Expert ; dexterous ; skillful ; 
adroit; talented. 

Clev'er-ly, adv. In a clever man- 
ner ; skillfully. [ing clever. 

Clev'er-ness, n. Quality of be- 

Clev'is, ) n. [Eng. cleave^ 

Clev'Y, \ to fasten.] The || 
draft-iron on the end of a 
cart-tongue. 

Clew (klu), n. [A.-S. cleoio ; Clevis, 
akin to Lat. globus and glomus.] 1. 
A ball of thread. 2. That which 
guides one in any thing doubtful or 
intricate. 3. Lower corner of a 
square sail, and aftmost corner of a 
fore-and-aft sail. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To draw up to the yard, as a sail. 

Click, t\ ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] [An ono- 
matopoeic word.] To make a small, 
sharp noise; to tick. — n. 1. A small, 



sharp sound. 2. A small iron, fall- 
ing iuto a notched wheel. 

CLi'ENT,n. [Lat. cliens, from cluere, 
Gr. K\veii>, to hear.] 1. A Roman 
citizen who put himself under the 
protection of a patron. 2. One who 
applies to a lawyer or counselor for 
advice, direction, &c. 

€li-ent'al. a. Pertaining to a client. 

tLi'ENT-snIp, n. State or condition 
of a client. 

Cliff, n. [A.-S. dif, fr. cleqfan, cli- 
Jan, to cleave, split.] A high, steep 
rock ; a precipice. 

ClTff'y, a. liaving cliffs ; craggy. 

Cli-mac'ter-ic, or ClIm'ac-ter'- 
IC, a. [(Jr. (cAi/uta/cTijpiKos, fr. (cAijua^, 
a ladder.] Relating to a critical peri- 
od of human life. — n. 1. A critical 
period in human life. 2. Any criti- 
cal period. 

Grand or great climacteric, 63d year. 

CLl'MATE, n. [Gr. /cAip.a, KAip-aros, 
zone of the earth, fr. tcXivecv, to slope, 
incline.] Condition of a place in re- 
lation to temperature, moisture, &c. 

Cli-mat'ic. ) a. Pertaining to a 

Cli-mAt'I€-al, { climate or cli- 
mates ; limited by a climate. 

ClI'ma-tize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
accustom to a climate. 

ClPma-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. K\ifta, 
zone of the earth, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The science of climates. 

Cli'max, ti. [Gr. (cAT/uaj, ladder, fr. 
KkCvetv, to bend, to lean.] A figure 
in which a sentence rises as it were 
step by step in importance, force, or 
dignity. 

Climb (klTm), v. i. or t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. climban.] To ascend by means 
of the hands and feet. 

CLJMB'A-BLE (kllnV-), a. Capable 
of being climbed. [climbs. 

Climb'er (kllm'er). n. One who 

Clime, n. A climate ; a region. 

Clinch (66), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To make, or hold, fast ; to grasp. 2. 
To confirm : to establish. — n. 1. A 
holding fast, or that which holds 
fast. 2. A kind of knot and seizings 
used to fasten a cable, &c, to ring- 
bolts. 

Clj^ch'er, n. One who, or that 
Which, clinches. 

Cling, v. ?'. [imp. & p. p. clung.] 
[A.-S. clingan.] To hold fast, es- 
pecially by winding round or em- 
bracing ; to adhere closely. 

Cling'y, a. Apt to cling; adhesive. 

Clin'ic, \a. [Gr. KAii/i/cos.fr. xAt- 

Clin'ic-al, ) vt), couch, bed.] Per- 
taining to a bed; bed-ridden. — «. 
One confined to the bed by sickness. 

Clink, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H 
Ger. klinkan, chlingan.] To make a 
small, sharp, ringing sound. — n. A 
sharp, ringing sound. 

ClInk'er, n. [From clink, because it 
makes a sharp and sonorous sound.] 
Refuse of a furnace : vitrified matter 
ejected from a volcano. 

ClIp, v. t. [-PED; -PING.] [A.-S. 
clyppan.] 1. To cut off, as with a 
single stroke of scissors. 2. To cur- 



Ions; 1,&,1, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT} ERE, V£IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N. 






CLIPPER 



73 



CLUMSINESS 



tail. — n. 1. A cutting; a shearing. 
2. Product of a single suearmg. 

ClIp'PER, n. 1. One who clips. 2. 
A kind of vessel built for fast sailing. 

€lip'ping,h. 1. Act of cutting off, 
or curtailing. 2. That which is 
clipped off. 

CLIQ ue (kleek), n. [Fr.] A narrow 

• circle of persons ; a party. 

WEL.OAK (20), n. [L. Lat. cloca, 0. Fr. 

™ cioc/ie.] 1. A loose outer garment. 

2. A disguise or pretext. — v. t. 

[-ED ; -ing.] To cover with a cloak ; 

hence, to hide. 

Clock, n. [A.-S. clucge, 0. II. Ger. 
glocca, clocca, fr. cloccdn, to strike, 
beat.] An instrument for measur- 
ing time. 

Clock'-work (-wQrk), n. Machin- 
ery and movements like those of a 
clock. 

Clod, n. [A.-S. dud, rock, stone.] 1. 
A lump of earth, turf, or clay. 2. 
The ground ; the earth. 3. A dull, 
stupid fellow. — v. i. To collect into 
concretions ; to clot. 

Clod'dy', a. 1. Full of clods. 2. 
Earthy ; mean ; gross. 

Clod'-hop'PER, n. A rude, rustic 
fellow ; a clown ; a dolt. 

Clod'pate. n. A stupid fellow. 

t'LOD'PAT-ED, a. Stupid; dull. 

Clog, v. t. [-ged; -ging.] [Icel. 
kleg^i, a compact mass.] 1. To en- 
cumber, or load, esp. with something 
that sticks fast. 2. To obstruct : to 
choke up. 3. To hinder ; to embar- 
rass. — n. 1. That which hinders 
motion. 2. A heavy shoe with a 
wooden sole ; hence, a wooden shoe. 
Syx.— Load; weight; hindrance; im- 
pediment. 

€log'gi-ness, n. State of being' 
clogged. [adhesive. 

fe'LOG'GY, a. Having power to clog ; 

6LOIS'TER, n. [Lat. claustr urn, from 
claudere, to close, to shut.] 1. A 
covered arcade. 2. A monastic es- 
tablishment. 

Syx. — Monastery ; nunnery; con- 
vent; abbey: priory. — Cloister "is gener- 
ic, being a" place of seclusion from the 
world; a monastery is usually for men 
called monks; a nunnery is for women; 
a convent is a community of recluses ; 
an abbey and a priory are named from 
their heads, an abbot or prior. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To confine in 
a cloister. 

Clois'tral, a. Pertaining to, or 
confined to, a cloister. 

€LOKE,7t. See Cloak. 

Close, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
bring together the parts of; to stop ; 
to shut. 2. To bring to an end. 3. 
To inclose ; to encompass. — v. i. 1. 
To come together ; to unite. 2. To 
end; to terminate. — n. 1. Union 
of parts; junction. 2. Conclusion; 
termination ; end. 3. A grapple in 
wrestling. 4. An inclosed place. 5. 
Narrow passage fr. a street to a court. 

Close (klos, 20), a. [-er : -est.] 
[Lat. clausus, p. p. of dnudere, to 
shut.] 1. Shut fast; closed. 2. Con- 
fined ; secret ; retired. 3. Stagnant ; 



oppressive. 4. Reticent ; taciturn. 5. 
Parsimonious ; penurious, b. Dense ; 
solid ; compact. 7. .Near. 8. Evenly 
balanced ; doubtful. 

Close communion, with Baptists, com- 
munion restricted to those who have re- 
ceived baptism by immersion. — Close 
corporation, a corporation which tills its 
own vacancies, and is not open to the 
public. 
— adv. In a close manner or state. 

Close'-fist'ed, a. Covetous ; nig- 
gardly. 

Close'ly, adv. In a close manner. 

Clo e'ness, n. State of being close. 

Close '-stool, n. A stool, in which 
a chamber vessel is placed, for the 
sick. 

Clos'et, n. [0. Fr., dim. of clos, an 
inctosure.] 1. A small private room. 
2. A small, close apartment, in the 
side of a room, for utensils, &c. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To shut up 
in a closet. 2. T<t take into a private 
room for consultation. 

Closure (klo'zhvjr), n. 1. A closing. 
2. That which closes. 3. That which 
incloses ; an inclosure. 

Clot, n. [See Clod.] A concretion, 
especially of a soft, slimy character ; 
a coagulation. — v. i. [-ted ; -ting, 
136.] 1. To concrete, as soft matter. 
2. To be formed into clots. 

Cloth (21), it.,- pi. Cloths. [A.-S. 
cladh.] 1. A stuff of some fibrous 
material, formed by weaving. 2. A 
profession, or the members of it. 

Clothe, v.t. [imp. kp.p. clothed 
or CLAD ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLOTH- 
ING.] [A.-S. clad/ijan.] 1. To put 
garments upon. 2. To furnish with 
raiment. 3. To cover or invest. 
^Clothes (klothz, colloq. kloz), n. pi. 
[From clcl/i.] 1. Covering for the 
human body. 2. Covering of a bed. 
Syx.— Garments; dress; apparel; at- 
tire; vesture; raiment; garb. 

Clotbes'-wring'er (-rmg'er), n. 
A machine for pressing water from 
clothes after thev have been washed. 

Cloth'IER (kloth'yer), n. 1. One 
who makes cloths. [Eng.] 2. One 
who sells cloth. 3. One who dresses 
or fulls cloth. [Amer.] 

Cloth'ing, n. Garments in general ; 
clothes : dress. 

CloTj'ty, a. Full of clots. 

Cloud, n. [Prob. from A.-S. dud, a 
rock or hillock, as clouds often re- 
semble rocks or hillocks.] 1. Visible 
vapor suspended in the atmosphere. 

2. A mass of smoke, thing dust, &c. 

3. A dark spot, as in marble. 4. A 
dark, lowering, or threatening as- 
pect.— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
overspread with clouds. 2. To render 
dark. 3. To variegate with colors. 

CLOUD'-CAPT, a. Capped with clouds. 
CLOUD'l-LY,/7cfa\ Darkly; obscurely. 
Cloud'i-ness, n. State of being 

cloudy. [unclouded. 

Cloud'less, a. "Without a cloud ; 
Cloud'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 

Obscured with clouds ; clouded. 2. 

Lacking clearness or brightness. 3. 

Not easily understood. 4. Having the 



appearance of gloom. 5. Marked 
with spots, as marble. 

CLOUGH (kluf), n. LA.-S., fr. cltofan 
or clufan. See Cleave, v. t.\ A 
narrow valley between two hills. 

Clough (klol), n. An allowance of 
owo pounds in every hundred weight, 
after deducting tare and tret. 

Clout, n. [A.-S. clUt.} 1. A patch. 

2. Center of the butt at which ar- 
chers shoot. 3. Iron plate on an 
axle-tree. 4. [0. Fr. clouet, dim. of 
clou, nail.] A small nail. — v.t. 
[-ed; -ing.] 1. To patch; to mend. 
2._ To guard with an iron plate. 

Clove, n. [From Lat. clavus, nail, 
from its likeness to a nail.] 1. The 
aromatic unexpanded flower-bud of 
the clove-tree. 2. [A.-S. clufe, from 
cleofan, cliifan, to cleave, split.] One 
of the small bulbs in the axils of the 
scales of a large bulb. 

Clo'ven (klo'vn), p. p. from Cleave. 

Clo'ven-foot'ed I (27, 108), a. 

Clo'ven-hoofed ) Having the 
foot or hoof divided into two parts. 

Clo'ver, n. [A.-S. clarfer.] A plant 
of different species. 

Clown, n. [Lat. colonus, husband- 
man, from colere, to till.] 1. A hus- 
bandman ; rustic. 2. An ill-bred man. 

3. Buffoon in a play, circus, &c. 
Clown'ish, a. Of, or relating to, a 

clown ; like a clown ; rude ; ill-bred ; 
boorish ; rustic. [manner 

Clown'ish-ly, adv. In a clownish 

Clown'ish-nEss. n. Rusticity; in- 
civility ; awkwardness. 

Cloy, v. t. [-ed; -ing] [0. Fr- 
doer, Fr. doner, to nail up.] To glut, 
or satisfy ; to satiate ; to surfeit. 

CLtJB,«. 1. [0. H. Ger. chlo/Cn , chlo- 
pliun, to knock.] A heavy 8tan? °r 
piece of wood. 2. One of the four 
suits of cards. 3. Of uncertain or- 
igin. 4. An association of persons 
for a particular purpose. — v. i. 1. 
To combine for some common ob- 
ject. 2. To pay an equal proportion 
of a common expense. — v. t. [-bed ; 
-bing.] To unite for the accom- 
plishment of a common end. 

Cl t 'b'-fo"ot (27), n. A short, de- 
formed foot. 

Club'-foot'ED, a. Having deform- 
ed or crooked feet. [by a club. 

Club'-HOUSE, n. A house occupied 

Club'-LAW, n. Government by 
clubs, or_violence. [a club meets. 

Club'-room, n. Apartment in which 

Cluck, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cloccan, \V. dorian, chorion.] To 
make the noise of a brooding hen. 

€LUE,n. [See Clew.] 1. A ball of 
thread. 2. Any thing serving to 
guide or direct. 3. One of the two 
lower corners of a square-sail. 

Clump, n. [Tcel. Mumpr, fr. the root 
klimpa, preserved in M. II. Ger. 
kl Imp fen, to press together.] 1. A 
shapeless mass. 2. A cluster of trees 
or shrubs. 

Clum'§i-ly, adv. Awkwardly. 

CLUM'SI-NESS, ii. Quality of being 
I clumsy. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, ToTbK; URN, RUE, PULL; E, I, O, silent ; C,G,sq/2; €,&,hard; As; e^IST; J[ as ng; THIS. 



CLUMSY 



COCKLE 



€LtJM'§Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
clump.] l. Withoutgrace ; unhandy. 
2. Ill-made ; badly constructed. 

•ClOng, imp. & (/. p. of Cling. 

ClOs'ter, n. [A.-S.] 1. A number 
of things of the same kind together. 
2. A crowd, —v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
grow in clusters ; to gather or unite 
in a mass. 

ClOs'ter-y, a. 1. Growing in clus- 
. ters. 2. Full of clusters. 

•SlCtch, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Akin 
to Ger. kluppe, 0. II. Ger. chlvppa, 
claw, tongs.] 1. To seize, or gi-ipe 
with the hand. 2. To close tightly ; 
to clinch. — v. i. To catch; to 
snatch. — n. 1. A gripe ; grasp. 2. 
A projecting piece of machinery, for 
connecting shafts. 3. pi. The hands : 
hence, power; rapacity. 

€lut'ter, n. [Cf. 0. Sw. kluttra, to 
quarrel, W. cluder, heap, pile.] A 
confused collection ; confusion ; dis- 
order. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
crowd together in disorder. — v. i. 
To make a bustle, or fill with confu- 
sion. 

Clyp'e-ATE, a. [Lat. clypevs, clipeus, 
shield.] Shaped like a round shield. 

•Glys'TER, n. [Gr. KA.vcrTrjpandKA.uo-- 
Trjpioi/, fr. fcAvfJei]/, to wash out.] A 
liquid substance injected into the 
lower intestines with a syringe. 

€oach (20), n. [Lat. conchula, dim. 
of concha, muscle-shell, vessel.] A 
large, close, four-wheeled carriage. 

€oach'-box, n. Seat on which the 
driver of a coach sits. [a coach. 

€5ach'man (150), n. One who drives 

€!o-A€'TION, n. [Lat. coactio, fr. co- 
actere, to force.] Force; compulsion. 

€o-a€T'ive, a. 1. Serving to com- 
pel or constrain. 2. Acting in con- 
currence. 

€o-AD'JU-TANT, or Go/AD-JU'TANT, 
a. Mutually assisting or operating. 

CcVad-ju'tor, n. 1. One who aids 
another. 2. One empowered to per- 
form th_e.duties of another. 

Go'ad-ju'trix, n. A female assistant. 

€o-A'GENT, )i. An assistant or asso- 
ciate, [ing coagulated. 

■eo-AG'U-LA-BLE, a. Capable of be- 

€0-AG'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. coagulare, from cogerf, to drive 
together.] To cause to change into 
a curd-like state. — v. i. To under- 
go coagulation : to curdle. 

■Go-ag'u-la'TION, n. Act of curdling. 

■eo-AG'U-LA-TIVE, a. Having the 
power to coagulate. 

Co-ag'u-la'tor, n. That which 
causes coagulation. 

Co-ag'u-lum, n. [Lat.] A coagu- 
lated mass, as curd. 
^■Coal, n. [A.-S. col or coll. akin to 
Lat. calere, to be hot.] 1. Wood 
charred ; charcoal. 2. A combustible 
substance, found embedded in the 
earth. — v.t. [-EB ; -ING.] 1. To 
burn to coal. 2. To supply with coal. 
— v. i. To take in coal. [is dug. 

G'OAL'ER-Y, n. A place where coal 

GO'A-LESOE' (-leV), V. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. coalescere, from con and 



alescere, to grow up.] 1. To grow 
together. 2. To unite in society. 

■Go'A-LES'^El^E, n. Act of coales- 
cing ; union. [gether ; uniting. 

Go'a-lesjcent, a. Growing to- 

tOAL'-HEAV'ER, n. One who dis- 
charges coal from ships. 

€6'a-li'tion (-Hsh'un), n. 1. Union 
in a body or mass. 2. A temporary 
combination of parties, or states. 

Syn. — Alliance: confederation; con- 
federacy; league; conspiracy. 

Coal'-MEAS'URE (-mezh'ur), n. pi. 
Strata of coal with the attendant 
rocks 

€oal'-pit, n. 1. A pit where coal is 
dug. 2. A place where charcoal is 
made. [Amer.] [holding coal. 

Coal'-scut'tle, n. A utensil for 

COAL'Y, a. Pertaining to, or like coal. 

Coam'ings, n. pi. Raised borders or 
edges of the hatches. 

Coarse, a. [-er; -est.] 1. Large 
in bulk, or composed of large parts. 
2. Not refined or nice ; rude. 

€'oarse'ly, adv. Without fineness 
or refinement. [being coarse. 

€6arse'NESS, n. Quality or state of 

COAST, n. [Lat. costa, rib, side.] 
Margin of the land next to the sea ; 
sea-shore, — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To sail by or near a coast. 2. To slide 
down a hill on a sled. [Amer.] 

Coastino trade, trade carried on be- 
tween different ports of the same conn- 
try, as distinguished from foreign trade. 

Coast'ER, n. A perron or trading 
vessel that sails along a coast. 

€oast'wise, adv. By way of, or 
along, the coast. 

€oat (20), n. [L. Lat. cola, cotta, 
cottus, tunic, mattress.] J. An outer 
garment worn by men. 2. An ex- 
ternal covering, as the hair of a 
beast. 3. A layer of any substance 
covering another. 4. That on which 
ensigns armorial are portrayed. — v. 
t. [-ED : -ING.] To cover with a 
coat. 

■Goat-ee', n. A coat with short flaps. 

t'OAT'ING. n. 1. Any substance used 
as a cover. 2. Cloth for coats. 

€oax (20), v. t. [-EB; -ing.] [Cf. 

0. Eng. cokes, fool, W. coeg, empty, 
foolish.] To persuade by a gentle, 
insinuating courtesy, flattering, or 
fondling. 

CoB,n. [A.-S. cop or copp, Gr. Kv^-q.] 

1. Top or head ; hence, that which 
is large, round, &c. 2. A lump or 
piece of any thing. 3. A spider. 4. 
A short-legged and stout variety of 
horse. [Eng.] 5. The spike on which 
the grains of maize grow. [Amer.] 

€g'balt, n. [M. H. Ger. kobolt, gob- 
lin, Gr. /co/3aA.os, knave ; because a 
poisonous metal and troublesome to 
miners.] A metal of a reddish-gray 
color, brittle and difficult of fusion. 

€o-EALT'l€, a. Pertaining to cobalt. 

€6b'ble, n. See Coble. 

Gob'ble W20),«. [Erom cob, 

€6b'ble-stone ( 2.] A rounded 
fragment, as of stone, coal, &c. 

•Gob'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 



copulare, to couple, join.] 1. To 
mend coarsely, as shoes. 2. To make 
or do bunglingly. 
€6b'bler, n. 1. A mender of shoes. 

2. A clumsy workman. 3. A beverage 
of wine, sugar, lemon, and ice finely 
broken up. 

€6b'le, n. [A.-S. cuople.] A boat 
used in the herring fishery. 

CoB'WEB, n. [From cob, 3, and ire b. 
1. A spider's web or net. 2. Any 
snare. 

€o€-agne' (kok-anO, n. [From It. 
cucca, dainties, sweet-meats, fr. Lat. 
coquere, to cook ; because the houses 
were thought to be covered with 
cakes.] An imaginary country of 
idleness, luxury, and delight : — a 
term applied to London and its 
suburbs. 

€o€-CiF'ER-OOS, a. [Lat. coccum , 
Gr. kokkos, a berry, and \aX.ferrt. to 
bear.] Producing berries. 

€6ch'I-neae, 7i. [Dim. of Lat. roc- 
cum, Gr. kokkos, berry.] A d^e-sturff 
consisting of dried insects, found on 
the cactus. 

€6gh'le-a-RY, ) a. [Gr. kox^w. 

€6ch'LE-ATE, j, from koxAos, a 

■Goeil'LE-A'TED, ) shell-fish with a 
spiral shell.] Having the form of a 
snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. 

€6CK, n. [A.-S. coc, or cocc] 1. Male 
of birds. 2. A vane ; a weathercock 

3. A spout to let out liquids. 4. Pait 
of the lock of a fire-arm. 5. A small 
conical pile of hay. — v.t. [-ED: 
-ING.] 1. To set erect. 2. To turn 
up the brim of. 3. To place jauntily 
or pertly on the head 4. To set up 
in small conical piles, as hay. 5. 'io 
draw back the cock, in order to fire. 

COCK-ADE', n. [Fr. cocarde, from coo, 
cock, from its resemblance to the 
crest of a cock.] A knot of ribbens 
worn on the hat, as a badge. 

€6ck'A-too', n. [Malayan kakatita.] 
A bird of the parrot kind. 

€6ck'a-trk,E, n. The basilisk; a 
fabulous serpent, produced from a 
cock*s egg brooded by a serpent. 

Cock'-BOAT, n. A small boat of a 
ship. 

Cock'-chaf'er, n. An insect. 

€ock'-€KO\v, )n. The time at 

Cock'-crow'ing, ) which cocks 
crow ; early morning. 

Cock'er, r. (. [-ed; -ing.] [Prov. 
Eng. , to crow like a cock, to boast : 
hence, to be wanton.] To fondle ; to 
indulge ; to pamper. 

Gock'er-el, n. A young cock. 

€'6ck/et, n A custom-house certifi- 
cate. 

-eocK'-FiGHT ) (-lit), n. A con- 

•eocK'-FiGHT/JNG J test of game- 
cocks, [horse. 

-Gock'-HORSE, n. A child's roeking- 

€6ck'LE (kok'l), n. [A.-S. coccel, 
cocci, or code.] 1. A weed that grows 
among corn. 2. The darnel. 3. [Gr 
icoyxv\iov. a muscle or cockle.] A 
kind of bivalve shell-fish with a cor- 
rugated shell. — v. i. To contract 
into wrinkles. 



I, E, I, O, U, Y, long; X, £, K, 6, tJ, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 




COCKLE-STAIRS 



75 



COGNOVIT 




Cocoa-tree. 



€ock'le-stairs (4), n. pi. Winding 
or spiral _-tairs. [room. 

€6ck'-loft(21), re. Top-loft; upper 

€6ck'ney, n. ; pi. gock/neys,. [Cf. 
Cocagne.] A resident of London. 

€6ck'ney-ism, re. Qualities, man- 
ners, or dialect of a cockney. 

•€6ck'pit, ». 1. An area where game- 
cocks figlit. 2. A room in a ship 
under the lower gun-deck. 

•Cock'roach, re. Avery troublesome 
insect, inl'e-ting houses and ships. 

€6cks'€OMB (-kom), re. 1. The car- 
uncle or comb of a cock. 2. A fop. 

■eocK'swAlN (colloq. kok'sn), re. The 
person who steers or pulls the after 
oar in a boat. 

■Go'coa (ko'ko), n. 
[Sp. and Pg. coco.] 
1. A palm-tree pro- 
ducing the cocoa- 
nut. 2. [Corrupted 
fr. cacao.] A bever- 
age made from the 
crushed kernels of 
the chocolate tree. 

fio-COON', 7i. [Fr. 
cocon, fr. Lat. con- 
cha, muscle-shell.] 

1. A case in which 
the silk-worm lies 
in its chrysalis state. 

2. Case constructed by any insect to 
contain its larva. 

€o-eooiv'ER-Y, re. A place for silk- 
worms, when forming cocoons. 

•G6e'TILE,a. [Lat. coct His, from co- 
quere, to bake.] Made by baking. 

€o€'tion, n. 1. Act of "boiling. 2. 
Alteration experienced by morbific 
matter before elimination. 

t>OD, re. [A.-S. codd, small bag.] 
1. Any envelope 
containing seeds; 
a pod. 2. The 
scrotum. 3. [Ger. 
gadde.] A fish Cod. 

inhabiting the northern seas. 

€6d'dle, v. t. [-ed;-i.\g.] [Prob. 
fr. Lat. coquere, to cook.] 1. To par- 
boil. 2. To treat with tenderness. 

€ode, re. [Lat. codex, or caudex, stock 
of a tree, tablet of wood, hence, book, 
writing.] A collection, system, or 
digest of- laws. 

•Co'DEX, 7i. ; pi. €OJ}'l-pE^. [Lat. 
See Code.] . A manuscript ; a code. 

€6d'ger, ». [Either from A.-S codd, 
scrip, bag, or a corruption of cot- 
tager.] A covetous or mean person ; 
a rustic ; a clown ; a miser. 

€6d'I-CIL, re. [Lat. codicillus, dim. 
of cod^x.] _ A supplement to a will. 

•£o'di-fi-€A'tion, re. Act of reducing 
laws to a code or svstem. 



GO'DI-FY. 



-ED; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 



codex, code, and facere, to make.] To 

reduce to a code, as laws. 

■eoD'Li.x, ) n. A kind of cooking 

■God'ling, I apple. [ciency. 

€6'-ef-fi'cien-cy, re. Joint efh- 

€o<-ef-fPcient' (-fish'ent, 63), a. 

Acting in union to the same end. — 

re. 1. That which unites in action 

with something else. 2. A number 



put before letters or quantities, to 
show how often they are to be taken. 

C<E'LI-Ae, ) a. [Lat. cozliacus, Gr. 

<^E'LI-A€, j koi/Wko?, from /coiAi'a, 
belly.] Pertaining to the belly, or to 
the intestinal canal. 

€o-E»IP'T!ON (82), re. [Lat. coemptio, 
fr. con and emere, to buy.] Act of 
purchasing the whole quantity. 

€o-e'QUAL, a. Of the same rank, 
dignity, or power. — n. One who is 
equal to another. 

€o / -e-qual'i-ty, re. Equality in 
rank, dignity, or power. 

€o-£rce' (14), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. coercere, fr. con and arcere, to 
shut up.] To ^.strain by force ; to 
constrain ; to repress. 

Syn. — To compel. — Coerce had at 
first only the negative sense of cheeking 
or restraining by force, as, to coerce sub- 
jects within the bounds of law ; it has 
now also gained a positive sense, that of 
driving forward or compelling, as, to co- 
erce the performance of a contract. 

€o-£r'ci-ble, a. Capable of being, 
or deserving to be, coerced. 

€o-£r'cion (14, 63), n. Act or pro- 
cess of compelling ; restraint. 

€o-Er'CIVE, a. Compelling: com- 
pulsory, [the same essence. 

€<y-ES-SEN'TlAL, a. Partaking of 

-ecVE-TA'NE-ous, a. [Lat. coxtantus, 
from con and sstas, age.] Of the same 
age ; beginning to exist at the same 
time. [nal. 

€<y-E-T£R'?fAL (14). a. Equally eter- 

t'o'-E-TfiR'Ni-TY, re. Equal eternity 
with another. 

■Co-e'val, a. [Lat. coxvus, fr. sevum, 
life-time, age.] Of the same age. — 
re. One of the same age. 

Co'-ex-ist', v. i. [-ed; -ING.] To 
exist at the same time. 

€<V-ex-ist'e:nce, re. Existence at 
the same time with another. 

CC-EX-i'sT'ENT, a. Existing at the 
same time with another. 

€o'-EX-TEND', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To extend through the same space 
with another. [sion. 

Co'-EX-TEN'SION, re. Equal exten- 

€<y-EX-TEN'siVE, a. Equally ex- 
tensive. 

Oof'fee, n. [At. 
qahuah, or qahoeh, 
which the Turks 
pronounce qahveh, 
wine, coffee.] 1. 
The berries of a 
tree growing in the 
warm climates of 
Asia and America. Coffee. 

2. A drink made from the roasted 
berry of the coffee-tree. 

€6f'fee-house, re. A house of en- 
tertainment, [grinding coffee. 

€6f'FEE-m'jll, re. A small mill for 

•GofTee-pot, re. A covered pot in 
which coffee is boiled. 

€6f'fer, ?j. [Gr. k6^)ivo5. basket.] 1. 
A chest for money. 2. A hollow 
work across a dry moat. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To place in a coffer. 

€of'fer-Dam, re. A water-tight box 
of timber used in laying the founda- 




tion of piers and abutments in deep 
water. 

€6f'fin, re. [See Coffer.] 1. The 
case in which a dead human body is 
inclosed. 2. Hollow part of a horse's 
hoof. 3. (Print.) A wooden frame 
inclosing the stone on which forms 
are imposed. — v. t. [-EB ; -ING.] To 
inclose in a coffin. 

€6f'fle (kof'fl), re. [Ar. kafala, 
caravan.] A gang of slaves going to 
market. 

€6&,v. t. [-ged; -ging.] [Cf. Coax.] 
1. To wheedle ; to deceive. 2. To 
thrust in, by deception. 3. /To fur- 
nish with cogs. — v. i. To deceive ; 
to cheat ; to wheedle. — re. [Cf. W. 
cog, a short piece of wood, cog of a 
wheel.] A projection on a wheel, by 
which it receives or imparts motion. 

■€o'gen-cy, re. Power of constrain- 
ing ; urgency ; force. 

Co'&ENT, a. [Lat. cogens, p. pr. of 
cogere, to force.] Having great, force ; 
not easily resisted. 

Syx.— Forcible; powerful; weighty. 

•GoG'I-TA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
made the subject of thought. 

€6G'i-tate, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
cogitare, to think, from con and agi- 
tare, to agitate.] To. engage in con- 
tinuous thought ; to reflect. 

-Gog'I-TA'TION, re. Act of thinking ; 
thought: meditation; contemplation. 

■eoG'i-TA/TivE, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the power of thinking. 2. Given to 
thought ; contemplative. 

■Gog'nate, a. [Lat. cognatus, fr. con 
and gnatus, p. p. of nasci, anciently 

. gnasci, to be born.] 1. Allied by 
blood or birth. 2. Kindred in origin, 
formation, &c. — n. One of a num- 
ber of things allied in origin. 

€og-na'tion, re. 1 Relation by 
descent from the same original , 
kindred. 2. Participation of the 
same nature. 

€og-nPtion (-nish/un), re. 1. Act of 
knowing, by any means. 2. An ob- 
ject known. 

Gog'NI-ZA-BLE (kog-m-za-bl or kon'- 
l-za-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
known. 2. Fitted to be a subject of 
judicial investigation. 

■eoG'NI-ZANCE (kog'ni- or kou'i-), re. 
1. Knowledge or notice. 2. Judicial 
knowledge or jurisdiction. 3. Ac- 
knowledgment or confession. 4. A 
badge worn by a retainer or depend- 
ent. 

€6g'ni-ZANT (kSg'ni-zant or kSn'T- 
zant), a. Having knowledge. 

€6g'ni-zee' (kog'- or kon'-), re. One 
to whom a fine of land is acknowl- 
edged. 

€6&'M-ZOR' (kSg/- or kon'-), n. Ono 
who acknowledges the right of tho 
plaintiff in a fine ; the defendant. 

-€og-xo'men, re. [Lat.] Asurname; 
family name of an individual among 
the ancient Romans. 

€og-nom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to a 
surname. [ing known. 

€og-nos'CI-ble, a. Capable of be- 
to g-no'vit, n. [Lat., he acknowl- 



6r, do, wqef, too, to"ok; urn, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; c, g, soft; €, G, hard; As; exist; n as ng ; th:-- 



COG-WHEEL 



76 



COLLISION 



edges] An acknowledgment by a 
defendant of the justice of a plaint- 
iffs claim. [or teeth. 
Bog'-wheel, n. A wheel with cogs 
€o-HAB'lT, v. i. [-ED;-ING.] Lat. 
cohabilare, from con and habitare, to 
dwell.] To live together as husband 
and wife. 
Co-hab'IT-a'TION, n. State of liv- 
ing together as man and wife. 
■So-heir/ (ko-aV, 13), n. A joint- 
heir, [heiress. 
■Go-heif/ess (ko-aVes), n. A joint- 
CO-HERE', U. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
coh&Kn, from con and hserere, to 
stick, adhere.] I. To stick together. 
2. To follow regularly in the natural 
order. 
€o-h:Er'ENCE, )n. 1. A sticking or 
€o-HEV. en-CY, } cleaving together. 
2. Su 5 table connection or depend- 
ence. 
€o-HJJJ,7ENT, a. 1. Sticking together. 
2. Consistent, [manner. 
€o-H/;r:'ENT-LY, adv. In a coherent 
€o-he'kion, n. [See Cohere.] 1. 
Act of sticking together. 2. A state 
of connection or dependence. 
Go- he 'si ve, a. Having the power of 
sticking. [ing cohesive. 
€o-he'slve-ness, n. Quality of be- 
€6'h6rt,». [Lat. cohort. See COURT.] 

1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about 
five or six hundred soldiers. 2. Any 
band of warriors. 

<3oiF, n. [0. H. Ger. kuppa, kuppha, 

miter.] A covering for the head ; a 

cap. [dress. 

ioOIF'fure, n. [See Coif.] A head- 

•■SOIGNE (koin), n. [See QUOIN.] 1. 

An external angle ; a corner-stone. 

2. A wedge. 

»oOlL, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. collig- 
ere, from con and legere, to gather.] 
To wind in rings, as a rope. — n. 
Ring, or rings, into which a rope or 
other like thing is wound. 

COIN, n. [Lat. cuneus, wedge.] 1. A 
corner or external angle. 2. A piece 
of metal stamped, making it legally 
current as money. — v. t. [-ed: 
-ING.] 1. To stamp and convert 
into money. 2. To make or fabricate. 

€oin'age, n. 1. Act of coining. 2. 
Money coined. 3. Formation ; in- 
vention ; fabrication. 

Co'in-cide', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [L. 
Lat. coincidere, fr. Lat. con and inci- 
dere, to fall on.] 1. To fall together ; 
to agree in position. 2. To corre- 
spond ; to be identical. 

€o-in'ci-dence, n. Act or result of 
coinciding ; agreement ; concurrence. 

<3o-lN'<;i-DENT, a. Having coinci- 
dence ; agreeing ; corresponding. 

■Coin'er, n. 1. One who makes coin. 
2. An inventor. 

€o-i'TION (-ish'un), n. [Lat. coitio, 
fr. coire, to come together.] Sexual 
intercourse. 

tOKE, n. [Akin to cook and cake.] 
Mineral coal charred. 

C6l'AN-der, n. [Lat. colum, a strain- 
er. ) A vessel with little holes in the 
bottom for straining liquors. 



€old, a. [-ER; -est.] [A.-B. cald, 
ceald, Icel. caldr, from Icel. kala, to 
blow cold.] Wanting warmth, phys 
ical or moral. 

Syn. — Bleak; frigid; chill; indiffer- 
ent ; spiritless ; reserved ; coy. 
— n. 1. Absence of warmth. 2. Sen- 
sation of chilliness or chillness. 3. A 
disorder produced by cold ; a catarrh. 

€6ld'-bl6od'ed (-bind'-), a. With- 
out sensibility ; hard-hearted. 

Cold'ly, adv. In a cold manner. 

€old'ness, n. Quality of being cold. 

Cole, n. [Lat. colis, caulis, Gr. kov- 
A6?, stalk of a plant, cabbage-stalk, 
cabbage.] A plant of the cabbage 
family. 

€o'LE-6p'TER-AL, ) a. [Gr. /coAeoV- 

to'LE-OP'TER-otis, ( repos, sheath- 
winged.] Having wings covered with 
a case or sheath, as the beetles. 

€ole'-wort (-wflrt), n. A cabbage 
cut young. 

Col'IO, n. [Gv. KtoXiK-q (sc. 5ia0e<rt?, 
state, illness), from its being seated 
in the colon and parts adjacent.] An 
acute pain in the abdomen or bowels. 

€6l/ick-Y, a. Pertaining to colic. 

C6l'i-se'um,_)i. See Colosseum. 

COL-LAB'O-RA'TOR, n. [From Lat. 
collaborare, fr. con &ndlaborare , to la- 
bor.] An associate in labor ; a co- 
worker ; an assistant. 

€ol-lapse', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
collabi, collapsum, from con and labi, 
to fall, slide.] To fall together sud- 
denly, as the sides of a hollow ves- 
sel. — n. 1. A falling together sud- 
denly. 2. A sudden failing of the 
vital powers. 

■eoi>-LAP'siON, n. A state of falling 
together, or shrinking up. 

€6l'lar, n. [Lat. collum, neck.] 1. 
Something worn round the neck. 2. 
A ring or cincture. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. 
To put a collar on. 

€6l'lar-b6ne, n. The clavicle; a 
bone shaped like the markc-—-}, con- 
necting the breast-bone and the 
shoulder-blade. 

€OL-LATE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING]. [Lat. 
conferre, collatum. fr. con and ferre, 
latum, to bear.] 1. To compare crit- 
ically. 2. To see that the signatures 
run consecutively, as of sheets gath- 
ered for binding. 3. To present and 
institute in a benefice. 

€ol-lat'er-al, a. [L. Lat. collater- 
alis,fr. con and lateralis, lateral.] 1. 
Subordinately connected ; indirect. 
2. Descending from the same ances- 
tor, but not one from the other. — n. 
1. A collateral relation . 2. Security 
in addition to a principal promise or 
bond. 

€ol-lXt'er-al-ly, adv. In a collat- 
eral manner or relation. 

€ol-la'tion, n. 1. Act of bringing 
together and comparing. 2. Act of 
conferring or bestowing. 3. Presen- 
tation of a clergyman to a benefice 
by a bishop, i. An unceremonious 
repast or lunch. [collation. 

€ol-la'TiVE, a. Passing or held by 



€ol-la'tor, n. One who collates. 

-Col/league, n. [Lat, colkga, one 
chosen at the same time with anoth- 
er.] One united with another in 
some office ; a partner or associate. 

€OL-LE€T', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
colligere, collectum, fr. con and legere, 
to gather.] 1. To gather ; to bring 
together. 2. To infer as a conse- 
quence. — v. i. 1. To accumulate- 
2. To infer; to conclude. [<-ive prayer. 

<36l'LE€T, n. A short, comprehen 4 

■€6l'LE€-ta'NE-a, n. pi. [Lat., 
things collected.] Passages selected 
from various authors. 

€6l/lec-ta'ne-oOs, a. Collected. 

€ol-le€T'ed, a. Self-possessed ; 
cool ; composed. 

€ol-lE€T'ed-ness, n. A self-pos- 
sessed state of the mind, [ing collected. 

€ol-LE€T'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 

€ol-LE€'tion, n. 1. Act of collect- 
ing. 2. That which is collected. 3. 
A contribution. 

Syn. — An assembly ; assemblage ; 
group ; crowd ; meeting ; mass ; heap ; 
compilation ; selection. 

€ol-LE€T'i VE , a. 1. Formed by 
gathering. 2. Deducing conse- 
quences. 3. Expressing an aggre- 
gate of individuals, [crbody. 

€OL-LE€T'ivE-EY, adv. In a mass 

€OL-LE€T'OR, n. 1. One who collects 
or gathers. 2. An officer to collect 
duties, taxes, or toll. 

€ol-LE€T'or-shIp, \ n. Office of a 

€OL-LE€T'OR-ATE, ) collector of 
customs or taxes. 

•CoL'LEGE (47), n. [Lat. collegium, 
fr. colligere, to collect.] 1. A collec- 
tion or society of men. 2. An estab- 
lishment for students who are acquir- 
ing the languages and .'ciences. 

€ol-le'Gi-al, a. Relating to a col- 
lege, [college. 

€ol-LE'GI-an, n. A member of a 

€ol-le'GI-ATE, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, a college. — n. A mem- 
ber of a college. 

■Col/let, n. [Lat. collum, neck.] 
That part of a ring in which the 
stoneis set. 

€oL-LIDE',r. ?'. [Lat. collidere, fr. con 
and Isedere, to strike.] To strike or 
dash against each other. 

€6ll'ier (kobyer), n. [From coal.] 
1. A digger of coal. 2. A dealer in 
coal. 3. A vessel employed in the 
coal trade. [coal is dug. 

€oll'IER-y (kobyer-), n. Place where 

€6l/L,I-MA'TION, «. [Lat. collimare, 
to aim, for collimare, fr. con and tin- 
tare, fr. linea, lice.] Act of leveling 
or of directing the sight to a fixed 
object. 

€6i/l,i-ma / tor, n. A telescope to 
determine errors of collimation. 

€OL-LIN'GUAL (-llljg'gwal, 82), O* 
Pertaining to the same language. 

€ol-lJq/ue -FACTION, n. [Lat. col- 
liquefacere, to melt, from con and li- 
qufre, to be liquid, and facere, to 
make.] A melting of different bodies 
into one mass. 

€ol-lis/ion, n. [See Collide.] 1. 



A, e, I, o, e ; y, long; X, £, 1, 6, v, y, short ; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ERE, VEIL, TfiRM ; pique , firm ; son, 



COLLOCATE 



77 



COMBINE 



A striking together, as of two hard 
bodies. 2. A state of opposition. 
Sy^. — Conflict; clashing; encounter. 

fOL'LO-CATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. collocare, from con and locate, 
to place. ]_ To set or place ; to station. 

Coi/LO-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
placing. 2. State of being placed, or 
placed with something else. 

Gol-LO'DI-ON, n. [Gr. KoAAa, glue.] 
A strongly adhesive solution of gun- 
cotton in ether. 

€6l/LOP, n. [Gr. *coAa4>os, buffet, 
cuff.] 1. A small slice of meat. 2. 
A piece of any thing. 

€ol-lo'qui-AL, a. Pertaining to 
common conversation. 

€ol-lo'qui-al-I§m, n. A colloquial 
form of expression. 

€ol-lo'QUI-AL-ly, adv. By mutual 
conversation. [alogue. 

<36l/LO-QUlST, n. A speaker in a di- 

■CojL'lo-QUY, n. [Lat. colloquium, fr. 
colloqui, to converse.] Mutual dis- 
course of two or more. 

Syn. — Conference ; dialogue. 

€OL-L(JnE',t).i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
colludere, fr. con and ludere, to play.] 
To conspire in a fraud ; to act in 
concert. 

€ol-LU'§ION, n. A secret agreement 
and co-operation for a fraudulent 
purpose. 

Syn. — Connivance. — In connivance, 
one overlooks and thus sanctions what 
he was bound to prevent ; in collusion, 
he unites with others for fraudulent pur- 
poses. The connivance of public men at 
what is wrong is often the result of the 
base&tcollusion. 

€ol-LU'sive, a. Fraudulently con- 
certed; deceitful. 

€OL-LU'sivE-l,Y,arfy. By collusion. 

€ol-lu'sIve-ness, n. The quality 
of being collusive. 

€ol-lu'so-ry, a. Characterized by 
collusion ; collusive. 

-€oL-LU'ri-E£, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., 
from con and luere, to wash.] A 
mixed mass of refuse matter ; filth. 

€6l/LY, n. [From coal.] The black 
grime of coal or burnt wood. — v. t. 
[•ED ; -ing, 142.] To render black, 
as if with coal smut. 

€o-l,6gne' (ko-lonO,?!. A perfumed 
liquid used in the toilet ; — originally 
made in Cologne. 

€o'lon, n. [Gr. kwAov.] 1. Largest 
of the large intestines. 2. A point 
[:], marking a pause greater than 
a semicolon. 

€olonee (kur'nel), n. [Fr. colonel, 
Sp. coronel, from Lat. columna, col- 
umn.] Chief commander of a regi- 
ment of troops. 

€olonel-cy ) (kur'nel-), n. Office, 

•Colonel-shIp { rank, or com- 
mission of a colonel. 

■eo-LO'NI-AL, a. Pertaining to a col- 
ony, [colony. 

€6l'0-nIst 1 n. An inhabitant of a 

■eoi/o-Nl-ZA'TlON, n. Act of colo- 
nizing, or 6tate of being colonized. 

€6i/o-ni-za'tion-?st, n. A friend 
to colonization. 

€6i/o-nize, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 



plant a colony in . — v.i. To remove 
and settle in a distant country. 

661/on-nade', n. [It. colonna, Lat. 
columna, column.] A series of col- 
umns placed at regular intervals. 

•eoi/o-NY, n. [Lat. colonia, fr. colo- 
nus, farmer.] 1. A company trans- 
planted to a remote country, and re- 
maining subject to the parent state. 
2. The country colonized. 

€6l/o-PHON, n. [Gr. »coAo<f>wv, sum- 
mit, top, finishing stroke.] An in- 
scription on the last page of old books, 
containing the place or year of its 
publication, &c. 

€6i/o-pho/ny, or €o-loph'o-ny, 
n. [From Colophon.] The dark-col- 
ored resin obtained by the distilla- 
tion of turpentine. 

€6i/or (ktil'ur), n. [Lat.] 1. A 
property of light, in consequence of 
which differences in the appearance 
of objects are apprehended by the 
vision. 2. Any hue or tint as dis- 
tinguished from white. 3. Paint ; 
pigments. 4. False show; pretense. 
5. pi. A flag, ensign, or standard. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To change the 
hue or tint of ; to dye. 2. To palliate ; 
to excuse. — v. i. To turn red ; to 
blush. 

€6i/or-a-ble, a. Designed to cover 
or conceal ; specious ; plausible. 

€6l'OR-A-BLY, adv. Speciously ; 
plausibly. [of coloring. 

<36l/OR-A'TION, n. Act or practice 

<56l,'ORED (kfll'urd), a. 1. Having 
color. 2. Having a specious or plausi- 
ble appearance. 

Colored people, black people ; negroes, 
mulattoes, &c. 

€6l/OR-lF're (kill'-), a. [Lat. color, 
and facer e, to make.] Communi- 
cating or producing color. 

€6i/or-1st, n. One who excels in 
giving color to his designs. 

€6l'or-less, a. Destitute of color. 

€o-L,6s'SAL, ) a. Of enor- 

€6l/os-se'an (124), J mous size ; 
gigantic. [Vespasian in Rome. 

■eol/OS-SE'UM, n. Amphitheater of 

€o-l6s'sus, n. ; Lat. pi. eo-Lds'si; 
Eng. pi. €0-L6s'sus-Eg. [Lat. ; Gr. 
Kokoao-os •] A gigantic statue. 

€6i/p6rt-age, n. Distribution of 
religious books, tracts, &c.,by col- 
porteurs. 

€6l'p6rt-eur, ) n. [Fr. colporteur, 

€6l/PdRT-ER, J fr. col, neck, and 
porter, to carry.] One who peddles 
religious tracts and books. 

€6l/staff (6), n. [Lat. collum, 
neck, and Eng. staff-] A staff for 
carrying burdens by two persons on 
their shoulders. 

£6lt (20), n. [A.-S., prob. akin to 
collen, swelling, audacious.] Young 
of the horse kind. 

€ol'TER I (20), n. [Lat. cul- 

€5ui/TER ) ter, fr. colere, to 
cultivate.] Sharp fore iron 
of a plow. [frisky. 

€OLT'ISH i a. Like a colt; 

€6l'U-brine, a. [Lat. colu- 
brinus, from coluber, serpent.] Colter 



Relating to serpents ; cunning; 
crafty. 

€6l'UM-BA-RY, n. [Lat. columbari- 
um, fr. columba, dove.] A dove-cot ; 
a pigeon-house. 

€o-Li)M/BI-AD, n. [From Columbia^ 
or the United States.] A species of 
heavy cannon. 

€6e'UM-BINE, n. [Lat. columbinus, 
dove-like, fr. columba, dove ; — from 
the beak-like spurs of its flowers.] A 
genu* of plants. 

€6l/U-MEli'LA, n. [Lat., dim. of col- 
wnen, columna, column.] An axis 
to which a carpel of a compound pis" 
til may be attached. 

€6i/umn (kol'um), n. [Lat. columna, 
fr. cellere, Gr. Ke'AAeiv, to urge, ex- 
tend upward.] 1. A cylindrical sup- 
port for a roof, ceiling, &c. ; a pillar. 
2. Any upright, cylindrical body. 3. 
A body of troops in files with a nar- 
row front. 4. (Naut.) A body of 
ships arranged in a line. 5. A per- 
pendicular set of lines. 

Co-lCm'nar, a. Formed in columns ; 
having the form of columns. 

€o-eure', n.; pi. €0-LURE§'. [Gr. 
KoAoupos, dock- tailed : — so named 
because a part is always beneath the 
horizon.] One of two great circles 
intersecting at right angles in the 
poles of the equator. 

■Cd'MA, n. [Gr. nCipa, lethargy.] A 
morbid propensity to sleep ; lethargy. 

€JO'MATE, a. [Lat. comatus, fr. coma, 
hair.] Hairy. 

^O'MA-TOSE', ) a. Relating to coma ; 

■Co'MA-TOUS, ) drowsy ; lethargic. 

€OMB (kom), n. [Prob. fr. A.-S. cam\ 
a valley or hollow.] The cells in 
which bees store their honey. 

€6mb (kom, 20), n. [A.-S. camb, Icel 
kambr.] 1. An instrument for sepa 
rating and adjusting hair, wool, &c 
2. Crest on a cock's head. 3. Top, 
or crest, of a wave. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To disentangle, cleanse, and 
adjust. — v. i. To break with a white 
foam. 

€6m'bat, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
combattre, from com and battre, to 
strike, beat.] To struggle or con- 
tend, as with an opposing force. — 
v. t. To fight with ; to contend 
against. — n. 1. A struggle to resist 
or conquer. 2. A military engage- 
ment of no great magnitude. 

Single combat, a combat with one on 
either side ; a duel. 

€6m/bat-ant, a. Contending : dis- 
posed to contend. — n. One who en- 
gages in combat. 

€!6M'BAT-lVE,a. Disposed to combat. 

€6m'bat-Ive-ness, n. Disposition 
to contend. 

€6mb'er (kom'er), n. 1. One who 
combs. 2. A long, curling wave. 

€om-BIN / a-BEE, a. Capable of com- 
bining. 

€6m / bi-NA'tion, n. 1. Close union or 
connection. 2. Alliance. 
Syn. — Cabal; confederacy; coalition. 

€OM-BINE', r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. combmare, fr. com, for con, and 



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this. 



COMBINER 



78 



COMMISERATE 



binus, pi. bini, two and two, double.] 
To unite or join. — v. i. 1. To form 
a union. 2. To unite by affinity. 

^om-bin'er, n. One who combines. 

cOM-BDs'Tl-BLE,a. [From Lat. com- 
burere, combustus, from com, for con, 
and burere, to burn.] 1. Capable of 
taking fire ; inflammable. 2. Irasci- 
ble. — n. A substance that will take 
fire and burn. 

Com-bOs'ti-ble-ness, ) n. Quality 

€om-bus'ti-bil'i-ty, J of being 
combustible. 

€om-bus'tion (-bflst'yun), n. A tak- 
ing fire and burning ; conflagration. 

€6me (ktim, 57), v. i. [imp. CAME ; 
p. p. COME.] [A.-S. cuman, for 
cviman, Goth. qviman.] 1. To draw 
near; to approach. 2. To arrive at 
pome state or condition ; to occur ; 
to happen. 3. To become manifest 
or evident ; to appear. 

Co-me'di-an, n. An actor in comedy. 

C6m'E-dy, n. [Gr. /ca>(u.o>5ia, from ku>- 
H*os, a festal procession', an ode sung 
at this procession, and det'oVij/, to 
sing.] A light and amusing dramat- 
ic composition. 

€6me'li-ness (kKm'li-), n. Quality 
of being comely ; gracefulness. 

€6me'ly (kum'ly), a. [-ER;-EST, 
142.] [From come, in the sense of 
become, to suit or be suitable.] Hand- 
some ; graceful ; well-proportioned. 

Com'ER, n. One who comes, or who 
has come. 

t'oM'ET, n. [Gr. KO/u^Tr;?, long- 
haired, from KOfxr), hair.] A member 
of the solar system, usually moving 
in a very eccentric orbit, and con- 
sisting of a nucleus, an envelop, and 
a tail. 

€6m'et-a-ry, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

Co-MET're, J resembling a comet. 

tlOM'ET-OG'RA-PHY,™, [Gr. /co/ur;TT}9, 
comet, and ypa<beii' , to write.] A 
description of, or a treatise on comets. 

€6m'FIT, ) n. [Lat. confi- 

€6m'fit-ure (53), ( cere, to pre- 
pare.] A dry sweetmeat. 

€6M'FORT (kum / furt), v. I. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. confortare, fr. con and 
fortis, strong.] To relieve or cheer 
under affliction or depression. — n. 
1. Strength and relief received under 
affliction. 2. A state of quiet enjoy- 
ment, or whatever contributes to it. 
3. A wadded quilt. [Amer.] 

Syn.— Consolation; solace.— Consola- 
tion supposes some definite and pretty 
severe affliction, as, a friend consoles un- 
der bereavement; comfort may refer to 
lighter evils or continuous trials, as, the 
comfort of love, comforts of old age. Sol- 
ace is a thing we make or find for our- 
selves, as, the solace of books, society, &c. 

€6m'FC-rt-a-ble, a. Affording or 
enjoying comfort. — n. A heavy, 
quilted coverlet. [Amer.] 

€6m'fort-a-ble-ness, n. State of 
being comfortable. 

€6m'fort-a-bly, adv. In a manner 
to give comfort. 

€6m'fort-er, n. 1. One who com- 
forts. 2. The Holy Spirit. 3. A knit 
woolen tippet. 4. A wadded quilt. 



€6M'FORT-LESS, a. Without com- 
fort ; miserable. 

■Gom'FREY, n. [Lat. conferva.] A 
genus of plants used in medicine. 

€6m'ic, a. 1. Relating to comedy. 2. 
Fitted to excite merriment. 

€6m'I€-aL, a. Exciting mirth ; laugh- 
able. 
Syn. — Droll; diverting; ludicrous. 

Com'IC-Xl'I-TY, n. That which is 
comical; something ludicrous. 

€6m'I€-al-ly, adv. In a comical 
manner; ludicrously. [comical. 

€6m'I€-al-ness, n. Quality of being 

6o-Ml'TlAL (ko-mTsh'al), a. [Lat. 
comitia, popular assembly, fr. com ire, 
to come together.] 1. Relating to the 
popular assemblies of the Romans. 
2. Pertaining to assemblies of the 
people. 

<36m'i-TY, n. [Lat. comitas, fr. comis, 
affable.] Courtesy of intercourse. 

€oi'MA, n. [Gr. Kon/xa, segment, 
clause ; Koirretv, to cut off.] A char- 
acter [,] marking the smallest gram- 
matical division of a sentence. 

€OM-MAND' (6), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. con and mandare, to commit 
to, to command.] 1. To order with 
authority. 2. To exercise supreme 
authority over. 3. To have within a 
sphere of influence, control, or vision. 
Syn.— To bid; order; direct; charge; 
govern ; lead; overlook ; challenge. 
— v. i.m To have or exercise supreme 
authority. — n. 1. An authoritative 
order. 2. Exercise of authority. 3. 
Ability to overlook , control , or watch . 
4. A. body of troops under a partic- 
ular officer. 

€6m / MAN-dant', n. [Fr. , from com- 
mander, to command.] A command- 
ing officer. 

€om-MAND'ER, n. 1. Chief officer of 
an army, or of any division of it. 2. 
An officer next above a lieutenant. 

Com-mand'ing, a. Fitted to impress 
or control. 

Syn. —Authoritative ; imperative. 

"Com-MAND'ment, n. An order given 
by authority ; charge ; precept. 

€om-mea§'UR-a-ble (-mezh'ur), a. 
Reducible to the same measure ; com- 
mensurate. 

Com-mem-o-ra-ble, a. Worthy to 
be commemorated. 

€OM-MEM'0-RATE,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. commemorare , commemoratus , 
to remember.] To celebrate with 
honor and solemnity. 

€OM-MEM'0-RA'TION, n. Act of call- 
ing to remembrance by some solem- 
nity. 

€OM-MEM'0-RA-TiVE, \a. Tending 

€om-mem'o-ra-to-ry, ) to pre- 
serve in remembrance. 

€OM-MENCE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. com, for con, and initiare, to 
begin.] To begin; to originate. — 
v, t. To enter upon ; to originate. 

€OM-MENCE'MENT, n. 1. Rise ; ori- 
gin ; beginning. 2. Day when de- 
grees are conferred by colleges. 

€OM-MEND',l'.(. [-EB; -ING.] [Lat. 
commendare, from com. and man- 



dare, to commit to.] I. To fntruot 
for care or preservation. 2. To 
praise. 3. To recommend. 

€om-menp'a-ble, a. Worthy of 
being commended ; laudable ; praise- 
worthy . 

€OM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS, 71. State of 
being commendable. 

€om-mend'a-bly, adv. In a com- 
mendable manner. 

€6m'men-dA'tion,7!. 1. Act of com- 
mending. 2. A message of affection 
or respect; compliments. 

Syn. — Praise; approbation; applause. 

€om-mend'a-TO-ry (50), a. Serving 
to commend. 

€OM-MEN'SU-RA-BIL-I-TY | (-men'- 

€om-men'su-ra-ble-nens ) shij-), 
n. Capacity of having a common 
measure. 

€om-men'su-ra-ble (-men'shu-), a. 
[Lat. com, for con, and mensvrare, to 
measure.] Having a common meas- 
ure. 

€om-MEN'su-rate (-men'shij-), a. 1. 
Having a common measure. 2. Equal 
in measure or extent. 

€OM-MEN'SU-RATE ,t'.(.[-ED; -ING.] 
To reduce to acommon measure. 

COM-MEN'SU-RA'TION, n. State of 
being commensurate. 

€6m'ment, v. ?. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
commentari, to meditate upon, to 
explain.] To explain by means of 
remarks, observations, or criticisms. 
— n. An. explanatory or illustrative 
remark, observation, or criticism ; 
annotation. 

€6m'men-ta-ry, n. A collection, or 
book of comments. 

€6m'men-ta/tor,m. One who com- 
ments ; an annotator. [ments. 

€oM'MENT-ER, 7i. One who com- 

CoM'MERCE, 7i. [Lat. commercium, 
fr. com and merx, mercis, merchan- 
dise.] 1. Extended trade or traffic; 
2. Social or personal intercourse ; 
familiarity. 

€om-m£rce' (14), v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To hold intercourse with. 

€om-mer'cial (14, 63), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or engaged in, commerce; 
mercantile. [mercial manner. 

€om-m£r'cial-ly, adv. In a com- 

€6m'mi-na'tjon, n. [Lat. commi- 
natio, fr. com, for con, and minari, 
to threaten.] Denunciation of pun- 
ishment or vengeance. 

€om-min'a-to-ry, a. Threatening 
or denouncing punishment. 

€om-mjn'gle, v. t. [ed; -ING.] 
To mingle together in one mass ; to 
blend. — v. i. To mix or unite to- 
gether. 

€6m'mi-n€te, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. comminuere, comminutum, fr. 
com, for con, and minuere, to lessen.] 
To reduce to minute particles ; to pul- 
verize. 

CoM'Ml-NfJ'TlON, n. Act of reducing 
to small particles ; pulverization. 

€OM-Mlg'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. commiserari , commiseratus , fr. 
con and miserari, to pity.] To be 
sorry for ; to pity ; to compassionate. 



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COMaLTSEKATION 



COMPANY 



fc'OM-Ml'2'ER-A'TION, n. Act of com- 
miserating. 

Sy>\ — Pity; sympathy; compassion; 
condolence. 

^OM-MIg'ER-A'TOR, re. One who com- 
miserates, L or pities. 

Com'mis-sa'ri-al, a. Pertaining to 
a commissary. 

€6m'MIS-sa'RI-AT, re. 1. A military 
department charged with the supply 
of provisions. 2. Body of officers in 
that department. 

€6m'mjs-sa-ry, n. [L. Lat. commissa- 
rius, fr. committere , to commit.] An 
officer having charge of a special de- 
partment, esp. that of subsistence. 

€6m'mis-sa-ry-ship, re. Office orem- 
ployment of a commissary. 

€om-mis'sion (-mish'un), w. 1. Act 
of committing. 2. A warrant com- 
mitting some charge to a person. 3. 
A company of persons joined in the 
exercise of some duty. 4. A thing 
to be done as agent for another. 5. 
Allowance made to an ageut. 

Syn.— Charge ; authority ; mandate. 
— v.t. [-ED; -I ng.] To give a com- 
mission to ; to empower or authorize. 

t'OM-Mis'siox-ER, n. One who has a 
commission to execute some business. 

•eoM-Ml's'SURE (-mish'ur, 95), re. A 
joint or seam ; line of junction ; point 
of union. 

€'om-mit', v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Lat. 
committere, to send to, to connect, to 
commit.] 1. To give in trust. 2. To 
do ; to perform ; to perpetrate. 3. To 
pledge or bind ; — used refiexively. 

fc'OM-MfT'MENT, re. Act of commit- 
ting; committal. 

t'OM-MiT'TAL, n. 1. Act of commit- 
ting. 2. A pledge, actual or implied. 

€'OM-MIT'tee, n. [From commit.] A 
select number of persons appointed 
to attend to any business. 

€'om-mix', v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. commiscere, comviixtum, from 
ro?«,for con, and miscere, to mix.] 
To mix or mingle ; to blend. 

tOM-MlXT'URE (-miksfyyjr), re. 1. 
Act of mixing. 2. Mass formed by 
mixing; compound. 

€OM-MODE', n. [Lat. commodus, fr. 
com, for con, and modus, measure, 
mode.] A chest of drawers, often 
with shelves, &c, added. 

f'OM-MO'Dl-OUS, a. Affording ease 
and convenience. 

Syn.— Convenient; suitable; fit; prop- 
er; comfortable. 

Com-mo'di-ous-ly, adv. In a com- 

. modious manner. 

€'om-mo'di-oCs-ness, n. Suitable- 
ness for its purpose ; convenience. 

eoMM6D'i-Tv, «. [See Commode.] 
That which affords convenience ; 
hence, goods, merchandise, &c. 

€6m'mo-dore', re. [Prob. from Ital. 
comandatore, commander.] 1. Com- 
mander of a squadron. 2. Leading 
ship in a fleet of merchantmen . 

COM'MON, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [Lat. 
communis, fr. com, for con, and mu- 
nis, ready to be of service.] 1. Be- 
longing equally to more than one. 



2. Often tret with. 3. Not distin- 
guished by rank or character. 

Common cottncil, a representative 
council for the government of a city. — 
Common law, the unwritten law; the 
law that receives its binding force from 
immemorial usage and universal recep- 
tion, in distinction from the written or 
statute law. — Common Jleas, a court 
for trying civil actions. In the United 
Staves, it sometimes has criminal juris- 
diction.— Common prayer, the liturgy 
of the Protestant Episcopal church. — 
Common sense, sound, practical judg- 
ment; the instantaneous decision of un- 
perverted reason. 

Syn. — General; public; frequent; or- 
dinary; customary; usual; familiar; ha- 
bitual; vulgar. 

— re. 1. An uninclosed tract of pub- 
lic ground. 2. Right of taking a profit 
in the land of another. — v. i. 1. 
To have a joint right with others in 
common ground. 2. To board to- 
gether, [mon. 

€'6m'mon-a-ble, a. Held in com- 

•€6m'mon-age, n. Right of pastur- 
ing on a common. 

€6m'MON-al-ty, re. The common 
people ; the commons. 

€oM'MON-ER,re. 1. One not noble. 2. 
A member of the House of Com- 
mons. 3. One who has a joint right 
in common ground. 4. A student of 
the second rank at Oxford. 

€6m'MON-LY, adv. Usually ; gener- 
ally ; ordinarily ; frequently ; for the 
most part. 

€6m'mon-ness (109), re. State of 
being common or usual. 

€oM'MON-PLACE,a. Common; trite; 
hackneyed. — re. 1. A general idea 
applicable to different subjects. 2. A 
trite remark. — v. t. To enter in a 
commonplace-book, or to reduce to 
general heads. 

€6m'mon-place / -bo'ok (27), re. A 
book in which things to be remem- 
bered are recorded. 

€6m'mon§, re. pi. 1. Mass of the peo- 
ple. 2. Lower house of parliament. 

3. Food at a common table. 
e6M'MO\-WEAL', ) re. 1. A free 
€6m'mon-wealth', | state; a pop- 
ular government. 2. Whole body of 
people in a state. 

€om-mo'tion, re. [Lat. commotio, fr. 
com,, for con, and movere, to move.] 
1. violent motion ; agitation. 2. A 
popular tumult. 3. Perturbation of 
mind. [mune. 

€om-mun'AL, a. Pertaining to a com- 

COM-MUNE', f. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
communicare, to communicate.] 1. 
To converse together familiarly. 2. 
To partake of the Lord's supper. 

^bM'MUNE, re. [Fr.] A small ter- 
ritorial district in France. 

€om-mu'ni-€A-bii/i-ty, re. Quality 
of being communicable. 

€om-mu'ni-€A-ble, a. Capable of 
being communicated. 

Com-mu'ni-ca-ble-ness, re. Quality 
of being communicable. 

€om-mu'ni-€ANT, re. One who par- 
takes of the Lord's supper. 

€OM-MU'NI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. communicare, communicatus, 



fr. communis, common.] 1. To im 
part for joint possession. 2. To give, 
as information. 

Syn. — To impart; reveal. — To com- 
mvnicate is generic; it is allowing others 
to enjoy in common with us. Impart is 
move specific ; it is giving to others a part 
of what we had held as our own, as, to 
impart our feelings, of our property, &c. 
Hence there is something more intimate 
in imparting intelligence than in com- 
municating it. To reveal is to disclose 
something hidden or concealed, as a 
secret. 

— v.i. To have interafurse or the 
meansof intercourse. 

■GoM-MU'Nl-eA'TiON, re. I. Act of 
communicating. 2. Means of pass- 
ing from place to place. 3. That 
which is communicated or imparted. 
Syx. —Commerce; correspondence. 

£'OM-MU'Nl-€A-TlVE, a. Inclined to 
communicate ; ready to impart to 
others. 

-GoM-MU'Nl-eA-TlVE-NESs, re. Quali- 
ty of being communicative. 

€OM-MUN'ION, re. 1. Mutual inter- 
course. 2. Union in religious faith ; 
fellowship. 3. A body of Christians 
having one common faith. 4. Cele- 
bration of the Lord's supper. 

•Gom'mu-nism, re. [Fr. communisme y 
fr. commun, common.] Community 
of property among citizens ; social- 
ism, [communism. 

€6m'MU-n¥st, re. An advocate for 

€oM-MU'JVl-TY,n. [Lat. communitas.\ 
1. Common possession. 2. A society 
of people having common interests. 
3. The public, or people in general. 

€om-mtj'TA-bil'i-TY, re. Quality of ' 
being commutable. 

€om-mu'ta-ble, a. Capable of being 
exchanged or given for another. 

€6m'MU-TA'TION, re. 1. Change. 2. 
Barter; exchange. 3. Substitution 
of onepenalty for another. 

€om-mu'ta-tive, a. Relative to ex- 
change ; interchangeable. 

€om-mute', u. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
commutare , from com, for con, and 
mutare, to change.] 1. Vo exchange ; 
to substitute. 2. To pay less for in 
the gross than would be paid for the 
separate trips. — v, i. 1. To obtain 
or bargain for exemption. 2. To 
make an arrangement to pay in 
gross. 

€oM-PA€T',a. [Lat. compingere,corn- 
pactus, fr. com, for con, and pangere, 
to fasten, fix.] 1. Closely united. 2. 
Brief; succinct. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To consolidate. 2. To unite or 
connect firmly, as in a system. — ru 
An agreement ; a covenant. 

€om-pX€T'ly, adv. Closely ; densely. 

€OM-PA€T'NESS, re. Close union of 
parts ; density. 

COM-PAN'ION, re. [From L. Lat. cor^, 
panium, fellowship, a mess.] One 
who accompanies, or is associated 
with, another. 

€om-p!n'ion-a-ble, a. Agreeable 
as a companion ; fit for good fellow- 
ship; sociable. [association. 

-Com-pXn'ion-shIp, re. Fellowship ; 

€6m'PA-NY (kum'-), re. 1. State of 



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COMPARABLE 



80 



COMPLEX 



being a companion. 2. An assemb- 
lage of persons. 3. Guests. 4. A 
corporation ; a firm. 5. Partners 
whose names are not mentioned in 
the title of the firm. 6. A subdivision 
of a regiment. — v. i. To associate. 

£!6m'pa-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 
compared ; worthy of comparison. 

€6m'pa-ra-bly, adv. In a manner 
worthy to be compared. 

Oom-pAr'a-tIve , a. 1. Estimated by 
comparison. 2. Having the power 
of comparing. 8. ( Gram.) Express- 
ing a greater or less degree than the 
positive. 

€om-pAr'a-tive-LY, adv. In a com- 
parative manner ; relatively. 
Som-pAre' (4), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. cjmparare, fr. compar, like or 
equal to another.] 1. To examine 
the mutual relations of 2. To rep- 
resent as similar ; to liken. 3. To 
inflect according to degrees cf com- 
parison. — v. i. To be like or equal. 

Syn.— Compare to: compare with.— 
A thing is compared with another to 
learn their relative value or excellence; 
to another, with a view to show their 
similarity. 

6oM-pAr'i-SON (-sun or -sn), n. 1. 
Act of comparing ; a comparative es- 
timate. 2. Inflection of an adjective 
or adverb. 3. A simile or similitude. 

€OM-PART', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
compart iri, from com, for con, and 
partiri, partire, to share.] To divide ; 
to mark out into parts. 

€6M / PAR-Tl'TroN (-tTsh'un), n. Act 
of dividing into parts. 

-£om-part'me\T, n. One of the sep- 
arate parts into which any thing is 
divided. 

fidM'PASs (kum'-), n. [L. Lat. com- 
passus, circle.] 1. A circuit; cir- 
cumference. 2. An inclosing limit ; 
boundary. 3. An inclosed space; 
extent ; capacity. 4. Range of notes 
of any voice or instrument. 6. A 
magnetic instrument, used to de- 
termine the north and other cardinal 
points. —*.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
go around. 2. To inclose on all 
Bides. 3. To besiege or invest. 4. 
To get within one's power. 6. To 
purpose ; to intend ; to plot. 

Syn. — To surround ; environ ; in- 
close i contrive ; gain ; secure ; obtain. 

•C6m'PASs-e§, n. pi. An instrument 
for describing circles, &c. 

CoM-PAs'SION (-pash'un), n. [Lat. 
compassio, fr. compali, fr. com and 
pati, to bear, suffer.] Sorrow excited 
by the distress or misfortunes of an- 
other. 

Syn. — Pity ; sympathy ; commisera- 
tion. 

•GOM-PAS'SION-ATE,^ t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To pity ; to commiserate. 

€!om-pAs'sion-ate (-pash'un-, 45), 
a. Full of compassion. 

Syn. — Sympathizing; tender; merci- 
ful. 

€om-pAs'sion-ate-ly, adv. With 
compassion : mercifully. 

€om-pAT'I-b!l'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being compatible. 



€0M-pXt'I-ble, a. [L. Lat. compati- 
bilis. See Compassion.] Capable 
of existing in harmony. 

Syn.— Consistent ; suitable ; agreea- 
ble; accordant; congruous. 

€om-pAt'i-ble-ness, n. Compati- 
bility ; consistency. [sistently. 

€om-pAt'I-BLY, adv. Fitly ; con- 

Com-pa'tri-ot, n. A fellow-patriot 
of the same country. 

€om-peer', n. One who is an equal ; 
a companion ; a peer. 

€OM-PEL', V. t. [-LED ; -LING.] [Lat. 
compelled, fr. com, for con, and pel- 
lere, to drive.] 1. To drive or urge 
irresistibly. 2. To take by force. 

Syn. — To constrain ; oblige ; neces- 
sitate. 

€om-p£l'la-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing compelled. 

€6m'PEL-la'tion, n. [Lat. compel- 
latio, fr. compellare, to accost.] Man- 
ner of address ; appellation. 

€om-P£l'LER, n. One who compels. 

€6m'pend, n. [Lat. compendium, fr. 
compendere, to weigh.] A brief com- 
pilation ; an abridgment. 

€om-pend'i-ous, a. Summed up 
within narrow limits. 

€om-PEND'i-oOs-LY, adv. Sum- 
marily ; in brief. [ness ; brevity. 

€OM-PEND'l-o0s-NESS, n. Short- 

€OM-PEN'DI-UM, n. ; pi. COM-PEN'- 
DI-UMS.. [See COMPEND.] An a- 
bridgmentor epitome. 

€6m'pen-sate, or €om-pen'sAte, 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. compensare, 
compensatus , to weigh.] 1. To give 
an equivalent to. 2. To be equiva- 
lent to in value or effect. — v. i. To 
make amends. 

€6m'PEN-sA'TION, n. 1. Act or prin- 
ciple of compensating. 2. An equiv- 
alent. 

Syn. — Recompense ; reward ; remu- 
neration ; requital ; satisfaction. 

€om-PEN'SA-TiVE, ) a. Affording 

€om-pen'sa-to-ry, j compensation ; 
making amends. 

€OM-PETE', 1). J. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
competere, from con and peter e, to 
seek.] To contend, as rivals, for a 
prize. 

€6m'pe-TENCE, ) n. [Lat. competen- 

€oM'PE-TEN-CY, J tia.] 1. State of 
being competent; fitness; power; 
capacity. 2. Sufficiency, especially of 
property. 

€6m/pe-tent, a. 1. Answering to 
all requirements. 2. Having ade- 
quate power or right. 

Syn. - Sufficient ; fitted ; euitable ; 
qualified; adequate. 

€6m'pe-tent-ly, adv. Adequately. 

€6m/pe-tPtion (kom'pe-tlsh'un), n. 
Common strife for the same object ; 
strife for superiority. 

Syn. — Emulation ; rivalry ; contest ; 
struggle; contention. 

€om-pet'i-tIve, a. Pertaining to 
competition. 

€om-pet'i-tor, n. [Lat.] One who 
claims what another claims ; a rival. 

CJom/pi-la'tion, n. 1. Act of com- 
piling. 2. A book compiled. 



Com-pIle', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat 
compilare, to scrape together and 
carry off.] To compose out of ma- 
terials from other works. 

€om-pil'er, n. One who makes a 
compilation. 

€om-PLA'cence, \n. 1. A feeling 

€om-pla'£En-CY, J of quiet pleas- 
ure. 2. Cause of pleasure. 3. Mani- 
festation of pleasure. 

Syn. — Gratification; satisfaction; ci- 
vility. 

€om-PlA'cent, o. [Lat. complacere, 
complacens, from con and placer e, to 
please.] Accompanied with pleasure; 
gratified. [placent manner. 

€om-pla'cent-ly, adv. In a com- 

€OM-PLAIN', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. complangere, fr. con and plan- 
gere, to beat the breast, bewail.] 1. 
To express distress, pain, or censure. 
2. To bring an accusation. 

Syn. — To murmur; accuse; lament; 
regret; repine. 

Com-plAin'ant, n. 1. One who 
makes a complaint. 2. A plaintiff. 

€om-plain'er, n. One who com- 
plains. 

€OM-PLAlNT', n. 1. Expression of 
grief, pain, censure, or resentment. 
2. Cause of complaining. 3. A dis- 
ease ; a disorder. 

Syn. — Lamentation; sorrow; grief. 

€6M'PLAi-§ANCE',n. [Fr. See Com- 
placent.] Obliging compliance 
with the wishes of others. 

Syn. — Civility ; courtesy ; urbanity ; 
suavity; affability. 

€6m'plai-sAnt', a. Kindly atten- 
tive; affable. [vility. 

€6m'plai-§Ant'ly, adv. With ci- 

€6M'PLE-MENT, n. [Lat. complemen- 
tum. See Complete.] That which 
supplies a deficiency ; something re* 
quired to make a thing complete. 

€6m / PLE-MENT'al, a. Supplying, or 
tending to supply, a deficiency. 

€6m'ple-MENT'A-ry, a. Serving tr 
complete. 

€om-plete', a. 1. Free from de- 
ficiency ; perfect ; consummate. 2. 
Finished ; ended ; concluded. 

Syn. — Whole; entire; total.— Whole 
has reference to parts, as, a whole week; 
total to parts taken collectively, as, the 
total amount; entire sets aside parts, and 
regards a thing as continuous or un- 
broken, as, an entire year: complete sup- 
poses progress, end, or object, as, a com- 
plete victory. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. complere, 
completum, fr. con and plere, to fill.] 
1. To bring to a state in which there 
is no deficiency. 2. To bring to pass. 

€om-PLETE'ly, adv. In a complete 
manner ; fully. 

€om-plete'ness, n. State of being 
complete. 

€om-ple'tion, n. 1. Act of com- 
pleting. 2. Fulfillment ; accomplish- 
ment. 

€oM-PLE'TlVE, a. Making complete. 

CoM'PLEX, a. [Lat. complecti, com- 
plexus, to comprise, fr. con and plec- 
tere, to twist.] Composed of two or 
more parts. 



A, E, I, d,V,Y,long,- A, E,I, 6 ,D,Y, short; CARE, fAr, Ask, ALL, V'HAT ; ERE, VEIL, r£?J30.; PIQUE, FIRM; s6N 5 



COMPLEXEDNESS 



81 



COMPURGATION 



Syn. —Composite; compounded; com- 
plicated. 

— n. Assemblage; collection. 
€om-PLEX'ed-ness, n. Quality of 

being complex. 
€om-plex'ion (-plek'shun), n. [Lat. 

complexio.] 1. Connection of parts. 

2. Color or hue of the face or skin. 

3. General appearance or aspect. 
€om-plex'ion-al, ) a. Pertaining 
Com-PLEX'ion-a-ry, J to the com- 
plexion. 

€om-PLEX'I-ty, n. State of being 
complex ; intricacy. [manner. 

t ; OM'PLEX-LY, adv. In a complex 

f OM-plex'ure, n. Complication of 
one thing with others. 

£'om-PL.I'a-bl,e, a. Inclined to com- 
ply or yield ; compliant. 

fiOM-PLl'ANCE, n. 1. Act of com- 
plying. 2. A disposition to yield to 
others. 

€'OM-PLl'ANT, a. 1. Bending ; pliant. 
2. Inclined to comply. 

€6M'PLI-eA-CY, n. State of being 
complex oj* intricate. 

€6m'PLI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. complicare, complicatus, fr. con 
and plicare, to fold ] 1. To fold or 
twist together. 2. To render complex. 

€6m'pl,I-CATE (45), a. Complex; 
complicated. 

CoM'PLl-eA/TION, n. Intricate or 
confused blending of parts ; complex- 
ity, [volve. 

€6m'pli-€A'tTve, a. Tending to in- 

€'OM-plic'i-ty, n. Condition of being 
an accomplice. 

€6m'PLI-ment, n. [From Lat. com- 
plere, to fill up.] Manifestation of 
regard or admiration ; delicate flat- 
tery. — v. t. To flatter, or gratify 
with, praises. — v. i. To use or pass 
compliments. 

€om'PLI-MENT'al, ( a. Expres- 

■eoM'PLI-MENT'A-RY, J siveof civil- 
ity, regard, or praise ; civil. 

€6m'PLOT, n. [Lat. complicitum, 
equiv. to complication complication.] 
A conspiracy ; a cabal. 

€OM-PL,OT',t«. t. & ?'. [-ted: -ting, 
136.] To plot together ; to conspire. 

oOM'PEU-ten'sian, a. Pertaining 
to the polyglot edition of the Bible 
published at Complutum, or Alcala, 
in Spain, in 1522. 

C'OM-PLY', V. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. complicare, to fold up or to- 
gether, to bend ; or from complete, to 
to till up, to fulfill.] To yield assent ; 
to accord, agree, or acquiesce. 

<Jom-p5'nent, a. [See COMPOSE.] 
Serving or helping to form. — n. A 
constituent part ; an ingredient. 

OOM-POKT', C. I*. [-ED ; -in'g.] [Lat. 
comportarr, from con and portare, to 
bear, conduct.] To agree; to ac- 
cord ; to suit. — v. I. To behave ; to 
conduct. 

€om-port'a-b:le, a. Consistent. 

tOM-POSJS', A}, t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
componere, compositum, to put to- 
gether, from con and ponere, to put.] 
1. To form by uniting two or more 
things. 2. To constitute. 3. To be- 



come the author of. 4. To reduce to 
order. 5. To set at rest. b\ To place 
in order for printing, as type. 

Syn. — To construct ; settle ; quiet ; 
calm ; appease ; allay. 

€om-po§ed', p. a. Calm ; quiet. 

€om-po§'ed-ly, adv. In a composed 
manner. 




€ O M-P O S 'E D-NE SS . 

COM-POg'ER, n. One who composes ; 
an author ; especially an author of a 
piece of music. 

€om-po§'ing-sti£:k, n. An instru- 
ment of adjustable width, in which 
types are arranged iuto words and 
lines. 

€om-p6s/Ite, a. 
[See Compose.] 

1. Made up of 
distinct parts or 
elements. 2. Be- 
longing to an or- 
der of architect- 
ure made up of 
the Ionic graft- 
ed upon the Cor- 
inthian. Composite Order. 

Composite number, one which can be 
measured exactly bv a number exceed- 
ing unity. 

-eoM/po-sjf'TlON (-zlsh'un), n. 1. 
Act of composing. 2. State of being 
composed. 3. That which is formed 
by composing. 

Syn.— Work ; production ; mixture ; 
agreement ; adjustment. 

€om-pos/i-tive, a. Compounded, 
or having the power of compounding. 

€om-po§'i-tor, n. One who sets 
type._ 

€6m'p5st, n. [Lat. compositum. See 
Compose.] A mixture for fertil- 
izing land. — v. t. To manure with 
compost. 

€om-po§'ure, n. 1. Act of compos- 
ing, or that which is composed ; a 
composition. 2. Calmness ; tranquil- 
lity. 

€om-pound', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
componere, from con and ponere, to 
put, set.] 1. To combine or unite. 

2. To settle amicably. — v. i. To 
settle by compromise. 

•Gom'pound, a. [0. Eng. compowned, 
p. p. of compowne, compone, fr. Lat. 
componere.] Composed of elements, 
ingredients, or parts. — n. Mixture 
of elements, ingredients, or parts. 

€6M'PRE-HEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. comprekendere , from con and 
prehendere, to grasp, seize.] 1. To 
include by construction or implica- 
tion. 2. To take into the mind ; to 
apprehend the meaning of. 

€6m/pre-hen/si-b1l/i-ty, n. State 
of being comprehensible. 

€6m / pre-hen'si-ble, a. Capable of 
being comprehended. 

€6M / PRE-HEN'siON,n. 1. Act of com- 
prehending. 2. That which is com- 
prehended. 3. Capacity of the mind 
to perceive and understand. 

Com'pre-hen'sive, a. Including 
much within narrow limits. 

Syn. — Extensive ; wide ; large ; full. 



^om'pre-hen'sIve-ly, adv. In a 
comprehensive manner. 

^om'PRE-hen'sIve-ness, n. Quali- 
ty of being comprehensive. 

€OM-PRESS', v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
comprimere, compressum, from con 
and premere, to press.] To bring 
within narrower limits or space. 

SrN.— To crowd; press; squeeze; con- 
dense. I 

■Com'PRESS, n. A folded piece of 
linen, to make due pressure on any 
part. 

{Jom-press/i-bii/i-ty, n. Quality 
of being compressible. 

€om-press'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing compressed. [pressibility. 

€OM-PRESS'I-BLE-NESS, n. Com- 

€om-pres'SION (-presh'un), n. . Act 
of compressing, or state of being com- 



€om-press'URE (-presh'ijr), n. Act 
or force of one body pressing against 
another; pressure. 

€om-pris/al,, n. Act of comprising 
or comprehending. 

€OM-PRISE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
compris, comprise, p. p. of compren- 
dre, from Lat. comprekendere.] To 
comprehend ; to include. 

Syn.— To embrace; contain; incloset 
imply. 

<36m'pro-MI§e, n. [Lat. compromis- 
sum, from compromittere, to promise 
mutually to abide by the decision of 
an arbiter.] Adjustment of differ- 
ences by mutual concessions. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To adjust by mutu- 
al concessions. 2. To put to hazard. 

€6m'pro-mis/er, n. One who com- 
promises. 

€6M'PRO-MIT, v. t. [-ED, -ING; or 
-TED, -TING, 137] [See COMPRO- 
MISE.] 1. To promise. 2. To put to 
hazard ; to compromise 

€OMP-TROl/LER (kon-), n. A con- 
troller;— a title of certain officers. 

€om-pui/sa-tive, ) a. [Fr. Lat. 

€OM-PtJI/SA-TO-RY, ) compulsare, 
to compel.] Operating by force; 
compelling. 

€om-pul'sion, n. 1. Act of compel- 
ling. 2. State of being compelled. 

Syn. — Constraint ; restraint. — Re- 
straint is a holding back from some act; 
constraint is a driving one into it by an 
urgency which overrules the will; com- 
pulsion is the use of overpowering force. 

€om-pul/sive, a. Forcing; con- 
straining ; compulsatory. 

€om-PUI/sive-LY, adv. By compul- 
sion, [straining. 

€oM-PtJL/SO-RY, a. Compelling ; con- 

€oM-PUNe'TlON, n [From Lat. com- 
pungere, from con and pungere, to 
prick, sting.] Poignant grief. 

Syn. — Remorse. — Remorse (lit. gnaw- 
ing) is anguish of soul under a sense of 
guilt; compunction is pain from a wound- 
ed and awakened conscience. 

€om-pOn€'tious, a. Attended with 
compunction . 

€6m / pur-ga'tion, n. [Lat. compur- 
gare, to purify wholly.] Act of jus- 
tify ing a man's veracity by the oath 
of others. 



OR, DO, WOLF. TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL : 
6 



E, I, O, silent ; £, G_ soft; €, G, hard; ,s ; EXIST ; N as NG; Tills. 



COMPURGATOR 



82 



CONCOCTIVE 



€6m'pur-ga'tor, n. One who bears 
testimony to the veracity of another. 

€om-put'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
computed. 

fcJoM'FU-TA'TiON, n. Act or process 
of computing. 

Syn. — Reckoning ; calculation; esti- 
mate ; account. 

€om-pute', v. t. [-ed; -Ing.] [Lat. 
computare , from con and putare, to 
clean ; fig., to set in order, reckon.] 
To determine by calculation. 

Syn. — To calculate; number ; count; 
reckon ; estimate. 

€oM-PUT'ER,«, One who computes. 

€6m'rade (22), n. [0. Eng. came- 
rade, from Lat. camera, chamber.] 
A companion or associate. 

€6n, v. t. [-NED; -NING,136.] [A.-S. 
cunnan, to know, to be able.] To 
study over ; to peruse. 

€5'NA-TIVE, a. [Lat. conari,conatus, 
to attempt.] Endeavoring ; attempt- 
ing. 

€on-€Xm'er-ATE, v. t. [Lat. con- 
camerare, from con and ca?ntrare, to 
arch.] To arch over : to vault. 

^ON-eXM/ER-A'TlON, n. An arch or 
vault. 

€ON-GXT'E-NATE, l». t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. concatenate, -natum, from con 
and catena, chain.] To link togeth- 
er ; to unite in a successive series. 

^ON-eXT'E-NA'TION, n. A series of 
links united ; a successive series of 
things depending on each other. 

€6n'€AVE (82), a. [Lat. concavus, 
fr. con and cavus, hollow.] Hollow 
and curved or rounded. — n. A hol- 
low ; an arched vault. 

€on-€AV'1-ty, n. Internal surface 
of a hollow rounded body ; or the 
spacewithin suchjjody. 

€on-€A'vo-€on'€Ave", a. Concave 
or hollow on both surfaces. 

€oN-eA'VO-€6N'VEX, a. Concave 
on one side and convex oh the other. 

€on-€A'voOs, a. Concave; hollow. 

€ON-9EAI/, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concelare, fr. con and celare, to hide.] 

1. To withdraw from observation. 

2. To withhold from utterance or 
declaration. 

Syn. — To hide ; disguise ; dissemble ; 
secrete. — To hide is generic ; to conceal 
is simply not to make known what we 
wish to keep secret; to disguise or dissem- 
ble is to conceal by assuming some false 
appearance ; to secrete is to hide in some 
place of secrecy. A man may conceal 
facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble 
liia feelings, or secrete stolen goods. 

€on-CEAL'a-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing concealed. 

€on-ceal'ment, n. 1. Act of con- 
cealing, or state of being concealed. 
2. Place of hiding. 

€ON-<?EDE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concedere, from con and cedere, to 
yield.] 1. To yield or suffer to pass. 
2. To admit to be true. 

Syn.— To grant; allow; admit; yield; 
surrender. 

f ON-CEIT', n. 1. A conception ; idea. 
2. A quaint fancy. 3. Over-estima- 
tion of one's self ; vanity. 



€ON-£EIT'ED, a. Entertaining a flat- 
tering opinion of one's self ; vain. 

€ON-CElT'ED-LY, adv. In a conceit- 
ed manner. [conceited. 

€ON-£EIT'ED-NESS,n. State of being 

t'ON-^Eiv'A-BLE, o. Capable of be- 
ing conceived ; imaginable. 

■Con-CEIV'a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being conceivable. 

€on-CEIV'A-BLY, adv. Inaconceiv- 
able manner. 

€on-£ei ve% v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
concipere, from con and capere, to 
seize.] 1. To receive into the womb 
and breed. 2. To form in the mind. 
3. To picture to the imagination. 

Syn.— To apprehend; imagine ; sup- 
pose ; believe ; think. 
— v.i. 1. To become pregnant. 2. 
To think. 

Consent', n. [Lat. concentus.] Con- 
cert of voices ; harmony. 

€on-oen'ter, ) v. t. cr i. [-ED ; 

€ON-(,'EN'TRE, | -ING.] [Lat. con 
and cfntrare, to center.] To come or 
bring to a point. 

€6n'£en-trate, or €on-£EN'- 

TRATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
bring to a common (enter, or to unite 
more closel/ ; to combine. 

<36n/cen-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of 
concentrating. 2. Volatilization of 
part of a liquid, to increase the 
strength of the remainder. 

€on-<^en'tra-tive-ness, n. Pow- 
er of concentrating the intellectual 
force. [center. 

€on-€EN'TRI€, a. Having a common 

€ON-CEN'TRI€-AL-LY, adv. In a 
concentric manner. 

^ON'^EN-TRIC'I-TY, n. State of 
being concentric. [conception. 

€6n'CEPT, n. An abstract general 

€on-£ep'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
ceiving. 2. State of being conceived. 
3. Formation in the mind of an idea 
or notion. 4. Idea or notion formed 
in the mind. 6. Faculty of forming 
ideas. 

€on-9EPT'u-al-I2M, n. A theory 
that the mind has the power of form- 
ing for itself general conceptions of 
individual or single objects. 

€ON-CERN' (14), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. concernere, to mix together, 
as in a sieve.] 1. To relate or be- 
long to. 2. To take an interest in. 
3. To disturb. — n. 1. That which 
belongs to one. 2. Interest in, or 
care for, any person or thing. 3. 
Persons connected in business. 

Syn. — Anxiety ; solicitude ; interest; 
regard ; affair. 

€on-c£rn'ing, prep. Pertaining to ; 
regarding ; with respect to. 

€on-cern'ment, n. 1. Affair; busi- 
ness. 2. Importance ; moment. 3. 
Interposition. 4. Anxiety. 

€ON-9ERT', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
concertare, to contend.] 1. To plan 
together. 2. To plan ; to devise. 

€6n'cert, n. 1. Agreement. 2. Mu- 
sical accordance or harmony. 3. A 
public musical entertainment. 

€6n'9ert-pitch, n. (Mus.) The 



pitch generally adopted for a given 
t tone, and by which the other tones 
are governed. 

€on-9Es'sion (-seWun), n. [Lat 
concessio.] 1. Act of granting. 2. 
The thing granted ; a boon. [sion. 

€on-9Es'sive, a. Implying conces- 

€6n€H (konk, 82), n. [Cir. Koyxnl 
A marine shell. 

€6ngh'oid, n. [Gr. /coyvoeioVjs, from 
K °yXVi shell, and ei6os, form.] 
( Geom.) A curve of the fourth order. 

€on-€Hoid'al, a. Having elevations 
or depressions like the valve of a bi- 
valve shell. 

€on-€h6l'0-GIst, n. One versed 
in the natural history of shells. 

€0N-€h6l'0-GY, n. [Gr. Koyx-q, shell, 
and \6yos, discourse.] Doctrine or 
science of ^hells. 

€oN-C1L'I-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. conciliate, conciliates, to bring 
together.] To win over from a state 
of indifference or hostility. 

Con-ciVi-a'tion, n. Act of concil- 
iating : reconciliation. 

Con-^il'i-a'tor, n. One who con- 
ciliates or reconciles. 

€on-Cil'i-a-to-RY (50), a. Tending 
to conciliate. 

€on-91SE', a. [Lat. concisvs, cut off, 
short.] Expressing much ia a few 
words. 

Syn. — Laconic ; terse ; brief; short ; 
compendious; comprehensive ; summa- 
ry; succinct. 

Con-cIse'ly, adv. In few words. 

€on-cise'ness, n. Brevity in speak- 
ing or writing. 

€on-9I§'ion (-sTzh'un), n. 1. A cut- 
ting off ; a faction. 2. Circumcision. 

€6n'€LAVE , n. [Lat. conclave, fr. con 
and clavis, key.] 1. Assembly of the 
cardinals. 2. A private meeting. 

CON-€LUDE',t.«. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
concludere, fr. con and cludere, clau- 
dere, to shut.] 1. To close, as an ar- 
gument, by inferring. 2. To bring 
to an end. 3. To make a final deter- 
mination of. 

Syn. — To infer ; decide ; determine ; 
finish ; terminate ; end. 

— v. i. 1. To come to an end; to 
terminate. 2. To form a final judg- 
ment. 

€on-€LUD'ER, n. One who concludes. 

€ON-€LU'gION, n. 1. Last part of 
any thing. 2. Final decision. 3. 
Consequence or deduction. 

€ON-€L,fj'siVE, a. Putting an end to 
debate or question. 

€on-€!LU'sIve-LY, adv. Decisively; 
definitively. 

€on-€LU'sive-ness, n. Quality of 
being conclusive. 

€ON-€0€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
concoguere, from con and coquere, to 
cook, to digest.] 1. To digest. 2. 
To mature or perfect. 3. To contrive; 
to plot. 

t^ON-COC'TlON, n. 1. Digestion. 2. 
A bringing to maturity. 3. Contriv- 
ance. 

€ON-€0€T'IVE, a. Having the pow- 
er of digesting or ripening. 



A , 



o,u, Y,long; A, £,I, 6,0, K r , short; cAre, far, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, fXrm; s6n 



CONCOMITANCE 



83 



CONFABULATE 



c ON-€OM'I-tance, la. State of ac- 

c/ON-com'i-tan-'cy, j conipanying ; 
accompaniment. 

eoN-€OM'i-TANT, a. [Lat. con and 
comitari, to accompany.] Accompa- 
nying, or conjoined. — n. A com- 
panion ; an accompaniment. 

66N'€ORD (82), n. [Lat. concordia, 
fr. con and cor, heart.] 1. Harmony ; 
union. 2. Grammatical agreement 
of words with one another. 3. Aeon- 
sonant chord ; consonance. 

€on-cord'an£E (82), ». 1. Agree- 
ment. 2. A minute verbal index to 
a work. [monious. 

€on-€ORD'ANT, a. Agreeing ; har- 

€on-€6rd'ant-ly, adv. In a con- 
cordant manner. 

€OxV-€OR'dat, n. An agreement be- 
tween the pope and a government for 
the regulation of ecclesiastical mat- 
ters. 

eoN-€OR'PO-RATE , v. i. To unite in 
one mass or body. [one body. 

C'ON-€OR'PO-RATE, a. United in 

t'ON'€OURSE (82), n. [Lat. concursus, 
from concurrere, to run together.] 1. 
A moving or running together. 2. 
An assembly ; a crowd. 

e6N'€RE-MENT, n. [See CONCRETE.] 
Mass formed by concretion or natu- 
ral union. 

Con-cres'cence, n. A growing by 
spontaneous union, or by coales- 
cence. 

Gon'crete, a. [Lat. concretus, p. p. 
of concr esc ere, to grow together.] 1. 
United in growth ; united in a solid 
form. 2. Existing in a subject ; not 
abstract. — n . 1. A mass formed by 
concretion. 2. A term designating 
both a quality and the subject in 
which it exists. 

eON-€RETE', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
unite, as separate particles, into a 
mass. — v. t. To form into a mass. 

Con-crete'LI" arJv. In a concrete 
manner. [concrete. 

€on-€RETE'ness, n. State of being 

€ON-€RE'TION, n. 1. Act of concret- 
ing. 2. Mass formed by congelation, 
or other like natural process 

€on-€RE'tive, a. Promoting con- 
cretioji. [concubine. 

€on-«u'bi-nage , n. State of being a 

fc'ON-CU'Bl-NAL, ) a. Pertaining to 

€on-€U'bi-na-ry, J a concubine or 
to concubinage. 

€6n'€U-bine (82), n. [Lat. concubi- 
na, fr. concubare, to lie together.] A 
woman who cohabits with a man 
without being his wife. 

€on-€U'pis-cence, n. Unlawful or 
irregular desire ; lust. 

<3on-€U'pis-cent, a. [Lat. concupis- 
cere, concupiscens, to long for.] De- 
sirous of unlawful pleasure. 

Syn.— Libidinous: lustful; lecherous. 

€ON-€UR', v. i. [-RED ; -KTNG, 136.] 
[Lat. concurrere, to run together.] 1. 
To meet in the same point. 2. To 
act jointly. 3. To unite in opinion. 

Syn. — To agree ; unite ; combine ; 
coincide. 

€ON-€UR'RENCE, n. 1. Union ; con- 



junction. 2. Agreement in opinion. 
3. Joint rights. 

€on-cDr'rent, a. 1. Acting in con- 
junction ; co-operating. 2. Conjoined ; 
associate. 3. Joint and equal in au- 
thority. — n. Joint or contributory 
cause. [currence. 

€ON-€UE'RENT-LY, adv. With con- 

€ON~eiJS'siON (-kiish'un), n. [Lat. 
concussio, fr. concutere, to shake vio- 
lently .] Act of shaking or agitating ; 
agitation ; shock. 

€oN-€Us'siVE,a. Having the power 
or quality of shaking. 

€oN-DEMN'(-dem / ),r. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. condemnare, from con and dam- 
nare, to condemn.] 1. To pronounce 
to be wrong. 2. To pronounce a ju- 
dicial sentence against. 3. To pro- 
nounce unfit for service. 

Syn. — To blame ; censure ; reprove; 
doom; sentence. 

€on-1)EM'na-BLE, a. Worthy of 
condemnation. 

€6n'dem-na/tion, n. Act of con- 
demning, or state of being con- 
demned. 

Sin.— Sentence; judgment; reproba- 
tion; blame. 

€on-dem'na-to-ry, a. Bearing con- 
demnation or censure. [demns. 

€on-DEM'NER, n. One who con- 

€on-den'sa-ble, a. Capable of being 
condensed. 

€ON-DEN'SATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To condense. — v. i. To become more 
dense, close, or hard. 

-eoN/DEN-SA'TlON, n. Act of mak- 
ing more dense or compact. 

€on-den'sa-tive, a. Having power 
to condense. 

€on-dense', v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
condensare, from con and densare, to 
make thick or dense.] To make more 
close, compact, or dense. — v. i. To 
become close or more compact. 

€on-dens'er, n. One who, or that 
which, condenses. 

CON'DE-SCEND', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. condescend ere, from Lat. con 
and descendere.] 1. To relinquish 
rank or dignity. 2. To recede from 
one's rights ; to stoop. 

Con'de-scen'sION, n. Voluntary 
descent from rank, dignity, or just 
claimjs to equality with another. 

-Gon-dign' (-din'), a. [Lat. condig- 
nus, very worthy.] Deserved ; mer- 
ited ;_ suitable. 

■Gon-dign'ly (-dln'lyO, adv. Accord- 
ing to merit. 

■Gon-dign'ness (-dm / -, 109), n. Agree- 
ableness to deserts ; suitableness. 

-Gon'DI-MENT, n. [Lat. condimentum, 
from condire, to preserve, pickle.] 
Something to give relish to food ; 
seasoning. 

Con'dis-ci'ple, n. [Lat. condiscipu- 
lus,fr. con and discipulus, disciple.] 
A fellow-disciple ; a school-fellow. 

€ON-DI'TION (-dish'un), n. [Lat. con- 
ditio, from condere, to put or join to- 
gether.] 1. State or situation as to 
external circumstances. 2. Quali- 
ty ; property ; attribute. 3. That 



which must exist as the occasion of 
concomitant of something else. 

Syn. — Circumstances; station ; case; 
terms. 

— v. /. [-ED ; -IN&.] To stipulate *, 
to make terms. — v. t. 1. To con- 
tract. 2. To impose conditions on. 

€on-dP*tion-al (-dish'un-), a. L 
Implying conditions ; not absolute. 
2. Expressing a condition or supposi- 
tion. 

€on-di'tion-al-ly (-dish'un-), adv 
W T ith_certain limitations. 

Con-dole', r. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
condtlere, from con and dolere, to feel 
pain.] To express sorrow at the dis- 
tress of another. 

€on-dole'ment, ) n. Expression of 

€on-do'lence, ) grief for the 
sorrovy of another. " 

€on-»one', i'. i. [-ed; -ing ] [Lat. 
condonare, to forgive.] To forgive 
for a violation of the marriage- vow. 

-CoN'DOR, n. [Peruv. cuntur.] A 
very large bird of the vulture family, 
foundin the Andes. 

Con-duce', v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
conducere, fr. con and ducere, to lead.] 
To promote, answer, or further an 
end ; _to tend 

€on-du'ci-ble, ) a. Having a ten- 

€on-du'cive, } dency to conduce. 

-Con-du'cive-ness, n. Quality of 
conducing. 

€6n'du€T, n. 1. Act or method of 
leading. 2. Skillful guidance. 3. 
That which leads or brings safely. 4. 
Manner of carrying one's self. 

Syn. — Behavior ; carriage ; deport- 
ment ; demeanor ; management. 

€ON-DU€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
lead, or guide. 2. To direct ; to con- 
trol. 3. To manage ; to regulate. — 
v. i. To behave ; to act. 

■GoN-DUe'TlON, n. Transmission by 
means of a conductor. 

€on-du€t'ive, a. Having the power 
of conducting. 

CoN'Due-Tlv'l-TY, n. Power of giv- 
ing passage to some molecular action. 

€on-DU€T'or, n. 1. A leader; a 
manager; a director. 2. A sub- 
stance capable of forming a medium 
for the transmission of heat or elec- 
tricity. 

Con-duct'ress, n. A woman who 
conducts. 

€on'duit (kon'dit or kun'dit), n. [0- 
Fr. conduict, Lat. conductus. See 
supra.] A pipe, canal, or the like. 

€ON-DU'PLI-€ATE, a. [Lat. condu- 
plicatus, fr. condvplicare , to double,] 
Doubled together. 

CONE, n. [Gr. ku>vo<;.] 1. 
A solid body, tapering 
regularly to a point 
from a circular base. 
2. Conical fruit of the 
pine, cedar, JStc. 

€'ON-FAB'U-LATE, V. i. 
[-ED; -ING.) [Lat. con- 
fabulatus, p. p. of con- 
fabulari, from con and 
fabulari, to speak.] To 
talk familiarly together ; to chat. 




Cone. 



DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent; C,G,sq/"*v €,G,hard; as; EXIST ; N as N& ; T-HI3- 



CONFABULATION- 



S' 



CONFUTE 



€on-fab/u-la'tion, n. Familiar 
talk or conversation. 

€6n'fe€T, I n. [From Lat. con- 

€on-fe€'tion, ) ftcere, confectum, 
to prepare.] A preparation of fruit, 
&c, with sugar ; a comfit. 

€on-fe€'tion-er, n. One who 
makes and sells candies, &c. 

Con-fec'tion-er-y, n. 1. Confec- 
tions ; candies. 2. A place where 
candies, sweetmeats, &c, are made 
or sold. 

€on-fed'EE-A-CY, n, 1. A league or 
covenant. 2." Persons or states, 
united by a league. 3. An unlawful 

4 combination ; a conspiracy. 

Syn. — League ; alliance ; coalition. 

€on-fed'ER-ate, a. [Lat. confxd- 
eratus, p. p. of confaderare , to join by 
a league.] United in a league. — n. 
A person or nation engaged in a con- 
federacy ; an ally. 

€ON-FED'ER-ATE, V. t. or ». [-ED ; 
-ING.J To unite in a league ; to ally. 

€on-Fed'er-a'tion, n. 1. A league ; 
an alliance. 2. Parties to a league. 

€on-fed'er-a / tive, a. Pertaining 
to a confederation. 

€on-f£r',i>.*. [-red; -ring.] [Lat. 
conferre, from con anilfcrre, to bear, 
carry, bring.] To bestow ; to award. 
— v. i. To discourse or converse in a 
•serious manner. 

€6n'fer-ence, n. 1. Act of con- 
versing seriously. 2. A meeting for 
consultation ; an interview. 

€on-f£r'RA-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing conferred. 

€on-fess', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
conjiteri, confession, fr. con nndfate- 
ri, to confess.] 1. To acknowledge 

, cr admit. 2. To own or recognize. 
3. To assent to. 4. To acknowledge, 
as one's sins to a priest. 

Syn.— To avow. — We acknowledge 
what we feel mnst or ought to be made 
known, as a fault or a favor ; we avow 
with solemnity, as against opposition or 
obloquy, as our principles ; we confess 
what we feel to have been wrong, as our 
sins or errors. 

■Gon-fess'ed-ly, adv. Avowedly; 
undeniably. 

€on-fes'sion (-fesh'un), n. 1. Ac- 
knowledgment; avowal. 2. Act of 
disclosing sins to a priest. 3. A 
formulary of articles of faith. 

€on-fes'sion-al, n. Seat where a 
priest sits to hear confessions. 

€on-fess'or (113), n. 1. One who 
confesses. 2. One who makes a pro- 
fession of his faith in the Christian 
religion. 3. A priest who hears the 
confessions of others. 

Con'FI-dant', n. m. \ [0. Fr.] Acon- 

Con'FI-dante', n.f. ] fidential 

friend. 

■CON-FIDE', f. ?. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
confidere, fr. con an&fidere, to trust.] 
To put faith ; to believe. — v. t. To 
intrust ; to give in charge. 

€6n'fi-den9E, n. 1. Act of confid- 
ing. 2. That in which faith is put. 
3. Feeling of security. 

€6n'fi-dent, a. 1. Having confi- 
dence ; trustful. 2. Having an ex- 



cess of assurance. 3. Giving occa- 
sion for confidence. 

€6n'FI-DEN'tial, a. 1. Enjoying 
confidence ; trustworthy. 2. Com- 
municated in confidence. [dence. 

€6n/fi-den'tial-ly, adv. In confi- 

€6n'FI-dent-ly, ado. With confi- 
dence ; positively. 

€oN-FiG'u-RA'TiON, n . [Lat. config- 
uration fr. conftgurare , to form.] 1. 
External form or figure. 2. Relative 
position of the planets. 

€on-fIg'URE, v. t. [-ed: -ING.] To 
arrange in a certain form or shape. 

€on-f1n'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
confined. 

€6N'FlNE,n. [Lat. confinium, from 
conftnis, bordering.] Common bound- 
ary ; border ; limit. 

€ON-FINE'. v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
restrain within limits. 

Syn. — To bound; limit; restrict. 

€6N'FlNE,er €on-f!ne', r. »'. To 
have a common boundary : to border, 

CON-FiNE'MENT, n. 1. Restraint 
within limits ; imprisonment. 2. 
Detention within doors by sickness. 

Con-fTrm' (18), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. confirmare, fr. con and firmare, 
to make firm.] 1. To make firm, 
fixed, or certain 2. To render valid 
by formal assent. 3. To administer 
the rite of confirmation to. 

Syn.— To strengthen; establish; veri- 
fy; assure. 

€on-fIrm'A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing confirmed. 

-Gon'FIR-MA'TION, n. 1. Act of con- 
firming. 2. Convincing testimony. 
3. Ratification. 4. Right of confirm- 
ing baptized persons. 

€on-firm'a-t!ve, \a. 1. Hav- 

€ON-FIRM'A-TO-RY (50), J ing the 
power of confirming ; serving to con- 
firm ; corroborative. 2. Pertaining 
to the rite of confirmation. 

€on-fTrm'er, n. One who confirms. 

€on-FIS'€!A-BLE, a. Liable to for- 
feiture. 

€6n'fis-cate., or €on-f!s'€ATE 
(117), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. con- 
fisratus, p. p. of conf scare, from con 
and fscus. basket, state treasury.] 
To appropriate, as a penalty, to the 
public use. 

€6n'fis-€ATE, or €on-fis'€ATE, a. 
Appropriated, as <* penalty, to the 
public use. 

€6n'fis-€A'TION, n. The act of ap- 
propriating, as a penalty, to the pub- 
lic use. [cates. 

€6n'fis-€A'tor. n. One who confis- 

Con-fis'ca-to-ry, a. Consigning to 
confiscation. 

€on-FLA'GRANT, a. [Lat. confla- 
grare, fr. con and flagrare, to blaze.] 
Burning together in a common flame. 

€6n'fla-gra'tion, n. A fire on a 
great scale. 

€6n'flT€T, n. 1. Tiolent collision. 
2. A striving to oppose or overcome. 

€ON-FLt€T', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
con fligere, conflictum, from con and 
fligere, to strike.] 1. To strike or 
dash together. 2. To engage in strife. 



€oN'FLU-ENCE,n. 1. Meetingoftwo 
or more streams ; place of meeting 
2. The running together of people. 

€on'FLU-ENT, a. [Lat. cotifluere, con- 
fluens, from con and ftuere, to How.] 
Flowing together ; running one into 
another. — n . A small stream which 
flows into a large one. 

€6n'flux, n. 1. A flowing together 
2. A large assemblage ; a crowd. 

Con-form', i-. «. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
conformare, fr. con and formate, to 
form.] To shape in accordance with ; 
to make like. — v.i. 1. To comply; 
to yield. 2. To be a conformist. 

Con-form'a-ble, a. 1 Similar; 
like. 2. In proper or appropriate 
form. 3. Disposed to compliance; 
submissive. 

€on-form'A-BLY, adv. Suitably; 
agreeably ; consistently. 

€6n'for-ma'tion, n. 1. Agree- 
ment; harmony. 2. Structure of a 
body ; form ; make. 

€on-form'er, n. One who conforms. 

-Con-fokm'IST, n. One who com- 
plies with the worship of the church 
of England. 

€oN-FOR.M'l-TY,?t. 1. Resemblance; 
agreement; congruity. 2. Compli- 
ance with the usages of the estab- 
lished church. 

€oN-FOUND',r. t. [-ed;-ing.1 [Lat. 
confundere, to pour together, fr. con 
and fundere, to pour.] 1. To min- 
gle and blend, so as to be indistin- 
guishable. 2. To throw iuto con- 
fusion or disorder. 

Con-found'ed, ;>. a. 1. Confused. 
2. Very great; enormous. [Coltoa.) 

€oN-FOUND'ED-LY, adv. Enormous- 
ly ; greatly. [founds. 

Con-found'er, n. One who con- 

Con'fra-tLr'ni-ty, n. A brother- 
hood. 

€6n'fri-€A'tion. n. [Lat. confrica- 
tio, fr.. confricare, to rub vigorously.] 
Act of rubbing against or together ; 
friction. 

€on-front' (-front'), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [From Lat. con and frons, 
the forehead or front.] 1. To stand 
facing, or in front of. 2. To stand 
in direct opposition to. 3. To com- 
pare, [fronting. 

CON'FRON-TA'TION, n. Act of con- 

€QN-FU§E', v. t. [-ED;-ING] [Lat. 
confundere, confusum. See CON- 
FOUND.] 1. To render indistinct or 
obscure. 2. To throw into disorder. 
Syn. — To abash ; disconcert ; per- 
plex; confound; distract. 

€on-fus'ed-ly, adv. In a confused 
manner. [confusion. 

€ON-FUS/ED-NESS, n. A state of 

t>on-fus_'ion, n. 1. A promiscuous 
mingling together. 2. Loss of self- 
possession. 3. Overthrow; defeat. 

€on-fvt'a-ble , a. Capable of being 
confuted. 

■eoN-FUT'ANT, n. One who confutes. 

{36n'fu-ta'tion, n. Act of confut- 
ing or disproving. 

■eoN-FUTE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
confutare, fr. con and futare, to ar> 



a, E, I, O, u, Y, long; A, E,I, 6,u, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



CONFUTES 



85 



CONJUNCTURE 



gue.] 1. To put to silence. 2. To 
disprove. 

Sri*. — To refute. — In refuting, we 
prove an assertion to be untrue; in con- 
futing, we prove it to be positively false, 
absurd, &c. 

Eon-fut'er, n. One who confutes. 

€6n'GE (k m'jee), ». [Fr. conge.] 1. 
Act of taking leave ; farewell. 2. A 
bow or a courtesy. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To take leave with, customary 
civilities. 

€o\-geal', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
congelare, from con and gelare, to 
freeze.] 1. To freeze ; to stiffen with 
cold. 2. To stiffen, as from the effect 
of terror. — v. i. To grow hard or 
stiff from cold. [ing congealed. 

€o> T -GEAL'A-BLE,a. Capable of be- 

COXGE D'ELIRE (kon'jl-dl-leer'). 
[Fr., leave to choose.] King's per- 
mission to a dean and chapter to 
'choose a bishop. 

€6.Vge-la'tio\, n. 1. Process of 
congealing. 2. Thing congealed. 

Con'GE-ner, n. [Lat., from con and 
gener, birth, kind.] A thing of the 
same kind or nature. 

€O.N-GE'M-AL, or €ON-GEN'IAL 
(-3"al), a. [Lat. con and genialis, 
genial.] 1. Partaking of the same 
nature or feeling. 2. Naturally suited. 

€o\4e'.vi-al'i-ty, n. Natural af- 
finity ; suitableness. 

Cox-ge'.vi-al-ness, n. Congeniality. 

CON-GEVI-TAL, la. [Lat. congeni- 

t'ON-GEN'ITE, ) rws.from con and 
genitus, born.] 1. Begotten together. 
2. Dating from birth. 

•Con'ger I (kong'gur, 82), n. 

C6n'ger-eel ) [Lat. conger, Gr. 
yoyypos-] A large species of eel. 

Con-ge'ri-es, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., 
fr. congerere, to bring together.] A 
collection of particles or bodies into 
one mass. [lect into a mass. 

CON-GEST', v. t. [See supra.] To col- 

t'ON-GES'TlON (-jest'yun), n. Un- 
natural accumulation of blood. 

Con-gest'ive, a. Indicating, or at- 
tended by, an accumulation of blood 
in some part of the body. 

CON-GLA'Cl-A'TION (-gld'shi-), n. 
[Lat. conglaciare, to freeze.] Act of 
changing into ice ; congelation. 

€'ON-GLO'BATE, r. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To form into a ball. 

CON-GLO'BATE, a. [Lat. conglobare, 
conglobatus, to gather into a ball.] 
Formed or gathered into a ball. 

GoJf-GLO'BATE-LY, adv. In a round 
or roundish form. 

COn'glo-ba'tion, n. Act of form- 
ing into a ball ; a round body. 

Con-globe', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
gather into a ball. 

eo.v-GLOB'u-LATE. v. i. To gather 
into a little round mass. 

€on-glom'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. con- 
glomerare , conglomcratus, to roll to- 
gether.] Gathered together in a 
mass ; co'lected. 

Con-glom'er-ate, «. 1. Collec- 
tion; accumulation. 2. A rock, 
composed of pebbles, cemented to- 



gether. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
gather into a ball or round body. 

€on-GLOM'ER-a'tion, ». A gather- 
ing into a mass ^collection. 

€ON-GLU'TI-NA]NT,a. [Lat. congluti- 
nare, -na?is.] Serving to unite close- 
ly ; healing. — n. A medicine that 
heals wounds by closing them up. 

€ON-GLU'TI-NATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING ] 
[Lat. conglutinare, conglutinatus, to 
glue together.] To glue together ; 
to unite by some glutinous or tena- 
cious substance. 
! CON-GLU'TI-NA'TION, ft. Act of glu- 
! ing together ; junction ; union. 

€oN-GLU'Tl-NA-TiVE. a. Uniting by 
| glue or other like substance. 

Con'go, ) n. [Chin, kung-foo, labor.] 

Con'uou, ) Akind of black tea. 

CON-GRAT'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] [Lat. congratulari, congratu- 
latus, fr. con and gratuiari, to wish 
joy.] To wish joy to on account of 
some happy event. 

Svx. — To felicitate. — We may felici- 
tate a friend on his marriage, meaning 
that we wish him all joy; but to con- 
gratulate, means to unite our joy with 
his. A man whose mistress lias married 
his rival may felicitate, but can hardly 
congratulate that rival on such an event. 

•eoN-GR.XTyu-LA'TIONjn. Actof con- 
gratulating. _ ffers congratulation. 

CoN-GRAT'u-LA'TOR,n. One who of- 

Con-GRAT'U-la-to-RY, a. Expres- 
sive of congratulation. 

CoN'GRE-GATE (82), V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. congregarf, congrega- 
tum, from con and gregare, to collect 
into a flock.] To collect into an as- 
sembly. — v.i. To come together; 
to assemble. 

•eoVGRE-GA'TlON, n. 1. Act of as- 
sembling. 2. A collection of sepa- 
rate things. 3. An assembly of per- 
sons, esp. a reiigious assembly. 

Cox'gre-ga'tion-al (82), a. Per- 
taining to a congregation, or to Con- 
gregationalism. 

CoN'GRE-GA/TION-AL-ISM, n. A 
system of church government which 
vests all power in the assembled 
brotherhood of each local church. 

€6]V/GRE-GA 7 TION-AL-iST, n. One 
who belongs to a Congregational 
church or society. 

Con'gress (82), n. [Lat. congressus, 
fr. congredi, to go or come together.] 
1. A meeting of two or more. 2. A 
formal assembly, as of representa- 
tives. 3. An assembly of senators 
and representatives. 

©S- In the United States, the whole 
body of senators and representatives for 
the two years during which the repre- 
sentatives hold their seats, is called one 
Congre&t. 

€on-GRES'sion-AL (-gresh'un-), a. 
Pertaining to a congress. 

€on-gr£s'si ve , a. Coming together. 

€6n'gress-man (150), n. A member 
of the United States Congress. 

€6n'GRU-ENCE. n. [Lat. congruentia, 
fr. congruere, to agree.] Suitable- 
ness ; agreement : consistency. 

€6n'gru-ent (82), a. Suitable; 
I agreeing ; consistent. 



•CoN-GRU'l-TY, n. Quality df being 
congruent ; fitness ; consistency. 

•eoN'GRU-ous (kong'gryj-us, 82), a. 
Being suitable or pertinent. 

Syn. — Accordant ; fit ; appropriate ; 
consistent. 

€6n'&RU-ous-LY, adv. In a congru- 
ous manner. 

€6n'I€, I a. 1. Having the form 

€6n'I€-al, J of a cone. 2. Pertain- 
ing to a cone. 

Conic section, a curved line formed by 
the intersection of a cone and plane.* 
The conic sections are the parabola, hy- 
perbola, and ellipse. 

Co-NiF'ER-ous, a. [Lat. conus, cone, 
andferre, to bear.] Bearing cones, as 
the pine, fir, &c. 

€o'ni-form, a. [Lat. conns, cone, 
and forma, shape.] In form of a 
cone ; corneal. 

CoN-JEt'T'UR-A-BLE,a. Capable of 
being conjectured. [conjecture. 

€ON-JE€T'UR-AL, a. Depending on 

€o\-JE€T'ur-al-ly, adv. In a con- 
jectural manner. 

Con-ject'ure (53), «. Formation 
of an opinion on. defective evidence. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. con- 
jecturare, from Lat. con and jacere, 
to throw.] To infer on slight evi- 
dence ; tojsurmise ; to guess. 

Con-jegt'ur-er, n. One who con- 
jectures. 

€on-join' } v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
eonjungc re, from con and jungere, to 
join.] 1. To join together. 2. To 
associate. — v. i. To unite ; to join. 

•Con-joint', a. United ; associated. 

CON-JOINT'EY, adv. In a conjoint 
manner. 

Con'ju-GAL, a. [Lat. conjugalis, fr. 
conjux, husband, wife.] Belonging 
to the marriage state ; matrimonial ; 
connubial. 

€6n'JU-GAL-LY, adv. Connubially. 

€6n'ju-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ing] 
[Lat. conjugnre. conjugatus, from con 
and jugare, to yoke, join.] To in- 
flect, as verbs. 

€6n'ju-gate, n. One of two or 
more words of the same stock. — a. 

1. United in pairs. 2. Agreeing in 
derivation with other words. 

Conjugate diameter, a diameter paral- 
lel to a tangent at the vertex of the 
primitive diameter. 

-eoNMU-GA'TlON, n. 1. Act of in- 
flecting, as a verb. 2. A scheme in 
which are arranged all the parts of 
a verb. 3. A class of verbs inflected 
in the same manner. 

■GON-JU'GI-AE, a. Conjugal. 

-GON-JUN-eT', a. [Lat. ronjitngere,con~ 
junctus.] United; conjoined. 

€on-jun€'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
joining. 2. Meeting of two or more 
stars or planets in the same degree . 
of the zodiac. 3. A connecting word. 

Con-Jitnc'tive, n. 1. Closelv united. 

2. Serving to unite. [junction. 
CoN-jaNe'TlVE-LY, adv. In cou- 
€on-jljN€T'ly, adv. In union ; con- 
jointly. 

Con-jOnct'ure (53), it. 1. Union; 
connection. 2. An occasion or crisis 



OR, do, WOLF, too, TOt>li ; URN, rtte, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; £,G, soft; c, g, hard; As; EJIST ; N as NG; THIS 



CONJURATION 



86 



CONSERVE 



as the effect of a concurrence of cir- 
cumstances. 

ConOu-ra'TJON, n. 1. Earnest or 
solemn entreaty. 2. Incantation. 

€on-jure', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 

. conjnrare, to swear together, to con- 
spire.] To call on in a solemn man- 
ner; to adjure. 

Con'jure (kun'jur), v. t. To en- 
chant; to charm; to bewitch. — v. 
i. To practice magical arts. 

-£on-JUR'ER, n. One who conjures, 
or entreats. [practices magic 

•€6n'JUR-er (ktin/jur-er), n. One who 

€6N'NATE, or -CON-NATE' (114), a. 
[Lat. connatus, from con an J natus, 
born.] Born with another ; existing 
from birth. 

■Con-nat'U-RAL, a. 1. Inborn ; in- 
herent ; natural. 2. Participating of 
the same nature. 

€on-n \tu-R.Xl'I-TY, n. Participa- 
tion of the same nature. 

€o.\-NE€T', V. t. [-ed; -IN&.] [Lat. 
connectere, from con and nectere, to 
bind.] To fasten together ; to unite. 

. — v. i. To have a close relation. 

€ON-NE€T'ED-LY, adv. By connec- 
tion. 

€on-NE€'tion, n. 1. Act of uniting, 
or state of being united. 2. Persons 
or things connected together. 3. One 
connected by family ties. 

Syn.— Union; coherence; continuity; 
junction; intercourse. 

<:"on-NE€T'ive, a. Having the power 
of connecting. — n. A word that 
connects other words, or that con- 
nects sentences. 

€on-NE€T'or, n. One who, or that 
which, connects. [Connection. 

•€on-nex'ion (-neVshun), n. Same as 

€ON-Nlv'ANCE, n. Intentional failure 
or forbearance to see a fault. 

€oN-NivE',r. i [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
connicere, to shut the eyes.] To fail 
or forbear, by intention, to see. 

■€on-N1V'ent, a. 1. Forbearing to 
see. 2. Brought close together. 

■Gon-NIV'ER, n. One who connives. 

Con'nois-seur' (kSn'nis-sjjr' or 
kon'nis-sfir', 33), n. [Fr.] A crit- 
ical judge or master of any art. 

€on-nO'bi-al, a. [Lat. connubiah'.s, 
fr. connubium , marriage.] Pertain- 
ing to marriage ; corjugal ; nuptial. 

€5'NOID,ra. [Gr. K<avoei- 
figs, fr. /cowos, cone, and 
eiSos, form.] A solid 
formed by the revolu- 
tion of a conic section 
about its axis. 

€5'noid, ) a. Near- 

€o-Nom'AL, J ly, but 
not exactly, conical. 

Co-noid'ic, la. Pertaining to a 

•6o-noid'I€'-al, f conoid; having 
the form of a conoid. 

€6n'quer (konk/er, 82), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. conquirtre , to seek for, 
to bring together.] 1. To gain or 
acquire by force. 2. To subdue or 
overcome by mental or moral power. 
Syn. — To suhduc ; vanquish ; subju- 
gate. — Conquer is generic ; to vanquish 
is to conquer by fighting, as a foe ; to 




Conoid. 



subdue is to bring completely under, as 
one's enemies ; to subjugate is to bring 
under the yoke of bondage. 
— v. i. To gain the victory. 

€on'quer-a-ble (kor.k'er-), a. Ca- 
pable of being conquered. 

■Con'QUER-or (konk'er-ur), n. One 
who conquers. 

•Con/quest (konk'west, 82), n. 1. Act 
of conquering. 2. That which is 
conquered. 

Syn.— Victory ; subjugation; subjec- 
tion : triumph. 

€6N / SAN-GUlN'E-Ot;S, rt. [Lat. con- 
sanguineus, fr. con and sanguis, 
blood.] Belated by birth. 

Con'san-guin'i-ty, n. Relationship 
by blood or birth. 

€on'SCIENCE (kon'shenss), n. [Lat. 
conscitntia, fr. conscire, to know.] 
1. The faculty which decides on the 
lawfulness or unlawfulness of our 
actions and affection?. 2. Theestimate 
or determination of conscience. 3. 
Reasonableness. 

tJon'sci-en'tious (kXn'shi-), a. 1. 
Governed by a strict regard to the 
dictates of conscience. 2. Charac- 
terized or regulated by a regard to 
conscience. 

€6n / sci-Ln'tious-ly, adv. In ac- 
cordance with the directions of con- 
science, [iot.s regard to conscience. 

vJon/sci-EN'tioDs-ness, n. Scrupu- 

€6n'SCION-a-ELE (-shun-), a. [Irreg- 
ularly formed from conscience.] Gov- 
erned by conscience ; reasonable. 

€6n'scious (kon'shus, 63), a. [Lat. 
conscius, fr. con and scire, to know.] 

1. Possessing the power of knowing 
one's own thoughts. 2. Possessing 
knowledge. 3. Made the object of 

I consciousness. 

^ON'sciotJs-LY, adv. "With knowl- 
edge of one's own mental opera- 
tions. 

€6n'scious-NESS, n. 1. Knowledge 
of what passes in one's own mind. 

2. Immediate knowledge of any ob- 
ject whatever. 

€!6N'S€RIPT, a. [Lat. conscribere, con- 
scriptvs, to enroll.] Enrolled ; writ- 
ten; registered. — n. Or.e taken by 
lot, and compelled to serve as a sol- 
dier or sailor. 

t^ON-SCRiP'TlON, n. 1. A registering. 
2. A compulsory enrollment of iodU 
viduals liable to draft. 

€6n'SE-€RATE, V. ,t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. consecrare, consecratus, fr. con 
and sacrare, to consecrate.] 1. To 
make, or declare to be, sacred. 2. To 
enroll among the gods or saints. 3. 
To dignify. [sacred. 

€6n'se-€RATE (45), a. Consecrated ; 

Con'se-cra'tion, n. Act or cere- 
mony of consecrating. [secrates. 

C6n'se-€RA'tor. n. One who con- 

eoN-SE€'U-TlVE, a. [Lat. consequi, 
consecntus, to follow.] 1. Following 
in a train ; successive. 2. Following, 
as a consequence or result. 

€ON-SE€'U-TiVE-LY,af/r. By way of 
consequence, or succession. 

€on-sent', n. 1. Agreement in 
opinion. 2. Correspondence in parts, 



qualities, &e. 3. Voluntary accord 
ance with what is done by another. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. consen- 
tire, from con and sentire, to feel, per 
ceive, think.] 1. To agree in opin- 
ion. 2. To give assent. 

Syn. — To yield; assent ; agree; allow. 

€6n/sen-ta'ne-ous, a. Consistent; 
agreeable or accordant. 

€6N'SEN-TA'NE-oCs-LY,arff. Agree- 
ably ; consistently. 

■Gon'sen-ta/ne-oOs-ness, n. Qual- 
ity of being consistent. 

€on-sent'ER, n. One who consents. 

€ON-SEN'TIENT (-sen'shent), a. [See 
Consent.] Agreeing in opinion. 

€6n'se-quence, n. 1. That which 
follows something on which it de- 
pends. 2. A logical conclusion ; in- 
ference ; deduction. 3. Connection 
of cause and effect. 

Syn. — Effect; result.— An effect is the 
most immediate, spiinging directly froir. 
some cause ;_a consequence is more re- 
mote, not being strictly cause nor yet a 
mere sequence, but flowing out of and 
following something on which it truly 
depends; a result is still more remote si id 
variable, like the nbound of an elastic 
body which falls in very different direc- 
tions. We may foresee the effects of a 
measure, may conjecture its consequen- 
ces, but can rarely discover its final results. 

€6n'se-QUENT, a. [Lat. consequi, 
covseqvens.] 1. Following as a result 
or inference. 2. Following by neces- 
sary inference, or rational deduction. 

— n. That which naturally follows 
or results ; a conclusion or inference. 

tJon'se-quen'tial, a. 1. Followirg 
as a consequence or result. 2. As- 
suming an air of consequence. 

CON'SE-QUEN'TJAL-EY, adv. 1. By 
consequence. 2. With assumed im- 
portance. 

€6n'se-QUENT-ly, adv. By natural 
or logical sequei.ee or connection. 

€on-SERV'a-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing kept or piescrved. 

t*ON-s£RV'AN-CY (14), n. Act of pre- 
serving; preservation. 

Cos-serVANT, a. Having the power 
of preserving from decay. 

-Conner- va'tion, n. Act of pre- 
serving; preservation. 

€on-s£rv'a-tism, n. [From conser- 
vative.] Disposition to preserve what 
is established. 

-Con-sErv'a-tIve, a. 1. Preserva- 
tive. 2. Disposed to maintain exist- 
ing institutions. — n. 1. One who, or 
that which, preserves. 2. One who 
desires to maintain existing institu- 
tions. 

CON'SER-VA'TOR, Or "C6n'SER-VA / - 

TOR, n. One \. ho preserves from 
injury, violation, or innovation. 

€on-serv'a-to-ky (10), a. Having 
the quality of preserving. — n. 1. A 
green-house for tender plants. 2. A 
public place of instruction in some 
branch of learning or the fine arts. 

€ON-sERVE' (14), r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. conservare, fr. rov and sen-are, 
to keep, guard.] 1. To s«-:ve : to 
preserve. 2. To prepare with sugar, 
&c, as fruits, &c 



i, f, I, 5, U,Y, long; X,%,1.,6,tl,¥,short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



CONSERVE 



87 



CONSTRICTION 



£>6n's£rve, n. A sweetmeat made of 
fruit, &c, prepared with sugar. 

C'OX-SID'ER, tf. l. [-EU ;-ing.] [Lat. 
rjnsidernre.] 1. To think on with 
care. 2. To take into view or ac- 
count. 3. To estimate : to think. — 
v. i. To reflect ; to deliberate. 

€ox-sid'er-a-ble, a. 1. Possessing 
consequence or importance ; respect- 
able. 2. Of importance or value. 

■Cox-sTd'er-a-bly, adv. In a con- 
siderable decree. 

Gox-sid'ER-ate (45), a. Mindful of 
the rights, claims, and feelings of 
others. 

€ox-slD'ER-ATE-LY, adv. In a con- 
siderate manner. 

Gon-sid'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of 
considering; deliberation. 2. Appre- 
ciative regard. 3. Claim to notice or 
regard. 4. Motive; reason; influ- 
ence. 5. Compensation ; equivalent. 

€'ON-si d'er-e R, ii. One who considers. 

C' OX-SIGN' (-sin'), V.l. [-ED; -iXG.] 
[Lat. consignare, to real or sign.] 1. 
To give in a formal manner. 2. To 
commit ; to intrust. 3. To give into 
the hands of an agent for sale, &c. 

Syx. — To commit; deliver; intrust. 
— To commit is generic : to intrust, is to 
commit as a trust or deposit ; to consign 
is to deliver over in a formal manner. A 
man may commit a lawsuit to his attor- 
ney, may intrust a child to his friend, 
may consign goods to an agent. 

€6n'SIGN-EE' (k5u'sT-nee'), n. One 
to whom goods are delivered in trust, 
for sale or superintendence. 

€ox-sign'er (-sin'er), n. One who 
consigns. 

€'ox-sign'.\iext (-shy-), n. 1. Act of 
consigning. 2. Thing consigned. 

<E,'ON-SIGN'OR (-sin 7 -), n. One who 
consigns or makes a consignment, 

t'OXSlST', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.J [Lat. con- 
sister*, fr. con and sister?, to stand.] 
1. To be : to exist; to subsist. 2. 
To be consistent or harmonious. 

€ox-siST'ENOE, In. 1. Condition 

t'ON-SIST'EN-CY, ( of standing to- 
gether. 2. Degree of firmness or 
density. 3. Agreement or harmony. 

t'ON-s'lST'ENT, a. 1. Possessing firm- 
ness or fixedness. 2. Having harmo- 
ny among its parts. 

Syx.— Accordant; harmonious ; con- 
gruous ; compatible ; uniform. 

€ON-SIST'ENT-LY, adv. In a con- 
s' ?tent manner. [consistory. 

OON'SIS-TO'KI-AL. a. Pertaining to :i 

€on-sis'to-ry (113), n. [See Con- 
sist.] 1. Any solemn assembl'. 2. 
A spiritual court. 3. College of car- 
dinals at Rome. 

-GOX-SO'CI-ATE (-s5'shT-, 63), v. t. 
[•ED; -ING.] [Lat. ronsociare, conso- 
ciation, fr. con and sociare, to join.] 
To associate. — v. i. To form an as- 
sociation. 

t'ON-SO'CI-A'TION (-so'shi-), n. 1. 
Intimate unio i. 2. A confederacy 
or union of neighboring churches. 

€ON-sOL'A-Br,E, a. Capable of receiv- 
ing consolation. 

Gon'so-la'tion, n. 1. Alleviation 
of misery. 2. That which comforts. 



€on-sol'A-to-RY (50), a. Tending 
to give consolation. 

€on-sole', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
consolari, fr. con and solari, to com- 
fort.] To cheer in distress or depres- 
sion. 

Syn. — To comfort ; solace ; soothe ; 
cheer; sustain ; encourage ; support. 

€6N'soLE,n. [Fr.] A bracket ; or a 
projecting ornament on the keystone 
of an arch. 

€on-s6l'i-date, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 
[Lat. consolidare, consolidation , from 
con and solidare, to make firm.] 1. 
To unite together into a compact 
mass. 2. To unite, as various par- 
ticulars, into one body. — v.i. To 
unite and become solid. 

€on-sol'i-date (45), a. Formed in- 
to a solid mass. [solidating. 

€on-s6l/i-DA'tion, n. Act of con- 

€on-s6l2', or €6n'sols, n. pi. The 
leading English funded government 
security, formed by the consolidation 
of different annuities. 

€6n'so-nance, )n. 1. A pleasing 

€6n'so-nax-cy, J accord of sounds 
produced simultaneously. 2. A state 
of agreement. 

€6n'so-NANT, a. [Lat. consonare, 
consonans, to sound at the same 
time.] 1. Having agreement; con- 
sistent. 2. Harmonizing together. — 
n. An articulate sound, usually com- 
bined with a more open sound called 
a vowel ; also, a letter representing 
such a sound. 

€6n'so-nant-ly, adv. Agreeably. 

■Gon'so-NOUS, a. Agreeing in sound. 

€6n'SORT, ii. [Lat. consors, from con 
and sors, lot, fate.] A companion or 
partner ; especially, a wife or hus- 
band ; a spouse. [associate. 

€on-s6rt' (25), v. i. [-E3 ; -ing.] To 

•eoN-SPie'U-OUS, a. [Lat. conspiciuts, 
fr. conspicere, to behold attentively.] 

1. Obvious to the eye ; manifest. 2. 
Clearly or extensively known, per- 
ceived, noted. 

Syx. —Distinguished; eminent; illus- 
trious; prominent; celebrated. 

-CoN-spfe'tJ-OUS-LY, adv. In a con- 
spicuous manner. 

€"ON SPIO'U-OUS-NESS, ii. State of 
being conspicuous. 

GoN-SPiR'A-CY, n. 1. A combination 
of two or more for an evil purpose. 

2. A concurrence or general tenden- 
cy to one event 

Syx. — Combination ; plot ; cabal. 

€on-spir'A-tor, n. One who con- 
spires^ 

€ON-SPlRE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
conspirare, from con and spirare, to 
breathe.] 1. To unite or covenant 
together for an evil purpose ; to plot 
together. 2. To concur to one end ; 
to agree. 

Gon-spir'er, 11. One who conspires. 

-Con'sta-ble (kuVsta-bl), n. [L. 
Lat. constabulus, comestabultts, comes 
stabuli, orig. count of the stable, 
master of the horse.] 1. A high offi- 
cer in the monarchical establish- 
ments of the middle ages. 2. An 
officer of the peace. 



€on-stXb'u-la-ry, a. Pertaining to 

constables. 

€6n'stan-cy, ii. 1. Quality of be- 
ing constant. 2. Steady, unshaken 
determination. 

Syn.— Fixedness ; stability; steadi- 
ness; steadfastness; resolution. 

€6n'STANT, a. [Lat. constans, p. pr. 
of constare, to stand firm.] 1. Not 
liable or given to change. 2. Re- 
maining unchanged or invariable. — 
11. That which is not subject to 
change. [cy ; firmly 

€6n'stant-LY, adv. With constaii- 

GoN'STEL-LA'TION, n. [Lat. consiel- 
latio, fr. con and stellar e, to set with 
stars.] A cluster of fixed stars. 

GoN'STER-NA'TlON, 11. [Lat. COtl- 
slernatio, fr. consternare, to overcome, 
perplex.] Amazement or terror that 
confounds the faculties. 
Syn. — See Alakm. 

€5n'STI-PATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. constipare, constipatus, fr. con 
and stipare, to crowd together.] 1. 
To stop, as a passage. 2. To render 
costive. 

Gon'sti-pa/tion, n. 1. Act of crowd- 
ing or stuffing; condensation. 2. 
Costiveness. [constituents. 

€on-stit ; u-en-cy, n. A body of 

€ON-STIT'u-ENT, a. t 1. Serving to 
form ; component ; elemental. 2. 
Having the power of electing or ap- 
pointing. — n. 1. The person or thing 
that constitutes. 2. A component 
part ; an element. 3. One who as- 
sists to elect a representative. 

€6n-'sti-tute (30), v. t. [-ed ; -ing,] 
[Lat. constituere, constilutiim, fr. con 
and statuere, to place, set.] 1. To 
establish ; to enact. 2. To compose ; 
to form. 3. To appointor depute. 

€6n'sti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
stituting. 2. Natural condition. 3. 
Fundamental laws of a state or other 
organized bodv of men. 4. An au- 
thoritative ordinance or enactment. 

Gon'sti-tu'tion-al, a. 1. Belong- 
ing to the constitution. 2. In ac- 
cordance with the constitution of a 
government or societj'. 

€6n'sti-tu'tion-al/i-ty, n. State 
of being constitutional. 

CON'STI-TU'TION-AL-LY, adv. In 
accordance with the constitution. 

€6N'STI-TU/TiVE, a. Tending, or 
having power, to constitute. 

€ON-STRAIN', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
constringere, fr. con and stringere, to 
draw tight.] 1. To hold back by 
force. 2. To urge with irresistible 
power. 

S yx.- _To compel ; force ; drive ; impel. 

€on-strain'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being constrained. [strains. 

€on-strain'er, ii. One who con- 

€on-straint', n. 1. Act of constrain- 
ing, or state of being constrained. 2. 
That which constrains. 

€ON-STRl€T', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. constringere , constriction. See 
Constrain.] To contract or cause 
to shrink. 

€on-str!'€'tion, n. Act of constrict- 
ing, or state of being constricted. 



or, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, g, soft; o, g, hard; Ag; exist ; n as ng ; this. 



CONSTRICTOR 



88 



CONTENTEDLY 



€ON-STRl€T'OR, n. That which con- 
stricts, draws together, or contracts. 
€ON-STRlNGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[See Constrain.] To draw togeth- 
er ; to contract. 

€on-strin'gent, a. Having the 

quality of contracting. 
•€ON-STRU€T', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. construere, constrnctum, fr. con 
and struere, to pile up, set in order.] 
1. To put together the constituent 
parts of. 2. To devise and arrange. 
Syn.- To build; erect ; form; make; 
fabricate. 

<3on-stru€T'ER, n. One who con- 
structs. 

€on-strtjc'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
structing ; fabrication. 2. Structure 
conformation. 3. Syntactical ar- 
rangement. 4. Interpretation ; sense. 

€)ON-struc'tion-al, a. Pertaining 
to construction. 

€!on-struc'tion-'ist, n. One who 
construes a public instrument. 

€on-struct'iVE, a 1. Having abil- 
ity to construct. 2. Derived by in- 
terpretation, [of construction. 

CoN-STRUCT'iVE-LY, adv. By way 

CON-STRC'eT'iVE-NESS, n. The fac- 
ulty which leads to the formation of 
parts into a whole. 

fc'oN'STRUE, r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
Construct.] To explain the con- 
struction of, as of a sentence ; to in- 
terpret. 

GON'STU-PRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. const uprare, constupratus, from 
con and stuprare, to ravish.] To vio- 
late the person of. [ing. 

Con'stu-pra'tion, n. Act of ravish- 

Con'sub-st^m'tial, a. Having the 
same substance. 

€6n'sub-st Xn'tiate (-sh!-at) v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING] [Lat. con and substan- 
tia, substance.] To ujite in one 
common substance or nature. 

CoN'SUB-STAN/TI-A'TION (-shl-aV- 
shun),«. Actual, substantial pres- 
ence of the body of Christ with the 
bread and wine of the Lord's supper. 

€6n'sul, n. [Lat., from consulere, to 
deliberate, consult.] 1. One of two 
chief magistrates of the Roman re- 
public. 2. (Fr. Hist.) One of three 
supreme magistrates of France from 
1799 to 1804. 3. An officer appointed 
by a government to protect the com- 
mercial and other interests of its citi- 
zens in some foreign country. [sul. 

CoN'su-LAR, a. Pertaining to a con- 

€6n'su-l,ate, n. Office, jurisdiction, 
or residence, of a consul. 

€6n'sul-ship, n. Office or term of 
office of a consul. 

t'ON-SULT', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
consulere, cotisultutri.] To reek opin- 
ion or advice. — v. t. 1. To ask ad- 
vice of. 2. To decide or to act in 
favor of. 3. To deliberate upon. 

Con'SUL-TA'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
sulting. 2. A meeting of persons to 
consult together. 

GON-SULT'ER, n. One who consults. 

€ON-sfJM'A-BL,E, a. Capable of be- 
ing consumed. 



€ON-SUME', V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
consumere, to take.] To destroy, as 
by decomposition, dissipation, waste, 
or fire. — v. i. To waste away slowly. 
Syn. — To destroy; absorb; waste; ex- 
pend^squander; lavish; dissipate. 

€on-sum/er, n. One who consumes. 

€ON'SUM-MATE, or€ON-SDM'MATE, 
v. t. [Lat. consummate, consumma- 
tum, fr. con and summa, sum.] To 
bring to completion ; to perfect. 

€on-sDm'MATE (45), a. Carried to the 
utmost extent ; complete ; perfect. 

€on-sum'mate-LY, adv. In a con- 
summate manner. 

€6n / sum-ma'tion, n. Completion ; 
termination ; perfection. 

€on-sDmp'tion (84), n. 1. Act of 
consuming. 2. State of being con- 
sumed. 3. A gradual decay of the 
body ; especially a disease seated in 
the lungs, &c 

€oN-su.viP'TiVE, a. 1. Destructive; 
wasting. 2. Affected with, or in- 
clined to, consumption. 

€ON-sUMP'TlvE-EY, adv. In a way 
tending to consumption. 

€on'TA€T,b. [Lat. contingere, con- 
tactum, to touch on all sides.] A 
close union of bodies ; a touching 

€on-ta'gion, n. [See Contact.] 1. 
Communication of a disease from one 
person to another, by contact. 2. 
Pestilential influence. 

€oN-TA'Glous,a. 1. Communicable 
by contact or approach ; catching. 

2. Pestilential. 3. Spreading from 
one to another. 

Syn.— Contagious; infectious.— These 
words have been used in very diverse 
senses; but, in general, a contagiovs dis- 
ease is one which is caught from another 
by contact, by the breath, by bodily 
effluvia, &c, while an infectious one sup- 
poses some entirely different cause act- 
ing by a hidden influence, like the mi- 
asma of prison-ships, of marshes, &c, 
infecting the system with disease. 
€ON-TAlN', V.'t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
continere, fr. con and tenere, to hold.] 

3. To comprehend ; to comprise. 2. 
To beable to hold ; to inclose. 

€on-t ain'a-ble , a. Capable of be- 
ing contained. 

CON-TAM'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. contaminarr, cor.taminatus, fr. 
con and taminare, to violate.] To 
corrupt bv defiling contact. 

SYN. — To pollute; defile. 
— a. Polluted; corrupt; tainted. 

Con-Tam'i-na'tion, n. Pollution; 
defilement. 

€ON-TEMN' (-tgm'), V. t. [-E L> ; -ING.] 
[Lat. contemnere, fr. con and lemnere, 
to slight, despise.] To consider and 
treat with disdain. 

Syn.— Despise ; scorn; disdain.— 
Contemn is generic; to despise is to re- 
gard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or 
worthless: to scorn is stronger, express- 
ing a quick, indignant contempt: dis- 
dain is still stronger, denoting either a 
generous abhorrence of what is hisc, or 
unwarrantable pride and haughtiness. 

Con-TEM'ner,h. One who contemns. 

■GON-TEM'PER, v. t. [Lat. contempe- 
rare, from con and temperare, to tem- 
per.] To temper ; to moderate. 

€ON-T£M'PER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of 



moderating ; moderation. 2. Propor. 
tionate mixture. 
€6n'tem-plate, or €on-tem'- 

PLATE (117), V. t. [-ED; -ING] 
[Lat. contemplari, contemplates, to 
look around carefully, to consider.] 

1. To regard with deliberate care, 
to meditate on; to study. 2. To 
look forward to. 

Syn. — To meditate; intend. — Wc 
meditate a design when we are looking 
out or waiting for the means of its ac- 
complishment; we contemplate it when 
the means are at hand, and our decision 
is nearly or quite made; to intend is 
stronger. 

— v. i. To think studiously; to 
ponder. 

CoN'TEM-PLA'TION, n. Act of con- 
templating ; meditation. 

€'on-tEm'pjl,a-TIVE, a. Pertaining 
to, or given to, contemplation ; 
studious ; thoughtful. 

€ON-TEM'PLA-TlVE-LY, adv. With 
contemplation. 

€on-t£m'pla-tYve-ness, n- State 
of being contemplative. 

€6n'tem-pla'tor, n. One who con- 
templates. 

Con-tem'po-ra'ne-ous, a. [Lat. 
contempcraneus, fr. ron and Umpns, 
time.] Living, acting, or trantpirir.g 
at the same time. 

€ON-TEM'PO-R A'NE-otJS-LY, arff. At 
the same tin. e with some other event. 

€ON-TEM'PO-RA-RY, a. [Lat. ron and 
temporarius, of or belonging to time.] 
Contemporaneous. — n. One who 
lives at the same time v>ith another. 

Con-tempt' (84), v. [Lat. contemp- 
tits See Contemn.] 1. Act of con- 
temning. 2. State of being despised. 
Syn. — Disdain: scorn; contumely. 

€on-tempt'i-bl,e, a. "Worthy of 
contempt. 

Syn. — Contemptuous ; despicable ; 
palry; pitiful. — DespicaKle is stronger 
than contemptible, and pitij'vl than pal- 
try. A man is despicable for what is base 
or wicked ; contemptible for what is 
weak, foolish, &c A thing is pitiful 
when it indicates meanness and timidity, 
paltrif when low and worthless. 

Con-tempt'i-bly, adv. In a con- 
temptible manner. 

€on-tempt'u-ous, a. Expressing 
contempt or disdain ; scorniul. 

€oN-TEJVlPT'u-oDs-LY, adv. In a 
contemptuous manner. 

€oN-T£ND', v. i [-EDI-ING.] [Lat. 
contendere, from con and tendere. to 
stretch.] 1. To strive in opposition. 

2. To strive in debate. 
€oN-TiiND'ER, n. One who contends. 
t'ON-TENT', a. [Lat. contentus, p. p. 

of continere, to hold together.] Hav- 
ing the desires limited by present en- 
joyment ; satisfied. — v.t. 1. To sat- 
isfy the mind of. 2. To please or grat- 
ify. — n. 1. Satisfaction ; mo<lerato 
happiness. 2. That which contents. 

€6n'tent, cr Con-tent', n. 1. 
That which is contained : — usually 
in the pi. 2. Power of containing ; 
capacity 

Con-tent'ed, a. Content; satisfied. 

€on-tent'eb-LY| adv. In a con- 
tented manner. 



A, 2,1, o, u, Y,long; A,E, L6,0, y, short; care, far, ask, ael, what ; ERE, veil, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CONTENTION 



89 



CONTRAVENE 



Con-ten'tion, n. 1. A violent strug- 
gle. 2. Strife in debate. 

Syn. — Strife: contest; quarrel; dis- 
sension ; variance. 

t on-ten'tious, a. 1. Apt to con- 
tend. 2. Relating to contention. 

€on-tent'jient, n. 1. Satisfaction 
of mind ; acquiescence ; content. 2. 
That which affords satisfaction. 

€6n'tents, or €on-tents' (114), 
n. pi. See Content, n. 

<:'ON-TER'AJI-NOUS. a. [Lat. contermi- 
nus, from con and terminus, border.] 
Bordering ; contiguous. 

"€ON-TEST', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
contestari, to call to witness.] 1. To 
make a subject of dispute. 2. To 
strive earnestly to hold or maintain. 
Syn. —To dispute; controvert; debate. 
— v. i. To contend ; to vie. 

€6n'test, n. 1. Strife in argument. 
2. Strife in arms. 

Syn. — Conflict ; combat ; encounter; 
strife. — Strife is generic; an encounter 
is a sudden and hostile meeting; a con- 
flict is a violent meeting of the parties; a 
combat is a deadly conflict of two or 
more. 

fTON-TEST'A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing contested, [tests ; an opponent. 

€on-test'ant, n. One who con- 

t'ON'TEXT, n. [Lat. conieztus, from 
co ntexere, to knit together.] Parts 
of a discourse which precede or fol- 
low a sentence quoted. 

t'ON-TEXT'URE (53), n. Composition 
of parts ;_ooustitution. [contiguous. 

€6n'T[-gu'i-ty, n. State of being 

€oN-TIG'U-OJS, a. [Lat. conti^uus, 
fr. contingere, to touch on all sides.] 
In actual or close contact ; touching. 
Syn. — Adjoining; adjarent — Things 
are adjacent when they lie near to each 
Other without touching, as, adjacent 
fields; adjoining when they meet or join 
at some point, as, adjoining farms; con- 
tiguous when they are brought more 
continuously in contact, as, contiguous 
buildings. 

€on-tig'(J-ous-LY, adv. In a man- 
ner to touch. [contact. 

Con-tig'u-ous-ness, 11. State of 

€6n'TI-NENCE, I n. Voluntary re- 

€6n'TI-nen-'cy, I straint put on 
one's desires and passions ; chastity. 

€6n'ti-nent,«. [Lat. continens, fr. 
continere, to hold together.] Re- 
straining the indulgence of desires or 
passions; temperate: chaste. — n. 1. 
One of the larger bodies of land on 
the globe. 2. Main laud of Europe. 

€6n'ti-nent'al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
a continent. 2. Pertaining to the 
main land of Europe. 3. Pertaining 
to the American colonies in the time 
of the Revolutionary war. 

CoN'TI-NENT-LY, adv. Chastelv. 

tON-TIN'GENCE. )?i. 1. Quality of 

■eoN-TlN'GEN-CY, I being contin- 
gent. 2. An event which may oc- 
cur : possibility. 

€on-ti'n'gent, a. [Lat. contingent, 
p. pr. of contingere, to happen.] 1. 
Possible, or liable to occur. 2. De- 
pendent on what is undetermined or 
unknown. — n. 1. A contingency. 
2. That which falls to one in an ap- 
portionment ; a quota. 



€on-tKn'gent-ly, adv. Accidental- 
ly or incidentally. 

€ON-TlN'U-AE,a. 1. Proceeding with- 
out interruption. 2. Very frequent ; 
often repeated. 

Syn. — Constant ; continuous ; per- 
petual. —A thing is continuous which 
flows on without interruption through 
its whole course, as, a continuous dis- 
course or traiu of thought; it iscontinual 
when, with perhaps brief interruptions, 
it steadily recurs again, as. continual 
showers. Perpetual is sometimes used 
for continual in a stronger sense, as, 
perjietual applications ; sometimes for 
continuous and lasting, as, perpetual mo- 
tion. 

Con-tin'u-al-ly, adv. 1. Without 
cessation. 2. Very often. 

€on-tTn'u-ance,ji. 1. Permanence, 
as of condition, habits, abode, &c. 
2. Uninterrupted succession ; con- 
tinuation. 

"Gon-tin'u-a'tion, n. 1. Uninter- 
rupted extension or succession. 2. 
That which extends or increases, &c. 

€on,-tin'u-a / tor, n. One who con- 
tinues. 

€ON-TlN'UE, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
continuare.] 1. To remain in a given 
place or condition. 2. To be perma- 
nent or durable. 3. To be steadfast 
or constant ; to endure. — v. I. To 
prolong : to persist in. 

€6n'ti-nu'i-ty, n. Uninterrupted 
connection ; cohesion. 

■eoN-TiN'u-oij's, a. Without break, 
cessation, or interruption. 

€on-tin'u-ous-ly, adv. In a con- 
tinuous manner. 

-Con-tort', v. t. [Lat. contorquere , 
contortum, from con and torquere, to 
twist.] To twist together. 

€on-tor'tion, n. A twisting; a 
writhing : wry motion. 

Con-tour' (kcrn-tobr/), n. [Fr., from 
con and tour, Gr. ropvos, lathe.] 
Bounding line ; outline. 

€6n'TRA-b.and. a. [L. Lat. contra- 
bannum. prop., contrary to public 
proclamation.] Prohibited by law or 
treaty; forbidden. — n. 1. Prohib- 
ited merchandise or traffic. 2. A 
negro slaTe. [Amer.] 

€ON-TRACT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
contrakere , contractu??!, from con and 
trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw to- 
gether or nearer. 2. To bring on ; to 
be liable to. 3. To make a bargain 
for. 4. To betroth ; to affiance. 5. 
To unite into one long vowel or diph- 
thong. 

Syx. — To shorten ; condense; reduce. 
— v. i. 1. To be drawn together. 2. 
- To make an agreement ; to bargain. 

■Con'TRACT, n. 1. An agreement be- 
tween two or more parties. 2. A 
word in which concurrent vowels 
are contracted. 
_ Syx. — Covenant : compact : stipula- 
tion. — A covenant is a mutual agree- 
ment: a contract is such ;>n agreement 
reduced to writing; a stipulation is one 
of the articles or parts of a coutmct : a 
compact is a mo-e solemn and binding 
c ntract. 

CoN-TRXcT'1-BIl'I-TY, M. Capabil- 
ity of being contracted, [contraction. 

€oN-TRA€T'l-Br,E, a. Capable of 



OR.DQ. WQLF, TOO, TO~OK; URN, XUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; $.&,soft; €,Q,hard; AS J EXIST; N 



€ON-TRA€T'I-BLE-NESS, n. Con. 
tractibility. (.tract. 

€on-TRA€T'I'le, a. Tending to con- 

CON'TRAC-TII/I-TY, n. Inherent 
force by which bodies contract. 

€on-tra€'tion, ». 1. Act of con- 
tracting. 2. Any thing in a state oi 
abbreviation or contraction. 

€on-tra€T'oe, n. [Lat.] One who 
contracts, or makes a contract. 

Con'tra-dance, n. A dance in 
which the partners are arranged in 
opposite lines. 

CoN'TRA-DlCT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. contradicere, contradictum, fr. 
contra and dicere, to say, speak.] 1- 
To assert the contrary of; to deny. 
2. To oppose. 

CoN'TRA-Die'TION, n. 1. An asser 
tion of the contrary ; denial. 2. Di- 
rect opposition ; incongruity ; con- 
trariety. 

-GoN'TRA-Dl-e'TIOUS, a. 1. Filled with 
contradictions. 2. Inclined to con- 
tradict, [contradiction. 

€6N TRA-Dl€T'IVE, a. Containing 

Con'TRA-digt'o-ry, a. 1. Affirming 
the contrary. 2. Inconsistent. 

Con'TRA-DIS-TINC'tion, n. Dis- 
tinction by contrast. 

CON'TRA-DIS-TINCT'IVE, a. Distin- 
guishing by contrast. 

CoN'TRA-DIS-TIN'GUISH, v. t. [-EB ; 
-ING.] To distinguish by contrast. 

€ON-TR\L'TO, n. [It., from contra, 
against, and alto.] (Mus.) (a.) Part 
sung by the highest male or lowest 
female voices ; the alto or counter- 
tenor, {b.) Voice or singer perform- 
ing this part. 

€6n'tra-rie§, n.pl. (Logic.) Prop- 
ositions opposed in quality only, but 
of which the falsehood of one does 
not establish the truth of the other. 

Con'TRA-RI'E-TY, n. 1. State of be- 
ing contrary to. 2. Something which 
is contrary to something else. 

Syx. — Inconsistency; opposition; dis- 
agreement. 

Con'tra-ri-ly, adv. In a contrary 
manner; in opposition. 

Con'tra-ri-wise, adv. 1. On the 
contrary. 2. In a contrary order. 

■GoN'TRA-RY, a. [Lat. contrarius, fr 
contra.] 1. Opposite ; different: con- 
tradictory. 2. Given to opposition. 
— n. 1. A thing of contrary or op- 
posite qualities. 2. A proposition con- 
trary to another. 

€ON-TRAST', V. I. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
contra, pgainst, and stare, to stand.] 
To set in opposition, with a view to 
show the superiority of one thing 
over another. — 1\ i . To be or stand 
in contrast or opposition. 

€6n'trast, n. Opposition of things 
or qualities. 

€6n'trA-val-la'tion, n. A trench 
guarded with a parapet, formed by 
the besiegers between their camp 
and the place besieged. 

€6n'tra-vene', V. t. [-ED; -INC.] 
[L Lat. contravenire, fr. Lat. contra, 
against, and venire, to come.] To 
come in conflict with. 



as NG; THIS- 



CONTRAVENTION 



90 



CONVEXITY 



Syn. — To contradict j obstruct ; op- 
pose. 

€6n'tra-ven'tion, n. Opposition ; 
obstruction. [to the opposite side. 

^ON'TRA-vfiR'siON, n. A turning 

eoN-TRi'B'U-TA-RY, a. Paying trib- 
ute ; contributing aid. 

tJON-TRlB'UTE, t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. contribuere, contributum, from 
con and tribuere, to grant, impart.] 
To give to a common stock or for a 
common purpose. — v. i. To give 
a part ; to_lend assistance or aid. 

Con/tri-bu'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
tributing. 2. That which is con- 
tributed. 

€on-trib'u-tIve, a. Tending to 
contribute. [tributes. 

€on-TRIB'u-tor, n. One who con- 

€on-trib'u-to-ry, a. Contributing 
to the same stock or purpose. 

■£>6n'trIte, a. [Lat. conterere, eon- 
tritus, to grind, to bruise.] Broken 
down with grief or penitence. 
Syn.— Penitent ; repentant. 

€6n'trite-LY, adv. In a contrite 
manner. [itence. 

€6N'TRiTE-NESS,ra. Contrition ; pen- 

ttoN-TRl'TION (-trish'un), n. State 
of being contrite ; deep sorrow for sin. 
Syn. — Repentance. — Contrition is a 
continuous state of grief and self-con- 
demnation *; repentance is nn act in 
which, with sorrow for our sins, we re- 
nounce them. 

€oN-TRiv'A-BEE,a. Capable of being 
contrived. 

<3on-triv'ance, n. 1. Act of con- 
triving. 2. Thing contrived ; device. 

<30N-TRIVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. contreuver, from eon and treuver, 
to find.] To form by an exercise of 
ingenuity. 

Syn.— To devise ; invent; plan ; pro- 
ject ; plot. 

€!ON-TRiv'ER, n. One who contrives. 

■Gon-tr5l.', n. [Fr. cont/Cle, a coun- 
ter register, fr. contre-rvle, fr. contre, 
against, and rOle, roll, catalogue.] 1. 
That which serves to check, restrain, 
or hinder. 2. Restraining influence. 
— v.t. [-led; -lino, 138.] To ex- 
ercise a restraining influence over. 

€on-trol'la-ble, a. Capable of 
being controlled. 

Con-trol'ler, n. 1. An oflicer to 
oversee, control, or verify the ac- 
counts of other officers. 2. One who 
controls. [controller. 

€ON-TROL'LER-SHlP, n. Office of a 

Con-trol'ment, n. Power or act 
of controlling ; state of being con- 
trolled, [disputes. 

•eoN'TRO-vfiR'SIAE/a. Relating to 

^Jon'tro-vEr'sial-ist, n. One who 
carries on a controversy. 

€6n'tro-ver'sy, n. A protracted 
contest or dispute. 
Syn. — Contention; wrangle; strife. 

€6n'TRO-v£rT, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. contra, against, and vertere, to 
turn.] To contend against in words 
oi writings : to denv. 

CoN'TRO-vliRT'l-BLE, a, Capable of 
being controverted ; disputable. 

Con'tro-vErt'IST, n. One who con- 
troverts. 



€6N'TU-MA'cio0s, a. Willfully and 
perseveringly disobedient. 

tloN'TU-MA'cloC's-LY, adv. In a con- 
tumacious manner. 

CoN'TU-MA'cioGs-NESS, n. Obsti- 
nacy : stubbornness. 

€6n'tu-ma-('v, n. [Lat. contumacia, 
fr. eontumux, insolent.] Persistent 
obstinacy. 
Syn.— Stubbornness; perverseness. 

€6n'tu-me'li-ous, a. Overbearingly 
contemptuous ; insolent. 

€6n'TU-ME'li-ous-ly, adv. Re- 
proachfully ; rudely ; insolently. 

€6n'tu-ME-LY, n. [Lat. conlumelia.] 
Rudeness compounded of haughti- 
ness and contempt. 

€on-tuse', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
contundere, contusitm, from con and 
tundere, to beat.] 1. To beat or 
pound. 2. To bruise or injure by 
beating. 

€on-tu'£ION, n. 1. Act of beating 
and bruising. 2. State of being 
bruised. 

€o-nun'DRUM,m. [Cf. 0. Eng. conne, 
cunne, to know.] A puzzling ques- 
tion, of which the answer is or in- 
volves a pun. 

^ON'VA-LESCE', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. co?ivalescere,fr. con and vales- 
cere, to grow strong.] To recover 
health and strength after sickness. 

Con'va-les'cjence, ) n. Recovery 

€6n'va-les'cen-cy, ) of health 
and strength after disease. 

eoN'vA-LES'CENT, a. Recovering 
health and strength. — n. One re- 
covering from sickness. [convened. 

€on-ven'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

€cw-VENE',r. /'. [-ei; -ING.] [Lat. 
convrnire, from con- and venire, to 
come.] To come together ; to meet. 
— v. t. To cause to assemble; to 
call together. 

€on-ven'ience, ) n. 1. Fitness or 

€on-ven'ien-cy, J suitableness, as 
of place, time, &c. ; adaptedness. 
2. Freedom from discomfort. 3. That 
which is convenient; an accommo- 
dation. 

€on-ven'ient (-yent), a. [Lat. con- 
veniens, p: pr. of convenire. See 
Convene.] 1. Adapted to an end. 2. 
Promotive of comfort or advantage. 
Syn. — Fit; suitable; adapted; suited. 

€on-ven'ient-ly, adv. In a con- 
venient manner. 

€6n'VENT, n. [Lat. conventvs. See 
Convent.] 1. A body of monks or 
nuns. 2. An abbey ; a monastery ; 
a nunnery. 

€on-vent'i-€le,«. [See Convent, 
n.] An assembly or gathering, es- 
pecially for religious worship. 

€on-ven'tion,?j. [See Convene.] 
1. Act of coming together. 2. Arbi- 
trary custom : conventionalism. 3. 
Assembly of delegates or representa- 
tives. 4. An informal or preliminary 
compact, as between commanders of 
armies. 

€on-VEN'TION-AL, a. 1. Formed by 
agreement. 2. Sanctioned by usage. 

€ON-VEN'TION-AL-l§M, n. That 



which is received or established by 
informal agreement- 

€on-ven'tion-al-Yst, n. One whc 
is governed by conventionalism. 

Con-ven'tion-al'i-ty, n. State of 
being conventional. 

€ON-VEN'TiON-AL-LY,a«/i\ Inacon- 
ventional manner. 

€ON- VERGE', 1\ i. [-ED; -ING.] [N. 
Lat. convergere, fr. con and vfrgere, 
to turn, incline.] To incline and ap- 
proach nearer together. 

fON-VER'GENCE, ) n. Tendency to 

€on-ver'gen-cy, J one point. 

€on-ver'gent, a. Tending to one 
point. [conversation ; sociable. 

€on-ver'sa-ble, a. Qualified for 

€6n'ver-sant, a. 1. Having fre- 
quent intercourse. 2 Acquainted 
by use or study ; versed. 3. Havii g 
relation. 

€6n'ver-sa'tion, n. 1. Behavior; 
deportment. [Obs.] 2. Familiar dis- 
course ; informal talk. 

Syn. —Talk; chat; conference.— Talk 
is broken, familiar, and versatile; chat 
is still more so; conrerxation i> more con- 
tinuous and sustained; a conference i» 
held for the discussion of some important 
topic. 

Con'ver-sa'tion-al, a. Pertaining 
to conversation ; colloquial. 

CoN'VER-SA'TION-AL-IST, ». One 
who excels in conversation. 

€on-vers*:', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
conversari, fr. con and versari, to be 
turned, to live, remain.] 1. To keep 
company ; to commune. 2. To talk 
familiarly ; to chat. 

€on'verse, n. 1. Familiarity; ac- 
quaintance 2. Conversation. 3. 
A proposition which is the reverse of 
another. — a. Turned about; re- 
versed in order. [manner. 

Con'verse-ly, adv. In a converse 

€on-v£r'sion, n. 1. A turning or 
changing from o>-e state to another. 
2. A radical change of heart. 

€on-vert', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
converter e, from con and vertere, to 
turn ] To change from one form, 
substance, religion, party, intended 
use, or the like, to another. 

€6n'vert, n. A person who is con- 
verted from one opinion or practice 
to another. 

Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte; pervert. 
— Convert is generic, and refers to n 
change of mind or feelings; a proselyte 
is one who, leaving his former sect or 
system, becomes the adherent of anoth- 
er; a pervert is one who is drawn off or 
perverted from the true faith. 

•eoN-VERT/i-BiL'i-TY, n. Quality of 
being convertible. 

Con-vert'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being converted ; susceptible or 
change; transmutable; transforma- 
ble. 2. Capable of being exchanged 
or interchanged ; reciprocal. 

€on-v£rt'1-ely, adv. In a con- 
vertible manner. 

€6n'vex. a. [Lat. convexus, fr. con- 
vehere, to bring together.] Swelling 
into a rounded form. 

€on-VEX'i-ty, n. Exterior surface 
of a convex body. 



A, E, l, 6,u, \,long; X,£,L,6,u, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CONVEXLY 



91 



COPULA 



65N'VEX-LY,arff. In a convex form. 

€6lf'VEX-NESS, n. State of being 
convex : convexity. 

€o\-V£x'0-ej\'€AVE, a. Convex 
on one side, and concave on the 
other. [both sides. 

€'on-vex'o-€ON'vex, a. Convex on 

CON-VEY', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
con and cia, way.] 1. To carry ; to 
bear ; to transfer. 2. To impart or 
communicate. 

Con-vey'ance, n. 1. Act or means 
of conveying : transmission. 2. A 
writing by which property is con- 
veyed to another. 

€o.v-vey'a\-(,:er, n. One who em- 
ploys himself in drawing up convey- 
ances of property. 

-Cox-vey'an-cing, n. Act or prac- 
tice of drawing up conveyances of 
property. 

Con-vey'er, h. One who convej^s. 

Cox-vfeT', i\ t. [-ed ; -IN&.] [Lat. 
concincere, convictum, fr. con and 
vincere, to conquer.]' 1. To prove 
guilty of an offense or crime. 2. To 
sliow by evidt-nce. 

Con'VICT, n. A person proved guilty 
of a crime : a criminal. 

Svx.— Milefaetor: culp>-it; felon. 

€ON-vi€'TION, n. 1. Act of convict- 
ing. 2. Act of convincing of error. 
3. State of being convinced or con- 
victed. 

CON-VINCE',f. t. [-ed;-1ng.] [Lat. 
convincere, from con and vincere, to 
conquer.] To overcome by argu- 
ment ; to satisfy by proof. 

Svx. — To persuade.— To convince is 
an act of the understanding; to per- 
suade, of the will or feelings. The one 
is effected bv argument, the other by 
motives. When we say, " I am per- 
suaded it is so," " I can not persuade my- 
self of the fact," there is a degree of feel- 
ing mingled with the conviction which 
gives rise to the expression. 

Con-VIN'CER, n. One who convinces. 

€on-vix'ci-bl,e, a. Capable of be- 
ing convinced. 

CON-VlVl-AL, a. Relating to a feast 
or entertainment. 

Svx. — Festive ; festal; jovial; social. 

CON-vTv'I-AL'I-TY, n. The mirth in- 
dulged in on festive occasions. 

€6n'vo-€ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. concorare.] To convoke. 

€6n'vo-€A'tiox, n. 1. Act of call- 
' ing or assembling. 2. An assembly 
or meeting. (Church of Eng.) A gen- 
eral assembly of the clergy. 

Syx. — Convention; synod; council. 

CoN-vOKE',f.;. [-ed; -ins.] [See 
Convocate.] To call together. 

Srx. — To summon; assemble; con- 
vene. 

-Gon'vo-lu'ted, a. Curved or rolled 
together. 

Con'vo-lu'tion, n. A rolling or 
winding together, or one thing on 
another. 

Con-volve', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. convolver?, fr. con and volvere, 
to roil.] To roll or wind together. 

t'ON-voV, r. t. [-En; -ing.] [Fr. 
convoyer. See Convey.] To accom- 
pany for protection. 



CoN'VOY, n. 1. A protecting force 
accompanying ships or property on 
their way from place to place. 2. 
That which is convoyed. 

Con-vOlse', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
convellere, convulsum, from con and 
vellere, to pluck.] To draw or eon- 
tract violently and irregularly. 

CoN-viJLSiON, n. 1. A violent and 
involuntary contraction of the mus- 
cular parts of an animal body. 2. 
Any violent and irregular motion. 

Con-vul'sive, a. Producing, or at- 
tenled with, convulsion or spasms. 

€o'NY. or €6n'Y, n. [Lat cuniculus, 
a_ rabbit, cony.] A rabbit. 

€oo, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Formed 
from the sound.] To make a low cry, 
as pigeons. 

€ook, r. /. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. coq- 
nere.] To prepare, as food for the 
table, by boiling, roasting, baking, 
&c. — v. i. To prepare food for the 
table. — n. One who prepares food 
for the table. [cooking. 

€ook'er-y, n. Art or practice of 

COOK'Y, n. [D. koek, dim. of koekje, 
cake.] A small, flat, hard, sweet- 
ened cake.- 

€o"OL, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. cOl. 
See COLD.] 1. Moderately cold. 2. 
Calm, or free from excitement by 
passion . 

Svx. — Calm; dispassionate; self-pos- 
sessed ; composed ; repulsive ; frigid ; 
alienated; impudent. 

— n. A moderate state of cold. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To make cool 
or cold. 2. To moderate the excite- 
ment of ; to allay, as passion of any 
kind. — r. ?'. 1. To become less hot. 
2^ To become more moderate. 

€OOL'EE, n. 1. That which cools. 
2. A vessel for cooling. 

€o~ol'ish, a. Somewhat cool. 

Cool'ly (109), adv. In a cool man- 
ner ; with coolness. 

€o~oi/ness, ii. State of being cool. 

{'oo'LY, i n. [Hind, kidl, a Iiborer, 

C'OO'LIE, | porter.] A laborer trans- 
ported from the East, for service in 
some other country. 

€oomb (kobm), n. [A.-S. ciimb, a 
liquid measure. Gr. /cu/uj3o?, cup, ba- 
sin.] A dry measure of four bushels. 

Coop, n. [Icel. kupa, 0. II. Ger. cliuo- 
fa.j A grated box or a cage for keeping 
small animals. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To confine in a coop ; to shut up. 

Cobp'ER, ii. One who makes barrels, 
casks, &c. 

•Goop'er-age, n. 1. Price for coop- 
er's work. 2. A place where cooper's 
work is done. 3. Business of a cooper. 

CO-OP'EE-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. co, for con, and operari, opera- 
tus, to work.] To act or operate 
jointly with another. 

Co-op'er-A'tion, ii. Concurrent ef- 
fort or labor ; joint operation. 

€o-6p'er-a-tive, a. Operating 
jointly to the same end. 

€o-6p'er-a'tor, n, One who labors 
jointly with others. 

Co or'di-nate (45), a. [Lat. co, for 



con, and ordinare, ordinatus, to reg- 
ulate.] Equal in rank or order. — 
n. pi Lines, or other elements of 
reference, by means of which the po- 
sition of any point, as of a curve, is 
defined with respect to certain fixed 
lines, or planes. 

€o-6r'di-nate-ly, adv. In the 
same order or rank. 

€oot (26), 77. [W. cvjtiar, from cwta, 
short, bob-tailed.] 1. A water-fowl, 
which frequents lakes and other still 
waters. 2. A stupid fellow. 

Co-pai'ba, ( n. [Brazil, cupauba.] A 

€o-pai'va, ) liquid, resinous juice 
used in medicine. 

Co'pal, n. [Mexican copalli.] A 
resinous substance used in the man- 
ufacture of varnishes. 

Co-par'ce-na-ry, n. Partnership 
in inheritance. 

Co-par'ce-ner, n. A joint heir. 

Co-PART'NER, n. A joint partner ; 
an associate. 

Co-part'ner-ship, n. Joint inter- 
est or concern in any matter. 

Cope, p. [W. cob, A.-S.cappe.] 1. A 
covering for the head. 2. Any thing 
regarded as extended over the head. 
3. A cloak Avorn during divine ser- 
vice by the clergy. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To contend, especially on 
equal terms ; to match. 

Cop'i-er, n. One who copies ; a 
transcriber. [sonry in a wall- 

Cop'ing, n Highest course of ma- 

Co'Pi-ous, a. [Lat. copiosns, from co- 
pia, abundance.] Large in quantity 
or amount. 

Syx. — Ample; abundant; plentiful ; 
exuberant. 

€6'PI-OUS-LY, adv. Plentifully. 

Co'pi-ous-ness, n. State of being 
copious. 

Cop'PER, n. [Gr. x«Afos Kun-pios, 
Cyprian brass, fr. Cyprus, renowned 
for its copper mines.] 1. A metal of 
a reddish color. 2. A coin made of 
copper. 3. A large boiler of copper. 
— v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] To cover with 
copper. 

-GoP'PER-AS, n. [Lat. cuprirosa, equiv. 
to Gr. xaA./cav0O5, i. e. copper-flower.] 
Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol. 

Cop'per-head, n. [From its color.] 
1. A poisonous American serpent. 2. 
A northern sympathizer with the 
southern rebellion of 1861-65. [Am . ] 

Cop'PER-PLATE, n. An engraved 
plate of copper, or a print taken from 
such a plate. 

Cop'per-smith, n. One who man- 
ufactures copper utensils. 

Cop'per-y, a. Mixed with, contain- 
ing, made of, or like, copper. 

Cop'PICE, \ n. [0. Fr coppiz, from 

■Copse, | coper, coitper, to cut.] 
A wood of small growth. 

€6p'Tl€, a. Relating to the Copts, 
an ancient Egyptian race. — ». The 
language of the Copts. 

C6p'u-lA, n. [Lat., from co, for con, 
and apere, to take, seize upon.] The 
word which unites the subject and 
predicate of a proposition. 



OR, do, wolf, too, IOOK; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G, so/*/ €,G, hard; A§; E^cist ; N as NG; this 



COPULATE 



92 



CORONAL 



€6p'U-LATE, v. t. [Lat. copulare, 
copulatum, to couple. J [-ED; -ING.] 
To unite in sexual embrace. 

€6p/u-la'tion, n. Embrace of the 
sexes in the act of generation. 

€6p'u-la-tive , a. Serving to couple, 
unite, or connect, — n. A conjunc- 
tion that unites the sense as well as 
the words. 

OoP'Y, n. [Lat. copia, abundance, 
L. Lat., a pattern for writing.] 1. 
A writing like another writing ; a 
transcript. 2. One of a series of rep- 
etitions of an original work. 3. 
Manuscript placed in a compositor's 
hands. 4. A model ; pattern. — v. t. 
[■ED ; -ING, 142.] To imitate ; to tran- 
scribe ; to model after. — v. i. To do a 
thing in imitation of something else. 

€6p'y-book, n. A book in which 
copies are written for learners to im- 
itate. 

C6p'y-ER, n. One who copies or 
transcribes. 

€6p'y-hold, n. (Eng. Laic.) (a.) A 
tenure of estate by copy of court- 
roll. (6.) Land held in copy-hold. 

■Cop'Y-ist, n. A copier ; a transcriber. 

€6p'y-right (-rit), n. Exclusive 
right of an author to print and pub- 
lish his own literary works for his 
own benefit. — v.t. To secure by 
copyright, as a book. 

€0-QUET' (-kef), V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 

[See Coquette.] To attempt to 
attract admiration or love, from 
vanity. — v. i. To trifle in love. 

€o-quet'ry, n. Affectation of amor- 
ous advances ; trifling in lone. 

€o-QUETTE' (-kef), n. [Fr., coquet- 
tish, originally strutting like a cock.] 
A vain, trifling woman, who endeav- 
ors to gain matrimonial offers, with 
the intention to reject her suitor. 

€o-quet'tish (ko-ket'tish), a. Prac- 
ticing or exhibiting coquetry. 

€6r^AL, n. [Gr. icopdWwv.] 1. The 
solid secretion of zooph\ tes. produced 
within the tissues of the polyps. 2. 
A plaything made of coral. 

€6r'al-line, a. Consisting of coral ; 
like coral. 

€6r'al-loid, ) a. [Gr. KopdWtov, 

CoR'AL-LOID'AL, j coral, and etoos, 
form.] Having the form of coral; 
branching like coral. 

■Corb, n. [Lat. corbis, basket.] A 
basket used in coaleries. 

€6r'ban, n. [Heb.] 1. An alms- 
basket. 2. (Jewish Ant iq.) A vow 
by which a person bound himself not 
to give to another, or to receive from 
him, some particular object. 

■eoR'BEL, n. [Lat. corbicula, dim. of 

corbis, basket.] <= 

Arch.) (a.) Vase of ^Zip^F ^iip ^ 1 
the Corinthian col- -A^^W^W- 
umn. (*.) Carved ^i 
end of a piece of 
timber or stone pro- 
jecting from a wall, 



Corbel (6). 
€6rd, n. [Lat. chorda, Gr. xopS^l 1 



A string, or small rope. 2. A solid 
measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To bind with 



a cord. 2. To pile up, as wood, for 
sale by the cord, [used collectively. 
€6rd'aGe, n Ropes or cords; — 
€or'DATE, la. Having the shape 
<36r'da-ted, J or form of a heart. 
€6r/de-lier', n [Fr., from 0. Fr. 
cordel, fr. corde, rope or girdle worn 
by that order.] One of a religious 
order founded by St. Francis. 
€6r'di-al, or <3or'dial, a. [Lat. 
cor, heart.] 1. Proceeding from the 
heart. 2. Tending to cheer or invig- 
orate. 

Syn. — Hearty; sincere; warm; affec 
tionate. 

— n. Any thing that cheers or invig- 
orates, esp. a medicine which does so. 

Cor'di-al'i-ty, or €6rd-ial'i-ty, 
n. Sincere affection and kindness. 

€6lt'DI-AL-LY, or tORD'IAL-LY, 
adv. Heartily; sincerely. 

Cor'DON (or kor'dong), n. [Fr. ,from 
corde. See Cord.] 1. The project- 
ing coping of a scarp-wall. 2. A se- 
ries of military posts. 

€6r'du-roy', or Cor'du-roy', n. 
[I'robably fr. Fr. corde du roi, king's 
cord.] A thick cotton stuff, corded 
or ribbed on the surface. 

Corduroy roach a roadway formed of 
logs laid side by side across it, as in 
marshy places. 

CORD'WAIN-ER, n. [From 0. Eng. 
cordwain, a corruption of Cordovan, 
a kind of leather.] A shoemaker. 

Core, n. [Norm. Fr., from Lat. cor, 
heart.] Heart or inner part of a 
thing. 

Co'ri-a'ceoOs, a. [Lat. corium, 
leather.] Consisting of, or resemb- 
ling, leather ; leathery. 

CO'RI-AN'DER, 11. [Gr. KOpiavvov, KO- 
piov, fr. Kopis, bug, ou account of the 
bug-like smell of its leaves.] A plant, 
the seeds of 
which have a 
strong smell. 

€0-RlN'TIII-AN, 
a. Pertaining to 
Corinth, or to a 
certain order of 
architecture. 

€6rk, n. [Lat. 
cortex, corticis.] 
1. Outer bark 
of the cork- Corinthian, 

tree. 2. A stopper cut out of cork. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To stop with 
corks. 2. To furnish with cork. 

€6rk'-Jack/et, n A jacket having 
pieces of cork inclosed within canvas, 
and used to aid in swimming. 

€6RK'st'REW (-skrjj), n. A kind of 
screw used for drawing corks. 

€6rk'Y, a. Pertaining to cork. 

€6r'mo-RA.\t, n. [W. mOrvran, a 
sea-raven, fr. mCr, pea, and bran, ra- 
ven, with corb, equiv. to Lat. corvus, 
raven, pleonastically prefixed.] 1. 
A genus of sea-birds, of the pelican 
family. 2. A glutton, or gluttonous 
servant. 

€6rn, v. [A.-S. corn, Goth, Icaurn, 
allied with Lat. granum.] 1. A sin- 
gle seed of certain plants ; a grain. 
[In this sense it has a pi.] 2. The 




various grains which grow in ears, 
and are used for food, as wheat, oats, 
rye, barley, maize ; — used collective* 
ly. 3. A small, hard particle ; a 
grain. 4. [Lat. cornu, horn.] A 
hard, horn-like induration of the 
skin on the toes. — v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] 

1. To preserve and season with salt. 

2. To granulate. 3. To render in- 
toxicated. 

€6rn'-€RAKE, n. A bird which fre- 
quents corn-fields. 

€6r'ne-a (147), n. [Lat. corntvs, 
horny.] The horny transparent mem- 
brane in the front part of the e\e. 

Cor'nel, n. [L. Lat. comolivm, fr. 
Lat. cornu, horn, from its hardness.] 
A shrub and its fruit ; the dog-wood. 

€'6r'NE-o0s, a. [Lat. cornevs, from 
cornu, horn.] Horn-like ; horny. 

COR'NER, n. [Lat. cornu, horn, end, 
angle.] 1. The point where two con- 
verging lii:es n let, or the space be- 
tween thenn 2. A secret or retired 
place. 3. Any part. — v. t. [-ED ; 

. -ING.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. 
To get control of; — said of stocks. 

€'6r'ner-stone, n. Stone which 
forms the corner of a foundation. 

Cor'ner-wise, adv. Diagonally ; 
with the corner in front. 

€'6r'net, n. [From Lat. cornu, horn.] 
1. (Music.) (a.) A wind instrument 
blown with the mouth, (b.) A spe- 
cies of trumpet. 2. The officer who 
carries the standard in a cavalry 
troop. 

€6r'net-cy, n. Commission or rank 
of a cornet. 

Cor'ni'ce, n. [Lat. coronis, Gr. Kopw- 
vi/Sf a curved line.] Any molded pro- 
jection which crowns the part to 
which it is affixed. 

€6r'nu-€0'pi-a, n. : 

pi. €OR'NU-€6'Pl 
JE. [Lat. cornu, a 
horn, and copia, 
plenty.] The horn 
of plenty ; — an em- 
blem of abundance. 

€6rn'y, a. [Lat. cor- 
nu. horn.] 1 Strong, Cornucopia, 
stiff, or hard, like a horn. 2. Pro- 
ducing corn or grain. 3. Contain- 
ing corn or grain. 

€6r'ol, ) n. [Lat. coroU 

€'o-r6i/lA,( la, dim of 
i oro na, crown.] The inner 
p;u-t of a flower, < on posed 
of one or more leaves, called 
petals. 

€6r'ol-LA-ry (44), n. [Lat. 
corolarium , coroi.et, from 
corolla. ] An inference ; a 
deduction ; a (omeqnence. 

€o-RO'na. n.: pi. €0-RO>- Corolla. 
NJK. [Lat., crown, Gr. ko- a < n, ? n 7~ 
pwr,, any thing curved.] 1. g* ^JSJ 
A large, flat member of a petaled. 
cornice. 2. A circle around 
a luminous body, as the sun or 
moon. 

€6r'o-nal, a. Pertaining to the 
kingly ciown, or to coronation. — n. 
A crown ; wreath ; garland. 




A, £, I, o, u, Y,long; A,£,I, o, u, y, short.- cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



CORONARY 



CORUSCATE 



€6r'0-NA-ry, a. Relating to, cr re- 
sembling, a crown. 

€6r'o-na'tion. n. Act or ceremony 
of crowning a sovereign. 

Cor'o-NER, n. [L. Lat. coronarius, 
fr. Lat. corona, crown.] An officer 
whose duty is to inquire into the 
manner of a violent death. 

€6R'0-NET, n. [Lat. corona, crown.] 1. 
An inferior crown, worn by noble- 
men. 2. Upper part of a horse's hoof. 

C6r'po-ral, n. [Corrupted from Fr. 
caporal, fr. Lat. caput, head.] Low- 
est officer of a company of infantry, 
next below a sergeant. — a. [Lat. 
corporalis, fr. corpus, body.] 1. Be- 
longing to the body. 2. Having a 
body or substance ; not spiritual. 

€6r'PO-ral-ly, adv. In or with the 
body : bodily. 

€JOR'PO-RATE, a. [Lat. corporare, 
corporatus, to shape into a body, from 
corpus, body.] United in, or belong- 
ing to, a corporation. 

€6r'po-rate-i,y, adv. In a corpo- 
rate capacity. ( 

COR'PO-RA'TION, n. A body politic 
or corporate, formed and authorized 
by law to act as a single person. 

€6r'po-RA'TOR, n. A member of a 
corporation. 

t'OR-PO'RE-AL (89), a. Having a ma- 
terial body or substance ; material. 

Syn. — Corporal ; bodily.— Bodily is 
opposed to mental ; as, bodih/ affections. 
Corporeal refers to the interior animal 
structure ; as, corporeal substance or 
frame. Corporal, as now used, refers 
more to the exterior; as, corporal pun- 
ishment. To speak of cor/joreul pun- 
ishment is now a gross error. 

€or-PO're-al-ly, adv. In a bodily 
form or manner. 

Cor'PO-re'I-ty, n. Materiality. 

€orps (kor, pi. k5rz), n. sing. & pi. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. corpus, body.] An or- 
ganized part or division of an army. 

~€orps-DAR3TEE (kor'dar'uiii'), n. 
[Fr., body of the army.] A portion 
of a grand army possessed of all the 
constituents of a separate or an in- 
dependent army. 

Corpse, n. [Lat. corpvs, body.] 
Dead body of a human being. 

€6r'pu-lence, In. Excessive fat- 

Cor'PU-len-cy, j ness ; obesity. 

€6r'PU-LENT, a. [Lat. corpulentus, 
fr. corpus, body.] Having an exces- 
sive quantity of flesh ; obese. 

Syn.— Stout; fleshv; large; fat; pursy. 

€6r'pus-cle (-pus-1, 65), n. [Lat. 
corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body.] 
A minute particle. 

€oR-pDs'€U-EAR,n. Pertaining to, 
or composed of, corpuscles, or small 
particles. 

Cor-ra'di-a'tion, n. Conjunction 
of rays in one point. 

60R-RECT', a. [See infra.} Conform- 
able to truth, rectitude, or proprie- 
ty ; free - from error. 

Syn. — Accurate; right: exact. 
— v. t. [-ED;-ing,] [Lat. corri gere, 
correctum, fr. con and regere, to lead 
straight.] 1. To make or set right. 2. 
To punish for faults. 3. To obviar- 
or remove ; to counteract or chan^, 



€OR-RE€'TlON, n. 1. Act of correct- 
ing ; change for the better ; amend- 
ment. 2. Punishment; discipline. 
3. That which is substituted in the 
place of what is wrong. 4. Counter- 
action of what is hurtful in its effects. 

Cor-rec'tion-al, a. Tending to 
correction ; corrective. 

€or-re€T'Ive, a. Tending to recti- 
fy. — n. That which has the power 
of correcting. [manner. 

Cor-RE€T'ly, adv. In a correct 

€or-re€T'ness, n. State of being 
correct. 

Syn. — Accuracy ; regularity ; precis- 
ion; exactness. 

fjOR-RE€T'OR, n. One who, or that 
which, corrects. 

Cor/re-la'tion, n. [L. Lat. correla- 
tion Reciprocal or mutual relation. 

€oR-REL'A-TlvE,a. Having or in- 
dicating a reciprocal relation ; recip- 
rocal. — n. One who, or that which, 
stands in a reciprocal relation to some 
other person or thing. 

Cor're-spond', t. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. correspond ere, from con and 
respondere, to answer.] 1. To be 
adapted. 2. To have intercourse, 
esp. by sending and receiving letters. 
Syn. — To correspond with: corres- 
pond to. — We correspond witli a friend 
by letters; one thing corresponds to 
another, i. e. answers to it. 

■GoR'RE-SPOND'ENCE, ) n. 1. Mutu- 

Cor're-spond'en-cy, / al adapta- 
tion of one thing to another. 2. 
Intercourse by means of letters. 3. 
Letters which pass between corre- 
spondents. 

€6r're-spond'ent, a. Suitable ; 
congruous ; conformable ; answer- 
able. — n. One who corresponds. 

-edR'RE-SPOND'ENT-L.Y, ) adv. Con- 

Gor're-spond'ing-ly, J formably; 
answerably ; suitably. 

€6r'ri-dor/, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. currere, 
to run.] A passage-way to apart- 
ments independent of each other. 

-ebRi RI-GEN'DUM, n. ; pi. €OR'RI- 
GEN'DA. [Lat ] A word or thing 
to be corrected. 

€or'ri-gi-BL,e, a. [L. Lat. corrigi- 
bilis, from Lat. corrigere, to correct.] 
1. Capable of being set right or 
amended. 2. Worthy of being chas- 
tised( [competitor. 

€or-rI'val, n. A fellow-rival; a 

€or-rob'o-RANT, a. Having the 
quality of giving strength ; confirm- 
ing. — n. A medicine that strength- 
ens the body L 

€OR-ROB'0-RATE,l'J, [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. corroborare, corroboratus, from 
con and roborare, to strengthen.] To 
make more certain ; to confirm. 

Cor-ror/o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of 
corroborating ; confirmation. 2. 
That which corroborates. 

€or-rob'o-ra-tIve, a. Corrobo- 
rating, or tending to corroborate. 

€OR-RODF" V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 

corrode:, lrom con and rodere, to 

gnav. } To eat away or consume by 

legrees ; to wear away. 

Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waste. 



€OR-ROD'ENT,n. Any substance that 

corrodes. 
Cor-rod'i-BLE, ) a. Capable of be- 
€or-ro'si-ble,- J ing corroded. 
€OR-RO'glON, n. Action of eating or 

wearing away by slow degrees. 
Cor-ro'sIve , a. 1. Eating away; 
I acrimonious. 2. Having the quality 
! of fretting or vexing. 

Like a cor- 



of fretting or vexing 
€OR-RO'SIVE-I,Y, odv 



rosive ; in a corrosive manner. 

•eoR'RU-GANT, a. Having the power 
of corrugating. 

€6r'ru-gate, c. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. corrugare, corrugatus, from con 
and rugare, to wrinkle.] To form 
into wrinkles or folds. 

€6r'ru-ga'tion, n. A contraction 
into wrinkles. 

€or-rupt', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
corrumpere, corruption , from con anti 
rumpere, to break.] 1. To make 
putrid; to putrefy. 2. To change 
from good to bad. — v. i. 1. To be- 
come putrid ; to rot. 2. To become 
vitiated; to lose purity. — a. 1. 
Changed from a sound to a putrid 
state ; spoiled ; tainted. 2. Titiated ; 
depraved ; debased ; perverted. 

€or-rOpt'er, n. One who corrupts. 

Cor-RUPT/i-BIL/i-ty, n. Possibility 
of being corrupted, [ing corrupted. 
j Cor-RUPT'I-ble, a. Capable of be- 
! -Cor-rupt'i-ble-ness, n. Suscepti. 
I bility of corruption. 
I CoR-RiJPT'I-BLY, adv. So as to be 
j corrupted. 

1 €or-rup'tion, n. 1. Act of cor- 
rupting, or state of being corrupt. 2. 
Product of corruption. 3. Perversion 
of moral principles. 4. Taint or im- 
purity of blood. 

€oR-Rt)PT'lVE , a. Having the quali- 
ty of corrupting, [manner.. 

€OR-RUPT'LY, adv. In a corrupt 

€or-rupt'ness, n. State of being 
corrupt. 

■Cor'sair, n. [L. Lat. corsarius, from 
Lat. currere, cur sum, to run.] 1. A 
pirate. 2. A piratical vessel. 

€orse , or <3orse , n. [See Corpse.] 
A corpse. 

€6rse'let, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. 
cors, Lat. corpus, body.] A kind of 
light breastplate worn by pikemen. 

-Gor'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, 
Lat. corpus, body.] An article of 
dress worn by women to support or 
correct the figure ; stays. 

CORTE <?.fi(kor / tazh'), n. [Fr.,fr.It. 
corte, court.] A train of attendants. 

Cortes (kor'tes), n. pi. [Sp. & Pg. 
corte, court.] The legislative as- 
semblies of Spain and Portugal. 

€"OR'Tl-eAL, a. [Lat. cortex, bark.] 
Belonging to, consisting of, or re- 
sembling, bark : external. 

■Cor'ti-cose', ) a. [Lat. corticosus.\ 

€6r'TI-€OUS, j Resembling bark; 
made of bark. 

€o-RUN'DUM, n. [Hind. Icurand, co- 
rundum stone.] The earth alumina, 
as found native in a crvstalline state. 

€o-R0s'€ANT, a. Glittering by flashes- 

€6R'US-eATE, or CO-RtJS'CATEjV. i. 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK ■ Crn. rue, PTJLL ; E, I, o, silent ; C,G, sq/i; €,(Sr,hard; As; EJIst ; tf asNG; this 



CORUSCATION 



9* 



COUNTERBALANCE 



[Lat. coruscare, coruscatus, to flash.] 
To throw off vivid hashes of light. 

Cor'us-ca'tion, n. A sudden flash 
or play of light. 

Cor'vet, In. [Lat. corbita, aslow 

Cor-vette', j sailing ship, fr. cor- 
bis, basket.] A sloop of war. 

Cor'vine, a. [Lat. corvinus, fr. cor- 
vus, crow.] Pertaining to the crow 
or raven. 

Cor'YMB (the b 75 sounded), n. [Gr. 
Kopuit/3os.] Inflorescence, in which 
the lesser flower-stalks are produced 
along the common stalk on both 
sides, and rise to the same height. 

CoR'Y-PHE'US, n. [Gr. Kopv^aios, 
standing at the head.] ( Gr. Antiq.) 
The leader of the dramatic chorus ; 
hence, any chief or leader. 

Co-SE'€ANT, n. [For co. secans, an 
abbrev. of Lat. complementi secans.] 
The secant of the complement of an 
arc or angle. 

Co'sey (ko'zy), a. See Cozy. 

Co'-sine, n. [For co. sinus, an ab- 
brev. of Lat. complementi sinus. ] Sine 
of the complement of an arc or angle. 

Cog-MET'IC, ) a. [Gr. Koa/uijriKo?, 

Cog-MET'IC-AL, J fr. Koo-ju-os, order, 
ornament.] Improving the beauty 
of the complexion. — n. Any ex- 
ternal application to improve the 
complexion. 

C6s/MI€, 1 a. [Gr. Ko<r/u.ue6s. See 

Cos/mic-al, j Cosmos.] 1. Per- 
taining to the universe. 2. Rising 
or setting with the sun. 

CO£-m6g'o-NY, n. [Gr. KOo-^oyovCa, 
fr. »c6or/«.os, the world, and yiveiv, to 
beget, bring forth.] Science of the 
formation of the world or universe. 

Cos.-mog'ra-pher, n. One versed in 
cosmography. 

C6§'MO-grXph'I€, ) a. Pertain- 

t'os/MO-GRXPH'ic-AL, ) ing to cos- 
mography. 

t'Og-MOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Koo-fioypa- 
(f>ia, fr. /eoCT/AOs, world, and ypa^eiv, 
to write.] A description of the world 
or universe. [cosmology. 

Co§-mol'o-GIST, n. One versed in 

<_'os_-mol/o-gy, n. [Gr. koct/u.os, the 
world, and Aoyo?, discourse.] Science 
of the world or universe ; or a treatise 
relating to its structure and various 
parts. 

Cos/mo-pol'i-tan, ) n. [Gr. koo-lio- 

Co§-m6p'o-LITE, j 7roAiTT}5, from 
»c6o>Jios, the world, and 7toActt)s, citi- 
zen.] A person who has no fixed 
residence, but is at home in every 
place ; a citizen of the world 

CoS/MO-RA'MA, or €5s/MO RA'MA, 
n. [Gr. Koo-fxos, the world, and op%- 
pa, a sight.] An exhibition, through 
a lens or lenses, of a number 01 
drawings or paintings. 
2&§ r MOS, n. [Gr. /cd<r(u.os, order, 
harmony.] The universe, — so called 
from its perfect arrangement. 

Cos'set, n. 1. A lamb brought up 
by hand. 2. A pet in general. 

Cost (21), n. [See the verb.] 1. 
Amount paid ; charge ; expense. 2. 
Loss of any kind ; detriment ; pain. 



— v. t. [imp. & p. p. COST.] [Lat. 
constate, to stand at, to cost.] 1. To 
require to be given or expended for. 
2. To require to be borne or suffered. 

Cos'TAL, a. [Lat. costa, rib] Relat- 
ing to the side of the body or the ribs. 

Cos^tard, n. [A niodif. of custard, 
custard -apple.] 1. A large apple. 2. 
The head ; — used contemptuously. 

Cos'TIVE, a. [Contr. fr. It. costij/a- 
tivo, from Lat. constipare , to pi ess 
closely together.] Retaining fetal 
matter in the bowels ; constipated. 

Cos'TiVE-NESS, n. Constipation. 

Cost'LI-ness, n. Great cost, or ex- 
pense, [pensive. 

Cost'ly, a. Of great cost ; dear ; ex- 

t'os-TUME', or Cos'TUME, n. [From 
Lat. consuetumen, for consuetudo, 
custom.] I. An established mode or 
style, esp. of dress. 2. Adaptation 
of accessories, as in a picture, statue, 
poem, &c, to the time, place, or 
other circumstances. 

€o'5Y, a. See Cozy. 

Cot, 1 n. [A.-S. cote, cj/te, Tcel. kot.] 

Cote,) 1. A cottage or hut; also, 
a shed or inclosure for beasts. 2. A 
cover for a sore finger. 

•Cot, I n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, cottage, 

Cott, j bed, couch.] A little bed ; 
a bedstead which can be folded to- 
gether. 

€o-TAN'GENT, n. [For co. tangens, 
an abbrev. of Lat. complementi tan- 
gens.] The tangent of the comple- 
ment of an arc or angle. 

Co-TEM'PO-RA'NE-oOs, a. Living 
or being at the same time. 

Co-tem'po-ra-ry, a. Living or be- 
ing at the same time. — n. One who 
lives at the same time with another. 

Co'te-rie', n. [Fr., fr. cote, share, 
portion.] A set of persons who meet 
familiarly ; a club, [ty in the tides. 

CO-TID'AL, a. Indicating an equa'i- 

CO-TIL'ION I (ko-tll'yun), n. [Fr. 

Co-TiLL'lON ] cotillon, from 0. Fr. 
cole, tunic] A brisk dance of eight 
persons ; a quadrille. 

Cot'tage (45), n. [From cot.] A 
small dwelling ; a cot. 

Cot'TA-ger, ) n. One who lives in a 

€6t'ter, j cottage. 

Cot'TON (kot'tn), n. [At. qoton, al- 
qoton.] 1. A downy vegetable sub- 
stance, resembling fine wool. 2. 
Cloth made of cotton. — v. i. 1. To 
rise with a regular nap. 2. To agree ; 
to adhere. 

Cot'ton-gIn, n. A machine to sep- 
arate the seeds from cotton. 

Cot'ton-plAnt, n. A plant grow 
ing in warm cli- 
mates, and bearing 
the cotton of com- 
merce. 

Cot'ton-wool', n. 
Cotton in its raw 
state. 

CoT'Y-LE'DON, n. 
[Gr. kotvAtjSoSv, fr. 
*eoTvA>7,acup.] One 
of the seed-lobes of 
a plant. 




Cotton-plant. 



Cot'y-led'o-noOs, o. Having a 

seed-lobe. 

Couch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. coU 

locare, to lay, put, place. J 1. To lay 

down upon or in a bed, or other lest- 

ing-place. 2. To express; to phrase. 

3. To depress, as a cataract in the 

e>e, by means of a needle in order to 

its removal. — v.t. 1. To lie down 

or recline. 2. To lie down for ccn- 

cealment. — n. A place for reft or 

sleep. [ting. 

Coucil'ANT,a. Lying down; squat- 

•Cou'GAR (koL'gar), n. Acarnivorous 

American quadruped. 
Cough (kawf, 21), n. [D. kveh, from 
M. II. Ger. kitchen, to breathe, kich- 
en, to gasp.] A violent effort of the 
lungs to throw off irritating matter. 
— v.i. [-ED ; -ing.] To make the 
violent effort just described. — v.i. 
To eject by a cough ; to expectorate. 
CpUED (kded), imp. of Can. 
COUL'TER, n. San.e as COLTER. 
CoUN'CIL, n. [Lat. concilium, fr. con- 
cire, conciere, to assemble together.] 
Assembly for consultation or advice. 
€oun'cil-or, \ n. A member of a 
Coun'^il-lor, J council. 
Coun'sel, n. [Lat. consilium, fr. the 
root of consulere, to consult.] 1. 
^Mutual interchange of opinions. 2. 
Exercise of deliberate judgment 3. 
Result of deliberation. 4. Deliber- 
ate purpose. 5. One who gives ad- 
vice, esp. in legal matters. — v.t. 
[-ED,-ING; or LED, -LING, 137-] To 
advise or instruct. 
Coun'see-or I n. One who coun- 
Coun'sel-lor, ) sels ; an adviser. 
Count, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. com- 
putare, to reckon.] 1. To number ; to 
enumerate. 2. To consider or esteem 
as belonging to one. — v. i. 1. To be 
counted; hence, to swell the num- 
ber; to add strength or influence. 
2. To depend; to rely. — n. 1. A 
numbering ; reckoning. 2. State- 
ment of a plaintiff's case in court. 3. 
One of several charges in an indict- 
ment. 4. [Fr. comte, from Lat. comes, 
comitis, companiou.] A nobleman 
on the continent of Europe. 
Coun'te-NANCE, n. [Fr. contenance, 
fr. conttnir, from Lat. continere, to 
hold together.] 1. Appearance or 
expression of the face ; aspect ; mien. 

2. The features. 3. Favor ; aid ; en- 
couragement. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To encourage by a favoring aspect. 

Syn. — To sanction; favor; 6upport. 
CoUN'TER, n. 1. One who counts, or 
aids in counting ; that which indi- 
cates a number. 2. A shop-table. 

3. (Mus.) Counter-tenor. 4. Back- 
leather or heel part of a boot. — a. 
Contrary; opposite. — adv. In op- 
position ; in an opposite direction. 

COUN'TER-XCT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.J 

To act in opposition to. 
Coun'TER-Xc'tion, n. Action in op. 

position ; hindrance ; resistance. 
'OUN'TER-XCT'IVE, a. Tending to 



COUN' 

counteract. 
Coun'ter-bXl'ance, I', t. 



[-ED; 



A, E, I, 6,u,y, long; X,£,i, 6, 0, ¥, short; cXre, far, ask. all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; PIQUE, fTrm; s6n, 



COUNTERBALANCE 



95 



COURTIER 



-ing.] To act against with equal 
power or effect. 

fc'OUN'TER-BAl/AN9E, n. Equal op- 
posing weightj equivalent. 

€oun'TER-change', v. t. To ex- 
change ; to reciprocate. 

€oun'ter-change',«. Exchange; 
reciprocation. 

COUN'TER-CHARM', V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To destroy the effect of a 
charm on. 

eoUN'TER-CHARM', rc. That which 
has the power of opposing the effect 
of a charm. 

Coun'ter-check', v. t. To oppose; 
to check. [rebuke. 

f'OUN'TER-CHECK^n. Check; stop; 

6oun'ter-€UR'rent, n. A current 
running in an opposite direction 
from that of the main current. 

COUN'TER-FEIT, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr. contrefaire,p. p. contrefait, from 
on re, against, and fake, to make.] 
1 To put on a semblance of; 2. To 
uxitate, with a view to deceive; to 
forge. — a. Similar ; forged ; false ; 
deceitful. — n. 1. A likeness ; a 
counterpart. 2. A cheat ; a forgery. 
3. An impostor. 

t'OUN'TER-FEIT-ER, n. One who 
counterfeits ; a forger. 

t OUN'TER-GUARD, n. A low work 
before the salient point of a bastion. 

6oun'TER-JUMP / er, n. A salesman 
in a shop ; — used contemptuously. 

GOUN'TER-MANlV, «. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr. contremander , fr. contre, against, 
and mander, to command.] To re- 
voke, as a former command. 

€oun'ter-mand', n. Revocation of 
a former command. 

COUN'TER-MARCH', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To march back, or in a reversed or- 
der. 

Coun'ter-mXrch', n. A change of 
the wings or face of a battalion. 

t'OUN'TER-MARK'jB. An additional 
mark on goods. 

Counter-mine', v. t. [ ed ; -ing.] 
1. To oppose by means of a counter- 
mine. 2. To frustrate by secret op- 
position. 

Coun'ter-mine', n. A gallery un- 
der ground to reach and destroy 
those of an enemy. 

Coun'ter-mo'tion, n. An oppos- 
ing motion. 

€oun'ier-move'ment. n. A move- 
ment in opposition to another, [bed. 

Coun'TER-pane, n. Coverlet for a 

tOUN'TER-PART, n. A part corre- 
sponding to another part ; a copy ; 
a duplicate ; an opposite. [a plea. 

Coun'TER-PLEA, n. A replication to 

Coun'ter-plot', v. t. To oppose, 
as another plot, by plotting. 

Coun'ter-plot', «. A plot or arti- 
fice opposed to another. 

Goun'ter-point, n. 1. A cover for 
a bed, made in squares. 2. [Point 
against point.] Art of composing 
music in parts ; harmony. 

{r'OUN / TER-POI§E','U. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To act against with equal weight, 
power, or effect. 



-CdUN'TER-POlgE/, n. Equal weight, 
power, or force, acting in opposition. 

CoUN'TER-POl'gON, n. A poison 
that destroys the effect of another. 

COUN'TER-REV'O-LU'TION, n. A 
revolution reversing a former one. 

€oun'TER-S€Arp, n. {Fort.) Exte- 
rior slope of the ditch ; the whole 
covered way. 

COUN'TER-SIGN (-Sin), V. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To sign in addition and op- 
posite to the signature of a principal 
or superior. — n. 1. Signature of a 
subordinate officer to a writing signed 
by the principal or superior. 2. A 
private military signal or watch- 
word, [sponding signal. 
Coun'ter-sig'nal, n. A corre- 

COUN'TER-SINK,^.;. [-SUNK ; -SINK- 
ING.] To form, as a depression, for 
the reception of the head of a screw or 
bolt below the surface. — n. A tool 
for forming a depression to receive 
the head of a screw. 

COUN'TER-TEN'OR, n. (Mus.) One 
of the middle parts, between the 
tenor and the treble. 

COUN'TER-VAIL', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[counter and Lat. valere, to be 
strong.] To act against with equal 
force, power, or effect ; to balance. 

€oun'ter-work' (-wGrk'), v. t. To 
work in opposition to. [count. 

Count'ess, «. Consort of an earl or 

Count'ing-house, ) n. House or 

€ount'ing-room, ) roomforthe 
keeping of books, papers, and ac- 
counts. 

Count'less, a. Incapable of being 
counted ; innumerable ; numberless. 

CoOn'tri-fi.ed, a. Having the ap- 
pearance and manners of the coun- 
try ; rustic ; rude. 

CoOn'try (kiln'try), n. [Fr. contree, 
from Lat. contra, on the opposite 
side-] 1. A region; — as distin- 
guished from any other, and with a 
personal pronoun, region of one's 
birth or residence. 2. Rural re- 
gions. — a. Pertaining to the coun- 
try ; rural ; rustic ; rude ; ignorant. 

COUN'TRY-DANCE, n. See CONTRA- 
DANCE. 

CoBn'TRY-MAN (150), n. 1. A fellow- 
inhabitant of a country. 2. A rustic. 

Coun'try-seat, n. A dwelling in 
the country, used as a place of retire- 
ment from the city. 

Coun'ty, n. [Fr. comte, L. Lat. com- 
itates. See Count.] A division of 
a state ; a shire. 

CotJP'LE (kup'l), n. [From Lat. cop- 
ula. See Copula.] 1. Two things 
of the same kind. 2. A betrothed 
or married pair. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To connect together ; to join. — v. i. 
To come together as male and fe- 
male ; to embrace. 

Coup'let, n. [Fr., dim. of couple.] 
Two lines of verse rhyming with 
each other. 

Coup'ling, n. 1. Connection ; sex- 
ual union. 2. That which serves to 
connect one thing with another. 

Cou'PON (ork6Vp5ng), n. [Fr., fr. 



couper. to cut.] An interest certifi 
cate attached to a transferable boud, 
designed to be cut off for payment 
when interest is due. 

Cour'age, n. [Fr., from Lat. cor, 
heart.] Quality of mind enabling 
one to meet danger and difficulties. 

Syn. — Bravery ; intrepidity ; valorp 
boldness; gallantry; daring. 

Cou-ra'geous (ku-r;Vjus), a. Pos 
sessing, or characterized by, courage. 

Cou-ra'geous-ly, adv. In a cou* 
rageous manner. [courage. 

Cou-ra'geous-ness, n. Quality of 

Cou-RANT', n. [Fr., p. pr. of courir, 
to run.] 1. A piece of music in triple 
time. 2. A lively dance. 8. A news- 
paper. 

€ou'RI-ER(ko"o / rT-er), n. [Fr. courier, 
courrier, from courir, to run.] 1. A 
messenger sent in haste ; an express. 

2. An attendant on travelers. 
Course, n. [Lat. cursus, fr. currere, 

to run.] 1. Act of moving from one 
point to another. 2. Ground or path 
traversed. 3. Line of progress. 4. 
Usual, stated, or methodical action. 
5. Conduct ; behavior. 6. A suc- 
cession of acts or practices. 7. Part 
of a meal served at one time. 8. A 
continued level range as of bricks. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To hunt or 
chase after; to pursue. 2. To run 
through or over. — v. i. To run as 
if in a race, or in hunting. 

Cours'er, n. A swift or spirited 
horse ; a racer. 

COURT, n. [0. Fr., fr. Lat. cohors, co- 
hortis, inclosure, crowd, Gr. xoprd?.] 
1. An inclosed space. 2. Residence 
of a sovereign or nobleman ; a pal- 
ace. 3. Retinue of a sovereign . 4. 
Conduct designed to gain favor ; 
politeness. 5. A legal tribunal. 6- 
The judge or judges in any case. 
7. Session of a judicial assembly 8- 
Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or 
ecclesiastical. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

1. To strive to please ; to pay court 
to. 2. To seek in marriage ; to woo. 

3. To solicit. 

COURT'E-OUS (kurt'e-us), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or expressive of, courtesy. 

Syn.— Civil; obliging; well-bred; po- 
lite; complaisant 

Court'e-oOs-ly, adv. In a court- 
eous manner. [being courteous. 

COURT'E-OUS-NESS, n. Quality of 

Court'e-§.Xn (kfirt'e-zSn), n. [See 
Court.] A prostitute ; a strumpet. 

COURT'E-SY, n. [From court.] 1. 
Elegance and politeness of manners. 

2. Act of civility. 3. Favor or in- 
dulgence. 

CoOrte'sy (kurt'sy), n. An expres- 
sion of civility by women, — now- 
little used, — consisting of a slight 
bending of the knees and inclination 
of the body.— v. i. [-ed , -ing, < 2 i 
To make a courtesy. 

Court'- hand, «. Manner of writing 
used in records. 

CSURT'IER (korfyer), n. 1. One who 
frequents the courts of princes 2. 
One who solicits favor. 



OR.D^WQLFjTOO, TO*bK ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; q,b,sofl; c,g, hard,- As; EXIST; NasNG; THIS- 



COURTLINESS 



96 



CRAM 



€6urt'li-ness, n. Quality of being 
courtly. 

€ourt'ly, a. 1. High-bred; digni- 
fied and elegant. 2. Obsequious ; 
sycophantic. 

t>OURT'-MAR'TIAL (155), n. A court 
for the trial of offenses against mili- 
tary or naval laws. 

■Court'-PlAs'ter, n. Sticking-plas- 
ter made of silk. 

■eouRT'SHlP, n. 1. Act of soliciting 
favor by complaisance. 2. Act of 
wooing in love. fa house. 

Gourt'-yXrd, n. Inclosure round 

€Jous/ZN (kuz'n), n. [L. Lat. cosinus, 
contr. fr. Lat. consobrinus, child of 
a mother's sister.] One collaterally 
related more remotely than a brother 
or sister. 

GoOs/jtn-gEr'man (155), n. A cousin 
in the first generation. 

Gove , n. [A.-S. cofa, cove, cave, room, 
Lat. cavum, cavity.] 1. A small in- 
let, creek, or bay. 2. A boy or man. 
[Slang.] 

€6v'E-NANT, n. [0. Fr. covenant, 
convenant, p. pr. of convenir, to 
agree.] 1. A mutual agreement in 
writing; a contract. 2. Conditional 
promises of God as revealed in the 
Scriptures, — v.i. [-ed; -ING.] To 
enter into a formal agreement. 

Syn.— To agree; contract; bargain. 
— v. t. To grant or promise by cove- 
nant. 

€6v'E-NANT-ER, n. One who makes 
or who subscribes a covenant. 

€6v'ER, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
cooperire, from con and operire, to 
cover.] 1. To overspread the surface 
or whole body of. 2. To hide from 
sight ; to conceal. 3. To protect ; to 
defend. 4. To comprehend or in- 
clude; to account for or solve. 6. 
To put the usual head-dress on. — n. 
1. Any thing laid, set, or spread 
upon, about, or over another. 2. 
Any thing which veils or conceals. 
3. [Fr. couverte.] Table furniture for 
the use of one person at a meal. 

G6VER-LET, n. [0. Fr. covrelict, 
equiv. to couvre-lit, from couvrir, to 
cover, and lit, bed.] Uppermost 
cover of a bed. 

€6v'ert (kuv'ert),a. [0. Fr. covert, 
p. p. of covrir. See Cover.] 1. 
Covered over ; hid. 2. Sheltered. 3. 
Under authority or protection, as a 
married woman. — n. A shelter ; a 
defense. [vate. 

C6VERT-LY, adv. Secretly; in pri- 

€6v'ert-ure (53), n. 1. Covering; 
shelter ; defense. 2. Condition of a 
woman during marriage. 

•G6VET (kuVet), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[0. Fr. covoiter, coveiter, from Lat. 
cupidus, eager.] To wish for with 
eagerness or inordinately. 

€6v'ET-otJS (kQVet-us), a. Very or 
inordinately desirous ; excessively 
ea^er. [ariciously. 

€6V'ET-o0s-LY, adv. Eagerly ; av- 

€6v'et-oOs-ness, n. Strong or in- 
ordinate desire of gaining some sup- 
posed good. 



Syn. — Avarice; cupidity; greed. 

€6v'EY (kuv'y), n. [Fr. coitvee, from 
couve, p. p. of couver, to sit or brood 
on.] 1. A small fiock or number of 
bird.' together. 2. A company ; set. 

€6v'in (kOVin), n. [0. Fr. covine, 
covaine, from convenir, to agree.] A 
deceitful agreement between two or 
more persons to prejudice a third. 

€oW (kou), n. [A.-S. eft, Icel. ku, 
Skr. go.] Female of the bovine 
genus of animals. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Tcel. kuga, to depress.] To 
sink the spirits or courage of. 

€ow'ard, n. [0. Fr. couard, orig. 
short-tailed, as an epithet of the 
hare, fr. Lat. cauda, tail.] One who 
lacks courage to meet danger. 

Syn. — Craven ; poltroon ; dastard.— 
A crai'en is literally one who begs off, or 
shrinks at the approach of danger ; a 
poltroon is a mean-spirited coward; 
dastard is one of the strongest terms of 
reproach in our language. 

€ow'ARD-1ce, n. Want of courage. 

€ow'ard-li-ness, n. Cowardice. 

€ow'ard-ly, a. I. Wanting courage 
to face danger. 2. Proceeding from 
fear of danger. — adv. In the man- 
ner of a coward. 

€ow'-€^TCH'ER, n. A strong frame 
in front of a locomotive for catching 
or throwing off obstructions, such as 
cows, &c. 

€OW'ER, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. W. 
cwrian, to cower, from cwr, corner.] 
To crouch, especially through fear. 

€ow'hIrd, n. One whose occupa- 
tion it is to tend cows. 

€ow'HlDE,n. 1. Hide of a cow. 2. 
Leather made of the hide of a cow.- 
3. A coarse riding-whip. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To beat with a cow- 
hide. 

€owl, n. [A.-S. cuhle, cugle, fr. Lat. 
cucullus, cap, hood.] 1. A monk's 
hood. 2. A cowl-shaped cap for the 
top of chimneys. 

€ow'l,Ick, n. A tuft of hair turned 
up over the forehead, as if licked by 
a cow. 

€o'-work'ER (-wfirk'er), n. One 
who works with another ; a fellow- 
laborer. 

€ow'-pox, n. A pustular eruption 
of the cow ; the vaccine disease. 

€ow'ry (kou'ry), n. [Hind, kauri.] 
A small shell, used for money in the 
East. 

Gow'slip, in. A species of prim- 

€ow's/-lIp, J rose. 

€6x'comb (-kom), n. [A corrupt, of 
coc&s comb.] 1. A vain, superficial 
pretender; a fop. 2. A plant of 
several species, bearing red flowers. 

€ox-€6mb'H!-al (-kom'-), a. Fop- 
pish ;_ conceited ; fanciful. 

€6x'€OMB-ry (-kom-), n. Manners 
of a coxcomb. 

Goy, a. [0. Fr. coy, coi, fr. Lat. quie- 
tus, quiet.] Shrinking from ap- 
proach or familiarity. 

Syn. — Shy ; shrinking ; reserved ; 
modest ; bashful. 

€oy'ish, a. Somewhat coy. 

€oy'ly, adv. With reserve ; slyly. 




Crab. 
A contrivance 



COY'NESS, n. Unwillingness to be- 
come familiar. 

€6z (kuz), n. A contraction of Cousin. 

€OZ'£N (kfiz'u), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Either fr. cousin, to deceive through 
pretext of relationship, or from Ger. 
kosen, liebkosen, to wheedle.] To 
cheat ; to defraud ; to deceive. 

•edz'.EN-AGE (kuVn-), n. Artifice; 
trick ; fraud. 

€6z'22N-ER, n. One who cheats. 

€o'zi-LY, adv. Snugly ; comfortably. 

t'o'ZY, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Fr. 
causer, to talk, chat.] Snug; com- 
fortable ; easy. 

€rXb, n. 1. [A.-S. crabba, fr. Gr. ttapa- 
/3o?.] A crusta- 
ceous animal, 
having ten legs. 

2. [Akin to W. 
garv, garw, 
rough, harsh, 
Lat. acerbus, 
sour.] A wild 
apple, or the 
tree producing it. 3 
for launching ships. 

€rXb'bed (60), a. Harsh ; rough, or 
austere, like a crab-apple. 
■Syn. — Peevish; sour; morose. 

€rXb'bed-LY, adv. In a crabbed 
manner. 

€rXck, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. cra- 
quer, D. kraken, Gael, crac] 1. To 
open in a fissure. 2. To cause to 
sound abruptly and sharply : to 
snap. — v.i. To be fractured with- 
out breaking to pieces. — n. 1. A 
chink or fissure ; a crevice. 2. A 
sound as of any thing suddenly rent. 

€RXcK'ER,n. 1. One who cracks. 2. 
A small firework. 3. A kind of hard 
biscuit. 

€rXck'le, v. i. To make slight 
cracks ; to make small, abrupt, snap- 
ping noises. 

€RA'DEE (kra'dl), n. [A.-S. cradel, 
cradol.] 1. A kind of movable bed 
for infants. 2. A framework for re- 
ceiving the grain as cut, and lajing 
it evenly. 3. A framework to sup- 
port a vessel about to be launched. 
4. A case for a broken bone. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To lay or rock in a 
cradle. 2. To cut and lay with a 

€rAft (6), n. [A.-S. craft, Icel. 
kraptr.] 1. Dexterity. 2. A trade. 

3. Cunning; artifice; guile. 4. Ves- 
sels or ships of any kind. 

€raft'i-ly, adv. With craft or guile. 

■Graft'i-ness, n. Cunning ; artifice. 

€rafts'MAN (150), n. An artificer; 
a mechanic. [others. 

€RAFT'Y, a. Skillful at deceiving 
Syn. — Cunning; artful; wily; sly. 

€rXg, n. [W. craig.] A steep, rug- 
ged rock. 

€rXg'ged (60), a. Full of crags or 
broken rocks. [craggy. 

€rXg'gi-NESS, n. State of being 

€rXg'gy, a. Full of crags ; abound- 
ing with broken rocks. 

€rXm, v. t. [-MED ; -MING, 136.] 
[A.-S. crammian.] 1. To stuff; to 



A,E, I, 6,u, y, long; X, E,I, 6, u, ¥, short; cAre,fXr, Ask, ALL, WHAT; ERE, veil, TfiEM; PIQU^.FIRM; s6n, 



CRAMP 



97 



CREOLE 




crowd. 2. To fill with food beyond 
satiety. — v. i. 1. To eat greedily 
or beyond satiety. 2. To prepare 
for an examination by a hasty re- 
view of studies. 

CrXmp, n. 1. [D. kramp, German 
krampf.] A restraint. 2. [O. H. Ger. 
ciiramph , crooked.] An iron instru- 
ment to hold together pieces of tim- 
ber, &c. 3. A painful spasmodic 
contraction of muscles. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To hold tightly pressed 
together. 2. To afflict with cramp. 

©RAM-POO N§', n. pi. [Fr. crampon, 
from 0. H. Ger. chramph, crooked.] 
Hooked pieces of iron, for raising 
stones, boxes, &c. 

€ran'ber-ry, n. [Prom crane, be- 
cause its slender 
stalk has been 
compared to the 
long legs and 
neck of a craue.] 
A red, sour ber- 
ry , used for 
sauce. 

Crane, n. [A.-S. 
cran, allied to 
Gr. yepavos.] 1. 
A wading bird, Crane (1). 

having a long, straight bill, and 
long legs and neck. 2. A machine for 
raising, lower- 
ing, and moving 
heavy weights. 
3. A bent pipe, 
to draw liquors 
out of a cask. 

6'RA'NI-AL, a. Be- 
longing to the 
cranium. 

Cra'NI-ol'o-gIst, n. One versed in 
crauiology ; a phrenologist. 

CRA'NI-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. Kpaviov, 
skull, and Aoyos, discourse.] The 
science whichiavestigaces the struct- 
ure of the skull ; phrenology. 

CRA'NI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. Kpaviov, 
skull, and fxirpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring skulls. 

€RA'NI-UM, n. ; pi. €RA'NI-A. [N. 
Lat., from Gr. Kpaviov.] Skull of an 
animal ; brain-pan. 

CRANK, n. [Cf. Icel. kringr, circle.] 
1. A bent portion of an axis, serving 
as a handle. 2. Any bend, turn, or 
winding. 3. A verbal conceit. — a. 
[A.-S. crane, weak.] 1. Liable to be 
overset, as a ship. 2. Brisk ; lively. 

€rank'le, v. i. [See Crank, n.,and 
Crinkle.] To run in a winding 
course. — n. A bend or turn. 

CrAN'ny, n. [Lat. crena, notch.] 1. 
A fissure, crevice, or chink. 2. A 
secret, retired place. 

€RAPE, n. [Fr. crepe, fr. Lat. crispus, 
crisped.] A thin stuff, made of raw 
silk gummed and twisted. It is much 
used for mourning garments. 

CrXsh, v. t. [-ed; -ing J [Goth 
kriiistan, to gnash, crash, grate.] 
To break to pieces violentlv. — v. i. 
To make a loud, clattering sound, as 
of things falling and breaking at 
once. — n. 1. Sound of many things 




Crane (2). 



falling and breaking at once. 2. [Lat. 

crussus.] A kind of coarse linen. 
Crass'A-MENT. n. [Lat. crassamen- 

tum, fr. crassus, thick.] Thick part 

of any fluid; a clot. [coarseness. 
Crass'i-tude (53), n. Crossness ; 
CRATCH, n. [0. H. Ger. Jcrippa, krip- 

pea.] A manger or open frame for 

hay ; a crib. 
Crate,??. [Lat. crates.] A hamper 1/ Supreme Being. 

of wicker-work for crockery. jfeREAT'URE (53), n. 

CrA'ter, n. [Gr. Kparrjp, a mixing f^ created; an animal 

vessel, crater, fr. Kepavvvvai, to mix 



Cre-ate', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. cre- 
are, creatum.] 1. To bring into being; 
to originate. 2. To be the occasion 
of. 3. To constitute ; to make. 

Cre-A'tion, n. 1. Act of creating. 
2. Constitution ; formation. 3. That 
which is created. [create. 

Cre-a'tive , a. Having the power to 

Cre-A'tor, n. One who creates ; the 



Mouth of a volcano. 

Cra-ter'1-form, a. [Lat. cratera, 
bowl, and forma, form.] Having 
the form of a goblet. 

Craunch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
crush with the teeth ; to crunch . 

Cra-vat', n. [Frftm Fr. Cravate, an 
inhabitant of Croatia, from whom 
this article of dress was adopted in 
France.] A neck-cloth. 

Crave, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
crqftan.] 1. To ask with earnestness 
and humility. 2. To long for ; to 
require or demand. 

Cra'v.en, n. One who, being van- 
quished in trial by battle, has craved 
his life of his antagonist. 

Syn. — Coward; poltroon; dastard. 
— a. Cowardly with meanness; 
spiritless. 

Craw, n. [D. kraag.] Crop or first 
stomach of fowls. 

CRAW-FISH, ) n. [0. H. Ger. krebiz.] 

Cray'-fish, ) A crustaceous ani- 
mal, resembling the lobster. 

Cra\vl,-u.?'. [-ed; -ing.] [D. krab- 
belen, dim. of krabben.] 1. To move 
slowly, as a worm ; to creep. 2. To 
have a sensation as if insects were 
creeping about the body. 

Cray'on, n. [Fr.,fr. craie, Lat. creta, 
chalk, fr. Creta, the island Crete.] 1. 
A soft, earthy substance, in form of 
a cylinder, for use in drawing. 2. 
A drawing made with a pencil or 
crayon, —v. t. [-ed; ING.] To 
sketch , as with a crayon. 

CRAZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
Icel. krassa, to grind.] 1. To con- 
fuse ; to impair. 2. To render in- 
sane. 

Cra'ZjI-ly, adv. In a crazy manner. 

Cra'ZINESS, n. State of being crazy. 

CRA'ZY, a. 1. Decrepit ; broken. 2. 
Deranged ; weakened ; shattered. 

Creak, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A modif. 
of crack.] To make a sharp, harsh, 
grating sound. 

CREAM, n. [Lat. cremor, thick juice 
or broth.] 1. The oily substance 
which forms a scum on milk. 2. 
Best part of a thing. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To take off by skimming, as 
cream. — v.i. To become covered 
with cream. [sembling cream. 

Cream'y, a. Full of cream : in- 
crease, n. [Cf. H. Ger. krausen, 
krausen, to crisp, curl.] A mark 
made by folding any pliable sub- 
stance ; any similar mark. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make a crease or 
mark in . 



1. Any thing 
a man. 2. A 
human being, in contempt or en- 
dearment. 3. A servile dependent. 
Cre'DENOE. n. [L. Lat. crcdentia; 
Lat. credere, to believe.] 1. Belief; 
credit. 2. That which gives a claim 
to credit. 
Cre'dent, a. Believing. 
Cre-den'TIAL, a. Giving a title to 
credit. — n. That which gives credit 
or a title to confidence. [credible. 
Cred'i-bil'i-TY, n. Quality of being 
CrEd'1-p.le, a. Worthy of belief. 
Cred'i-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of 
belief. [deserves belief. 

Cred'i-bly, adv. In a manner that 
Cred'it,??. [Lat. creditum, loan, &c, 
fr. credere, to trust, loan.] 1. Belief; 
faith. 2. Esteem ; honor ; reputa- 
tion. 3. Influence ; interest. 4. 
Trust given or received. 5. Amount 
due from one to another. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To put' trust in; 
to believe. 2. To set to the credit of. 
Cre d'it-a-ble , a. Reputable ; esti- 
mable, [with credit. 
Cred'it-a-bly, adv. Reputably ; 
Cred'it-or, n. One who gives cred- 
it in business matters ; one to whom 
money is due. 
Cre -du 'L i-t y , n. Disposition to be- 
lieve on slight evidence. 
CRED'U-LOfis, a. [Lat. credulus; cred- 
ere, to believe.] Easily convinced or 
imposed upon ; unsuspecting, [lity. 
Cred'u-loOs-LY, adv. With credu- 
Creed, n. [Lat. credo, I believe.] A 

summary of religious belief. 

CREEK, n. [A.-S. crecca.] 1. A small 

inlet, bay, or cove. 2. A small river 

or brook. [osier basket. 

Creel, n. [Gael, craidldeag.] An 

Creep, v. i. [imp. crept; p. p. 

CREPT.] [A.-S. creopaii.] 1. To 

move along, as a worm ; to crawl. 

2. To move slowly or feebly. 3. To 

move in a stealthy manner. 4. To 

fawn. 5. To grow, as a vine. 

Creep'er,??. 1. One who creeps : any 

creeping thing 2. A fixture worn 

on a shoe to prevent slipping. 3. pi. 

An instrument with iron claws for 

dragging the bottom of any water. 

CRE-MA'TION, n. [Lat. crematio, fr. 

cremare, to burn.] A burning of tho 

dead._ [violin. 

Cre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of 

CRE'NATE, \a. [Lat. crena; notch.] 

Cre'na-ted, ) Notched in the form 

of a scallop-shell. 
Cre'ole, n. [Sp. criollo, prop", cre- 
ated, nursed, grown up.] One born 
in tropical America, or the adjacent 
islands, of any color. 



OR,DO,WQLF, TO~b, EOOlt ^fjRN, RUE .PULL •, E, I, O, silent ; C,G,SO/i!,- €,&,hard; A£5 EglST; NasNGj THIS. 



CREOSOTE 



98 



CEO OK 



Crescendo* 



CRE'O-SOTE, n. [Gr. <cpeas, general- 
ly (cpe'ws, flesh, and cr&gciv, to pre- 
serve.] An oily liquid, having the 
smell of smoke, and strong antisep- 
tic properties. 

Crep'i-tate, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. erepitare, crepitatum.] To 
crackle ;_ to snap. [crackling. 

CREP'I-TA'TION, n. A snapping or 

CREPT, imp. & p.p. of Creep. 

CRE-PUS'CU-LAR, I a. [See supra.] 

Cre-pOs'cu-loOs, j Pertaining to 
twiliglit ; glimmering. 

■GRES-pEN'DO, a. 
[It.] With a con- 
stantly increasing 
volume of voice ; — indicated as in 
the margin. 

4}RES'cent, a. [Lat. crescens, p. pr. 
of crescere , to increase.] Increasing ; 
growing. — n. 1. The moon in her 
first quarter. 2. The Turkish flag 
itself, on which is a figure of the new 
moon. 3. The Turkish power. 

■Cress, n. [A.-S. cresse, Ger. kresan, 
to creep.] A plant of various species 
used as a salad. 

Cres'set, n. [Fr. croisette, dim. of 
croix, cross, hecause beacons former- 
ly had crosses on their tops.] An 
open lamp placed on a beacon, or 
carried on a pole. 

Crest, n. [A.-S. crdsta, Lat. crista.] 
1. A tuft ; the comb of a cock. 2. 
Plume or other decoration on a hel- 
met ; hence, the helmet itself. 3. 
The rising part of a horse's neck. 4. 
The foamy top of a wave. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To furnish with a 
crest ; to serve as a crest for. 

Crest'-fallen (-fa win), a. "With 
hanging head ; hence, dejected. 

Cre-ta'ceous, a. [Lat. cretaceus, 
fr. creta, chalk.] Having the quali- 
ties of chalk. 

CRE'tin, n. [Fr. cretin.] An idiot in 
the low valleys of the Alps, generally 
afflicted with goiter. 

Cre'TIN-isjm, n. A species of idiocy. 

€RE-VASSE', n. [Fr.,fr. Lat. crepare, 
to crack, to burst.] A deep crevice 
or split, as in a glacier. 

Crev'Ice, n. [Fr. crevasse. See su- 
pra.] A narrow opening ; a fissure. 

Crew (ki-u), n. [Fr. crue, increase, 
accession.] 1. A company; an as- 
semblage. 2. Seamen belonging to 
a vessel. — v., imp. of Crow. 

Crew'el (kru/el), n. [For cleivel, 
dim. of clew, a ball of thread.] 
Worsted yarn slackly twisted. 

CRIB, n. [A.-S. crybb.] 1. Manger or 
rack of a stall. 2. A stall. 3. A 
small inclosed bedstead. 4. A box. 
— v. t. [-bed; -BING,137.] 1. To 
confine in a narrow habitation. 2. 
To pilfer. 

Crib'BAGE, n. A game at cards. 

CrIb'BLE, n. [L. Lat. criblus.] A 
coarse sieve or screen. 

CrIck, n. A spasmodic and painful 
affection as of the neck or back. 

CrIck'ET, n. 1. [W. criciad, cricell, 
cricket, and cricellu, to chirp.] A 
small insect,characterized by a chirp- 



ing note. 2. [A.-S. cricc, crooked staff, 
crutch.] A game with a bat, ball, 
and wicket. 3. A sort of low stool. 

Crick'ET-ER, n. One who plays at 
cricket. [makes proclamation. 

Cri'er, n. One who cried ; one who 

CRIME, n. [Lat. crimen, from cernere, 
to decide judicially.] Any violation 
of law, either divine or human. 

Capital crime, a crime punishable with 
death. 

Syn. — Sin; vice.— Sin is generic, cm- 
bracing wickedness of every kind. Crime 
is a violation of law, and springs from 
our passions; vice from the inordinate 
indulgence of natural appetites, which 
in themselves are innocent. Intemper- 
ance is a vice, sometimes leading to the 
crime of murder. 

CRIM'i-nal, a. 1. Guilty of, or in- 
volving, a crime. 2. Relating to 
crime. — n. One who has committed 
a crime. [criminal ; guiltiness. 

CriM'I-nXl'I-TY , n. Quality of being 

Crim'i-nal-ly, adv. Wickedly. 

CRIM'I-NATE , v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
accuse or charge with a crime; to 
impeach. 

Crim/i-na'tion, n. Act of accusing ; 
accusation. [sorious. 

Crim'i-na-to-RY, a. Accusing ; cen- 

Crimp, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Of. Ger. 
krimmen, to seize with the claws or 
beak.] 1. To form into ridges or 
plaits. 2. To pinch and hold. 3. 
To decoy into the power of a recruit- 
ing officer. — n. One who decoys 
into the power of a recruiting officer. 

Crimp'le, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
contract ; to curl ; to corrugate. 

CRfrtt'gON (krmVzn), n. [Ar. c/armaz, 
qermez, cochineal insect, and a liquid 
expressed from it.] A deep-red color, 
tinged with blue. — a. Of a deep red 
color. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To dye 
with crimson. — v. i. To become 
crimson ; to blush. 

Cringe, v. i. L-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
kringi, to make round.] To draw 
one's self together as in fear or tim- 
id servility; to fawn. -r-n. Servile 
civility ; a mean bow. 

CRIN'GLE (krmg/gl), n. [Icel. kringla, 
orb, round cake, from kringr, circle.] 
A rope, having its end formed into a 
ring to secure it to a sail. 

CRINK'LE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
krinkenel, to wind or twist.] To 
form with short turns or wrinkles. — 
v. i. To run in and out in little 
bends. 

Crin'o-liNE, n. [Fr., fr. crin, hair.] 
A lady's skirt expanded by hoops, or 
by being made of hair cloth, &c. 

CRIP'PLE, n. [Prop, one that must 
creep.] One who creeps, halts, or 
limps, — v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 1. To 
deprive of the use of the limbs ; to 
lame. 2. To disable. 

Cri'sis, n. ; pi. cri'se§. [Gr. /cpiVi?, 
fr. KpCveiv, to separate, decide.] The 
decisive moment; the turning point. 

CrIsp, a. [Lat. crispus.] 1. Formed 
into stiff curls. 2. Full of indenta- 
tions. 3. Brittle. 4. Effervescing ; 
sparkling, —v. t. [-ED:-ING.] 1. 
To curl, as the hair. 2. To wrinkle 



Crjsp'ly, adv. With crispness. 

tJRisp'NESS, n. State of being crisp. 

Crisp'y, o. 1. Frizzled; crisp. 2 
Brittle. 

CRI-TE'RI-ON, n. ; pi. €RI-TE'RI-A. 
[Gr. KpiTTjptov, from npiveiv, to sepa- 
rate, decide.] A standard of judging. 

CRIT'IC, n. [Gr. icpniKos, fr. Kpivetv, 
to separate, judge.] 1. One skilled 
in judging of literary works or pro- 
ductions of art. 2. A caviler. 

CrIt'ic-al, a. 1. Exact; nicely ju- 
dicious. 2. Inclined to find fault; 
catipous. 3. Relating to criticism. 
4. Decisive; hence of doubtful issue. 

Crit'ic-al-ly, adv. In a critical 
manner; exactly. 

Crit'ic-al-ness, n. State of being 
critical ._ 

Crit'i-cise, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
examine and judge as a critic. — v. i. 
To act as a critic ; to animadvert. 

Crit'I-cism, n. 1. Art of judging of 

I a^Kterary performance, or of a pro- 

L^duction in the fine arts. 2. A de- 
tailed examination and review. 

Cri-TIQUE' (-teek'), »/. [See CRITIC] 
A critical examination or estimate of 
a work. 

Croak, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cracetav, Gr. Kpw^eiv, Kpd^eiv.] 1. 
To make a low, hoarse noise, as a 
frog, or crow. 2. To forbode evil ; 
to grumble. — n. Low, harsh sound, 
as of a frog or raven. 

Croak'er, n. One who croaks. 

Cro-ciiet' (kro-shu'), n. [Fr., small 
hook, fr. Icel. krCkr, hook.] A kind 
of netting made by means of a small 
hook. — t'. t. To perform the kind 
of netting called crochet. 

Crock, n. [Cf. W. croeg, cover.] 
soot; smut; lamp-black. — v. t. or 
i. [-ED; -ing.] To blacken with 
soot, or coloring matter of cloth. 

Crock'er-Y, n. [ Crock, obs. an earth- 
en vessel.] Earthen-ware ; pottery. 

Crock'et, n. [Cf. Crook, curve.] 
(Arch. ) An imitation of curved and 
bent foliage. 

€r6CO-D1LE, 
n. [Gr. kpoko- 
oeiAo?.] A 

large reptile, 
growing to the 
length of six- 
teen or eigh- 
teen feet. 

Cro'cus, n. [Gr. 
/cpd/cos, Skr. 
kunkuma.] 1 

2. A mineral powder of a yellow or 
red color. 

CROFT, n. [A.-S. croft, Gr. Kpvimj t 
Kpv7rT09, concealed.] A small close, 
or inclosed field. 

Cro-mor'na, n. [Ger. krummhorn, 
crooked horn ] A certain reed stop 
in the organ. 

Crone, n. [A.-S. crone, an old ewe.] 
An old woman; — in contempt. 

Cro'ny,m. [See Crone.] An inti- 
mate companion. [Colloq.] 

CRO~OK (27), n. [Icel. krokr.] 1. A 
bend, turn or curve. 2. A trick or 



Crocodile. 
A genus of plants. 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y,long; A,E,J, 6, V,f, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



CRuOK-BACK 



99 



CRURAL 



artifice. 3 A shepherd"s or a bish- 
op's staff. — v.t [-ed; -ING.] 1. 
To turn from a straight line ; to 
bend ; to curve. 2. To pervert. — 
v. i. To be bent or curved. 

■€rook'ed (60), p. a. 1. Bent ; not 
straight. 2. Devious ; perverse. 

€ROOK'ED-LV, adv. In a crooked 
manner. 

Crook'ed-ness, n. Curvity ; inflex- 
ion: deformity. 

Croon, v. [-ed;-ing.] To sing in 
a low tone ; to sing softly. 

€ROP,n. [A.-S. crop, cropp.] 1. Upper 
receptacle of food of a bird, situated 
in the throat. 2. Highest part of 
any thing. 3. That which is cropped 
or gathered from a single field; fruit; 
harvest. 4. Any thing cut off or 
gathered. — v. t. [-PED; -PING.] To 
cut off the ends of ; to pluck. — 
f. i. 1. To appear above the surface, 
as a bed of coal. 2. To come to light. 

■C.ROP'-EAR-ED, a. Having the end 
of the ears cut oil. 

Cro-QUET' (kro-k.7'), ». [Fr., from 
croc, crooked stick.] An open-air 
game played with wooden balls and 
long-handled mallets. 

Cro'sier (kro'- 
zher), n. [L. Lit. 
cruriarium, from 
crux, cross.] Of- 
ficial staff of an 
archbishop, or 
pastoral staff of 
a bishop. 

Cross (21), n. [Lat. 
crux, cruris-] 1. A 
gibbet, consisting of two pieces of 
timber placed on one another, in 
various forms, as T or ~f, or X- 2. 
Symbol of Christ's death, and hence, 
of Christianity. 3. Affliction as a 
test of patience or virtue. 4. Mark, 
symbol, or ornament, in form of a 
cross. 5. A mixing of breeds or 
stock. — a. 1. Lying- athwart ; trans- 
verse. 2. Adverse ; contrary. 3. 
Peevish ; fretful. 4. Interchanged. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To put, lay, 
or draw across. 2. To pass from one 
side to the other of. 3. To thwart ; 
to interfere with. 4. To cancel ; to 
erase. 5. To mix the breed of. — 
v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To 
pass from one side toward the other, 
or from place to place. 

Cross'-biex, n. 1. A defendant's bill 
in a chancery or equitv suit. 2. A 
kind of bird. [wise on a stock. 

Cross'-bow, n. A bow put cross- 

Cross'-breed, n. A breed produced 
from parents of different breeds. 

Cross'-bOn. n. A bun or cake marked 
with a cross. 

Cross'-ex-am'I-nI'tion, n. Ex- 
amination of a witness, called by one 
party, by the opposite party. 

CROSS'-EX-AM'INE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To subject to cross-examination. 

Cross'-eyed (-Id), a. Having- the 
eyes turned, so that they look in di- 
rections which cross one another. 

€ross'-grain.ed, a. 1. Having the 




grain crossed or irregular. 2. Ill- 
natured ; contrary. 

Cross'ly, adv. In a cross way. 

Cross'ness, n. Quality of being cross. 

Cross'-PUR'pose (pGVpus), n. An 
opposing- purpose ; inconsistency. 

Cross'-Ques'tion (-kw£M/yun),«. t. 
To cross-examine. 

Cross'-road, I n. A road that crosses 

Cross'- way, j another. 

Cross'wise, adv. In the form of a 
cross ; across. 

Crotch, n. [Cf. Crutch.] 1. Fork- 
ings of a trunk. 2. A forked piece 
of wood, &c. 

Crotch'et, n. [See Crochet.] 1. 
A crotch. 2. A note, equal in dura- 
tion to half a minim. 3. {Print.) A 
bracket. 4. A whim ; a conceit. 

Crouch, i>. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
croock, from crook, to bend.] 1. To 
sfoop or lie low. 2. To bend obse- 
quiously ; to cringe. 

Croup, n. 1. [Fr. croupe. Cf. Crop.] 
Buttocks of a horse ; hence, the place 
behind the saddle. 2. [Cf. Crop.] 
An inflammatory affection of the 
wind-pipe. 

Crou'pi-er (krob'pi-er), n. [Fr., fr. 
groupe, group.] 1. One who watches 
the cards and collects the money at 
a gaming-table. 2'. An assistant 
chairman at a public diuner party. 

Crow, n. [A.-S. crawe, so named 
from its cry.] 1. A large black bird, 
having a harsh, croaking note. 2. 
An iron lever. 3. Yoice of the cock. 

— v. i. [imp. crew or crowed ; 
p. p. crowed.] 1. To make the 
shrill sound of a cock. 2. To exult ; 
to_brag. [as a lever. 

Crow'-bar, n. A bar of iron used 
Crowd, t-. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
press or drive together. 2. To en- 
cumber. — t". t. 1. To press together 
in numbers. 2. To urge forward. 

— n. [A.-S. croda,crudli.] A throng ; 
ajnultitude. [2. A caltrop. 

Crow'-foot, n. 1. A genus of plants. 

Crown, n. [Gr. /copwir/.] 1. A wreath, 
garland, or any ornament worn on 
the head, esp. as a badge of dignity 
or power. 2. A sovereign. 3. A 
certain denomination of coin. 4. 
Chjef or topmost part of any thing, 
as of the head. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To invest with a crown, or with 
royal dignity. 2. To adorn : to 
dignify. 3. To complete ; to perfect. 

Crown'-glAss, n. The finest sort of 
window-glass. 

Crown'-prince, n. The prince royal 
who inherits the crown. 

Crown'-saw, n. A species of tubu- 
lar saw. 

CROWN'-WHEEL, n. A wheel with 
cogs at right angles to its plane. 

CRU/CIAL, (32). a. [Lat. crux, cruris, 
cross.] 1. Having the form of a 
cross. 2. Trying or searching. 

Cru'CI-ate (krn/shl-, 45,95), a. [Lat. 
cruriare, cruciatus, to torture, from 
crux, cross.] Having the leaves ar- 
ranged in the form of a cross. 

Cru/CI-ble, n. [Prob. from L. Ger. 



kroos, kruus, mag, 
jug, jar, English 
cruse.] A chemi- 
cal vessel or melt- 
ing-pot, capable of 
enduring great 




Crucibles. 



Cru'ci-fPer, n. 
One who crucifies.. 

Cru/CI-fix, n. [Lat. crux, cross, and 
Jigere,Jixum, to fix.] A cross, with 
the figure of Christ crucified upon it 

€ru/CI-fix'ion (-iik'shun), n. Act 
of fastening a person to a cross. 

Cru'CI-form, a. [Lat. crux, cross 
and forma, form.] Cross-shaped. 

Cru/ci-fy, v.t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. crux, cross, and Jigere, to fix.] 
1. To fasten to a cross. 2. To destroy 
the power of. 

Crude (32), a. [-ER ; -est.] [Lat. 
crudus, prop, bloody.] 1. In itf 
natural state ; raw. 2. Unripe ; im- 
mature. 3. Not reduced to order oi 
form. 4. Coarsely colored. 

Crude'ly, adv. In a crude manner. 

Crude'ness, n. Rawness ; unripe- 
ness ; immaturity. 

Cru'di-ty, n. 1. Rawness. 2. That 
which is in a crude state. 

Cru/EL, a. [Lat. crudelis, fr. crudus. 
See Crude.] 1. Pleased to give 
pain to others. 2. Causing pain, 
grief, or misery. 

Syn. — Savage; barbarous; inhuman. 

Cru/el-ly, adv. With cruelty. 

Cru'el-ty,?i. 1. Inhumanity; bar- 
barity. 2. A cruel deed. 

CRU'ET, n. [Contr. fr. Fr. cruchette, 
dim. of cruche, jug, jar.] A small 
glass bottle for vinegar, oil, &c. 

Cruise, n. A small bottle. See Cruse. 

CRUI§E (kruz, 32), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[I), kruisen, from cruis, a cross.] To 
go back and forth on the ocean. — n. 
A vojage made without settled 
course. [cruises. 

Cruis'er, n. One who, or a ship that, 

CrOmb (krum), n. [A.-S. crume, fr. 
cruman, to break into small pieces.] 
[Written also r.rum.] A small frag- 
ment, especially of bread or cake. 

— v. t. To break into crumbs. 
JIErum'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Dim. 

of crumb.] To break into small 
pieces. — v. i. To fall to decay. 

Crum'my, a. 1. Full of crumbs. 2. 
Soft. 

Crum'pet, n. [Cf. Crumb.] A kind 
of soft cake, not sweetened. 

CrOm'PLE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
Crimp and Cramp.] To press into 
wrinkles or folds. — v.i. To shrink 
irregularly ; to wrinkle. 

Crunch, v. i. [-ed ; -ing ] To chew 
with violence and noise. 

Crup'per (krdbp'per in Amer.; 
krilp'per in Eng.), n. [Fr. croupiere. 
See Croup, buttocks.] 1. Rump of 
a horse. 2. Strap of leather to pre- 
vent the saddle from slipping forward. 

— v. t. To place a crupper upon. 
Cru/ral (32), a. [Lat. cruralis, from 

cr'us, cruris, leg.] Belonging to, or 
shaped like, a leg. 



OR DO, WOLF, TOO. TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL, ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €,G,hard; As; exist; NasNG. 



CRUSADE 



100 



CULMINATION 



Gru-sade', n. [Fr. croisade, fr. Lat. 
crux, cross.] 1. A mediaeval military 
expedition to recover the Holy Land. 
2. Any fanatical enterprise. 

Cru-sad'er, n. A person engaged in 
a crusade. [small cup or bottle. 

€ruse (32), n. [See Crucible.] A 

Cru'set, n. [See Crucible.] A 
goldsmith's crucible. 

•Crush, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. kras- 
sa, to grind. Cf. Crash.] 1. To 
press and bruise between two hard 
bodies 2. To overwhelm by pres- 
sure. 3. To subdue; to ruin. — n. 
A violent collision or compression. 

€RUST,?i. [Lat. crusta, W. crest, fr. 
cresu, to harden by heat.] The hard, 
external covering of any thing ; 
hence, any concretion. — v. I. [-E D ; 
-ING.] To cover with a hard case, or 
crust. — v. i. To gather or contract 
into a hard crust. 

Srvs-ta'ge-a (-ta'she-), n. pi. [Lat. 
crusta, crust, rind, shell.] One of 
the classes of the articulated animals, 
having a crust-like shell, including 
lobsters, shrimps, and crabs. 

€rus-ta'ce-an (-she-an), n. An ani- 
mal belonging to the Crustacea. 

€rus-ta'ce-6l'o-Gy (-ta'she-), n. 
[From Crustacea, and Gr. Ao-yos, dis- 
course.] Science which treats of the 
Crustacea. 

€RUS-TA'CEOt)s,a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or having, a crust-like shell. 2. Be- 
longing to the Crustacea. 

€*RUST'I-L Y , adv. In a crusty manner. 

€rust'i-ness, n. Quality oi Lcing 
crusty. 

Crust'y, a. 1. Like crust; hard. 2. 
Peevish ; surly ; morose. 

CRUTCH, n. [L. Lat. croccia, fr. crux, 
cross.] A staff with a cross-piece at 
the head, placed under the arm. 

€RY,r. 7. [-ED; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
crier, fr. Lat. quiritare, freq. form of 
queri, to complain.] 1. To speak, 
call, or exclaim loudly. 2. To weep 
and sob. — v. I. 1. To utter loudly. 
2. To advertise by outcry. — n. 1. 
The inarticulate sound made by an 
animal. 2. Outcry ; clamor. 3. 
Loud expression of triumph or won- 
der, of pain, &c. [rious ; heinous. 

Cry'ing, a. Calling for notice ; noto- 

CRYPT, n. [Gr. Kpvm~q, fr. Kpvmeiv, 
to hide.] 1. A subterranean cell ; a 
vault under a church , used for burial 
purposes. 2. A subterranean chap- 
el ; hence, a hiding-place. 

€RYP'TIC, )a. Hidden; con- 

€ryp'tic-al, ) cealed ; secret. 

€ryp'TO-gXm, n. [Gr. /cpum-os, hid- 
den, and yajaos, marriage.] A flower- 
less plant._ 

-Sryp / TO-ga'mi-an, ) a. Pertaining 

Cryp'to-gam/ic, [ to cryptogams; 

Cryp-tog'a-mous, ) having the 
fructification concealed. 

€ryp-tog'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Kpvmos, 
secret, and ypd<f>eiv, to write.] Art of 
writing in secret characters. 

€RYP-TOL'o-GY, n. [Gr. tcpvirTos, 
secret, and Aoyo?, discourse.] Secret 
or enigmatical language. 




Cube. 



Crys'tal, n. [Gr. KpvoraWos, ice, 
crystal, from Kpvos, frost.] 1. Reg- 
ular lorni whicii a substance tends to 
assume in solidifying. 2. A tine kind 
of glass. 3. Glass of a watch case. 
4. Any thing resembling crystal. — 
a. Clear; transparent; crystalline. 

Crys'tal-l'ine, a. Pertaining to, or 
like, crystal ; pure ; clear ; pellucid. 

Crys'tal-li-za'tion, n. Act or 
process of becoming crystallized. 

€RYS'TAL-LiZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cause to form crystals. — v. i. To 
be converted into crystals. 

€rys'tal-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Kpva-- 
raAAos, ice, crystal, and ■ypufyeiv, to 
write.] Science of crystallization. 

CUB, n. [Prob. from Lat. cubare, to lie 
down.] A young animal, especially 
the young of the bear. — v. t. or ?'. 
[-bed ; -bing, 136.] To bring forth ; 
— said of animals. 

€u'BA-TURE (53), n. Process of find- 
ing the cubic contents of a body. 

CUBE, n. [Gr. kv'/Sos, a cube, a cubi- 
cal die.] 1. A regu- 
lar solid body, with 
six equal square 
sides. 2. Product 
of a number multi- 
plied twice into it- 
self. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To multiply into itself twice. 

Cu'BEB, n. [Ar. kababat.] The small, 
spicy berry of a tropical plant. 

C u'BIC, 1 a. Having the form or 

Cti'Blc-AL, J properties of a cube. 

Cu'bic-al-ly, adv. In a cubical 
method. 

Cu'bic-al-ness, n. Quality of being 
cubical. 

Cu'Bl-FORM, a. [Lat. cubus, cube, 
a,n& forma, form.] Having the form 
of a cube. 

Cu'BlT, n. [Lat. cubitum, cubitus, el- 
bow, ell, cubit.] 1. The fore-arm. 2. 
Distance from the elbow to the ex- 
tremity of the middle finger. 

Cu'BlT-AL, a. Pertaining to the cubit. 

Cu'BOID, ) a. [Gr /cv/3oeiSrjs, fr. 

Cu-BOID'AL, f /cv/3o?, cube, and etfios, 
form.] Having nearly the form of a 
cube. 

Cuck'ing-stool, n. [Perh. a cor- 
rupt, of ducking-stool.] An instru- 
ment for punishing scolds, by plung- 
ing them into water. 

-Cuck/old, n. [From Lat. cuculus, 
cuckoo, in allusion to the habit of 
the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs 
in the nests of other birds, to be 
hatched by them.] A man whose 
wife is false to his bed ; husband of 
an adulteress. 

Cuck'oo (k6W6~o),7i. [Gr. k6kkv£, 
Skr. kOkila.] A well-known bird, de- 
riving its name from its note. 

Cu'cul-late, or \ a. [Lat. cu- 
€u-cul'late, (45) / cullus, a 

Cu'cul-la'ted, or ( cap, hood, 



CU-GUL'LA-TED, ) cowl.] 
Covered, as with a hood or cowl. 
Having the shape of a hood. 
Cu'CUM-BER, n. [Lat. cucumis.] 
well-known plant and its fruit. 



€U-€UR'BIT, ) n. [Lat. cucurbita, a 

€u-c0r'bite, ) gourd.] A chemical 
vessel in the shape of a gourd. 

Cu-CUR'BI-ta'ceous, a. Belonging 
to, or like, the melon and cucumber. 

COd, n. [A.-S. cud ; ceoivan, to chew.] 
1. Food brought up into the mouth 
by ruminating animals from their 
first stomach, and chewed a second 
time. 2. A piece of chewing tobacco. 

COd'dle, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
W. cuddiaia, to hide.] To lieclos* 

CtJD'DY, n. [Prob. a contr. from D. 
kajuit, Fr. cahute, cabin, hut.] A 
small cabin in a lighter or boat. 

CtJD'GEL, n. [W. cogel, from cog, a 
mass or lump.] A short, thick stick ; 
aclub.— v. I. [-ED,-ING ; or-LED, 
-LING, 137.] To beat with a cudgel 

C0d'Gel-er, n. One who beats witu 
a cudgel. 

Cue (ku), n. [0. Fr. cove, coe, now 
queue, fr. Lat. cavda, tail.] 1. A tail- 
like twist cf hair at the back of the 
head. 2. A hint or intimation. 3 
The part one is to perform. 4. A 
straight rod used in playing billiards. 

CUFF, n. 1. A blow with the open 
hand. 2. [Perh. fr. Fr. coijffe, coej/e, 
head-dress, hood, or coif] Fold at 
the end of a sleeve. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Sw. kvjffa, to knock, to 
push.] To strike with the flat of the 
hand, as a man. 

Cu'l'-RASS' (kwe-ras' or kwe'ras), n. [L. 
Lat. coratia, curacia, orig. a breast- 
plate of leather, fr. corivm, leather.] 
Defensive armor, covering the body 
from the neck to the girdle. 

Cu'i/ras-sier', n. A soldier armed 
with a cuirass. 

CuiSH (kwTs), n. [Fr. cuisse, thigh, 
leg.] Defensive armor for the thighs. 

Cuisine (kv/e-zvn'), n. [Fr.] 1. The 
kitchen. 2. Style of cooking. 

CUL-DEE', n. [Lat. Cultores Dri, 
worshipers of God.] One of an an- 
cient monkish fraternity in Scotland 
and Ireland. 

€fi'LI-NA-RY, a. [Lat. culinarius, fr. 
culina, kitchen.] Relating to the 
kitchen, or to cookery. 

€tJLL, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. col- 
ligere, to collect.] To select or pick 
out. 

■Gull'ER, w. One who culls ; especial- 
ly, an inspector who selects wares 
suitable for market. 

Cul'ly, n. [Lat. coleus, culevs, a 
leather bag, scrotum, 0. Fr. coui lion, 
coillon, a vile fellow.] A person easi- 
ly deceived. — v. t. To d<ceive. 

Culm, n. 1. [Lat. cuimus, stalk, 
stem.] Stalk or stem of corn and 
grasses. 2 [W. civlm, knot.] An- 
thracite coal in small masses. 

Cul-mif'er-ous, a. [Lat. cuimus, 
stalk, stem, and ferre, to bear.] 
Bearing culms ; containing culm. 

€UL'MI-NATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. culmen, top, ridge.] To reach 
the highest point or position, [ward. 

■eUL'MI-NATE (45), a. Growing up- 

COl/mi-na'tion, n. 1. Attainment 
of the highest point of altitude. 2. 



A, E, I, 5,U,Y,^n^/ A,E,I, 6,U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N ; 



K 



CULPABILITY 



101 



CURRENT 



Arrival at the highest pitch of glory, 
power, &c. 

eDi/PA-BlL'l-TY, n . Quality of being 
culpable ; blameworthiness. 

■eOl/PA-BLE, a. [Lat. culpubilis,fv. 
culpare, to blame.] Deserving cen- 
sure ; worthy of blame. 

Syn\— Wrong ; blamable ; censurable. 

■GuL'PA-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of de- 
serving blame. [manner. 

-Gul'PA-bly, adv. In a culpable 

€ftL'PRlT, n. [Prob. for culpit (with 
r inserted), an ancient form of culped, 
accused, from a supposed 0. Eng. 
verb toculpe, Lat. culpare, to accuse.] 
1. One accused of a crime. 2. One 
convicted of crime ; a criminal. 

€0lt, n. [Lat. cultus, care, rever- 
ence.] Homage ; worship. 

Cul'ti-va-BLE, a. Capable of being 
cultivated. 

€iJL/TI-VATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. cultivare, fr. Lat. colere, to till.] 

1. To till ; to fertilize. 2. To foster ; 
to cherish. 3- To improve by care or 
study. 4. To produce by tillage. 

■Cul/ti-va'tion, n. 1. Tillage ; pro- 
duction by tillage. 2. Fostering 
care ; civilization. 3. Refinement. 

€0l'ti-va'tor, n. 1 
One who cultivates 

2. Agricultural imple 
ment to loosen the 
surface of the earth. Cultivator. 

•CULT'URE (53), n. [Lat. cullura, fr. 
Lat. colere, to cultivate.] 1. Culti- 
vation. 2. Result of cultivation ; 
refinement.— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
cultivate. 

€ui/VER-lN, n. [Lat. coluber, a ser- 
pent, colubrinus, like a serpent ] A 
long, slender piece of ordnance, for- 
merly in use. 

€uL'VERT,n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. Fr. 
convert, covered.] An arched drain 
under a road or canal, &c. 

COl'ver-tailed, a. United by a 
dove-tailed joint. 

€UM'BER, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. cumbrus, a heap of earth.] To 
be burdensome or oppressive to. 

<3Dm'BER-s6ivie, a. Burdensome. 

€um'ber-s6me-l,y, adv. So as to 
encumber. 

€rT3i'BER-s6ME-NESS, n. Quality of 
being cumbersome. [hindrance. 

-eOM'BRAN^E, n. Encumbrance ; 

■GiJm'broCs, a. 1. Burdensome. 2. 
Giving trouble. 

Cum'frey, n. See Comfrey. 

€U31'IN, n. [Gr. icvfjuvov, Ar. kam- 
?nft«.] A dwarf plant, having aro- 
matic seeds. 

eO'MU-LATE, V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 
[Lat. annulare, cumulatum, fr. cu- 
mulus, a heap.] To heap together. 

■eu'MU-LA'TiON, n. Act of heaping 
together ; a heap. 

€u'mu-ea-tive, a. 1. Forming a 
mass. 2. Augmenting. 

<3u'ne-al, a. [Lat. cuneus. a wedge.] 
Wedge-shaped ; cuneiform. 

€u'ne-ate, ) a. [SeeSuPRA.] Hav- 

€u'NE-A'TED, ( ing the shape of a 

Cu'NE-AT're, ) wedge ; cuneiform. 



€u-NE'l-FOBM, 1 a. [Lat. cuneus, a 
€u'ni-form, J wedge, and forma, 
form.] Having the form of a wedge. 
<3Dn'ning, a. [From A.-S. cunnan, 
to know, to be able ] 1. Skillful ; ex- 
perienced. 2. Artfully deceitful. 3. 
Ingenious ; curious. 

Syn. — Artful ; sly ; wily ; crafty. — 
Cunning is usually low, as a trick; art- 
ful more ingenious and inventive, as a 
device; sly implies a turn for what is 
double or concealed, as, sly humor, a sly 
evasion; crafty, a talent for dexterously 
deceiving, as, a crafty manager; wily, a 
talent for the use of stratagems, as, a 
wily politician. 

— n. Faculty or art of using strata- 
gem to accomplish a purpose ; deceit ; 
art ; craft. 

€un'ning-ly, adv. With cunning. 

■Gfrp, n. [A.-S. cvpp, cuppa, from Lat. 
cupa, cuppa, tub, cask.] 1. A small 
vessel to drink from . 2. Contents of 
a cup. 3. Any thing formed like a 
cup.— v. t. [-ped ; -PING, 133.] To 
bleed by scarification and a cupping- 
glass. 

€up'-bear/eb,?i. One who fills and 
hands the cups at an entertainment. 

■etJP'BOARD (kub'urd), n. A small 
closet for cups, plates, &c. 

•Gu'PEL, n. [Lat. cupella, small cask.] 
A small cup used in refining precious 
metals. 

-eu'PEL-LA'TlON, n. The refining of 
gold, silver, &c, in a cupel. 

€kJ-PID'I-TY, n._ [Lat. cupiditas, from 
cupidus, longing.] Eager desire to 
possess something, espcially wealth ; 
covetousness ; lust. 

€u'PO-LA (147), n. [Lat. cupida, fr. 
cupa, a tub, cask.] A spherical vault 
on the top of an edifice. 

<30p'ping, n. Operation of drawing 
blood with a cupping-glass. 

€up'ping-glass, n. A glass vessel 
like a cup, used in letting blood. 

•Gu'PRE-oDs, a. [Lat. cupreus, fr. cu- 
prum, copper.] Of or like copper ; 
coppery. 

€u-prif'er-ous, a. [Lat. cuprum, 
copper, and ferre, to bear.] Contain- 
ing or affording copper. 

■Cu'PULE.n. [Lat. cupula.] A little 
cup, as of the acorn. 

€UR, n. [Contr. fr. L. Ger. koter, k6- 
ther,& common dog, orig. dog of a 
cot, fr. Ger. koth, Eng. cot.] A worth- 
less or degenerate dog. • 

€nR'A-BLE, a. Capableof being cured. 

€ur'a-ble-NESS, n. Possibility of 
being cured. 

•CyRA-COA' (ku/ra-so'), n. A cordial, 
flavored with orange-peel, cinnamon, 
and mace ; so called from the island 
of Curacoa. [of a curate. 

€u'ra-cy, ii. Office or employment 

Cu'RATE, n. [L. Lat. curatus, prop, 
one charged with the care (Lat. cura) 
of souls.] A minister employed as an 
assistant to the rector or vicar. 

<3u'ra-Tive, a. Relating or tending 
to cure. 

€u-RA'TOR, n. [Lat., from curare, to 
take care of.] 1. A superintendent. 
2. A trustee ; a guardian. 



€urb, n. 1. A check; part of a btv 
die. 2. A wall to hold back a mass 
of earth. 3. A wall within a well or 
round the mouth of it. — v. t. [-ED,- 
-ING.] [Fr. courber, to bend, curve, 
Lat. curvare.] 1. To restrain ; to 
confine. 2. To furnish with or re- 
strain by_a curb. 

€0rb'-r6of, n. A 
roof having a double 
slope. 

€urb'-stone, n. A 

stone placed edgewise ^ urb - r °ot. 
against earth to prevent its giving 
way. 

€URD, n. [Ir. gruth, cruth, curd, cru- 
thaim, I milk.] Coagulated part of 
milk or of any liquid. 

€UR'DLE, v. i. [From curd.] 1. To 
change into curd. 2. To thicken ; 
to congeal. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
change into curd. 

■©URE,n. [Lat. cura, care.] 1. Spirit- 
ual charge ; office of a curate. 2. Med- 
ical care. 3. Restoration to health. 
4. Remedy ; restorative. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To restore to health. 2. 
To remedy ; to remove. 3. To pre- 
serve by drying, salting, &c. 

€!ure'eess, a. Incapable of cure; 
incurable. [cian. 

€UR'ER, n. One who cures ; a physi- 

€UR'FEW (kuViu), n. [0. Fr. couvre- 
feu, from couvrir, to cover, and feu, 
fire.] A bell at night-fall, orig. a 
signal to cover fires, extinguish lights, 
and retire to rest. 

€u / Rl-6s'l-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
curious ; accuracy ; scrupulousness. 
2. Disposition to inquire ; inquisi- 
tiveness. 3. That which is curious. 

€!u'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. curiosus, fr. cura, 
care.] 1. Solicitous to be correct ; 
careful. 2. Artfully constructed. 3. 
Eager to learn ; habitually inquisi- 
tive. 4. Singular ; odd. [manner. 

€u'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a curious 

€u'ri-ous-ness, n. State or quality 
of being curious. 

€0rl,^. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Icel. krul- 
la, to curl, to crisp.] To twist or 
form into ringlets or coils. — v.i. 1. 
To bend into curls or ringlets. 2. 
To move in curves. — n. 1. A ringlet. 
2. An undulating or curving line. 

€UR'LEW (kur'lu), h. [Fr. courlieu.] 
A wading bird, with a long bill. 

€url'i-ness, n. State of being curly. 

<30ri/y, a. Having curls or a tend- 
ency to curl. 

€ur-mDd'geon (-jun), n. [0. Eng. 
corn-mudgin, a corrupt, of corn-mer- 
chant, — this class being accused of 
withholding bread from others.] An 
avaricious, churlish fellow ; a miser. 

€t/R'RANT, n. [From Corinth, in 
Greece.] 1. A small dried gi'ape, 
used in cookery. 2. Fruit of a well- 
known shrub. 

€tJR'REN-CY, n. 1. State of being 
current :' circulation . 2. Current 
value. 3. That which is in circukv 
tion ; money. 

€tiR'RENT, a. [Lat. currere, currens^ 
to run.] 1. Running or moving rap- 



OR, DOjWQLFjTOCsTOOi;; urn, rue, pull ; K, i, o, silent ; c,G,so/i!; €,&,hard; As; E£IST; tj as ng; this. 



CURRENTLY 



102 



CYCLE 



idly. 2. Now passing or present. 3. 
Generally received ; common. — n. 
1. A stream. 2. General course; 
ordinary procedure. 

Cur'rent-ly, adv. In a current 
manner; commonly 

€ur'rent-ness, ii. General recep- 
tion ; currency. 

©Gr'ri-CLE , n. [Lat. curriculum, fr. 

i currere, to run.] A chaise drawn by 
two horses. 

■©UR'RI-ER, n. One who curries, 
dresses, and colors tanned leather. 

CUR'RISH, a. [See Cur.] Like a cur ; 
snarling; quarrelsome. 

€0r'rish-ly, adv. Like a cur. 

CUr'rish-ness, n. Churlishness. 

€ur'ry,^. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Fr. 
corroyer, from Lat. corium, leather.] 
1. To dress by a particular process, 
as leather. 2. To comb or rub the 
skin of; — said ot a horse. — n. [Per. 
kkiirdi, broth, juicy meats.] 1. A 
kind of sauce. 2. A stew of fowl, 
fish, &c._ 

CUR'RY-COMB (-kom), n. An instru- 
ment for cleaning horses. 

CURSE, V. t. \imp. & p. p. CURSED 
or CURST.] [A.-S. cursian, prob. at 
first to imprecate evil in the name of 
the cross.] 1. To utter a wish of evil 
against; to execrate. 2. To vex, 
harass, or torment. — v. i. To use 
profane language; to swear. — n. 
Wish of evil ; malediction ; impreca- 
tion ; execration. 

€urs'ed (60), a. 1. Blasted by a 
curse. 2. Deserving a curse. 

Syn. — Execrable ; hateful ; detestable. 

€urs'ed-ly, adv. Miserably; enor- 
mously; detestably. 

CUrs'er, n. One who utters a curse. 

CUR'SIVE, a. [L. Lat. cursivus, from 
cursare, to run hither and thither.] 
Running; rapid; flowing. 

€UR'so-Rl-LY, adv. In a cursory 
manner ; superficially. [attention. 

€fJR'so-Rl-NESs, n. Hasty view or 

<3UR'so-RY, a. [Lat. cursorius, from 
currere, cursum, to run.] Character- 
ized by haste ; hastily or superficially 
performed ; superficial ; careless. 

■Curst, imp. & p. p. of Curse. 

€urt, a. [Lat. curtus.] Short ; con- 
cise ;_abrupt ; crusty. 

€UR-TAIL', V. (.[-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
curt, short, and tailler, to cut.] To 
,, cut short ; to abridge ; to diminish. 
j|€UR'TAiN (kuVtin, 42), n. [Lat. c.or- 
tina, kettle, circle, circle of a thea- 
ter.] 1. A movable cloth screen or 
covering. 2. Part of the rampart 
and parapet between the flanks of 
two bastions. — v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To inclose as with curtains. 

■GUR'TI-LAGE (45), n. [L. Lat. curti- 
lagium ; cortile, curtile, court, court- 
yard.] A yard or piece of ground 
pertaining to a dwelling-house, and 
included within the same fence. 

€urt'ly, adv. Briefly; abruptly. 

€u>RULE, a. [Lat. curulis, fr. currus, 
a chariot.] (Rom. Antiq.) Belong- 
ing to a chariot ; — applied to a kind 
of chair. 



■Cur'vate, \a. [Lat. curvare , cur- 

COr'va-ted, J vatus, to curve.] 
Bent in a regular form ; curved. 

€ur-va'tion, n. Act of bending. 

-efJR'VA-TURE (53), n. Continual 
bending of a line or surface. 

Cure, a. [Lat. curvus, allied to Gr. 
KvpTos, curved.] Bent without an- 
gles ; curved. 

COrve, n. 1. A bending /" ^ 
without angles ; a flex- 
ure. 2. A line of which Curve> 
no three consecutive points are in 
the same direction. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To bend ; to crook ; to inflect. 

•eUR'VET, n. [Fr. courbette. See 
CURVE.] 1. Leap of a horse, in 
which all his legs are in the air at 
once. 2. A prank; a frolic. — v.i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make a curvet. 
2. To leap and frisk. 

€UR/vi-LlN'E-AL, \ a. [N. Lat. curva, 

€ur'vi-lin'e-ar, j a curve, and 
Lat. linea, line.] Consisting of, or 
bounded by, curved lines. 

€0r'vi-ty, n. State of being curved. 

€ush'at (kobsh'at), n. [A.-S. cusce- 
ote.] The l'ing-dove, or wood-pigeon. 

Cush'ion (kdbsh'un), n. [Fr. cot/s- 
sin, Ger. kussen.] 1. A stuffed case 
to sit upon. 2. Any stuffed or pad- 
ded surface. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To furnish with cushions. 

Cusp, n. [Lat. cuspis, point.] J. A 
projecting point in arches, panels, 
&c. 2. Point or horn of the crescent. 

COsp'i-dal, a. Ending in a point. 

CDsp'i-date, [a. Having a sharp 

Cusp'i-da'ted, ) end. 

Cus'tard, n. [0. Fr.] A dish com- 
posed of milk and eggs. 

COs'TARD-AP'PLE, n. A plant grow- 
ing in the West Indies, and its yel- 
lowish pulpy fruit. 

€us-to'di-an, n. [Lat. custos, a 
guard.] One who has custody of 
some public building ; a superin- 
tendent. 

€us'to-dy, n. 1. A keeping or guard- 
ing. 2. Confinement; imprisonment. 

•Gus'TOM, n. [L. Lat. costuma, from 
Lat. consuetudo, or from a later sec- 
ondary form consuetumen, custom.] 
1. Habitual or long-established prac- 
tice. 2. Business support ; patron- 
age. 3. Customary toll or tax. 4. 
pi. Duties on commodities. 

€0s'TOM-A-BLE, a. 1. Common ; 
habitual. 2. Subject to the payment 
of duties. 

€0s'TOM-A-Rl-LY, adv. Habitually. 

Ct)s'TOM-A-RY, a. According to cus- 
tom : conventional. 

f}US'TOM-ER, n. One who frequents 
any place for buying what he wants ; 
a purchaser. 

-eOs'TOM-HOUSE, n. The building 
where customs and duties are paid, 
and where vessels are entered or 
cleared. 

Cut, v. t. {imp. & p. p. cut.] [Norm. 
Fr. cotu, cut. Cf. W. cwtau, to cur- 
tail.] 1. To separate the parts of 
with a sharp instrument ; to divide ; 
to sever. 2. To hew, as wood ; or 



mow and reap. 3. To carve. 4. To 
intersect; to cross. — v. i. 1. To serve 
in dividing. 2. To admit of incision 
or severance. — n. 1. A cleft : a gash. 
2. An injury or wound. 3. That 
which wounds the feelings. 4. A 
notch or channel made by cutting. 
5. A portion cut off. 6. An engraved 
block, or an impression from it. 7. 
Shape ; style ; fashion. 

€u-ta'ne-60s, a. [Lat. cutis, skin. J 
Belonging to, or affecting, the skin. 

Cute, a. [An abbrev. of acute.] Clev- 
er ; keen ; sharp. 

Cu'ti-cle, n. [Lat. cuticula, dim. of 
cutis, skin.] The outer skin ; epi- 
dermis, [cuticle. 

€u-Tfe'u-LAR, a. Pertaining to the 

Cu'tis, n. [Lat.] A dense membrane, 
next below the cuticle. 

Cut'LASS, n. [L. Lat. cultellacius, 
augm. of Lat. cultellus, dim. of culler, 
knife.] A broad, curving sword. 

CDt'ler, n. [Lat. cultellus, dim. of 
culter, knife.] A dealer in cutlery. 

Cut'ler-y, n. 1. Business of a cut- 
ler. 2. Cutting instruments in gen- 
eral. 

-COt'eet, m. [Fr. cotelette, little rib, 
dim. of cote, rib.] A piece of meat, 
cut for broiling. 

Cut'pOrse, n. One who cuts purses 
for the sake of stealing their con 
tents. Hence, a pickpocket. 

CtJT'TER, n. 1. 
One who cuts. 
2. A vessel 
rigged nearly 
like a sloop. 

CDt'-throat, 
n. A murder- 
er ; an assas- 
sin ; a ruffian. 

Cut'ting, n. 1. 

Act of one who Cutter, 

cuts. 2. Something cut, cut off, or 
cut out. 

Cut'tle, )n. [A.- 

CUT'TLE-FISH, J S. cud- 
ele, Ger. kuttel-fisch ; fr. 
Ger. kottel, kbtel, dirt 
from the guts.] A mol- 
luscous animal, which, 
when pursued, throws 
out a blackish liquor to 
conceal itself. 

COt'-wa/ter, n. Fore 
part of a ship's prow. 

Cut'-worm (-wGrm),«. 

pillar which eats young plants. 

Cy'a-nide, n. A basic compound of 
cyanogen with some other element or 
compound. 

Cy-an'o-GEN, n. [Gr. Kvavos, dark 
blue, and root of yevvdav. to beget.] 
A gas composed of one equivalent of 
nitrogen and two of carbon. 

Cy'a-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. Kvavog, 
dark blue, and /merpov, measure.] An 
instrument for estimating degrees of 
blueness, as of the sky. 

Cy'CLE. n. [Gr kvkAos, ring or circle.] 
1. An imaginary circle in the heav- 
ens. 2. An interval of time marked 
by the recurrence of certain events. 





Cuttle-fish. 



Any cater- 



i, E, I, 5, V, Y,lotlg; &.£,f,6,U, Y, short; CARE FAR, ASK ALL, WHAT • ERE, VglL, TJERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



CYCLIC 



103 



DAM 



Cy€'LI€, ) a. Pertaining to a cy- 

£y€'LI€-al, J cle ; nioTing in cycles. 

C/Y'€LOlD, n. [From Gr.Kv'/cAos, circle, 
and elSos, form.] A curve generated 
by a point in the plane of a circle, 
when the circle is rolled along a 
straight line. [cloid. 

Cv-«LO[d'al, a. Pertaining to a cy- 

£y-€Lom'e-try, n. [Gr. kvkAos, cir- 
cle, and p.eYpov, measure.] Art of 
measuring circles. 

(!y'€LONE, n. [Gr. kvkAo?, circle.] 
A rotatory storm or whirlwind. 

(^Y'CLO-PE'AN, a. Pertaining to the 
Cyclops ;_huge; gigantic; massive. 
lY/CLO-PE'DI-A, ( /!. [Gr. ku'kAos, 
Iy'CLO-p.e'di-a, j circle, and Trat- 
Seta, the bringing up of a child, edu- 
cation, erudition, from -rrai-Seveiv, to 
bring up a child, fr. 7rat?, child.] The 
circle of the arts and sciences. Hence, 
a dictionary of arts and 
sciences. 

C/YG'XET.ii. [Lat. cygnus, 
Gr. kukvos, swan.] A 
young swan. 

CfL'IN-DER, v. [Gr. kv- 
Aivfipo?, fr /cyAiVSeiv, kv- 
\Cei.v, to roll.] A body of 
which the longitudinal sec- Cylinder 







tion is oblong, and the cross sec- 
tion is circular. 

(^v-lin'dric, ) a. Having the 

V'Y-LIN'DRI€-AL, ) form of a cylin- 
der, or partaking of its properties. 

QYL'IN-DROID, n. [Gr. KuAii/Spos, 
cylinder, and eLSos, form.] A solid 
body resembling a right cylinder. 

(,'VM'BAL, n. [Gr. KvixfiaXov; KVfj.fios, 
any thing hollow.] A 
musical instrument. 

I^DIE, n. [Gr. KVfia, 
young sprout of a cab- 
bage.] A flat-topped or 
convex flower-cluster. 

Qy'MOSE, )a. Containin] 

Cy'mous, ) in the form of a cyme. 

QYN'ie, ) a. [Gr. kvvikos, dog-like.] 

(,'YN're-AL, ) 1. Snarling ; captious ; 
surly; currish. 2. Belonging to the 
sect of philosophers called Cynics. 

Cyn'I€, n. 1. One of.the sect of an- 
cient philosophers. 2. A snarler ; a 
misanthrope. 

Qyn'i-ci'sm, n. Practice or principles 
of a cynic. 

QYN'O-SURE (sTn'o-shur or sl'no- 
shijr), n. [Gr. Kvvoaovpd, fr. kvcuv, 
kvvos, dog, and ovpd, tail.] 1. Con- 
stellation of the Lesser Bear, which 



4$f 

Cymbals. 
a cym< 



contains the polar star. 2. A centei 
of attraction. 

Qy'pher. n. See Cipher. 

Qy'PRESS, n. [Gr. Kvndpicro-os.] A 
coniferous tree, generally evergreen. 
It is an emblem of mourning. 

Qyp'ri-an, n. 1. A native of Cyprus. 
2. A lewd woman. — a. 1. Belonging 
to Cyprus. 2. Pertaining to lewdness 

^YR'I-O-LOG'K^a. [Gr. /Ojp.oAoyiKOs; 
Kvpios, chief, and Ao-yos. discourse.] 
Pertaining to capital letters. 

Qyst, ii. [Gr. /CUO-TC5, from Kveiv, to 
hold.] A pouch or sac without 
opening, containing morbid matter. 

Cyst'I€, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
tained in, a cyst. 

£ys'to-cele, n. [Gr. kuVtis, bag, 
and icr)\.y], tumor.]. Hernia of the 
urinary bladder. 

Qys-t6t'o-my, n. [Gr. Kvcrrts, blad- 
der, and Tep-veiv, to cut.] Act or 
practice of opening cysts. 

Czar (zar), n. [0. Pol., fr. Lat. Cae- 
sar.] Title of the emperor of Russia. 

Cza-ri'nA (za-re'na), n. Title of the 
empress of Russia. 

Czar'o-witz (zar'o-wits), n. [Russ. 
tsarewitck.] Title of the eldest son 
of the czar of Russia. 



D. 



D(de). is the fourth letter, and the 
third consonant of the alphabet. 
See Prin. of Pron. § 70. 

Dab, v. t. [-bed; -bing,136.] [Cf. 
dap, dip, tap, tip.] To strike gently, 
as with the hand or with a soft sub- 
stance. — n. 1. A gentle blow. 2. A 
small lump of any thiug soft. 3. An 
expert. 4. A small flat fish. 

Dab'ble, v. t. [-ed; -IN&.] [Dim. 
of dab.] To wet by little dips or 
strokes. — v. i. 1. To play in water. 2. 
To touch here and there ; to tamper. 

Dab'BLER, n. 1. Oue who dabbles. 
2. A superficial medd;er. [uess. 

Dab'ster, n. A master of his busi- 

Da capo (da-ka'po). [It.] (Mus.) 
A direction to return to, and end 
with, the first strain. 

DACE, n. A small river fish. 

Dactyl, n. [Gr. Sa/crvAos. prop, a 
finger.] A poetical foot of three syl- 
lables, one long, followed by two 
short, or one acceuted followed by- 
two unaccented. 

Da€-tyl'I€ (123), a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, dactyls. — n. A 
line chiefly or wholly of dactyls. 

Bac'tyl-ist, n. One who writes dac- 
tylic verse. 

Dac'TYL-ol'O-Gy, n [Gr. SciktvAo?, 
finger, and Ao-yos, discourse.] A 
method of communication by certain 
positions and motions of the hand 
and fingers. 

Dad, ( n. Father ; — a word used 

Dad^dy, i by little children. 



Da'DO, n. [It. & Sp.] Square part 
in the middle of the pedestal of a 
column. 
D.Xf'FO-djl, n. [Fr. d'asphodele, Gr. 
do-<£6<5eAos, a flowering plant.] A 
plant with beautiful yellow flowers 
Daft (6), a. Delirious ; insane; cra- 
zy ;_foolish. 
| Dag'GER, n. [D. dagge, a dagger, W. 
! dager, dagr.] 1. A short sword ; a 
| poinard. 2. (Print.) A mark of re f- 
| erence in the form of a dagger 
I [thus,t]. — v. t. To stab. 
IDag'gle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
I trail so as to wet or befoul. 
1 Dag'gle-tail, n. A filthy person. 
Dag'Jeock, n. [0. Eng. dag, dew, 

and lock.] A dirty lock of wool. 
Da-guer're-an ) (-ger'T-an), a. Per- 
Da-GUERRE'J-an I taining to Da- 
guerre, or to his invention of the da- 
guerreotype. 
Da-guerre'o-type (-sjer'o-tTp), v. 
[From Daguerre, the discoverer.] 1. 
A method of taking pictures by pho- 
tography, on plates. of silvered cop- 
per. 2. The picture thus produced. 
— v. t. 1. To represent by photo- 
graphs. 2. To impress with great 
distinctness. 
Dahl'IA (dal'ya or dal'ya), n. [From 
Bahl, a Swedish botanist.] A genus 
of beautiful flowering plants. 
DAI'LY, a. Happening or belonging to 
each successive day. — adv. Every 
day. 
Dain'ti-ly, adv. Fastidiously ; nicely. 



Dain'ti-ness, n. State or quality of 
being dainty. 

Dain'ty, a. [Prob. from Lat. digitus, 
worthy, suitable.] 1 Delicious to the 
taste. 2. Elegant in form, manner, 
or breeding. 3. Hard to please ; fas- 
tidious. — n . That which is delicious , 
delicate, or nice. 

Syn. — Delicacy. — A delicacy is a 
nice article of any kind: a dainty is an 
exquisite article of cookery. 

Dai'ry (da'ry, 89), n. [From a sup- 
posed 0. Eng. day or dty, milk.] 
Place where milk is kept, and made 
into butter or cheese. 

Da'is, n. [Gr. Slo-kos, quoit, It. de.sco, 
Ger. tisch, a table.] 1. A raised floor 
at the upper end of the dining-hall. 
2. A seat with a high wainscot back, 
for the use of those who sat at the 
high table. 

DAI'§Y, n. [A.-S. dseges-eage, day's 
eye, daisy.] A well-known plant. 

DALE, n. [Goth, dal, Icel. dalr, dala.\ 
A vale or valley. 

Dal'li-ance, n. Act of dallying; 
interchange of caresses. 

DXL'LI-ER, n. One who dallies. 

Dai/ly, v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Icel. 
thylia, to talk, A.-S. dol, foolish.] 1. 
To waste time in trifles ; to delay. 
2. To use fondling or wantonness ; to 
sport. 

Dam, n. [See Dame.] 1. A female 
parent; — used of beasts. 2. [Icel. 
dammr.] A bank of earth, or any 
wall to obstruct the flow of water. — 



OR, do, wolf, TOOjTcTbE.; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E, J 5 O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €,H,hard; A§; E£IST; jfasKG; THIS. 



DAMAGE 



104 



DATELESS 



v.t. [-MED;-MING.] 1. To obstruct 
the flow of, by a dam. 2. To confine. 

DAm'age, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. dam- 
num, damage.] 1. An}' permanent 
injury or harm. 2. pi. Compensation 
for a wrong or injury done. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ing.] To hurt ; to injure. 

DAM'AGE-A-BLE,a. Capable of being 
damaged^ 

Dam'as-CENE, n. [From Damascus, 
a city celebrated for its plums.J A 
damson. 

Dam'ASK, a. 1. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling the products of, Damascus. 
2. Having the color of the damask- 
rose. — n. 1. A kind of stuff with 
raised figures woven in the loom. 2. 
Linen woven in imitation of damask 
silk. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To decorate 
with ornamental figures by weaving, 
etching, or inlawing. 

Dam'ask-en, ( v. t. [See Damas- 

Dam'ask-een', j cene.] To dam- 
ask. 

Dam'ask-in, n. A kind of saber ; — 
so called from Damascus. 

Dame, n. [Lat. domina, mistress, 
lady, fr. domus, house.] 1. A lady. 
2. Mistress of a family or of a school. 

Damn (dam), v. t. [damned; p. 
DAMNING (dam'ing or dam'ning, 
81).] [Lat. damnare, fr. damnum, 
damage, fine.] 1. To condemn ; to 
sentence. 2. To condemn to pun- 
ishment in the future world. 

Dam'na-ble, a. Worthy of, or liable 
to, damnation. 

DXm'na-bly, adv. So as to incur or 
deserve damnation. 

Dam-na'tion, v. Condemnation to 
everlasting puuishmeut. 

Dam'na-to-ry, a. Condemning to 
damnation. 

£amn.ed (damd ; in serious discourse, 
dam'ned), p. a. 1. Sentenced to 
punishment in a future state. 2. 
Hateful ; detestable. 

Damp, a. [-ER; -est.] Moderately 
wet ; moist. — n. [Icel. dampi, Ger. 
damp/, steam, vapor, smoke.] 1. 
Moisture; fog. 2. Dejection; dis- 
couragement. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To moisten. 2. To reuder chilly ; 
to deject. 3. To discourage. 

Damp'en, v. t. or i. [ED; -ing.] 
To make or become damp. 

Damp'ER, n. That which damps or 
checks ; as a valve in the flue of a 
stove, to regulate the draught. 

Damp'ness, n. Moderate humidity; 
moisture. 

Dam'sjel, n. [L. Lat. domicalla, dom- 
inice.Ua. See DAME.] A young un- 
married woman. 

DXM'goN (dani/zn), n. [Con tr. from 
damascene.] A small black plum. 

Dance, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. II. 
Ger. dansZn, to draw, fr. dinsan, to 
draw.] 1. To move with measured 
steps to a musical accompaniment. 

2. To caper; to frisk. — v. t. To 
cause to dance. — n. 1. Movements 
regulated by art, and the sound of 
instruments. 2. A tune for dancing. 

DAn'cer, n. One who dances. 



DAN'DE-LI'ON, n. [Fr. dent de lion, 
lion's tooth, from the size and form 
of its leaves.] A plant, with large 
yellow flowers. 

Dan'der,h. [Corrupted fr. dandruff.] 
1. Dandruff or scurf. 2. Anger or 
vexatiou. [Low.] 

Dan'DI-PRAT, n. [From dandy and 
brat, child.] A little fellow ; a child. 

Daiv'dle, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Ger. 
tdndeln, fr. tand, trifle, prattle.] 1. 
To caress ; to fondle. 2. To treat as 
a child ; to pet. [dren. 

Dan'dler, n. One who dandles chil- 

Dan'druff, n. [Of. A.-S. tun, a 
tetter, and diof, dirty.] A scurf on 
the head. [a coxcomb. 

Dan'dy,«. [Allied to dandle.] A fop; 

Dan'dy-Ism, n. Manners and charac- 
ter of a dandy. 

Dan'GER, n. [L. Lat. dangerium , fr. 
Lat. damnum, damage.] Exposure 
to injury, loss, pain, or other evil. 
Syn.— Peril; hazard; risk; jeopardy. 

— Danger is generic; peril is instant or 
impending danger, as, in peril of one's 
life. Hazard arises from something for- 
tuitous or beyond our control, as, the 
hazard of the seas. Risk is doubtful or 
uncertain danger, often incurred volun- 
tarily, as, to risk an engagement. Jeop- 
ardy is extreme danger. 

Dan'uer-OUS, a. 1. Attended with 
danger ; perilous ; unsafe. 2. Caus- 
ing danger. 

Dan'ger- ous-LY, adv. In a danger- 
ous manner. [exposed to evil. 

Dan'ger-oDs-NESS, n. State of being 

Dais'gle, v. i. [Icel. dingla.] To 
hang loosely, or with a waving mo- 
tion. , 

DAN'GLER,n. One who hangs about 
or follows others. [moist; humid. 

DANK, a. [Allied to damp.] Damp; 

Daph'NE (daf'ne), n. [Gr. SdQvy.] 
The laurel, a genus of diminutive 
floweriug shrubs. 

DAP'PER, a. [D. dapher, brave, val- 
iant, Ger. tapfer.] Little and active ; 
lively ; spruce ; smart. 

Dap'ple, a. [Perh. fr. apple.] Spot- 
ted ; variegated. — r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To variegate with spots ; to spot. 

DARE, v. i. [imp. & p. p. DURST.] 
[A.-S. dearr, Goth, dars, daursun, 
darusta, allied to Gr. Oapcrelv, 6ap- 
pelv.] To have sufficient courage; to 
venture.— r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To venture to do. 2. To challenge ; 
to defy. [some fellow. 

Dare'-dev'/L; n. A rash, venture- 

DARK, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. deurc, 
deorc] 1. Destitute of light ; ob- 
scure. 2. Obscure ; mysterious. 3. 
Unrefined ; ignorant. 4. Vile ; wick- 
ed. — n. 1. Absence of light ; ob- 
scurity. 2. Ignorance ; secrecy. 

Dark'jbn, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
make dark or black. 2. To render 
dim. 3. To render less intelligible. 

— v. i. To grow dark or darker. 

DARic'isH,a. Somewhat dark ; dusky. 

Dark'ling, a. In the dark, or with- 
out light. 

Dark'ly, adv. With imperfect light ; 
obscurely ; dimly ; blindly. 



Dark'ness, n. 1. Absence of light. 
2. Privacy ; secrecy. 3. A state oi 
ignorance or error ; wickedness. 

Syn. — Dimness ; obscurity ; gloom. 
— DarkiHjfs arises from a total, and dim- 
ness from a partial want of light. A 
thing is obi-cure when so overclouded or 
covered as not to be easily perceived. As 
the shade or obscurity increases, it deep- 
ens into gloom. When taken figurative- 
ly, these voids have a like use. as, the 
darkness of ignorance; dimness of dis- 
cernment: obscurity of reasoning; gloom 
of superstition. 

Dark/some (-sum), a. Dark; gloomy. 

DAR'LING, n. [A.-S. deorling; deore, 
dear.] One dearly beloved ; a favor- 
ite. — a. Dearly beloved; favorite. 

Darn, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
diarnan. dyrnan, to hide.] To mend, 
as a rent, with yarn or thread. — n. 
A place mended by darning. 

DAR'NEL,«i. A plant; rje-grass. 

Dart, n. [A.-S. deradh, Icel. dar- 
radhr, 0. II. Ger. tart, javelin, dart.] 
A pointed, missile Yieapon, to be 
thrown by the hai.d. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To throw with a sudden 
effort ; to hurl. 2. To emit ; to 
shoot. — v. i. 1. To be let fly or 
launched, as a dart. 2. To start and 
run swiftly. 

Dart'er, n. 1. One who throws a 
dart. 2. A bird of the pelican fan.i- 
ily ; — so called frcm the way it darts 
out its long neck at its prey. 

Dash, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Icel. das- 
ka, to beat, strike.] 1. To throw 
with violence or haste. 2. To break, 
as by throwing. 3. To touch heie 
and there. 4. To form or sketch 
rapidly. — v.i. To rush with vio- 
lence ; to come into collision. — n. 1 
Collision; crash. 2. Admixtme, in- 
fusion, or adulteration. 3. Capacity 
for quick, bold movements against an 
ei emy. 4. A vain show ; parade. 6. 
A mark or line [thus — ], in writing 
or printing. 

Dash'-BoArd, n. A board on the 
fore part of a vehicle, to intercept 
water, mud, or snow. 

Da'sh'er, v. 1. That which dashes. 

2. A dash-board. 

Das'tard, n. [From dastriged. p. p. 
of A.-S. dasirigan, to frighten.] An 
arrant coward; a poltroon. — a. 
Meanly shrinking from danger ; cow- 
ardly. 

Das'tard-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make a dastard of. 

Das'TARD-LY, a. Meanly timid ; cow- 
ardly ; sneaking. 

Da'ta, n. pi. [Lat.,neut. pi. of da- 
tum, given.] See DATUM. 

Date, n. [Lat., datus, given.] 1, 
Specification of the time when a writ- 
ing, inscription, &c, was given or 
executed. 2. Precise period or time. 

3. [Gr. 86lktv\os, a finger, a date, fr. 
the fancied resemblance of this fruit 
to the finger.] Fruit of the date- 
palm.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To note 
the time of. — v. i. 1. To have be- 
ginning. 2. To have a date. 

Date'less, a. Without date; having 
no fixed term. 



A, E, I, 0,U, \,long; A } £,I, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TlEM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



DATE-PALM 



105 



DEBASEMENT 




Date-tree 



D.YTE'- 1D AL?.I(pam) J ) «• 

Date'- tree, j The 

genu? of palms which 
bear dates. 

Da'TIVE. n. [Lat. dativus, 
fr. dare, to give.] The 
case of a noun which ex- 
presses the remoter ob- 
ject. — a. Pertaining to 
the case named dative._ 

DX' Ti'M. Ji.: pi. ba'ta. [Lat.] 
Something given or admitted. 

Daub. v. t. [-ed ; -ixg.] [W. dwbiaiv.] 
1. To smear with soft, adhesive mat- 
ter. 2. To paint in a coarse manner. 
— n. A picture coarsely executed. 

Daub'er, r. One who daubs ; a 
coarse painter. [tion. 

Daub'er-y. n. A daubing ; imposi- 

Daugh'ter (daw'ter, 75), ». [A.-S 
dohtor, dohter, Gr. Gvya-rqp, Skr. 
di'hitri.] A female child or descend- ; 
ant. [of one's son. j 

Daughter-in-law (daw'-), n. wife j 

Daugh'ter-ly (daw/-), a. Becom- 1 
ins a daughter : filial. 

Daunt, v. t. [-ed: -ixg.] [Lat. I 

domiiare. intens. form of domare, to ! 

tame.] To repress the courage of. ; 

Syx. -Todismav: appall: intimidate. . 

D'avxt'eess, a. "Bold: fearless. 

Dau'phix. n. [Fr. dauphin, a dol- I 
phin, — a name given, from some j 
reason unexplained, to Guigo, count 
of Yienue. in thel2rh century.] Eld- 
est son of the king of France 

Dau'phix-ess. n . 
Wife of thed in phin. 

Dav'it, or Da'vit, 
h. One of two 
pieces of timber or 
iron , projecting over 
a ship's side or 
stern to r;dse a boat 
Yyy Davits. 

Daw. /?. A kind of crow ; a jackdaw. 
Daw'dle, r. i. [-ed: -ixg.] [Allied 

to dandle.] To waste time in trifling 

employment. — v. t. To waste by 

trifling. 
Dawdler, «. One who dawdles. 
DAWN, v. i. i-ED : -IXG.] [X-S.dagi- 

an, from dsg, day ] 1. To begin to 

grow light. 2. To begin to open and 

give promise. — n. 1. Break of day. 

2. First opening or expansion. 
Day. n. [A.-S. dazg, Goth. dags. Skr. 

dyu, from dt/u, dlv, to shine.] 1. 

Period from sunrise to sunset. 2. 

Period of the earth's revolution on 

its axis, — divided into 24 hours. 3. 

A specified time. 4. Victory. 
DAY'-BOOK, n. A book iu which are 

recorded the accounts of the day, in 

their order. 
Day'-break. n. First appearance of 

light in the morning. 
Day'-dream. n. A vain fancy or 

speculation 
Day'-la BOR, n. Labor bv the day. 
Day'light (-lit), n. Light of day". 
DAYS/MAN (150), n. An umpire. 
Day'sprixg. n. Beginning of the 

day : the dawn. 
Day'-star, n. The morning star. 




Day'-time , n. Time between sunrise 
and sunsetting. 

DAZE, v. t. [0. D. daesen, to be fool- 
ish, insane, A.-S. dwses, dicmsig, 
stupid, foolish.] To dazzle ; hence, 
to confuse ; to bewilder. - 

Daz'zle, t-. t. [-ed ; -ixg] [Dim. 
of daze.] 1. To overpower with 
light. 2. To surprise with any 
brilliancy or display. 

Dea'COX (de'kn), n. [Gr. StaKovo?, a 
servant.] A subordinate officer iu 
Christian churches. 

Dea'€ ox-ess (dS'kn-es), n. A female 
deacon in the primitive church. 

Dea'cox-ry, [n. Office or ministry 

De a'C o x-ship , ) of a deacon. 

Dead, a. [A.-S. dead, Goth, davths.] 

1. Deprived or destitute of life : in- 
animate; lifeless. 2. Resembling 
death in any respect. 3. Inactive ; 
unprofitable ; dull ; monotonous ; 
fixed. — adv. To the last degree;) 
completely: wholly. — n. 1. The I 
most quiet or death-like time. 2. pi. 
Those who are dead. 

Deac'ex, f. !. [-ed; -IXG.] 1. To 
impair in vigor, &c. 2. To retard. 
3. To make vapid. 4. To deprive of 
brilliancy. 

Dead'-HEAD, b. One who receives 
free tickets for theaters, public con- 
veyances, gfcc. [main strength. 

Dead'-lift. n. A lift made with 

Dead'-lIght (lit), n. 
A strong shutter, for 
a cabin window. 

Dead'li-xess, v . Qual 
ity of being deadly 
destructiveness. 

Dead'ly. a. 1. Capa 
ble of causing death 
mortal ; fatal. 2. Implacable ; des- 
perately hostile. — adv. 1. So as to 
resemble death. 2. So as to occa- 
sion death. [a funeral. 

Dead'-march, n. Solemn music at 

DEAD'N'ESS, n. State of being dead ; 
dullness ; languor : coldness. 

Dead '-reck- ox-ixg, n. Method of 
determining the place of a ship with- 
out the aid of celestial observations. 

Dead'-wa/ter, v. The eddy that 
closes behind a ship as she passes on. 

Dead'-\veight (ded'wat), n. Aheavy 
or oppressive burden. 

Deaf (def or d:-f), a. [A.-S. deaf, 
Goth, daubs ] 1. Wanting the sense 
of hearing either wholly or in part. 

2. Unwilling to hear or listen. 
DEAF'EX (def'n or dl-'fh), v. t. [-ED : 

-IXG.] 1. To make deaf; to stun. 
2. To render impervious to sound, 
as a floor. 

Deaf'-MFTE (def'mut or dSPmut), n. 
One who is deaf and dumb. 

Deaf'xess (def- ord?.?-), n. 1. Want 
of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwill- 
ingness to hear. 

Deal. v. t. [uyip. & p. p. dealt.] 
[A.-S. da'lan, Goth, dailjan.] To di- 
vide : to distribute. — v. i. 1. To 
make distribution. 2. To trade; to 
carry on business. 3. To act : to 
manage: to treat. — n. [A.-S. dxl, 




Dead-light. 



Goth, dails.] 1. A part or portion. 

2. Distribution of cards ; also, the 
portion distributed. 3. A pine or fir 
board or plank. 4. Wood of the 
pine or fir. 

Deal'er, n. One who deals. 

DEAN, n. [From Lat. decanus, chief 
of ten, from decern, ten.] 1. An ec- 
clesiastical dignitary, subordinate to 
a bishop. 2. An officer in the uni- 
versities of Oxford and Cambridge, 
Eng. 3. Head of the faculty in some 
English universities. 4. A secretary 
of the faculty in a department of a 
college. [Amer.] 

Deax'er-y, n. Office, residence, or 
jurisdiction of a dean. 

DEan'ship, n. Office of a dean. 

DEAR,fi. [-ER;-EST.] [A.-S. deore, 
deor, dior.] 1. Bearing a high price ; 
costly. 2. Scarce and of high price. 

3. Much esteemed ; precious. — n. 
One dearly beloved ; a darling. 

Dear'borx (-burn), n. A light four- 
wheeled carriage. [a dear rate. 

Dear'ly, adv. In a dear manner ; at 

Dear'xess, n. State of being dear. 

Dearth (14), n. 1. Scarcity which 
renders dear. 2. Want ; need ; 
famine. 3. Poverty ; sterility. 

Death, n. [A.-S. deadk. See Dead 
and Die.] 1. Cessation or extinction 
of bodily life. 2. Total loss. 3. Man- 
ner of d v ung. 4. Cause or instru- 
ment of loss of life. 5. A skeleton. 
6. Danger of death. 

Svx. — Decease ; demise ; departure ; 
release.— Death applies to every form 
of existence; the other words only to the 
human race. Decease is the term used 
in law for the removal of a human being 
out of life; demise was formerly confined 
to the decease of princes, but is now 
sometimes used of distinguished men, 
as, the demise of Mr. Pitt: departure and 
release are peculiarly terms of Christian 
affection and hope. 

Death'-bed, n. Bed on which a 
person dies. [or extinction. 

DEath'less, a. Not subject to death 

Death'ly, a. Resembling death or 
a dead body. ^ 

Death's'-head, n. An image rep- 
resenting the head of a human skel- 
eton. 

Death's'MAN. n. An executioner. 

Death'-war/RAXT. n. An order 
from the proper authority for the 
execution of a criminal. 

DEath'-watch, n. A small beetle, 
whose ticking noise (the call of the 
male for its mate), has been thought 
to forebode death. 

De bar', v. t. [-red: -rixg, 136.] 
[From de and bar.] To cut off from 
entrance, as if by a bar ; to exclude; 
to deny . 

De-bark', v. t. [Fr. debarqi/er. from 
barque. See BARK.] To" land : to 
disembark. [barking. 

Debar-ka'tion, n. Act of disem- 

De-base'. r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
de and base.] To reduce from a 
higher to a lower state. 

Syn. — To abase; degrade: lower. 

De-base '.ME nt, n. Act of debasing-, 
state of being debased ; degradation- 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOli; URN, RIJE, PIJLL ; E, I, O, silent; C,G, so/£; C, G, hard; AR J EXJST • XaSXG, THIS, 



DEBASE 



106 



DECIDUOUS 



De-BAS'er, n. One who debases. 

DE-BAT'A-BLE,a. Liable to be de- 
bated ; disputable. 

De-bate', n. Contention in words 
or arguments. — v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[See Beat and Abate.] To contend 
for in words or arguments. — v. i. 
To dispute ; to deliberate. 

De-bat'er, n. Oue who debates. 

j)E-BAUCH', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
dcbaucher, orig. to entice away from 
the workshop.] To corrupt ; to lead 
astray; to seduce. — n. 1. Intem- 
perance ; gluttony ; lewdness. 2. Act 
of debauchery. 

Deb'au-chee' (deb'o-sho'), n. A sen- 
sual or dissipated person. 

DE-BAUCH'ER,n. One who debauches. 

De-bauch'EK-Y, n. Excessive in- 
dulgence of the appetites ; intemper- 
ance ; sensuality. [ing. 

De-bauch'ivient, n. Act of debauch- 

De-Bknt'ure (53), n. [Lat. debentur, 
3d pers. pi. pres. pass, of debere', to 
owe.] 1. A writing acknowledging a 
debt. 2. Certificate entitling an ex- 
porter of imported goods to a draw- 
back. 3. Bonds and securities for 
money loans. 

De-bil'i-tate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. debilitare, debilitatum, fr. de- 
bilis, feeble.] To make feeble, faint, 
, or languid. 

De-bIl'i-t y , n. State of being feeble 
or weak ; languor. 

Syn. — Infirmity ; imbecility. — An 
infirmity belongs, for tbe most part, to 
individual members, and is often tem- 
porary's of the eyes, &c; debility is 
more general, and prevents, while it 
lasts, the ordinary functions of nature: 
imbecility attaches to the whole frame, 
and renders it more or less powerless. 
These words, in their figurative uses, 
have the same distinctions; we speak of 
infirmity of will, debility of intellect, and 
an imbecility which affects the whole 
man. 

Deb'it, n. [Lat. debitum, debt, from 
debere, to owe.] A recorded item of 
debt ; debtor side of an account. — 
v.t. [-edging] 1. To charge 
with debt. 2.%o enter on the debtor 
side of a book. 

DEB'O-NAIR', a. [Fr. debonnaire, fr. 
de, of, bon, good, and air, air, look, 
manner.] Characterized by courte- 
ousness ; complaisant. 

De-BOUCH' (-boosh'), v. i. [Fr. de- 
boucher ; from de and boucher, to stop 
up.] To issue out of a confined 
place. 

Debouchure (da/boo'shur'), n. 
[Fr.] Outward opening, as of a val- 
ley, river, &c. 

DEBRIS (d:Vbree'), n. [Fr., fr. briser, 
to break.] 1. Fragments from a 
rock or mountain, piled up at the 
base. 2. Rubbish ; remains. 

#EBT (det), n. [0. Fr. debte, fr. Lat. 
debita,y\. of debitum. See Debit.] 
1. Due ; obligation ; liability. 2. A 
fault ; a crime ; a trespass. 

Bebt'or (det'or), n. One who owes 
another money, goods, or services. 

DEBUT (da-bu' or da-bu/), n. [Fr., 
prop, first cast or throw at play.] A 



beginning, first attempt, or first ap- 
pearance. 
Debutant (da/bu-tong'), n. [Fr.] 

One who makes his first appearance 

before the public. 
DECADE, n. [Gr. Sends, from Sexa, 

ten.] Sum or number often. 
De-ca/dence, In. [Lat. de and ca- 
De-€A'DEN-CY, ) dere, to fall.] De- 
cay ; fall ; deterioration. 
DE€'A-GON, n. [Gr. 6V/ca, ten, and 

ywvta, corner, angle.] A plane figure 

of ten sides and ten angles. 
Dec'a-he'dral, a. Having ten sides. 
Dec'a-he'dron, n. ; pi. dec'a-he'- 

DRA. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and eSpa, a 

seat, a base.] A solid body having 

ten sides. 
De-gal'o-gist, n. One who explains 

the decalogue. 
Deg'a-LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr. Se/ca- 

Aoyos, from Sena, ten, and Aoyos, 

speech.] The ten commandments. 
DE-€AM'E-RON, n. [Gr.6V»ca, ten, and 

/uepos, part.] A work in ten books. 
De-camp', f. j. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 

decamper, from camp, a camp.] To 

move away from a camp ; to depart 

suddenly. 
De-camp'ment. n. Departure from 

a camp ; a marching off. 
De-€ANT', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 

decanter, prop, to pour off from the 

edge of a vessel, from de and 0. Fr. 

cant, edge.] To pour off gently, as 

liquor from its sediment. 
De'can-ta'tion, n. Act of pouring 

off a fluid gently. [cant liquors. 

De-€ANT'er, n. A vessel used to de- 
DE-€AP'I-TATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[L. Lat. decapitare, decapitation , fr. 

Lat. de and caput, head.] To cut off 

the head oj; to) behead. [ing. 

De-cap'1-T A'TION ,n. Act of behead- 
DE€'a-pod, n. VTGr. Sena, ten, and 

7rovs, 7ro86s, foot.] A crustacean 

with ten feet or legs^as the crab. 
De-car/bon-i-za'tionTtt. Process 

of depriving^ a substance of carbon. 
De-car'bon-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To deprive of carbon. 
DEC'A-STYLE, n. [Gr. Se/cao-TvAo?, 

fr. fie'/ca, ten, and crrOAos, column.] 

A building having a portico with ten 

columns in front. 
Dec'A-syl-lab'ic, a. [Gr. 6V/ca, ten, 

and <rvAAa/37?, a syllable.] Consisting 

of ten syllables. 
De-€AY', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 

de and cad ere, to fall.] To pass 

gradually from a sound or perfect 

state to a worse one ; to fail. — v. t. 

To bring to a worse state. — n. 

Gradual failure of health, strength, 

soundness, or prosperity. 

Syn. — Decline. — Decay is stronger 

than decline. What is declining leans 

toward a fall; what is decaying is on the 

way to destruction. 
De-cease', »?. [Lat. decessus, fr. de- 

ce'dere, to depart, die.] Departure 

from this life. 

Syn. — Death; demise; release. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To depart from 

this life ; to die. 
De-ceit', n. [0. Eng. deceipt, from 



Lat. deceptus, deception.] Attemp 
or disposition to deceive. 

Syn. — Deception; fraud; imposition. 

De-ceit'fue, a. Full of deceit 
tri.-kish. [ful manner 

De-ceit'ful-ly, adv. In a deceit 

De-^eit'ful-ness, n. Disposition to 
deceive. [or imposition 

DE-CElv'A-BLE,a. Subject to deceit 

DE-CEIVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
decipere^ fr. de and capere, to catch.] 
To lead into error ; to impose upon. 
Syn. — To delude ; insnare ; entrap. 

De-ceiv'er, n. One who deceives. 
syn. — Impostor. — A deceiver operates 
by stealth and in private: an impostor 
practices his arts on the community at 
large. The one succeeds by artful false- 
hood; the other, by bold assumption. 

DE-CEM'BER, n. [Lat., from decern, 
ten; this being the 10th month 
among the early Romans.] The last 
month in the year. 

De-cem'vir, n.; Eng. pi. ije-cem'- 

VIRg; Lat. pi. DE-fEM'VI-Rl. 

[Lat., from decern, ten, and vir, a 
man.] One of ten magistrates in an 
cient Rome from 449 to 447 B. C. 

De-cem'vi-ral, a. Pertaining to th- 
decemvirs. 

De-cem'vi-rate (45), n. 1 Office 
of the decemvirs. 2. A body of ten 
men in authority. 

De'ceis-cy, n. i. State of being de- 
cent ; proper formality ; modesty. 2- 
That which is decent or becoming. 

De-cen'na-ry, n. [Lat. decern, ten, 
and annus, a year.] A period of ten 
years. 

De-cen'ni-al, a. Consisting of ten 
years, or happening every ten years 

De'cent, a. [Lat. decent, p. pr. <,i 
decet, decere, to be fitting.] 1. Suit- 
able in words, behavior, &c. 2. 
Modest. 3. Moderate, but compe- 
tent; sufficient; hence, respectable. 

De'cent-ly, adv. In a decent man. 
ner. 

De-cep'tion, n. [Lat. deceptio. See 
Deceive.] 1. Act of deceiving. 2. 
State of being deceived. 3. That 
which deceives. 

Syn. — Deceit ; fraud ; imposition.— 
Deception usually refers to the act, and 
deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we 
speak of a person as skilled in deception 
: nd addicted to deceit. An imj option 
is an act of deception practiced upon 
some one to his annoyance or injury; a 
fraud implies the use of stratagem, with 
a view to 6ome unlawful gain or ad- 
vantage. 

De-cep'tive , a. Tending to deceive ; 
deceitful ; misleading. 

De-cep'to-ry, a. Tending to deceive. 

De-charm', v. t. To disenchant. 

De-cide', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
decidere, from de and csedere, to cut.] 
To settle : to end ; to conclude. — v. 
i. To form a definite opinion ; to 
come to a conclusion. 

De-CID'ed, a. 1. Free from ambigu- 
ity : unequivocal. 2. Determined ; 
of fixed purpose. 3. Undeniable ; 
clear. [manner. 

De-cid'ed-ly, adv. In a decided 

De-^ID'er, n. One who decides. 

De-9ID'U-OUS, a. [Lat. deciduus, fr- 



I, E, I,0,U, Y,long; A,E,I,6,U,Y,S&orJ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TEEM J PIQUE, FTRI 



SON, 






DECILLION 



107 



DECREPITATION 



decidere, to fall off.] Having but a 
temporary existence. 

De-cill'i6n, n. [Lat. decern, ten.] 
According to the English notation, a 
million involved to the tenth power, 
or a unit with 60 ciphers annexed ; ac- 
cording to the French notation, a unit 
with 33 ciphers annexed. 

S)ec'i-mal, a. [Lat. decimus, tenth, 
fr. decern, ten.] Pertaining to deci- 
mals : proceeding by tens. 

Decimal fractions, fractions in which 
the denominator is some power of 10. 
— n. A number or fraction ex- 
pressed in the scale of tens. 

Dfi£'I-MATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
decimare, -matum, from decern, ten.] 
1. To take the tenth part of. 2. To 
select by lot and punish with death 
every tenth man of. 

Dec'i-ma'tion, n. A selection of 
every tenth by lot. 

De^'i-ma'tor, n. One who decimates. 

De-^I'pher, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 
de and cipher.] 1. To translate from 
a cipher into intelligible terms. 2. 
To find out the meaning of. 

DE-Cl'PHER-A-BLE,a. Capable of be- 
ing deciphered. 

De-cI'pher-er, w.One who deciphers. 

DE-CIS/IOX (-sizh'un), n. [Lat. decisio. 
See Decide.] 1. Determination; 
settlement. 2. A report of a legal 
adjudication. 3. Prompt and fixed 
determination. 

DE-cI'SlVE,a. 1. Having the quality 
of deciding a question or controversy, 
&c 2. Marked by promptness and 
decision . 

DE-ci'siVE-LY,ac?f. So as to end de- 
liberation, doubt, or contest. 

De-ci'sive-ness, ?). Quality of end- 
ing doubt, controversy, &c. ; con- 
clusiveness, [determine. 

De-O'SO-RV, a. Able to decide or 

DECK, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. de- 
can, ge.decan, allied to Lat. tegere, to 
cover ] 1. To cover. 2. To dress ; 
to clothe with elegance. 3. To fur- 
nish with a deck. — n. 1. Floor-like 
covering of a ship. 2. A pile of cards. 

DECK/ER, a. 1. One who- decks or 
adorns. 2. A vessel which has a 
deck or decks ; — used in composition. 

De-claim', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
declamare, fr. de and clamare, to cry 
out.] 1. To make a formal speech 
or oration ; to harangue. 2. To 
speak pompously and elaborately. 

DE-CLAnrER. n. One who declaims. 

Dec'la-Ma'tion, n. 1. Act of de- 
claiming. 2. A set speech. 3. Pre- 
tentious rhetorical display. 

J)e-clam'a-to-ry, n. Characterized 
by mere rhetoric il display. 

Dec'la-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of do- 
claring. 2. That which is declared 
or proclaimed : distinct statement. 

De-clar'a-tive, \a. Making dec- 

De-clar'a-to-ry, ) laration; ex- 
planatorv ; assertive. 

De-olare', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
declarare^ fr. de and clarare, to make 
clear.] 1. To make known publicly; 
to proclaim. 2. To assert ; to af- 



firm. — v. i. To make a declaration ; 
to proclaim one's self. 

De-clar'ed-LY, adv. Avowedly. 

De-clen'sion, n. [See Decline.] 1. 
Declination ; descent. 2. Deteriora- 
tion; decay. 3. Act of courteously 
refusing. 4. Inflection of a word, 
according to its grammatical forms. 

De-clIn'a-ble, a. Admitting of de- 
clension, [ward. 

DEC'li-nate (45), a. Curved down- 

Dec'LI-NA'tion, n. 1. A bending 
downward. 2. Deterioration ; de- 
cay ; decline. 3. Act of deviating ; 
obliquity. 4. Angular distance of any 
oo^ect from the celestial equator. 

DE-CLIN'A-TO-RY, a. Containing or 
involving a declination. [ing. 

De-clin'a-ture (53), n. Act of refus- 

De-clIne', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
declinare, fr. de and a supposed clin- 
are, to lean, incline.] 1. To bend 
over or hang down. 2. To fail; to 
sink; to decay. 3. To deviate; to 
stray. 4. To refuse. — 1«. t. 1. To 
turn off or away from ; to reject 
courteously. 2. To inflect in order 
in the changes of grammatical form. 
— n. 1. A falling off; diminution; 
deterioration. 2. A gradual wasting 
away of the physical faculties. 

Syx. — Decay; consumption.— The 
first stage of the downward progress is 
decline; decay follows, tending to ulti- 
mate destruction; consun^ition is steady 
decay from an inward wasting of 
strength. 

De-clin'er, n. One who declines. 

De-CLI V'l-TY, n. [Lat. de.clivitas, fr. 
(Jeclivis, sloping.] 1. Inclination 
downward ; slope. 2. An inclining 
surface ; a slope. 

De-cli'yotjs, I a. Gradually de- 

De-cliv'I-tous, ) clining or de- 
scending ; sloping. 

De-coct', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
decoqwre, decoctum, from de and co- 
quere, to cook.] 1. To prepare by 
boiling. 2. To digest. 

De-COC'TION. n. 1. Act of preparing 
for use by boiling. 2. An extract 
preparedby boiling. 

De-£)5l'late, v. t. [-ED:. -ING.] 
[Lat. decollare, decollatum. from col- 
liqm, neck.] To behead ; to decapi- 
tate, [ing. 

De'col-la'tion, n. Act of behead- 

De-col'or (-kul'ur), v. t. To deprive 
of color. [absence of color. 

De-col'or-a tion, n. Removal or 

De'com-pos/a-ble, a. Capable of 
being decomposed. 

DE'€OM-POSE', V. I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To resolve into original elements. 

De'com-por'ite, a. Compounded 
more than once. 

DE-COM'PO-st'TroN (zlsh'un). n. 1. 
Act of decomposing ; analysis. 2. 
State of being decomposed. 

De'com-pound', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To mix with that which is already 
compound. 2. To decompose. — a. 
Compound of what is already com- 
pounded. 

De'com-pound'a-ble, a. Capable 
of being decompounded. 



Dfi€'0-RATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
decorare, detoratum, fr. decus, orna- 
ment.] To deck with that which is 
becoming or ornamental. 

Syx. — To adorn; embellish ; orna- 
ment; beautify. 

DEC'O-RA'TlON, n. 1. Act of deco- 
rating. 2. That which decorates. 

Dec'o-ra-tive, a. Suited to em- 
bellish ;_ adorning. [rates. 

Dec'o-ra'tor, n. One who deco- 

DE-co'ROUS,or Dec'o-roQs (118), a. 
[Lat. decorosus.] Becoming; prop- 
er ;_seemly. 

De-co'rous-ly, or Dec'o-rous-ly, 
adv. In a becoming manner. 

De-cor'ti-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ing-1 
[Lat. decorticare, decorticatum , from 
de and cortex, bark.] To take off the 
bark of; to husk ; to peel. 

De-cor'ti-ca'tion, n. Act of strip- 
ping off the bark or husk. 

De-co'rum (118), n. [Lat. See De- 
corous.] Propriety of speech, man- 
ner, or conduct. 

Syx. — Dignity. — Decorum is that 
which is becoming in outward act or ap- 
pearance; dignity springs from an in- 
ward elevation of soul producing a cor- 
respondent effect on the manners.— The 
decorum of a public assembly; the dig- 
nit >/ of the men who compose it. 

De-coy', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
de and coy; orig. to soothe, entice.] 

• To lead into a snare. 

Syx. — To deceive; entrap; insnare. 

— n. 1. A lure for birds used by 
sportsmen. 2. A place into which 
wild fowl are enticed. 

De-coy'-duck, n. A duck, or an 
imitation of one, used to draw others 
into a net ; — often used figuratively. 

De-crease', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
decrescere, from de and crescere, to 
grow.] To become less. — v. t. To 
make less ; to diminish gradually. 

Syx.— To diminish.— Things usually 
decrease or fall off by degrees, and from 
within, or through some cause which is 
imperceptible; as, the flood decreases; 
the cold decreases ; their affection has 
dec7-eased. Things commonly diminish 
or are diminished by an action from with- 
out, or one which is apparent; as, their 
affection has diminished since their sepa- 
ration. The turn of thought, however, 
is often such that these words may be in- 
terchanged. 

— n. A becoming less ; gradual dim- 
inution. 

De-CREE', n. [Lat. dccretum, fr. de- 
cernere, to decide.] An order or de- 
cision made by some competent au- 
thority. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
determine by authority ; to order ; 
to appoint. 

DEC'RE-MENT, w. [Lat. decrementum, 
from decrescere. See DECREASE.] 1. 
Decrease ; waste ; loss. 2. Quantity 
lost by gradual diminution. 

DE-CREP'IT, a. [Lat. decrepiUts, orig 
noised out, noiseless, as old people. j 
Wasted by the infirmities of old age. 

De-crep'i-tate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To roast or calcine, so as to cause a 
continual crackling — r. ?'. To 
crackle, as salts when roastiug. 

De-crep'1-ta'TION, n. Act of de- 
crepitating. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c. g, soft; c, G, hard; As; e^ist • jj as NG 



THIS. 



DECREPITNESS 



108 



DEFENSE 



De-crep'it-ness, \ n. Broken state 

De-CREP'i-tude, J produced by de- 
cay and the infirmities of age. 

De-crescent, a. Decreasing. 

De-cre'TAL, a. [Lat. decretalis. See 
Decree.] Containing a decree. — 
n. 1. An authoritative decree ; esp. 
a letter of the pope, determining 
some point in ecclesiastical law. 2. A 
collection of the pope's decrees. 

Je-cre'tist, n. One who studies, or 
is versed in, the decretals. 

De-CRE'TIVE, a. Having the force 
or nature of a decree. 

Dec're-to-ry (50), a. Established 
by a decree ; definitive. 

De-crT'al, n. A crying down ; a 
clamorous censure. 

De-crFer, n. One who decries. 

De-cry', v t. [-e» ; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
d eerier. See CRY. J To censure as 
faulty, mean, or worthless. 

Syn. — To depreciate; detract; dispar- 
age. — Decry and depreciate refer to the 
estimation in which a thing is held, the 
former seeking to cry it down, and the 
latter to run it down in the opinion of 
others. Detract and disparage refer to 
merit or value, which the former assails 
with caviling, &c, while the latter will- 
fully underrates and seeks to degrade it. 
Men decry their rivals and depreciate 
their measures. The envious detract 
from the merit of a good action, and dis- 
parage the motives of him who performs 

De-cCm'bence, ) n. Act, posture, or 

De-cC'M'ben-cy, J state of lying 
down. 

De-ciJM'BENT, a. [Lat.. decumbere, 
decumbent, from de and cinnbere., for 
cubare, to lie down.] Lying down; 
prostrate ; recumbent. 

DeCU-PLE, a. [Gr. SeKankovg , from 
Sena, ten.] Tenfold; multiplied by 
ten. — n. A number ten times re- 
peated. — v. t. To make tenfold. 

0E-€U'RI-ON, n. [Lat. decurio, fr. de- 
curia, <a division of ten] A Roman 
officer who commanded ten soldiers. 

DE-CUR'RENT, a. [Lat decurrere, de- 
currens, to run down.] Extending 
downward. 

DE-CUS'SATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. decussare, -alum, from decussis, 
(orig. eqniv. to decern asses), the 
number X, or ten.] To cross at an 
acute angle. [the form of an X. 

De'cus-sa'TION, n. . Intersection in 

De-DEC'O-RoBs, a. [Lat. dedecorus. 
See Decorous.] Disgraceful ; un- 
becoming ; infamous. 

Ded'i-cate, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
dedicare, -eatum, from de and dicare, 
to declare, dedicate.] 1. To set 
apart and consecrate. 2. To inscribe 
or address. 

Ded'i-cate (45), a. Set apart ; de- 
voted ;_conFecrated. 

Ded'I-ca'TION, n. 1. Act of dedicat- 
ing. 2. Address to a patron or 
friend, prefixed to a book. 

DED'I-CA/TOR, n. One who dedicates. 

D£d'i-ca-to-ry (50), a. Composing, 
or serving as, a dedication. 

De-dPce', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
deducere, from de and ducere, to lead, 



draw.] To obtain as the result of 

reasoning ; to infer. 
De-duce'ment, n. Act of deducing; 

that which is deduced. [deduced. 
De-du'ci-ble, a. Capable of being 
DE-DU'clVE,a. Performing the act 

of deduction. 
De-duct', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 

deducere, deductum. See DEDUCE.] 

To take away ; to subtract. 
De-dOc'tion, n. 1. Act or method 

of deducing. 2. Act of deducting. 

3. That which is deduced ; inference. 

4. That which is deducted ; part 
taken away. 

De-dTict'ive, a. Pertaining to de- 
duction ; deducible. [deduction. 

De-duct'ive-ly, adv. By way of 

DEED, n. [A.-S. dsed, fr. don, to do.] 
1. That which is done ; an act. 2. 
Achievement ; exploit. 3. A sealed 
instrument in writing, containing 
some transfer or contract, especially 
in regard to real estate. — v. t. To 
convey by deed. 

DEEM, f. f. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. de- 
man, domian.} To think ; to judge; 
to be of opinion. 

Deep, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. drop, 
diop, from dyppan, to dip, immerse.] 

1. Extending far below the surface. 

2. Extending far back from the 
front. 3. Low in situation. 4. Hard 
to penetrate or comprehend ; pro- 
found. 5. Profoundly learned. 6. 
Penetrating; thorough. 7. Com- 
plete and overmastering. 8. De- 
pressed ; abject. 9. Dark ; intense. 
10. Of low tone : grave. — adv. Ear 
down; profoundly ; deeply. — n. 1. 
Deep water. 2. That which is pro- 
found. 3. The nKdst ; the depth. 

Deepen, v. t. [-edo -ing.] 1. To 
make deep or deeper. 2. To make 
darker. — v. i. To become deeper. 

Deep'ly, adv. 1. At or to a great 
depth. 2. Profoundly. 

Deer, n. sing. &jfl. 
[A.-S. deor, an ani- 
mal, esp. a wild ani- 
mal.] A ruminant 
quadruped of several 
species. 

De-face', v. t. [-ed; 
-ing'] [Lat. de and 
fanes, face.] To mar 
the appearance of ; to 
disfigure. 

De-FACE'ment, «. 1. Act of defa- 
cing ; injury to the external appear- 
ance. 2. That which defaces. 

De-fa'cer. n. One who defaces. 

DE-FAL'CATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. dffaleare, defalcatum, to de- 
duct, orig. to cut off with a sickle.] 
To cut off ; to deduct a part off. 

DE'FAL-ca'tion, n. 1. A cutting off: 
deficit. 2/ That which is cut off. 3. 
An ahstraction of money, &c. ; an 
embezzlement. 

Def'a-ma'tion. n. [See Defame.] 
Slander ; detraction ; calumny. 

De-fam'A-to-ry, a. Containing def- 
amation ; calumnious ; slanderous. 

De-fame', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 




Deer. 



de/amare, from de and fama, fame-i 
To speak evil of ; to asperse. 
Syn.— To slander; calumniate. 

DE-FAM'ER, n. One who defames. 

De-fault', n. [L. Lat. defalta, from 
de andfalkre, to deceive.] 1. Omis- 
sion of what ought to be done. 2. 
Defect ; want ; failure ; lack. 3. Fail- 
ure to take some step necessary to 
secure the benefit of law. — v.i, 
[-ED; -ing.] To fail to appear in 
court. — v. t. 1. To fail to perform. 
2. (Law.) To call, as a Ue f "ndant, 
and make an entry of his deiault, if 
he* fails to appear in court. 

De-FAULT'ER, n. One who fails to 
account for public money intrusted 
to his care. 

DE-FEA'gANCE, n. [Norm. Fr. de- 
fesance, fr. defaire, to undo.] A ren- 
dering null or void. [defeated. 

DE-FEA'gl-BLE, a. Capable of being 

DE-FEAT', n. [Fr. defaite, from de- 
faire, to undo.] 1. An overthrow, 
as of an attack, an army, &c. 2. 
Frustration, —v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To render null and void. 2. To 
overcome, as an army. 3. To re- 
sist with success. 

Svx. — To overthrow; ruin; over- 
power ; subdue ; rout ; foil ; discomfit ; 
baffle; disappoint; frustrate. 

DEF'E-CATE, V. I. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
def&care, defaecatum, from de and 
fsex, dregs.] To clear from lees, 
dregs, &c. ; to purify. 

DEF'e-cate, a. Freed from any 
thing that can pollute ; refined ; 
purified. [from impurities. 

D£f'e-ca'TION, n. Act of separating 

De-fect', n. [Lat. defectus, from de- 
fieere, to desert, fail, be wanting.] 1. 
Want or absence of something ne- 
cessary. 2. Blemish; deformity. 

Syn. — Fault. — Defect is negative, de- 
noting the absence of that which is neces- 
sary to a thing's completeness or perfec- 
tion ; fault is positive, denoting some- 
thing improper or wrong. The faults of 
a friend are too often palliated into mere 
defects. 

De-fec'tion, n. Act of abandoning 
a person or cause ; apostasy. 

De-FE€T'IVE, a. Wanting in some 
important respect ; deficient ; faulty. 

De-FE€T'IVE-LY, adv. Imperfectly. 

De-fect'IVE-ness, n. State of being 
imperfect. 

De -fence', n. See Defense. 

De-fend', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
defendere.] 1. To guard from injury. 
2. To contest, as a suit. 

Syn. — To protect. — To defend is lit- 
erally to ward off; to protect is to cover 
over. We defend those who are attacked; 
we protect those who are liable to injury 
or invasion. A fortress is defended by its 
guns, and protected by its walls. See also 

VINDICATE. 

De-fEnd'ant, n. 1. One who makes 
defense. 2. (Law.) The party that 
opposes a complaint, demand, or 
charge. 

De-fend'er, n. One who defends. 

De-fen's a-tive, n. That which 
serves to guard or defend.- 

De-FEnse', ) n. [Fr. defense, Lat. de- 

De-fence',) fensa. See Defend.] 



a, e, i, o,u, y 



long; A, ii/i, 6, u, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, ve,il, tEhbi; pique, firm; son, 



DEFENSELESS 



109 



DEHORT 



1. Act of defending. 2. That which 
defends. 3. Defendant's plea. 

Sy>'. — Protection ; guard; fortifica- 
tion; vindication; apology justification. 

DE-FENSE'LESS, I a. Destitute of \ 

De-fence'less, J defense or pro- 
tection, [defended. 

De-fen'st-ble, a. Capable of being 

De-fen'sIve. a. 1. Serving to de- 
fend. 2. Carried on by resisting at- 
tack. 3. In a state to defend. — n. 
That which defends ; a safeguard. 

De-fen'sive-ly, adv. In a defensive ' 
manner. 

DE-FER' (14), V. t. [-RED ; -RING.] 
[Lat. deferre, to bear away, deliver, j 
report ; differre, to bear apart, put I 
off, delay.] 1. To put off; to post- 
pone. 2. To submit in a respectful 
manner. — ;•. -('. 1. To delay ; to 
wait. 2. To yield from respect to 
another. 

Def'er-ence, n. A yielding of judg- J 
ment or preference ; complaisance. 

Stw. — Respect. — Deference usually, 
but not always, implies respect. We 
may defer on some one point to a man 
who knows better than we do, while we 
have no general respect for his character. 

Def'er-ent, a. Serving to convey. 
— n. That which carries or conveys. 

Def'er-en'TIAL, a. Expressing def- 
erence. 

De-fi'ance, n. 1. Act of defying; 
a challenge. 2. State of opposition ; 
willingness to fight. [insolent. 

De-fi'ant, a. Full of defiance ; bold; 

DE-FI'CIENCE, \n. State of being 

De-fi'cien-cy, ) deficieut; inade- 
quacy : failure. 

Defi'cient (-t'Tsh'ent), a. [Lat. de~ 
ficere, deficient, to be wanting ] Want- 
ing to make up completeness. 

Syn. — Inadequate; defective; imper- 
fect; short. 

De-fi'cient-ly (-fTsh'ent-), adv. In 
a deficient manner. 

Def'i-cIt, n. [Lit. it is wanting.] 
Deficiency in amount or quality. 

De-fi'er, n. One who defies. 

De-file', or De'file, n. [Fr. a*e- 
fili,fv. defiler.] A long, narrow pass, 
as between hills, &c. 

De-file', o. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
defyle, defoul, A.-S. fylan, to pol- 
lute, from fill, foul.] 1. To pollute ; 
to corrupt. 2. To make impure or 
turbid. 3. To make ceremonially 
unclean. — v. i. [Fr. defiler, from 
de, for des, a,n&file, a row or line.] 
To march off file by file. 

DE -FILE 'ME NT, n. State of being 
defiled ; foulness ; pollution. 

De-fil'ER, n. One who defiles or pol- 
lutes, [defined. 

De-fin' a-ble, a. Capable of being 

De-fine', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
definite, fr. de and finite, to limit, to 
end.] 1. To end. 2. To mark the 
limits of. • 3. To determine with pre- 
cision. 4. To explain ; to interpret. 

De-fin'er, n. One who defines. 

Def'i-nite, a. 1. Having certain 
limits. 2. Precise in signification. 
3. Fixed ; exact. 4. Serving to de- 
fine or restrict. 



Def'I-nIte-LY; adv. In a definite 
manner; exactly. [definite. 

Def'i-nite-ness, n. State of being 

DEF'I-NI'TION (-nish/un), n. 1. Act 
of defining. 2. An explanation of 
the meaning of a word or term. 

Syn. — Explanation; description. — A 
definition is designed to settle a thing in 
its compass and extent; an explanation 
is intended to remove some obscurity or 
misunderstanding, and is therefore more 
extended and minute; a. description en- 
ters into striking particulars with a view 
to interest or impress by graphic effect. 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE, a. Determinate ; final ; 
conclusive ; unconditional. — n. A 
word used to limit the extent of the 
signification of a common noun. 

DE-FlN'i-TlVE-LY,ar/t>. Finally ; con- 
clusively ; positively. [ness. 

De-fIn'i-tive-ness, n. Conclusive- 

De-fla'gra-ble, or Def'la-gra- 
BLE, a. Burning with a sudden 
and sparkling combustion. 

Def'la-grate, v. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. deflagrare, deflagratum, fr. de 
andflagrare, to flame.] To burn 
with a sudden and sparkling com- 
bustion. 

Def la-gra'tion, n. A sudden and 
sparkling combustion, without ex- 
plosion . 

Def'la-gra'tor, n. A form of the 
voltaic battery for producing rapid 
and powerful combustion. 

Deflect', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
deflertere, fr. de and fleeter e, to bend.] 
To deviate from a right line, proper 
position, course, or direction. — v. t. 
To cause to turn aside. 

De-FLE€'TION, n. Act of turning 
aside from a right line or proper 
course ; deviation. 

De-flex'URE, n. A bending or turn- 
ing aside j deflection. [ing. 

Def'lo-ra'tion, n. Act of defiour- 

De-flour', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. deflorate, fr. de and florare, to 
flower.] To deprive of virginity ; to 
ravish ; to seduce. 

DE-FLtJX'lON (-fluk'shun), n. [Lat. de- 
fluxio, fr. defluere, to flow down.] A 
discharge of humors. 

De-fo'li-a'tion, n. [Low Lat. de- 
foliate, to shed leaves.] The fall of 
theleaf, or shedding of leaves, 

De-force', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
def orcer, def order. See FORCE.] To 
keep from the lawful possession of 
theowner. 

De-force'ment, n. A wrongful 
withholding, as of lands or tene- 
ments. 

De-for'ciant, n. One who keeps out 
of possession the rightful owner of 
an estate. 

De-form', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. de- 
formare, fr. de andformare, to form.] 
1. To mar ; to disfigure. 2. To ren- 
der displeasing or ugly. [uring. 

Def'or-ma'tion, n. Act of disfig- 

De-f6rm'ER, n. One who deforms. 

De-form'i-ty, n. 1. State of being 
deformed ; irregularity of shape. 2. 
Any thing that destroys beauty, 
grace, or propriety. 



Syn. — Distortion; ugliness; defect.* 

De-fraud', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat 
defraudare, from de and fraud are, tv 
cheat.] To deprive of right by fraud, 
deception, or artifice. 

Syn. — To cheat ; cozen ; deceive. 

De-fraud'ER, n. One who defrauds. 

De-fray', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr 
defrayer, fr. de and frais, expense." 
To bear or pay the expense of. 

De-fray'AL, n. Act of defraying. 

De-fray'er, n. One who pays ex 



Deft, a. [A.-S. daft ; dafan, to be fit 
or apt.] Apt ; fit ; neat. [ously. 

Deft'ly, adv. Aptly ; fitly ; dexter- 

De-fOnct', a. [Lat. defunctus, p. p. 
of defungi, to discharge, depart, die.] 
Bead ; deceased. — n. A dead person. 

De-fy', v. t . [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
defter, from Lat. dis and fides, faith.] 
To provoke to combat or strife ; to 
challenge ; to dare. 

De-gar'nish,v. t. [-ed, -ing.] [Fr. 
degarnir, from de and garnir, to fur- 
nish.] To deprive of entirely, as of 
furniture or troops. 

De-gen'er-a-cy, n. A becoming de- 
generate ; a growing worse. 
Syn. — Decay ; deterioration. 

DE-GEN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. degenerare, -atnm, fr. degener, 
degenerate.] To be or grow worse; 
hence, to be inferior ; to deteriorate. 

De-gen'ER-ate (45), a. Deteriorated ■, 
degraded ; mean ; base ; low. 

De-gen'er-ate-ly, adv. In a de- 
generate manner. 

De-gen'er-ate-ness, n. State of 
being degenerate. [worse. 

De-GEN'ER-A'TION, n. A growing 
Syn. — Decline; degradation; debase- 
ment^ deterioration. 

DE-GLU'TI-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. deglutinare, -atum, fr. de and 
glutinare, to glue.] To unglue. 

Deg'lu-tI'tion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. 
deglutire, to swallow down.] Act oi 
power ofswallowing. 

Deg'ra-da'tion, n. [L. Lat. degra- 
datio. See Degrade.] 1. A reducing 
in rank, character, or reputation. 2. 
A gradual wearing down, as of rocks, 
banks, and the like. 

De-grade', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To reduce from a higher to a lower 
rank or degree. 2. To reduce in es- 
timation or reputation. 3. To wear 
down, as hills and mountains. 
Syn. — To abase; demean; lower. 

DE-GREE', n. [Fr. degre, fr. Lat. de 
and gradus, step, degree.] 1. One 
step upward or downward ; grade ; 
gradation. 2. Position; station; 
rank ; extent. 3. Academical rank 
indicated by a diploma. 4. 360th 
part of the circumference of a circle. 
5. A division on a mathematical or 
other instrument. 6. (Mus.) Differ- 
ence in position between two notes. 

De-HIS'CENCE, n. [Lat. dehiscere, de- 
hiscens, to gape.] 1. Act of gaping. 
2. Opening of pods, &c, at maturity. 

DE-Hls'CENT, a. Opening, as the cap- 
sule of a plant. 

De-HOFT', v. t. [Lat. dehortari, from 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull-, b,i, o, silent •, c,G, soft; €,&,hard; A§; Exist; n as ng; this. 



DE1I0RTATI0N 



110 



DELUDE 



■ de and kortari, to urge, exhort.] To 
dissuade._ fing. 

De'hor-ta'tton, n. Act of dissuad- 

De-hort'a-to-ry, a. Fitted to dis- 
suade. 

De'1-cide, n. [Lat. deus, god, and 
c&dere, to cut, kill] 1. Act of put- 
ting to death a being possessing a 
divine nature. 2. One concerned 
in putting Christ to death. 

De-IF'I€, ) a. [Lat. deificus, from 

DE-IF'I€-AL, ) deus, a, god, and fa- 
cere, to make.] Making divine. 

De'I-fi-ga'TION, n. Act of deifying ; 
apotheosis. 

De'I fPer, n. One who deifies. 

De'I-form, a. [Lat. deus, a god, and 
forma.] Like a god ; of a godlike 
form. 

Pe'i-fv, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
deificare. See Deific] 1. To make 
a god of. 2. To treat as an object 
of supreme regard. 

DglGN (dan), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
daigner, from Lat. dignus, worthy.] 
To vouchsafe ; to condescend. — v. t. 
To condescend to give or bestow. 

DE'lgM, n. Doctrine or creed of a deist. 

De'IST, n. One who believes in the 
existence of a God, but denies re- 
vealed religion ; a freethinker. 

De-ist'I€, ) a. Pertaining to de- 

De-Yst'ig-al, J ism or to deists. 

De'i-TY, n. [Lat. deitas, from deus, 
god.] 1. Divinity ; godhead. 2. A 
divine being. 

De-JEGT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. de- 
ji.cere, dejection, fr. de and jaerre, to 
throw.] To cast down the spirits of. 
Syn. — To dispirit ; dishearten ; de- 
press. 

De-JECT'ed-ly, adv. In a dejected 
manner. . 

De-jeg'tion, n. 1. Lowness of spir- 
its ; melancholy ; disheartenmeut. 2. 
A low condition ; weakness. 3. (Med.) 
(a.) Act of voiding the excrements. 
(b) Matter voided. 

DE-LAPSE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
delabi, delapsus, to fall down.] To 
fall or slide down. 

JDe-lay', v. t [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
put off; to defer. 2. To stop or 
hinder, for a time. 
Syn. — To procrastinate ; prolong. 

— v. i. To move slowly; to linger. 

— n. [Fr. delai, fr. Lat. dilatum, 
from differre, to defer.] 1. A put- 
ting off or deferring ; procrastination. 
2. Stay ; detention ; hindrance. 

De-lay'er, n. One who delays. 

DE r LE,v. t. [Lat., imp. sing, of de- 
lere, to destroy.] Erase ; remove ; — 
a direction to cancel something which 
has been put in type. [ted out. 

Del'E-BLE, a. Capable of being blot- 

De-LE€'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. delectabilis, 
from delectare, to delight.] Highly 
pleasing ; delightful. 

De-leg'ta-bly, adv. In a delecta- 
ble manner. [delight. 

De'LEG-ta'tion, n. Great pleasure ; 

DEL'E-GATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. delegare, delegatum, from de, 
and legare, to send as embassador, 



to depute.] 1. To send as one's rep- 
resentative. 2. To assign ; to commit. 

Del'e-gate (45), n. One deputed to 
represent another. — a. Sent to act 
for or represent another. 

Del/e-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of dele- 
gating. 2. One or more persons de- 
puted to represent others. 

De-lete', v. I. [-ed : -ING.] [See 
Dele.]_ To blot out ; to erase. 

Del'e-te'RI-ous (89), a. Having the 
quality of destroying, or extinguish- 
ing, life. 

De-le'tion, n. Act of deleting. 

DELF, n. Earthen ware, covered with 
white glazing. 

DE-LiIB'ER-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. deliberare, deliberation, from de 
and librare, to weigh.] To take 
counsel with one's self; to reflect ; to 
consider. 

De-LIB'ER-ATE, a. 1. Carefully con- 
sidering the probable consequences ; 
circumspect. 2. Formed with delib- 
eration. 3. Not hasty ; slow. 

De-lib'er-ate-ly, adv. Circum- 
spectly ; slowly. [being deliberate. 

De-lIb'er-ate-ness, n. Quality of 

De-lIb'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of de- 
liberating. 2. Careful discussion and 
examination of the reasons for and 
against a measure. 

De-lib'er-a-tive, a. Proceeding or 
acting by deliberation. 

Del'i-ca-cy, n. 1. State of being 
delicate; delightfulness. 2. Nicety 
of form or texture; hence, frailty or 
weakness. 3. Susceptibility or ten- 
derness of feeling ; and hence, effem- 
inacy. 4. Critical niceness. 5. A 
luxury or pleasure. 6. Something 
pleasant to the taste ; a dainty. 

Del'i-gate, a. [Lat. delicatus, from 
delicise, delight.] 1. Delightful. 2. 
Pleasing to the senses. 3. Fine or 
slender. 4. Slight or smooth. 5. Soft 
and fair. 6. Refined. 7. Tender ; 
not able to endure hardship. 8. Re- 
quiring nice handling. 

Syn. — Nice; fine ; elegant ; gentle ; 
considerate ; feeble ; frail ; effeminate ; 
critical; luxurious. 

Del'1-ga..'E-ly, adv. In a delicate 
manner. [delicate. 

Del'I-GATE-NESS, n. State of being 

DE-Li'cious (-tfsh'us), a. [Lat. deli- 
ciosus, fr. delicise, delight.] Sweet or 
grateful to the senses, especially to 
the taste. 

Syn. — Delightful. — Delicious refers 
to the pleasure derived from certain of 
the senses, as, delicious food, a delicious 
fragrance; delight/id may also refer to 
most of the senses', but has a higher ap- 
plication to matters of taste, feeling, and 
sentiment, as, a ddighlful abode, conver- 
sation, prospect, &c. 

De-lPcioOs-ly (-llsh'us-), adv. In 
a delicious manner. 

DEL/I-GA'TION, n. [Lat. deligatio, 
fr. deligare, to bind up.] A binding 
up ;_ a bandaging. 

De-light' (-lit'), n. [From Lat. de- 
lectare.'] 1. Lively pleasure or hap- 
piness ; joy. 2. That which affords 
delight. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. deliter, from Lat. delectare, from 



de and lacere, to entice.] To pleas - 
highly. [delight 

De-light'ed (-lit> ), p. a. Full of 
Svn. — Glad; pleased ; gratified ; 
charmed. 

De-light-ful (-lit'-), ,a. Affording 
great pleasure and satisfaction. 

DE-LiGHT'FUL-LY (de-lhV-), adv. In 
a manner to delight. 

De-lIn'e-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.| 
[Lat. delineare, -alum , fr. de and lin- 
eare.] 1. To represent by sketch or 
diagram .2. To portray to the mind. 

De-liN'e a'tion, ii. Act of delin- 
eating. 

Syn. — Sketch ; portrait ; outline ; 
di aught. 

De-lIn'e-A'tor, n. One who delin- 
eates. 

De-lTn'quen-cy (de-lTnk'wen-), n. 
Omission of duty ; fault; misdeed. 

De-lIn'quent (-UnVwent), a. Fail- 
ing in duty. — n. [Lat. delinijuescere , 
delinquens, to be wanting in duty.] 
One who fails to perform his duty ; 
an offender or transgressor. 

DEl/I-QUESf'E' (-kweV), v. i. [-ED 
(-kwesf); -ING.] [Lat. deliquescert, 
fr. de and liquescere, to become fluid.] 
To dissolve gradually by absorbing 
moisture from the air. 

Del'i-ques'cence, n. Act or state 
of being deliquescent. [the air. 

Del'i-Ques'oent, a. Liquefying in 

De-lIr'i-oOs, a. Having a delirium ; 
lightheaded ; insane. 

De-lYr'M'M, n. [Lat., from delirare, 
orig. to go out of the furrow.] 1. 
Mental aberration. 2. Strong ex- 
citement. 

Delirium tremens, a violent delirium 
induced by the excessive use of intoxi- 
cating liquors. 
Syn. —Insanity; frenzy; madness. 

De-lIv'er, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
dclivrer, fr. Lat. de and liberate, to 
set free.] 1. To set at liberty; to 
save from evil. 2. To give or trans- 
fer. 3. To communicate. 4. To re- 
lieve of a child in child-birth. 

Syn.— To release; discharge; liberate; 
surrender; resign; pronounce; utter.— 
One who delivers a package gives itforth ; 
one who delivers a Cargo discharges it ; 
one who delivers a captive liberateshim ; 
one who delivers a message ora discourse 
utters or pronounces it; when a platoon 
of soldiers deliver their fire, they set it 
free or give itforth. 

De-liv'er-ance, n. 1. Act of deliv- 
ering. 2. State of being delivered; 
freedom. 

De-lTv'er-ER, n. One who delivers. 

De-LIV'er-y, n. 1. Act of delivering; 
rescue ; surrender. 2. Style of ut- 
terance. 3. Parturition. 4. Free- 
dom ; preservation. 

Dell, n. [See Dale.] A small re- 
tired dale or valley. 

Del'phin, ) a. Pertaining to the 

Del'phine , ) dauphin of France or 
to an edition of the classics, prepared 
for his use. 

Del'tA, n. 1. The Greek letter A. 
2. A tract of land of a similar figure ; 
esp. between two mouths of a river. 

De-lude', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
deludere, fr. de and ludere, to play, 



i, E, l, o, u, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, tj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, Ask; ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, t£rhi ; PIQUE , FIRM ; s6n, 



DELUDER 

mock.] 1. To lead into error. 2. To 
frustrate or disappoint. 

De-LUD'er, n. One who deludes. 

DEL'UGE, n. [Fr. deluge, fr. Lat. di- 
fei'Wi,from diluere, to wash away.] 
1. An inundation ; a flood. 2. Any 
great calamity.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To overflow ; to inundate. 

De-lu's_ion, n. 1. Act of deluding ; 
deception. 2. State of being delud- 
ed. 3. False belief. 

Syn. — Illusion ; fallacy. — An illusion 
is a false show, a mere cheat on the fancy 
or senses; a delusion is a false judgment, 
visually affecting the real concerns of 
life; a. fallacy is something (like an argu- 
ment,'&c.) having a specious appearance, 
but destitute of reality and truth. The 
illusions of youth; the delusions of stock- 
jobbing; a/allucy in reasoning. 

De-lu'sive, a. Fitted to delude ; de- 
ceptive ; beguiling. [lacious. 

De-lu'so-RY, a. Apt to delude ; fal- 

DELVE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
del/an.] 1. To dig. 2. To pene- 
trate ; to trace out.— v. i. To labor 
with the spade. 

DEL.V'ER,ra. One who delves. 

DEM'A-GOG'lgM, n. Practices of a 
demagogue. 

DEM'A-GoGUE (-gcg), n. [Gr. 5r,ju.a- 
yaj-yos, fr. 6*r)ju.os, the common people, 
and aywyos, leading.] An artful 
politician. 

De-main', n. See Demesne. 

De-mand', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
demandare, to intrust.] 1. To ask 
or call for with authority. 2. To ask ; 
to question. 3. To be in urgent need 
of. — n. 1. Act of demanding ; exac- 
tion. 2. Earnest inquiry. 3. Dili- 
gent search. 4. Thing claimed. 

De-ma nd'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
demanded. [a plaintiff. 

De-mand'ant, n. One who demands ; 

De'mar-ka'tion, n. [Fr. demarca- 
tion. See Mark.] 1. Act of mark- 
ing, or setting a limit. 2. A limit 
ascertained. 

De-mean', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. [0. 
Fr. demener, demesner, from de and 
mener, to lead, drive, conduct.] To 
manage ; to conduct ; to treat. — v. 
t. 2. To carry or conduct ; to behave. 
3. [From de and mean.] To debase ; 
to lower. 

Syn\— To degrade. — Among our early 
writers, demean was taken to be connect- 
ed with mien and demeanor, and not with 
mean. This is still the approved use of 
the word; yet it is not unusual, even at 
the present day, to speak of a man's de- 
meaning [i. e. degrading], himself by 
improper conduct. 

De-Mean'or, n. Manner of behaving. 
Syn. — Behavior; deportment; car- 
riage ; bearing; mien; conduct. 

De'men-cy, n. [Lat. dementia, from 
demens, mad.] Insanity. 

DE-MEN'TATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. dementare,dementatus.] To de- 
prive of reason . [reason . 

DE'MEN-TA'TION, n. Deprivation of 

De-men'ti-a (-shl/a), n. [Lat.] 1. 
Insanity. 2. A total loss of reason ; 
idiocy. 

DE-MEPH'I-TIZE, 1'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From de and Fr. miphitiser, to infect 



111 

with mephitis.'] To purify from foul, 
unwholesome air. 

De-MER'it, n. [Fr. demerite, from de 
and merite, merit.] 1. That which de- 
serves blame ; fault ; crime ; vice. 2. 
Ill-desert. 

DE-MER'SION, n. 1. A drowning ; im- 
mersion. 2. State of being over- 
whelmed. 

De-mes/mer-ize, v. t. To relieve 
from mesmeric influence. 

De-MESNE' (-meenO, n. [From Lat. 
dominimn, prop, rightof ownership.] 
Chief manor-place, with part of the 
lands belonging thereto. 

Dem'i-god, n. A fabulous hero. 

Dem'i-JOHN (-jon), n. [A corrupt, of 
Damaghan, in Khorassan.] A glass 
vessel inclosed in wicker-work. 

DEM'l-LUNE, n. A work constructed 
beyond the main ditch of a fortress, 
to defend the curtain ; a ravelin. 

De-mi§e', n. [From Fr. demetlre, p. 
p. dernis, demise, to put away, lay 
down.] 1. Transmission ; transfer- 
ence. 2. Decease of a royal or prince- 
ly person, or of any distinguished in- 
dividual. 3. Conveyance or transfer 
of an estate. 

Syn.— Death ; decease; departure. See 
Death. 

— v.t. [-ed;-ING.] To transmit 
by succession or inheritance ; to be- 
queath. 

Dem'i-sem'i-qua'ver, n. A short 
note, equal to half of a semi-quaver. 

De-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. de- 
missio.] Degradation ; humiliation. 

Dem'i-tint', n. A gradation of color 
between positive light and positive 
shade. 

Dem'1-Orge, n. [Or. firj/atovpyos, work- 
ing for the people, a workman.] An 
exalted and mysterious agent, em- 
ployed in the creation of the world 
and of man from matter. 

Dem'i-volt, n. An artificial motion 
of a horse, in which he raises his fore- 
legs in a peculiar manner. 

DE-MOO'RA-^Y, n. [Gr. %xo«:paTia, 
fr. Stj/uos, the people, and Kparelv, to 
rule.] Government in which the 
supreme power is in the hands of the 
people. [mocracy. 

Dem'o-€RAT, k. An adherent ofde- 

Dem'O-crXt'IC, ) a. Pertaining 

Dem'o-crat'IG-al, J to, or favor- 
ing, democracy. 

DEM'o-CRAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. In a 
democratical manner. 

De-mol'isHj-u. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
demoliri, from de and moliri, to con- 
struct.] To throw or pull down ; to 
pull to pieces ; to ruin. 

Syk. — To overturn ; overthrow ; de- 
stroy ; dismantle; raze. — That is over- 
turned or overthrown, which had stood 
upright; that is destroyed whose compo- 
nent parts are scattered; that is demol- 
ished which had formed a mass or struct- 
ure; that is dismantled which is stripped 
of its covering, as a vessel of its sails, or a 
fortress of its bastions, &c; that is razed, 
which is brought down smooth and level 
to the ground. 

De-mol'ish-er, n. One who demol- 
ishes. 



DEMURRAGE 

DEM'O-Li'TlON (-lish'un), n. Act ol 
demolishing ; ruin ; destruction. 

De'MON, n. [Gr. 8aifjMP, a divinity] 
1. ( Gr. Anliq.) A spirit holding a 
middle place between men and the 
gods: also, a departed soul. 2. An 
evil spirit ; a devil. 

De-mo'ni-ac, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Dem / o-ni'a€-ae, ) or influenced byj, 
demons ; devilish. 

De-mo'N!-a€, n. A human being 
possessed by a demon. [false gods. 

De'mon-i§m, n. Belief in demons or 

De'MON-oe'A-TRY, n. [Gr. 8aCfx<av, 
demon, and \arpeia, worship.] Wor- 
ship of demons. 

De'MON-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. Sai/awi/, 
demon, and Aoyos, discourse.] A 
treatise on demons. 

DE-MON'STRA-BIL/I-Ti", n. Quality 
of being demonstrable. 

De-mon'stra-bee, a. Capable of 
being demonstrated. 

De-mon'stra-bly, adv. In a man- 
ner to demonstrate 

Dem'on-strate, or De-mon'- 
STRATE (117), v. t. [Lat. demon- 
strare, demonstratus, fr. de. mndmon- 
strare, to show.] 1. To point out; 
to indicate. 2. To prove, or estab- 
lish so as to exclude possibility of 
doubt. 3. To exhibit and describe 
the parts ofwhen dissected. 

Dem'on-stra'tion, n. 1. Act of dem- 
onstrating ; proof. 2. A manifesta- 
tion. 3. Exhibition and description 
of the parts of a subject for dissec- 
tion. 4. [Mil.) A decisive exhibi- 
tion of force. 

De-mon'stra-TIVE, a. 1. Having 
the power of demonstration. 2. 
Frank ; open. 

De-mon'stra-T1VE-ly, adv. Cer- 
tainly ; clearly ; openly. 

Dem'on-stra'TOR, n. One who dem- 
onstrates, [demonstrate. 

DE-MON'STRA-TO-RY,a. Tending to 

De-mor'al-i-za'tion, n. Act of 
subverting morals, or of corrupting 
discipline, courage, &c. 

De-mor'al-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To render corrupt in morals, or in 
discipline, courage, &c. 

De-m6t'I€, a. [Gr. Stj/hotikos, from 
St)/u.os, the people.] Pertaining to the 
people ; popular ; common. 

De-mDl'CENT, a. [Lat. demulcens, 
p. pr. of demulcere, to soften.] Soften- 
ing, mollifying. — n. A substance of 
a bland, mucilaginous nature. 

DE-MUR', V. i. [-RED ; -RING, 136.] 
[Lat. demorari, fr. de and morari, to 
delay.] 1. To delay ; to suspend 
proceedings in view of a doubt. 2. 
To raise an objection , and rest upon 
it for a decision by the court. — h. 
Stop ; hesitation as to proceeding. 

De-mure', a. [0. Fr. de murs, i. e. io 
bonnes murs, of [good] manners.] "U 
Of modest appearance ; grave. 2. 
Making a show of gravity. 

DE-MURE'EY,atZu. In a demure man- 
ner, [demure. 

De-MURE'NESS, n. State of being 

De-mur'rage, n. 1. Detention of a 



or, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; URN, RUE, PULL ; £, I, o, silent ; <},&,sojl; v, 5, hard; Ag; E£IST; BasNG; THIS. 



DEMURRER 



112 



DEPLANTATION 



vessel by the freighter. 2. Payment 
made for such detention. 

De-mOr'rer, n. 1. One who demurs. 
2. (Law.) A stop in an action upon 
a point of difficulty which must be 
determined by the court before 
further proceedings can be had. 

De-my', n. A size of paper next 
smaller than medium. 

Den, n. [A.-S.] 1. A cave used for 
concealment or security. 2. A haunt ; 
a retreat. 

Den'a-RY, a. [La' denarius, from de- 
cern, ten.] Contaiuiug ten ; tenfold. 
— n. The number ten. 

De-na'tion-al-ize (-nash'un-), v. t. 
[-ed;-ing.] To divest of national 
character or rights. 

De-nAt'u-ral-jze,^. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To render unnatural. 2. To de- 
nationalize. 

Den'DRI-FORM, a. [Gr. SevSpov, a 
tree, and Lat. forma, form.] Having 
the appearance of a tree. 

Den'drTte,m. [Gr. 6ei/6piTi)s, from 
SevSpov, a tree.] A mineral, on or in 
which are branching figures. 

DEN-DRIT'I€, ) a. Containing de- 

DEN-DRlT'l€-AL, J lineations which 
branch like shrubs or trees. 

Den'droid, a. [Gr. SevSpoeiSrjs, from 
SevSpov, tree, and elSos, form.] Re- 
sembling a shrub or tree in form. 

Den-drol'o-gist, n. One who is 
acquainted with the natural history 
of trees. 

Den-drol'o-gy, n: [Gr. SevSpov, a 
tree, and Aoyos, discourse.] Natural 
history of trees. 

DEN-DROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. SevSpov, 
a tree, and /xerpov, measure.] An 
instrument to measure the height 
and_ diameter of trees. [denied. 

DE-Nl'A-BEE, a. Capable of being 

DE-NI'AL,n. 1. Act of denying. 2. A 
contradiction. 3. Refusal to grant. 4. 
Refusal to acknowledge : disavowal. 

DE-NI'ER, n. One who denies. 

Den'i-ZA'TION, n. Act of making 
one a denizen or adopted citizen. 

DEN'I-ZjEN (-zn), n. [Norm. Fr. deins- 
zein.] 1. An adopted or naturalized 
ciMzen. 2. A dweller ; an inhabit- 
ant. 

De-nom'I-na-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing denominated or named. 

De-nom'i-nate, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[Lat. denominate, denominatum, fr. 
de and nomen, a name.] To give a 
name to ; to entitle ; to designate. 

De-nom'i-na'tion, n. 1. A name, 
esp. a general name indicating a clas3 
of like individuals. 2. A collection 
of individuals called by the same 
name ; a sect. [a denomination. 

De-nom'I-na'TION-AL, a. Relating to 

De-NOM'i-na-tIEve, a. Conferring or 
possessing a denomination or title. 

De-nom.'1-na'tor, n. 1. One who 
gives a name. 2. That number 
placed below the line in vulgar frac- 
tions, [denoted. 

De-not'A-ble, a. Capable of being 

Den'o-ta'TION, n. Act of denoting. 

De-note', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 



denotare, fr. de and notare, to mark.] 
1. To indicate; to mark. k. lo 
signify ; to mean. 

Denouement (d-noo'inong'), n. 
[Jf r.] 1. Catastrophe. 2. solution 
of a mystery ; event. 

DE-NOUNCE',t\ t. [-ED; -I5IG.] [Lat. 
deuunciure, from de and nunciare, to 
announce.] 1. To threaten. 2. To 
inform against. 

De-nounce'ment, n. Denunciation. 

DENSE, a. [Lat. densus.] Having the 
constituent parts closely united ; 
close ; compact. [compactness. 

Den'si-ty, n. Quality of being dense; 

Dent, n. [A modif. of dint.] Mark 
made by a blow ; indentation. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make a dent upon ; 
to indent. 

Den'tal, a. [Lat. dens, dentis, a 
tooth.] Pertaining to the teeth. 

Den'TATE, \a. [Lat. dentatus, fr. 

Den'ta-ted,) dens, a tooth.] 
Toothed ; notched. [of teeth. 

Den-ta'tion, n. Form or formation 

DENT'ED, a. Impressed with little 
hollows. [point. 

DEN'TI-€LE, n. A small projecting 

Den-t'I€'u-LATE, \a. Notchedinto 

Den-tk/u-la'ted, j little tooth- 
like projections. 

DEN-Ti€'u-EA'TlON, n. State of be- 
ing set with small notches. 

DEN'TI-FORM, a. [Lat. dens, tooth, 
&n&. forma, form.] Having the form 
of a tooth. 

DEN'TI-FRICE, n. [Lat. dentifricium, 
fr. dens, a tooth, and fricare, to rub.] 
A powder to clean the teeth with. 

Den'TIL, n. [Lat. denticulus.] A 
square block in cornices. 

Den'tist, n. One who cleans, ex- 
tracts, repairs, or fills teeth, and in- 
serts artificial ones. [a dentist. 

Den'tisT-ry, n. Art or profession of 

Den-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. 1. Pro- 
cess of cutting the teeth. 2. System 
of teeth peculiar to an animal. 

Den'TOID, a. [Lat. dens, tooth, and 
Gr. ei8os,form.] Shaped like a tooth. 

De-nude', v.t. [Lat. denudare, from 
de and nudare, to make naked.] To 
make bare or naked ; to strip. 

Den'U-da'tion, n. 1. Act of making 
bare. 2. The wearing away of rocks, 
as by running water. [nounce. 

DE-NiJN'cl-ATE (-shi-at), v. t. To de- 

De-nOn'ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. 
1. Act of denouncing. 2. Public 
menace oraccusation. [denounces. 

DE-NUN'ci-A / TOR(-shI-),n. One who 

De-nun'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-), a. Con- 
taining a denunciation. 

De-ny', v. t. [ed ; -ING, 142.] [0. 
Eng. denay, Lat. denegare, from de 
and negate, to say no.] 1. To con- 
tradict. 2 To refuse ; to reject. 3. 
To withhold. 4. To disown. 

De-6b'stru-ent, a. Removing ob- 
structions'; aperient. — n. A medi- 
cine which removes obstructions ; an 
aperient. 

De'o-dand', n. [Lat. Deo dandum, 
to be given to God.] A personal 
chattel given to God, that is, for- 



feited to the crown, to be appned to 
pious uses. [odor. 

De-o'dor-jze, v. t. To deprive of 
De-o'dor-Iz'er, n. He who, or 
_that which, deodorizes, [deontology. 
De/on-tol'o-gist, n. One versed in 
De'ON-toe'o-gy, n. [Gr. Sec, an ob- 
ligation, and Aoyos, discourse.] Sci- 
ence of that which is morally binding. 
DE-6X'I-DATE, V.t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 

deprive of oxygen. 
De-ox'i-da'tion, n. Act or process 
of reducing from the state of an ox- 
ide, [deoxidate. 

DE-OX'I-DiZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

De-part', v. i. [-ed;-ing.J [Froxn 
Lat. de and partire, partiri, to pari?, 
divide, distribute.] 1. To go forth 
or away. 2. To quit this world ; >o 
die. 

De-part'ment, n. 1. A distinct 
portion or course. 2. Subdivision 
of business or official duty. 3. Ter- 
ritorial division. 4. Military sub- 
division of a country. 

De-part-ment'al, a. Pertaining to 
a department. 

De-part'ure (53), n. 1. Act of de- 
parting. 2. Death. 3. Distance east 
or west from the meridian from 
which a vessel or course departs. 
Syn.— See Death. 

De-pend', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
depend ere, from de and pcn.de.re, to 
hang.] 1. To bang. 2. To be in 
suspense. 3. To rely for support. 
4. To trust ; to confide. 5. To be in 
a condition of service. 

De-pend'ant, n. See Dependent. 

DE-pend'ENCE, n. 1. Act or state 
of depending or of being dependent ; 
concatenation ; subjection ; reliance. 
2. That which depends. 

De-pend'en-cy, n. 1. State of be- 
ing dependent. 2. A thing hanging 
down. 3. That which is attached to 
something else. 4. A colony. 

DE-PEND'ENT,a. [See DEPEND.] 1. 
Hanging down. 2. Contingent or 
conditioned; subordinate. — n. 1. 
One who depends ; a retainer. 2. 
That which depends ; a corollary. 

DE-PHLEG'MATE,1>. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. de and phlegma, phlegm, Gr. 
<j>\eyna.] To deprive of superabun- 
dant water ;_to rectify. 

Deph'leg-ma'tion, n. Operation of 
dephlegmating ; concentration. 

DEPH'LO-GlS'TI-eATE, V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To deprive of phlogiston, or 
the supposed principle of inflamma- 
bilitv. 

De-pict', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
depingere, depictum ; from de and 
pingere, to paint.] 1. To form a 
painting or picture of. 2. To rep- 
resent in words ; to describe. 

DE-P1€T'URE (53), V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From Lat. de and pictura, painting.] 
To paint ; to picture. 

DE-PIL'A-TO-RY, a. [From Lat. de- 
pilare, to strip of hair.] Having 
power to remove the hair and make 
bald. 

De'PLAN-TA'TION, n. [Lat. deplan- 



A, e, l.o,V,Y, long; A, & a t } 6 3 tJ,Y, short; CARE, fab., ask, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, t2EM| PIQUE, FIRM; s6n, 



DEPLETE 



113 



DERIDINGLY 



tare, to take off a twig, from de and 
planta, plant.] Act of taking up 
plants from beds. 

vE-PLETEV--'- [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
deplete, depletion, to empty out.] 1. 
To empty by venesection. 2. To ex- 
haust the strength or resources of. 

De-PLE'TION, n. Act of depleting. 

De-ple'to-ry, a. Calculated to de- 
plete._ [ing deplored. 

£e-plor'a-BLE, a. Worthy of be- 

Srx. — Lamentable. — Literally, the 

■word lamentable denotes mourning 

aloud, nnd deplorable, mourning with 

tears. The last is, therefore, the strongest. 

DE-PLOti'A-BLE-NESS, n. State of 
heing deplorable. 

De-plor'a-bly, adv. Lamentably. 

De-PLORE', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
deplorare. from de aud plorare, to cry 
out.] To express poignant grief for. 

De-plor'er, n. One who deplores. 

De-ploy', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
deployer, from de, equiv. to Lat. dis, 
and ployer, equiv. to plier, to fold, fr. 
Lat. plicare.] To open ; to extend. 

Dep'lu-ma'tion, n. 1. The stripping 
or falling off of plumes or feathers. 
2. A disease of the eyelids. 

De-plume', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
Lat. de and plumare, to cover with 
feathers.] 1. To deprive of plumes 
or plumage. 2. To lay bare. 

De-p5'NENT, a. [Lat. deponens, lay- 
ing down (its proper passive mean- 
ing).] Having a passive form with 
an active meaning ; — said of certain 
verbs. — n. [Lat. deponens, laying 
down (evidence).] 1. One who gives 
a deposition under oath. 2. A de- 
ponent verb. 

DE-POP'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING. J 
[0. Fr. depopuler.] To deprive of 
inhabitants ; to dispeople. 

De-pop'u-la'TION, a. Act of de- 
populating, [populates. 

De-pop'u-la/TOR, n. One who de- 

DE-PORT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
deportare, fr. de and portare, to car- 
ry.] 1. To transport ; to carry away. 
2. To demean ; to behave. 

De'por-ta'tion, n. Banishment; 
exile; transportation. 

De-POrt'ment, n. Manner of de- 
meaning one's self with respect to 
the courtesies and duties of life. 
8yn. — Carriage; behavior; conduct. 

De-pos_'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
deposed. 

De-POS/AL, n. Act of deposing. 

De-POSE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. de- 
poser, fr. Lat. de and ponere, to put, 
place.] 1. To degrade ; to divest of 
office. 2. To bear written testimony 
to. — v. i. To bear witness. 

De-POS/er, n, One who deposes. 

De-Pos'it, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

• deponere, depositum. See supra.] 1. 
To lay down ; to place ; to put. 2. 
To lay away for safe keening. — n. 
1. That which is deposed, or laid or 
thrown down. 2. That which is in- 
trusted to the care of another. 

De-pos/i-ta-RY, n. One with whom 
any thing is left in trust ; a trustee. 

Dep'o-§i'tion (-zish/un),^. 1. Act 



of deposing or depositing. 2. Act of 
setting aside a public officer : re- 
moval. 3. That which is deposited ; 
sediment. 4. {Law.) Testimony in 
writing, under oath or affirmation. 

Syn. — Affidavit. — An affidavit is 
simply a declaration under oath ; a dep- 
osition is the testimony of a witness 
who is unable to attend on a trial. It 
must so be taken before a magistrate that 
both parties have an opportunity to ask 
questions. 

DE-p6s'i-TOR,n. One who makes a 
deposit. 

De-pos'i-to-ry, n. Place where any 
thing is deposited for sale or keeping. 

De-pot' (de-pj' or d^po), n. [Fr. 
depot. See Deposit.] 1. A ware- 
house ; a storehouse. 2. A military 
station. 3. A railway station. 

Dep'RA-VA'TION, n. "l. Act of de- 
praving. 2. State of being depraved ; 
corruption ; profligacy. 

De-prave', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
depravare, fr. de and pravns, crooked, 
wicked.] To make bad or worse. 

Syn. — To corrupt ; vitiate ; contami- 
nate: pollute. 

De-PRAV'I-TY, n. [Lat. de and pravi- 
tas, crookedness, perverseness.] State 
of being depraved : extreme wicked- 
ness. 

Syn. — Depravation ; corruption. — 
Depravity is a disposition or settled 
tendency to evil; depravation is the art 
or process of making depraved, as, the 
depravation of morals. Corruption ap- 
plies to any thing which is greatly viti- 
ated, as, a corruption of morals, of taste, 
of language, &c. 

DEP'RE-CATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. deprecari, deprecatum, from de 
and precari, to pray.] To pray for 
deliverance from ; to regret deeply. 

Dep're-oa'tion, n. 1. Act of dep- 
recating^ 2. Entreaty for pardon. 

DEp're-ca/tive, a. Deprecatory. 

Dep'RE-oa'tor, n. One who depre- 
cates, [to deprecate. 

Dep're-€A-to-RY (50), a. Serving 

De-pre'ci-ate (-shi'at, 95), «• *■ 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. depretiare, de- 
pretiatum; de and pretiare , to prize.] 
To lessen in price or estimated value. 
Syn.— To decry; disparage ; traduce ; 
lower; underrate. See Decry. 
— v. i. To fall in value ; to become 
of les$ worth ; to sink in estimation. 

De-pre'ci-a'tion (-pre'shi-), n. 1. 
Act of lessening reputation, price, or 
value. 2. Falling of value. 

De -pre 'ci- active (-pre'shi-), a. In- 
clined tounderrate. 

DEP'RE-DATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. deprxdari, deprsedatum, fr. de 
and prsedari, to plunder.] 1. To 
plunder ; to despoil. 2. To devour. 

DEP'RE-DA'TION, n. Act of depre- 
dating, or state of being depredated. 

Dep're-da'TOR, n. One who com- 
mits depredations. 

De-press', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
deprimere, depressum, from de and 
premere, to press.] 1. To press 
down ; to cause to sink. 2. To hum- 
ble. 3. To cast a gloom upon. 4. 
To embarrass, as trade, commerce, 
&c. 6. To cheapen. 



De-pres'sion (de-preWun), n. ^ 
Act of depressing. 2. State of being 
depressed. 3. A cavity or hollow. 4. 
Humiliation. 5. Despondency. 6. 
Embarrassment or hindrance, as of 
trade, &c. 7. Angular distance of a 
celestial object below the horizon. 

Syn. — Reduction ; sinking ; fall ; de- 
jection; melancholy. 

De-press'ive, a. Able or tending to 
depress. 

De-priv'a-ble, a. Liable to be d(v 
prived, dispossessed, or deposed. 

Dep'ri-va'tion, n. 1. Act of de- 
priving. 2. Loss ; want ; bereave- 
ment. 

De-prive', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
de and privare, to bereave, deprive.] 

1. To takeaway; to remove. 2. To 
dispossess. 3. To divest of office. 

Syx. — To strip ; bereave ; rob ; de- 
spoilj debar: abridge. 

De-prjv'ER, n. One who deprives. 

DEPTH, n. [From deep.] 1. Quality 
of being deep. 2. Profundity ; ob- 
scurity ; poignancy ; completeness ; 
darkness ; lowness. 3. That which 
is deepj^ a deep, or the deepest part. 

Dep'u-rate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. depurare, depuratum, fr. Lat. 
de &n&purare, to purify.] To free 
from impurities or feculence, [ing. 

Dep'u-ra'tion, n. Act of depurat- 

DeP'U-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of appoint- 
ing a substitute or representative. 

2. Person or persons deputed to act 
on behalf of another. 

De-pute', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
deputare, to esteem, in late Lat. to 
destine, allot.] To appoint as subs- 
titute or agent ; to delegate. 

Dep'u-ty, n. One appointed as the 
substitute of another, and empow- 
ered to act for him. 

g@f- Deputy is used in composition 
with the names of various executive 
officers, to denote an assistant empow- 
ered to act in their name. 

De-range', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr 
deranger, fr. de, for des, and ranger, 
to range, arrange.] 1. To put out of 
place. 2. To disturb in the action 
or function. 3. To render insane. 

Syx. — To disorder ; embarrass ; dis- 
arrange; disturb; ruffle ; disconcert. 

De-range'ment, n. The act of de- 
ranging, or the state of being de- 
ranged ; mental disorder. 

Der'e-LI€T, a. [Lat. derelictus, p. p. 
of derelinquere, to forsake wholly.] 1. 
Abandoned. 2. Abandoning respon- 
sibility. — n. A thing voluntarily 
abandoned by its proper owner. 

Der'e-lic'tion, n. 1. Abandon- 
ment. 2. State of being abandoned. 

De-ride', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
deridere, fr. de and ridere, to laugh.] 
To laugh at with contempt. 

Syn.— To ridicule ; mock ; taunt. -. 
A man may ridicule without unkind- 
ness of feeling ; his object may be to 
correct. He who derides is actuated by 
a severe and contemptuous spirit ; to 
mock is stronger, denoting open and 
scoffing derision ; to taunt is to reproacb 
with bitter insult. 

De-RID'er, n. One who derides. 

De-rid'ing-ly, adv. In derision. 



wolf, too* SOCIi; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, 5, hard; As; EXIST ; N as NO ; THIS, 
o 



OR, JO 



DERISION 



114 



DESIRE 



DE-Rlg'lON (-rizh'un), n. 1. Scorn- 
ful or contemptuous treatment. 2. 
An object of contempt. 

Syn.— Scorn; mockery; insult; ridi- 
cule. 

De-rT'sive, a. Expressing, or char- 
acterized by derision. [manner. 

De-ri'sive-ly, adv. In a derisive 

De-riv'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
derived; inferrible. 

Der'I-VA'TION, n. 1. A drawing or 
descending from a source. 2. That 
which is derived ; a derivative. 

De-rIv'A-tive, a. Derived ; second- 
ary. — n. That which is derived ; any 
thing obtained, or deduced from , an- 
other, [ative manner. 

DE-RIV'A-tIve-LY, ar/v. In a deriv- 

De-rive', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
derivare, from de and rivus, stream.] 
1. To receive as from a source. 2. 
To trace the origin, descent, or deri- 
vation of. 

Syn. — To trace; deduce; infer; draw. 
— v. i. To flow ; to proceed. 

I)E-RIV'ER, n. One who derives. 

DERM (14), n. [Gr. Sep/xa.] Natural 
covering of an animal ; skin. 

DErm'al, a. Pertaining to the skin. 

Dr.R'Nl-ER, a. [Fr.] Last; final. 

DER'O-GATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. derogare, derogatum, from de 
and rogare to ask the people about 
a law.] 1. To annul in part ; to re- 
strict. 2. To detract from ; to dis- 
parage. — v. i. To take away. 

De^'o-gate (45), a. Diminished in 
value; damaged. 

Der'O-GA'TION, n. Act of derogat- 
ing, partly repealing, or lessening in 
value. 

D^-rog'a-TO-ri-LY, adv. In a de- 
rogatory manner. 

De-rog'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to 
lessen in value ; injurious. 

DER'RICK, n. [Orig. an 
abbrev. of Theodoric; 
the name of a celebrat- 
ed executioner at Ty- 
burn in the 17th cen- 
tury ; hence it became 
a general term for a 
hangman.] A spar sup- 
ported at the top by 
stays, with suitable 
tackle for raising heavy weights. 

DER'VIS, \n. [Per. derwesch, poor.] 

D£r'vise, [ A Turkish or Persian 

DEr'vish, ) monk who professes 
extreme poverty. 

Des'cant, n. [0. Fr. deschant, from 
Lat. dis and cantus, singing.] 1. A 
variation of an air. 2. A comment 
or comments. 3. (Mvs.) A compo- 
sition in parts, or the art of com- 
posing in parts. 

DES-CANT', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
sing a variation 2. To comment. 

De-SCEND' (-send'), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. descendere, fr. de and 
scandere, to climb.] 1. To come or 
go down in any way. 2. To lower 
one's self; to condescend. 3. To 
pass from the more general or im- 
portant to the particular or more 




trivial. — v. t. To go down upon or 
along. 
De-scend'ant, n. One who de- 
scends, as offspring, however remote- 
ly- 

De-scend'ent, a. Proceeding from 
an ancestor or source. 

DE-sc£ND'l-BLE,a. 1. Admitting de- 
scent. 2. Capable of descending. 

De-scen'sion (-sen'shun), n. Act of 
going downward ; descent. 

De-scen'sion-al, o. Pertaining to 
descension or descent. 

De-scent', n. 1. Act of descending. 
2. Incursion. 3. Progress downward, 
as in station, virtue, or the like. 4. 
Lineage, birth, extraction. 5. In- 
clinedor sloping surface. 

De-scrib'a-bee, a. Capable of be- 
ing described. 

De-scribe', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
descr.'bere, from de and scribere, to 
write.] 1. To form or represent by 
lines. 2. To sketch in writing of. 

Syn.— To delineate ; recount; nar- 
rate ; explain ; depict ; portray. 

De-scrib'er, n. One who describes. 

De-SCR1'ER, n. One who descries. 

De-scrip'tion, n. 1. Act of describ- 
ing. 2. A sketch of any thing in 
words. 3. The class to which a cer- 
tain representation applies. 

SrN.— Account ; recital; relation;' 
detail ; narrative ; narration ; explana- 
tion ; delineation ; sort. 

De-scrTp'tIve, a. Tending to de- 
scribe; containing description. 

De-scry', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
Norm. Fr. deserter, to discover, per- 
ceive.] To discover by the eye, as 
objects at a distance. 

Syn.— To behold ; espy ; detect ; dis- 
cern. 

DEs'E-CRATE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[Lat. desecrare , -craturn , fr. de and sa- 
crare, to declare as sacred.] To treat 
in a sacrilegious manner. [ing. 

Des'e-cra'TION, n. Act of desecrat- 

De-sErt' (14), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. deserere, desertum, fr. de and 
serere, *to join.] To part fi\,m; to 
leave without permission ; to run 
away. 

Syn. — To abandon ; forsake ; leave ; 
quit ; relinquish. See Abandon. 
— n. [0. Fr. deserte, desserte. mer- 
it, recompense.] That which is de- 
served ; — usually in a good sense. 
Syn. — Merit; worth; excellence; due. 

DES/ERT, a. Forsaken ; without lite 
or cultivation. — n A deserted tract 
of land ; an unproductive region. 

DE-gfiRT'ER, n. One who forsakes 
duty, post, or party, or friend. 

De-§er'tion, n. 1. Act of deserting. 
2. State of being deserted. 

DESERVE' (14), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. deservire, to serve zealously, fr. 
de and servire, to serve.] To earn 
by service ; to merit. — v. i. To be 
worthy of recompense. 

De-serv'ed-ly, adv. According to 
desert, whether good or evil : justly. 

De-§erv'er, n. One who deserves. 

De-§£rv'ing-ly, adv. In a deserv- 
ing manner. 



; Deshabille (des'a-btl'), n. [Fr 
desiiaOiUe ; dcsitabiUer, to undress.', 
An undress ; a careless toilet. 

De-sIc'cant, a. Drying. — n. A 
medicine that dries a sore. 

Des'ic-cAte, or De-sIc'cate, v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. desiccare, desic- 
catum, from de and siccare, to dry/ 
To exhaust of moisture: to dry.-— 
v. i. To become dry. [ing. 

Des'ic-ca'tion, n. Act of desiccat- 

De-sic'ca-tive, a. Tending to dry. 

DE-SID'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. desiderare, -ratum, to desire, to 
miss.] To be sensible of the lack of; 
to miss; to desire. [desire. 

De-sid'er-a-tive, a. Expressing 

De-s1d'e-ra'tum, n. ; pi. de- 
s'id'e-ra'ta. [Lat.] A want gen- 
erally felt and acknowledged. 

De-sign' (-sln'.or -zTn'), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. designate, from de and 
signare, to mark, mark out.] 1. To 
sketch for a pattern or model. 2. 
To mark out and exhibit ; to desig- 
nate. 3. To form a plan of; to con- 
trive. 4. To intend or purpose. 

Syn. — To sketch ; delineate ; plan ; 
project ; mean. 

— v. i. To have a purpose. — n. 1. 
Preliminary sketch ; a delineation. 

2. Preliminary conception ; scheme. 

3. Contrivance. 4. Object for which 
one plans ; aim ; intent. 

Syn. — Intention ; purpose. — Design 
has reference to something aimed at; in- 
tention (lit., straining after) to the feel- 
ings or desires with which it is sought; 
purpose to a settled choice or determina- 
tion for its attainment. " I had no de- 
sign to injure you." means, it was no 
part of my aim or object. " I had no iu- 
tention to injure you," means, I had no 
wish or desire of that kind. " My pur- 
pose was directly the reverse" makes 
the case still stronger. 

Des'ig-nate,i\ t. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Design.] 1. To mark out and 
make known ; to indicate. 2. To 
set apart for a purpose or duty. 

Des'IG-na'tion, >?. 1. Act of point- 
ing out. 2. Selection and appoint- 
ment. 3. Distinctive title ; appella- 
tion, [ignate. 

Des'ig-na'tive, a. Serving to des- 

De-sign'ed-ly (-sin'- or -zTn'-), adv. 
By design ; purposely. 

DE-SIGN'ER (-sTn'- or -zin'-), n. One 
who designs. 

De-sIp'i-ent, a. [Lat. desipiens. p. 
pr. of desipere, to be foolish.] Tri- 
fling ; foolish ; sportive. 

DE-sm'A-BLE (89), a. Worthy of de- 
sire or longing. [ing desirable. 

DE-§IR'A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of be- 

De-§ire', v. t. [-ed ; -ing. iFr. 
desirer, \,a.t. desiderare.] 1. To wish 
for. 2. To express a wish for. 

Syn. — To request. — To desire is to 
feel a wish or want; to request is to ask 
for its gratification. A man desires food, 
and requests to have it prepared. Desire 
may be used for request when the rela- 
tions of the parties are such that the ex- 
pression of a wish is all that is felt to be 
necessary. A man desires his friend to 
write often : a merchant desires his clerk 
to be more careful in future. In this lat- 
ter case, desire is stronger than request; 
it implies a command or injunction. 



A, E, I,5,U, Y,long; A.lS.'Sj Q ; tj, Y,sWt; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



DESIROUS 



115 



DETECTER 



"\ 



— n. 1. Eagerness to obtain any 
good. 2. A request ; petition. 3. 
Any good which is desired. 

Syn. — Wish ; craving ; aspiration ; 
longing. 

DE-giR'OUS (89), a. Feeling desire ; 
solicitous ; eager. [eagerly. 

De-§ir'ous-ly, adv. With desire; 

De-sIst', v. i. [-ed ; -ing ] [Lat. 
desistere, fr. de and sistere, to stop.] 
To cease to proceed or act ; to for- 
bear. 

De-sIst'ance, n. Act of desisting. 

Desk, n. [A.-S. allied to Gr. 8C<tko<;, 
a round plate, quoit.] 1. A table 
with a sloping top. 2. Pulpit. 

Des'MAN (150), n. An amphibious 
animal. 

Des'O-LATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
desoldre, desolatum, from de and so- 
lare, to make lonely.] 1. To deprive 
of inhabitants. 2. To lay waste; to 
ravage. 

Des'o-late (45), a. 1. Deprived of 
inhabitants. 2. Laid waste ; ruin- 
ous. 3. Left alone ; solitary. 

Syn. —Desert ; uninhabited ; lonely ; 
waste. 

Des'o-late-ly, adv. In a desolate 
manner. 

Des'O-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of laying 
waste. 2. State of being laid waste. 
3. A desolate place or country. 

De-spair', v. i. [-ed ; -ing".] [Lat. 
desperare, from de and sperare, tD 
hope.] To give up all hope ; to des- 
pond. — n. 1. Loss of hope. 2. 
That which is despaired of. 
Syn. — Desperation ; despondency. 

De-SPAIR'ING-LY, adv. In a despair- 
ing manner. 

De-spatch', n. See Dispatch. 

Des'per-a'do, n. [0. Sp.] A des- 
perate fellow ; a madman. 

Des'PER-ate (45), a. 1. Beyond 
hope ; despaired of. 2. Proceeding 
from despair. 

Syn. — Despairing; rash; precipitate; 
mad ; furious ; frantic. 

Des'PER-ate-ly, adv. In a desper- 
ate manner. 

Des'per-A'tion, n. 1. A giving up 
of hope. 2. State of despair. 

Des'PI-CJA-BLE, a. [Lat. despicabili.s, 
fr. despicari, to despise.] Deserving 
to be despised. 

Syn. — Contemptible ; mean; vile; 
worthless : pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; de- 
grading. See Contemptible. 

Des'pi-€A-ble-ness, n. Quality or 
state of being despicable, [manner. 

Des'pi-ga-bly, adv. In a despicable 

De-spis_e', i\ t. [-EDJ.-ING.] [Lat. 
despicere, to despise, fr. de and spi- 
cere, to look.] To look down upon 
with_ contempt. 

De-spis/er, n. One who despises. 

De-spite', n. [0. Fr. despite, from 
Lat._ despec tics, contempt ] Extreme 
malice,; malignity. — prep. In spite 
of; notwithstanding. 

De-spite'ful, a. Full of despite ; 
malicious : malignant. 

De-spite'ful-ly, adv. In a de- 
spiteful manner. 

De-spoil', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 



despollare ; de and spoliare, to strip.] 
To strip or divest, as of clothing. 
Syn. — To rob ; bereave ; rifle. 

De-SPOIL'er, n. One who despoils. 

De-spo'li-a'TION, n. Act of despoil- 
ing. 

De-spond', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
despcndcre, to promise away, to lose 
courage.] To give up ; to abandon 
hope ; to become dispirited. 

De-spond'ence, in. State of de- 

De-SPOND'en-CY, J sponding ; dis- 
couragement ; permanent dejection. 

De-spond'ent, a. Marked by, or 
given to, despondence. 

De-spond'ent-ly. adv. In a de- 
spondent manner. 

De-spond'ing-ly, adv. In a de- 
sponding manner. 

Des'POT, n. [Gr. Seo-Trorns, master, 
lord.] 1. A sovereign invested with 
absolute power. 2. A tyrant. 

Des-pot'i-g, I a. Having the char- 

Des-pot'ic-al, J acter of, or per- 
taining to, a despot ; tyrannical ; ar- 
bitrary, [potic manner. 

Des-p5t'I€-al-LY, adv. In a des- 

Des'POT -ism, n. 1. Power or prin- 
ciples of a despot ; tyranny. 2. A 
government directed by a despot. 

Des'pu-mate, or De-spu'mate 
(117),t'.?'. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. des- 
pumare, despumatum, from de and 
spumare, to foam, froth.] To throw 
off impurities ; to form scum. 

DEs/pu-ma'tion, a. Separation of 
scum; clarification. 

■DES'QUA-MA'TION, n. [Lat. desqua- 
mate, to scale off.] Separation of 
the cuticle in the form of scales. 

Des-s£rt' (dez-zerf, 14), n. [Fr. des- 
sert, fr. desservir, to clear the table ] 
A service of pastry, fruits, &c, at 
the close of an entertainment. 

Des-TEM'per, ) n. [Fr. detrempe, 

Dis-TEM'PER, J from Lat. dis, and 
temperare, to temper.] A peculiar 
sort of painting with opaque colors. 

Des'TI-NA'TION, n. 1. Predetermined 
end, object, or use. 2. Place or 
point aimed at. 

Des'tine, v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
destinare, fr. de and the root stan-o, 
allied to Gr. larav-oi, lit. to set, to 
make fast.] 1. To set apart by de- 
sign or intention. 2. To establish 
irrevocably. 

Syn. — To design ; intend : devote ; 
doom. — We may speak of goods as des- 
tined to a certain port, and of a ship as 
bound thither. We may also speak of a 
city as destined to become a great com- 
mercial emporium ; but to say it is 
bound to become so, or that a man is 
bound to succeed in life, is a gross abuse 
of language. Bound always implies 
some obligation or engagement; and yet 
the above use of the word is common in 
some parts of our country, and is find- 
ing its way into our newspapers. 

Dfis'TI-NY, n. 1. Foreordained con- 
dition : doom. 2. The power con- 
ceived of as determining the future. 

DES'TI-TUTE (30), a. [Lat. dfStitll- 
ere, destitutes, to leave alone, to for- 
sake.] 1. In want ; deficient. 2. 
Needy ; poor ; indigent. 



Des'ti-tu'tion, n. State of being 
destitute ; want ; poverty. 

De-stroy', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. 
Eng. distruye, Lat. destrv.ere, fr. de 
and. struere , to pile up.] 1. To pull 
down. 2. To put an end to ; to lay 
waste. 

Syn. — To demolish; consume; ruinj 
overthrow ; subvert ; annihilate ; kill. 

De-stroy'er, «. One who destroys. 

De-struo'ti-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being capable of destruction. 

De-struc'ti-ble, a. Liable to de- 
struction. 

De-strOg'tion, n. 1. Act of de- 
stroying. 2. State of being de- 
stroyed. 3. Destroying agency. 

Syn. — Demolition ; subversion ; over- 
throw; extinction ; extermination. 

De-strug'tive, a. Causing destruc- 
tion ; ruinous. — n. One who de- 
stroys ; a radical reformer. 

DE-STRU-e'TiVE-NESs, n. 1. Quali- 
ty of destroying. 2. Faculty which 
impels to acts of destruction. 

Des'U-DA'TION, n. [Lat. desudatio., 
from de and sicdare, to sweat.] A 
copious sweating. 

Des'ue-tude (des'we-, 53), n. [Lat. 
desuetudo, fr. desuescere, to become 
unaccustomed.] Cessation of use ; 
disuse. 

Des'ul-to-rt-LY, adv. In a desul- 
tory manner. 

Des'ul-to-ry, a. [Lat. desultorius, 
fr. desultor, a leaner.] Leaping from 
one thing to another, without order 
or rational connection. 

Syn.— Imrnethodical; discursive; dis- 
connected; inconstant; cursory; loose. 

De-tach', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
detacher, from de, des, and the roo^ 
of Eng. tack, to fasten.] 1. To part; 
to disunite. 2. To separate for a 
special object or use. 

De-tach'Ment, n. 1. Act of de- 
taching. 2. State of being detached. 
3. A body of troops or part of a fleet 
detailed for special service. 

De-tail', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
detailler, to cut up in pieces, from 
de and tailler, to cut.] 1. To partic- 
ularize. 2. To appoint for a partic- 
ular service, as an officer, a troop, or 
a squadron. 

De'tail, or De-tatl' (114), n. 1. A 
minute portion ; a particular. 2. Se- 
lection for a particular service of a 
person or company ; hence, the per- 
son or company so selected. 

De-tain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
detinere, fr. de and tenere, to hold.] 

1. To keep back or from. 2. Tore- 
strain from proceeding. 3. To hold 
in custody. 

Syn. — To withhold ; retain ; step* 
stay; retard; delay ; hinder. 

De-tain'der, n. A writ. See De- 
tinue. 

De-tain'er, n. 1. One who detains, 

2. Detention of what is another's. 
De-TEGT', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 

detegere, detectum. fr. de and tegerc, 
to cover.] To uncover; to bring tc 
light ; to expose. 
De-tect'er, n. One who detects. 



OR 



DO, YVQLE, TO0 3 SOOlLj URN RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; e,G,,kardi Agi EXIST; N as NG ; THIS 



DETECTION 



11G 



DEVISE 



De-tec'tion, n. Act of detecting; 
discovery. 

De-tect'iVE, a. Fitted for, or em- 
ployed in, detecting. — n. A police- 
man whose business is to detect 
rogues. [which, detects. 

De-TE€T'OR, n. One who, or that 

De-TEnt', n. That which locks or 
unlocks a movement, as the wheel- 

" work in the striking part of a clock. 

3De-Ten'tion, n. 1. Act of detain- 
ing; a withholding. 2. Confine- 
ment; restraint; delay. 

De-t£r' (14), v. t. [-red; -ring, 
138.] [Lat. detetrerc. fr. de and ter- 
rere, to frighten.] Tc prevent by 
fear ; hence, to hinder, cr prevent 
by opposing motives. 

De-terge', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
detergere, fr. de and tergire, to rub 
off.] To cleanse ; to purge away. 

De-t£r'gent, a. Cleansing: purg- 
ing. — n. A medicine that cleanses 
the vessels or the skin. 

De-te'ri-o-rate (89), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. deteriorate, -ration, fr. 
dcterior, worse.] To make worse. — 
i\t, To grow worse; to degenerate. 

De-te'ri-o-ra'tion, n. State of 
growing, or of having grown, worse. 

DE-TER'MENT, n. 1. Act of deter- 
ring. 2. That which deters. 

De-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of 
being determined. 

De-t£r'mi-nate (45), a. 1. Having 
defined limits ; fixed ; established. 

2. Conclusive ; decisive. 
De-ter'mi-nate-ly, adv. Definite- 
ly ; distinctly. 

De-tEr'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of 
determining, or state of being deter- 
mined. 2. Termination. 3. Ten- 
dency to a certain end. 4. Result of 
deliberation. 5. Decision of mind. 

Syn. — Decision ; resolution. —Decis- 
ion is a cutting short, and supposes en- 
ergy and promptitude; determination is 
the settling of a thing with a fixed pur- 
pose to adhere ; resolution is a spirit to 
face danger or suffering in carrying out 
one's determinations. Luther was distin- 
guished for his prompt decision, stead- 
fast determination, and inflexible reso- 
lution. 

De-ter'MI-na-tive , a. Having pow- 
er to determine. 

DE-TER'MINE, V. t, [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. determinate, fr. de and termi- 
nate, to limit.] 1. To mark off and 
separate. 2. To bring to an end. 

3. To fix the form or character of. 

4. To fix the course of. 5. To ascer- 
tain definitely. 6. To resolve on. — 
v. i. To come to a decision ; to re- 
solve, [as a sore. 

De-TER'SION, n. Act of cleansing, 
De-t£r'sive, a. Having power to 
free from offending matter; cleans- 
ing. 
IDe-test', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
detestati, to curse while calling a 
deity to witness to execrate.] To 
hsBJte or dislike extremely. r „ 

Syn. — Hate ; abhor ; abominate ; 
lonthe. — Hate is generic. We nhhor 
what is repugnant to our sensibilities or 
feelings; we detest what contradicts our 



moral principles. What we ahominatc 
does equal violence to our religious and 
moral sentiment;-; what we loathe is of- 
fensive to our nature, and excites uu- 
mingled disgust. 

De-test' a-ble, a. Worthy of being 
detested. 

Sy>'. — Abominable ; execrable. 

De-TEST'a-BLY, adv. Very hateful- 
ly ; abominably. 

DeVes-ta'tion, or De'tes-Ta'- 
TION, n Extreme hatred or dis- 
like ; abhorrence. 

De-throne', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
drive from a throne ; to depose. 

DE-THRONE'MENT, n. Removal from 
a throne ; deposition. [tained. 

Det'i-ntje, n. A person or thing de- 

DET'O-NATE,^. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
detonate, -alvm, to thunder down 
or away.] To explode with a sudden 
report. — 1\ t. To cause to explode. 

DET'O-NA'TION, n. Explosion by the 
inflammation of combustible bodies. 

Det'o-nize, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
cause to explode ; to burn with an 
explosion. — v. i. To explode; to 
detonate. 

De-tort', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lnt.de- 
totquere, -tottum,fr.dea.Tid torquere, 
to twist.] To pervert; to wrest. 

De-tor'tion, n. Act of detorting, 
or state of being detorted. 

DETOUR (da'toor'),»i. [Fr.] A turn- 
ing ; a circuitous way. 

DE-TRACT', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
detrahete, detractum, fr. de and tta- 
hete, to draw.] 1. To take away. 2. 
To take credit or reputation from. 

Syn. — To decry ; disparage ; depreci- 
ate; abuse; vilify; traduce. 
— v. i. To remove a part ; to take 
away reputation. 

De-TRA€'tion, n. Act of depreciat- 
ing another, from envy or malice. 

De-TRA€T'OR, n. One who detracts. 

De-tract'o-RY, a. Defamatory ; de- 
rogatory. 

Det'ri-MENT, n. [Lat. detrimentum, 
from detctete, to rub or wear away.] 
That which injures ; diminution. 

Syn. — Injury ; loss ; damage ; hurt ; 
mischief; barm. 

DET'Rl-MENT'AL, a. Causing det- 
riment ; injurious. [ing away. 

De-TRI'tion (-trish'un),?!. A wear- 

De-tri'tus, n. [Lat.] A mass of 
substances worn off frorn solid bodie". 

De-TRUDE', v . t . [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
dnni'dete, from de and ttudere, to 
thrust.] To push down with force. 

DE-TRUN'CATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. detruncate, -catum, fr. de and 
truncate, to maim, by cutting off.] 
To shorten by cutting ; to lop. [off. 

De'trun-ca'tion, n. Actof cutting 

DE-TRU'giON, n. 1. Act of thrusting 
down. 2. The slipping of one por- 
tion of a substance over another. 

Deuce, v. 1. TFr. deux, two.] Two ; 
a card or a die with two spots. 2. 
[Amor, dux, tenz, phantom, specter.] 
An evil spirit ; the devil . 

Deu'ced (60), a. Devilish; exces- 
sive. [Loiv.] 

DEU'TER-OG'A-MY, n. [Gr. SevTepo- 



yap.Ca, fr. Sevrepos, second, ana ya 
fAos, marriage.] A second marrutge. 

DEU'TER-ON'O-AlY, n. [Gr. Aetmrpo- 
vofxiov, from SevTepos, second, and 
v6p.os, law.] Fifth book of the Pen, 
tateuch, containing the second gr» 
ing of the law by Moses. 

DeU-TOX'IDE,m. [Gr. Sevrepos, the. 
second, and Eng. oxide.] A com- 
pound of two equivalents of oxygen 
with one of a base. 

DEV'AS-TATE, or DE-VAS'TATE, V- 

t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. devastate, 
-tatum, from de and vastare, to lay 
waste.] _To lay waste ; to desolate 

DEV'AS-TA'TION, n. Act of devastat- 
ing, or state of being devastated. 

DE-VEL'OP, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. 
dcveloppet, fr. de and 0. Fr. volupet, 
from Lat. volup, vohipe, agreeably; 
hence, orig. to make agreeable or 
comfortable by enveloping, to keep 
snug.] To uncover ; to disclose ; to 
unfold gradually ; to lay open to 
view by degrees. 

DE-VEL'OP-MENT, n. Act of de- 
veloping; a series of progressive 
changes. 

De-vest', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
deveslite, to undress ] 1. To divest. 
2.To_alienate, as title or right. 

De'VI-ATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
deviate, -at urn , fr. de and viare. to 
go, travel. J To turn aside from a 
course or direction. 

Syn. — To swerve; stray; digress; de- 
_part ;_dcflect ; err. 

De'VI-a'tion. n. 1. A wardering 
from one's course. 2. State of hav 
ingdeviated ; error. 

DE-VICE', n. [From Lat- dividere, 
divisus, to distinguish.] 1. Aeon, 
trivance ; a stratagem. 2. An her. 
aldic motto, connected with an em- 
blematic picture. 3. Invention ; 
genius. 

Syx.— Contrivance. — A device im- 
plies more of invention : a contrivance 
more of skill in manipulation. The 
former word is often used in a bad 
sense; the latter almost always in a good 
one, as a crafty device, a useful contriv- 
ance. 

DEVJL (dev'l), n. [A.-S. deofl, Gr. 
6\a/3oAos, the devil, the slanderer.] 
1. The evil one, Satan. 2. An evil 
spirit. 3. A machine for tearing or 
cutting raw materials, as cotton, 
wool, &c. 4. A very wicked person. 
5- An errand boy or youngest ap- 
prentice in a printing office, [treme. 

Dev'jl-Ysh, a. Wicked in the ex- 
Syn. — Diabolical ; infernal ; hellish ; 
satanic; fiendish. 

Dev'ZL-try, n. Diabolism; malig- 
nant mischief. 

DE'VI-otJS, a. [Lat. devivs; de and 
via, waj .] 1. Out of a straight 
line. 2. Going out of the right or 
common course ; erring. 

De'vi-OUS-ly, adv. In a devious 
mariner. [devised. 

De-VIS/a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

De-vise', v. t. [-ed:-ing.] 1. To 
form in the mind ; to strike out by 
thought. 2. To plan or scheme 
3. To give by will, as real estate.— 



a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; Ki&iisO^it'Shott; care, far, ask, all, what; ere , veil j TEniw; - 5 pique, fIrm; s6n, 



DEVISEE 



117 



DIAMOND 



r. i To form a scheme : to lay a 
plan. — n. 1. Act of giving real 
estate by a will 2. A will or testa- 
ment. 3. Property given by will. 

Dev'I-sjee', re. One to whom a de- 
vise is made, [inventor. 

De-vis'ER, re. One who devises ; an 

De-v"is'OR (127). re. One who devises 
or gives real estate by will ; a testa- 
tor, [session . 

De-void', a. Destitute ; not in pos- 

Devoir (dev-wor 7 ), re. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
<ltbert y to owe.] Duty ; service owed ; 
hence, due respect ; compliment. 

Dev'o-eu'tion, n. 1. Act of rolling 
down. 2. A passing or falling upon 
a successor. 

De-VOLVE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
rfevolvere, fr. de and volvere, to roll.] 

1. To roll onward or downward. 2. 
To transfer from one person to an- 
other; to hand down. — v. i. To 
pass by transmission or succession. 

De-vote', v. t. [-ed ; -iss.] [Lat. 
devovere, devotum, fr. de and vovere, 
to vow.] 1. To appropriate by vow. 

2. To doom to evil. 3. To direct 
the attention of wholly or chiefly. 

Syx. — To addict; consecrate; des- 
tine^ consign. 

De-vot'ed-ness, re. State of being 
devoted ; addictedness. 

Dev'O-tee', re. One wholly devoted, 
especially to religion : a bigot. 

DE-VO'TION, re. 1. Affection; e?p.. 
feelings toward God implied in acts 
of worship. 2. Act of devoutness. 

3. Object of affection. 

Syx. — Consecration : devoutness; re- 
ligiousness* ; piety ; attachment ; earn- 
estness. 

De-vo'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
used in, devotiou. 

De-voub', «. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
devorare, fr. de and vorare, to eat 
greedily.] 1. To consume raveuous- 
ly. 2. To seize on and destroy or 
appropriate. 3. To enjoy with avid- 
ity. 
Syx. —To waste; destroy; annihilate. 

DE-VOUR'ER, re. One who devours. 

De-vout', a. [SeeDEVOTE.] 1. Pi- 
ous ; reverent. 2. Expressing piety. 
3. Hearty ; earnest. [ner. 

De-vout'Ly, adv. In a devout man- 

De-vout'ness,. re. Quality of being 
devout. 

Dew (30). re. [A.-S. deaw.] Moisture 
from the atmosphere condensed by 
cool bodies upon their surfaces. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To wet with dew. 

Dew'-drop, re. A drop of dew. 

De Wi-ness, re. State of being dewy. 

DeWlap, re. [From dew and lap, to 
lick.] Flesh hanging from the 
throats of oxen, which laps the dew 
in grazing. 

Dew'-point, re. Temperature at 
which dew begins to form. 

DEW'Y(d3/v), a 1. Covered with 
dew. 2. Pertaining tn, or resem- 
bling, dew. [posed to left. 

Dex'ter, a. [Lat.] Right, as op- 

Dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. Readiness and 
grace in physical activity. 2. Men- 
tal activity and expertness. 



Syx. — Skill : adroitness : address ; 
tact : cleverness; aptness; aptitude. 

DEX'TER-oDs, a. 1. Read., and ex- 
pert in tae use of the body. 2. 
Quick at inventing expedients. 3. 
Done with dexterity. 

Syx.— Adroit; expert; skillful; clev- 
er; apt; handy. 

DExter-ous-ly, adv In a dexter- 
j ous manner. 

Dex-TROR'SAL, ) a. [Lat. dextror- 
' DEX'TRORSE, ) sum, toward the 
I right, fr. dexter, right, and versus, 
I vorsus, turned.] Rising from right 
to left, as a spiral line [ous. 

Dex'trous, a. Same as Dexter- 

DlJY (da.), re. [Turk, dai, orig. a ma- 
ternal uncle.] Governor of Algiers. 

DPa-BE'tes, re. [Gr. Sia/3TjTrj?, fr. 
SiafZaiveiv, to pass through.] A dis- 
ease attended with a persistent, ex- 
cessive discharge of urine. 

DT'A-BET'IC, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Dl-A-BET'I€-AL, j or afflicted with, 
diabetes. 

Diablerie (de-;Wla-rG'), ) re. [Fr , 

Dl-AB'J.ER-Y (de<Wler-y), ) from 
d table, devil.] Deviltry ; sorcery ; 
mischief. 

DPA-BdL're, ) a. [Gr. StajSoAucos. 

Di'A-BOL're-AL, j SeeDEVlE.] Per- 
taining to, rese i.bling, or appropri- 
ate to, the devil : devilish. 

Dl'A-BOL're-AL-LY, adv. In a dia- 
I bolical manner. 

Dl-A€'0-NAL, a. [See DEACON.] Per- 
taining to a deacon. 
! Dl'A-eous'TlC, a. [Gr. Sioncoveiv, to 
j hear through.] Pertaining to the 

science of refracted sounds. 
| DPa-cous'tics, n. sing. Science 
which treats of the properties of 
sound refracted by passing through 
different mediums. 

Dl'A-CRlT'KJ, I a. [Gr. Siatcpir- 

Dl'A-eRIT'IC-AL, j i/cos, fr. Stajcpt- 
veiv, to separate, distinguish.] In- 
dicating something to be distin- 
guished. 

Dl'A-DEM, re. [Gr. SidS-qp-a. fr. SiaSeiv, 
to bind round.] 1. A badge of roy- 
alty ; a crown. 2. Royalty ; sover- 
eignty. 

Dl-iER'E-SIS, ) 11.; p 1 . Di-^R'E-SES, 



Dl-ER'E-SIS, ) or DI-ER'E-SE£. [Gr. 
Siaipecris, fr Siapelv, to divide, Lat. 
diieresis.] A mark [•■] over the sec- 
ond of two adjacent vowels, to de- 
note that they are to be pronounced 
as distinct letters, as, aerial. 

Dl'AG-JVd'sis, re. [Gr. Sidyvaivis , fr. 
SiayiyvixiaKeiv , to distinguish.] De- 
termination of a disease by means of 
distinctive characteristics. 

DPAG-nSs'tic, a. Pertaining to, or 
furnishing, a diagnosis. — n Symp- 
tom by which a disease is known. 

DT-ag'o-nal, a. [Gr. 
Siayuivios, from an- 
gle to angle, fr. Sid, 
through, and y<ov La, "= 
an angle.] Joining Diagonal, 
two not adjacent angles, and divid- 
ing the figure into two parts ; cross- 
ing at an angle with one of the sides. 



I — re. A right line from one angle to 
| another not adjacent. [direction. 

DI-AG'O-NAL-LY, adv. In a diagonal 

Dl'A-GRAM, n. [Gr. Sidypafx/j-a. fr. Sia- 
ypd(f>etv, to mark out by lines.] 1. 
A figure to illustrate a statement, or 
facilitate a demonstration. 2. Any 
illustrative outline or drawing. 

DI'a-graph, n. [^ee Diagram.] An 
instrument used in perspective. 

Di'AE, w. [L. Lat. dialis, daily, fr. Lat. 
dies, day.] 1. An instrument to show 
the time of day from the shadow of a 
style. 2. The graduated face of a 
time-piece. 

Dl'A-LEeT. re. [Gr. SidKeuro?, fr. Sia- 
Aeyeiv, to converse ; discourse.] 1. 
Language; tongue. 2. Local form 
of a language. 

Di'A-lec'tio, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

Di'A-LEC'Tic-AL, ) to a dialect. 2. 
Pertaining to dialectics ; logical. 

Di'A-LEC-Ti'ciAN (-tish'an), re. A 
logician ; a reasoner. 

Dl'A-LEC'TICS, n. sing. [Gr. SioAe*- 
TtKTj (sc. Texfr]}.] That branch of 
logic which teaches the rules of rea- 
soning, [structing dials. 

Di'al-ing, 11. Science or art of con- 

Dl-AL'O-GIST, re. 1. A speaker in a 
dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. 

Dl-Al/0-GlST'I€, la. Relating to, 

Di-AL/O-GIST'IC-AL, j or having the 
form of, a dialogue. [dialogue. 

Di-al'O-gIze, v. i. To discourse in 

Dl'A-LOGUE (-log), re. [Gr. Sidkoyos, 
fr. 8ia\eye<r0cu, to converse.] 1. A 
formal conversation between two or 
more. 2. A composition in which 
two or more persons are represented 
as conversing. 

DI-AL'Y-sis,n. [Gr.SidA.v<n?, from 
Siakveiv, to psrt asunder ] {Med.) 
(a.) Debility, (b.) A solution of con- 
tinuity. 

Dl'A-MAG-NET'IC, a. [Gr. Sid, 
through, or across, and p.ayvy]Tr\<; , 
magnet.] Pertaining to the phenom- 
ena of diamagnetism. — n. Any sub- 
stance which in a field of magnetic 
force is differently affected from the 
ordinary magnetic bodies. 

DPA-mag'net-ism, n. That form of 
magnetic action which characterizes 
diamagnetic bodies. 

Dl-AM'E-TER, re. [Gr. Siafxerpos, fr 
Sid, through, and /u.eV- 
pov, measure.] 1. A 
right line through the/ 
center of a figure or I 
body, and terminated 
by the opposite bound- 
aries. 2. Width; thick- Diameter, 
ness. 

DPa-mEt'RKT, ) «. 1. Relating 

Di'a-met'ric-al, I to a diameter. 
2. Directly adverse. 

Dl'A-MET'RIC-AL-LY, adv. In 
a diametrical direction ; di- 
rectly . 

Dl'A-MOND (or dl'mund), re. 
[Corrupt, from Lat. adamas, 
-mantis. Gr. aScutas, -pai-ros, 
steel, diamond.] 1. A mineral 
remarkable for its hardness ; 




OR, do, wolf, TOO, *6c:i; fjRII, RUE, PUEL ; e, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; €,&,hard; As; EXIST; N osNG; this 



DIAPASON 



118 



DIFFERENTIATION 



crystallized carbon. 2. A geometri- 
cal figure ; a lozenge. 3. One of a 
suit of playing cards. 4. The small- 
est kind of type. 

This line is printed in the type called Diamond. 

DI'A-PA'SON, n. [Gr. SiaTraa-iav, from 
Sid, through, and 7raow, gen. pi. of 
was, all.] 1. The octave or interval 
which includes all the tones. 2. Har- 
mony. 3. One of certain stops in the 
organ, extending through the scale 
of the instrument. 

Dl'A-PER, n. [Fr. diaper, diaspre, 
jaspe, variegated, L. Lat. diaspra, a 
kind of costly stuff, fr. Lat. jaspis, 
a green-colored precious stone. See 
Jasper.] 1. Figured linen cloth, 
for towels, napkins, &c. 2. A towel 
or napkin; an infant's breech-cloth. 
3. Paneling filled up with arabesque 
gilding and painting, or with carving, 
&c. — v. t. 1. To diversify with fig- 
ures, as cloth. 2. To put a dia- 
per on. 

DI'A-PHA-ne'1-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing diaphanous. 

Dl-APH'A-NoiJS, a. [Gr. 8ia<pavr)<;, 
from 8i.a<f>aiveiv, to show, or shine 
through.] Pellucid; transparent. 

Di'A-phon'ICS, n. sing. [Gr. Sid, 
through, and <p<avri, a sound, tone.] 
Doctrine of refracted sound. 

DI'A-PHO-RE'SIS, n. [Gr. Sia<p6pv- 
<ri?, fr. &ia(j>opeZv, to carry through.] 
Augmentation of the insensible per- 
spiration . 

Di'a-pho-ret'I€. ) a. Capable 

Di'A-PHO-RET'IC-AL, ) of increas- 
ing the insensible perspiration. 

DI'A-pho-r£t'1€, n. A medicine 
which promotes insensible perspira- 
tion. 

Di'a-phragm (-fram), n. [Gr. Sia- 
$pay|u.a,fr. 8i.a(j)payvyyat, to fence by 
a partition wall.] 1. A dividing 
membrane or thin partition. 2. 
The muscle that separates the chest 
from the abdomen ; midriff. 

Dl'A-RtsT, ». One who keeps a diary. 

Di'AR-rhe'a ) (-r5'a), n. [Gr. rkap- 

Dl'AR-RHCE'A ) pota, fr. Siappeiv, to 
flow through.] A morbidly frequent 
evacuation of the intestines. 

Di'ar-rh£t'I€, 1 a, Producing diar- 

Dl'AR-RHCET're, ( rhea. or a purging. 

Dl'A-RY, n. [Lat. diarium, from dies, 
day.] A register of daily occur- 
rences ; a journal. 

Di-AS'TO-LE, n. [Gr. Siao-roM), fr. 
fiiao-TeAAeii/, to separate.] 1. Dilata- 
tion of the heart. 2. A figure by 
which a syllable naturally short is 
made long. 

Jfcl-ATH'E-Sis, n. [Gr. 6*ia0e<ris, fr. 
SiaTiOevai , to place separately, to ar- 

i range.] Bodily condition that pre- 
disposes to a particular disease. 

Dl'A-TON'lC, a. [Gr. Sia-rovi/cos ,• Sia- 
Teiveiv, to stretch out.] Pertaining 
to the scale of eight tones, the eighth 
of which is the octave of the first. 

Dl'A-TRIBE, n. [Gr. SiaTpijSe, fr. Sia- 
Tpt/3eiv, to rub away, spend time.] 
An invective harangue 



DIb'ber, ) n. A pointed hand instru- 

Dib'ble, ] ment, to make holes for 
planting seeds, &c. 

DlB'BLE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To 
plant with a dibble. 2. To make 
holes in, as with a dibble. 

DICE, n. ; pi. of Die. A game. See 
Die — v. i. To play with dice. 

Dic'er, n. A player at dice. 

Di'CHRO-'lSM, n. [Gr. Si'xpoos, two- 
colored.] Property of presenting dif- 
ferent colois by transmitted light, 
when viewed in two different direc- 
tions. 

Di'€HRO-M%T'l€,a. [Gr. Sixpwp.0?, 
two-colored.] Having er producing 
two colors. 

DIck'er, n. [Lat. decuria, a division 
of ten, fr. decern, ten.] 1. Kiunber 
of ten, particularly, ten hides or 
skins. 2. A chaffering exchange of 
small wares. — v. i. To barter. 

DlCK'EY, ) n. 1. A seat behiud a 

DlCK/Y, J carriage, for servants, &c. 
2. A false shirt-bosom. 3. A gentle- 
man^ shirt-collar. 

DICTATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. die- 
tare, -tat i mi , freq. form of dicere, to 
say.] 1. To state, or utter, for an- 
other to reduce to writing. 2. To de- 
liver to a subordinate, as a command. 
Syn. — To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; 
urge; admonish. 

— v. i. To deliver or communicate 
commands. — n. An authoritative 
rule or principle. 

Syn.— Command ; order; injunction. 

Dl€-TA'TION, ii. Act of dictating. 

Dl€-TA'TOR. iu 1. One who dictates. 
2 One invested with absolute au- 
thority^ 

DlC'TA-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, a dictator. 

Syn. — Absolute; imperious; over- 
bearing. 

Dic-tA'tor ship, n. Office, or term 
of office, of a dictator. 

Dic-ta'tress, I ii. A female dicta- 

DlC-TA'TRIX, ) tor. 

DlC'TlON, n. [Lat. dictio, from dicere, 
to say.] Choice of words; manner 
of expression. 

Syn. — Style; phraseology. — Style re- 
lates both to language and thought; dic- 
tion, to language only; phraseology, to 
the mechanical structure of sentences, 
or the mode in which they are phrased. 
The style of Burke was enriched with all 
the higher graces of composition; his 
diction was varied and copious ; his 
phraseology, at times, was careless and 
cumbersome. 

Die'TlON-A-RY, n. [N. Lat. dictio- 
narium, from dictio. See supra.] A 
book in which words are alphabeti- 
cally arranged and explained ; a 
lexicon ; a word-book 

Die'TUM, n. ; pi. dIc'ta. [Lat ,fr. 
dicere, to say.] An authoritative 
saying or assertion. 

Did, imp. of Do. 

Dl-DAC'TIC, ) a. TGr. SiSaKTucos, 

Dl-DA€'TI€-AL, ( from SiSdo-Keiv, to 
teach.] Fitted or inclined to teach : 
preceptive. [of teaching. 

Di-dXc'tics, n. sing. Art or science 

DlD'AP-PER, n. [For dip-dabbe.r, fr. 



dip, and dab.] A certain bird that 

dives into the water. 
DI DST . Second person imperfect of Do. 
DIE, «.*. [DIED; DYING.] [kel. deyct, 

deyja, Goth, divan.] 1. To cease to 

live. 2. To become lost or extinct. 

3. To sink; to faint. 4. To grow 

fainter or imperceptible. 

Syn.— To cxpiie ; decease; perish; 

depart; vanish. 

— ii. [Fr. de, fr. Lat. dare, to give, 
to throw.] 1. [pi. dice.] A small 
cube used in gaming. 2 Any email 
cubical body. 3. [pi. dies.] Cubi- 
cal part of a pedestal, between its 
base and cornice. 4. A piece of n.eta) 
on which a device is cut for stamp- 
ing money, medals, &c. 

Di-er'e-sis, n. Same as Diuresis. 

Dl'ET, n. [Lat. diveta, Gr. hiano , 
manner of living.] 1. Habitual 
food. 2. Course of food selected with 
reference to health. 3. [L. Lat. diet a, 
dixta, an assembly, from Lat. dies, 
day.] A legislative or administrative 
assembly, —v. l. [-ED;-ING.] To 
feed ; esp. to cause to eat and drink 
sparingly, or by prescribed rules. — 
V. i. To eat sparingly, or according 
to prescribed rules. 

Dl'ET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to diet, or 
rules of diet. — n. Allowance of 
food. 

DI'E-TET'IC, ) a. Pertaining to 

Di'E-TET'it'-AL, J diet, or to the 
rules for diet. 

Dl'E-TET'ICS, ii. sing. That part of 
the medicine which relates to diet. 

DlF'FER, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
differre, from dis andferre, to bear ] 

1. To disagree ; to be unlike. 2. To 
have a difference or quarrel. 

Syn. — Differ with ; differyiow.— Dif- 
fer with is used in reference to opinions, 
as, "I differ with my friend on that 
point." In all other cases, expressing 
simple unlikeness, differ from is used, 
as, "These two persons or things differ 
entirely. from each other." This distinc- 
tion is fully established in England, and. 
to a great extent, in America. 
DlF'FER-ENCE, ii. 1. State of being 
different, 2. Disagreement in opin- 
ion; dissension, or cause of dissen- 
sion. 3. Characteristic quality. 

Syn. — Distinction; dissimilarity; di- 
versity; contrariety: disagreement; va- 
riance; dispute; controversy ; quarrel. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] Tocauseto 
differ. 

DlF'FER-ENT, a. 1. Distinct; not the 
same. 2. Unlike ; dissimilar. 

Dif'fer-en'tial, a. 1. Creating a 
difference; discriminating; spetial. 

2. (Meclt.) {a. > Differing in amount or 
in the producing force, (b.) Intended 
to produce or indicate difference of 
motion or effect. 

Differential culcvlvs, one of the higher 
branches of mathematics. 

— n. An increment, usually an in- 
definitely small one, given to a vari- 
able quantity. 

D'iVfer-en'ti-ate (-shi-nt), v. t. Tc 
obtain the differential, or differential 
co-efficient, of._ 

DlF'FER-EN'TI-A'TION (-sh i-a/shun ), 
n. 1. Act of distinguishing a thing, 



A,E,I,6,U, Y, long} AjEjIjOjtijY^/iOr*; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM; s6n, 



DIFFERENTLY 



119 



DILIGENT 



by giving its specific difference. 2. 
Act of differentiating. 

DIf'fer-ent-ly, adv. In a different 
manner. 

DlF'Fl-OULT, a. [Lat. difficilis, dif- 
ficult 1. Hard to make or do. 2. 
Beset with difficulty. 3. Not easily 
wrought upon ; not complaisant. 

DiF'Fl-CULT-LY, adv. With difficulty. 

A>1F'FI-€UL-TY (110), v. 1. State of 
being difficult. 2. Something di.iicult. 
3. A controversy ; disagreement. 

Dif'fi-dence, n. A being diffident ; 
want of confidence in one's self. 

Syn. — Bashfulness : modesty; dis- 
trust; timidity; hesitation. 

DiF'FI-DENT, a. [Lat. diffidens, p. 
pr. of diffidere, to distrust.] 1. 
Wanting confidence in others. 2. 
Wanting confidence in one's self. 

DlF'FI-DENT-LY, adv. In a diffident 
manner. 

DlF-FRAGT', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
diffringere, diffractum, to break in 
pieces.] To break or separate into 
parts. 

DlF-FRA€'T!ON, n. Deflection and 
decomposition of light in passing by 
the edges of opaque bodies or through 
narrow slits. 

DlF-FUSE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
diffundere, diffusion, from dis and 
fundere, to pour.] To pour out and 
spread, as a fluid ; to send out in all 
directions. 

Dif-fuse' (dif-iQs'), a. Poured out : 
not restrained, especially as to style ; 
. verbose ; prolix. 

Dif-fuse'ly, adv. In a diffuse man- 
ner: verbosely. [diffuse. 

DlF-FflSE'NESS, n. Quality of being 

Dif-fu'21-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being; diffusible. [diffused. 

Dif-fO'si-ble, a. Capable of being 

Dif-fu'sion, n. Act of diffusing : dis- 
semination ; extension ; dispersion. 

DIF-FU'SIVE, a. Having the quality 
of diffusing : extending. [manner. 

DlF-FU'sivE-LY, adv. In a diffusive 

Dxf-fu'sive-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing diffusive or diffuse ; — said espe- 
cially of style. 

Di&, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DUG or 
DIGGED.] [A.-S. dician, Goth, di- 
gan, deigan, to form.] 1. To turn 
and throw up, as the earth. 2. To 
excavate. — v. i. To work with a 
spade : to delve. 

Dl-GAM'MA, n. [Gr. Siya/m/ua, fr. Si, 
for Si's, twice, and yififxa, the letter 
T ; — because it resembled two gam- 
mas, one above the other.] A letter 
(F) of the Greek alphabet, which 
early fell into disuse. 

ZM-GEST', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
digerere, digestion, to separate, ar- 
range, dissolve.] 1. To arrange 
methodically. 2. To prepare in the 
stomach for conversion into blood ; 
to turn into chyme. 3. To think 
over ; to reflect upon. 

Syn.— To arrange; distribute; dispose. 

DI'GEST, n. 1. That which is classi- 
fied and arranged. 2. A collection 
of Roman laws, arranged under pro- 



per titles by order of the emperor 
Justinian. 

Syn. — Compendium ; summary ; 
abridgment ; pandect. 

Dl-GEST'ER, n. 1. One who digests. 
2. Something that aids digestion. 3. 
A strong, closed vessel, for gradually 
dissolving bones or other substances. 

Dl-GEST'I-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being digestible. [digested. 

Dl-GEST'l-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Di-GES'TION (66), n. 1. Act of di- 
gesting. 2. Conversion of food into 
chyme. 3. Gradual solution. 

Di-gest'ive, a. Causing to digest; 
producing digestion. 

Dig'ger, n. One who digs. 

Dig'ging, n. 1. Act of one who digs. 

2. pi. Places where ore, especially 
gold, is dug. 

DlGHT (dlt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
DIGHT, or DIGHTED.] [A.-S. dik- 
tan, to dictate, arrange, fr. Lat. die- 
tare, to say often, dictate.] To put 
in order ; to array ; to adorn. 

Di&'lT, 11. [Lat. digitus, a finger, an 
inch.] 1. A finger. 2. One of the 
ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
by which all numbers are expressed. 

3. A twelfth part of the diameter of 
the sun or moon. 

D'lG'I-TAL, a. Pertaining to the fin- 
gers, or to digits. 

Dig'i-tate, ) a. [See supra.] Hav- 

Diii'l-TA'TED, J ing several leaflets, 
arranged like the fingers of the hand. 

DlG'I-TA'TlON, n. A division into 
finger-like processes. 

Dl&'I-TI-GRADE', a. [Lat. digitus, 
finger, toe, and gradi, to walk.] 
Walking on the toes. — n. An ani- 
mal that walks on its toes, as the 
lion, wolf, &c. 

DlG'NI-Fi r , V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. dignus, worthy, and faccre, to 
make.] To invest with dignity or 
honor. 

DlG'Nl-TA-RY, n. One who possesses 
exalted rank, esp. ecclesiastical rank. 

DlG'NI-TY, n. [Lat. dignitas, fr. dig- 
nus, worthy.] 1. Elevation of mind 
or character. 2. Elevation of rauk. 
3. | Loftiness and elegance. 4. A dig- 
nitary. 

Di'graph, n. [Gr. Si, for Sis, twice, 
double, and ypa^rj, a writing.] A 
combination of two characters to ex- 
press a single sound. 

Di-gress', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
digredi, digressus, fr. di, for dis, and 
gradi, to walk.] 1. To turn aside, 
esp. in writing or speaking, from the 
main subject. 2. To turn aside from 
the right path. 

Syn. — To deviate ; wander ; depart. 

Df-GRES'SION (-gresh/un), n. Act 
of digressing, especially in writing 
and speaking. 

Di-gres'sion-al (-greWun-), a. Per- 
taining to, or consisting in, digres- 
sion, [main subject. 

Di-gress'ive , a. Departing from the 

Dike, n. [A.-S. die. See Dig.] 1. 
A ditch. 2. A mound to prevent low 
lands from being inundated. 3. A 



wall-like mass of mineral matter, 
filling up fissures. — v. t. [-ed : 
-ING.] 1. To protect with a dike ot 
bank. 2. To drain by a dike. 

D!-lac'er-ate, v. t [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. diiacerare, dilaceratum, fr. di, 
for dis, and later are, to tear.] To 
rend asunder. [ing asunder. 

DI-LAC'ER-A/TION, n. Act of rend- 

Di-lap'i-date, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. dilapidare, -datum, to scatter 
like stones, from di,for dis, andlapi- 
dare, to throw stones.] 1. To suffer 
to fall into a condition of decay. 2. 
To squander. 

Di-lap'I-da'tion, n. Act of dilapi- 
dating, or state of being dilapidated. 

Di-lat'a-bil'I-ty, a. Quality of be- 
ingdilatable. [sion or extension. 

Di-lat'a-ble, a. Capable of expan- 

DiiVA-TA'TlON, n. Act of dilating ; 
expansion ; dilation. 

Dl-LATE', Or Dl-LATE', V.t. [-E U ; 
-ING.] [Lat. dilatare, fr. di, for dis, 
and latus, wide.] To enlarge or ex- 
tend in all directions. 

Syn. — To expand; distend; enlarge. 
— v. i. 1. To swell or extend in all 
directions. 2. To expatiate ; to des- 
cant. 

Dl-LA'TION, or Dl-LA'TION, n. [From 
Dilute.] Act of dilating, or state of 
being dilated ; dilatation. [tardily. 

DlL/A-TO-RI-LY, adv. With delay ; 

DlL'A-TO-RY (50), a. [Lat. dilatori- 
us, fr. differre, dilatum, to delay.] 1 
Inclined to put off what ought to b* 
done at once. 2. Marked with delay 
3. Intended to make delay. 

Syn.— Slow; sluggish; backward* 
procrastinating ; tardy. 

Dl-LEM'MA, or Dl-LEM'MA, n. [Gr. 
SiArjja(u.a, fr. St, for Si's, twice, double, 
and Arj(u.jua, an assumption.] 1. An 
argument which presents an antago- 
nist with two or more alternatives, 
but is equally conclusive against 
him, whichever he chooses. 2. A 
difficult or doubtful choice. 

DlL'ET-TAN'TE, 11.; pi. DIL'ET- 
TAN'TI. [It., fr. Lat. delectare, to 
delight.] An admirer of the fine arts : 
an amateur. 

Dlt/ET-TAN'TE-lgM, n. Quality of 
being a dilettante. 

Dil/i-gence, n. Quality of being dil- 
igent ; sedulousness ; assiduity. 

Syn. — Industry. — Industry has the 
wider sense of the two, implying an hab- 
itual devotion to labor for some valuable 
end, as knowledge, property, &e. : dili- 
gence denotes earnest application to some 
specific object or pursuit. A man may 
be diligent for a time, or in seeking soma 
favorite end, without meriting the title 
of industrious. Such was the case with 
Fox, while Burke was eminent not only 
for diligence, but industry; he was al- 
ways at work, and alwnys locking out 
for some new field of mental effort. 

Diligence (d^lVzhongss'). «. [Fr.7 

A four-wheeled public stage-coach, 

used in France. 
DIl'i-gent, a. [Lat. diligens, p. pr. 

of diligere, to esteem highly.] Steady 

in application to business. 

Syn. — Active ; assiduous; sedulous; 

attentive ; industrious. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO .TO"bll; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, G, hard; AS ; exist ; N as NG ; THI& 



DILIGENTLY 



120 



DIRECTION 



DYl/l-GENT-LY,«rfr. With industry 
or assiduity ; not carelessly. 

DILL, n. [A.-S. dil.] A plant having 
aromatic seeds. 

DfLL'Y,n. [Contr. fr. diligence.] A 
kind of stage-coach. 

DIl'u-ent, a. [See Dilute.] Mak- 
ing thinner or weaker by admixture. 

— n. That which dilutes or weakens 
any thing (especially the blood) by 
mixture with it. 

DI-lute', r.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
diluere, dilutum. fr. di, for dis, and 
luere, to wash.] I. To make thinner, 
by admixture with something. 2. To 
reduce, especially by the addition 
of water. — a. Thin ; reduced in 
strength, as spirit or color. 

Di-LU'TION, n Act of diluting, or 
state of being diluted. 

Dl-LU'VI-AL, a. [Lat. diluvialis, fr. 
diluvium.] Pertaining to, or pro- 
duced by, a deluge. 

Dl-LU'VI-AN, a. Pertaining to a del- 
uge, or to the Noachian deluge. 

DI-lu'vi-on, I n. [Lat.] A deposit 

Dl-L v f vi- UM, ) of loam , sand , grav- 
el, pebbles, &c, caused by former 
action of the sea. 

Mm, a. [-mer; -mest,136.] [A.-S. 
dim, allied to Skr. tamas, dark- 
ness.] 1. Not bright or distinct; 
obscure. 2. Of obscure vision ; hence, 
dull of apprehension. 

Syn. — Dusky ; dark ; dull ; obtuse. 

— V. t. [-MED; -MING.] 1. To 
render dim ; to darken ; to dull. 2. 
To darken the senses or understand- 
ing of. 

Dime, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. decern, ten.] A 
silver coin of the United States, of 
the value often cents. 

Di'-MEN'SION, n. [Lat. dimensio, fr. 
dimetiri, dimensus, to measure out.] 
Measurement in a single direction ; 
extent ; size. [sions or limits. 

DI-MEN'SIVE, a. Marking the dimen- 

Dl-MID'l-ATE,t>. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. 
dimidiare, -atvm, fr. dimidius, half.] 
To divide into two equal parts. 

DT-M1D'I-ATE, a. Divided into two 
equal parts. 

Dl-MIN'ISH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
diminuere , from dis and minuere, to 
lessen.] To make smaller in any 
manner. 

Syn.— To decrease; lessen; reduce. 

— v. i. To become or appear less or 
smaller. 

Di- mKn' u- en' do, — — -— rr=- 
adv. [It.] (Mu$.) In -T~~~. 7 
a gradually diminish- Diminuendo, 
ing manner; — indicated as in the 
margin. 

PSm/I-nu'tion, n. 1. Act of dimin- 
ishing; reduction in size, quantity, 
or degree. 2. A lessening of dignity 
or consideration. 

DI-min'u-tive, a. Of small size; mi- 
nute. — n. A derivative from a noun 
denoting a small or young object of 
the same kind as the primitive. 

DI-mYn'u-tive-ly, adv. In a dimin- 
utive manner. [littleness. 

DI-min'u-TiVE-ness, n. Smallness ; 



DiM'IS-SO-RY (50), a. [Lat. dimisso- 
rius, from dimittere, to send away.] 
Dismissing to another jurisdiction. 

DiM'l-TY,n. [Gr. fitjoiiTo?, lit. of double 
thread.] A stout, white, cotton cloth, 
ribbed or figured. 

DlM'LY, adv. In a dim or obscure 
manner. [tinct. 

Dim'mish, a. Somewhat dim ; indis- 

Dim'ness, n. Quality of being dim. 
Syn. — Darkness ; indistinctness; ob- 
scurity. See Darkness. 

Dl-MOR'PHisM, n. [Gr. fii's, twice, 
double, and jouop^v, form.] Prop- 
erty of being dimorphous. 

Di-m6r'phous, a. Occurring under 
two distinct forms. 

D'lM'PLE, n. [Of. Ger. d'vmpel, a pool.] 
A slight natural depression on the 
cheek or chin. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To form dimples or little inequalities. 

DlN, n. [A.-S. dyne.] Loud, stunning 
noise; clamor. — v. t. [-NED; 
-ning, 133.] To stun with noise. 

DlNE,t\ i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. d'mer, 
from Lat. dis and jejunare, to fast.] 
To take dinner. — v. t. To give a 
dinner to. 

DlNG, v. i. [A.-S. dingan.dencgan, to 
knock.] 1. To bluster. 2. To ring or 
tinkle. — n. A stroke, esp. of a bell. 

D'ing'-dong, n. Sound of bells or 
some similar sound. 

DlN'GI-NESS, n. State of being dingy. 

Din'gle (dTng'gl), n. [Cf. Den.] A 
narrow dale. 

DlN'GY,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [Allied 
to dim and dun.] Of a dark or dusky 
color ; dun. 

Din'ner, n. [See Dine ] Principal 
meal of the day, between breakfast 
and supper. 

D'fNT, v. I. [-E D ; -ING.] To make a 
small cavity on.— n. The cavity itself. 

Dl-6c'E-SAN,or DI'O-OE'SAN, a. Per- 
taining to a diocese. — n. A bishop. 

Dl'O-OESE, n. [Gr. Sioi/ojo-is, house- 
keeping, administration, province, 
jurisdiction.] District of a bishop's 
ecclesiastical authority. 

Dl-OP'TRIC, } rt. [Gr. SlOTTTpiKO?, 

Dl-OP'TRI€-AL, ( belonging to the 
SioiTTpa., a geometrical instrument ] 
Relating to dioptrics. 

Dl-OP'TRI€S, n. sing. That part of 
optics which treats of the laws of the 
refraction of light in passing through 
different lenses. 

DPo-ra'ma, or Di'o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. 
fiia, through, and 6pap.a, a sight.] 1. 
A painting seen from a distance 
through a iarge opening. 2. A build- 
ing for such an exhibition. 

Dl'c-RAM're, a. Of, or pertaining to, 
a diorama. 

Dip, r.t. [-PED : -PJNG.] [A.-S. dip- 
pan, dyppnn, 138.] 1. To plunge into 
a fluid and withdraw again. 2. To 
take out, by immersing and remov- 
ing again a dipper, ladle, or pail, &c. 
— v.i. 1. To immerse one's self 2. 
To take out something, b}' immersing 
and withdrawing a receptacle. 3. To 
enter slightly. 4. To incline down- 
ward. — n. 1. Action of dipping. 2. 



Inclination downward ; slope. 3. 
Gravy or sauce. 

Dl-PET'AL-oOs, a. [Gr. 6i's, double, 
and ireTakov, a leaf.] Having two 
petals. 

Diph-the'ri-a (dip 7 - ordTF-), n. [Gr. 
6i$0epa, a membrane.] An epidemic 
disease in which the throat becomes 
coated with a false membrane. 

DIph'thong (d!f- or dip'-), n. [Gr. 
&L<\>6oyyo<> , from fife, twice, and <f>06y~ 
■yo?, voice.] 1. A union. of two vowel 
sounds pronounced in one syllable; 
as, ou in out, oi mnoise. 2. A union 
of two vowels in the same syllable, 
only one of them being sounded ; as, 
ai in rain, eo in people. 

Diph-thon'gal (dif- or dip-, 82), a. 
Belonging to a diphthong. 

Dl-PLO'MA (150), n. [Gr. SivXtofia, fr. 
hmkovv, to double.] A deed of priv- 
ilege ; a certificate of a literary de- 
gree. 

DI-plo'ma-cy, n. 1. Conduct of ne- 
gotiations between nations. 2. Dex- 
terity in securing advantages. 3. 
Body of ministers or envoys. 

Dip'lo-mat, ) n. One skilled in di- 

DIp'lo-mate, j plomacy; a diplo- 
matist. 

DTP'LO-MAT'IC, ) a. Pertaining to 

DlP'LO-MAT'if-AL, ) a diploma, to 
diplomacy, or to diplomatics. 

Dip/LO-MAT'ies, n. sing. Art of read- 
ing ancient writings, public docu- 
ments, &c. : paleography. 

D1-pl5'ma-tist, n. One skilled in 
diplomacy ; a diplomat. [dips. 

DTP'PER, n. One who, or that which, 

Dip'ping-nee/dee. v. A magnetic 
needle suspended so as to move freely 
in a vertical plane. 

DlP'TER-AL, a. [Gr. Slirrepos, with 
two wings.] 1. Having two wings 
only. 2. Having a double row of 
columns on each of the flanks. 

DlP'TER-ofis, a. Having two wings, 
or wing-like processes. 

DiP'TYCH, n. [Gr. Slmvxos, folded, 
doubled.] 1. A writing tablet among 
the ancients, consisting of two leaves. 
2. A list of bishops and saints. 

Dl-RA/Dl-A'TION, n. [N. Lat. diradia. 
tio, fr. dis and radiatio, radiation.] 
Emission and diffusion of rays of 
light. 

Dire, a. [-er;-est.] [Lat. dirus.] 
Dreadful ; horrible ; terrible. 

D1-RE€T', a. 1. Straight. 2. Straight- 
forward ; sincere ; outspoken. 3. 
Unambiguous ; absolute. 4. In the 
line of descent. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. dirigere, directum, fr. dis and 
regere, to keep straight.] 1. To give 
direction to 2. To determine the 
course of. 3. To put upon the righS 
track. 4. To instruct as a superior. 
5. To superscribe. 

DI-RE€'tion, n. 1. Act of directing. 
2. Guiding or authoritative instruc- 
tion. 3. Name and residence of a per- 
son ; superscription ; address. 4. Line 
or point of tendency. 

Syn. — Control ; command. — These 
words, as here compared, have reference 



A, E, I, O, ij, Y,long; A, £, 1,6,0, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM ; . PIQUE, FIRM ; S^iT 



DIRECTIVE 



121 



DISCERNMENT 



to the exercisa of power over the actions 
of others. Control is negative, denoting 
power to restrain; command is positive, 
implying a right to enforce obedience ; 
directions are commands containing in- 
structions how to act. A shipmaster has 
the command of his vessel ; he gives di- 
rections to the seamen as to the mode of 
sailing it ; and exercises a due control 
over the conduct of the passengers. 

Dl-R£€T'IVE, a. Having power to di- 
rect ; directing. 

Dl-REeT'LY, ado. In a direct man- 
ner ; immediately. 

Syn. — Immediately : instantly ; in- 
stantaneously. — " I will do it directly" 
means, " I will go straightway about it." 
— "I will do it immediately" means, " I 
will do it as the very next thing."— "I 
will do it instantly or instantaneously" 
allows not a particle of delay. 

Dl-RE€T'NESS, n. State of being di- 
rect. 

Dl-RE€T'OR, n. One who, or that 
which, directs; especially one of a 
body of persons who manage the 
affairs of a corporation. 

DI-RE€T'o-rate, n. A body of direct- 
ors, or the office of director. 

Dl-REe-TO'Ri-AL, a. 1. Directive. 2. 
Pertaining to a director or to a di- 
rectory. 

Dl-RE€T'o-RY, a. Containing direc- 
tions. — n. 1. A collection of direc- 
tions. 2. A book of the mimes and 
residences of the inhabitants of any 
place 3. A body of directors. 

Di-RE€T'RESS, n. A female director. 

DlRE'FUL, a. Dire; dreadful; terri- 
ble, [ribly. 

Dire'ful-ly, adv. Dreadfully ; ter- 

DlRGE (18), n. [From the first word 
of a hymn, " Dirige gressus mens?" 1 
formerly sung at funerals.] A piece 
of music of a mournful character. 

DlRK (18). n. [Lr. & Gael, duirc, dure, 
a dagger.] A kind of dagger. — v. t. 
To sub with a dirk. 

DIrt (18), n. [Icel. tirit, excrement, 
drita, to dung, A. -8. drltan, id.] Any 
foul or filthy substance, as excre- 
ment, mud, &c. — v. t. To soil ; to 
dirty. . [ily. 

Dirt'i-ly, adv. Foully ; nastily ; filth- 

DfRT'Y, a. [-er; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Deflleu with dirt. 2. Sordid ; base ; 
groveling. — v. t. [-ED;-ING, 142.] 1. 
To foul : to soil. 2. To scandalize. 

Dis/A-BiL'I-TY. n. 1. State of being 
disabled; incapacity. 2. Want of 
legal qualification. 

Syn. — Inability. — Inability is want 
of /joiver in itself considered ; disability 
arises from some depravation or loss of 
the needed competency. One who be- 
comes deranged is under a (Usability of 
holding his estate; and one who is made 
a judge, of deciding in his own case. 

DlS-A'BLE,V t. [-ED : -ING.] 1. To 
render unable or incapable. 2. To 
deprive of legal qualification. 

Dis'A busje', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
undeceive ; to setright. [commode. 

DtS'A€-€OM'MO-DATE, V. t. To in- 

Dis'Ae-eoM'Mo-DA'TioN, n. A state 

of being unaccommodated or un- 

suited. [accustomed. 

Dls'A€-€US'TOM, v. t. To render un- 

Dis'AD-VAN'TAGE,n. 1. Deprivation 



of advantage. 2. Prejudice to inter- 
est, fame, profit, or other good. 

Dis-AD'VAN-TA'GEoDs, a. Attended 
I with disadvantage ; prejudicial ; det- 
! rimental. 

DlS-AD'VAN-TA'GEOUS-LY, adv. With 

loss or inconvenience. 
i Dis-ad'vAn-ta'geous-ness, n. In- 
| convenience ; loss. 

j DlS'AF-FE€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To fill with unfriendliness. 2. To dis- 
| order. 

I Dis'af-feg'tion, n. State of being 
| disaffected ; want of good-will. 

Dls'AF-FlRM' (18), v. t. To contra- 
dict ; to deny. 

Dis/AF-FlRM'ANCE, n. Act of disaf- 
firming ; denial ; negation. 

DlS'A-GREE'. V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To fail to agree ; to be at variance. 
2. To differ in opinion. 3. To be un- 
suited. 

Dis'a-gree'a-ble, a. Not agreeable ; 
exciting repugnance. 

Syn. — Unpleasant ; offensive ; dis- 
pleasing. 

DiVa-gree'A-BLE-NESS, n. Unpleas- 
antness, [agreeable manner. 

Dis'A-GREE'A-BLY, adv. In a dis- 

DiVa-gree'ment, n. 1. Act of dis- 
agreeing. 2. Difference of opinion. 3. 
Unsuitableness. 4. A controversy. 

Syn. — Diversity ; discrepancy ; vari- 
ance ; dissent ; dispute : discord. 

Di'S'AL-LOW',t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
refuse to allow ; to disown and re- 
ject. — v. i. To refuse permission. 

Dis'al-low'a-ble, a. Not allow- 
able ; not to be suffered. 

Dis'al-low'an^e, n. Refusal to ad- 
mit or permit. 

Syn. — Disapprobation ; rejection. 

Dis-AN'I-MATE, v. t. To deprive of 
spirit ; to discourage ; to dishearten. 

DlVAN-NEX', v. t. To separate. 

DiVan-nul', v. t. To annul. 

iBSf" The prefix in this word is inten- 
sive. 

Dis'AP-PEAR', ?;. i. [-ET>;-ING.] 1. 
To vanish from the sight : to become 
invisible. 2. To cease to be or exist. 

DIS / AP-PEAR'AN9E, n. Act of disap- 
pearing. 

DlS'AP-POINT', V. t. [-EB; -ING.] 
[Pref. dis and appoint, prop., to un- 
fix or unsettle.] 1. To defeat of ex- 
pectation or hope. 2. To hinder of 
result. 

Syn.— To frustrate; balk; baffle; foil. 

Dis'ap-point'ment, 7i. 1. Defeat or 
failure of expectation or hope. 2. 
That which disappoints. 

Dis-ap'pro-ba'tion, n. Act of dis- 
approving. 

Dis-ap'pro-ba-to-ry (50), a. Con- 
taining disapprobation. 

DJs'ap-prov'al, n. Disapprobation. 

DlS'AP-PROVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To regard as wrong or inexpedient ; 
to censure. 2. To decline to sanc- 
tion ; to disallow. 

Dl§-XRM' (91), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of arms, or of the means of 
attack or defense. 

Dl§-ARM'A-MENT, n. Act of disarm- 
ing. 



DfS'AR-RANGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING \ 
To disturb the due arrangement of. 

DlS'AR-RANGE'MENT, 71. Actofdis- 
arranging ; confusion ; disorder. 

Dis'AR-RAVr', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To break the array of. 2. To undress ; 
to unrobe. — n. 1. Disorder; con- 
fusion. 2. Undress; dishabille. 

DI£-as'ter (91), m. [Lat dis and as- 
trum, Gr. airpov, demjp, star.] A 
sudden misfortune. 

Syn. -Calamity; mishap; mischance. 

Dis-as'TROUS, a. Unfortunate; ca- 
lamitous. 

Dis-as'trous-ly, adv. In a disas- 
trous manner. [ness. 

Dls-AS'TRotJs-NESS, n. Unfortunate- 

Dis'A-voucH', v. t. To disavow. 

Dis'A-voW, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
refuse to own or acknowledge. 2. To 
disprove. [disclaimer. 

DiVa-vow'al, n. Act of disavowing ; 

Disband', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To dis- 
perse ; esp. to break up the military 
organization of. — v. i. To become 
separated or broken up. 

Dis-bark/, -v. t. To put on shore ; to 
disembark. 

Dis'BE-LiEF', n. . 1. Act of disbeliev- 
ing : denial of belief. 2. System of 
error. 

Syn. —Unbelief. — Unbelief is a mere 
failure to admit ; disbelief is a positive 
rejection. One may be an unbeliever in 
Christianity from ignorance or want of 
inquiry ; a disbeliever has the proofs be- 
fore him, and incurs the guilt of setting 
them aside. 

Dis'be-lieve', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To hold not to be true ; to refuse 
credit to L [lieves. 

DiVbe-liev'er, n. One who disbe- 

DlS-BOW'EL, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 137.] 

To take out the bowels of; to gut. 
DlS-BUR'D£N, V. t. [-EDI-1NG.] 1. 

To rid of a burden. 2. To become 
relieved of. — v. i. To ease the mind. 

DlS-BURSE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
pay out ; to expend. 

Dis-burse'ment, it. Act of disburs- 
ing : expenditure. [money. 

Dis-BURS'ER, n. One -who disburses 

Disc, n. A circular plate. See Disk. 

Dis-gard', r. t. [-ed: -ing.] To 
cast off or dismiss : to discharge. 

Dis-CERN' (-zeni', 14, 65), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. discernere., fr. dis, and 
cernere, to separate, perceive.] 1. To 
note the distinctive character of. 2 
To perceive and recognize. 3. To 
perceive with the mind. 

Dis-cern'er, n. One who discerns. 

Di|-c£rn'i-ble (diz-zern'i-bl^a. Ca- 
pable of being discerned. 

Dl§-CERN'MENT (diz-zcrn'-), n. L, 
Act of discerning. 2. Faculty of the 
mind by which it distinguishes ono 
thing from another. 

Syn. — Discrimination ; penetration ; 
sagacity. — Discernment is accuracy and 
keenness of mental vision ; penetration 
is the power of seeing deeply into a sub- 
ject in spite of every thing that inter- 
cepts the view: discrimination is a ca- 
pacity of tracing out minute distinctions 
and the nicest shades of thought. A dis- 
cerning- man is not easily misled: one of 
a penetrating mind sees a multitude of 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ) E, I, O, silent; 9, G, soft; €, G, luifd; AS J E£IST ; N. as NG; THIS 



DISCERPTION 



1'22 



DISCRETION 



things which escape others ; a discrimi- 
nating judgment detects the slightest 
differences. 

Dis-CERP'TlON, n. [Lat. discerpere, 
to rend.] Act of pulling to pieces. 

DlS-CHAR&E', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To relieve of a charge or burden ; to 
unload. 2. To let go the charge of. 
3. To relieve of a debt, obligation, ac- 
cusation, office, &c. 4. To perform or 
execute, as an office or part. 5. To give 
vent to; to utter. — v. i. To throw 
off a charge, or burden. — ft. 1. Act 
of discharging. 2. That which dis- 
charges. 3. That which is discharged. 

Dis-char'ger, n. One who, or that 
which, discharges. 

DlS-CI'PLE, n. [Lat. discipulus, from 
discere, to learn.] A learner ; a schol- 
ar; a pupil; a follower. [disciple. 

DlS-91'PLE-SHiP, n. State of being a 

Dis'91-PLIN-A-BLE, a. Capable of 
being disciplined. 

D'is'CI-PLIN-A'RI-AN, a. Pertaining 
to discipline. — n. One who enforces 
rigid discipline. 

D'is'CI-plin-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or intended for, discipline. 

DlS'CI-PLINE,»i. [hai.disciplina. See 
Disciple.] 1. Treatment suited to 
a disciple or learner. 2. Tr.iining; 
subjection to rule. 3. Corrective 
punishment. 

Syn.— Education; instruction; cul- 
ture; correction; chastisement. 
—v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To educate ; 
to bring under control ; to drill. 2. 
To correct ; to chastise. 3. To in- 
flict ecclesiastical penalties upon. 

DlS-GLAIM', V. t. [-ED; -TNG-.] To 
reject all claim to ; to disavow ; to 
disown. 

Dis-claim'er, n. 1. One who dis- 
claims. 2. {Law.) A denial or re- 
nunciation, as of a title, estate or 
trust. 3. A public disavowal. 

DlS-GLOgE', v. t. [-ed; -isg.] To 
unclose ; to open ; to bring to light ; 
to make known. 

Dis-clos'er, n. One who discloses. 

Dis-clos/ure, n. 1. Act of disclos- 
ing. 2. That which is disclosed. 

DlS'GOID, n. Any thing having the 
form of a disc. 

Dts'GOlD, ) a. [Gr. Suo-KoetB^, fr. 

Dis-GOID'AL, 1 Slctkos, a quoit, and 
eiSos, shape.] Having the form of a 
disk. 

Dls-e6l/OR (-kul'ur), v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To alter the color or appear- 
ance of: to stain ; to tinge. 

Dis-gol'or-a'tion, ?i. 1. Change of 
coloring. 2. Discolored spot ; stain. 

Dis-gom'fit (-kum'fit), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. dis and conficere, to 
prepare.] 1. To scatter in fight. 2. 
To break up and frustrate the plans 
of. 

Syn.— To disconcert; defeat; rout. 

Dis-eoM'FlT-URE (-kum'i'it-yrjr, 53), 
«. Act of discomfiting ; rout ; de- 
feat ; frustration . 

Dis-g6m'fort (-kum'furt), n. Want 
of comfort; uneasiness; inquietude. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To destroy 
or disturb the comfort of. 



DIs-GOM-MEND', v. t. To blame. 

DlS'COM-MODE', v. t. [-ed;-ING.] 
[Lat. dis and commodare, to make 
fit.] To put to inconvenience ; to in- 
commode^ [ons. 

DTs'GOM-MO'Dl-oOs', a. Incommodi- 

DlS'COM-POS.E', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To disarrange. 2. To destroy the 
composure of. 

Syn. — To disorder; derange; dis- 
turb; disconcert; ruffle. 

Dis'com-pos/ure, n. 1. Disorder; 
agitation. 2. Discordance ; incon- 
sistency. 

Dis'con-cErt' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To throw into disorder. 2. To 
disturb the composure of. [formity. 

DIs'con-form'ity, n. Want of con- 

Dis/con-nLct', v t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To separate ; to sever. 

Dis'gon-nec'tion, «. Separation; 
want of union. 

Dis-con'so-late (45), a. 1. Desti- 
tute of consolation ; deeply dejected ; 
melancholy. 2. Cheerless. 

Dis-c6n'so-late-ly, adv. In a dis- 
consolate manner. 

Dis'gon-tent', n. Want of content; 
dissatisfaction. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To deprive of content ; to dissatisfy. 

Dis/GON-TENT'ED-LY, adv. In a dis- 
contented manner. [inquietude. 

Dis'GON-TENT'MENT, ft. Uneasiness ; 

Di's'GON-TIN'U-ANCE, n. Act of dis- 
continuing ; want of continued con- 
nection. 

Syn. — Cessation ; intermission ; in- 
terruption; disjunction; disruption. 

Dis'GON-TlN'UE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To interrupt the continuance of ; 
to put an end to. 2. To cease atten- 
tion to. 3. To disunite. — v. i. To 
cease ; to part. 

Dis-GON'Tl-NU'l-TYjft. Wantof con- 
tinuity or cohesion. 

Dis'GON-TiN'u-OUS, a. Not continu- 
ous ; interrupted ; broken up. i 

Dis'CORD, ft. [Lat. discordia, fr. dis 
and cors, cordis, heart.] 1. Want of 
concord; variance. 2. Union of mu- 
sical sounds which strikes the ear 
disagreeably. 

Syn. — Difference ; dissension ; con- 
tention; strife; dissonance. 

DIS-GORD'ANCE, 1ft. Disagreement; 

Dis-GORD'AN-CY, J inconsistency. 

Dis-GORD'ANT, a. 1. Eeing at vari- 
ance ; opposing. 2. Not in harmony 
or musical concord. 

Syn.— Incongruous: repugnant: con- 
trary; dissonant; harsh. 

Dis-cord'ant-ly, adv. In a dis- 
cordant manner. 

Dls'COUNT, n. [Prefix dis and count.] 
1. An allowance made on an ac- 
count, debt, price asked, &c. 2. A 
deduction for interest, in advancing 
monev upon a bill or note not due. 

Dis'gount, or Dis-gount', v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING 1 1. To deduct from an 
account, debt, charge, &c. 2. To 
loan money upon, deducting allow- 
ance for interest. — v. i. To lend 
money, abating the discount. 

Dis-gount'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing discounted. 



DlS-GOUN'TE-NANCE, V. t. f-ED . 
-ING.] 1. To put out of counte- 
nance ; to abash. 2. To discourage. 
— ft. Cold treatment ; disapproba- 
tion. 

Dis'gount-er, n. One who discounts. 

Dis-gour'age (-kuVej), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To extinguish the courage 
of. 2. To deter one from. 

Syn. — To dishearten; dispirit; de- 
press; dissuade. 

DlS-GQUR'AGE-MENT (-kfiVej-) ft. 1. 
Act of discouraging ; dejection. 2. 
That which discourages. 

Dis-GOURSE', n. [Lat. discursvs, fr. 
discurrere, to run to and fro.] 1. 
Oral treatment of a subject ; talk ; 
conversation. 2. A formal dissertp- 
tion ; a sermon. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To exercise reason. 2. To talk or 
treat in a continuous or formal man- 
ner. — v. t. To utter or give forth . 

Dis-GOURS'lvE, a. 1. Reasoning; dis- 
cursive. 2. Containing conversation. 

Dis-gour'te-oCs (-kGr'te-us), a. Un- 
civil ; rude. 

Dis-gotjr'te-sy, «. Want of courte- 
sy ; rudeness. 

DlsG'ots,a. Disk-like ; circular, wide, 
and flat. 

DlS-GOV'ER (-k&V-), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To remove the covering 
from ; to expose to view. 2. To make 
known. 3. To find out. 

Syn. — To invent.— We discover what 
existed before but remained unknown ; 
we invent by forming combinations 
which are either entirely new or which 
attain their end by means unknown be- 
fore. Columbus discovered America; 
Whitney invented the cotton-gin. 

Dis-gov'er-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being discovered. 

Dis-GOV'ER-ER, w. One who discov- 
ers ; an explorer. 

Dis-gov'er-y (-kuV-), n. 1. Action 
of discovering ; disclosure. 2. Rev- 
elation. 3. Finding out for the first 
time. 4. That which is discovered. 

Dis-gred'it, n. 1. Want of credit : 
disesteem. 2. Act of discrediting, or 
state of being discredited. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To disbelieve. 2. 
To deprive of credibility. 3. To bring 
reproach upon. 

Dis-GRED'IT-A-ELE, a. Tending to 
injure credit ; disgraceful. 

DlS-GREET", a. [Lat. discretvs, p. p. 
of discernere . See DISCERN.] Pos- 
sessed of discernment or discretion. 

Syn.— Prudent ; sagacious ; ciicum- 
spect. 

Dis-GREET'LY, adv. Prudently. 

Dis-GREP'ANCE ) (113), a. Disagree- 

Dis-GREP'AN-CY j ment ; variance ; 
inconsistency. 

Dis-GREP'ANT (113), a. [Lat. dime* 
pare, discrepans, to sound discord- 
antly.] Discordant ; disagreeing 
different. 

Dis-GRETE', a. [See DISCREET.] 1. 
Separate: distinct. 2. Disjunctive. 

Dis-gre'tion (-kreWun), ft. [Lat 
discretio, separation, difference. Pet 
Discreet.] 1. Sagacity : prudeme 

2. Freedom to act according to one's 
own judgment. 



A, E, 1, O, fj, Y,long; X,fi,I, 5,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 






DISCRETIONAL 



123 



DISHONOR 



Dis €RE'tion-al ) (-kresh'un-), n. 

Dis-€RE'tion-a-RY J Left to discre- 
tion ; unrestrained except by discre- 
tion. 

Dis-€RE'tion-al-ly \ (-kresh'un), 

DlS-€RE'TION-A-RI-LY j adv. At 
discretion ; according to discretion. 

Lis-€RE'T1VE, a. Disjunctive; sep- 
arating. 

2>i3-€Rl>l'I-N ATE , V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. discriminare, -atum, fr. discri- 
7nen, division, distinction.] 1. To sep- 
arate ; to distinguish. 2. To distin- 
guish by a peculiar note or sign. — v. i. 
To make a difference or distinction. 

Dis-€RIM'I-nate-ly, adv. Distinctly. 

DlS-CRIM'I-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of dis- 
criminating. 2. Faculty of nicely 
distinguishing. 3. Mark of distinc- 
tion. 

Syx.— See Descernment. 

Dis-€RIM'i-na-tive, a. 1. Distin- 
guishing ; distinctive. 2. Observing 
distinctions. [prive of a crown. 

Dis-crown', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To de- 

DlS-€UM'BEN-CY, n. [Lat. discum- 
bere, -cumbens, to lie down, recline.] 
Act of reclining at meat, after the 
manner of the ancients. 

Dis-COM/BER, v. t. To unburden. 

Dis-cur'sion, n. [See Discourse.] 
1. Desultory talk. 2. Act of reason- 
ing. A 

Dls-€UR'siVE, a. 1. Rational. 2. Rov- 
ing ; rambling ; digressive. 

Dis-CUR'sive-ly, adv. In a discur- 
sive manner. [discursive. 

Drs-€UR'SO-RY, a. Argumentative; 

Dis'€US,n. 1. A quoit. 2. A disk. 

DlS-€USS', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
discutere, discussum, fr. dis &nd qua- 
tere, to shake, strike.] 1. To break 
up ; to disperse. 2. To examine by 
disputation. 

S yx. — To debate. — To discuss a sub- 
ject is to pull it to pieces; to dejate a 
point is to battle it out. 

Dis-€&s'sion (-kush'un), n. Act of 
discussing ; debate ; disputation. 

Dls-€USS'iVE, a. Able or tending to 
discuss. 

DlS-€U'TIENT, a. [Lat. discutiens, 
p. pr. of discutere. See DISCUSS.] 
Serving to disperse morbid matter. — 
n. A medicine to disperse any coag- 
ulated fluid in the body. 

D13-DAIN', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
dis and dignari, to deem worthy.] 
To look with scorn upon ; to despise. 
Syx.— See Co.vtemjt. 

Dl£-DAIN', n. A feeling of contempt 
and aversion. 

Dig-DAIN'FUL, a. Full of disdain; 
scornful ; haughty. [ful manner. 

3Dls.-pAlN'FUL-LY, adv. Inadisdain- 

Dijj-EA§E', n. [Prefix dis and ease.] 
A morbid condition of body ; sick- 
ness; — applied figuratively to the 
mind, to moral character, to insti- 

•' tutions, &c 

Syn, — Disorder; distemper ; malady. 
--■Disease is the leading medical term. 
Disorder means the same, though, per- 
haps with some slight reference to an ir- 
regularity of the system. DiMemper is 
now used by physicians only of the dis- 
eases of aniinals. Malady is not a med- 



ical term, and is less used than formerly 
in literature. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To afflict 
with sickness ; — used almost exclu- 
sively in the past participle. 

DlS'EM-BARK', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To put on shore ; to land. — v. i. 
To go on land. [embarking. 

DlS-EM'BAR-KA'TION, n. Actofdis- 

DlS'EM-BAR'RASS, V. t. [-E D ; -ING.] 
To free from embarrassment ; to 
clear. 

DlS'EM-BAR'RASS-MENT, 71. Act Of 
disembarrassing. 

Dis'EM-bei/lish, v. t. To deprive of 
embellishment. [bitterness. 

Dis'EM-BlT'TER, v. t. To free from 

DiS/EM-BOD'Y,^. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
To divest of the body. 

DlS'EM-BOGUE' (-bog'), V. t. [-2D ; 
-ING.] To discharge at the mouth, 
as a stream. 

Dis'em-bow'el (137), v. t. To take 
out the bowels; to eviscerate ; to gut. 

DIS'EM-BROIL', V. t. [-ED , -ING.] 
To free from perplexity or confusion. 

DlS'EN-CHANT', V. t. '[-ED; -ING.] 
To free from enchantment. 

Dis'EN-Chant'ment, n. Act of dis- 
enchanting. 

Dis'EN-CUM/BER, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To free from encumbrance. 

Dis/en-cum'brance , 71. Deliverance 
from any thing burdensome or trou- 
blesome. 

DlS'EN-GAGE', V. t. [-ED: -ING.] To 
release from some previous connec- 
tion or engagement. 

Syn. — To liberate; free ; loose; de- 
tach; withdraw. 

DlS'EN-GAGE'MENT, 11. 1. Act of 
disengaging ; extrication. 2. Free- 
dom from engrossing occupation ; 
leisure. 

Dis'en-no'ble, v. t. To deprive of 
what ennobles ; to degrade. 

Di's'en-roll', v. i. To erase from a 
roll or list. 

DlS'EN-TAN'GLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To free from entanglement. 

Syx. — To unravel; untwist; loose; 
extricate ; disengage. 

DlS'EN-TAN'GLE-MENT, n. Act of 
disentangling. 

Disf en-tomb' (-tobm'), v. t. To take 
out from a tomb. 

DlS'ES-TEEM', ». Want of esteem ; 
disfavor. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
regard with disapproval ; to slight. 

Dis-fa'vor, n. 1. Want of favor; 
disesteem. 2. An unkindness. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To withhold or with- 
draw favor from. 

DIS-FIG'U-RA'TION, n. Act of disfig- 
uring, or state of being disfigured. 

DIS-FIG'URE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
mar the figure or appearance of. 
Syn.— To deface; deform; injure. 

DIS-fig'ure-ment, n. Deformity ; 
defacement. 

DIS-fran'ch'jse (-chiz), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To deprive of a franchise or 
chartered right ; to dispossess of any 
right of a citizen. 

DlS-FRAN'CHISE-MENT (-chiz-), 71. 
Act of disfranchising. 



DlS-FUR'NISH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of furniture ; to strip. 

Dis-gar'nish, v. t. To divest of garni- 
ture, ornaments, or furniture : to 
dismantle. 

DlS-GORGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1 
To vomit. 2. To throw out with 
violence, as from a mouth. 3. To 
make restitution of. 

Dis-gorge'nient, Ti, Act of dis- 
gorging , that which is disgorged. 

Dis-grace', n. 1. Lack or loss of 
favor. 2. Ignominy ; infamy. 3 
Cause of shame. 

Syn.— Opprobrium; dishonor; shame; 
disrepute. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To dis- 
miss with dishonor. 2. To bring re- 
proach or shame upon. 

Syn^— To degrade; dishonor; debase. 
Dis-grace'ful, a. Bringing dis- 
grace ; shameful ; infamous. 
Dis-grace 'ful-ly, adv. In a dis- 
graceful manner. [pleasing. 
Dis-GRA'cious, a. Ungracious; un- 
Dis-GuisE' (72), v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To change the guise or appeai'- 
ance of; especially to conceal by au 
unusual dress. 2. To intoxicate. — 
n. 1. Something put on to conceal 
or deceive. 2. Slight intoxication. 
Dis-GUis/ER, n. One who disguises 
Dis-gust', n. [Lat. prefix dis and 
gustus, tasting, taste.] Repugnance 
to what is offensive; — said of any 
thing which offends the organ of 
taste, or the sensibilities of the soul 
Syn. — Aversion ; disrelish; dislike. 
See Aversion. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To provokj 
disgust in ; to displease. 

Dis-gust'ful, a. Provoking dis- 
gust ; nauseous. [to disgust. 

Dis-GUST'ING-LY, adv. In a manner 

Di'sH, 71. [A.-S. disc. See Desk and 
Disk.] 1. A vessel for serving up 
food. 2. Any particular kind of 
food. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To 
put in a dish. 2. To make like a 
dish. 3. To frustrate. [Low.] 

Dis'HA-BiLLE' (dTs'a-bTP), n. An un- 
dress ; deshabille. 

Dl'SH'CLOTH, I 71. A cloth for wiping 

Dish'clout, J dishes. 

DlS-HEART'JEN, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To deprive of heart, courage, or hope. 
Syn. — To dispirit; discourage; de- 
press; deject. 

Dl-SHEV'£L (-sheVl), V. t. [-ED. 
-ING ; or -LED, -LING, 137] [Fr 
decheveler, fr. Lat. dis and capillus, 
hair.] To suffer to hang in a loose 
or negligent manner, as the hair. 

Dish'ful, n. As much as a dish holds. 

Dis-HON'EST (-Sn'est, 91), a. 1. 
Wanting in honesty ; fraudulent. 2. 
Characterized by fraud 

Dis-hon'est-LY (-on'est-), adv. In 
a dishonest manner. 

Dis-hon'es-ty (-on'es-ty), n. 1. 
Want of honesty. 2. Violation of 
trust or of justice. 

Dl§-HON'OR (diz-on/ur, 91), n. Want 
of honor. 

Syn. — Disgrace ; ignominy ; shame 
reproach; opprobrium. 



OR, do, wolf, too, XOOI1-, URN, Rue . pull ; £, j, o, silent ; $,-<i,soft; €,ti,hard; Ag; exist; nsjng; this 



DISHONORABLE 



124 



DISPATCH 



— i\ t. [-ED : -ing.] 1. To bring 
reproach or shame ou. 2 To violate 
the chastity of. 3. To refuse to ac- 
cept or pay ; — said of a draft which 
is due and is presented. 

Syn.— To disgrace ; shame ; degrade. 

Di§-h6n'or-a-el,e (-6n'ur-), a. 
Bringing or deserving dishonor ; 
base ; wanting in honor. 

Di§-h6n'or-a-bly (-on'-), adv. In a 
dishonorable manner. [mor. 

Dis-HU'MOR, n. Peevishness ; ill hu- 

Dis-IN'CLI-NA'TION, n. State of be- 
ing disinclined. 

Syn.— Unwillingness; aversion; re- 
pugnance. 

DYs'IN-CLINE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
excite the dislike or aversion of. 

DlS'IN-FECT', r- *■ [-EO; -ING.] To • 
cleanse from infection. 

Dis'lN-FEGT'ANT, n. That which dis- 
infects, [ing. 

DiS'lN-FEC'TlON, n. Act of disinfect- 

Dis'in-gen'u-ous, a. 1. Mean; un- 
worthy. 2. Wanting in candor or 
frankness. 

Dis'lN-GEN'u-ofJs-LY, adv. Unfairly ; 
not openly and candidly. [candor. 

Dis'in-gen'u-ous-ness, n. Want of 

DiS'TN-HER'IT, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of an inheritance. 

Dis'IN-HER'lT-ANCE, n. Act of dis- 
inheriting, or condition of being dis- 
inherited. 

DlS-IN'TE-GRATE,t*. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. integrate, -alum, to renew, from 
integer, whole.] To separate into 
integrant parts, [to integrant parts. 

DIS-IN'TE-GRA'TION, n. Reduction 

DlS'lN-TER', V. t. [-ED; -ING, 13J.] 
To take out of the grave or tomb. 

Dis-1N'ter-est-ED, a. Not influ- 
enced by regard to personal advan- 
tage. 

Syn. — Unbiased: impartial. 

Eis-Tn'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. In a 
disinterested manner. 

DlS-lN'TER-EST-ED-NESS, 11. State 
of being disinterested ; impartiality. 

Dis'in-TF.r'ment, n. Act of disin- 
terring. 

Dis'in-thrall/, v. t. To release 
from thralidom ; to emancipate. 

DTs'lN-THRALL'MENT, n. Emanci- 
pation, [part ; to separate. 

Dis-join', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

DlS-JOINT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
put out of joint ; to dislocate. 2. 
To separate at junctures. 3. To 
break the natural order and relations 
of. [state. 

Dis-JOINT'LY, adv. In a disjointed 

Dis-JUNCT', a. [Lat. disjungere, dis- 
junctus, to disjoin.] Disjoined ; sep- 
arated, [tion. 

Dis-JUNC'TION, n. Disunion ; separa- 

Dls-JUN€T'i'VE, a. Tending to dis- 
join ; separating. — n. A conjunc- 
tion connecting grammatically two 
words or clauses expressing at the 
same time an opposition inherent in 
the notions. [junctive manner. 

Dls-JtJN€T'ivE-LY, adv. In a dis- 

Disk, n. [Gr. 67o-<cos. See Desk and 
Dish.] 1. A fiat, circular plate. 2. 



A quoit. Z. Face of a celestial body. 
4. Central part of a radiate com- 
pound flower. 

Dis-like', n. Positive aversion. 

Syn. — Disapprobation ; displeasure ; 
distaste; antipathy; repugnance. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To have an 
aversion to. 

Dis'lo-cate (45), a. Dislocated. 

Dis'lo-cAte, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. prefix dis and locate , to place.] 
To displace ; to put out of joint. 

Dis'lo-€A'tion, n. 1. A displacing ; 
displacement. 2. A disjointing ; 
luxation. 

DlS-LODGE', V. t. [-ED j -ING.] To 
drive from a lodge, or place of rest or 
hiding. 

DIS-LODG'MENT, 11. Act of dislodging. 

DIS-EOY'AL, a. Not loyal; false to 
allegiance. 

Syn. — Faithless ; treacherous; per- 
fidious; inconstant. 

Dis-LOY'AL-LY, adv. Treacherously. 

Dis-loy'al-ty, ix. Want of loyalty ; 
violation of allegiance. 

Dis/mal (diz'mal, 91), a. [Orig. a n. ; 
from Lat. dies mains, evil day.] 
Gloomy to the eye or ear ; sorrowful 
and depressing. 

Syn. — Dreary ; doleful ; direful. 

Dis/MAL-LY, adv. In a dismal man- 
ner; dolefully. 

DlS-MAN'TLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of dress, apparatus, furni- 
ture, equipments, or fortifications. 

Dis-MASK/, v. I. To strip a mask from. 

DlS-MAST', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
deprive of masts. 

DIS-MAY', v. I. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
esmaier, from des, es, equiv. to Lat. 
dis, ex, and Goth, magan, to be 
strong.] To fill with distressing fear. 
Sy'N. — Daunt ; appall. — Dismay de- 
notes a continuous state of gloomy nji- 
prehension; to daunt supposes some- 
thing more sudden and startling: to ap- 
pall is the strongest term, implying a 
sense of terror which overwhelms the 
faculties. 

— n. Loss of firmness and energy 
through fear. 

Syn. — Fear; fright; terror; consterna- 
tion. 

DlS-MEM'BER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To divide limb from limb. 2. To 
strip of its essential parts. 
Syn. — To disjoin ; mutilate. 

Dis-MEM'ber-ment, ii. A dismem- 
bering ; mutilation. 

Dis-Miss', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
dimittere, for dismittere, -missum* 
from dis and mittere, to send.] 1. To 
send away ; to cause or permit to go. 
2. To remove from office or employ- 
ment. 3. To lay aside or reject. 

Dl.s-MISS'AL,w. Dismission ; discharge. 

Dis-MIS'SION (-mTsh'un), n. Act of 
dismissing : removal ; discharge. 

Dis-Miss'ivE, a. Giving dismission, 
or leave ro depart. 

DlS-MOUNT', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
descend ; to alight from a horse. — 
v. t. To throw or bring down from 
an elevation, place of honor and au- 
thoritv, &c. 

Dis'o-Be'di-ence , it. Neglect or re- 
fusal to obey. 



DTs'o-be'di-ent, a. Neglecting or 
refusing to obey. 

DIS'O-BE'DI-ENT-LY, adv. Ill a dift 
obedient uiauner. 

Dis'o-bey', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
neglect or refuse to obey. 

Dis-ob'li-ga'tion, n. Act of dis- 
obliging, [ing obligation. 

Dls-OB'Ll-GA-TO-RY (50), a. lteleas- 

Dis'o-blige', r. t. [-ed;-ing.| '£y 
offend by an act of unkiudness or in- 
civility^ 

Dis'O-bli'ging-ly, adv. in a diso- 
bliging manner. [proper orbit. 

Dis-oRBED', a. Thrown out of the 

Dis-or'der, n. 1. Want of order. 2. 
Neglect of order or system. 3. Dis- 
turbance of the peace. 4. Disturb- 
ance of functions of body or mind. 

Syn. — Disease: irregularity; confus- 
ion: tumult; bustle; illness; malady; 
distemper. See Disease. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To throw 
into confusion. 2. To make sick. 3. 
To disturb the regular operations of. 
Syn. — To disarrange ; confuse; dis- 
compose. 

Dis-6r'der-li-ness, a. State of be- 
ing disorderly. 

Dis-6r'der-LY, a. 1. Marked by 
disorder. 2. Not acting in an orderly 
way. 3. Not complying with the 
restraints of law. 4. Not regulated 
by the restraints of morality. 

DlS-OR'GAN-I-ZA'TION, n. Act of 
disorganizing or state of being disor- 
ganized. 

DlS-OR'GAN-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To destroy the organic structure or 
connected system of. [organizes. 

Dls-OR'GAN-iz'ER, ii. One who dis- 

Dis-own' (91), v. i. [-ed;-ing.] To 
refuse to own. 

Syn. — To disavow; disclaim; deny; 
disallow. 

DlS-PAR'AGE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. disparagare, fr. dis and paragi- 
vm, parity of condition or birth, fr. 
par, equal.] To injure by depreciat- 
ing comparisons ; to detract or dero- 
gate from. 

Syn.— To decry; undervalue; vilify; 
degrade. See Decky. 

DIS-par'AGE-MENT, «. Injurious 
comparison with an inferior ; unjust 
depreciation. 

Syn. — Derogation; detraction. 

DlS-PAR'A-GER, n. One who dis- 
parages. 

Dis-PAR'I-TY. n. [Lat. dispar, unlike, 
unequal.] Difference in age, rank, 
condition, or excellence. 

Syn. — Inequality ; disproportion. 

DlS-PART',r. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To part asunder ; to separate. 

DIS-PAS'SION (-pash'un), n. .Freedom 
from passion. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate (45), a. 1. Free 
from passion. 2. Not dictated by 
passion. 

Syn. — Calm ; cool ; composed ; tem- 
perate. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate-ey, adv. Without 
passion ; calmly. 

Dis-patch', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat, 
pref. dis and pangere, pactum, to 
fasten, fix.] 1. To send off on a 



A, e, I, o,v,\, long; A,£,I, 6, 0, Y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£um; pique, fIrm ; son. 



DISPATCHFUL 



125 



DISRESPECTFUL 



special errand. 2. To put out of the 
way ; to put to death. 3. To dis- 
pose of, as business. 

Syx. — To expedite ; hasten ; speed ; 
conclude ; slay ; kill. 

— n. 1. The sending of a messenger 
in haste. 2. Any sending a way. 8. 
Rapid performance. 4. A message 
dispatched or sent off. [eating, haste. 

IVs-PATCH'FUL, a. Bent on, or indi- 

1>;s-pau'per, v. t. To deprive of the 
claim of a pauper to public support. 

DlS-PEL' ; v. t. [-LED ; -LING, 133.] 
[Lat. dispellere, pref. dis and pellere, 
to push.] To drive away ; to cause 
to disappear. 

"Dis-pex'sa-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being dispensed or administered. 2. 
Capable of being dispensed with. 

Dis-PEN'SA-RY, n. A place where 
medicines and medical advice are 
given gratis to the poor. 

DIs'pen-sa'tion, n. 1 Act of dis- 
pensing or dealing out ; — often used 
i>f the dealing of God with his crea- 
tures. 2. A system of principles, 
promises, and rules ordained and ad- 
ministered. 3. The granting of a 
license, or the license itself, to do 
what is forbidden. 

Dis-pen'sa-to-ry (50), a. Granting, 
or authorized to grant, dispensations. 

— n. A book of directions for com- 
pounding medicines. 

DlS-PENSE', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
dispensary, from dis and pendere, to 
weigh.] 1. To deal out in portions. 
2. To apply, as laws to particular 
cases. 

Syx. — To distribute; administer; ex- 
ecute. 

— v. i. To permit neglect or omis- 
sion. 

Dis-pens'er, a. One who dispenses. 

Dis-peo'ple, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
depopulate. 

Dl-SPERM'oiJS, a. [Gr. fits, twice, 
double, and o-jrepju.a,seed.] Contain- 
ing two seeds only. 

Dis-pErse' (53), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. dispergere, from pref. dis and 
sparger e, to scatter.] 1. To scatter 
here and there ; to spread, as knowl- 
edge, light, &c. 2. To cause to 
separate. 

Syx.— To dissipate; dispel; diffuse; 
distribute; disseminate. 

Dis-p£r'sion, n. 1. Act of dispers- 
ing. 2. State of being scattered. 

DlS-PiR'IT, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
depress the spirits of. 

Syx. — To dishearten; discourage; de- 
ject. 

DlS-PLACE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To change the place of ; to remove 
2. To discharge ; to depose. 

Dis-place'ment, n. 1. A displacing ; 
removal ; discharge. 2. Quantity of 
water displaced. 

DlS-PLANT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
remove from the place where any 
thing has been planted. 

Dis'PLan-ta'TION, n. Act of dis- 
placing ; removal. 

Dis-play', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
desployer, fr. des and ployer, to un- 



fold.] 1. To unfold ; to spread wide. 
2. To exhibit to the view. 3. To set 
in view ostentatiously. 

Syx. — To show; parade; expand. 

— n. 1. Exhibition; manifestation. 
2. Ostentatious show ; parade. 

DlS-PLEA§E', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Not 
to please ; to make angry. 

Syx. — To offend; dissatisfy; disgust; 
vex; chafe ; provoke. 

Dls-PLEA§'URE(-plezh / ur), n. 1. Feel- 
ing of one who is displeased. 2. That 
which displeases. 

Syx. — Dissatisfaction ; disapproba- 
tion; dislike; anger. 

DlS-PLODE', v. t. & i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. displodere,fr. dis and plodere, 
plaudere, to clap, strike.] To dis- 
charge ; to explode. 

Dis-PLO'glON, n. An explosion. 

Dls-PLO'siVE, a. Tending to displode. 

Dis-PLUME', v. t. To strip of plumes. 

Dis-PORT', n. Play ; sport ; diversion. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [As if from 
a Lat. word disportare, to carry to 
and fro.] To play ; to sport. 

Dls-POg'A-BLE, a. Liable to be dis- 
posed of. 

Dls-POg'AL, n. 1. Act of disposing, 
or disposing of. 2. Regulation of the 
condition, application, &c, of any 
thing. 3. Authority to dispose of. 

Syx. — Dispensation ; management ; 
arrangement; regulation. 

Dls-p5gE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
disponere, -positum, fr. dis and po- 
nere, to lay, set.] 1. To set in order. 
2. To regulate. 3. To assign to a 
service or use. 4. To give a tendency 
or inclination. 

To dispone of, (a.) To exercise the 
power of control over, (b.) To part 
with; to get rid of. 

DIS-po§£d', p. a. Inclined; minded. 

Dis-po§'er, n. One who disposes. 

Dis'PO-gi'TlON (-zish/un), n. 1. Act 
of disposing; disposal; distribution; 
arrangement. 2. Tendency result- 
ing from natural constitution. 3. 
Aptitude of mind resulting from 
constitution. 4. Moral character. 

Syx. — Inclination ; tendency. — A 
man's disposition is the prevailing spirit 
or governing purpose of his mind; his 
inclinations are excited states of desire or 
appetency; tendencyis a strong determi- 
nation or proclivity toward some partic- 
ular mode of action. A man's inclina- 
tions are variable; his natural tendencies 
are apt ultimately to prevail; but a dis- 
position formed and sustained on the 
side of virtue will give him the control 
of both, j 

Dis'Pos-SEss^-pos-seV or -poz-zeV), 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To put out of 
possession. 

Dis'pos-ses'sion (-sesb/un or -zSsh'- 
un), n. 1. A putting out of posses- 
sion. _ 2. Result of the act. 

Dis-praise', n. Blame ; censure ; re- 
proach ; disparagement. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To censure; to blame. 

Dis-pread', v. t. To spread abroad. 

Dis-proof', n. A proving to be false ; 
confutation. 

DIS'PRO-POR'TION, ft. 1. Wantof pro- 
portion or of symmetry. 2. Want 
of suitableness. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make unsuitable. 



DIs'Pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. Dispro- 
portional^; inadequate. 

Dis'pro-por'tion-al, a. Not hav- 
ing due proportion. 

Dl'S'PRO-POR'TION-AL-LY, adv. TJn 
suitably with respect to form, quan- 
tity, or value. [proportioned. 

Dls'PRO-POR'TION-ATE (45), a. Not 

Dis'PRO-POR'tion-ate-ly, adv. Un- 
suitably ; inadequately. 

Dis-PROV'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing disproved. 

DlS-PROVE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
prove to be false ; to confute. 

Dis'PU-TA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
disputed ; controvertible. 

Dfs'PU-TANT, ft. One who disputes. 

Dfs'PU-T A'TION, ft. Act of disputing ; 
controversy in words. 

DIs'pu-ta'tious, ) a. Inclined to dis- 

Dis-pu'ta-tive , j pute ; apt to 
cavil. 

Dis-PUTE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
disputare, from dis and putare, to 
clean, set in order, reckon.] 1. To 
contend in argument ; to debate. 2. 
To strive in opposition to a competi- 
tor. — v. t. 1. To argue for and 
against. 2. To struggle for thj 
possession of. 3. To call in question 
Syx.— To controvert; contest; debate. 
— ft. 1. Verbal controversy ; de- 
bate. 2. Contest ; struggle. 

Syx. — Altercation ; quarrel; disagree- ' 
ment; difference. 

Dis-PUT'er, ft. One who disputes. 

Dis-QUAL'l-Fl-eA'TlON, n. 1. A dis- 
qualifying ; disability ; especially le- 
gal disability. 2. Want of qualifica- 
tion. 3. That which -disqualifies. 

DIS-QUAL'I-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 

1. To render unfit ; to incapacitate. 

2. To_ deprive of legal capacity. 
Dis-QUI'ET, ft. Want of quiet ; un- 
easiness ; restlessness. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To render unquiet ; to dis- 
turb^ 

DIS-QUI'E-TUDE (30), ft. Uneasiness ; 
disturbance ; agitation. 

Dls'QUl-gl'TION (-zish/un), n. [Lat. 
disquisitio, fr. disquirere, to investi- 
gate.] A formal or systematic in- 
quiry into, or discussion of, any sub- 
ject. 

DIs/re-gXrd', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
pay no heed to ; to neglect ; to 
slight. — ft. Omission to notice. 

Dis-REL'ISH, ft. 1. Want of relish ; 
distaste; aversion. 2. Bad taste. — 
v.t. [-ed: -ing.] 1. To feel a 
degree of disgust at. 2. To make 
nauseous. 

DlS-REP'u-TA-BLE, a. Tending to 
bring into discredit. 

Syx. — Dishonorable; low; mean; dis- 
graceful. 

Dis-REP'u-TA-BLY, adv. In a dis- 
reputable manner. 

DlS-REPaT-TA'TION, ) ft. LOSS 01' 

Dis'RE-PUTE', ) want of repu- 

tation or credit. 
Syx. — Dishonor; disgrace. 

DiVRE-SPE€T', ft. Want of respect 
or reverence ; disesteem ; incivility. 

Dis/re-spect'ful, a. Wanting in 
respect ; uncivil. 



)R.do,wclf, TOO, TOOK; f}RN, rue, PTILL ; E , I, o , silent ; C.G.so/*; €,&,hard; AS j E£IST ; NasNG; THIS 



DISRESPECTFULLY 



126 



DISTEMPERATURE 



DTs'RE-sPE€T'FUL-LY, adv. In a 
disrespectful manner. 

DlS-RORE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
divest of a robe ; to strip. 

DlS-ROOT', V. t. [-ED ; -IN&.] To 
tear up by the roots ; to extirpate. 

Dis-rGpt', a. [Lat. disrumpere, dis- 
ruptus, to break asunder.] Rent 
asunder ; broken. 

Dis-rup'tion, n. A rending asunder ; 
disrupture. [asunder. 

Dis-rDpt'ure (53), n. A rending 

Dis-sat'is-f \€'tiqn, n. State of be- 
ing dissatisfied. 

Syx.— Discontent; displeasure; dis- 
like. 

Dis-sat'is-fac'to-ry, a. Causing 
dissatisfaction. 

DlS-SAT'IS-FY, V. t . [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To render discontented. 

Dis-sect', v. t. [ed ; -ma ] [Lat. 
dissecare, dissectum , from dis and 
secare, to cut.] 1. To cut in pieces 
for the purpose of examining the 
structure. 2. To analyze into its 
constituent parts. 

Dis-SE€T'I-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing dissected. 

Dis-sec'tion, n. Act of dissecting ; 
anatomy. 

Dis-SECT'OR, n. One who dissects. 

Dis-SEIZE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

dispossess wrongfully. 
•DIS'SEI-ZEE', n. One put out of pos- 
session of an estate unlawfully. 

Dis-sei'zin, n. An unlawful dispos- 
session of a person actually seized of 
the freehold. 

Dis-sei'zor, n. One who disseize*. 

DlS-SEM'BLE,r. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
dissimulare, fr. dis and simulare, to 
make like another.] 1. To hide un- 
der a false semblance ; to disguise ; 
to mask. 2. To make pretense of; 
to feign. — v. i. To conceal the real 
fact, motives, or sentiments, under 
some pretense. [bles. 

Dis-sem'bler, n. One who dissem- 
Syn. — Hypocrite. —A dissembler con- 
ceals what he is. A hypocrite feigns to 
be what he is not. When Andre passed 
within the American lines in a citizen's 
dress, he war a dissembler; Arnold, whom 
he went to visit, had long been a hypo- 
crite. 

DlS-SEM/I-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. disseminare, -natum, from dis 
and seminar e, to sow.] 1. To sow, as 
seed. 2. To spread or extend by dis- 
persion. 

Syx.— To diffuse ; propagate ; circu- 
late; disperse. 

Dis-SEM'I-na'tion, n. Act of dis- 
seminating; diffusion ; dispersion. 

Dis-sem'I-na'TOR, n. One who dis- 
seminates. 

Dis-SEN'SION, n. [Lat. dissensio. See 
Dissent.] Yiolent disagreement in 
opinion; strife; quarrel. 

DlS-SENT', v. i. [-ED; -ING] [Lat. 
dissentire, fr. dis and sentire, to feel, 
think.] 1. To differ in opinion. 2. 
To differ from the established church. 
— n. 1. Act of dissenting ; disagree- 
ment. 2. Separation from an estab- 
lished church, esp. that of England. 

Dis-sent'ER, n. One who dissents ; 



esp. a Protestant who dissents from 
the church of England. 

Dis-sen'tient. a. Disagreeing; de- 
claring disseut. — n. One who dis- 
sents. 

DIs'ser-ta'tion, n. [Lat. disserta- 
tio, from disseriare, to discuss ] A 
formal or elaborate discourse ; a dis- 
quisition. 

Dis-s£rve' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To injure ; to harm. [chief. 

Dis-sErv'i^e, n Injury ; harm ; mis- 

Dls-SERV'i^E-A-BLE, a. Mischiev- 
ous; harmful. 

Dis-sev'er, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [In 
this word dis augments the significa- 
tion.] To disunite ; to sever. 

Dis-SEV'ER-AN^E, n. Act of dissev- 
ering, [sent. 

Dis'si-den^E, n. Disagreement; dis- 

Dis'si-DENT, (7. [Lat. dissidere, dis- 
sident, to sit apart; to disagree.] 
Dissenting. — n. One who dissents 
from the established religion ; a dis- 
senter, [neous. 

Dls-slM'l-LAR, a. Unlike : heteroge- 

DlS-3l'jYI / I-L,AR'I-TY, 7i. Want of re- 
semblance ; unlikeness. 

Dis-sim'i-lar-ly, auv. In a dissim- 
ilar manner. 

Dis'si-mil/i-tude (30), n. Unlike- 
ness; dissimilarity. [to feign. 

Dis-sIm'u-late, v.i. To dissemble; 

Dis-SIM'U-la'tion, n. Act of dissem- 
bling ;_hypocrisy. 

Dis'si-PATE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
dissipare, -patum, from dis and an 
obs. sipare, to throw.] 1. To drive 
asunder. 2. To destroy by wasteful 
extravagance. 

Syx. — To disperse ; scatter ; dispel ; 
squander; waste; lavish. 

DTs-si-PA'TlON, n. 1. A dissipating 
cr dispersing. 2. A dissolute course 
of life. 3. A state of distracted at- 
tention. 

Dis-so'CIA-ble, a. Not well associ- 
ated or assorted ; incongruous. 

Dis-SO'CIAJL, a. Unfriendly to society. 

DlS-SO'CI-ATE (-shi-;>t), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. dissociate, -alum, fr. 
dis and sociare, to unite.] To sepa- 
rate ; to disunite. 

Dis-so'ci-a'tion (-shi-a'shun), n. 
Act of dissociating ; disunion. 

Dis'so-LU-BLE, a. Capable of being 
dissolved. 

Dis'SO-LUTE (30), a. [Lat. dissolvere, 
dissolutus See Dissolve.] Aban- 
doned to vicious pleasures. 

Syx. — Wild; wanton; luxurious ; li- 
centious; rakish; debauched. 

Dis'so-LUTE-LY, adv. In a loose or 
dissolute manner. [dissipation. 

DIs'so-lute-ness, n. Debauchery ; 

DiVso-lu'tion, n. l.,Act of dissolv- 
ing. 2. Change from a solid to a 
fluid state. 3. Change of form by 
chemical agency. 4. The breaking 
up of an assembly or a partnership. 
5. Death. 6. Destruction ; ruin. 

Dl§-§OLV'A-BL,E a. Capable of being 
dissolved. 

Dissolve', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
dissolvere, from dis and solvere, to 



loose, free.] 1. To separate into 
component parts. 2. To disconnect. 
3. To melt; to liquefy. 4. To destroy 
the power of. 6. To cause to disap- 
pear. 6. To annul ; to rescind. — 
v. i. 1. To waste or fade away. 2. 
To be melted. 

Dls-goLV'ENT, a. Having power to 
dissolve. — n. That which has tho 
power of dissolving ; a solvent. 

Dlg-soLV'ER, n. One who dissolve 

DTs'so-nance, n. 1. A mingling oi' 
discordant sounds ; discord. 2. Lis- 
agreement ; inconsistency. 

DIs'so-NANT, a. [Lat. dissonare, dis- 
sonans, to be discordant, from dis 
and sonare, to sound.] 1. Discord- 
ant; unharmonious. 2. Incongru- 
ous. _ 

DlS-SUADE'(-SWad''),1'.*. [-ED; -ING ] 
[*Lat. dissuadere, fr. dis and svridere, 
to persuade.] To advise or exhort 
against. 

Dis-suad'er, n. One who dissuades. 

Dls-SUA'§lON (-swil'zhun), n. 1. Act 
of dissuading. 2. A dissuasive. 

Dis-suA'sfvE (-swa'siv), a. Tending 
to dissuade. — n. An argument to 
deter one from a measure. 

DIs'syl-lXb'ic, a. Consisting of two 
syllables only. 

DlS-SYL'LA-BLE,OrDls'SYL-LA-BLE, 
n. [Gr. Sio-oruAAa/Sos, fr. Sis, twice, 
and <7vAAaj3ij, syllable.] A word con- 
sisting of two syllables only. 

Dis'taff (149), n. [A.- 
S. distsef.] Staff for 
holding the material 
from which the thread 
is drawn in spinning. 

DlS-TAIN', v. t. [-id; 
-ING.] To stain. 

Di's'TANCE, rc. 1. Space 
between two objects. 2. ' 
Remoteness of place ; 
a remote place. 3. In- 
terval of time. 4. Reserve ; ceremo- 
niousness. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To place at a distance. 2. To leave 
behind, as in a race. 

Dis'TANT, a. [Lat. distare, distant, to 
stand apart.] 1. Standing apart ; 
separate. 2. Far separated : remote. 
3. Reserved in manners : cold. 

Dis'TANT-LY, adv. At a distance ; re- 
motely ; with reserve. 

Dis-taste', n. 1. Dislike of food or 
drink. 2. Alienation of affection. 

Syx. — Disrelish; disinclination ; dis- 
like; disgust. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To dislike 
the taste of; to disrelish. 

Dis-taste'fue, a. 1. Unpleasant to 
the taste. 2. Displeasing to the feel- 
ings^ [pleasing manner. 

Dis-taste 'ful-ly, adv. In a di3- 

Dis-tem'PER, n. 1. A morbid staco 
of the animal system ; — often re- 
stricted to the diseases of brutes. 2. 
Ill humor, or bad temper. 3. A 
preparation of opaque colors. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To derange the 
functions of. 2. To disturb ; to ruffle 

Dis-tem'per-a-ture (53), n. 1. Con- 
fusion ; disorder. 2. Violent dis- 




Distaff. 



A., E, T, O, U, Y.long; X.E.L, 5, t;, Y, short; cAre, FAR. ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM-, PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N 



i)ISTEND 



127 



DIVAN 



turbanee. 3. Slight illness. 4. Men- 
tal uneasiness. 

Dis-TEND', v. t. [-ED; -IN6.] [Lat. 

dislendere, from dis and tendere, to 

stretch.] 1. To lengthen out. 2. 

To stretch or spread in all directions. 

Syn.— To dilate ; expand ; enlarge. 

Dis-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being 
distended. 

Dis-TEN'TION, n. 1. Distending. 2. 
Space occupied by the thing distend- 
ed. 

DlS'TI€H (-tik), n. [Gr. Sio-nxo?, Si'o- 
tixov, with two rows, of two verses.] 
A couple of verses making complete 
sense. 

Dis'Tl€H-OLJS, a. Having two rows. 

DlS-TiLL', I v. i. [-Et>,-ING ; or -LED, 

DlS-TlL', ) -LING, 137.] [Lat. destil- 
lare, fr. ft* and stdlare. to drop.] 1. 
To fall in drop*. 2. To flow gently. 

— v.t. 1. To let fall in drops. 2. 
To obtain by distillation j to rec- 
tify. 

DTfs'TIL-LA'TlON, n. 1. Act of fall- 
ing in drops. 2. Operation of ex- 
tracting spirit from a substance ; rec- 
tification. 

Dis-tTll'er, n. One who distills. 

Dis-till'er-y, n. Building and 
works where distilling is carried on. 

Dis-TIN€T', a. [Lat. distinguere, dis- 
tinctus, to distinguish.] 1. Distin- 
guished. 2. Spotted ; variegated. 3. 
Not united by growth or otherwise. 
4. Different ; individual. 

Syn. — Separate ; clear ; plain ; obvi- 
ous. 

Dls-TiN€"HON, a. 1. Marking off by 
visible signs. 2. Discrimination. 3. 
distinguishing quality. 4. Regard 
to distinguishing circumstances. 5. 
Conspicuous station. 

Dls-TJfN€T'lVE, a. Marking or ex- 
pressing distinction. 

Dis-TIN€T'ive-ly, adv. With dis- 
tinction ; plainly. 

Dis-TINCT'LY, adv. With distinct- 
ness ; clearly, [of being distinct. 

Dis-tin€T'ness, n. Quality or state 

DIS-tL\"GUISH J-ting'gwish), v. t. 
[•ED ; -ING.] [Lat. distinguerp, fr. 
dis and stinguere, to quench.] 1. To 
note as different. 2. To recognize by 
characteristic qualities. 3. To make 
to differ. 4. To make eminent. 

Syn.— To mark; discriminate; dis- 
cern; perceive; signalize. 

— v. i. To make distinctions ; to 
exercise discrimination. 

Dis-TIN'GUISH-A-BLE, a. Capable of 
being distinguished. 

Dis tIn'guished (-ting'gwisht), p. 
a. Having distinction ; noted. 

Syn. — Eminent ; conspicuous ; cele- 
brated; illustrious. — A man is eminent 
when he stands high as compared with 
others around him ; conspicuous when 
he is so elevated as to be generally seen 
and observed ; distinguished when he 
has something which makes him stand 
apart from others in the public view; 
celebrated when he is widely spoken of 
with honor and respect; iU ustr ions when 
a splendor is thrown around him which 
confers the highest dignity. 

BlS-TORT', V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] [Lat. 
distorquere, distortum, from dis and 



torquere, to twist.] To twist out of 
shape. 

Syn.— To twist; wrest; deform ; per- 
vert; bend. 

Dis-tor'TION, n. A twisting out of 
shape; visible deformity. 

DlS-TRACT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
distrahere, distractum, from dis and 
trahere, to draw.] 1. To perplex ; to 
confuse. 2. To agitate by conflict- 
ing passions. 3. To craze. 

Dis-TRAe'TlON, n. 1. Confusion of 
attention. 2. Confusion of affairs. 
3. Perturbation of mind. 4. A state 
of disordered reason. 

Syn. — Perplexity ; disorder; dissen- 
sion; derangement; madness. 

Dis-TRA€T'ive, a. Causing perplex- 
ity ; distracting. 

DlS-TRAIN', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
distringere, to draw asunder, hinder, 
molest.] To seize for debt, without 
legal process. 

Dis-trAin'or, n. One who distrains. 

Dis-tratjght' (-trawf), a. Distracted. 

Dis-TRESS', n. [Lat. distringere, dis- 
tricts. See Distrain.] 1. Ex- 
treme pain of body or mind. 2. 
That which occasions suffering. 3. 
State of danger or necessity. 4. Act 
of distraining, or thing taken by dis- 
training. 

Syn.— Suffering : pain : agony : mis- 
ery; calamity; misfortune. See Afflic- 
tion. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To cause 
pain or anguish to. 

Dis-TRESS'FUL, a. Inflicting, indi- 
cating, or proceeding from, distress. 

Dis-TRtB'u-TA-BLE, a. Capable of 
being distributed. 

DlS-TRIB'TJTE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. distribuere, -butum £ fr. dis and 
tribuere, to assign.] 1. To divide 
among several. 2. To administer. 
3. To separate, as into classes, or- 
ders, &c. [utes. 

Dis-TRIB'U-TER, n. One who distrib- 

DiVtri-bu'TION, n. Act of distrib- 
uting. 

Syn.— Apportionment; allotment; dis- 
pensation; classification. 

DIS-TRTB'U-TIVE, a. 1. Tending to 
distribute ; dealing to each his prop- 
er share. 2. Expressing separation 
ordivison. [tribution ; singly. 

DIS-TRIB'U-TIVE-LY, adv. By dis- 

Dl's'TRICT, n. [L. Lat. districtus, dis- 
trict, from Lat. distringere, to draw 
asunder.] 1. A defined portion of a 
state or city for legislative or elective 
purposes. 2. Any portion of terri- 
tory. 

Syn. — Division ; quarter ; province ; 
region. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To divide into 
districts. 

Dis-trust', v. t. [-EL- ; -ING.] Not 
to confide in ; to mistrust. — n. 1. 
Doubt of reality or sincerity. 2. 
Suspicion of evil designs. 

Dis-trust'ful, a. 1. Apt to dis- 
trust ; suspicious. 2. Diffident ; mod- 
est. 

DlS-Tt}RB', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
disturbare, from dis and ticrba, disor- 
der, crowd.] 1. To throw into con- 



fusion. 2. To interfere with. 3. To 

agitate the mind of. 

Syn. — To disorder; disquiet; agitate; 

trouble ; ruffle; stir; move. 
Dis-tOrb'ance, n. 1. Derangement 

of the regular course of things. 2. 

Confusion of the mind. 3. Public 

commotion. [or disquiets. 

DlS-TURB'ER, n. ODe who disturbs 
Dis-UN'ION, n. 1. Termination of 

union. 2. A breach of concord and 

itsetfect. [disunion. 

Dis-un'ion-ist, n. An advocate of 

DlS'U-NITE', V. t. [-EI3J-ING.] 1. 
To destroy the union of. 2. To 
break the concord of. — v. i. To 
part; to become separate. 

Dis-U'NI-TY, n. State of separation. 

Dis-U'§AGE, n. Neglect of use, exer- 
cise, or practice. 

Dis-use', n. 1. Cessation of use. 2. 
Cessation of custom ; desuetude. 

Dis-U§E', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cease to use or practice, [disesteem. 

Dis-vXl'UE, v. t. To undervalue ; to 

Ditch, n. [A.-S. die. See Dike and 
DIG.] A trench in the earth. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To dig a ditch or 
ditches in ; to trench. 

DiTCH'ER, n. One who digs ditches. 

Di'the-i§m, n. [Gr. 6Ys, twice, and 
theism.] Doctrine of the existence 
of two gods, one good and one evil. 

DlTH'Y-RAMB, I n. [Gr. Siflupaju- 

DlTH/Y-RAM'BUS, j /3os, a kind of 
lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus.] 
An ancient Greek hymn in honor of 
Bacchus. 

Dith'y-ram'bk:, a. Wild ; impetu- 
ous and boisterous, like a dithyramb. 
— n. 1. A dithyramb. 2. A wild, 
enthusiastic poem. 

Dl'TONE, n. [Gr. Sitovos, of two 
tones.] An interval comprehending 
two whole tones. 

DiT'TA-NY, n. [From Mt. Dicte, in 
Crete.] A kind of aromatic peren- 
nial plant. 

DIt'to, n. [It. detto, fr. Lat. dictum, 
said.] That which has been said; 
the aforesaid thing. — adv. As be- 
fore ; in the same manner. 

Dit'ty, «. [A.-S. dikt, said, dictated, 
Lat. dictum., something said.] A lit- 
tle poem to be sung. 

Di'U-re'sis, n. [Gr. Si, for Sia, 
through, and ovpov, urine.] Excre- 
tion of urine. 

Dl'ir-RET're, a. Exciting the discharge 
of urine. — n. A medicine with diu- 
retic properties. 

Dl-fJR'NAL, a. [Lat. diurnalis, from 
dies, day.] 1. Relating to the day- 
time. 2. Daily ; recurring every day. 
3. Constituting a day. 

DI-Or'nal-ly, adv. Dally; everyday. 

Dt/u-tOr'NAL, a. [Lat. diuturnus, 
fr. din, along time.] Of long con- 
tinuance ; lasting. 
| DI-van', n. [Per. dhoan.} 1. A book; 
a collection of poems. 2. A council 
of state ; the royal court ; the court 
of justice ; office for customs. 3. An 
audience chamber or saloon for com- 
pany. 4. A kind of cushioned reat. 



6r,dq,wqlf,too, TCKJKj t}rn, RUE,pyLL; jg, j, o, silent ; q,Gr,soft; €,G,hard; A§; E^ist; ^ a s NG ; this. 



DIVARICATE 



128 



DOCUMENT 



DI-var'i-€ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. divaricare, -catuin, fr. di, for 
dis, and varicare, to straddle.] To 
part into two branches ; to fork. — v. 
I. To divide into two branches. 

Dl-VAR'l-eATE (45), a. Widely di- 
vergent. 

Dl-VAR'l-eA'TlON, n. 1. A parting; 
a forking. 2. A wide divergence. 

Dive, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. dy- 
fan. Cf. DIP.] 1. To plunge into 
•water head first. 2. To plunge into 
any business or condition. 3. To 
sink ; to penetrate. 

J)IV'ER, n. One who dives. 

DI-v£rge' (14), v.i. [-ed; -ing,] 
[Lat. dis and vergere, to bend, in- 
cline.] 1. To deviate gradually from 
a given course. 2. To vary from a 
type, a normal state, or the truth. 

Dl-v£R'GENCE, )n. A receding from 

Di-vEr'gen-CY, J each other in ra- 
diating lines. 

Di-v£r'GENT, a. Deviating gradual- 
ly from a given point or direction. 

DI'VERS_ (dl'verz), a. [Lat. diversus, 
turned in different directions, differ- 
ent, p. p. of divertere.] Several ; sun- 
_dry. 

Di'verse, a. [See Divers.] Differ- 
ent in kind ; unlike ; dissimilar. — 
adv. In different directions. 

Dl'VERSE-LY, adv. 1. Differently; 
variously. 2. Jn different directions. 

Di-vEr'si-FI-CA'TION, n. Act of di- 
versifying. 

Dl-vER'SI-FORM, a. [Lat. diversus, 
different, and forma, form.] Of va- 
ried forms. 

Di-v£r'si-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. diversus, different, and facere, 
to make.] To make diverse or vari- 
ous in form or qualities. 

Di-v£r'sion (14), n. 1. A turning 
aside. 2. That which diverts. 3. A 
drawing of the attention and force of 
an enemy from the point where the 
principal attack is to be made. 

Syn. — Amusement; pastime; recrea- 
tion. 

Di-v£r'si-ty, n. 1. A state of differ- 
ence ; unlikeness. 2. Variety. 

Di-v£rt', v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. di- 
vertere, fr. dis and vert ere, to turn.] 

1. To turn off from any course, direc- 
tion, or intended application. 2. To 
turn from business or study. 

Syn.— To please; gratify; amuse; en- 
tertain. 

Di-VERT'er, n. One who, or «hat 
which, diverts. 

Bivertihemen T (de'ver'tez/- 
mong'), n. [Fr.] A short enter- 
tainment between the acts of longer 
pieces. 

m- v£ R T 'ive , a . Tending to divert . 

Dl-VEST', v. t. [-ed; -ING f See 
Devest.] 1. To strip, as of clothes. 

2. To deprive. [vesting. 
DTf-VEST'l-TURE (53), n. Act of di- 
DI-VIDE', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

dividere, from dis and root vid, to 
part.] 1. To sever into parts. 2. To 
cause to be separate. 6. To appor- 
tion. 4. To separate into two parts, 



for ascertaining opinions for and 
against a measure. 

Syn. — To sever; sunder; distribute ; 
share; allot. 

Div'l-DEND, n. 1. Share of the inter- 
est or profit of stock which belongs 
to each proprietor. 2. A number to 
be divided. 

Di-vid'er, n. One who, or that which, 
divides ; esp., pi., an instrument for 
dividing lines, describing circles, &c. 

Div'l-NA'TiON, n. Act of divining; 
augury. 

Di-vine', a. [Lat. divinus, fr. divus, 
belonging to a deity.] Belonging to, 
or proceeding from, God. 

Syn.— Supernatural ; godlike; heav- 
enly ; holy ; sacred. 
— n. 1. A priest ; a clergyman. 2. 
A man skilled in divinity. — v. t. 
[•ed; -ING.] To foresee or fore- 
know. 

Syn. — To foretell ; predict ; presage. 
— y. i. To conjecture. 

Di-vine'ly, adv. In a divine manner ; 
bydivine agency. 

Di-vin'er, n. One who divines. 

Div'ing-bell, n. A hollow vessel in 
which one may descend into deep 
water. 

Di-viN'I-TY, n. 1. State of being di- 
vine. 2. The Deity ; God. 3. A false 
god. 4. A celestial being. 5. Sci- 
ence of divine things ; theology. 

Dl-vis/l-Bil/I-TY, n. Quality of being 
divisible. [vided. 

Di-vis'i-ble , a. Capable of being di- 

Di-vis'ion (-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of 
dividing. 2. That which divides. 3. 
Portion separated by dividing. 4. Dif- 
ference in opinion or feeling. 5. Sec- 
tion of an army or fleet, complete in 
itself. 

Syn.— Compartment; section ; sepa- 
ration; variance; discord. 

Dl-vis'ION-AL, a. 1. Expressing or 
making division. 2. Belonging to a 
division. [cord. 

Dl-vi'sI'vE, a. Creating division or dis- 

Dl-vi'gOR, n. Number by which the 
dividend is divided. 

Di-vorce', n. [Lat. divortium, fr. di- 
vortere, divertere, to separate.] 1. A 
legal dissolution of the marriage con- 
tract. 2. Separation of things closely 
united, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
separate by divorce. 2. To disunite. 

DI-vorce'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
divorced. 

Di-vor'cer, n. One who produces 
divorce. [vorce. 

Dl'-VOR'CIVE, a. Having power to di- 

Dl-VULGE',l\r. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
divulgare, from dis and vulgare, to 
make public] To reveal ; to disclose. 

Di-VUL'GER, n. One who divulges. 

Di-vul/sion, n. [Lat. divulsio, from 
divellere.] A rending asunder. 

DI-vtJL'siVE,a. Tending to pull asun- 
der or rend. 

Diz'JEN (dTz'n or dl'zn), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To dress gaudily ; to over- 
dress. 

DIz'zi-ness, n. Giddiness; vertigo. 

Diz'ZY, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] A.-S. 
dysig, gedysig, foolish, insipid.] 1. 



Giddy . hence, confused. 2. Causing 

giddiness. 3. Heedless. 
Do, n. A syllable attached to the first 

tone of the major diatonic scale lor 

solmizatiou. 
Dp (do~u), v. t. or auxiliary. [imp. 

did; p. p. done.] [A.-S. don, 

Goth, taugan.] 1. To perform; to 

execute. 2. To produce ; to effect. 

3. To finish ; to accomplish. 4. To 
cook completely. 5. To translate. — 
v. i. 1. To act or behave. 2. To 
fare. 3. To answer an end. 

Do at, v. i. See Dote. 

D6c'lBlL'l-TY, In. Quality of being 

Doc'I-BLE-ness, J docible ; teach- 
ableness ; docility. 

Doc'I-BLE, a. [Lat. docibilis, from 
docere, to teach.] Easily taught; 
teachable; docile. 

Doc'lLE, a. [Lat. docilis, fr. docere, 
to teach.] Teachable ; ready to learn ; 
tractable. [ness to learn. 

Do-cYl'i-ty, n. Teachableness ; readi- 

D6c'l-MA-CY, n. [Gr. SoKifjiao-ia, ex- 
amination.] Art of applying tests to 
ascertain the nature, quality, &c, 
of objects. [ments. 

Dcc'i-mas'tic, a. Proving by experi- 

Dock, n. [A.-S. docce.] 1. A plant 
having a long root. 2. [Jcel. dockr] 
Stump of a tail, or part left after cut- 

- ting. 3. [Lat. doga, sort of ve*« 
eel, Gr. Sox*}, receptacle.] An artifi- 
cial inclosure for the reception of 
vessels. 4. Space between two piers 
for ships. 6. Place where a criminal 
stands in court. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
1. To cut off; to curtail. 2. To de- 
duct from. 3. To destroy or defeat. 

4. To place in a dock. [a dock. 
D6ck'aGe,«. Charge for the use of 
Dock'et, n. [From dock, to cut off 

a part.] 1. A summary. 2. A label 
tied to goods. 3. A list of causes in 
court ready for hearing or trial. 4. 
Any list of business matters to be 
acted on. — v t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
enter in a docket ; to mark the con- 
tents of on the back. 

Dock'-yXrd, n. A yard near a har- 
bor, for naval stores and timber. 

Do€'TOR,«. [Lat.,fr. docere, to teach.] 
1. A learned man. 2. One who has 
received the highest degree in a fac- 
ulty ; especially, a physician. — v.l. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To attend or treat as 
a physician. 

Doc'TOR-AL, a. Relating to the de- 
gree or practice of a doctor. [tor. 

Doc'TOR-ATE (45), n. Degree of a doc- 

Do€'TOR-ESS, ) n. A female doctor; 

Doc'tress, / a woman who is a 
physician. 

Do€'TOR-SHlP, n. Degree of a doctor. 

D6€'TRI-NAL, a. Pertaining to doc- 
trine. 

Do€'TRlNE,n. [Lat. doctrina, fr. do c 
tor-] Instruction ; body of princi- 
ples, in any branch of knowledge ; 
tenet. 

Syn.— Precept. — A doctrine is some- 
thing to be believed ; a precept, some- 
thing to be obeyed 

Doc'u-MENT, n. [Lat. documentum, 



A, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; &,:£, 1, 6, Xj,^, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£EM; PIQUE, FIRM J S6N, 



DOCUMENTAL 



129 



DOMINO 



fr docerc, to teach.] An original or 
official paper, relied on as the proof 
or support of any thing else. — v. t. 
To furnish with documents. 

DSe'u-MEST'AL, la. Pertaining to 

Dog'U-ment'a-ry, ] documents, or 
written evidence ; consisting in doc- 
uments. 

BSd'der, a. A parasitical vine, which, 
decaying at the root, is nourished by 
the plant that supports it. 

Do-DE€'A-GON, n. [Gr. fiooSexa, twelve, 
and ywi/ta, angle.] A polygon hav- 
ing twelve equal sides, and twelve 
equal angles. 

Do-deg'a-he'DRAL, a. Pertaining 
to a dodecahedron. 

Do-d£€'a-he'dron, n. [Gr. ^W • 
SmSeKo., twelve, and efipa, W O 
seat, base.] A solid having jp--, 
twelve equal faces. 

Dodge, v. i. [-ed ; -ma.] Dodeca . 
Prob. a modif. of dog, v. t.] heclrons. 

1. To start suddenly aside. 

2. To play tricks. — v. t. To escape 
by starting aside. — n. Act of skill- 
fully evading; hence, a dexterous 
trick. 

Do'DO, n. ,• pi. do'doe§. An extinct 
bird of large size, once inhabiting the 
Island of Mauritius. [fallow-deer. 

Doe, n. [A.-S. da.} Female of the 

Doe'skin, n. A compact, twilled 
woolen cloth. 

Do'ER (dob'er), n. One who does ; an 
actor ; an agent. 

Doff, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From do 
and off.} 1. To put off, as dress. 2. 
To rid one's self of. 

Dog, n. [Icel. doggr.} 1. A well- 
known quadruped. 2. A mean, 
worthless fellow. 3. An andiron. 4. 
(Meek.) (a.) A grappling-iron, (b.) 
An iron with fangs for securing a log. 
(c.) A kind of catch or clutch. — v. t. 
[-ged; -ging, 136.] To follow in- 
sidiously or indefatigably ; to hunt. 

Dog'-gart, n. A one-horse vehicle 
for sportsmen. [or offal. 

Dog'-cheap, a. Cheap as dog's meat 

DoG'-DAY, n. One of the days when 
the Dog-star rises and sets with the 
sun, beginning the latter part of Ju- 
ly, and ending the beginning of Sep- 
tember. 

Doge, n. [It., fr. Lat. dux, a leader.] 
Chief magistrate in the republics of 
Tenice and Genoa. 

DoG'-EARJBD,a. Having the corners 
of the leaves turned down by careless 
usage. [lily obstinate. 

Dog'ged (60). a. [From dog.} Sur- 

1>6g'ged-ly, adv. In a dogged man- 
ner; sullenly. [roseness. 

Do&'ged-ness, n. Sullenness ; mo- 

i/6g'ger-ee, a. [Cf. Dog-Latin.] 
Low in style, and irregular in meas- 
ure. — n. Mean, irregular verse. 

Dog'gish, a. Like a dog ; churlish. 

Dog'-Lat'IN, n. Barbarous Latin. 

Dog'ma, n. ; Enf. pi. dog'MAS ; La*. 
pi. DOG'MA-TA. [Lat.,fr. Gr. Soy.ua, 
fr. SoKelv, to think.] 1. That which is 
held as an opinion. 2. An estab- 
lished tenet. 3. A principle of doc- 



trine asserted without sufficient evi- 
dence. 

Syn. —Tenet.— A tenet is an article of 
faith, which is firmly held. Dogma has 
now a somewhat odious sense, from its 

• carrying with it the idea of authority; or 
undue assumption, as in its derivative 
dogmatism. 

Dog-mat'ic, )a. 1. Pertaining to 

Dog-mat'I€-AL, ) a dogma. 2. Mag- 
isterial. 3. Positive ; authoritative. 

DOG-MAT'I«-AL-LY, adv. Arrogantly. 

Doe-MAT'ICS, n. sing. Doctrinal the- 
ology, [ion. 

Dog'ma-tism, n. Arrogance in opin- 

Dog'ma-tist, n. A dogmatizer. 

DOG'MA-TIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
assert with bold and undue confi- 
dence. _ [tizes. 

Dog'ma-tiz'er, n. One who dogma- 
Do G'g'-EAR, n. Corner of a leaf, 
turned down like the ear of a dog. 

Dog'-star, rc. Sirius, a star of the 
first magnitude. [that of a dog. 

Dog'-trot, n. A gentle trot like 

Dog'- watch, n. (Naut.) One of two 
watches of two hours each, the first 
being from 4 to 6, P. M., the second 
from 6 to 8, P. M. 

Dog'wood, n. A genus of large 
shrubs or small trees. 

Doi'ly (148), n. [Cf. Towel.] A 
small napkin, generally colored. 

Doit, n. [D. duti, perh. fr. Fr. dViuit, 
of eight, as it is the eighth part of a 
stiver.] 1. A small Dutch coin, 
worth about half a farthing. 2. Any 
trifle. 

Do-lab'ri-form, a. [Lat. dolabra, 
pick-ax, and forma, form.] Having 
the form of an ax or hatchet. 

Do £<7.E(dol / cha), ) adv. 

Dolcemente (-men'ta), J [It.] 
(Mus.) Softly; sweetly. 

DOLE,n. [A.-S. dal ; dmlan, to divide.] 
1. Act of dealing. 2. That which is 
dealt or distributed. 3. Alms ; char- 
ity. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To deal 
out in small portions. 

Dole'fue, a. Full of dole or grief. 
Syn.— Piteous; sorrowful; woful; mel- 
ancholy; sad; gloomy. 

Dole'ful-ly, adv. Sadly. [mal. 

Dole's6me (-sum), a. Doleful; dis- 

DoLL, n. [A contr. of Dorothy.} A 
puppet or baby for a child. 

Dol'lar, n. [Abbrev. of Joachims- 
thaler, i. e., a pieca of money first 
coined, about 1518, in the valley of 
St. Joachim, in Bohemia.] 1. A sil- 
ver coin of the United States, equal 
to one hundred cents. 2. A coin of 
the same general weight and value, 
m several other countries. 

DO'LOR, n. [Lat., fr. dolere, to feel 
pain.] Pain; grief; distress. 

Dol/or-if'I€, ) a. Lat. dolor, and 

Dol'or-if'ig-al, { facer e, to make.] 
Causing pain or grief; dolorous. 

Doi/OR-otJS, a. 1. Full of grief. 2. 
Occasioning pain or grief. 

Syn. — Doleful; dismal; sorrowful. 

Dol'or-ous-ly, adv. In a dolorous 
manner. 

DoL/PHIN, n. [Lat. delphin, Gr. SeA- 
6Cv.} 1. A cetaceous mammal. 2. 



A fish celebrated for its surprising 
changes of color when dying. 

Doet (20), n. [A.-S. dol, dvol, dval, 
erring, toolish. Cf. DUEL.] A heavy, 
stupid fellow. 

Doltish, a. Dull; stupid. 

Do-MAIN', n. [Lat. dominium, prop- 
erty, ownership, fr. dominus, mas- 
ter, owner.] 1. Territory over which 
dominion is exerted. 2. Landed prop- 
erty ; estate, esp. an estate or patri- 
mony which one has in his own right. 

Dome, n. [Lat. domus, a house.] 1. 
A building. 2. A cupola. 3. Any 
similar erection. 

DOMES'DAY, n. See DOOMSDAY. 

Do-MES'TIG, a. [Lat. domesticus, fr. 
domus, house.] 1. Belonging to the 
house or home. 2. Pertaining to a 
nation considered as a family, or 
home. 3. Remaining much at home. 
4. Living in or near human habita- 
tions. 5. Made in one's own house 
or country. — n. A house-servant. 

DO-MES'TI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. domesticare, -catum, from 
domus, house.] 1 To make domestic. 

2. To act as if at one"s own home. 

3. To tame. [ticating. 
Do-mes / ti-€A'tion, n. Act of domes- 
Do'MES-Tic'i-TY, n. State of being 

domestic ; a hotisehold act. 

DoM'l-ciEE, n. [Lat. domicilium, fr. 
domus, a house.] Place of permanent 
residence. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
establish in a fixed residence ; to dom 
iciliate. 

Dom'1-cil'i-A-RY (or -slPya-ry), a 
Pertaining to domicile. 

DOM'I-CIL'I-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To establish in a permanent resi 
dence ; to domicile. [residence 

DoM'I-CH/I-A'TION, n. Permanent, 

Dom'i-nant, a. [See infra.} Ruling ; 
prevailing; predominant. — n. Fifth 
tone of the scale. 

D6m'i-nate,u. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat 
dominari, -natus, fr. dominus, mas- 
ter, lord.] To rule ; to govern. 

Dom'I-na'tion, 11. 1. Dominion; 
government. 2. Fourth of the sup 
posed orders of angelical beings. 

Dom'i-na-tIve, a. Ruling; impe- 
rious. _ [power. 

Dom'i-NA'tor, n. A ruler or ruling 

DOM'I-NEER', v. i. [-EE ; -ING.] To 
rule with insolence or arbitrary 
sway. 

Do-M'iN'lG-AL, a. [From Lat. domi- 
nus, lord.] Indicating the Lord's day, 
or Sunday. 

Dominical letter, one of the first seven 
letters of the alphabet, used in almanacs 
to denote the Sabbath or Lord's day. 

Do-min'i-can, n. A monk of an order 
founded by Dominic de Guzman. 

Do-min'ion, n. [See Domain.] 1. 
Supreme authority. 2. Predomin- 
ance. 3. Territory over which au- 
thority is exercised. 4. A governing 
power of high rank. 

Syn. — Sovereignty ; control ; rule ; 
authority; government; region. 

DOM'I-NO,_TO. / pi. DOM'I-NOg, or 
DOM'I-noes. [It. & Sp., from Lat. 



OR do, wolf, TOO, XQOK; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G-, soft; €, 5, hard; ARjExist; N as NG; THIS. 



DON 



130 



POUGH 



dominies, master.] 1. A kind of 
hood. 2. A long, loose cloak, -with 
a hood removable at pleasure, used 
as a disguise. 3. A person wearing 
a domino. 4. pi. A game, or one of 
the pieces with which it is played. 

Don, n. [Sp., from Lat. dominus, 
master.] 1. Sir; Mr.; — a title of 
courtesy in Spain. 2. A grand per- 
sonage. — v. t. [-NED; -NING, 142.] 
|To do on.] To put on. 

Do'NATE, v. t. [-ED ; -IN©.] [Lat. 
donare, donatum, from donum, gift.] 
To give. [Recent.] 

Do-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of giving. 2. 
That which is given ; a grant. 

Syjt. — Gift; present. — Oi/l is generic; 
a present is a gift intended as a compli- 
ment or expression of kindness; a. dona- 
tion is a word of more dignity, denoting 
a gift to some public object, and usually 
large in amount. 

Don'a-tive, n. A gift; a gratuity. 

Done (57), p. p. from do. 1. Per- 
formed; executed. 2. [Fr. donnc, 
corrupted in law to done, or done, fr. 
donner, to give.] Given out; made 
public ; — used in the clause ex- 
pressing the date of an official pub- 
lic document. [made. 

Do-NEE', n. One to whom a gift is 

D6NMON (dan/jun), n. [See DUN- 
GEON.] A massive tower in ancient 
castles ; — also called the keep. 

Don'KEY (150), n. 1. An ass, or mule. 
2. A stupid fellow. 

D6n'na,w. [It., from Lat. domina, 
mistress.] A lady ; madam; — title 
given a lady in Italy, [gratuitously. 

Do'nor, n. One who gives or bestows 

DOOM, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To con- 
demn. 2. To mulct or fine. 3. To 
destine; to fate. — n. [A.-S. dom.] 
.Judicial sentence ; penal decree. 

Dooms/day, n. 1. A day of doom or 
condemnation. 2. Day of the final 
judgment. 

Dooms'day-BO'ok, n. A book com- 
piled by order of William the Con- 
queror, containing a survey of all 
the lands in England, their owner- 
ship, &c. 

Door, n. [A.-S. duru, dora, Gr. Svpa, 
Skr. dvar, dvara.] 1. An opening in 
the wall of a house for going in and 
out at. 2. Frame by which such an 
opening is closed. 3. Means of access. 

DOOR'-KEEP/ER, n. One who guards 
a door ; a porter ; a janitor. 

Door'- way , n. The passage of a door. 

D6r'I€, a. 1. Per- 
taining to Doris, 
or the Dorian 
race, in ancient 
Greece. 2. Be- 
longing to an or- 
der of columns, 
between the Tus- 
can and Ionic. 

DoR'I-ctgM, n. A 
phrase of the 
Doric dialect. 

D6r'man-CY, n. Doric Order- 
State of being dormant. 

DoR'MANT,a. [Fr., p. pr. of dormir, 
to sleep.] Sleeping ; hence, quies- 




n. [Lit., the 
window of a 




cent ; not disclosed, asserted, or in- 
sisted on. 

DOR'MER, 

DOR'MER-WIN'DOW 
sleeping apart- 
ment. Lat. dor- 
mire, to sleep.] A 
window placed 
vertically on the 
inclined plane of a 
roof. 

DOR'MI-TlVE, n. Dormer-window. 
[Lat. dor mire, to sleep.] A medicine 
to promote sleep ; an opiate ; a so- 
porific. — a. Causing sleep. 

DoR'mi-to-RY (50), n. [Lat. dormi- 
torium, from dormire, to sleep.] A 
room or building used to sleep in. 

DOR'MOUSE,77. ,- pi. DOR/MICE. [Lat. 
dormire, to sleep, and mouse.] A 
small rodent mammal which lives on 
trees like the squirrel. It is usually 
torpid during the winter. 

Dor'sal, a. [Lat. dorsualis, fr. dor- 
sum, back.] Pertaining to the back. 

DOR-SlF'ER-OUS, ) a. [Lat. dorsum, 

Dor-sIp'a-rous, J back, and ferr e, 
to bear, par ere, to bring forth, bear.] 
Bearing seeds on the back of the leaves. 

Do'RY, n. A canoe or small boat. 

Dose, n. [Gr. Socri?, a giving, dose, 
fr. Si&ovai, to give.] 1. Quantity of 
medicine given at one time. 2. As 
much as one can take. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To form into suitable 
doses. 2. To give potions to con- 
stantly and without need. 

Dos'sil, n. [L. Lat. ducillus, fr. Lat. 
ducere, to lead, draw.] A portion of 
lint in a cylindrical form. 

DOT, n. 1. [Perh. corrupt, fr. jot, or 
allied to A.-S. dyttan, to close up.] A 
small point or spot. 2. [Fr^fr. Lat. 
dos.] A dowry.— v. t. [-TED ; -TINS.] 
To mark with dote. 

Do'TAGE,n. [Tromdote.] 1. Child- 
ishness ; senility. 2. Weak and fool- 
ish affection. 

Do'TAL, a. [Lat. dotalis, fr. dos, do- 
tis, marriage portion.] Pertaining 
to, or constituting, dower, or com- 
prised in it. 

D5'tard,w. [From dote.] A man 
whose intellect is impaired by age. 

Do-TA'TION, n. [Lat. dotare, to en- 
dow, fr. dos, dotis, dower.] 1. Act of 
endowing a woman. 2. Endowment; 
establishment of funds for support 
of any object. 

Dote, V.*'. [-ED; -ing.] [W. dotio, 
dotiaiv.] 1. To have the intellect 
impaired, especially by age. 2. To 
be foolishly fond. 

Dot'er, n. One who dotes. 

Dot'tard, n. [For dotard, fr. dote.] 
A decayed tree. 

Dot'ter-el, \ n. [From dote.] A 

Dot'trel, j wading bird allied 
to the plover. 

Doub'le (duVl), a. [Lat. duplus, fr. 
duplex, twofold, double.] 1. Two- 
fold; multiplied by two. 2. In pairs ; 
coupled. 3. Vacillating ; deceitful. 
4. Having several rows of petals pro- 
duced by cultivation.— adv. Twice ; 



twofold. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
multiply by two ; to duplicate. 2. 
To fold one part on another part of. 
3. To contain or be worth twice as 
much as. 4. To pass around or by. 
5. (Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, 
so as to form one. — v. i. 1. To in- 
crease to twice as much. 2. To return 
upon one's track. — n. 1. Twice as 
much. 2. That which is doubled over 
or together ; a fold. 3. A trick ; an 
artifice. 4. A counterpart. 

DoOb'LE-base, \n. The largest and 

Doue'le-bass, ) lowest-toned in- 
strument in the violin form. 

DoCb'le-deal/ER,/?. A deceitful, 
trickish person. [plicity. 

Doub'le-deal'ing, 7i. Artifice : du- 

Doue'le-en'TRY. n. A mode of 
book-keeping in which two entries 
are made of everv transaction. 

Doub'le-mind'e'd, a. Having dif- 
ferent minds at different times; 
wavering ; unstable. 

DotJB'LE-NESS, n. State of being 
double or doubled. 

Doub'le-QUTck, n. Fastest step, in 
marching, next to the run, requiring 
165 steps, each £3 inches in length, 
to be taken in one minute. 

DOUB'LER, n. One who, or that 
which, doubles. 

Doub'let, n. ' [0. Fr. doublet, dim. 
of double.] 1. Two of the same kind : 
a pair; a couple. 2. Inner garment 
of a man ; a waistcoat. 

Doublets, n. pi. Two dice, which, 
when thrown, have each the same 
number_of spots on the upper face. 

DOUB-LOON', n. [Ir.doublon. Fee 
DOUBLE, a.] A Spanish gold coin, 
worth about 16 dollars. 

DofiB'LY, adv. In twice the quantity. 

DOUBT (dout), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat dubitare, fr. dvo, two.] 1. To 
be in suspense or uncertainty. 2. 
To fear ; to be apprehensive. — v. I. 
1. To question. 2. To fear; to sus- 
pect ; to believe. — n. 1. Uncer- 
tainty of mind. 2. Suspicion ; ap- 
prehension. 3. Difficulty urged for 
solution. 

Stn. — Hesitation. — Doubt belongs to 
the understanding, and hesitation to the 
will. While there are serious doubts in 
the mind, there must be a painful hesita- 
tion as to the course to be pursued. 

Doubt'a-ble (dout'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being doubted. [doubts. 

Doubt'er (dou^-), n. One who 

DOUBT'FUL (dout'-), a. 1. Not set- 
tled in opinion. 2. Admitting of 
doubt ; not clear or certain. 3. Of 
uncertain issue. 

DOUBT'FUL-LY (dout/-), adv. In 3 
doubtful manner. 

Doubt'ful-ness (dout'-), n. Stato 
of being doubtful. [tionably. 

Doubt'less (dout/-), adv. Unques- 

Douceur (do~o/sur'), n. [Fr., from 
doux, sweet.] A present ; a bribe. 

Douche (doosh), n. [Fr., fr. Lat 
ducere, to conduct (water).] A jet 
or current of water or vapor directed 
on some part of the body. 

Dough (do), n. [A.-S. dah, dag, fr. 



X, 1,1, 0,U, Y , long; X.,%,1, 6, %,¥, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT- ERE, V£. T L, TERM ; PIQUE, FlRlU ; S6l5, 



DOUGHNUT 



131 



DRAMATIZE 




Dovetails. 



G^+b.. daigan, to form, mold.] Flour 
or meai moistened and kneaded, but 
not yet baked. 

Dough'nut (do'nut), n. A small, 
roundish cake, fried in lard. 

Douuh'ti-ness (dou'tl-nes), n. Val- 
or ; bravery. 

DOUGH'TY (dou'ty), a. [A.-S. dohtig, 
dyhtig, from dugan, to be able or 
strong.] Valiant ; redoubtable. 

DOUGH'Y (do'y), a. Like dough ; soft; 
yielding to pressure. 

Douse, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Gr. 
Sveiv, fut. Sva-oi, to plunge into.] 1. 
To thrust into water ; to dip. 2. To 
strike or lower in haste. 3. [Corrupt. 
fr. dout (obs.), i. e. do out.] To ex- 
tinguish. 

Dove, n. [A.-S. duva, dufe,Tv. dtifan, 
to dive.] A bird of the pigeon fami- 
ly, especially a tame pigeon. 

DovE'-eoT (duv'kSt), n. A small box 
for doves. 

Dove'tail. n. A joint 
made by letting one 
piece, in the form of a 
dove's tail spread, into 
a corresponding cavity 
in another. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To 

unite by a tenon in 
form of a dove's tail spread. 

Dowa-ger, n. [See Dower.] 1. A 
widow endowed, or having a jointure. 
2. A title in England of a widow of 
rank, distinguishing her from the 
wife of her husband's heir bearing 
the same name. 

DOW'DY, a. [Scot, daivdie, slovenly, 
daw. da, sluggard. Cf. Dead.] 
Awkward; ill-dressed. — n. An awk- 
ward, ill-dressed woman. 

Dow'dy-ish, a. Like a dowdy. 

Dowel, v. t. [-ed, -ing ; or -led, 
-ling, 137.] To fasten together by 
dowels. — n. A pin of wood or metal 
for joining two pieces of wood, &c. 

Dow'ER, n. [Fr. douaire , from Lat. 
dotare, to endow.] 1. Endowment; 
gift. 2. Property with which a mar- 
ried woman or a widow is endowed. 

DOWLAS, n. [Prob. fr. Doullens, in 
France.] A kind of coarse linen cloth. 

DOWN, n. [Tcel. ddn.] 1. Fine, soft, 
hairy outgrowth from the skin of 
animals or plants. 2. [A.-S. dun, fr. 
Ir. dim, hill, fortified hill.] A hillock 
of sand thrown up by the wind near 
the shore. 3. A tract of sandy, level, 
and barren land. [Eng.] 4. pi. A 
road for shipping in the English 
Channel. — prep. [A.-S. dime, from 
dUn, mountain, hill.] 1. In a de- 
scending direction along. 2. Toward 
the mouth of a river. — adv. 1. In 
a descending direction. 2. From a 
higher to a lower condition. 3. In a 
low position or condition. — a. 1. 
Downcast ; dejected. 2. Proceeding 
from the chief terminus 

Downcast, a. Cast downward ; di- 
rected to the ground. 

Down'fall, n. 1 A falling down- 
ward. 2. Sudden descent, as from 
rank or position ; destruction ; ruin. 



Down'FALLEN (-fawln), a. Fallen ; 
ruined." [spirits. 

Do wn'he art-ed, a. Dejected in 

Down'hill, n. Declivity ; descent ; 
slope. — a. Descending ; sloping. 

DowN'RIGHTVrTt),arfr. 1. Straight 
down ; perpendicularly. 2. In plain 
terms; absolutely. — a. Plain; art- 
less ; undisguised ; absolute. 

Down'-sit'TING, n. Act of sitting 
down : repose. 

Down'trod'den, a. Trodden down ; 
trampled under foot. 

Down'ward, ) adv. 1. From a 

Down'ward^, ) higher to a lower 
place or condition. 2. From a re- 
mote time. 

Down'ward, a. Moving or extend- 
ing from a higher to a lower place. 

DOWN'Y, a. 1. Covered with down. 
2. Made of, or resembling, down ; 
hence, soft ; soothing ; quiet. 

Dowry, n. [See Dower.] 1. A gift. 
2. Portion given with a wife ; dower. 

Dox'o-LOG're-AL, a. Pertaining to 
doxology. 

Dox-OL'6-GY, n. [Gr. SofoAoyia, fr. 
<56£<x, opinion, glory, praise.] A short 
hymn of praise and honor to God. 

Dox'Y, n. [Cf. Ger. docke, doll, baby.] 
1. A mistress or paramour. 2. A 
prostitute. 

Doze, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. dwse-s, 
divzesig, dysig, dull, stupid, foolish.] 
To slumber ; to sleep lightly. — v. t. 
To spend in drowsiness. — n. Alight 
sieep ; a drowse. 

D6z'£N (ddz'n). n.; pi. DOZ'JEN (be- 
fore another noun), or DOZ'ess. 
[Fr. dotizaine, fr. do'uze, twelve.] A 
set of twelve. 

Doz'i-ness, n. State of being dozy. 

Doz'Y, a. Drowsy; heavy; sleepy. 

DRAB, n. 1. [A.-S. drabbe, dregs, lees.] 
A strumpet ; a prostitute. 2. [Fr. 
drap, cloth.] A dull brownish-yellow 
or gray color. — a. Of a dun color. 

Drab'ble, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. 
A.-S. drabbe, dregs.] To draggle; 
to wet and befoul. [Drachma. 

Drachm (dram), n. See Dram and 

DRA€H'MA,n. ; Eng.pl. DRACH'MAK, 
Lat.jpl. DRA€H'MJE. [Gr. SpaxM, 
lit. a handful.] JL A Grecian silver 
coin of various value. 2. A Grecian 
weight of about 2 dwt. 7 gr. Troy. 

Draff, n. [A.-S. drof, draffy, dirty.] 
Refuse ; dregs ; wash for swine. 

Draff'y, a. Dreggy ; waste ; worth- 
less. 

Draft, n. [Orig. a corrupt spelling of 
draught.] 1. Act of drawing. 2. A 
selection of men frcm a military 
band, or from the people at large. 3. 
An order directing the payment of 
money. 4. A sketch ; outline. [See 
Draught.] 5. Depth of water ne- 
cessary to float a ship. [See 
Draught.] 6. A current of air. 
[See Draught.] — v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To delineate. 2. To com- 
pose and write. 3. To draw from 
any company or collection. 

Drag, v. t. [-ged; -ging, 13G.] [A.- 
S. dragan. Cf. DRAW.] 1. To draw 



along by main force ; to pull. 2. 
To break or harrow, as land. 3. To 
draw along, slowly or laboriously. — 
v.i. 1. To be drawn along on the 
ground. 2. To move slowly onward. 
— n. Any thing that is dragged, as a 
net or harrow. 
Drag'gle, i). J. [-ed ; -ing.] [Dim. 
of drag, .] To wet and di rty by draw- 
ing on mud, &c. — v.i. To become 
wet or dirty by being drawn on the] 
mud or wet grass. 
Drag'-net. n. A fish-net to be drawn 
along the bottom of a river or pond. 
Drag'o-man (150), n. [Ar. tardju- 
man, turdjuman, fr. tardjama, to in- 
terpret.] An interpreter in the East. 
DRAG'ON, n. [Gr. 8pa/ca>v, prob. from 
SpaKelv, to look, from its terrible 
eyes.] 1. A monstrous winged ser- 
pent or lizard. 2. A fierce, violent 
person. 3._A northern constellation. 
DRAG'ON-NADE', n. [Fr. , fr. dragon, 
dragoon.] A rapid and devastating 
incursion, as of dragoons. 
Drag'on'2-blood (-blud), n. A 
resinous substance brought from 
tropical countries. 
DRA-GO~ON', n. [Lat. draconarius, 
standard-bearer, bearing a banner on 
which was the figure of a dragon.] 
A soldier taught and armed to serve 
on horseback or on foot. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To enslave, or per- 
secute, by soldiers. 2. To harass ; 
to force. [onnade. 

Drag'oon-ade', n. Same as Drag- 
Drain, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S- 
drehnigean, from drmhen, drcn, drop, 
tear.] 1. To empty or exhaust of. 

2. To make gradually dry or empty. 

3. To filter.— , v.i. 1. To flow off 
gradually. 2. To be emptied by 
flowing. — n. 1. Act of draining, or 
of drawing off. 2. A channel ; a 
trench ; a sewer. [drained. 

DRAIN'A-BLE,a. Capable of being 

Drain'aGe, n. 1. A draining. 2. Sys- 
tem of drains and their operation. 

Drake, n. [L. Ger. drake, 0. H. Ger. 
antrache, fr. anil, duck, A.-S. ened, 
Lat. anas and -rih, ruler, chief.] The 
male of the duck kind. 

DRAM, n. [Contr. from drachma.] 1. 
(Apothecaries^ ~\Veight.) A weight of 
the eighth part of an ounce. 2. 
(Avoirdupois Weight.) Sixteenth part 
of an ounce. 3. As much liquor as 
is drank at once. 

DRA'MA, or DRA'MA, n. [Gr. fipo/xa, 
fr. Spav, to act.] 1. A composition, 
designed to be acted on the stage. 2. 
A real series of events invested with 
a dramatic interest. 

DRA-MAT'IC, I a. Pertaining or 

Dra-mat'ic-al, j appropriate to a 
drama. [tation. 

DRA-MAT'I€-AS-LY, adv. Byrepresen- 

Dram'a-tis Per-so'iv^. [Lat.] 
The characters represented in a play. 

Dram'a-tist, n. Author of a dra- 
matic composition. 

Dram'a-tize, r. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
compose in the form of a drama ; to 
represent in a drama. 



OR,DO,wpLF,TOO,TOOK; urn, RUE, PULL ; je, J, o, silent ; q,&,soft; €,&,hard; Ag; EXIST; N«NG; THIS. 



DRAPE 



132 



DRIVE 



DRAPE, v. t. [Fr. draper, from drap, 
clotii.] To adorn with drapery. 

Dra'per, n. A dealer in cloths. 

Dra'per-y, n. 1. Cloth, or woolen 
stuffs in general. 2. Garments with 
which any thing is draped ; hangings 
of any kind. 

Dras'TIC, a. [Gr. Spacm/cos , fr. Spav, 
to act.] Acting with strength or 
violence. 

Draught (drift), n. [A.-S. droht, fr. 
dragan, to draw.] 1. Act of draw- 
ing. 2. That which is drawn ; as, 
(a.) A potion, (b.) (Mil.) Forces 
drawn ; a detachment, (c.) A sketch, 
outline, or representation. (d. ) 
( Com.) An order for the payment of 
money, (e.) A current of air. 3. 
That which draws. 4. Capacity of 
being drawn. 5. (Naut.) Depth a 
ship sinks in water. 6. pi. A game 
played on a checkered board. 

Draughtsman (drafts'-, 150), n. One 
who draws writings or designs. 

Draw, v. t. [imp. drew; p. p. 
DRAWN.] [A.-S. dragan. See Drag.] 

1. To pull along; to haul ; to drag. 

2. To attract ; hence, to entice. 3. 
To bring forth ; to extract ; to force 
out; to derive ; to win ; to gain. 4. 
To remove the contents of: 5. To in- 
hale; to inspire. 6. To lengthen 
out ; to stretch. 7. To produce, as 
a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To 
form a sketch, figure, or picture of; 
to depict. 9. To write in due form. 
— v. i. 1. To pull. 2. To practice 
the art of delineation ; to sketch. 3. 
To make a written demand for pay- 
ment of money. — n. Part of a bridge 
which is raised up or drawn aside. 

Draicn game, or battle, one in which 
neither party wins. 

Drawback,??.. 1. A discouragement 
or hindrance. 2. Money paid back. 

DraW-brIdge, n. A bridge of which 
a part is made to be raised up, let 
down , or drawn aside. 

Draw-ee', n. 0::e to whom an order 
or bill of exchange is addressed. 

Drawer, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, draws. 2 That which is 
drawn; as, (a.) A sliding box in a 
case, (b.) pi. A close under-garment 
for the lower limbs. 

Drawing, n. 1. Act of pulling. 2. 
A representation on a plain surface 
of the appearance of objects. 

Drawing-room (28), n. [Abbrev. 
fr. withdrawing room.] 1. A room 
to which company withdraws from 
the dining-room. 2. Company as- 
sembled in such a room. 

Drawl, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. D. 
draelen, to linger.] To utter in a 
slow, lengthened tone. — n. A length- 
ened utterance of the voice. 

DRAY, n. [A.-S. drzege, fr. dragan, to 
draw.] 1. A low cart on wheels 
used for heavy burdens. 2. A drag. 

Dray'man (150), n. A man who at- 
tends a dray. 

DREAD, n. 1. Overwhelming appre- 
hension of danger. 2. Reverential 
fear. 3. An object of fear. — a. 1. 



Exciting great fear ; terrible ; fright- 
ful. 2. Venerable in the highest de- 
gree. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To fear 
in a great degree. — v. i. To be in 
gx-eat fear. 

Dread'ful, a. 1. Inspiring dread ; 
fearful. 2. Inspiring awe. 

Syn. — Terrible ; shocking.— Terri- 
ble is stronger mid more vivid than 
dreadful; shocking strikes with all its 
force on the moral feelings. A dreadful 
accident; a terrible catastrophe; a shock- 
ing exhibition of wickedness. 

Dread'ful-ly, adv. In a dreadful 
manner ; awfully. [dreadful. 

Dread'ful-ness, n. Quality of being 

DREAD'NAUGHT (-nawt), n. 1. A 
garment of very thick cloth, that 
can defend against storm and cold. 
2._ The cloth itself. 

DREAM, n. [Iccl. draurnr. Cf. A.-S. 
dream, joy, gladness.] 1. Series of 
thoughts of a person in sleep. 2. An 
idle fancy; a re very. — v.i. [-ED 
or -T ; -ING.] 1. To have images in 
the mind, in sleep. 2. To indulge in 
idle revery ; to imagine. — v.t. To 
imagine in a dream, or in an anal- 
ogous state. 

DREAM'ER, n. One who dreams. 

Dream'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Full 
of dreams; visionar}\ 

Drear, a. [See Dreary.] Dismal ; 
gloomy. [ly. 

Drear'i-ly, adv. Clpomily ; dismal- 

Dr.EAR'i-NESS, n. Gloomy solitude. 

Drear'y (80), a. [-er; -est, 142.] 
[A.-S. dreorig, bloody, sorrowful, fr. 
dreor, blood.] Comfortless ; dismal. 

Dredge, n. [A.-S. drcrge.] Any in- 
strument to gather or take by drag- 
ging. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
catch, gather, or deepen with a 
dredge. 2. To sprinkle flour on, as 
on roast meat. 

Dredg'er, n. 1. One who fishes 
with a dredge. 2. A utensil for 
dredging meat. 3. A dredging-ma- 
chine. 

Dredg'ing-MA-chine', n. An en- 
gine to take up mud from the bottom 
of rivers, docks, &c. 

Dregs, n. pi. [Icel. dregg, Ger. dreck, 
dirt, mud, trash.] Feculence ; lees; 
grounds ; sediment ; hence, the vilest 
part of any thing.- [or lees. 

Dre G'gi-NE ss , n . Fullness of dregs 

DREG'GY, a. Containing dregs or 
lees ; feculent. 

Drench (66), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. drencean, drencan, to give to 
drink, to drench.] 1. To cause to 
drink ; to dose by force ; to purge vi- 
olently. 2. To wet thoroughly ; to 
soak; to saturate, —n. A drink; 
a potion of medicine, especially one 
that causes purging. 

Dress, v. t. [dressed or drest.] 
[Fr. dresser, to make straight, to 
raise, prepare.] 1. To make straight ; 
hence, to arrange in a straight line ; 
to align. 2. To adjust ; to put in 
good order; to arrange. — v. i. 1. To 
arrange one's self in due position in 
a line. 2. To put on one's garments. 
— n. 1. Clothes; garments. 2. A 



lady's gown. 3. Attention to ap. 
parel. 

Dress'er, n. 1. One who dresses. 2. 
A set of shelves for dishes, &c. s 

Dressing, n. 1. Dress. 2. Appli- 
cation to a sore. 3. Manure spread 
over land. 4^ ( Cookery.) Stuffing. 

Dress'ing-room, n. An apartment 
for dressing in. 

Dress'y, a. Showy in dress. 

DRIB'BLE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [For 
dripple, dim. of drip.] 1. To fall in 
drops. 2. To slaver ; to drivel. 

DRlB'BLET, ) n. [From dribble.] A 

Drib'eet, ) small piece or sum. 

Drift, n. [From drive.] 1. That 
which is driven ; as, (a.) A mass of 
matter which has been forced on- 
ward together into its present posi- 
tion, (b.) A drove or flock. 2. Act 
or motion of drifting. 3. Direction 
along which any thing is driven. 4. 
Tendency ; object aimed at or in- 
tended. 5. ( Mining. ) A passage for 
a road under ground. — v.i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To be driven along by a cur- 
rent of water. — v.t. To drive into 
heaps. [floated by water 

DrTft'wo"od, n. Wood drifted or 

Drill, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
thyrlian, fr. thurh, through.] 1. To 
pierce with a drill. 2. To sow, as 
seeds, in rows. 3. To train in the 
military, or any other art. — n. 1. 
A pointed instrument for boring 
holes. 2. A light furrow to put seed 
into. 3. Act of training soldiers ; 
hence, diligent and strict instruction 
and exercise. 

Drilling, n. 1. Act of piercing with 
a drill. 2. [L. Lat. trilex, from Lat. 
tres, three, and licium,n thread of 
the warp.] A course linen or cotton 
cloth. 

Drill'-plow, ) n. A plow for sow^ 

Drill'-plough, ) ing grain in drills. 

Drink, v. i. [imp. drank (formerly 
DRUNK) ; p. p. DRUNK or DRANK ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. DRINKING.] [A.-S. 
drincan.] 1. To swallow any thing 
liquid. 2. To take spirituous liquors 
to excess. — v.t. 1. To swallow. 2. 
To absorb. 3. To hear or see. — n. 
Liquor of any kind to be swallowed. 

Drink'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
drunk ; fit for drink. 

Drink/er, n. One who drinks, es- 
pecially to excess. 

Drip, v.i. [-PED ; -PING, 136.] [A.-S. 
dripan. Cf. DROP.] To fall in drops. 
— v.t. To let fall in drops. — n. 1. 
A falling in drops ; that which drips. 
2. Edge of a roof. 

Dri'p'ping, n. That which falls in 
drops, as fat from meat in roasting. 

Drip'ping-pan, n. A pan for the 
fat frornmeat in roasting. 

Drip'-stone, n. A tablet over win- 
dows, &c, to throw off rain. 

Drive, v. t. [imp. drove ; p.p. driv- 
en.] [A.-S. drifan.] 1. To push 
forward. 2. To chase ; to hunt. _ 3. 
To urge on as the beasts which 
draw a vehicle, or the vehicle itself. 
4. To urge, impel, hurry forward. 



ji, E, I, O, u, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, 0, y, short ; CARE, FAR, ask, ALL, WHAT \ ERE, VgIL , t£em ; PIQUE, FIRM J S6N, 



DRIVEL 



133 



DRYER 



5. To carry on. — v. i. 1. To rush 
and press -with violence. 2. To be 
forced along. 3. To proceed by urg- 
ing on a vehicle or the animals that 
draw it. 4. To aim or tend to a 
point. — n. 1. An excursion in a 
carriage. 2. A road for driving. 
DRIV'JEL, V. i. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 13".] [From the root of drip.] 

1. To let spittle flow from the mouth 

2. Todote. — n. 1. Slaver: saliva. 2. 
Inarticulate or unmeaning utter- 
ance. 

DrIv'el-er \ (driv'1-er), n. A slab- 

Driv'-EL-ler J berer ; an idiot ; a fool. 

DRIVER, ». 1. One who drives. 2. 

One who drives beasts or a carriage. 

3. (Mack ) That which communi- 
cates motion to something else. 

DrIZ'ZLE, V. i. [-EDI -ING.] [Cf. 
A.-S. dreosav, to fall.] To rain 
gently. — n. Fine rain or mist. 

Driz'zly, a. Shedding small rain. 

Droll, a. [-ER ; -est.] [Fr. drZle, 
Ger. drollig.] Fitted to provoke 
laughter; queer: amusing; funny. 
Syx. — Laughable: comical. — Laugh- 
able is generic, denoting any thing cal- 
culated to excite laughter ; "comical de- 
notes something humorous of the kind 
exhibited ia comerfies ; ch-nll stands low- 
er on the scale, beina: derived from Ihc 
French drle, a buffoon or antic, who 
awakened laughter by queer tricks, &c. 
n. 1. A jester ; buffoon ; antic. 2. 
A_ farce. 

Droll'er-y. n. Quality of being 
droll ; sportive tricks ; comicality-. 

Droll'ish, a. Somewhat droll. 

Dro:.i'e-da-ry 
(drum'-), n. 
[Lat. dromas 
(sc. camehts 
from Gr. Spo 
fid?, running. 
A species of 
camel having 
one bunch or Dromedary, 

protuberance on the back. 

DRONE, n. [A.-S. dran, draen.] 1. 
Male of the honey-bee. 2. A lazy, 
idle fellow. 3. A low humming 
sound. — v. i. [-ED: -ing.] 1. To 
live in idleness. 2. To give a low, 
heavy sound. [bagpipe. 

Drone'-PIPE, n. Largest tube of a 

Dron'ISH, a. Lik3 a drone ; lazy. 

DROOL, v. i. [Contr. fr. drivel.] To 
drivel, or drop saliva. 

Droop, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Allied 
to drop.] 1. To hang down, as an 
animal, plant, &c, from weakness. 
2. To grow weak or faint. 
J3YH. — To bend ; flag ; languish. 

DROP, n. [A.-S. dropa, drypa. See 
infra.] 1. A globule falling or about 
to fall. 2. That which resembles a 
liquid drop. 3. Whatever is ar- 
ranged to drop, hang, or fall from an 
elevated position. 4. pi. Any medi- 
cine the dose of which is measured 
by drops. 

Drop serene Q3Ted.\an affection of the 
retina, causing; hlindness. 
— v. t. [-PED: -PING, 136.] 1. 
To pour or let fall in drops. 2. To 
let fall. 3. To dismiss ; to set aside. 




4. To bestow indireo-tly. 5. To lower, 
a3 a curtain. — v. i. 1. To distill; 
to fall in drops. 2. To let drops fall. 
3. To descend suddenly. 4. To die 
suddenly. 5. To cease. 6. To come 
unexpectedly. 7. To fall or be de- 
pressed. 

DR6p'LET,n. A little drop. 

Drop'-let'ter, n. A letter dropped 
into a post-office box, for delivery 
in the same town. 

DroP'-sclne, ii. A painted curtain 
which drops in front of the stage, 
in a theater. 

DROP'sre-AL, a. Diseased with dropsy. 

Drop's Y, n. [Abbrev. from hydropsy, 
fr. Gr. v8po}\j/, dropsy.] An unnatu- 
ral collection of serous fluid in any 
part of the body. 
I Dros'ky, ii. [Russ. drozhki, dim. of 
j drogi, a kind of carriage.] A pecu- 
liar kind of low four-wheeled car- 
I riage, used in Russia and Prussia. 
| DROSS, n. [A.-S. dros, fr. drcosan, to 
I fall.] 1. Scum of metals, thrown off 
in melting. 2. Rust. 3. Waste; 
refuse. [cf being drossy. 

Dross'i-ness, n. Quality or state 

Dross'y, a. Composed of dross ; im- 
pure ; worthless. 

Drought (drout), n. [A.-S. drugadhf 
fr. dryge, Eng. dry.] Dryness of the 
weather ; want of rair . 

Drought'I-ness (drout / -), n. Dry- 
ness of the weather. 

DROUGHT'Y (drout 7 -) a. Wanting 
rain ; dry; arid. 

Drouth, n. Same as Drought. 

Drove, imp. of drive. — n. [A.-S. 
draf, fr. dr'tfan, Eng. drive.] 1. A 
collection of cattle, driven or for driv- 
ing. 2. Any crowd. 

Drov'er, ii. On»who drives cattle. 

Drown, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
druncnian, to immerse, drown.] 1. 
To overwhelm in water : to deluge ; 
2. To sink under water till dead. 3. 
To overpower. — v. i. To be suffo- 
cated in water. 

Drowse, v. i. [-ed; -ins.] [A.-S. 
dreosan, drusian, to fall, droop.] 
To plumber ; to dose. — n. Imper- 
fect sleep ; a doze. [ner. 

DROW'gi-LY, adv. In a drowsy man- 

Drow's_i-ness, n . State of being 
drowsy. 

Drow'sy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Inclined to drowse. 2. Disposed to 
sleep. 3. Dull ; stupid. 

Drub, r. t. [-bed; -bing, 136.] [Icel. 
drabba, to beat.] To beat with a 
stick. 

Syx. — To thrash; cudgel; beat; pum- 
mel; thump. 
— n . A blow with a cudgel. 

Drub'ber, n. One who drubs. 

Drudge, v. ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. 
a dialectic form of drag.] To work 
hard. — n. One who drudges. 

Drudg'er, n. One who drudges ; a 
drudge . [hard labor. 

Drudg'er-y, n. Act of drudging; 

DrCg, n. [Fr. drogue, fr. A.-S. dryge, 
drige,~Exig. dry, orig. dry substance.] 
1. Any substance used in the compo- 



sition of medicine, in dyeing, or in 
chemical operations. 2. Any com- 
modity not salable. — v. i. [-GED ; 
-GING, 136.] To prescribe or admin- 
ister drugs. — v.t. 1. To affect with 
drugs. 2. To tincture with some- 
thing offensive or injurious. 3. To 
dose to excess. 

DRUG'GET, n. [Fr. droguet, dim. of 
drogue, drug, trash.] A coarse, wool- 
en cloth, generally used over carpets. 

DRUG'GIST, n. A dealer in drugs. 

DRU'ID, ii. [W. derwydd. fr. dar, pi. 
d'eriv, oak, and gicydd, knowledge.] 
A priest or minister of religion. 

Dru'id-ess, n. A female druid. 

Dru-i'd'ic, I a. Pertaining to 

Dru-id'I€-al, ) Druids, or their re- 
ligion, [the druids. 

Dru'id-ism, n. System of religion of 

DRUM, ii. [Icel. trumba, trumpet ; 0. 
Sax. drom, noise.] 1. An instru- 
ment of music. 2. Any thing resem- 
bling a drum in form. — v. i. [-MED ; 
oiing.] 1. To play a tune on a 
drum. 2. To beat with the fingers. 
3. To throb. 4. To go about to 
gather recruits, &c. — v. t. To exe- 
cute on a drum , as a tune ; with out, 
to expel with beat of drum. 

Drum'-ma/jor, n. Chief drummer 
of a regiment. 

Drum'mer, 11. One who beats a drum. 

Drum'mond-ligiit (-lit), ii. [From 
Capt. Drummond.] An intense light, 
produced by turning two streams of 
ignited gas, one oxygen and the 
other ljydrogen, upon a ball of lime. 

Dru3I'stick, ii. 1. A stick with 
which a drum is beaten. 2. Any 
thing resembling a drumstick. 

Drunk, a. Overcome by drinking ; 
intoxicated ; inebriated. 

Drunk'ard, n. One who habitually 
drinks to excess ; a sot ; a toper. 

Drunk'jen (drunk'n), a. 1. Intoxi- 
cated: inebriated. 2. Pertaining to 
intoxication. 

Drunk' .en-ness (109), n. 1. State of 
being drunken ; intoxication ; ine- 
briety. 2. Disorder of the faculties, 
resembling intoxication by liquors. 

Syx.— Intoxication; inebriation; ine- 
briety. — Drunkenness refers more to the 
habit of excessive drinking; intoxication 
and inebriation to specific acts. The 
first two words are extensively used in a 
figurative sense. 

Drupe, n. [Lat. drupa, an over-ripe 
olive, Gr. Spv-mra, fr. SpvrreTris, rip- 
ened on the tree.] A pulpy pericarp 
or fruit, containing a nut or stone 
with a kernel. 

Dry, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
dryg, dryge.] 1. Free from moisture 
of any kind : arid ; thirsty. > 2. Un- 
embellished ; plain. 3. Shrewd; 
sharp ; sarcastic. 

Dry goods, cf ths. laces, ribbons, &c^ 
in distinction from groceries. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING, 142.] To free 
from moisture of any kind. — r. L 
To grow dry ; to lose moisture. 

Dry'ad, n. [Gr. Spvas, fr. SpOs, oak, 
tree.] A nymph of the woods. 

Dry'er, n. One who dries. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO"OKj URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; v,&,hard; ASJE2 IST ) NOUSNG; THIS 



DRYING 



134 



DUODENUM 



Dry'ING, ft. Having the quality of 
rapidly becoming dry. 

Dry'ly. adv. In a dry manner. 

Dry'ness, n State of being dry. 

Dry'-nursf , n. A nurse who attends 
and feeds a child by hand. 

Dry'-rot,?!. A rapid decay of tim- 
ber, by -which it is converted into a 
dry powder. 

Dry'-salt'er, n. 1. A dealer in 
salted or dry meats, pickles, &c. 2. 
A dealer in drugs, dye-stuffs, and 
chemicals. 

DU'AD, n. [Gr. 6W9, fr. 8vo, two.] 
Union of two ; duality. 

Du'AL, a. [Lat. dualis, fr. duo, two.] 
Expressing, or consisting of, t'.vo. 

DiJ'AL-r§M, n. Any thiug divided into 
two ; a twofold division. 

Du'AL-lST'IC, a. Consisting of two. 

Du-AIi'I-TY, n. 1. Division; separa- 
tion. 2. State of being two. 

DUB, v. t. [-bed; -bing.] [A.-S. 
dubban, to strike.] 1. To strike with 
a sword and make a knight. 2. To 
entitle. 

Du'BI-ous, a. [Lat. dubius, fr. dubare, 
to doubt.] 1. Doubtful in opinion. 
2. Occasioning doubt. 3. Of uncer- 
tain issue. 

Syn. — Doubting ; unsettled ; doubt- 
ful ; ambiguous; equivocal ; uncertain. 

Du'BI-ous-LY, adv. Doubtfully ; un- 
certainly, [certainty. 

Du'bi-ous-ness, n. Doubtfulness ; ua- 

Du'CAL (30), a. [Lat. ducalis, from 
dux, leader ] Pertaining to a duke. 

Du-e'AT, n. [L Lat. ducatus^fv. dux, 
leader.] A coin of several countries 
in Europe, struck in the dominions 
of a duke 

Duc'A-toon', n. A silver coin of 
several countries of Europe. 

DUCH'ESS, n. 1. Consort or widow of 
a duke. 2. Female sovereign of a 
duchy. 

DUCH'Y, n. Territory of a duke. 

DUCK, n 1. [Ger. tuck, cloth.] A 
coarse cloth for small sails, sacking 
of beds, &c. 2. [From the verb to 
duck.] A well-known water-fowl. 3. 
An inclination of the head. 4. A 
pet ; a darling. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[0. II. Ger. ttilihan, to stoop, dive.] 

1. To plunge and withdraw ; to im- 
merse. 2. To bow, stoop, or nod. — 
v. i. 1. To plunge the head in water. 

2. To drop the head or person sud- 
denly, [cringing person. 

Duck'er, n. L One who ducks. 2. A 

Duck'ing-stool, n. A stool in 
which common scolds were formerly 
tied, and plunged into water. 

Duck'ling, n. A young duck. 

Duct, n. [Lat. ductus, a conduit.] 
Any tube or canal for conveying a 
fluid. 

Duc'TJLE, a. [Lat. ductilis, fr. ducere, 
to lead.] 1. Easily led or drawn out ; 
flexible ; pliable. 2. Capable of be- 
ing drawn out or extended. 

DU€'T'iLE-ness, ) n. Quality of being 

DU€-tit,'i-ty, j ductile,- flexibili- 
ty : pliableness. 

DOd'geon (dud'jun), n. x. [Cf. Ger. 



degen, sword.] A small dagger or 
its hilt. 2. [W. dygen, anger, grudge.] 
Anger; resentment; ill-will. 

Duds, n. pi. Old clothes. 

DUE, a. [Fr. dfi, p. p. of devoir, to 
owe, Lat. debere.] 1. Owed; proper 
to be paid or done to another. 2. 
Required by the circumstances ; be- 
coming; fit. 3. Appointed; exact. 

4. Liable to come at any moment. 5. 
Owing; occasioned. — adv. Direct- 
ly; exactly. — n. 1. That which is 
owed ; a fee ; an emolument. 2. Just 
jtitle or claim. • 

Du'EL, n. [Lat. duellum, orig., aeon- 
test between two.] A fight between 
two persons to decide some private 
difference. — v. i. To fight a duel. — 
v. t. To attack or fight singly. 

DU'EL-lST, I H. One wlio fights in 

Du'ee-list, | single combat. 

Du-EN'NA, n. [Sp. dvenva, duena, 
from Lat. domina. See Don.] An 
old woman kept to guard a 3 ounger 
one ; a governess. 

Du-£t', n. [From Lat. duo, two.] A 
composition for two performers. 

Dug, n. [Dan. dugge, to suckle (a 
child.)] A teat, cr nipple, especially 
of a cow or other beast. — v., imp. & 
*p. p. of Dig. 

DUKE (30), n. [Lat. dux, ducis, lead- 
er, commander, fr. ducere, to lead.] 
1. One of the highest order of nobil- 
ity next below the Prince of Wales. 
[Eng.] 2. A sovereign prince, in 
some European countries. 

Duke'dom, n. 1. Possessions of a 
duke. 2. Title of a duke 

DOl'CET, a. [0. Fr dulcet, dim. of 
dols, now doux, Lat. dulcis, sweet.] 
1. Sweet to the taste or the ear. 2. 
Pleasing to any.ofc the senses or to 
the mind. [ening 

Dul'CI-FI-CA'TION, n. Act of sweet- 

Dui/91-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. dulcis, sweet, and facere, to 
make.] To make sweet ; to sweeten. 

Dul'ci-mer, n. [Lat. dulcis, sweet, 
and Cr. /u.e'Aos, melody.] A stringed 
instrument, played on with little 
sticks. 

Duel, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. dol, 
dvol, dval, erring, foolish.] 1. Slow 
of understanding. 2. Slow in action, 
motion, perception, sensibility, &c. 
3. Elunt. 4. Not bright or clear. 

5. Furnishing little delight or vari- 
ety. 

Syx. — Stupid; doltish; obtuse. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To make dull. 

— v.i. To become dull. [dolt. 
DiJLL/ARD, n. A stupid person; a 
Dull'ness, I n. State 01 being dull ; 
Dul'ness, j stupidity.. 
Du'LY, adv. In a fitting manner. 
Du-MB(dum), a. [A.-S] 

of the power of speech 
ing to speak ; silent. 

DOMB'-BELLg (dum'-), 
n. "Weights for swing- 
ing in the hands. 

DGmb'e Y ( duni'iy ) ,adv. 
In silence ; mutely. 

DOmb'ness (dQm'nes), 




n. Quality or state of being dumb; 
muteness_ 

Dumb'-show (dum'slm), n. Gesturo 
without words ; pantomime. 

DUMB'-wait'er (dQm-), n. A mov- 
able frame by which dishes, &c.,are 
passed from one story to another. 

Dum'found, \ v. t. To strike 

DUM'FOUND-ER, J dumb ; to con- 
fuse. [Colloq] 

Dum'my, 11. 1. One who is dumb. 2. 
a dumb-waiter. 3. A figure on which 
clothing is exhibited. 4. A locomo- 
tive with condensing engines, and, 
hence, without the noise of escaping 
steam. 

DCmp.ji. [Cf. DAMP.] Sadness; mel- 
ancholy ; despondency ; — usually in 
the pi. — v. t. To unload from a 
cart by tilting it up. 

Driup'isH, a. Dull; stupid; moDing. 

DuMP'isn-LY, adv. In a dumpish 
manner. [dumpish. 

DrMP'isii-NESS, v. State of being 

DuMP'LING, n. [Cf. Eng dumpy; 
also D. dompelen, to dip.] A kind of 
pudding or mass of paste, in cookery. 

DDMP'y, b. [Cf. Icel. domp, a stout 
servant-maid.] Short and thick. 

Dun, a. [A.-S. dunn.] 1. Of a dark 
color ; swarthy. 2. Gloomy ; ob- 
scure. — v. t. 1. To cure, as cod- 
fish, so as to give them a dun color. 
2. [-NED ;-NlNG.j [A.-S. dynian.] To 
beset for payment. — n. 1 - One who 
duns. 2. Urgent demand of payment. 

D.UNCE, n. [Orig. a nicknr.n e from 
Duns Scotus, called the subtle doctor, 
who died in 1308.] A person of weak 
intellect ; a dullard ; a dolt. 

Dun'der-hEad, I n. [Prov. Eng. 

Dun'der-pate, ) dunder, same as 
thunder, used to increase the bad 
sense of a word.] A dunce. 

DUN'-FISH, yi. Cod-fish prepared so 
as to give it a dun or brown color. 

Dung, n. [A.-S.] Excrement of an 
animal. — v. i. To void excrement. 

Dun'geon (-jun), n. 1. Donjon. 2. 
A dark, subterranean prison. 

Dung'hill, n. 1. A heap of dung. 
2. Any mean situation or condition. 

Dung'Y, a. Full of dung : filthy. 

Dun'nage, 11. [Cf. dun, n ound, and 
dune.] (Naut.) (a.) Loc c e materials 
laid on the bottom of a ship to raise 
heavy goods above the bottom to 
prevent injury by water. 

Du'o, 11. [Lat., two.] (Mus.) A duet. 

DU'O-DEC'I-MAE, a. [Lat. duodecim, 
twelve. ] Proceeding in computation 
by twelves. 

Du'o-DEC'l-MAEg, n. pi. A kind of 
multiplication in which the denomi- 
nations proceed by twelves. 

Du'O-DEC^l-MO, a. [Latin duodecimo, 
fr. duodecim, twelve.] Formed of 
sheets folded so as _to make twelve 
leaves. — n. ; pi. DU'o-DEC'l-MOg. 
1. A book in which a sheet is folded 
into 12 leaves. 2. Size of a book thus 
composed ;— usually indicated 12mo 
or 12°. 

Dv'o-DE'NVM,n. [From Lat. duo* 
deni, twelve each ; because its length 



A., £, I, o, u, y, long; A, £, I, 6, tj, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6n, 



DUPE 



135 



EAGER 



is about 12 fingers ; breadth.] First 
of the small intestines. 

Dupe, n. [Prov. Fr. dupe, duppe, 
hoopoa, a foolish bird, easily caught.] 
One who is duped; a gull. — v. t. 
L-ED ; -ING.] To deceive ; to trick. 

Du'PLE (da'pl), a. [Lat. duplus.] 
Double. 

£jD'PL,I-eATE, a. [Lat. duplicare, -ca- 
tus, to double.] Double ; two-fold. — 
n. That which exactly resembles oi- 
ls of the saine kind as something else. 

Du'PLI-SATE. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

double :_ to make a copy of. 

Du'PLI-eA'TiON, n. Act of duplicat- 
ing, [of a membrane. 

Du'pli-ca-ture (53), n. A fold, as 

Du-PL'ic'I-TY, n. [Lat. duplicitas, fr. 
duplex, double.] Doubleness of 
heart, speech, or dealing. 

Syx. —Double-dealing; deceit; guile. 

DC T/ RA-BII/I-TY, n. State or quality 
of being durable. 

Du'RA-ble (89), a. [Lat. dumb His, 

fr. durare, to last.] Able to endure 

or continue in a particular condition. 

Syx. — Lasting ; permanent; stable. 

DO'RA-BLE-NESS, it. Durability. 

Du'RA-BLY, adv. In a durable man- 
ner. 

D u'ra-jiA' ter, n. [Lat.. lit. , hard 
mother; — called mater, because it 
was thought to give rise to every 
membrane.] Outer membrane of the 
brain. 

DUR'ANCE, n. [Lat. durare, durans, 
to endure.] 1. Continuance ; dura- 
tion^. 2. Imprisonment. 

Du-ra'tion, n. 1. Durability. 2. 
Continuance in time. 

Du'ress, or Du-ress', n. [Lat. du- 
ritia, duri ties, fr. durus, hard.] Hard- 
ship ; constraint ; imprisonment. 

Dur'ing. [Originally the p. yr. of dure 
(obs.), to last, no.v used as a prep.] 
In the time of ; as long as the action 
or existence of. 

Durst, imp. of Dare. 

Dusk, a. [Cf. A.-S. thystre, theostre, 
tarnish.] Tending to darkness; dark- 
ish. — n. 1. Imperfect obscurity; 
twilight. 2. A color partially black. 

DusK'l-LY, adv. In a dusky manner ; 
darkly ; dimly. 

DCsk'i-ness. n. State of being dusky. 

Dusk'ish , a . Moderately dusky. 

Duse'y, a. 1. Partially dark or ob- 
scure. 2. Tending to blackness. 3. 
Gloomy ; melancholy. 

Dust, n. [A.-S.] 1. Very fine, dry par- 



ticles of earth, or other matter. 2. 
The grave. 3. A low condition. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To free from 
dust. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 

Dust'er, n. 1. One who dusts ; a 
utensil for dusting. 2. A light over- 
garment, to protect the clothing 
from dust. 

Dust'i-ness, n. State of being dusty. 

Dust'-man (150), n. One whose em- 
ployment is to carry away dirt and 
filth. 

Dust'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. Cov- 
ered with dust. 2. Like dust. 

Dutch, a. [N. D. duitsch, German, 
orig. popular, national.] Pertaining 
to Holland, its inhabitants, or their 
language. 

Du'TE-OUS, a. Performing what duty, 
law, justice, or propriety requires. 

Du'ti-a-ble, a. Subject to the pay- 
ment of a duty. 

Du'ti-ful, a. 1. Performing duties 
required. 2. Controlled by a sense 
of duty. 

Syx. — Duteous ; obedient ; reverent; 
submissive; respectful. 

Du'ti-ful-ly, adv. In a dutiful 
manner. [dutiful. 

Du'ti-ful-ness, n. State of being 

DU'TY, n. 1. That which is due from 
one person to another. 2. Service 
rendered ; — saidesp. of military ser- 
vice. 3. Respect ; reverence; regard. 
4. Tax ; toll ; impost, or customs. 

D u- tfjp vi R , n . ; pi. DU- urn' vi-ri. 
[Lat., fr. duo, two, and vir, man.] 
One of two Roman magistrates 
united in the same public functions. 

Du-um'vi-rate (45), n. Union of two 
men in the same office. 

Dwarf, h. [A.-S. dveorg, Icel. dvergr.] 
An animal or plant much below the 
ordinary size of the species. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To hinder from grow- 
ing to the natural size ; to stunt. 

Dwarf'ish, a. Like a dwarf; Tery 
small. [stature. 

Dwarf'ISH-ness, ii. Smallness of 

Dwell, i\ i. [imp. & p.p. dwelled, 
usually DWELT.] : LIcel. dvelia, to 
linger, delay.] To abide as a perma- 
nent resident, or to inhabit for a time. 
Syx. - To reside ; sojourn ; continue ; 
stay; rest; remain. 

Dwell'ER, n. An inhabitant: a res- 
ident, [domicile. 

Dwell'ING, n. Habitation: abode; 

Dwell'ing-house, ii. A house in- 
tended for residence. 



Dwin'dle ? V. i. [-ED; -ING.l [O 
Eng. dwine, A.-S. dvinan, to pine, 
vanish.] To diminish ; to waste 
away. — v. t. To make less. 

Dye, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. dea- 
gan, deagian, fr. dedg, color.] To 
stain ; to give a new and permanent 
color to. [dye cloth, &c. 

Dy'er, n. One whose occupation is to 

DY'lNG,a. 1. Destined to death ; mor- 
tal. 2. Supporting a dying person. 
3. Pertaining to death. 

DYKE,n. See Dike. 

Dy-naM'e-TER, a. [Gr. SvVa/ous, pow- 
er, and fxerpov, measure.] An instru- 
ment to determine the magnifying 
power of telescopes. 

Dy-nam'I€, I a. [Gr. cWa/Ai/co?, 

DV-NAM'K-AL, j fr. Swap's, power.] 
Pertaining to dynamics. 

Dy-nam'igs, n. sing. 1. Science of 
moving forces. 2. The moving moral 
forces, or the laws which relate to 
them. 3. Department of musical 
science relating to the force of mu- 
sical sounds. 

DYN'A-MOM'E-TER, ii. An instru- 
ment for measuring force, especially 
that of animals or machines. 

Dy-nast'I€, a. Relating to a dynasty 
or line of kings. 

Dy'NAS-TY, ii. [Gr. ovvaareCa., fr. Bv- 
vaareveiv, to hold power.] A race of 
kings, of the same line or family. 

DiS'€RA-SY, n. [Gr. 8vo-K.po.ala., from 
inseparable pref. Sva-, ill, and Kpacris, 
mixture.] An ill habit or state of 
the constitution. 

DYS'EN-TER'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

Dys'en-ter 'ig- al , j to , or affiic ted 
with, dysentery. 

DYS'EN-TER'Y, n. [Gr. SvaevTepLa, fr. 
fiver-, ill, and evrepa, intestines.] In- 
flammation of the rectum or colon, 
with frequent discharges of mucus 
and blood. 

Dys-PEP'si-a, ) n. [Gr. 8vane\}/Ca, fr. 

DYS-PEP'SY, j Sva-, ill, and neir- 
reiv. to digest.] Chronic difficulty 
of digestion. 

Dys-p£p'TI€, ) a. Afflicted with, 

Dys-pep'tic-al, j or pertaining to, 
dyspepsia . [with dyspepsia. 

Dys-pep'tig, 11. A person afflicted 

DYSP-NCE'A (-no/a), n. [Gr. Svanvoia, 
fr. 8va-. ill, and nvor), 771/0177, breath- 
ing.] A difficulty of breathing. 

Dys'U-RY, 11. [Gr. SvaovpCa, fr. Svcr-, 
ill, and ovpov, urine.] Difficulty in 
discharging the urine. 



R 



£(e). The second vowel and the 
fifth letter of the alphabet. See 
Prin. of Pro n. §§ 10-14, 46, and 47. 
EACH, a. [A.-S. ale, elc, equiv. to 
a-lic, fr. a. aa, ever, and tic] Denot- 
ing every one of tlie two or more in- 



dividuals composing a whole, consid- 
ered separately from the rest. 
Ea'ger, a. [Lat. arer, sharp.] Ex- 
cited by desire iu the pursuit of any 
object. 

Syx. — Earnest.— Eager marks an ex- 



cited state of desire or passion ; earnest 
denotes a permanent state of moral sen- 
timent or feeling. A child is eager for a 
plaything; a hungry man is eager fur 
food; a covetous man is eager for gain. 
A preacher is earnest in his appeals to 
the conscience; an agent is earnest iu 
his solicitations. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO,Iobli; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent; c,G,soft; €.5, hard; Ag; EXIST; NosNG; Tils. 




EAGERLY 

EA'GER-LY, adv. With great ardor 

_ of desire ; earnestly. 

Ea'ger-ness, n. Quality or state of 

_ being eager. 

EA'GLE (3/gl), n. 
[Lat. aquila.) 1. 
A rapacious bird 
of the falcon 
family. 2. A 
gold coin of the Eagle. 

_ United States, worth ten dollars. 

KA'gle-EY£D, a. Sharp-sighted, as 
an eagle. [eagle. 

Ea'glet, n. A young, or diminutive, 

Ear, n. [A.-S. eare, Lat. auris.] 1. 
Organ or sense of hearing. 2. At- 
tention ; heed. 3. Any thing re- 
sembling an ear in shape or position. 
4. Spikes of grain. — v.i. To form 
ears, as corn. 

Earl (14), n. [A.-S. eorl, man, noble.] 
A nobleman of England ranking be- 

_ low a marquis. 

EAR'LAP, n. The tip of the ear. 

Earl/dom, n. Jurisdiction or dignity 

_ of an earl. 

Ear'less, a. Without ears; deaf. 

£arl'-mar'shal,»i. An officer of 
state in England who orders all great 
ceremonials, and is the head of the 
herald's office. [ear. 

Ear'lock, n. A curl of hair near the 

Ear'LY (14), a. [A.-S. arlice, from dr, 
before.] In advance of the usual or 
appointed time. — adv. Soon ; in 

_ good season. 

Ear'-mark, 11. 1. A mark on the ear. 
J* 2. Any distinguishing mark. 
lEARN,^. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. earni- 
an.] 1. To merit by labor. 2. To 
acquire by labor or service. 

i"/VR'NEST, a. [A.-S. eornost.] 1. Ar- 
dent in the pursuit of an object. 2. 
Intent ; fixed. 

Syn. — Eager ; warm ; zealous ; ani- 
mated; fervent. See Eager. 
— n. 1. Seriousness; reality. 2. A 
pledge or token of what is to come. 

Syn. — Pledge. —An earnest, like first- 
fruits, gives assurance that more is coin- 
ing of the same kind : a pledge, like 
money deposited, affords security and 
ground of reliance. Washington gave 
earnest of his talent as a commander by 
saving his troops after Braddock's de- 
feat; his fortitude and thatof his soldiers 
during the winter at Valley Forge were 
& pledge of their ultimate triumph. 

Ear'NEST-ly, adv. In an earnest 
manner. [earnest ; zeal. 

Ear'nest-NESS, n. State of being 

EARN'ING, n. That which is earned ; 
wages ; stipend. 

Ear'-r'Ing, n. An ornament sus- 
pended from the ear. 
,f Earth (14), n. [A.-S. eordke, earth, 
eard, region, country.] 1. The globe ; 
world. 2. The dry land. 3. Soil of 
all kinds ; ground. 4. A region ; a 
country. 5. A tasteless and inodor- 
ous, earthy-looking, metallic oxide. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To hide, or cause to 
hide, in the earth. — v. i To burrow. 

Earth' board, n. Board of aplow, 

_ that turns over the earth. 

Eartii'.EN (erth/n), a. Made of earth 
or baked clay. 



136 

Earth'I-ness, n. Quality of being 
earthy. 

Earth'li-ness, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing earthly ; grossness. 2. Worldli- 



Earth'ling, n. An inhabitant of 
the ear tn ; a mortal. 

Earth'ly, a. 1. Pertaining to earth ; 
not spiritual. 2. Of all things on 
earth ; possible. 

Earth'-Nut, n. 1. Rootof a certain 
umbelliferous plant. 2. Seed-vessel 
and seed of a leguminous plant. 

Earth'QUAKE, n. A shaking of the 
earth, due to subterranean causes. 

Earth'-WORIC (ertlPwfirk), n. 1. 
Removal of large masses of earth, in 
the construction of public works. 2. 
A fortification made by throwing up 
embankments of earth. 

£ARTH'-woRM(-wQrm),rc. The com- 
mon worm found in the soil. 

EARTH'Y, a. 1. Consisting of, or re- 
lating to, earth. 2. Gross ; unrefined. 

Ear'-Wax, n. A viscous substance, 
secreted by the glands of the ear. 

Ear'wig, n. [A.-S. ear-ivigga, from 
ear, ear, and wirga, beetle.] An in- 
sect which has been erroneously sup- 
posed to creep into the human brain 
through the ear. 

Ease, ii. [Fr. aise, A.-S. eadh, ready, 
easy.] Freedom from pain, disturb- 
ance, trouble, toil, constraint, stiff- 
ness, &c. 

Syn. — Rest; repose; tranquillity; fa- 
cility; readiness. 

— v.t. [-ED; -tng.] 1. To free 
from any thing that pains, disquiets, 

_ or oppresses. '2. To shift a little. 

Ea'pel, n. [Ger. escl, ass, 
donkey.] A wooden 
frame on which pictures 
are placed while being 
painted. 

Ease'ment, n. That 
which gives ease ; con- 

_ venience. 

Ea'si-ly , adv. With ease ; 
readily ; gently. 

Eas'i-ness, ii. 1. Freedom from dis- 
tress ; ease. 2. Act of moving as if 

_ with ease. 

EAST, Jt. [A.-S.] 1. Point in the heav- 
ens where th« sun is seen to rise at 
the equinox. 2. Southern parts of 
Asia, which lie east of southern Eu- 
rope. — a. Toward the rising sun. 

East'er, _ ) n. [A.-S. Eastre, a 

East'er-day, ) goddess of light or 
spring, in honor of whom a festival 
was celebrated in April.] A festival 
commemorating Christ's resurrection. 

East'er-ly, a. 1. Coming from the 
eastward. 2. Situated or directed 

_ toward the east. 

East'ern, a. 1. Situated in the east; 
oriental. 2. Going toward the east. 

East'WARD, adv. Toward the east. 

Ea'ry, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Free 
from pain, care, disgust, or con- 
straint. 2. Affording rest. 3. Not 
difficult. 4. Furnishing comfort. 5. 
Not making resistance. 6. Not 
straitened as to money matters. 




Easel. 



ECHELON 

Syn. — Quiet; tranquil; secure; calm. 

Eat, v. t. [imp. eat, or ate ; p. p. 
eat, or EATEN.] [A.-S. etan.] 1. 
To swallow as food. 2. To rust ; to 
waste or wear away. 

Syn. — To consume; devour; corrode. 
— v. i. 1. To take food. 2. To taste 
or relish. 

Eat'a-ble, a. Fit to be eaten ; edi- 
ble. — n. Any thing to be eaten. 

Eat'er, n. One who eats. 

Eaves, n. pi. [A.-S. efese.] Lower 
edges of the roof of a building. 

Eaves/drop, v. i. To watch for op- 
portunities of hearing the private 
conversation of others. [drops. 

Eaves/drop- per, n. One who eaves- 

Euu, n. [A.-S. ebba, ebbe.] 1. Return 
of tide-water toward the sea. 2. De- 
cline; decay. — v.i. [-ed ; -ING.] 

1. To how back. 2. To decline ; to 
w decayj decrease. 

EBB'-TIDE , n. Reflux of tide-water. 

EB'ON, a. Consisting of, or like, ebony. 

Ell'ON-lZE, t'. t [-ED; -ING.] To 

w make black like ebony. 

EB'O-NY, 11. [Or. c'j3ew>s, e/3eV>j, from 
Heb. dben, cben, stone.] A hard, 
heavy wood, of a black color. 

E-BRl'E-TY, 11. [Lat. ebrietas, fr. ebri- 
vs, intoxicated.] Drunkenness. 

E'BRI-os'l-TY, n. Partial intoxication. 

E-BUL'LIENCE (-btiPyens), ) n. A 

E-bul'LIEN-CY (-bul-yen-s^), } boil- 
ing over. 

E-bul'lient (e-buPyent), a. [Lat. 
ebullire, ebullirnx, to boil up, fr. bulla, 

^ bubble.] Boiling over, as a liquor. 

Eb 7 ul-lT'tion (-lisb/un), «. 1. Op- 
eration of boiling. \ 2. Effervescence. 
3. Exhilaration. • 

E-Bf/R'NE-AN, a. [Lat. ebitrneus, from 
ebur, ivory.] Made of ivory. 

EC-CEN'TRIG, ) a. [Gr. eiac€VTpo<;, 

Eg-oen'tric-al, J from e*, out of, 
and Kevrpov, center.] 1. Deviating 
from the center. 2. Pertaining to 
eccentricity or to an eccentric. 3. 
Not having the same center. 4. De- 
viating from the usual course. 

EG-CEN'TRIG, n. 1. A wheel or di^k, 
having its axis of revolution out of 
its center of figure, for obtaining al- 
ternate motion. 2. An odd person. 

Eg-CEN'tric-al-ly, adv. In an ec- 
centric manner. 

Eg'cen-trio'i-ty, ii. 1. State of be- 
. ing eccentric ; oddity, whimsicalness. 

2. Deviation from the center. 
EG-CLE-'gl-Aff'Tl-e, I a. [Gr. e«- 
EG-GLE'SJ-AS'TiG-AL, ) K\y]<ria, the 

church.] Pertaining to the church. 

Eg-cle'si-as'tic, n. A clergyman; 
a priest. 

Eg-cle/si-as'tic-al-ly, adv. In an 
ecclesiastical manner. 

EG-GLE/gi-AS'Ti-ci'sjv^n. Strong t- 
tachment to ecclesiastical obtr- r- 
ances. [ing to ecclesioh j, 

EG-GLE'gl-O-LOG'IC-AL, a. Bclong- 

EC-cle'sj-ol'o-uy, n. [Gr. ha Vrj- 
o-ta, church, and Ao-yo?, discourse.] 
Science of church building and deco- 
ration. 

EcH'E-LONfesVe-lon), n. [Fr.,from 



5, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A, £,2,6, V, ¥, short; CARE, FAR. ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TEPvMJ PIQUE, FIRM; S6N. 



ECHINATE 



137 



EFFACE 



echelle, ladder, scale.] Position of a 
military body with one division more 
advanced than another. 

EdH'I-NATE, ) a. [Lat. echinatus, fr. 

Ech'LNA'ted, j ecliinus.] Prickly, 
like a hedge-hog. 

E^H'i-nite, n. A fossil echinus. 

E-€Hl>NUS,n.; pi. E-€HPNi. [Lat., 
fr. Gr. d^iVo?.] 1. A hedgehog. 2. A 
sea-hedgehog. 3. A form of molding. 

EGH'o (ek/o), n.;pl. ech'oes. [Lat., 
from Gr. r)xu>-] A sound reflected or 
reverberated to the ear. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To reverberate or send 
back. 2. To repeat with assent. — 
v. i. To be echoed ; to cause an echo. 

E-€LAIR'eiSSE-MENT (or e-klar'siz- 
mong'), n. [Fr.] The clearing up 
of any thing not easily understood. 

ECLAT(e-k\a.'), n. [Fr.,fr. eclater, to 
burst, explode, shine brilliantly.] 1. 
Brilliancy of success or effort. 2. Ap- 
plause. 

E€-LE€'TI€, a. [Gr. e*cA.eKTtKos, from 
e/cAeyeu/, to pick out.] Selecting ; 
choosing at will. — n. One who fol- 
lows an eclectic method iu science, 
religion, &c. 

Eg-leg'ti-cjsm:, n. An eclectic sys- 
tem, as of piiilosophy. 

E-GLIPSE', n. [Gr. V^. ^ 

e/cAeii/us, prop, a HHlfc>> \!J- 
forsaking, fall- 
ing.] 1. An in- 
terception or ob- 
scuration of the Eciipses. S,sun; E, 
light of the sun earth ' M > moon - 
or moon, by the intervention of some 
other body. 2. Temporary obscura- 
tion. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
darken or hide ; — said of a heavenly 
body. 2. To throw into the shade. 

E-€LIP'TI€, n. The apparent path of 
the sun, or the real path of the 
earth. — a. [Gr. e(cAei7rTi«:ds, belong- 
ing to an eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to, 
or described by, the ecliptic. 2. Per- 
taining to an eclipse. 

Ee'LOGUE (.ik/log), n. [Gr. e/cAoyTj, 
a picking out, collection, especially 
of passages in authors.] A pastoral 
poem ; a bucolic ; an idyl. 

E'GO-NOM'IG, ( a. 1. Domestic. 2. 

. f 7€0-NOM're-AL,, j Saving of waste 
and unnecessary expense. 3. Man- 

_ aged with frugality. [omy. 

E'CO-NOM'IG-AL-LY, adv. With econ- 

E'€0-NOM'I€S, n. sing. 1. Science of 
domestic and interual management. 
2. Political economy. 

E-€ON'o-MiST, n. 1. One who econo- 
mizes. 2. One who is conversant 
with political economy. 

E-GON'O-MIZE, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
expend with frugality. — v. i. To 
make a prudent use of money. 

E-€ON'o-MY, a. [Gr. olnovoyila, from 
oZkos, house, and vojao?, law, rule.] 

1. Management of domestic affairs. 

2. Internal, pecuniary management 
of any undertaking, corporation, &c. 

3. System of rules and regulations. 

4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping. 
Syn. — Frugality; parsimony.— Econ- 
omy avoids all waste and extravagance, 



and applies money to the best advantage ; 
frugality cuts off all indulgences, and 
proceeds on a system of rigid and habit- 
ual saving ; parsimony is frugality car- 
ried to an extreme, involving meanness 
of spirit and a sordid mode of living. 
Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a 
vice. Frugality may lean to the one or 
the other according to the motives from 
which it springs. 

£-e'STA-SY, n [Gr. eKo-Taats, from 
e£icrravai, to put out of place.] 1. 
A state in which the mind is carried 
away beyond the reach of ordinary 
impressions. 2 Excessive joy ; rap- 
ture ; transport. 3. Insanity. 

Eg-stat'ig, 1 a. 1. Rendering one 

Eg-stat'ig-al, } beside one's self. 
2. Rapturous. 

Ec'U-MEN'IG, ) a. [Gr. ot/cov/Aevt- 

E^yu-MEN're-AL, ) /cog, from o'lkov- 
fiivri (sc. yrj) 2 the inhabited world.] 
General ; universal. 

E-da'cious, a. [Lat. edax, fr. edere, 
to eat.] Greedy ; voracious. 

E-dac'I-ty, n. Greediness; voracity. 

Ed' DA, n. [Icel., lit. great-grand- 
mother (i.e. ,of Scandinavian poetry).] 
One of two mythological books of the 
old Scandinavian tribes of German 
origin. 

Ed'dy, n. [A.-S. ed, backward, and ea, 
running water.] 1. A backward cur- 
rent. 2. A whirlpool. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To move as an eddy. 

E-DEM'A-TOUS, ) a. [Gr. oi%/.a ? a 

E-dEm'a-tose, j swelling.] Per- 
taining to, or affected with, a serous 
humor. 

E'cen, n. [Ileb. Men, delight.] The 
garden where Adam and Eve first 
dwelt. 

E-DEN'TA.TE, ) a. [Lat. edentare, 

E-den'ta-ted, ) edentatus, to ren- 
der toothless.] Destitute of teeth. 

£DGE(6j),n. [A.-S. ecg.] 1. Thin 
cutting side of an instrument ; hence, 
that which cuts as an edge does. 2. 
Any sharp terminating border. 3. 
Acrimony; severity. 4. Early part; 
beginning. 

Syn. — Rim ; verge ; skirt ; margin ; 
brink; keenness. 

— tit. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To furnish 
with an edge ; to sharpen. 2. To 
urge or egg on. 3. To move by lit- 
tle and little. — v. i. To move side- 
ways and gradually. 

Edge'-bone (20), 11. A bone of the 
rump, which, in dressed beef, pre- 

w sents itse_lf edgewise to view. 

Edge'-tool, n. An instrument hav- 
ing a sharp edge. 

Edge'wise, adv. In the direction 
of the edge. [edge or border. 

EDG'ING, n. That which forms an 

ED'I-BLE, a. [From Lat. edrre, to 
eat.] Fit to be eaten ; eatable. 

E'DIGT, n. [Lat. edictum, fr. edicere, 
to declare, proclaim.] A special proc- 
lamation of command or prohibi- 
tion. 

Syn.— Regulation ; decree; ordinance; 
manifesto. 

Ed'i-fi-ga'tion, n. Act of edifying; 
a building up, especially in a relig- 
ious sense. 



Ed'I-FICE, n. [Lat. sedificiuni , from 
azdificare, to build.] A large build- 

w ing ; a structure ; a fabric. 

Ed'I-FJ/er, n. One who edifies. 

Ed'i-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat 
aedificare, from xdes, a building, and 
facer e , to make . ] To instruct and im I 
prove, especially in moral and relig- 

_ ious knowledge. 

E'DILE, ii. [Lat. sedttis, from sedes,s, 
building.] A Roman magistrate, who 
had the care of buildings, highways, 
public places, &c. 

E'DLLE-SHlP, n. The office of edile. 

Ed'IT, 1). t. [-ED; -ING.] [hat. edere, 
editum, to give out, publish.] To 
prepare for publication. 

E-dPtion (-dish'un), n. 1. Publica- 
tion of any literary work. 2. Whole 

w number of copies published at once. 

Ed'IT-OR, ii. One who prepares, su- 
perintends, and corrects a book or 
newspaper, &c, for publication. 

EDaT-o'Ri-AL (89), a. Pertaining to 
an editor. — n. An article by the 

w editor of a newspaper. 

Ed/it-o'ri-al-ly, adv. In the man- 

- ner or character of an editor. 

Ed'it-or-shi'p, it. Business or office 
of an editor. 

Ed'tj-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
educare, educatum, from educere, to 
lead forth, bring up.] To bring up ; 
to cultivate and discipline the vari- 
ous powers of the mind. 

Syn. — To instruct ; teach ; inform ; 
breed ;_ train. 

Ed'u-ca'tion, n. Act or process of 
educating ; tuition ; nurture. 

Syn. — Instruction ; teaching ; breed- 
ing. — Education includes the whole 
course of training, moral, intellectual, 
and physical. Instruction and teaching 
apply to the communication of knowl- 
edge, the latter term being the more fa- 
miliar of the two. Breeding relates to 
the manners and outward conduct. 

ED'u-€A'TlON-AL,,a. Pertaining to 

w education. [motes education. 

ED'TJ-GA'TION-IST, ii. One who pro- 

Ed'u-ga'tor, n. One who educates. 

E-duce', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat- 
educere, from e, out, and ditcere, to 
lead.] To draw forth, as if from con- 
cealment. 

Syn. — To elicit; extract. 

E-DUG'TlON L n. Act of drawing out. 

E-dul'go-rate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. e, out, and dulcorare, -ratum, 
to sweeten.] 1. To render sweet ; to 
sweeten. 2. (Chem.) To purify. 

E-DiJL/GO-RA'TiON,n. Act of edul- 
corating. 

EEL,n. [A.-S. ill.] A species of soft- 
finned, snake-like fishes. 

Eei/pot, n. A kind of basket usee! 
for catching eels. 

E'en. A contraction for Even. 

E'ER (ar). A contraction for Ever. 

Ef'FA-ble, a. [Lat. e/fabi/is. from 
effari, to utter.] Capable of being 
uttered or explained. 

Ef-face', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. 
effacer, prop, to destroy the face or 
form, fr. Fr. face, face, form.] 1. To 
erase or scratch out ; to rub off. 2. 
To remove from the mind. 



OR, Dp, WOLF, TOOj IOt>KJ C"RN, RTJE, PT/LL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; AS; EXIST ; n as NG ; THIS 



DEFACEMENT 



138 



EJECT 



Syn.— To expunge; erase; obliterate; 
cancel; destroy. 

Ef-FACE'MENT, n. Act of effacing. 

Ef-FEGT', n. [Lat. effectus, from effi- 
cere, to produce.] 1. That which is 
produced by an agent or cause. 2. 
Impression produced. 3. Efficiency. 
4. General intent. 5. pi. Goods ; 
movables ; personal estate. 
' Syn.— Consequence; result. 
— v.t. [-EB; -ING.] [Lat efficere, 
tffectum, from ex, out, andfacere, to 
make.] 1. To produce, as a cause, 
or agent. 2. To bring to pass. 

Ef-fegt'i-ble, a. Capable of being 
effected. [tion. 

Ef-feg'tion, n. Creation or produc- 

Ef-fegt'ive, a. Suited or tending 
to produce effects. 

Syn. — Efficient ; efficacious ; effectu- 
al ; operative ; forcible. 

Ef-FEGT'ive-LY, adv. With effect. 

EF-FEGT'iVE-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing effective. [maker. 

Ef-fegt'or, n. One who effects ; a 

Ef-fegt'u-al, a. Producing, or hav- 
ing power to produce, an intended 
effect; adequate. 

Ef-FECT'u-AL-LY, adv. With effect. 

EF-FEGT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To bring to pass. 

Ef-fem'i-na-^y, n. Unmanly deli- 
cacy ; womanly weakness. 

Ef-fem'i-nate (45), a. [Lat. effem- 
inare, -natus, to make womanish.] 
Soft or delicate to an unmanly degree. 

Ef-fem'i-nate, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make womanish. 

Ef-fem'i-nate-ly, adv. Weakly ; 
softly ; delicately. [softness. 

Ef-fem'j-nate-ness, n. Unmanly 

Ef-fen'di,h. [Turk.] Master: sir; 

w — title of a Turkish state official. 

Ef'fer-vesoe' (-veV), v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. effervesnre, fr. ex, out 
of, and fervescere, to begin boiling.] 
To bubble and hiss. 

Ef'fer-ves'oenoe, \n. A kind of 

Ef'fer-ves'cen-cy, J natural eb- 

^ ullition. 

Ef'FER-ves'OENT, a. Gently boiling 

v or bubbling by disengagement of gas. 

Ef'fer-ves'ci-ble, a. Capable of 
producing effervescence. 

Ef-fete', a. [Lat. efficetus, from ex, 
out, and faztus, pregnant, produc- 
tive.] Worn out ; barren. 

Ef'fi-ga'cious, a. [Lat. efficax, fr. 
efficere, to produce.] Producing the 
effect intended ; effectual ; powerful. 

EVFl-eA'cioiis-LY, adv. Effectually. 

Ef'fi-ga'cious-ness, ) n. Power to 

Ef'fi-ga-cy, j produce ef- 

fects ; production of the effect in- 
tended. 
Syn. — Virtue; force; energy. 

EfVi'cienoe (-fish'enss), In. 1. 

Ef-fi'cien-oy ( flslVen-), j Quali- 
ty of being efficient. 2. Power of 
producing the effect intended. 

Ef-f'i'cient (ef-nsh'ent), a. [See 
Effect, v. t.] Causing effects.— 
n. Agent or cause which produces. 

Ef-fi'cient-LY, adv. With effect. 

Ef'FI-gy, n. [Lat. effigies, fr. effin- 
gere, to form, fashion.] Image; a 



likeness in sculpture, painting, bass- 
relief, or drawing. 

Ef'flo-eesce' (-reV), v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. effiorescere, from ex, 
out, and Jiorescere, to begin to blos- 
som.] 1. To change to a whitish, 
mealy powder. 2. To become cov- 

w ered with a whitish crust. 

Ef'flo-res'cence, ) n. 1. Time of 

Ef'flo-res'^ien-CY, J flowering. 
2. Eruption, as in rash, &c. 3. 
Formation of the whitish loose pow- 
der on the surface of efflorescing- 
bodies. 4. Powder or crust itself 

w thus formed. 

Ef'flo-res'OENT, a. 1. Liable to 
effloresce. 2. Covered with an efllo 
rescence. 

Ef'flu-ence, n. 1. A flowing out. 
2. That which issues. 

Ef'flu-ENT, a. [Lat. effluere, effiu- 
ens, to llos/ out.] Flowing out. 

Ef-flu'vi-um, n. ; pi. ef-flu'vi-a. 
[Lat., fr. effluere, to flow out.] Nox- 
iou.T exhalation. 

Ef'FLUX, n. [Lat. effluere, effluxum.] 
Emanation ; efiiuencc. 

Ef-flux'ion. n. Effusion ; effluvi- 
um ; emanation. 

Ef'fort (ef'furt), n. [Lat. fortis, 
strong.] Exertion of strength, wheth- 
er physical or mental. 
Syk. — See Enueavoi:. 

Ef-FRONT'ER-Y, n. [Lat. effrons, 
shameless.] Excessive assurance; 
saucincss. 

Ef-ful'gence, n. Extreme brillian- 
cy ; great luster. 

EF-FUL'GENT,a. [Lat. effulgere, ef- 
fulgens, to flash forth.] Diffusing a 
flood of light ; shining ; bright. 

Ef-fuse', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
effundere, effusum.] To pour out, as 
a fluid; to spill. 

EF-FU'glON, n. 1. Act of pouring 
out. 2. That which is poured out. 

Ef FU's'iVE a. Pouring. forth largely. 

Eft, n. [A.-S. efete.] The common 
smooth newt. 

Egg, n. [A.-S. dg.] A spheroidal 
body containing the germ of a bird 
or other animal. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[See Edge.] To urge on; to insti- 

w S ate - „ 

Egg-nog', n. A drink of eggs beaten 
up with sugar, milk, and wine. 

Eg'ean-TINE (-tin or -tin), n. [Fr. 

. eglantine, fr. 0. Fr. aiglent, brier, fr. 
aiguille, needle.] A species of rose ; 
the sweet-brier. 

E'GO-iSM, n. [Lat. ego, I.] 1. Sub- 
jective idealism. 2. Excessive love 
of self; egotism. 

E'GO-'iST, n. A believer in subject- 
ive idealism ; one given to egotism. 

E'GO-TISM, n. Practice of too often 
using the word i"; hence, self-praise. 

Syn. — Self-conceit ; vanity. — Self- 
conceit is an overweening opinion of 
one's self: er/otism is the expression of 
self-conceit in words or fictions : vanity 
is inflation of mind arising from the 
idea of being thought highly of by oth- 
ers. A man may be rain or self-conceit- 
ed, nnd yet have sense enough to avoid 
egotism. 




E'go-tIst, n. One who repeats Lhe 
word /very frequently. 

E'go-tist'ig, I a. Addicted to, or 

E'go-tist'ig-al, J showing, ego- 
tism. 
Syn.— Conceited; vain; self-important. 

E-GRE'GloOs,a. [Lat. egregius, lit., 
chosen from the herd, i. e., distin- 
guished.] Distinguished from com- 
mon men or actions ; — generally in 
a bad sense. 

Syn. — Extraordinary ; remarkable ; 
monstrous; precious. 

E-gre'gioDs-ly, adv. Greatly ; re- 
markably. 

E'GRESS, n. [Lat. egressus, fr. egredi, 
to go or come out.] Act of leaving 
or power to leave. 

E-gres'sion (-grcsh'un^ n. Act of 
going out ; egress. 

E'gret, n. [See Aigret.] 1. The 
lesser white heron. 2. Feathery or 
hairy crown of seeds. [monds, &c. 

E-grette', n. A tuft of feathers, dia 

E-gyp'tian, a. Pertaiuing to Egypt 

— n. 1. A native of Egypt. 2. A 

gypsy- 

Eh (a), inter j. An expression of inqui. 

_ry or slight surprise. 
El'DER (I'der), In. A 
Ei'der-duck, I spe- 
cies of sea-duck, 

which produces an* 

uncommonly fine 

down. 
EI'DER-DOWN, n. Eider-duck. 

Down of the eider-duck. 
Eight (at), a. [A.-S. eahta, ahta.] 

Twice four in number. — n. Sum 

of four and four! 
ElGHT'EEN (at'een), a Twice nine. 

— n. Sum of ten and eight. 
ElGHT'EENTH (ut'eenth). a. Next in 

order after the .'seventeenth. — n. ( 1. 
One of eighteen equal parts. 2. 
Eighth after the tenth. 

Eighth (atth), a. Next in order after 
the seventh. — n. One of eight equal 
parts. [eighth place. 

ElGHTH'LY (atth/ly), adv. In the 

EIGHT'I-ETH (at'i-eth), a. Next in 
order after the seventy -ninth. — n. 
One of eighty equal parts. 

EIGHT'Y (at^v), a. Eight times ten. 

_ — n. Sum of eight times ten. 

Ei'ther (3'tb.er or T'tlier ; but analo- 
gy, as well as the best and most gen- 
eral usage, is decidedly in favor of 
e'tker), a. or pron. [A.-S. agd/ier, fr. 
a, %v, ever, and hradlier, whether.] 
1. Cne or the other. 2. Each of 
two. - conj. Used as correlative to 
or. 

E-JA€'U-LATE, V. t. T-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ejaculari, -latvm, fr. e, out, and 
jaculari , to throw the javelin.] To 
throw out, as an exclamation. 

E-J.X^U-LA'TION, «. Uttering of a 
short, sudden exclamation or prayer, 
or the exclamation or prayer uttered. 

E-.tXg'u-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Cast- 
ing or o. 2. Suddenly darted out. 

E-JEGT', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
ejicere, ejectvm, fr. e, out, nndjacere, 
to throw.] 1. To throw out. 2. To 



a, e, i, o,v,y, long; &,£,!, 6, C,y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TlsEsa; pique, firm; s6n, 



EJECTION 



139 



ELEMENT 



drive away. 3. To dispossess of own- 
ership or occupancy. 

E-JEG'TION, n. 1. Act of ejecting ; ex- 
pulsion. 2. State of being ejected. 

E-JEGT'ment, n. 1. Expulsion ; 
ejection. 2. A species of mixed ac- 
tion, for the recovery of possession 
of real property. 

E-jegt'or, n. One who ejects. 

Eke, v. t. [-ed ; -iNa.] [A.-S. eacan, 
Gr. avijecv.] 1. To increase ; to ex- 
tend. 2. To add or supply ; to pro- 
long. — adv. [From the preceding.] 
In addition ; also ; likewise. 

E-LAB'O-RATE, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. elaborare, -ratum, fr. e out, and 
laborare, to labor.] To produce or 
perfect with labor. 

E-lab'o-rate (45), a. Wrought with 
labor; highly finished. [labor. 

E-LAB'O-RATE-LY, adv. With great 

E-lXb'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of pro- 
ducing with labor ; state of being so 
produced. 2. Natural process of 
formation or assimilation. [rates. 

E-L Xb'O-RA'TOR, n. One who elabo- 

E-LA'INE, n. [Gr. eA.cii.Vo?, of the olive.] 
Liquid principle of oils and fats. 

E-L APSE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
elabl, elapsus, fr. e, out, and labi, to 
slide.] To glide by ; to pass away 
silently, as time. 

E-lXs'tig, a. [From Gr. ekavueiv, to 
drive.] Springing back; recovering 
its former figure. — n. Agtrter. 

E'LAS-tic'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing elastic ; springiness. 2. Power 
of recovery from depression or over- 
work. 

E-LATE', a. 1. Lifted up; raised; 
elevated. 2. Flushed with confi- 
dence. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
efferre, elatum, to carry out, to 
raise.] To exalt the spirit of; to 
flush with success. [of mind. 

E-la'/TION, n. Inflation or elevation 

EL'bow, n. [A.-S. elboga, elnboga, 
from eln, an ell, orig. fore-arm, and 
boga, bow.] 1. Joint connecting the 
arm and fore-arm. 2. Any bend or 
angle, especially if obtuse. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING-.] To push with the el- 
bow. — v. i. To jut into an angle ; 
to project. [arms for the elbows. 

El'BOW-Chair, n. A chair with 

El'bow-room, n. Room to move 
the elbows ; room for motion or ac- 
tion. 

Eld, n. [A.-S.] 1. Old age. 2. Old 
people. 3. Old times. 

Eld'ER, a. [A.-S. ildra, compar. of aid, 
eald, old.] Older ; more advanced in 
age; senior. — n. 1. One who is older ; 
a senior. 2. An ancestor. 3. A per- 
•son occupyi ig any office appropriate 
to such as have the experience and 
dignity which age confers. 4. [A.-S. 
ellam.] A genus of plants having 
w white flowers and dark-red berries. 

ELD'er-ly, a. Somewhat old. 

Eld'er-ship, n. 1. Seniority. 2. 
Office of an elder. 

ELD'EST L <z. Oldest. 

£l Do-ra'do, or El Do-rX'do. 
[Sp.] A fabulous region in South 



America, immensely rich in gold, 
gems, &c. ; hence, any country 
abounding in gold, or other precious 

w products of_ nature. 

El'e-GAM-PANE', n. [Lat. inula, hel- 
enium, and L. Lat. campana, a bell.] 

1. A plant whose root has a pungent 
taste. 2. A sweet-meat from the root. 

E-LEGT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
eligere, electum, fr. e, out, and legere, 
to choose.] 1. To pick out. 2. To 
select for an office by vote. 

Syn. — To choose ; prefer; select. See 
Choose. 

— a. 1. Chosen ; selected. 2. Set 
apart to eternal life. 3. Chosen, but 
not invested with office. — n. 1. 
Onechosen or set apart. 2. pi. Those 
who are chosen for salvation. 

E-LE€'TION, n. [Lat. electio, fr. eli- 
gere, to choose.] 1. Act of choosing, 
esp. of choosing a person to fill an 
office or employment. 2. Power of 
choosing; free will. 3. Discrimi- 
nating choice. 4. Predetermination 
of individuals as objects of salvation. 
5. Those who are elected. 

E-LEC'TION-EER', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To use arts for securing the election 
of a candidate. 

E-legt'ive, a. 1. Making selection. 

2. Pertaining to, or consisting in, 
choice. 3. Dependent on choice. 

Elective affinity. (Client.), a tendency 
to unite with certain tilings rather than 
with others. 

E-LECT'ivE-LY, adv. By choice or 
preference. 

E-legt'or, n. One who elects, or 
has the right of choice or vote. 

E-legt'or-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, electors. 

E-l£gt'or-ate(45), n. 1. Dignity of 
an elector. 2. Territory of an elector. 

E-LEGT ; RESS, n. Wife or widow of 
an elector in the German empire. 

E-eeo'TRIG, I a. 1. Pertaining 

E-LEG'TRIG-AL, ) to, or containing, 
electricity. 2. Capable of occasion- 
ing electrical phenomena. 

E'leg-tri'cian (-trlsh'an), n. One 
versed in electricity. 

E'tEG-TRlC'1-TY, n. [Lat. electrum, 
Gr. r\keKrpov, amber; — so named 
as being produced by the friction of 
amber.]; 1. A subtle agent, evolved 
in any disturbance of molecular 
equilibrium, and exhibiting itself in 
a variety of ways. 2. Science which 
unfold.< the phenomena and laws of 
the electric fluid. 

E-leg'tri-fi'a-ele, a. Capable of 
receiving electricity. 

E-LEC'TRI-Fi, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. electrum. and face.re, to 
make.] 1. To charge with electrici- 
ty. 2. To give an electric shock to. 

3. To excite suddenlr : to surprise. 
E-LEG'TRIZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

electrify. 
E-LEC'TRO-GHEM'IS-TRY, n. That 

science which treats cf the agency 

of electricity in ejecting chemical 

changes. 
E-leg'tro-mag'net, n. A mass 

of soft iron, rendered temporarily 



magnetic by being placed within p 
coil of wire through which a current 

of electricity is passing. 

E-leg'tro-mag-net'ig, a. Desig- 
nating what pertains to magnetism, 
as connected with electricity, or af- 
fected by it. 

E-leg'tro-mag'net-ism, n. Sci- 
ence which treats of the development 
of magnetism by means of voltaic 
electricity, and of the currents 
evolved. 

E'LES-TROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. 7)Ae/c- 
rpov, amber (for electricity), and 
fxerpov, measure.] An instrument 
for measuring the quantity or inten- 
sity of electricity. 

E-LEG'TRO-SGOPE, 11. [Gr. yXettrpov, 
amber (for electricity), and o-kottos, 
spying.] An instrument to detect 
changes in the electric state of bodies. 

E-LEG'TRO-TYPE, n. [ Gr. rjkeKTpov, 
amber (for electricity), and twos, 
an impression.] A stereotype taken 
by electric deposition, or the process 
by which this is effected. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To take copies of by 
electric deposition. 

E-leg'tro-typ'er, n. One who 
makes electrotypes. 

E-LEGT ; U-A-RY,n. [Gr. e/cAeiKTov, e/c- 
Aeiyjua, a medicine that melts in the 
mouth.] A medicine comnosed of 
powders, made up into a confection. 

El'EE-MOS'Y-NA-RY,^. [Gr. eAeij^q- 
avvr), pity, mercy, alms.] 1. Relating 
to charity. 2. Given in charity of 
alms. 3. Supported by charity. — ■ 
n. One who subsists on charity. 

El'E-GAN^E, )n. 1. Beauty result- 

El'e-gan-CY, I ing from the com- 
plete absence of that which deforms 
or impresses unpleasantly. 2. That 
which is elegant. 

Syn. — Grace. — Elegance implies some- 
thing which is, produced by training and 
art, as, elegance of manners, composition, 
handwriting, &c.; elegant furniture, an 
elegant house, an elegant mansion, &c. 
Grace is a lower order of beauty. It 
may be a natural gift; the manner of a 
peasant-girl may be graceful, but would 
be hardly called elegant. Grace is op- 
posed to awkwardness. 

El'e-GANT, a. [Lat. elegans, fr. eli- 
gere, to select.] 1. Pleasing by grace 
and beauty. 2. Exercising a nice 
choice. 

w Syx. — Beautiful ; polished ; refined. 

El'E-GANT-LY, adv. In an elegant 
manner. 

E-le'gi-ag, or El'e-gi'ag (117), a. 
1. Belonging to elegy, or written in 
elegiacs. 2. Lsed in elegies. — n. 

w Elegiac verse. [egy ; elegiac. 

KL'E-GT'AG-AL, a. Pertaining to el- 

El'e-g'Ist, n. A writer of elegies. 

EL'E-GY, n. [Gr. eAeyia, fr. eAeyX, 
a lament, fr. e e keyeiv, to cry woe ! 
woe !] A mournful or plaintive poem ; 

w a funereal song. 

El'e-ment, n. 1- [Lat. eleinentum 1 
One of the simplest parts or princi- 
ples of which any thing consists. 2. 
One of the essential ingredients. S. 
pi. Fundamental principles of any 
system in philosophy, science, or ait; 



or, DOjWOLFjXOOjIObii; Orn, rue,ptjll; e, I, o, silent ; e, G, soft; e,H,kard; AS 5 ejist 5 N as ng; this. 



ELEMENTAL 



140 



ELYSIUM 




rudiments. 4. That which ancient 
philosophy supposed to be simple 
and undecomposable ; as, air, earth, 
water, aud lire ; hence, the state nat- 
ural to any thing, or suited for its 

w existence. [ments. 

EL'E-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to ele- 

EL'E-MENT'A-R¥ (44), a. 1. Having 
only one principle or constituent 
part. 2. Pertaining to, or treating 
of, elements. 

Syn.— Simple; uncompounded; rudi- 
mentary ; primary. 

EL'e-piiant, n. [Gr. 
eAe'^as.] A quadru- 
ped characterized by 
a proboscis, and two 
large ivory tusks. It 
is the largest quad- 
ruped now existing. 

El'E - PHAN- TI'A - Elephant. 
SIS, n. [From its likeness to the 
elephant's hide.] A disease of the 
skin, attended with destruction or 
deformity of the part affected. 

El'e-phan'tine, a. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, the elephant; huge. 

EL'EU-SIN'J-AN, a. Pertaining to se- 
cret rites in honor of Ceres, cele- 
brated at Eleusis, in Greece. 

£l/e-vate, V. t. [-ED; -1NG.] [Lat. 
elevare, -vatum , fr. e, out, and levare, 
to lift up.] 1. To lift to a higher 
place. 2. To raise to a higher station, 
intellectually, socially, or morally. 

3. To make louder, as the voice. 
Syn. — To exalt ; erect ; elate ; cheer ; 

flush; excite; animate.' 
El/e-va'tion, n. 1. Act of raising. 
2. Condition of being raided ; exalta- 
tion. 3. An elevated place or station. 

4. Drawing of the front view of a ma- 
chine, building, or other object. 

$EL/E-VA'TOR, n. One who, or that 
which, elevates; especially, a me- 
chanical contrivance for lifting grain, 
&c, to an upper floor. 

E-LEV.EN (e-leVn), a. [A.-S. endleof, 
fr. Goth, ains, ain, one, and lif, ten.] 
Ten and one added. — n. Sum of ten 
and one. 

E-lev'enth, a. Next in order after 
the tenth. — n. One of eleven equal 

w parts of a thing. 

ELF, n. ; pi. ELVER. [A -S. elf, af, 
elfen.] A diminutive and mischiev- 
ous spirit, supposed to inhabit wild 
and desert places. — v.t. To entan- 
gje intricately. 

Elf'-lock, n. Hair twisted into 
knots, as if the work of fairies. 

ELF'IN, a. Relating or pertaining to 
elVes. — n. A little elf or urchin. 

Elf'ish, a. Elf- ike: mischievous, as 
though caused by ebes. 

E-LIC'IT, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
elicere, elicitum , fr. e . out, and lacer?, 
to entice.] To draw out ; to bring to 
light. 

E-LIDE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
elidere, fr, e, out, and Isedete, to strik« 
with force against.] To cut off or 



suppress, as a syllable. 
El'i-gi-bIl'i-ty, n. 1. 



Capability of 
being elected. 2. Fitness to be chosen. 



EL'I-GI-BLE, a. 1. Legally qualified. 
2. Worthy to be chosen ; desirable. 
£l'i-gi-ble-ness, n. Suitableness ; 
w desirableness. [ner. 

EL'l-Crl-BLY,a</r. In an eligible man- 

E-LIM'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. eliminare, -natum, fr. e, out, 
and limen, threshold.] 1. To cause 
to disappear from an equation. 2. 
To set aside as unimportant in a pro- 
cess of inductive inquiry. 

E-lim'1-na'tion, n. 1. Act of ex- 
pelling. 2. The causing a quantity 
to disappear from an equation. 

E-Lls'ION (-llzh'un), n. [See ELIDE.] 
The cutting off of a vowel at the end 
of a word standing before another 
vowel in the following line. 

ELITE (a'leef), n. [Fr. See ELECT.] 
A choice or select body. 

E-L1X'IR, n. [Ar. el-iksir, the philos- 
opher's stone, the life-prolonging 
tincture of gold.] 1. A compound 
tincture. 2. (Alchemy.) A liquor for 
transmuting metals into gold. 3. 
Quintessence. 4. Any thing which 
invigorates. 

E-liz'a-beth-an, a. Pertaining to 
Queen Elizabeth or her times, or to 
a style of architecture then preva- 
lent. 

ELK, n. [A.-S. 
elc/i.] A quad- 
ruped of the 
stag kind. 

ELL, n. [A.-S. 
eln, Lat. ulna.] 
A cloth - meas- 
ure, of different 
lengths in dif- 
ferent countries 
The English ell is 45 inches. 

El-lipse', n. [See infra.] An oval or 
oblong figure, bounded 
by a regular curve. . 

EL-LIP'SIS, n. ; pi. EL- 
LIP'SEg. [Gr. e'AAei- 
^is, a defect, fr. eAAei- Ellipse. 
rretv, to fall short.] Omission ; a fig- 
ure of syntax, by which one or more 
words are omitted. 

EL-Lip'soiD, n. [Gr. eAAei^ts, and 
euSos, form.] A solid, all plane sec- 
tions of which are ellipses or circles. 

EL-LiP'TIC, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, 

El-lip'TI€- AL , J or having the form 
of, an ellipse. 2. Defective. 

El-li'p'tI€-al-ly, adv. 1. Accord- 
ing to the form of an ellipse. 2. 

w With a part omitted. 

EL'LIP-TIO'I-TY, n. Deviation from 

w the form of a circle or sphere. 

ELM, n. [A.-S.] A tree 
of several species, 
much used as a 

w shade tree. 

EL'o-cir'TiON, n. 
[Lat. elnciitio, from 
cloqiti, to speak out, 
declare.] Mode of 
utterance or delive- 
ry, accompanied 
with gesture. 

El'O-CU'TION-A-RY, 
to elocution. 




Elk. 




£l'o-€U'tion-ist, n. One who is 
versed in elocution ; a teacher of el- 
ocution. 

Eloge (a'lozh'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
elogium, a short saying.] A funeral 
oration. 

E-lon'gate, a. Drawn out at length. 

E-lon'gate, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. elongate, -gatum, from Lat. Ion- 
gus, long.] To lengthen ; to extend. 

E-LON-GA'TION, n. 1. A lengthening 
out ; protraction ; extension. 2. That 
which lengthens out. 3. Departure; 
intervening space. 

E-LOPE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hleapan, to run, jump, leap.] To run 
away ; — said especially of a woman 
who runs away with a lover. 

E-lope 'ME NT, n. Private or unli- 
censed departure. 

El'o-QUENC'e, ii. 1. Expression of 
strong emotion so as to excite like 
emotions in others. 2. That which 

o is eloquently uttered or written. 

El'o-quent, a. [Lat. eloqui, elo- 
qvens, to speak out, to declaim.] 
Expressing, or adapted to express, 

M strong emotions with eloquence. 

El'o-QUENT-LY, adv. In an eloquent 
manner. 

ELSE, a. & pron. [A.-S. elles, same as 
eljes, otherwise.] Other; one or 
something beside. — adv. & conj. 
1. Beside. 2. Otherwise; if the facts 

w were different. 

Else'where, adv. 1. In any other 
place. 2. In other places indefi- 
nitely. 

E-LU'CI-DATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING. J 
[L. Lat. elucidate, -datum, from luci- 
dus, light, clear.] To make clear ; to 
explain ; _to illustrate. 

E-LU'CI-DA'TION, n. 1. Act of elu- 
cidating. 2. That which elucidates ; 
explanation ; illustration. 

E lu'ci-da/tive, a. Making clear. 

E-LU'^I-DA/TOR, n. One who eluci- 
dates. 

E-lube', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
eludcre, fr. e, out, and ludcre, to 
play.] 1. To avoid by artifice or 
dexterity. 2. To remain unex- 
plained or undiscovered by. 

Syn.— To evade ; avoid ; escape; shun ; 
flee; mock. 

E-lud'i-ble, a. Capable of being 
eluded. [or deception. 

E-LU'siON, n. An escape by artifice 

E-LU'siVE, a. Tending to elude. 

E-lu'so-RI-ness, n. State of being 
elusory. 

E-LU'SO-RY, a. Tending to elude. 
Syn.— Evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; 
deceitful. 

E-LtJ'TRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.1 

[Lat. elutriate, -atum.] To purify by 

washing. ■ ' 

ELVE,n. The same as Elf. 
Elv'ish, a. Pertaining to elves. 
E-LYs'l-AN [-Yizh'i-an), a. Pertaining 

to Elysium, or the abode of the 

blessed after death. 
E-lys'i-Hm (rlMi'i-), n. ,• Eng. pi. 

E-LYfi' i-ttMg (-Hzh / i-); Lat. pi. 

E-LYS.'1-A (-lizhi-). [Lat. Elysium, 



A- E, I, O, V,Y,long; Ajlij^O.ttjY, shott; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VglL, T£R3SI5 PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



ELYTRON 



14l 



EMBRYO 



Gr. 'HAv'o-iov.] (Myth.) A dwelling 
place of happy souls after death ; 
hence, any delightful place. 

El'Y-tron, in.; y/. el'Y-TRA. [Gr. 

El'Y-TRUM, j e'Avrpov, fr. ekueiv, to 
roll round.] One of ttie wing-sheaths 
in the tribe of beetles. 

Em, n. Space formerly occupied by 

I the letter" m — then a square type, — 

! used as a unit by which to measure 
the amount of any printed matter. 

E-MA'CI-ATE {-ma/shi-, 95), v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. emaciare,-atum, 
fr. e, out, and macies, leanness.] To 
lose flesh gradually. [ed. 

E-ma'ci-ATE (-ma/shi-), a. Emaciat- 

E-MA'ci-a'tion (-shi-a/shun), n. Con- 
dition of becoming lean. 

£m'a-nant, a. [See infra.] Ema- 

v> nating ; passing forth into an act. 

EM'A-NATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
emanarq, -atum, fr. e, out, and ma- 
nure, to now.] 1. To issue forth from 

w a source. 2. To take origin. 

Jlm'a-na'tion, 11. 1. Act of flowing 
forth. 2. That which issues or flows 
forth ; effluvium. 

E-MAN'ci-pate, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. emancipare, -patum, fr. e, out, 
and mancipare, to transfer ownership 
in.] To set free ; to liberate. 

E-MAN'CI-PATE, a. Set at liberty. 

E-MAN'^i-pa'tion, n. A setting free 
from slavery or subjection. 

Syx. — Deliverance ; liberation ; re- 
lease; freedom. 

E-MAN'CI-PA'TOR, n. One who eman- 
cipates. 

E-mAs'-cu-late, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. emascidare, -latum, fr. e, out, 
and masculus, male.] 1. To castrate ; 
to geld. 2. To render effeminate. 

E-MAS'eu-LATE (45), a. Deprived of 
virility ; castrated. 

E-MAS'cu-la/tion, n. Act of emas- 
culating ; castration. 

Em-balm' (-bam'), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Fr. embamner, fr. baume, balm.] 
To preserve from decay by means of 
balm or other aromatics. [embalms. 

Em-balm'ER (-bamM, n. One who 

Em-bank', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To in- 
close with a bank ; to bank up. 

Em-bXnk'ment, n. 1. Act of em- 
banking. 2. A bank raised for any 
purpose. 

Em-BAR'GO, n. [Sp., fr. barra, bar.] 
A prohibition by public authority, 
and for a limited time, of departure 
from a port ; hence, any restraint. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To hinder from 
sailing out of port, by some law or 
edict, for a limited time. 

gM-BARK', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
put or cause to go on board a vessel. 

— v. i. 1. To go on board of a ship, 
boat, or vessel. 2. To engage in any 
business._ 

EM'bar-ka'TION, n. 1. Act of em- 
barking. 2. That which is embarked. 

Em-bar'rass, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
embarrasser,fc. L. Lat. barra, a bar.] 
1. To hinder through perplexity; 
to confound. 2. To incumber with 
debt. 



Syn. — To perplex: puzzle. — We are 
puzzled when our faculties are confused 
by something we do not understand. 
We are perplexed when our feelings as 
well as judgment, are so affected that we 
know not how to decide or act. We are 
embarrassed when there is some bar 
or hindrance upon us which impedes 
our powers of thought, speech, or mo- 
tion. A school-boy is puzzled by a diffi- 
cult sum; a reasoner is, perplexed by the 
subtleties of his opponent ; a youth is 
sometimes so embarrassed before stran- 
gers as to lose his presence of mind. 

Em-bar'rass-MENT, n. State of per- 
plexity, entanglement, or confusion. 

Em-bas'sa-dor, ) n. [Fr. embassa- 

Am-bas'sa-dor, ) dew, ambassa- 
deur, Goth, andbahts, servant, mes- 
senger.] A minister of the highest 
rank sent by one government to an- 
other, as the personal representative 

^ of the appointing power. 

Em'bas-sy, n. 1. Public function of 
an embassador. 2. Person or per- 
sons sent as embassadors. 3. Dwell- 
ing or office of an embassador. 

EM-BAT'TLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To arrange in order of battle. 2. To 
prepare for battle. 

EM-BAY', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To in- 
close in a bay or inlet. 

Em-bed', ti. t. [-ded; -ding, 136.] 
To lay as in a bed. 

EM-BEL'LlSH,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
embellir, fr. em, for en, and bel, beau- 
tiful.] To make beautiful or elegant 
by ornaments. 

Syx.— See Adortt. 

EM-bel'lish-ment, n. 1. Act of 
embellishing. 2. That which adds 

w beauty or elegance ; ornament. 

Km'ber, n. [A.-S. amyriejhot ashes.] 
A lighted coal, smoldering amid ash- 
es ; — chiefly in the pi. ; cinders. 

Em-bez'zle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Norm. Fr. embeasiler, to filch.] To 
appropriate fraudulently to one's 
own use. 

Em-be z'zle-ment, n. Fraudulent 
appropriation to one"s own use of 
what is intrusted to one's care. 

Em-BEZ'ZLER,m. One who embezzles. 

Em-bit'ter, v. t. See Imbitter. 

Em-blaze', v. t. 1. To adorn with' 
glittering embellishments. 2. To 
emblazon. 

EM-BLA'ZON (-blaVzn), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To decorate. 2. To adorn 
with figures of heraldry. 

EM-BLA'ZON-ER, n. One who em- 
blazons. 

Em-bla'zon-ry, n. Heraldic or or- 
namental decoration . 

Em'BLEM, n. [Gr. e^Arj,ua, inlaid |EM-BROip'ER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 



work.] An object or picture sym- 
bolizing and suggesting some other 
object, quality, or the like. 

w Syn. — Figure; type; sign; symbol. 

EM'BLEM-At'I€, I a. Pertaining 

Em'BLEM-Xt'IC-AL, ) to, or com- 
prising, an emblem. 

Em'blem-Xt'ic-al-ly, adv. Byway 
or means of emblems. 

Em-BLEM'A-t1st, n. A writer or in- 
ventor of emblems. 

Em-blem'a-tize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To represent, as by an emblem. 



Em-BOD'i-ment, n. 1. Act of em- 
bodying. 2. That which is embodied. 

EM-bod'y, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
1. To form into a body ; to invest 
with matter. 2. To collect into a 
whoje ; to incorporate. 

EM-BOGUE', v. i. [Fr. shmboucher, 
It. imboccare, of a river, to empty, 
fr. Lat. bucca, cheek, cavit}'.] To 
discharge, as a river, its water, into 
the_sea or into another river. 

Em-eold'£N (-bold'n), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To give boldness to ; to en- 
courage. 

Embonpoint (ong'bong/pwong'), 
n. [Fr. , from en bon point, in good 
condition.] Plumpness of person ; 
fleshiness. [border. 

Em-bor'der, v. t. To adorn with a 

Em-boss',^.?, [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
cover with bosses ; to ornament in re- 
lief. 2. To fashion raised work on. 

EM-BOSS'MENT, n. Raised work. 

Embouchure (ong'bob'shur'), n. 
[Fr. SeeEMBOGUE.] A mouth, as 
of a river, cannon, &c. 

EM-BOW'EL, V. I. [-ED, -ING ; or 

-led, -ling, 137.] 1. To eviscerate ; 
hence, to embalm . 2. To bury ; to 
secrete. 

EM-BOW'ER, v. i. To lodge or rest in 
a bower. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cover with a bower. 

Em-brace', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
embrasser, fr. em, for en, and bras, 
arm.] 1. To clasp in the afms. 2. 
To cherish with affection. 3. To Fur- 
round or inclose. 4. To include. 5. 
To seize eagerly ; to welcome. — n. 
Close encircling with the arms •, 
clasp j hug. [arms; embrace. 

Em-brace 'ment, n. A clasp in the 

Em-bra'cer, n. One who embraces. 

EM-BRA'CER-Y,«. Attempt to cor- 
rupt a jury, or court, &c. 

Em-bra/sure (-braVzhur), n. [Fr., 
fr. embraser, to 
widen an open- 
ing.] An open- 
ing in a wall or 
parapet through ( 
which cannon 
are discharged. 

£m'bro-cate,i>. 
t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[From Gr. e|u/3pox>?, equiv. to e/3pey- 
fj.a, lotion.} To moisten and rub, as 
a diseased part, with a liquid. 

EM/bro-ca'tion, n. A moistening 
and rubbing a diseased part with 
some lotion ; or the lotion itself. 




cover with ornamental needle-work. 
Em-broid'er-er, n. One who em- 
broiders, [work. 
EM-BROlD'ER-Y,n. Variegated needle-. 
Em-broil', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Seo 
Broil.] To throw into perplexity, 
contention, or trouble. . 

Syk. — To perplex ; entangle; distract; 
disturb. 
EM-BROlL'MENT,n. A state of con- 
I tention, perplexity, or confusion. 
jSm'BRY-O, n. [Gr. enfipvov, i. e., rb 
I evTbs /3pvoi>, from e^, for ev, in, and 



or, do, WQLF,TOO,TOli>K,; fJRN,RUEs PVLL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G, soft; €,G,Aard/ A£; EglST; NasNG; this 



EMBRYOLOGY 



142 



EMPYREAN 



/Spvetv, to be full of.] First rudiments 

w of an organized being or thing. 

Em'bry-oL'o-gy, n. [Gr. eV/Spvoi^an 
embryo, and yoyo's, discourse.] Doc- 
trine of the development of the em- 
bryo and fetus of animals. 

E-mend',j,\ t. See Amend. 

Em'en-da'TION. n. 1. A correction. 

2. Alteration of a text so as to give a 
,„ better reading. 
EM'en-da'TOR, n. One who amends 

by removing faults. [emendation. 
E-mend'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to 
£m'ER-ALD, n. [From Gr. a7u.apa.yS0s, 
(AdpaySos, Skr. marakata.} 1. A pre- 
cious stone of a rich green color. 2. 
A kind of type. [£ng.] 
This line is printed in Emerald type. 
E-m£rge' (14), v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. emergere, fir. e, out, and mer- 
gere, to dip.] To rise out of, or as 
out of, a fluid. 
E-m£r'gence, ) n. 1. Sudden up- 
E-mJEr'gen-cvt, J risal or appear- 
ance. 2. An unforeseen occurrence. 

3. Pressing necessity. 
E-m2r'gent, a. 1. Rising out of a 

iluid; issuing. 2. Suddenly appear- 
ing ; urgent. 

E-MER'I-TUS, n.; pi. E-MER'I-TI. 
[Lat., one who has served his time.] 
One honorably discharged from pub- 
lic service. — a. Honorably discharged 
from the performance of public duty. 

Em'e-ROdjs, ) n. pi. [Corrupted from 

Em'E-ROIDS, I hemorrhoids.] Hem- 
orrhoids ; piles. 

E-mJer'sion, n. [From Lat. emergere. 
See Emerge.] Act of rising- out of 

w any enveloping substance. 

Em'ER-Y, n. [Gr. 0-ju.ipi?, o-jutjpi?.] 
Corundum intimately blended with 
oxide of iron, used for grinding and 
polishing metals, &c. 

E-MET'IC, a. [Gr. efxeriKos, fr. e/xeiv, 
to vomit.] Inducing to vomit. — n. 
A medicine which causes vomiting. 

Eme ute (I'muf), n. [Fr. , fr. Lat. 
emovere, to stir up.] A seditious 

w commotion ; a riot. 

Em'I-ca'tion, n. [Lat. emicatio, fr. 
emicare, to spring forth.] A flying 
off in small particles, as heated iron ; 
scintillation. 

E-mi€'tion, n. [Lat. e,out, and min- 
gere, rnictum, to make water.] 1. 

^ Discharge of urine. 2. Urine. 

EM'I-GRANT, a. Removing from one 
country to another. — n. One who 
quits one country to settle in another. 

£lVI'I-GRATE , V.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
emigrare, -gratum.] To leave one 
country or state to reside in another. 

Em'I-GRA'TIQN,*!.. 1. Change of resi- 
dence from one country or state to 
another. 2. A body of emigrants. 

Em'I-nence, \n. 1. A height; ele- 

Em'i-nen-cy, ) vation. ,2. High 
rank ; distinction. 3. A title of a 
cardinal. 

Em'i-nent, a. [Lat. eminere, emi* 
nens, to stand out, be prominent.] 1. 
High ; lofty. 2. Exalted in rank. 
S yx. — Distinguished ; conspicuous ; 



prominent ; famous ; celebrated. See 

I>ISTISGUISHE1J. 

Em'i-nent-ly, adv. la an eminent 

_ or high degree. 

E'mir, ) n. [At. emir, amir, a com- 

E'MEER, ) mander.] Arabian prince 
and military commander ; also, an 
honorary title given in Turkey to the 
descendants of Mohammed. 

Em'is-sa-ry, n. [Lat. emissarius, fr. 
emittere, to send out.] A secret 
agent ; a spy. 

E-Mis'siON (-urish'un), n. 1. Act of 
sending out ; issue. 2. That which 
is sent or put out at or.e time ; issue. 

E-mTt', v.t. [-ted; -ting, 13 5.] [Lat. 
emittere, out.] 1. To send forth ; to 
cause to issue. 2. To print and send 
into circulation, as notes. 

Em'MET, n. An ant or pismire. 

EM'mol-les'cence, n. [Lat. p,out, 
and mollescere , to become soft.] First 
or lowest degree of fusibility. 

E-MOL'LI-AT£, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. emollire, to soften.] To soften. 

E-mol'lient (-mcl'yent), a. Soften- 
ing ; making supple. — n. An ex- 
ternal application to allay irritation, 
and alleviate soreness. [softening. 

Em'ol-lPtion (-lish'un), n. Act of 

E-Mol'U-MENT,«. [Lat. emolumen- 
tum, lit. a working out.] 1. Profit 
from office or employment. 2. Gain 
in general. 

E-m6'tion, n. [From Lat. emovere, 
to move, excite.] A state of excited 
feeling of any kind. 

Syn. — Feeling; agitation. — Fcch'rtfjfo 
the weaker term, and may be of the body 
or the mind ; emotion is of the mind 
nlone, being the excited action of some 
inward susceptibility or feeling, as an 
emotion of pity, terror, &c. Agitation 
may be bodily or mental, and usually 
arises in the latter case from a vehement 
struggle between contending desires or 
emotions. 

E-mo'tion-AL, ) a. Pertaining to 

E-MO'TIVE, ) emotion, or the 
capacity for emotion. 

Em-pale', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
empaler, fr. em, for efi, in, and pal, 
Lat. pains, a stake.] 1. To inclose ; 
to shut in. 2. To put to death by 
fixing on a stake. 

Em-pale 'me nt, n. 1. A fencing with 
stakes. 2. A putting to death by 
thrusting a stake into the body. 

Em-pXn'el, n. A panel. 

Em-per'il (137), v. t. To put in peril. 

£m'per-or, n. [Lat. imperator, from 
imperare, to command.] The sover- 
eign of an empire. 

EM'PHA-SIS, n. ; pi. EM'PHA-SEg. 
[Gr. e'ju.(#)acri9, significance, force of 
expression, fr. e/u.(f>aiVe<.v ,to indicate.] 
Stress of utterance, given to the 
words or parts of a discourse, intend- 
ed to be impressed specially on an 
audience^ 

Em'pha-size, -. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
utter or pronounce with a particular 
stress of voice ; to make emphatic. 

EM-PHAT'I€, ) a. Uttered with, or 

EM-phXt'I€-AL, ) requiring, em- 
phasis. 

Syn.— Forcible; impressive; striking. 



Em-phat'tc-al-ly, adv. With em 
phasis ; forcibly. [tumor. 

EM<PHY-SE'MA,n. [Gr.] A puffy 

Em'pire,?i. [Lat. imperium.] 1. Su- 
preme power in governing. 2. Do- 
minion of an emperor, or, rarely, of 
a king. 3. Predominant influence. 
Syn. — Sway; dominion; sovereignty} 
rule. 

Em-pYr'hj or Em'pir-I€ (123), n. L. 
Oue who relies on experiment and 
observation. 2. A quack doctor ; & 
oharlatan. 

EM-pi'R'ic, ) a. [Gr. ^^l P ik6^, ex- 

EM-PiR'l-e-AL, J perienced.J 1. Per- 
taining to, or founded upon, experi- 
ment or experience. 2. Depending 
on experience or observation alone. 

Em-pIr'ic-al-ly, adv. By experi- 
ment or experience ; without science. 

EM-PiR'l-cigM, n. 1. Method or prac- 
tice of an empiric. 2. Charlatanry ; 
quackery. 

EM-PLXs'TI€, a. [Gr. e/oi7rAao-Ti/co?, fr. 
eixirKdo-o-eiv, to plaster up.] Glutin- 
ous ; adhesive. 

Em-ploy', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
implicare, to infold, engage.] 1. To 
use. 2. To use as an instrument or 
means, or as materials. 3. To use 
as an agent or servant. — n. Em- 
ployment. [Poet.] 

Employe (tm'ploy-a/ or ong'plwo- 
ya'), n. [Fr.] Ore who is employed. 

Oaf- The English form of this word, 
viz., employee, though perfectly con- 
formable to analogy, and therefore per- 
fectly legitimate, is not sanctioned by 
the usage of good writers. 

Em-PLOY'ER, n. Ore who emptors. 

EM-PLOY'MENT, n. 1. Actof employ- 
ing, or state of being employed. 2. 
That which engages or occupies. 

EM-PO'RI-UM, n. ; Lat. pi. EM-PO'- 
RI-A, Eng.pl. EM-PO'Ri-UMg. [Lat.; 
Gr. €/A7ropiov, from efxrropo?, traveler, 
trader.] A commercial city or town ; 
a mart. 

EM-POW'ER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

w give power or authority to. 

EM'PRESS. n. 1 . Consort of an em- 
peror. 2. A woman who governs an 
empire. 

EM-PRI§E', n. [0. Fr.] An enterprise. 

EMP'TI-NESS (84), n. 1. State of be- 
ing empty ; vacuum ; exhaustion ; 
destitution. 2. Unsatisfactoriness. 
3. Want of knowledge or sense. 

Emp'ty, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
emtig, amtig, fr. emta, amta, quiet, 
rest.] 1. Containing nothing : void. 
2. Destitute of effect, sincerity, or 
sense. 3. Unsatisfactory. 4. Desti- 
tute of reality ; unsubstantial. — v.t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To exhaust : to deprive 
of the contents. — v. i. 1. To pour 

w or flow out. 2. To become empty. 

EMP'TY-ING, n. 1. Act of making 
empty. 2. pi. Lees of beer, cider, 
&c. ; yeast. [pie color. 

Em-pOr'ple, v. t. To tinge of a pur- 

EM-PYR'E-AL, a. [See EMPYREAN, 

' n.] Formed of pure fire or light. 

EM'PY-RE'AN (124), a. Empyreal. — 
n. [L. Lat. empyramm., fr. Gr. e/u.7rw- 
pos, in fire.] The highest heaven, 



A.E, I, O.U,Y,&W£7 &> &A ^1 C, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, S£RM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N. 



EMPYREUMATIC 



143 



ENDEAR 



where the pure element of fire was 
supposed by tae ancients to subsist. 

EM'py-reu-mat'I€, ) a. Pertain- 

EM'PY-REU-MAT'I€-AL, ) ing to the 
taste or smell of burnt animal or 
vegetable substances. 

Em'u-late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
semulari, -latum, from semulus, emu- 
lous.] To strive to equal or excel ; 
to vie with ; to rival. 

fiM'u-LA'TiON, n. 1. Act of attempt- 
ing to equal or excel. 2. Conten- 
tion ; contest. 

Syx.— Competition; rivalry.— Compe- 
titions the struggle of two or more per- 
sons for the same object. Emulation's 
an ardent desire for superiority, arising 
from competition, but net implying, of 
necessity, any improper feeling. Rivalry 
is a personal contest, and almost of course 
gives rise to envy, resentment, or detrac- 
tion. 

EM'u-L a'tor, n. A rival ; a compet- 
itor. 

E-mCl'GENT, a. [Lat. emulgere,emid- 
gens,fv.e, out, and mulgere, to milk.] 

^ Milking or draining. 

Em'U-LOUS, a. 1. Desirous to equal 

w or excel. 2. Engaged in competition. 

Em'u-loCs-ly, adv. With desire to 
equal or excel. 

E-MUi/siON, n. [From Lat. emulgere, 
emulsum.] A soft, liquid remedy, 
resembling milk. 

E-MUL'SIVE, a. 1. Softening; milk- 
like. 2. Yielding oil by expression. 

E-MUNCTO-RY, n. [Lat. emunctorium, 
from emungere, to blow the nose, to 
cleanse.] Any organ of the body car- 
rying off excrementitious matter. 

EN-A'BLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. & 
Norm. Fr. enhabler, from en, in, and 
hable, Eng. able.] To give strength 
or ability to. 

EN-ACT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
decree ; to make into a law. 2 V To 
perform. 3. To act the part of. 

En-a€T'ment,«. 1. Tbepassingof a 
bill into a law. 2. A decree : a law. 
3. The acting a part or character. 

EN-ACT'OR. n. One who passes a law. 

E-NAZ'LAGE, n. [Gr. evaWayrj, an 
exchange.] Substitution of one gen- 
der, number, case, person, tense, 
mode, or voice, of the same word, for 
another. 

En-am'el, n. [Prefix en and obs. 
atnel.] 1. A substance resembling 
glass, but more fusible and nearly 
opaque. 2. That which is enameled. 
— V.t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, -LING, 
137] 1. To cover with, or paint in, 
enamel. 2. To form a glossy surface 
upon. 

En-Am'el-AR, ) a. Like enamel ; 

En-am'el-lar, ) glossy. 

EN-am'or, v. t [-ED; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
enarnovrer, from en, in, and amour, 
love.] To inflame with love. 

EN-GAGE', v. t. To confine in a cage. 

EN-CAMP', v. i. [-ED; -ing] To form 
and occupy a camp. — v.t. To form 
into a camp. 

En-cXmp'MENT, n. 1. Act of pitch- 
ing tents or forming a camp. 2. A 
camp. 



En-caus'tIc, a. [Lat. encausticiis, Gr. 
eyKavariKOSjfr. ey/caieiv, to burn in.] 
Pertaining to the art of burning in 
colors. — 7? . Method of painting in 
heated or burnt wax, or in any way 
where heat is used to fix the colors. 

Enceinte (ong'sanf), n. [Fr., fr. 
enceindre, to surround.] (Fort.) The 

w main inclosure. — a. Pregnant. 

EN'CE-PH.AL'IC, a. [Gr. eytctyaXov, 
the brain.] Belonging to the head 
or brain. 

En-chain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing] 1. To 
fasten with a chain. 2. To hold fast. 

En-chain'ment, n. Act of euchain- 
ing. 

En-chant', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
incantare, to chant a magic formula 
over or against one.] 1, To charm 
by sorcery. 2. To delight in a high 
degree. 

Stk. — To captivate ; fascinate ; rav- 
ish; enrapture. 

En-chant'er, 7i. One who enchants ; 
a sorcerer or magician. 

En-chant'ment, n. 1. Use of magic 
arts, spells, or charms. 2. That 
which enchants. 

En-chant'ress, n. A woman who 
enchants ; a sorceress. 

En-chase', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
enchasser, fr. ch&sse, frame.] 1. To 
encircle ; to inclose. 2. To adorn 
with embossed or engraved work. 

En-CHO'ri-AL, ) a. [Gr. eyxoopios., do- 

En-cho'ric, ) mestic, native.] Na- 
tive ; popular ; common ; — said esp. 
of the written characters employed 
by the common people of Egypt, in 
distinction from the hieroglyphics. 

EN~ctR'CLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
form a circle about; hence, to em- 
brace. 2. To go or come round. 

Snsr. — To encompass ; inclose ; sur- 
round; environ. 

EN-CLTt'IC, ) a. [Gr. ey/cAin/co?, 

En-clit'ic-al, J inclined, inclining.] 
Subjoiaed ; — said of a word so closely 
united to the preceding word as to 
seem to be a part of it, and to lose 
its own independent accents. — n. A 
word joined to another so closely as 
to lose its proper accent. 

En-€L.6s;e', v. t. See INCLOSE. 

EN-€0'M1-AST,ti. [Gr. eyKuifnaarrq^ , 
fr. eyKou.Ld£ei.v, to praise.] One ad- 
dicted to praise ; a eulogist. 

En-co/mi-ast'ic, ) a. Bestowing 

En-co'mi-ast'iC-Xl, j praise; eu- 
logistic : laudatory. 

EN-CO'MI-OM, 71. ; £ng. pi. EN-eo'MI- 
UM3, LMt. pi. EN-CO'MI-A. [Gr. 
eyKu),u.Lov, (sc. Ke'A.0?, song), chanted 
in a Bacchic festival.] Formal praise; 
high commendation. 

Stn. — Eulogy ; panegyric. See Eu- 
logy. 

EN-COM'PASS, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
describe a circle about. 

Syn. —To encircle; inclose; surround; 
environ. 

En-com'pass-ment, n. A surround- 
ingor encircling. 

En-core' (ong-kor'), adv. [Fr., from 
Lat. in kanc horam, till this hour.] 
Once more ; again ; — a call for a 



repetition, — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] Tc 
call for a repetition of. 
En-€OUNT'er, n. [0. Fr. encontre, fr. 
Lat. in and contra, against.] 1. A 
meeting face to face. 2. A meeting, 
with hostile purpose. 

SYM'. — Contest; fight; skirmish. 
— v.t. [-ED;-ING.] To meet face 
to face ; to meet with hostile intent. 

— v. i. To meet together, especially 
as enemies. 

EN-CO R'A ge, v. t. [-ed:-ING.] [Fr. 
encouragfr , from prefix en and cour- 
age.] To give courage to. 

Syn-. — To embolden; animate; incite; 
cheer; stimulate. 

En-cour'age-ment, n. 1. Act of 
giving courage ; incentive. 2. That 
which serves to support or promote. 

EN-€OUR'A-GING, a. Furnishing 
ground to hope for success ; favoring. 

En-COUR'A-ging-LY, adv. In a man- 
ner to give courage or hope of success. 

En-croach', v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [0. 
Fr. encroer, L. Lat. incrocare, to hang 
by a hook.] To enter gradually into 
the rights and possessions of another. 
Syn. — Intrude; trench; infringe; in- 
vade^ trespass. 

En-croach'er, n. One who en- 
croaches. 

En-croacii'ment, n. 1. Act of en- 
croaching. 2. That which is taken 
by encroaching. 

En-cum'ber, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
encombrer, fr. Lat. cumulus, heap.] 

1. To impede the motion or action 
of. 2. To load with mortgages, or 
other legal claims. 

Syx. — To load ; clog ; oppress ; em- 
barrass. 
EN-€UM'BRANCE, n. 1. That which 
impedes action ; clog ; impediment. 

2. That which encumbers an estate, 
as a debt ; a lien. 

EN CYC'LIC-AL, a. [Gr. cykv'kAio?, fr. 

ev, in, and kv/cAos, circle.] Sent to 

many persons or places ; circular. 

EN-CY/CLO-PE'DI-A, I 71. [Gr. eyicvic- 

EN-^Y'CLO-PtE'DI-A, j AOTTfluSeta, for 

€YkvkAios 7rat5eta, instruction in a 

circle.] A work in which the various 

branches of science or art are treated 

of, usually in alphabetical order. 

En-^y'clo-pe'di-an, a. Embracing 

thewhole circle of learning. 
En-cy/clo-ped'ic, I a. Pertain- 
En-^y'clo-ped'ic-al,,) ing to an 
encyclopedia ; universal in knowl- 
edge, [an encyclopedia. 
EN-CY'€LO-PE'DlST,n. Compiler of 
En-^yst'ed, a. Inclosed in a cyst. 
END, «. [A.-S. ende.] 1. Extreme or 
last portion. 2. Conclusion ; result. 

3. Destruction or that which causes 
destruction or death. 4. Object 
aimed at. 5. That which is left. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To bring to an 
end. 2. To destroy ; to put to death. 

Syn. — To finish ; conclude ; close; 
terminate. 

— v. i. To come to the ultimate 
point ; to cease. [put to hazard. 

EN-DAN'GER, P. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

En-dear', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make dear, or more dear. 



6R,Dg,woLF,TO~b.TO"bK; urn, rue, pull; £,/,©, silent; c,G, soft; c,g, hard; as; ex;ist; n as ng; this 



ENDEARMENT 



144 



ENGROSSMENT 



EN-DEAR'MENT, n. 1. Act of endear- 
ing. 2. That which endears. 

En-deav'or, n. [Fr. en devoir, in 
duty.] An attempt or trial. 

Syn. — Effort; exertion; struggle. — 
Endeavor is the widest term. An effort 
is a vigorous endeavor or taxing of our 
powers; an exertion is a peculiarly earn- 
est and prolonged effort ; a struggle is 
a violent and exhausting effort of the 
body. — "Ordinary endeavors will not 
now avail; every possible effort must be 
made; we must strain all our exertions, 
and struggle to the utmost." 

— v. i. f-ED; -ING.] To exert 
strength of body or mind for the ac- 
complishment of an object. 

Syn. — To attempt; try; strive; strug- 
gle; essay; aim. 

— i\t. To attempt to gain. 
En-de'MI-AL, ) a. [Gr. eVo^/ao?, kv- 
En-dem'ic, [ foj/uios, fr. 6v, in, 
En-DEM'ic-al , ) and 6^/u.os , the peo- 
w pie.] Peculiar to a people or nation 
End'ING, n. 1. Termination ; result ; 

conclusion. 2. Terminating sylla- 
ble or letter. 

End'less, a. Having no end. 

Syn. — Eternal; everlasting; intermi- 
nable; infinite; incessant ; perpetual. 

End'less-ly, adv. Without end. 

End'less-ness, n. State of being 
endless. 

£n'do-gen, n. A 
plant which in- 
creases in size by 
internal growth 
and elongation at 
the summit, and 
has. no distinction 
of pith, wood, and 
bark, as the palm, cornstalk, &c. 

En-dog'E-NOUS, a. [Gr. eVSo-yeeijs, fr. 
eVSov, within, and yevecrOat., to be 
produced.] Increasing by internal 
growth and elongation at the sum- 
mit. 

En-dorse', v. t. [More correctly in- 
dorse.] To write on the back of. 

En-d6rse'ment, n. Act of indors- 
ing.^ See Indorsement. 

En-dors'er, n. Anindorser. 

EN-DOW, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Norm. 
Fr. endouer, from Lat. doiare, to en- 
dow.] 1. To make pecuniary provis- 
ion for; esp. to furnish with dower. 
2. To enrich ; to indue. 

En-dow'ment, n. 1. Act of settling 
a fund or permanent provision for 
the support of any one. 2. Proper- 
ty, fund, or revenue permanently 
appropriated. 3. Talents ; natural 
capacity. 

En-due', <y.*. [-ED;-IN».] [Lat.in- 
duert.] 1. To invest ; to clothe. 2. 
To endow. [endured. 

E*dur'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

En-dur'ance, n. 1. A state of dura- 
tion ; continuance. 2. Act of bear- 
ing pain or distress without being 
overcome. 

Syn.— Sufferance; patience; fortitude. 

En-dure', v. t. 1. To remain firm 
under ; to sustain. 2. To bear with 
patience. — v.i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
in and durare, to harden, to persist.] 
1. To continue in the same state ; to 




Endogen. 



abide ; to last. 2. To remain firm 
under trial or suffering. 

£nd'w!s_e, adv. 1. On the end. 2. 

w With the end forward. 

En'e-MY, n. [Lat. inimicus, from in, 
negative, and amicus, friend.] One 
actuated by unfriendly feelings. 

The enemy, (a.) The evil one ; the 
devil, (b.) {Mil.) The opposing force. 

Syn. — Adversary ; opponent ; antag- 
onist; foe. 

EN'er-get'I€, 1 a. 1. Exerting 

En'er-get'I€-al, ) force ; active. 
2. Exhibiting energy. 
Syn. — Forcible ; powerful ; potent ; 

w vigorous; effective. 

EN'ER-GET'IC-AL-LY, adv. In an 

w energetic manner. 

En'er-Gize, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
act with force or vigor. — v. t. To 
. give strength or force to. 

EN'ER-GY, n. [Gr. evepyeia, fr. eV, in, 
and epyov, work.] 1. Inherent pow- 
er. 2. Power efficiently exerted. 3. 
Strength of expression. 

Syn.— Force; vigor; strength; spirit; 
efficiency; resolution. 

E-n£r'vate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. enervate, -vatum, fr. enervis, 
nerveless.] To deprive of nerve, 
strength, or courage. 

Syn. — To weaken; enfeeble; un- 

4, nerve; debilitate. 

EN'er-va'tion, n. 1. Act of weak- 
ening. 2. State of being weakened. 

EN-FEE'BLE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
render feeble. 

Syn. — To weaken ; debilitate ; ener- 
vate. 

En-fee'ble-ment, n. Enervation. 

En-feoff' (-fef), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[See Feoff.] To give a feud to ; to 
invest with a fee. 

En-feoff'ment (-leFment), n. Act 
of giving, or deed which gives, the 

^ fee-simple of an estate. 

EN'FI-LADE', n. [Fr., fr. enfiltr, to 
thread, to rake with shot.] (Mil.) 
A line or straight passage.— ^, t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To rake with shot 
through the whole length of, as a 
lineof troops. 

En-fold', v. t. See Infold. 

En-force', v. t. [-ed; ing.] 1. To 
force ; to compel. 2. To make or 
gain by force. 3. To give force to ; 
to strengthen. 4. To give effect to. 

EN-FORCE'MENT, n. 1. Act of en- 
forcing ; compulsion. 2. A putting 
in execution. 3. That which en- 
forces. 

En-for'cer, n. One who enforces. 

EN-FRlN'CHlgE (-fran'chiz), v. t. 
[-ed ; -ing.] 1. To set free. 2. To 
make free of a city, corporation, or 
state ; to naturalize. . 

En-fran'chIse-ment (-fran/chlz-), 
n. Act of enfranchisement. 

En-gage', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
engager, from en and gage, pledge, 
pawn.] 1. To put under pledge ; to 
bind. 2. To win and attach. 3. To 
enter into contest with ; to encoun- 
ter. — v.i. 1. To become bound. 2. 
To take a part ; to enlist. 3. To en- 
ter into conflict. 

En-gaG£D',j?. a. 1. Pledged ; prom- 



ised; especially, promised in mar- 
riage ; affianced ; betrothed. 2. Great- 
ly interested. 

En-gage'ment, n. 1. An engaging 
or being engaged. 2. That which is 
engaged. 3. That which engages ; ob- 
ligation ; engrossing occupation. 4 
A general action or battle. 

EN-gen'der, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
engendrer, Lat. ingenerare, fr. in and 
generare, to beget.] 1. To procreate. 

2. To produce ; to sow the seeds of. 
Syn.— To breed; generate; beget; oc- 
casion; cause. 

— v.i. To be caused. 
En'gIne (en'jin), n. [Lat. ingenivm, 
natural capacity, invention.] 1. A 
machine in which two or more me- 
chanical powers are combined. 2. 
An instrument to wound and kill. 

3. Any thing used to effect a pur- 
w pose ; means. 

En'gi-neer', n. 1. A person skilled 
in the principles and practice of en- 
gineering. 2. One who manages an 
engine.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
perform the work of an engineer. 2. 
To carry through a measure. 

EN'GI-NEER'ING, n. Science and art 
of utilizing the forces and materials 
of nature. 

EN'GlNE-RY (en'jin-ry), n. 1. Act of 
managing engines, or artillery. 2- 
Engines in general. 

En-gTrd', v. t. [imp. & p.p. EN- 
girded, or engirt.] To encircle. 

En'glish (Tng'glish,) a. [From the 
Angles, a tribe of Germans who set- 
tled in Britain.] Belonging to Eng- 
land, or to its inhabitants, or to their 
language. — n. 1. People of Eng- 
land. 2. Language of the English, 
and of their descendants in other 
countries, —v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
translate into English. 

EN-GORGE', V. I. [-EDJ-ING.] [Fr. 
engorger, fr. gorge, throat.] To swal- 
low with greediness. — v. i. To feed 
with eagerness or voracity. 

En-graft', v. t. Same as Ingraft. 

En-grail', v. t. [ -ed ; -ing. J [Fr. 
engreler, fr. grele, hail.] To varie- 
gate, spot, or indent, as with hail. 

EN-GRAIN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
dye in grain, or in the raw material. 

EN-GRASP', v.- t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
hold fast : to gripe. 

EN-GRAVE',r.«. [imp. ENGRAVED; 
p. p. ENGRAVED or ENGRAVEN.] 

1. To carve letters or devices upon. 

2. To form by means of incisions 
on wood, metal, &c. 3. To impress 
deeply ; to infix. 

En-grav'er, n. One who engraves. 

En-graVING, n. 1. Act or art of the 
engraver. 2. An engraved plate. 3. 
Impression from an engraved plate. 

En-gross', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
copy in a large, fair hand. 2. To 
occupy wholly. 3. To take or as- 
sume in undue quantity. 

Syn. — To absorb ; engulf; forestall ; 
monopolize. 

En-gross'er, n. One who engrosses. 

En-gross'ment, n. 1. Act of en- 



A, E, I, 6, u, Y,longf A. Bjlj 6, t), v, short ; care . far, Ask, all, what ; ERE, VEIL, x£ltM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



ENGULF 



145 



ENTHRALL 



grossing. 2. That which has been 
engrossed. [up as in a gulf. 

En-g-Tilf', v. t. To absorb or swallow 

EN-HANCE',^. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Norm. 
Fr. enkauncer, enhancer.] To raise to 
a higher point ; to advance ; to in- 
crease. 

En-hance'ment, n. Augmentation ; 
aggravation. 

E-NIG'MA, n. [Gr. aiviv/u.a, fr. alvicr- 
owflou., to speak darkly.] 1. A puz- 
zle ; a riddle. 2. A statement, the hid- 
den meaning of which is to be discov- 
ered ; an action which cannot be sat- 
isfactorily explained. 

£'nig-mat'I€, ) a. Relating to, or 

E'nig-mat'i^-al, ) containing, an 

, enigma ; obscure. 

L'NiG-M\T're-AL ly, adv. In an 
obscure manner. 

E-NiG'MA-TiST, n. One who makes or 
talks in enigmas. 

E-NIG'MA-TIZE. v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To deal in riddles. 

En-join', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Fr. 
enjoindre, fr. Lat. injungere, to join 
into, to charge.] 1. To put an injunc- 
tion on ; to order. 2. To prohibit or 
restrain by a judicial order. 

En-joy', r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
feel or perceive with pleasure. 2. To 
have and use with satisfaction. 

En-joy'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
enjoyed. 

En-Joy'ment, n. 1. Condition, of 
enjoying ; pleasure. 2. Cause of joy. 

EN-KIN'DLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 

To set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To 
excite ; to rouse. 

EN-LAROE', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To make larger. 2. To increase the 
capacity of. — v. i. 1. To grow large 
or larger. 2. To expatiate. 

En-large'ment, n. 1. An increase 
in size or bulk. 2. Expansion, as of 
the mental powers. 3. Release from 
confinement, distress, &.e. 4. Dif- 
fusiveness. 

En-light'.en (-lnVn), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To supply with light ; to 
illuminate. 2. To inform ; to in- 
struct. 

EN-LiGHT'£N-ER(-lIt / n-) n. One who, 
or that which, enlightens. 

En-light'£N-ment (-lnVn-,) n. Act 
of enlightening, or state of being en- 
lightened. 

EN-LIST', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To en- 
roll ; to register. 2. To engage in pub- 
lic service. 3. To unite firmly to a 
cause. — v. i. 1. To. engage in public 
service by enrolling one ; s name. 2. 
To enter heartily into a cause. 

En-lTst'ment, n. 1. Act of enlist- 
ing, or state of being enlisted. 2. 
writing by which a soldier is bound. 

EN-L1V.EN (-hVn), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To give life to ; to animate. 

En-LIV'en-er, n. One who enlivens. 

EN'MI-TY, n. 1. Quality of being an 
enemy. 2. A state of opposition. 

Syn. — Rinoor; hostility; hatred ;an- 
imosity; ill-will. 

En-no'ble, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
make noble ; to dignify. 



En-no'bee-ment, n. 1. Act of en- 
nobling. 2. That which ennobles. 

Ennui (ong'nwe'), n. [Yr., fr. Lat. in 
odio, in hatred.] A feeling of weari- 
ness and disgust ; lassitude. 

E-NOR'MI-TY, n. That which is enor- 
mous ; atrocious crime ; an atrocity. 

E-nor'mous, a. [Lat. enormis, out 
of rule.] 1. Deviating from the usu- 
al rule or measure. 2. Great beyond 
the common measure. 3. Exceed- 
ingly wicked ; atrocious. 

Syn - . — Immense ; excessive. — We 
speak of a thing as enormous when it 
overpasses its ordinary law of existence, 
and becomes — so to speak — abnormal'm 
its magnitude, degree, &c; as, a man of 
cnormovs strength, a deed of enormous 
wickedness. Immense and excessive arc 
figurative terms used to intensify, and 
are somewhat indefinite in their degree 
of strength. 

E-n6r'mous-ly, adv. Beyond meas- 
ure; excessively. [enormous. 

E-nor'mous-ness, n. State of being 

E-NOUGH' (e-nuf) a. [A.-S. genOh, 
gen'g, from geneah, it is sufficient.] 
Adequate ; sufficient. — adv. 1. Suf- 
ficiently. 2. Fully; quite. 3. In a 
tolerable degree. — n. A sufficiency. 

En-quire', v. >. fc t. Sec Inquire. 

En-rage', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To fill 
with rage ; to provoke to frenzy. 

En-rank', v. t. To place in ranks or 
in order. 

En-rapt'ure (53), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To transport with pleasure. 

EN-B-AV'ISH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
enchant. [enravished. 

En-rav'ish-ment, n. State of being 

En-rich', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1, To 
make rich ; to adorn. 2. To fertil- 
ize. 3. To store with knowledge. 

En-rich'ment, n. Act of making 
rich_, or that which enriches. 

En-robe', v. t. To invest with a, robe. 

En-role', v. t. [-ed; -ing. J 1. To 
write in a roll or register ; hence, to 
record ; also, refiexively, to enlist. 2. 
To envelop. 

En roll'MENT, \ n. 1. Act of en- 

En-rol'ment, (rolling. 2. That in 
wh^ch any thing is errolled. 

EN-ROOT', r. t. To fix; by the root ; to 
implant deep. 

En-sam'ple, it. An example. [06s.] 

En-san'gui'ne (-sang/gwin), v. t. To 
stain with blood. 

EN-S€ONCE'. v. t. [-ed 5 -ing.] To 
cover or shelter, as with a sconce ; to 
protect. 

En-seal', v. t. To impress witha seal. 

En- seam', v. t. To inclose by a seam ; 
hence, to include. 

Ensemble (Sng'som'bl), n. [Fr., 
fr. Lat. insimul, at the same time.] 
The whole ; all parts taken together. 

En-shrine', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

w inclose in a shrine ; hence, to cherish. 

EN'si-FORM, a. [Lat. ensis, sword, 
and forma, form.] Having the shape 

v of a sword. 

En'sign (en'sln), n. [Fr. enseigne, 
from Lat. insignia, pi. of insigne, 
badge, flag.] 1. Banner which dis- 
tinguishes a company of soldiers, or 



a vessel ; a badge. 2. An officer, 
who formerly carried the ensign or 

w tiag. 

En'sign-CY ) (en'sln), n. Rank or 

En'sign-ship J office of an ensign. 

En-slave', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
reduce to slavery or bondage. 

En-slave'ment, n. Slavery ; bond- 
age ; servitude. 

En-slav'er, n. One who enslaves. 

En-snare', v. t. See Insnare. 

En-sphere', v. t. To place in, or 
form into, a sphere. 

En-stamp', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
impress as with a stamp. 

En-sue', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Norm. 
Fr. ensuer, from Lat. insequi, to fol- 
low.] To follow; to pursue. — v. i. 
To come after ; to succeed. 

En-sure' (-shurO, v. t. See Insure. 

En-t'ab'la-ture (53), n. [0. Fr., fr. 
Lat. in and tabula, board, table.] 
That part of an order which is over 
the columns, including the archi- 
trave, frieze, and cornice. 

En-tail', n. [Fr. cntaille, fr. entail- 
Zer, to cut away.] 1. An estate lim- 
ited to a particular heir or heirs. 2. 
Rule by which the descent is fixed. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To settle in- 
alienably on a person or thing, or 
on a person and his descendants. 

En-tail'ment, n. 1. Act of entail- 
ing. 2. Condition of being entailed. 

En-tan'gle, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. 
To twist or interweave so as not to be 
easily separated. 2. To perplex ; to 
embarrass ; to puzzle. 

En-tan'gle-ment (-tang'gl-), n. In- 

w tricacy ; perplexity. 

EN'TER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. en- 
trer, Lat. intrare, fr. intro, inward.] 

1. To come or go into. 2. To unite 
in; to join. 3. To engage in> 4. To 
attain; to begin. 5. To insert. 6. 
To inscribe ; to record. — v. i. 1. To 
go or come in ; also, to begin. 2. To 
get within ; to form or constitute a 

o part. 3. To penetrate deeply. 

EN'TER-PRISE, n. [Fr. cntreprise, fr. 
entreprendre , to undertake.] 1. That 
which is undertaken ; an adventure. 

2. Willingness to engage in labor re- 
w quiring boldness, &c. 
En'ter-pris/ing, a. Bold or for- 
w ward to undertake. 
EN'TER-TAIN', V. t. [-ED", -ING.] 

[Fr. entretenir, from entre, between, 
and tenir, to hold.] 1. To maintain ; 
to support. 2. To show hospitality 
to. 3. To divert. 4. To receive and 
take into consideration. 5. To har- 
bor: to cherish. 
Syn. — See Amuse. 

EN'ter-tain'er, n. One who enter- 
tains, [tertainment. 

En'ter-tain'ING, a. Affording en- 

w Syn. —Pleasing; amusing: diverting. 

EN'TER-TAIN'MENT, 11. 1. Act of 
entertaining. 2. That which enter- 
tains, or with which one is enter- 
tained ; especially a repast ; a feast. 
Syx.— Amusement : diversion ; rec' 
reation; pastime; baiiquet. 

EN-THRALL', V. t. See INTHRALL. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO,TO~OK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E,I, O, silent ; 

iO 



C, G, soft; €, G, luird; As ; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS 



ENTHRONE 



146 



EPICENE 



En-throne', v. t. [ed; -ing.] 1. 
To place on a throne ; to invest with 
sovereign authority. 2. To induct 
or install, as a bishop. 

En-throne'MENT, n. Act of en- 
throning. 

EN-THU'gI-AS.M, n. [Gr. evflovcricwr- 
/u.6s, fr. ev6ovo-ia£et.v , to be inspired 
by the god.] An ardent zeal, in re- 
spect to some object or pursuit. 

Syn. — Fanaticism. — Enthusiasm was 
formerly used for heat of imagination, 
especially in religion ; but this sense is 
now more commonly confined to fanati- 
cism, which denotes wild and extrava- 
gant notions on this subject, often lead- 
ing to the most dangerous delusions. 
Fanaticism is also sometimes extended 
to other subjects besides religion. 

EN-THU'§I-ast, n. One who is moved 
by enthusiasm. 

EN-THU/gl-XsT'I^, 1 a. Filled with 

EN-THU'gl-AST'lG-AL, ) enthusi- 

asm ; zealous in the pursuit of an 
object . [enthusiasm . 

EN-THU'gl-XsT'KJ-AL-LY, adv. With 

EN'THY-MEME, n. [Gr. efOvfx-qixa, fr. 
ev9vfj.eZo-9ai, to keep in mind, to con- 
sider.] An argument of only two 
propositions, an antecedent and a 
consequent deduced from it. 

En-TI£E', v. t. [-ED -ING.] [0. Fr. 
enticer, enticher, fr. pref. en, and 0. 
II. Ger. stechan, steckOn, to prick, 
goad.] To draw on by exciting hope 
or desire ; especially, in a bad sense, 
to lead astray ; to tempt. 
Syn. — See Allure. 

En-TI^e'ment, n. 1. Act or prac- 
tice of enticing. 2. That which in- 
cites to evil. 

EN-Tl'CER, n. One who entices. 

En-tire', a. [Lat. integer.] 1. Com- 
plete ; full and perfect. 2. Not par- 
ticipated with others. 3. Compris.- 
ing all requisites in itself. 4. With- 
outmixture or alloy. 

EN-TIRE'LY, adv. Wholly; fully. 

EN-TiRE'NESS,n. Completeness; full- 
ness; totality. or whole. 

En-tire 't y , n. State of being entire 

En-ti'tle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. intitulare, from in, in, and titu- 
lus, title.] 1. To give a title to ; to 
call. 2. To give a claim to ; to fur- 
nish grounds for seeking. 

Syn. — To name; designate; denomi- 
nate ; style; characterize. 

EN'TI-TY, n. [L. Lat. entitas, fr. ens, 
thing.] A real being, whether in 
thought or fact ; essence ; existence. 

En-tomb' (en-tobm'), v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] *To lay in a tomb ; to bury. 

EN'TO-mo-log'ic'al, a. Pertaining 
to the science of entomology 

En'to-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in 
entomology. 

eVto-MOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. eV-ro^ov, 
insect, and Aoyo?, discourse.] That 
part of zoology which treats of in- 
sects. 

EN'TRAiLg, n. pi. [Fr. entrailles, as 
if fr. a Lat. word, intralia, fr. intra, 
within.] 1. The bowels. 2. Inter- 
nal parts, as of the earth. 

£n'TRANCE, n. 1. Act of entering ; 
hence, act of taking possession. 2. 



Door or passage. 3. Actofbeginr'ag ; 
commencement ; initiation. 

En-tran^e', f. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
put into a trance. 2. To enrapture. 

En-trap', v. t. [-fed ; -ping, 136.] 
To catch as in a trap. 

EN-TREAT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
treat ; to use or manage. 2. To ask 
earnestly ; to supplicate. 

Syn.— To beseech; beg; solicit ; crave. 

En-treat'Y, n. Act of entreating. 

ENTREE (ong'tra'), n. [Fr.,fr. en- 
trer, to enter.] 1. Permission or right 
to enter. 2. A course of dishes. 

Entrepot (ong'tr-po'), «. [Fr., fr. 
Lat. inttrpositum, fr. interponere, to 
interpose.] 1. A warehouse for the 
deposit of goods. 2. A free port. 

En'try, n. 1. Act of entering; en- 
trance ; ingress. 2. Act of record- 
ing. 3 A passage ; a vestibule. 4. 
Any account entered on record. 

EN -TWINE', V. t. [-ED, -ING.] To 
twine. [twist around. 

EN-TW'fST^ V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

E-NU'GLE-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. enucleare, -atum, fr. e, out, and 
nucleus, kernel.] To bring out, as a 
kernel from its enveloping husks ; to 
clear; to explain. [ating. 

E-nu'€LE-a'tion, n. Act of enucle- 

E-NU'MER-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. enumerare, -atum, from e t out, 
and numtrare, to count.] To count ; 
to reckon ; to compute ; hence, to 
recount. 

E-NUOIER-A'TION, n. 1. Actof enu- 
merating. 2. A detailed account. 3. 
A recapitulation in the peroration 
of the heads of an argument. 

E-NU'MER A-TlVE, n. Reckoning up 
one by one. 

E-nijn'ci-ate (-nun'shf-), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. enunciare, -atum, from 
e, out, and nuncius, messenger.] 1. 
To announce; to proclaim. 2. To 
utter ; to pronounce. 

E-nun'ci-a'tion (-nun'shi-), n. 1. 
Act of enunciating. 2. Mode of ut- 
terance or pronunciation. 3. An- 
nouncement; declaration. 

E-NiJN'ci-A-TiVE (-shi-a-), a. Per- 
taining to enunciation. 

E-nun'ci-a-to-RY (-shl-a-), a. Per- 
taining to enunciation or utterance. 

En-vel'op, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
envelopper. gee DEVELOP.] 1. To 
surround as a covering. 2. To wrap 

En'vel-ope, ) n. A wrapper, espe- 

En-vel'op, J daily of a letter. 

K3~ This word, in the orthography en- 
velope, often has a semi-French pronun- 
ciation, 6ng/ve-lop', or ong've-lop/. 

En-vei/op-ment,«. 1. Act of en- 
veloping. 2. That which envelops. 

En-ven'om, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To taint with venom : to poison. 2. 
To taint with bitterness. 

l?N'VI-A-BLE,a. Fitted to excite envy. 

EN'vi-ER, n. One who envies. 

EN'VI-OUS, a. Feeling or exhibiting 

w envy. [manner. 

EN'vi-otJS-LY, adv. In an envious 

En-vi'ron (89), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 



[Fr. environner, fr. environ, about, 
fr. viron, circle, circuit.] 1. To sur- 
round ; to encompass. 2. To in- 
volve ; to envelop. 

En-vi'ron-ment, n. 1. Actofenvi. 
roniug. 2. That which environs. 

EN-Vl'RON£, or EN'VI-RONg, n. pi. 
Places which surround another place, 
or lie near it. 

EN'VOY, n. [Fr. envoye, fr. envoys 
to send.] A person deputed to nego- 
tiate a treaty , or transact other busi- 
ness with a foreign government. 

EN'VY, V. t. [-ED;.-1NG, 142.] 1. 
To regard with discontent and malev- 
olent longing. 2. To desire strongly ; 
to covet. — v. i. To be filled with 
envious feelings. — n. [Lat. mvidia, 
fr. invidere, to look askance at, or 
with enmity.] 1. Pain, or discon- 
tent excited by another's superiority 
or success. 2. Object of envious no- 
tice or feeling. 

E'o-cene, a. [Gr. 17^?, dawn, and 
icaivos, new.] Pertaining to the ear- 
nest part of the tertiary period. 

E-O'LI-AN, ) a. 1. Pertaining to JEolia 

E-ol'I€, J or^:o]is,ini»siaMinor. 

2. Pertaining to iEolus, the god of 

_the winds, and hence to the wind. 

E'ON, n. See iEON. 

E'p)i€T, «. [Gr. eVaKTo's, brought on 
or in, «*:dded.] Excess of the solar 
year or month beyond the lunar. 

LP'ARCH, n. [Gr. enapxos, fr. eiri, 
and apxn-i supreme power.] Gov- 

w ernor cr prefect of a province. 

Lp'arch-y, n. A province under an 
eparch. 

E-PAULE'MENT,n. [Fr.fr. rpauler, to 
protect by the shoulder of a bastion, 
fr. cpaule, shoulder ] {Fort.) A side- 

w work, made of earth heaped up. 

Ep'atj-let', I n. [Fr. epaulette, 

Ep'au-lette', ) fr. epaule, shoul- 
der.] A badge worn on the shoulder 
by military and naval officers. 

E-PEN'THE-SIS, n.; pi. E-PEN^ 
THESES. [Gr., fr. eTrevTL0€vai, t.. 
insert.] Insertion of a letter or syl- 
lable in the middle of a word. 

JSpergne (i-pfirn/), n. [Fr., econ- 
omy.] An ornamental stand for a 
large dish. 

EP-EX'E-GE'SIS, n. [Gr. inefryelo-eai, 
to explain in detail.] Exegesis ; in- 
terpretation. 

E-ph£m'E-RA, n. [Gr. e^ifrxepos, 
daily, lasting but a day.] A fly that 
lives one day only ; any insect that 
is very short-lived. 

E-PHEM'E-RAL, a. 1. Beginning and 
ending .in a day. 2. Existing for a 
short time only. 

E-PHEM'E-RIS. n. ;pl. EPH'E-MER'- 
I-DE$. [Gr. e^Tj/aepis, fr. ec/)rj/xepo?.[ 
1. A journal. 2. An astronomical 

w almanac. 

EPH'OD, n. [Heb. cphod, fr.aphad,to 
put on.] A girdle worn by Jewish 

w priests. 

EP'I€, a. [Gr. eniicos, fr. oro?, word, 
tale.] Containing heroic narration. 
— n. An epic or heroic poem. 

£p'I-9ENE, a. or n. [Gr. e7r6coii>o?, 



A, f, I, o,u, Y, long; X,£,I,6,u, Y, short; cAre, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TfiBM ;p'ique, fIrm; s6n 



EPICURE 



147 



EQUIDISTANT 




fr. eTrC, and koivo?, common.] Com- 
mon to l>ot!i sexes ; — applied to such 
nouns as have but one form of gen- 

w der for both sexes. 

EP'I-€URE, n. A follower of Epicurus, 
a Greek philosopher ; one addicted to 
sensual enjoyments. 

Stx. — Voluptuary ; sensualist. 

EVl-€U'RE-AX, or Ep'I-CU-RE'AN, 
(124), a. 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, 
or his philosophy. 2. Given to lux- 
ury : luxurious. — n. 1. A follower 
of Epicurus. 2. One given to the 

w luxuries of the table. 

Ep'i-cu're-ax-ism, n. Attachment 

w to the doctrines cf Epicurus. 

EP'1-cu-R.hM, n. 1. The doctrines, 
or a doctrine of Epicurus. 2. Sensu- 

w al enjoyments ; voluptuousness. 

Ep'I-CY'CLE, n. [Gr. e7nxuKAo9,from 
e7ri and kvkAos, circle.] (Ptolemaic 
Astron.) A circle, whose center 
moves round in the circumference of 

w a greater circle. 

Epa-CY'CLOID, n. 
[Gr. en-t/cv/cAos, 
and elSos, form. 
See supra.] A 
curve generated 
\>y a point m the 
circumference of 
a movable circle, 
which rolls on the 
circumference of 
a fixed circle, as Epicycloid, 
by the point a or d, in the circle A 
or AL 

Ep'i-cy-cloid'al, a. Relating to the ' 
epicycloid, or having its properties. 

EP'I-DEM'IO, | a. [Gr. emo^/ao?, [ 

Ep'I-DEM'i^-AL, j among the pen- 
pie.] 1. Affecting a whole people cr j 
community. 2. Generally prevailing. 
— n. A disease which affects num- j 
bers of persons at the same time. 

Ep'I-DER'JXIS, n. [Gr. hrtSep^K, j 
fr. em' and Sdpixa, skin.] 1. Outer 
layer of the skin of animals. 2. Ex- I 

w ternal layer of the bark of a plant. 

Ep'I-dote, n. A hard vitreous min- j 

^ eral of a greenish or graj isli color. 

EP'I-GAS'TRre, a. [Gr. eTriydcrrpios.] \ 
Pertaining to the upper and anterior ', 

' part of the abdomen. 

EP'I-GLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. eTriyAwT-ri?.] I 
A leaf-shaped cartilage, whose use is 
to prevent food or drink from enter- 

w ing the larynx while eating. 

EP'I-GRAM, n. [Gr. e7ri'ypap.ju.a, from 
e7riypd<£e<.v, to write upon.] A short 

w pointed poem. 

|P'I-GRA1I-MAT'I€, ) a. 1. TVl'it- 

£p'I-GRA>i->lAT'l-e-AL, J ing epi- 
grams. 2. Belonging to epigrams ; 

w like an epigram ; concise ; pointed. 

EP'l-GRArvi-MAT'ie-AE-LY, adv. In 

w an epigrammatic style. 

EP'i-gram'ma-tist^ n. One who 
composes epigrams. 

EP'I-GRAM'MA-TIZE, V. t. [-ED ; 

w -ING.] To express bv epigrams. 

EP'I-GRAPH, n. [Gr. erriypa^i?, from 
*Trtypd<l>eiv , to write upon ] 1. An 
inscription on a building denoting 
its use. 2. A motto. 



EP'I-LEP'SY, n. [Gr. eTriAiji/ua, from 
eTriAa.ju.^di'eii', to attack.] A disease 
of the brain attended by paroxysms 
and loss of consciousness. 

Ep'I-lep'TIC, a. Pertaining to, or 
affected with, epilepsy. [epilogue. 

Ep'I-LO-GIS'tpc, a. Pertaining to 

Ep'I-LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr. erri'Aoyo?, 
conclusion.] A short address to the 
spectators recited after the conclu- 
sion of a play. 

E-PIPH'A-NY, n. [Gr. eTrufxivia. (sc. 
tepd), e-i<f)aveLa, appearance.] A 
church festival on the 6th day of 
January, in commemoration of the 
appearance of our Savior to the wise 
men who came to adore him. 

E-Pls'CO-PA-CY, n. [Lat. episcopatus, 
fr. episcopus, bishop. See ElSHOP.] 
Government of the church by bish- 
ops, priests, and deacons. 

E-Pis'-eo-PAL, a. 1. Governed by 
bishops. _2. Belonging to bishops. j 

E-Pis'-eo-PA'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to 
episcopacy. — n. One who adheres to 
the episcopal form of church govern- 
ment ; a churchman. [pacy. 

E-pi's'oo-pa'li-an-ipm, n. Episco- 

E-pis'go-pal-LY", adv. In an episco- 
pal manner. 

E-Pis'€0-PATE (44), 57. 1. A bishop- 

w ric. _2. Collective body cf bishops. 

Ep'I-SODE, n. [Gr. c-eurooo?, fr. l-i 
and etcroSos, a coming in.] An inci- 
dental narrative, naturally arising 

w from the main subject. 

EP'I-SOD'te, ) a. Pertaining to, 

EP'I-SOD'l€-AL, J or contained in. 
an episode. 

E-PIS'TLE (-pls / l), n. [Gr. eirta-roKrj , 
fr. eTuo-TeAAeiv, to send to.] A writ- 
ing sent to a person : a letter. 

E-PIS'TO-LA-RY, a. 1. Pertaining to 

k/ epistles. 2. Contained in letters. 

EP'I-TAPTT, n. [Gr. eirira^iov , fr. eiri, 
and Tdcbos, tomb.] An inscription 

w on a funeral monument. 

EP'I-TAPH'ie, a. Pertaining to an 
epitaph, or to epitaphs. 

Ep'i- tha-la'mi- &M, n. [Lat. ; Gr. 
e7ri0<iAd/aiov (sc. jixeAos), fr. IttL and 
0dAa.ju.os, bride-chamber, bridal bed.] 

M A nuptial song. 

EPa-THET, n. [Gr. e-tflerov, fr. erri- 
0eros, added.] An adjective express- 
ing some quality, attribvite, or rela- 
tion, specially appropriate to a per- 
son or thing. 

Syx.— Title; appellation.— The name 
epithet was formerly extended to nouns 
which give a title or describe character 
(as liar, &c.,) but is now confined wholly 
to adjectives. Some rhetorical writers 
restrict it still further, considering the 
term epithet a.< belonging only to a lim- 
ited class of adjectives, viz., those which 
add nothing to the sense of their noun, 
but simply hold forth some quality nec- 
essarily implied therein, as the bright 
sun, the loftif heavens, &c. But this re- 
striction is not sanctioned by Johnson, 
and it certainly does not prevail in gen- 
eral literature. 

EP'l-THET're. a. Pertaining to, or 
abounding in, epithets. 

E-PIT O-ME (147), n. [Gr. ein.TOju.TJ, 
fr. e-x-LTefjiveiv, to cut on the surface.] 
A brief summary. 



Syx. — Abridgment ; compendium , 
compend ; abstract. 

E-pit'o-aust, n. One who makes an 
epitome. _ 

E-pit'o-mize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

w abridge, as a writing or discourse 

EP'0€ll,n. [Gr. e-cxr), a check, pause, 
stop, in the reckoning cf time.] A 
fixed point of time, from which sue- 

w ceeding years are numbered. 

Ep'ODE, n. [Gr. eTTtofio?, fr. eTTtuScs, 
sung or said after.] The third or lust 

w part of an ancient ode. 

EP'O-PEE', n. [Gr. e-n-nroua, fr. cttos, 
song, and Troietv, to make.] An epie 
poem or its action or fable. 

E/QUA-BII/I-TY", n. Evenness or uni- 

_ formity. 

E'QUA-BLE, a. [Lat. ssquabilis, from 
xquare, to make level or equal.] 1. 
Continuing the same at different 
times. 2. Uniform in action or in- 

_ tensity. [ner. 

E'QUA-BLY, adv. In an equable man- 

E'QUAL, a. [Lat. sequalis, fr. zequus, 
even, equal.] 1. Having the same 
magnitude, dimensions, value, &c. 
2. Having competent power, or 
means ; fit. 3. Not variable ; equa- 
ble. 4. Characterized by fairness. 
— n. One not inferior or superior 
to another. — r. t. [ED, -ING; or 
-LED, -ling, 137.] 1. To be or be- 
come equal to. 2. To recompense 
fully. 3. To make equal or equal 
to ; hence, to compare as equals. 

E-QUAL'I-TY, n. Condition of being 
equal. [ing. 

E'QUAL-I-ZA'TION, n. Act of equaliz- 

E'QUAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make equal. 2. To pronounce 

_ equal. [ner cr degree. 

E'QUAL-LY, adv. In an equal man- 

E'QUA-NIIM'I-TY, n. [Lat. icquanimi- 
tas, from scquus, equal, and animus:, 
mind.] Evenness of mind ; compos- 
ure^ 

E-QUA'TION, n. 1. An expression of 
the condition cf equality between two 
algebraic quantities or sets cf quanti- 
ties. 2. Difference between the true 
and the mean place or other element 
of acelestial body. 

E-QUA'tor, n. [From Lat. scquare. 
See supra.'] 1. A. great circle on the 
earth's surface, everywhere equally 
distant from the two poles. 2. A 
great circle of the celestial sphere, 
coincident with the plane of the 
earth's equator. 

E'qua-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the 
equator. — n. An astronomical in- 
strument. 

E-QUER'RY, 1 n. [Er. ccurie, stable.^ 

Eq'UE-RY, j 1. A large stable for 
horses. 2. An officer of princes, 
charged with the care of their horses. 

E-QUES'TRI-AN. a. [Lat. equestris, fr, 
eques, horseman.] 1. Pertaining to 
horses or horsemanship. 2. Biding 

• • on horseback. — n. A horseman. 

E-QUES'TRI-AN-ISM, n. Horseman- 
ship, [angles. 

E'QUI-AN'GU-LAR, a. Having equal 

E'QUI-DIS'TANT, a. [Lat. ccquidis- 



OR, DO, WOLF, T00 4 -0*0^ J fjRN, RUE, PULL; E, /, o. silent ; C,G, soft; €, g, hard; /.s« E^IST; N as NG; this 



EQUILATERAL 



148 



ERST 



tans, fr. sequus, equal, and distans, I 

_ distant.] Being at an equal distance. I 

E'QUI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. sequdate- j 
ralis ; sequus, equal, aud tatus, side.] 
Having all the sides equal. 

E'QUI-Ll'BRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sequilibrare, -bratum, fr. sequus, 
equal, and librare, to weigh, poise.] 
To balance equally ; to keep in equi- 

__ poise. [balance even ; equipoise. 

E'QUI-Ll-BRA'TION, n. A keeping the 

E/QUI-LIB'RI-TY, n. Equilibrium. 

E/QUI-LiB'Rl-uM, n. 1. Equality of 
weight or force. 2. A just poise or 
balance in respect to an object. 3. 
Equal balancing of the mi ud between 
motives or reasons. 

E-QUI'NAL, ) a. [Lat. equinus, from 

E'QUINE, J equus, horse.] Per- 

_ taining to, or resembling, a horse. 

E'QUI-No€"TIAL, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the equinoxes, or to the regions or 
climate of the equinoctial line or 
equator. 2. Pertaining to the time 
when the sun enters the equinoctial 

_ points. — n. The celestial equator. 

E'QUI-NOX, n. [Lat. sequinoctium , fr. 
sequus, equal, and nox, night.] The 
precise time when the sun passes the 
equinoctial. 

E-QutP',1-. t. [-fed; -ping, 136.] [Fr. 
cquiper, to supply, 0. Fr. esquiper, 
fr. esquif, boat.] 1. To supply with 
whatever is necessary ; — said of 
ships or of troops. 2. To dress up ; 

w to array. 

Eq'ui-page, n. 1. Furniture ; equip- 
ment. 2. Ornamental furniture ; 
accouterments. 3. Attendance ; ret- 
inue. 

E-QUIP'MENT, n. 1. Act of equipping. 
2. Any thing used in equipping ; fur- 

_ niture ; equipage. 

E'QUI-POIRE, n. [Lat. sequus, equal, 
and Eng. poise.] Equality of weight 
or force ; equilibrium ; hence, equal- 
ity. 

E/QUl-POL'LEN^E, \n. Equality of 

E/QUI-poi/len-cy, ) power or force. 

E'QUI-POL'LENT, a. [Lat. sequipol- 
lens, from sequus, equal, and^o^ens, 
strong, powerful.] Having equal 
force ; equivalent. 

E'QUI-PON'DER-ANCE, n. Equality of 

_ weight ; equipoise. [same weight. 

E/QUI-pon'der-ANT, a. Having the 

E'QUI-PON'DER-ATE, V. i. [Lat. 
sequus, equal, and -ponder are, to 
weigh.] To be equal in weight. 

Eq'ui-ta-ble (ek'wi-), a. [See Equi- 
ty.] 1. Possessing equity ; giving, 
or disposed to give, each his due. 2. 
Pertaining to the tribunal or the 
rule of equity. 

Syn. — Just ; fair ; right ; impartial ; 
^ upright. 

Eq'ui-ta-bly, adv. In an equitable j 
, . manner. 

fcQ'UI-TY (ek'wl-ty 1 ), n. [Lat. sequitas, 
fr. sequus, even, equal.] 1. The giv- 
ing, or desiring to give, to each man 
his due. 2. An equitable claim. 3. 
A svstem of jurisprudence, the object 
yl which is to supply the deficiencies 
of the courts of law. 



Syn. — Impartiality ; rectitude ; fair- 
ness; honesty ; uprightness. 

E-QUIV'A-LENCE, \n. 1. Condition 

E-quiv'A-LEN-<;y, ) of being equiv- 
alent. 2. Equal power or force. 

E-QUIV'A-LENT, a. [Lat. sequivalere, 
-vuiens, to have equal power.] 1. 
Equal in value, worth, power, im- 
port, &c. 2. (Geom.) Equal in di- 
mensions, but not superposable. — 
n. 1. That which is equal in value, 
weight, dignity, or force. 2. Atomic 
weight of a substance. 

E-QUIV'o-eAL, a. [Lat. sequivocus, 
from sequus, equal, aud vox, word.] 

. Having different significations equal- 
ly appropriate ; uncertain. 

Syn. — Ambiguous. — An expression 
is ambiguous when different parts of it 
can be so construed as to bring out a di- 
versity of meanings. An expression is 
equivocal when, taken as a whole, it ex- 
presses a given thought with perfect 
clearness and propriety, and also another 
thought with equal propriety and clear- 
ness. The former is a mere blunder of 
language ; the latter is usually intend- 
ed to deceive, though it may occur at 
times from mere inadvertence. 

E-QU1V'0-€ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To use words of equivocal significa- 
tion with a view to mislead. 

Syn.— To prevaricajte; evade; shuffle. 

E-QUlV'O-CA'TION, n. Ambiguity of 
speech. [ocates. 

E-qui'v'o-ca'tor, n. One who equiv- 

EQ'UI-VOQUE, ) n. 1 An ambiguous 

Eq'ui-voke, J term. L. Equivo- 
cation. 

E'RA (89, 147), n. [Late Lat. sera.] 
1. A fixed point of time, from which 
a series of years is reckoned. 2 A 
succession of years comprehended be- 
tween two fixed points. 

E-RA'DI-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] Lat. 
e, out, and radius, ray, beam.] To 
shoot forth, as rays of light. 

E-RA'di-a'tion, n. Emission of light 
or splendor. 

E-RAD'I-€ATE, V. t. [-ED J -ING.] [Lat. 
eradicare, -catum, from e, out, and 
radix, root.] 1. To extirpate ; to root 
out. 2. To destroy thoroughly. 

E-rad'i-ca'tion, n. Act of rooting 
out; extirpation. 

E-RAD'I-€A-TIVE, a. Tending or serv- 
ing to eradicate. [erased. 

E-RAS'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

E-RASE', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
eradere, erasum, fr. e, out, and ra- 
dere, to scrape.] 1. To rub or scrape 
-out; to efface. 2. To obliterate, as 
ideas. 

E-rase'ment, n. Obliteration ; de- 
struction, [erases. 

E-ras'er, n. One who, or that which, 

E-ra£'ure (-r.^zhur), n. Act of eras- 
ing ; obliteration. 

ERE (ar). adv. [A.-S. ser, Goth, air.] 
Before: sooner than. — prep. Before 
in respect to time. 

E-RE-eT', a. [See infra.] 1. Upright, 
or in a perpendicular posture. 2. 
Raised ; uplifted.— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[Lat. erigere, erectum. fr. e, out, and 
regere, to lead straight.] 1. To set 
upright ; to raise. 2. To raise, as a 



leg. 



building. 3. To give loftiness or high 
tone to. 4. To cheer. 5. To set up 
as an assertion or consequence. 6. 
To establish anew. [erected 

E-RE£,'T'iLE, a. Capable of being 

E-RE€'tion, n. 1. Act of erecting. 
2. Any thing erected ; any building 

E-RE€T'LY, adv. In an erect posture. 

ERE-LONG' (21), adv. Soon ; before 

_ long. _ [ret. 

ER'e-mite, n. A hermit; an ancho- 

ER'GO,adv. [Lat.] Therefore; con- 
sequently. 

Er'got (14), n. [Fr. ergot, argot.] 1. 
A parasitic fungus, found in rye. 2- 
A protuberance below the pastern- 
joint of a horse's leg. 

Er'MINE, rc. [The 
Armenian rat, be- 
cause these ani- 
mals are found in 
Armenia.] 1. An' 
animal allied to 
the weasel. 2. Fur 
of the ermine, Ermine (1). 
which in winter is white. 3. Dignity 
ofjudges and magistrates. 

E-ROEE', V. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat 
erode re, from e, out, and rod ere, to 
gnaw.] lo eat into ; to corrode. 

E-r6'sion, n. Act of eating away; 
corrosion ; canker. 

E-ROT'I€, la. [Gr. epamKOS, fr. 

E-ROT'l€-AL, j epos, love.] Pertain- 
ing to love ; amatory. [tology. 

Er'pe-tol'o-gy, n. See Herpe- 

ERR, V. i. [ERRED ; ERRING (Er'- 
ring).] [Lat. errare.] 1. To wander 
from the right way. 2. To mistake 

w in judgment. 3. To fail morally. 

ER'RAND, n. [A.-S. serende, serend, fr- 
&r, messenger.] A message ; a com- 

w mission. 

ER'RANT, a. [Lat. errare, errans. See 
ERR.] 1. Deviating; wandering; 
roving; rambling. 2. Wild; extrav- 
agant; notorious. 

ER-RAT'I-e, la. [Lat. erraticus, fr. 

ER-RAT'I€-AE, j errare. to wander.] 
1 Boving about ; eccentric. 2. Mov- 
ing ; not fixed. 

Er-Rat'I€-al x.Y,adv. Without rule, 
order, or established method. 

Er-ra'tum, n.; pi. er-Ra'ta. 
[Lat.,fr. errare, to wander.] An error 
or mistake in writing or printing. 

ER-RO'NE-Olis, a. [Lat. erroneus, fr. 
errare, to err.] 1. Deviating from 
a right course or right way. 2. Lia- 
ble to mislead. 

Syn.— Irregular; false; mistaken. 

Er-RO'ne-oOs-ly, adv. By mistake. 

Er-ro'ne-ous-ness, n. State of be- 
ing erroneous. 

Er'ror, n. [Lat.] 1. A wandering 
from the right course or standard. 
2. Want of truth ; inaccuracy. 3. 
Violation of law or duty. 

Syn. — Blunder; mistake; fault. ' 

Erse, n. [A modif. of frisk.] Lan- 
guage of the descendants of the Gael 
or Celts in the Highlands of Scot- 
land. — a. Pertaining to the ancient 
inhabitants of Scotland. 

Erst, adv. [A.-S. ser est, superb of 



\, e, I, 6, u, y, long; &.£ s 2 s 5,u, y, short; cAre, ear, ask, all, what ; ere, veii,, SiiaSij pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



ERUBESCENCE 



149 



ESTEEM 



#7. See Ere.] 1. First; at first. 
2. Once ; formerly ; long ago. 

ER'U-bes'cence I (52), n. Act of 

fiR'y-BES'^EN-CY J becoming red; 

w a blushing. 

ER'U-BES'CENT, a. [Lat. erubesccre, 
eriibesrens, to grow red.] Red, or 
reddish ; blushing. 

E-RU€T',_ I v. t. [Lat. eructare, 

E-rDc'tJ\.te, ) -tatum, from e, out, 
and ructare, to belch.] To eject, as 
wind, from the stomach ; to belch. 

£r'U€-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of belch- 
ing wind from the stomach. 2. A 

- violent bursting forth. 

ER'U-DITE, a. [Lat. erudire, -ditus, to 
polish, instruct.] Characterized by 
extensive knowledge ; learned. 

fiR'y-Di'TiON (-dlsh'un), n. State of 
being erudite or learned. 

E-Ry'GI-NOlJS, a. [Lat. zeruginosus , 
frP serugo, rust.] Partaking of cop- 
per or of its rust. 

E-RUP'TION, n. [Lat. eruptio, from 
erumpere, to break forth.] 1. Act of 
bursting forth. 2. That which bursts 
forth in a sudden manner. 3. The 
breaking out of a cutaneous disease. 
4. The disease itself. 

E-rDp'tive, a. 1. Breaking or burst- 
ing forth. 2. Attended with erup- 
tion, or producing it. 

Er'Y-sIp'E-LAS, n. [Gr. epvcmreXa.?, 
fr. epvOos, red, and neWa, skin.] A 
febrile disease with a diffused inflam- 
mation of the skin. 

Er/Y-si-pel'a-tol'S, \ a. Resem- 

F.R'YSIP'E-eoTjs, ) bling erysip- 
elas, or partaking of its nature. 

FS'CA-lade', n. [b'r., from Lat. scala, 
ladder.] An attack by troops on a 
fortified place, in which ladders are 
used. 

F.S-GAL'OP (es-skoPup), n. [D. srJrnlp, 
shell.] 1. A bivalve shell, with the 
face usually marked with ribs. 2. 
A regular, curving indenture in the 
margin of any thing. 

ifis^A-PADE', n. [Fr. See Escape.] 

1. Fling, or backward kick, of a 
horse. 2. An unconscious impro- 
priety of speech or behavior. 

*5s-€APE', v. t. [-EJD; -ING.] [Sp. 
escapar, 0. Fr. esckapper, escamper, 
prob. fr. O. H. Ger. champ f, combat, 
fight, hence, orig., to escape from 
battle.] To flee from and avoid ; to 
shun. — v. j. 1. To hasten away. 

2. To be passed without harm. — 
n. Act of fleeing from danger, of 
evading harm, or of avoiding notice. 

Es-€APE'MENT, n. Con- 
trivance in a time-piece 
which connects the 
wheel - work with the 
pendulum or the bal- 
ance ; — so called be- 
cause it allows a tooth 
to escape from a pallet at 
each vibration. 

Es-eARP', n. [Fr escarpe, 
fr. escarper, to cut steep, 
Ger. scarp, sharp, acute.] Any 
thing high and precipitous, as the 
side of the ditch next the parapet. 




Es-€ARP'MENT, n. A steep descent or 

w declivity. 

Eschalot' (esh'a-lot'), n. [Fr. ts- 
calotte, eschalotte, Lat. cepa Ascalo- 
nia, it having been orig. brought fr. 

w Ascalon.] A species of small onion. 

Es'€HAR (es'kav), n. [Gr. etrxdpa.] 
A dry crust or scab. 

Es'cha-rot'ic, a. Producing a scar ; 
caustic. 

ES-CHEAT', n. [0. Fr. eschet, a thing 
fallen to, fr. escheoir, to fall to, to 
fall to the lot of.] 1. The reverting 
of lands to the lord of the fee, in 
consequence of the extinction of the 
blood of the tenant. 2. ( U. S.) The 
falling or reverting of real property 
to the state. — v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
To revert, return, or become forfeit- 
ed, to the lord, the crown, or the 
state 1 

Es-cheat'a-ble, a. Liable to es- 
cheat. 

Es-cfiew'. v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 

0. H. Ger. skiuhan, to shun, avoid.] 
To flee from ; to shun. 

Es'-eoRT, n. [It. scorta, fr. scorgere, 
to perceive, lead, fr. Lat. ex and cor- 
rigere, to correct.] 1. A guard; 
persons giving attendance to afford 
safety, or as a mark of respect. 2. 
Protection on a journey or excursion. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To accom- 
w pany as safeguard. 
Es'cri-toire' (-twor'), n. [0. Fr., 

from Lat. scriptorins, belonging to 

w writing.] A writing-desk. 

Es'-etT-LA'PI-AN, a. Pertaining to Es- 
culapius. the god of the healing art ; 
hence, medical ; curative. 

Es'-eu-LENT, a. [Lat. escidentus, fr. 
escare, to eat.] Fit to be eaten ; eat- 
able ; edible. — n. Any thing that 
is eatable. 

Es-etJTCH'EON (-kuch'un), n. [0. 
Fr. escusson, from Lat. scutum, 
shield.] The shield or ground on 
which a coat of arms is represented. 

E-SOPH'A-GUS, n. [Gr. oicro^d'yos, fr. 
ol(T<a, fut. of </>epetv, to carry, and 
<t>ayeiv. to eat.] The gullet. [Written 

w also oesophagus.] 

Es'o-lTER're, a. [Gr. eowepiKos, fr. 
eo-wrepos, inner.] Designed for the 
specially initiated alone ; — said of 
the instructions of philosophers ; 

— opposed to exoteric. 
Es-pal/ier (-pSPyer), n. [Fr., fr. 0. 

Fr. espalde, N. Fr. epaide, shoulder.] 

1. A row of trees trained up to a lat- 
tice. 2. A lattice-work to train fruit- 
trees on. 

Es-PE'CIAL (-pesh/al), a. [0. Fr. es- 
pecial, from Lat. species, a particular 
sort.] Distinguished among others 
of the same kind. 

Syn. — Peculiar ; special ; particular; 
principal; chief. 

Es-PE'CIAE-LY (-pesh'al-), adv. In an 
especial manner. 

Es-PI'AL, n. Act of espying. 

ES'PI-ON-AGE' (eVpe-on-aj' or es'pe- 
on-'azh'), n. [Fr. espionage, fr. espi- 
onner, to spy.] Practice or employ- 
ment of spies. 



ES'PLA-NADE', n. [Fr., fr. Lat. expla- 
nare, to flatten or spread out.] 1. 
( Fort. ) The sloping of the parapet of 
the covered way toward the country. 
2. A grass plat. 

Es-pou§'al, n. 1. Act of espousing; 
especially, in the pi., betrothal or 
marriage ceremony. 2. Adoption. 

Es-pou?e', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. espouser,fv. Lat. sponsare, to be- 
troth.] 1. To betroth; to affiance; 
to unite by a promise of marriage or* 
by a marriage ceremony. 2. To take 
as a spouse ; to wed. 3. To take up 
the cause of; to adopt. 

Es-pous/er, n. One who espouses. 

Es-PY', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. es- 
pier. See Spx.] 1. To catch sight 
of. 2. To examine and keep watch 
upon. — v. i. To look narrowly. 

ESQUIRE', n. [0. Fr. escuyer, esquier, 
fr. escu, now ecu, shield.] A shield- 
bearer or attendant on a knight ; in 
modern times, a title of dignity next 
in degree below a knight, given by 
courtesy to any gentleman. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To wait on ; to attend. 

Es-say', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
try ; to attempt. 2. To make an ex- 
periment or trial of. — n. [Fr. essai, 
from Lat. exagium, weight, balance.] 

1. A trial , attempt ; endeavor. 2. A 
composition shorter and less method- 
ical than a formal treatise. 3. Ex- 

w periment. 

Es'say-ist, orEs-SAY'lST, n. A writer 

w of essays. 

ES'SENCE, n. [Lat. essentia, fr. esse, 
to be.] 1. Formative nature of a 
complex notion. 2. Constituent qual- 
ities of a thing. 3. Solution in spirits 
of wine of a volatile or essential oil. 
4. Perfume ; odor. 

Es-SEN'TIAL, a. 1. Really existing. 

2. Important in the highest degree. 

3. Highly rectified ; pure. 4. Neces- 
sary ; indispensable. — n. First or 
constituent principle. 

Es-sen'tial-ly, adv. In an essential 
manner or degree. 

ES-TAB'LISH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.][0- 
Fr. establir, fr. Lat. stabilis, firm, 
stable.] 1. To make stable or firm. 
2. To enact or decree ; to ordain. 3- 
To found ; to institute. 

Es-tab'lish-ment, n. 1. Settle- 
ment ; confirmation. 2. State of 
being established. 3. That which is 
established, as a permanent civil, 
military, or commercial force or or- 
ganization . 

£s'TA-FET', In. [Fr. estafette, fr. 

Es'TA-FETTE', ) 0. II. Ger. stap'i, 
footstep, footprint.] One of a series 
of couriers in relay. 

Es-TATE', n. [0. Fr. estat, from 
Lat. status, fr. stare, to stand.] 1." 
Fixed condition ; rank ; state ; posi- 
tion. 2. Property, esp. property in 
land. 3. One of the classes of men 
which are considered as constituting 
the state. 

ES-TEEM', V. t. [-ED : -ING.] [Lat. 
zestimare, fr. sets, brass, copper, mon- 
ey.] 1. To set a value on. 2. To re- 



6r, do, wolf, TOO s XOOttj fjRN,RyE, pull ; E, J, o, silent ; 9, g, soft; €, G, hard; A£j CgiST; N as ng; this 



ESTHETICS 



150 



EUROPEAN 



gard with respect or affection. — n. 
High value or estimation. 

Syn.— To estimate; appreciate.— We 
esteem a man for his moral qualities ; we 

• estimate a person or thing according to 
our views of their real value. The for- 
mer implies respect and attachment; the 
latter is a mere exercise of judgment or 
computation. — See Appreciate. 

Es-thet'I£.'S, n. sing. Science of the 
beautiful, or of the theory of taste. 
See ^Esthetics. 

Es'ti-ma-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
estimated. 2. Worthy of esteem. 

ES'TI-MATE,-U. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
asstimare, -?natum.] To judge and 
form an opinion of the value of, with- 

w out actually measuring or weighing. 

Es'ti-mate (45), n. An approximate 

w judgment as to amount, cost, &c. 

ES'TI-MA'TION, n. An opinion of the 
worth, extent, or quantity of any 

w thing. _ 

Es'Tl-MLA/TOR, n. One who estimates. 

Es'ti-yal, a. [Lat. aestivalis, fr. ws- 
tas, summer.] Pertaining to, or con- 
tinuing through, the summer. 

Es-ToP', v. t. [-PED; -PING. 136.] 
[0- Fr. estoper, esloppare, to hinder, 
fr. Lat. stupa, stitppa, tow, oakum.] 
To bar ; to stop the progress of. 

Es-TOP'PEL, n. A conclusive admis- 
sion, which cannot be denied or con- 
troverted. 

Ls-to'veR!=>, n. pi. [0. Fr. estover, es- 
tovoir, necessary, need.] (Law.) Ne- 
cessaries or supplies. 

Es-TRANGE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [See 
Strange.] 1. To keep at a dis- 
tance. 2. To divert from its original 
use or possessor. 3. To alienate the 
affections of. 

Es-TRANGE'MENT, n. Act of es- 
tranging ; alienation ; removal. 

Es-TRAY', n. Any animal found wan- 
dering from its owner. 

Est'u-a-ry (64), n. [Lat. sestuarium, 
fr. wstuare, to boil up.] A narrow 
passage, as the mouth of a river, 
where the tide meets the current. 

E TA GERE (et'a-zhar'), n. [Fr. , from 
etage, a shelf, story, floor.] A piece 
of furniture having a number of 

shelves, one above another. 

Etch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [N. II. 
Ger. dtzen, atzen, to feed, corrode, 
etch.] To produce, as designs, on 
metal or glass, by means of lines eat- 

w en in by strong acid. 

Etch'ing,?i. 1. Act of one who etch- 
es. 2. Impression from an etched 
plate. 

E-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. seternalis, from 
seternus.] 1. Without beginning or 
end of existence. 2. Without end; 
everlasting ; endless. 3. Perpetual ; 
ceaseless. 4. Existing at all times 
without change ; immutable. — n. 
The Deity ; God. [ning or end. 

E-t£r'nal-ly, adv. Without begin- 

E-tJSr'ni-ty, a. 1. Condition of be- 
ing eternal. 2. Condition which 
begins at death. 

E-TER'NtZE, V. t. [-EDI-ING.] To 
make eternal ; to immortalize. 

E-TE'§IAN, a. [Gr. e-rrjcrios, pi. Itij 



<rlai (sc. avejxoi), winds, from erjjcrt- 
os, annual.] Blowing at stated times 
of the year ; periodical. 

E'THER, 11. [Gr. aiflrjp, fr. aifleiv, to 
kindle.] 1. A subtle fluid supposed 
to pervade all space. 2. A very light, 
volatile, and inflammable fluid. 

E-the'RE-al (89, 124), a. 1. Per- 
taining to the ether; celestial. 2. 
Consisting of ether ; exceedingly- 
light or airy. 3. Relating to ether. 

E-THE'RE-AL-IZE, v. t. 1. To con- 
vert into, or saturate with, ether. 2. 
To render ethereal. 

E'THER-IZE, r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To convert into ether. 2. To put 
under the influence of ether. 

Eth'IC, 1 a. [Gr. ->70t#c65, fr. rjflos, 

Eth'I€-al, ) custom, moral nature.] 

w Relating to manners or morals. 

ETH'ic-AL-LY, adv. According to 

^ ethics. [duty ; rules of duty. 

Eth'ICS, n. sing. Science of human 

Eth'NIC, ) a. [Gr. iQviicos, from 

Eth'NI€-AL, J e0fos, nation.] 1. Be- 
longing to races ; based on distinc- 
tions of race. 2. Heathen; pagan. 

Eth-nog'ka-pher, n. One who cul- 

w tivates ethnography. 

ETH'NO-GRAPn'IC, ) a. Pertain- 

£th'no-graph'I€-AL, J ing to eth- 
nography. 

ETH-NOG'RA-PHY, ii. [Gr. e^os, na- 
tion, and ypafyeiv. to write.] A de- 
scription of the different races of 
men , with their different character- 

w istics, habits, &c. 

Eth'no-Log'IC, ) a. Pertaining 

Eth'no-log'ic-al, ) to ethnology. 

Eth-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in 
ethnology. 

Eth-nol'O-GY, n. [Gr. e0vos, nation, 
and Aoyo?, discourse.] Science which 
treats of the division of man into 

^ races, their origin, relations, &c. 

ETH'O-LOG'IC, I a. Pertaining to 

Eth/o-loG'jc-al, ) ethics. 

E-thol/o-gy, ii. [Gr. r/0os, e0os, cus- 
tom, manners, morality, and Ao-yo?, 
discourse.] Science of ethics. 

E'TI-0-LATE,r. ?'. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. 
ctioler, orig. to become slender, prob. 
fr. Ger. stiel, stalk.] To be whitened 
by excluding the light of the sun, as 
plants. — v. t. To blanch. 

E'ti-o-la'tion, it. ■ Operation of 
blanching so as to render plants 

w white, crisp, and tender. 

Et'i-quette' (fit'T-ket'), n. [Fr., 
prop, a label, ticket.] Observance of 
the proprieties of rank and occasion. 

jSTUI(^tvf5'), n. [Fr., fr. 0. II. Ger. 
sldcha, a short and narrow muff.] A 

w ladies' reticule or work-box. 

Et'y-MO-lo&'ic-al, a. Pertaining 
to etymology. 

ET'Y-MO-LOG'K-AL-LY, adv. Ac- 
- cording to etymology, [etymology. 

Et'y-MOL'o-g'ist, ii. One versed in 

Et'y-mol'o-gize, v. i. To search 
w into the origin of words. 

Et'Y-MOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. eTV/uoAoyia, 
from eTVfiov and Aoyos, discourse.] 
1. That part of philology which ex- 
plains the origin of words. 2. That 



part of grammar which relates to the 
changes in the forms of words in 
a language. 

ET'Y-MON, n. ; Eng.pl. ET'Y-MONg ; 
Gr.pl. ET'Y-MA. [Gr. erv/xov, true 
literal sense of a word, from eVv/uos. 
true, real.] A primitive word ; root! 

EfJ'CHA-RlST, ii. [Gr. evxapitrria, 
thanksgiving, fr. ev, well, and x«P l ? t 
favor, thanks.] The Lord's supper; 
the communion. 

Eu'CHA-RiST'lc, ) a. Pertaining 

Eu'cha-rist'IC-al, ) to the Lord's 
supper. 

Eu'chre (yij'ker),n. Agameatcard3. 

EU'DI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ev5i'a, fair, 
clear weather, and /xerpov, measure.] 
An instrument for ascertaining the 
purity of the air. 

Eu'lo-Gist, n. One who eulogizes. 

Eu'lo-gIst'IC, a. Commendatory ; 
Jaudatory. 

Eu-LO'Gl-'tJM, n. [Gr. evAoyia, eulo- 
gy.] A formal eulogy. [praise. 

Eu'lo-GIze, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

EU'LO-GY, n. [Gr. evAoyia, fr. evAo- 
yos, well speaking.] A commenda- 
tory speech or writing. 

Syn. — Encomium; panegyric. — The 
word encomium is used as to both per- 
sons and things, and denotes warm 
praise; eulogium and eulogy apply only 
to persons, and are more prolonged and 
studied ; a panegyric was originally a 
set speech in a full assembly of the peo- 
ple, and hence denotes a more formal 
eulogy, couched in terms of warm and 
continuous praise. 

Ett'nuch (yyj'nuk), n. [Gr. evvovvos, 
prop, guarding the couch, fr. evvrj, 
couch, bed, and exeiv, to keep.] A 
castrated man, often employed as a 
chamberlain. 

Eu-pep'sy, n. [Gr. ev, well, and 
Tre'i/us, digestion.] Good digestion. 

Eu-PEP'TIC, a. Having good diges- 
tion. 

Eu'PHE-MlsM, n. [Gr. ev<f)r)ixi<rfj.6<; , 
fr. ev, well, and ^rjjxi, to speak.] A 
delicate word used for one that is 
harsh or indelicate. 

Eu/PHE-Ml's'Tl-e, 1 a. Pertaining 

EU/PHE-MIS'TIC-AL, J to, or con- 
taining, euphemism. 

Eu-PHON're, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Eu-PHOK'ie-AL, I or exhibiting, eu- 
phony ; euphonious. 

Eu-Piib'Nl-otJS, a. Agreeable in 
sound ; euphonic. 

Eu'PHO-NIsM, «. An agreeable com- 
bination of sounds ; euphony. 

EU'PHO-NY, n. [Gr. eixpwvia, fr. ev, 
well, and $u>vr), sound.] An agreea- 
ble sound or enunciation of sounds. 

Eu'PHU-Ism, n. [Gr. ev^vrfc, well- 
grown, graceful.] Affectation of ex- 
cessive elegance of language. 

Eu'PHU-lST, n. One who affects ex- 
cessive refinement of language. 

Efj/pHU-IsT'lc:, a. Belonging to the 
euphuists, or to euphuism. 

EU-RO€'LY-DON, ii. [Gr. evpofcAvowv. 
fr. evpos, the south-east wind, and 
kAvoW, wave.] A tempestuous east- 
erly wind in the Mediterranean ; a 
levanter. [Europe. 

Eu / RO-PE'AN (124). a. Pertaining to 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y,lonS', A,£,I, 6,i),Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£U3I; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N. 



EUTERPEAN 



151 



EXACERBATE 



EC-t£r'PE-AN, a. Relating to the i 
muse Euterpe ; hence, pertaining to 
music. 

EU'THA-NA'§I-A, 1 n. [Gr. ev9avoi<rLa, 

Eu-THAN'A-SY, j fr. ev,well, and 
6dva.To<;, death.] An easy death. 

E-vA-e'L'-ANT, a. Purgative; cathar- 
tic. — n. A cathartic medicine. 

£ YA-e'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -TOG.] 
[Lat. evacuate . -atum, fr. e, out, and 
njacuus, empty. } 1. To make empty. 
2. To remove; to eject. 3. To -with- 
draw from, or desert. 4. To make 
void; to nullify. 

E-vag'U-a'tion, n. 1. Act of evacu- 
ating. 2. That which is evacuated ; 
esp. a discharge by stool. [ates. 

E-VAG'U-A'TOR, n. One who evacu- 

E-VABE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
evadete, fr. e, out, from, and vac/ere, 
to go.] To get away from by arti- 

w fice ; to elude; to escape. 

EV'A-GA'TION, n. [Lat. evagatio, fr. 
evagari, to wander forth.] Act of 
wandering. [away. 

Ev'A-nes'cence, n. A vanishing; 

Ev'A-NES'CENT, a. [Lat. evctnescere, 
evanescens. fr. e out, and vanescere, 
to vanish.] 1. Vanishing; fleeting. 
2. Imperceptible. 

E-van'gel, n. [Lat. evangelium, Gr. 
evayyeKtov. glad tidings, the gospel.] 

_ Good news : the gospel. 

E/VAN-GEL'IC, la. 1. Contained 

E'VAN-GEL'IG-AL, j in, or relating 
to, the Gospels. 2. Belonging to, or 
consonant with, the gospel. 3. Tech- 
nically applied to a party in the 
English and other churche3. 

E' VAN-GEL 'I€-AL-LY, adv. In an 
evangelical manner. [the gospel. 

E-van'gel-Ism, n. Promulgation of 

E-VAN'GEL-IST, n. 1. One of the 
writers of the gospel history. 2. A 
preacher authorized to preach, but 
not having charge of a particular 
church, and not allowed to adminis- 
ter the eucharist. 

E-VAN'GEL-IZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To preach the gospel to ; to convert 
to a belief of the gospel. 

E-van'ish, v. ?'. To vauish. 

E-vap'o-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 
evaporated. 

E-VAP'O-RATE, V. f. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. evaporare, -atum, from e, out, 
and vaporare, to emit vapor.] 1. To 
pass off in vapor 2. To be dissipated. 
— v. t. To dissipate in vapor or fumes. 

E-VAP'o-ra'tion, ii. Act of turning 
into, or passing off in, vapor. 

E-vap'o-ra'tive, a. Pertaining to, 
orproducing, evaporation. 

S-VA'glON, n. Act of evading, par- 
ticularly an accusation, interroga 
tion, &c. 

Syx. — Shift ; subterfuge ; prevarica- 
tion i equivocation. 

1B-VA'SIVE, a. Tending to evade, or 
marked bv evasion 

E-VA'SIVE-LY, adv. By evasion. 

EVE, l n. [A.-S. efen, 

E'VBN (e'vn, 58), j a fen, allied to 
even, level.] 1. Latter part of the 
day ; evening. 2. Evening preceding 



some particular day, also, the period 
just preceding some important event. 

E-vEG'TION, ii. [Lat. evectio, from 
evrhere, to carry out.] 1. An in- 
equality of the moon"s motion in its 
orbit. 2. Libration of the moon. 

E'VJSN (5 / vn), a. [A.-S. even, efen, 
Goth, ibns.] 1. Level, smooth, or 
equal in surface ; not rough. 2. 
Equable ; not easily ruffled. 3. Par- 
allel ; on a level. 4. Equally bal- 
anced ; fair ; equitable. 5. Capable 
of division by 2 ; — said of numbers. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To make 
even or level ; to level. 2. To bal- 
ance accounts. — adv. 1. In an 
equal manner; exactly. 2. At the 
very time. 3. So much as. 4. As 

_ was not to be expected, [impartial. 
E'VJSN-Hand'ed (?vn), a. Fair or 
E'VJEN-ING (3'vn-ing), n. [See EVEN.] 

1. Close of the day, and beginning 
of night. 2. Latter portion, as of 
life. [roughness. 

E'v.en--ly (3'vn-ly), adv. "Without 
E'vjen-ness (G'vu-, 109), n. State 

of being even, level, or undisturbed. 
E-VENT', n. [Lat. evenlus, fr. evenire, 

fr. e, out, and venire, to come.] 1. 

That which falls out ; any incident. 

2. Consequence of any thing. 

Syn. — Occurrence; adventure; issue; 
result; termination; conclusion; end. 

E-vext'FUL, a. Full of, or distin- 
guished for, events. 

E-vent'u-al, a. 1. Happening as a 
consequence or result. 2. Final ; 
ultimate. 

E-vent'u-al'i-ty, n. Bi.-position to 
take cognizance of events. 

E-VENT'U-AL-LY, adv. Finally. 

E-VENT'U-ATE, V. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] To 

^ issue ; to terminate. [ Rare in Eng.] 

EVER, adv. [A.-S. dfre, dfer, fr. av, 
age, eternity.] 1. At any time. 2. 
At all times ; always. 3. Without 

^ cessation or interruption. 

EVER- GLADE, ii. A tract of land 
covered with water and interspersed 

^ with patches of high grass. 

£v'ER-GREEN,a. Green throughout 
the, year. — n. A plant that retains 
its verdure through all the seasons. 

EVER-LAST'ING, a. 1. Lasting or 
enduring forever ; immortal. 2. Con- 
tinuing indefinitely. 

Svx. — Eternal. — Eternal denotes that 
which has neither beginning nor end ; 
everlasting is sometimes used in our ver- 
sion of the Scriptures, in the sense of 
eternal, but in modern usage each word 
has its distinctive meaning, and these 
ought not to be confounded. 

— n. 1. Eternity. 2. A plant whose 
w flowers keep their color when dry. 
EV'ER-LAST'ING-LY, adv. Eternal- 
w ly ; perpetually ; continually. 
Ev'ER-MORE', adv. 1. Always ; eter- 
nally. 2. For an indefinite future 
period. 

E-VERT' (14), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
evertere, from e, out, and vertere, to 
turn.] 1. To overturn. 2. To turn 
inside out. 

£v'ER-Y, a. [0. Eng. everyone, eve- 
rich, A.-S. dfre ale, i. e., ever each.] 



The separate individuals which con- 

w stitute a whole, regarded one by one. 

Ev'ER-Y-WHERE, adv. In every 
place ; in all places. 

E-VICT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
evincere, evictum, from e, out, and 
vincere, to conquer.] To dispossess 
by a judicial process. 

E-VIC'tion, n. Act of dispossessing 

w by judicial process. 

Ev'i-dence, n. 1. That whichmake* 
evident ; conclusive testimony. 2. A 
witness. 3. Means of proof. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To render evident ; to 

w prove : to evince. 

EVI-dent, a. [Lat. evidens, from e, 
out, and videns, seeing.] Clear to 

w the vision or to the understanding. 

Ev'I-den'tial, a. Eclating to, or 

^ furnishing, evidence. 

Ev'I-dent-ly, adv. In an evident 

_ manner ; clearly. 

E'VZL (5'vl), a. [A.-S. efel, yfel.] 1. 
Having bad natural qualities. 2. 
Having bad moral qualities. 3. Pro- 
ducing or threatening sorrow, inju- 
ry, or calamity. — n. 1. That which 
causes suffering of any kind. 2. Mor- 
al badness. 3. A malady or disease. 
— adv. In an evil manner ; ill. 

E-vince', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
evincere, from e, out, and vincere, to 
vanquish] To prove beyond any 
reasonable doubt. [proved. 

E-VIN'CI-BLE, a. Capable of being 

E-vIn'cive^ a. Tending to prove. 

E-VIS'CER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -1NG.J 
[Lat. eviscerare, -atum, from e, out, 
and viscera, bowels.] To take out 
the entrails of ; to disembowel. 

E-VIS'CER-A'TION, ii. Act of evis- 
cerating. 

Ev'l-TA-BLE, n. [Lat. evitabilis, from 
evitare, to shun.] Capable of being 
shunned; avoidable. 

E-VOKE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
evocare, from e, out, and vocare, to 
call.] _To call out ; to summon forth. 

Ev'O-LU'TION, n. [Lat. evoluere, evo- 
lutus, to unroll.] 1. Act of unrolling 
or unfolding ; hence development. 
2. A series of things unrolled. 3. 
Formation of an involute by un- 
winding a thread from another 
curve. 4. Extraction of mathemat- 
ical roots. 5. A regular movement 
of a body of troops, or of a vessel or 
fleet. [to evolution 

Ev'o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining 

E-VOLVE/, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
EVOLUTE.] 1. To unfold or unroll; 
to develop. 2. To throw out; to 
emit. — v. i. To become developed. 

E-vDl'sion, n. [Lat. evulxio, from 
eveliere, to pluck out.] Act of pluck- 
ing out. 

Ewe ( vij ), n. [A.-S. eowu, Skr. avis, 
Lat. ovis, Gr. oi's.] A female sheep. 

EWER (yur), n. [0. Fr. eviere, from 
Lat. agva, water.] A pitcher with a 
wide spout 1 

EX-AC'ER-BATE, or Ex'A-CfiR'BATE 
(117), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] ' [Lat. ex- 
acerbate, -batum, from ex, out, and 
acerbate, to make harsh or bitter. J 



or, do, WOLF, TOO* TOOIij URN, RUE , PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; q,Gr,soft; €,G,hard; As; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS 



EXACERBATION 



152 



EXCISION 



To render more violent or bitter ; to 
irritate ; to exasperate. 

BX-Xc/ER-iiA'TION (egz-), n. 1. A 
rendering more violent or bitter. 2. 
A periodical increase of violence in a 
disease. 

Ex-Xct' (egz-akf), a. [Xat. exigere, 
exactus, to drive out, uemand, meas- 
ure.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a 
standard, a fact, or the truth. 2. 
Accurate ; methodical ; punctual. 3. 
Marked by habitual or constant 
nicety or care. 4. Proceeding from, 
or characterized by, exactness. 

Syn. — Correct ; precise ; nice ; care- 
ful. See Accurate. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To demand 
or require authoritatively ; to extort. 

Ex-X€T'ER, n. One who exacts. 

Ex-Xc'tion, n. 1. Authoritative de- 
mand ; hence, extortion. 2. That 
which is exacted. 

Ex-Xct'1-tube, n. Exactness. 

Ex-act'LY (110), adv. In an exact 
manner; accurately. [exact. 

Ex-ACT'NESS, n. Condition of being 

Ex>A€T'OR, n. One who exacts ; 
hence, an extortioner. 

Ex-Xg'ger-ate (egz-aj'er-fit), V. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] [Lat. exaggerure, -ri- 
tum, from ex and aggerare, to heap 
up.] 1. To amplify ; to represent as 
greater than truth or justice will 
warrant. 2. (Paint.) To heighten in 
coloring or design. 

Ex-Xg'ger-A'tjon, n. 1. Ttepresen- 
tation beyond the truth ; 1 13 perbole. 
2. ( Paint. ) A representation of things 
beyond natural life. 

Ex-A.LT' (egz-awlt'), v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exaltare, from ex and altare, to 
make high.] 1. To elevate; to lift 
up. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, 
power, &c. 3. To extol ; to glorify. 
4. To elate. 

Ex/AL-TA'TION,?;. Act of exalting; 
state of being exalted ; elevation. 

Ex-AMa-NA'TlON, 11. 1. An examin- 
ing ; careful search or inquiry. 2. 
A process for testing qualification. 

Syn. — Search; inquiry; investiga- 
tion; research; scrutiny; inquisition. 

Ex-Xm'INE (egz-am'in), v. I. [-ED; 
-ING.]_ [Lat. exa?ninare,fv. examen, 
means of examining, examination.] 
1. To try and assay by the appropri- 
ate methods or tests. 2. To inquire 
into and determine. 3. To try, as 
an offender ; to test the attainments 
of, as a scholar ; to question ; to 
prove by a moral standard. 

Ex-am'i-ner, n. One who examines. 

E£-Xm'PLE, n. [Lat. exemplum, orig., 
what is taken out of a larger quanti- 
ty, as a sample.] 1. A portion taken 
to show the character of the whole ; 
a sample. 2. A pattern or copy. 3. 
Something serving for illustration of 
a rule or precept. 

Syn. — Instance.— Any thing brought 
forward as an example must represent a 
class of objects; an instance may be a 
single and solitary case. A man's life 
may present many examples of virtue, 
with only one instance of departure from 
rectitude. 

E^C-Xn'I-MATE, a. [Lat. exanimare, 



exanimatum, to deprive of life or 
spirit.] 1. Destitute of life ; inani- 

^mate. 2. Spiritless. 

JEX'AN-THE'MA, n. ; pi. EX'AN- 
THttM'A-TA [Lat.. .; Or. e£dv07?/ixa. 
fr. i£av9eiv, to burst forth as flowers] 
An cSorescence or redness of the 
skin ; an eruptiou. 

Ex-Xs'PER-ATE (egz-), v. t. [-ED ; 
"^ING.] [Lat. exasperare , -ratum^r. 
ex and asperate, to make rough.] 1. 
To irritate in a high degree. 2. To 
aggravate ; to imbitter. 

Syn. — To provoke; inflame; enrage. 

Ex-Xs'PER-A'TlON, n. Act of exas- 
perating : irritation ; provocation. 

Ex'CAN-DES'CENCEjn. A white or 
glowing heat. 

Ex'can-des'cent, a. [Lat. excan- 
descere, excandeseens, to kindle, 

^ glow.] White or glowing with heat. 

EX'€A-VATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
excavare, -vatvm, fr. rx,out, and ca- 
vare, to make hollow.] 1. 'Io hollow 
out. 2. To form by hollowing. 

£x'ca-va'tion, n. 1. Act of exca- 
vating. 2. A cavity formed by remov- 

w ing theinterior. 3. A tunnel. 

Ex'€A-va'tor, «. One who, or that 
which, excavates. 

EX-f'EED', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
excedere, from ex, out, and cedere, to 
go, to pass.] 1. To pass or go be- 
yond. 2. To surpass; to excel. — 
v. i. 1. To go too far. 2. To be more 
or larger. [degree. 

EX-CEED'IXG, adv. In a very great 

Ex-OEED'ING-LY, adv. Very much. 

Ex-cel', V. t. [-LED ; -LING, 13G.] 
[Lat. excellere, from ix, out, and root 
cell, akin to Or. KeWeiv, to impel.] 
To exceed ; to surpass, esp. in good 
qualities. — v. ? . To have good quali- 
ties in an unusual degree. 

£x'CEL-lence, n. 1. State of being 
excellent ; eminence. 2. An excel- 
lent quality. 3. A title of honor. 

_ Syn. — Superiority ; perfection; worth. 

Ex'CEL-LEN-CY. n. 1. Valuable qual- 
ity ; excellence. 2. A litle of honor. 

Ex'CEL-LENT, a. Excelling others 
in virtue, worth, dignity, attain- 
ments, &c. 

Syn. — Worthy; choice; prime: valu- 
able; select; exquisite; transcendent. 

EX'CEL-LENT-LY, adv. Exceeding- 
ly ; transcendently. 

Ex-CEPT", v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
excipere, exceplum, fr. rx, out, and 
capere, to take.] To leave out of; to 
exclude. — v.i. To take exception 
to ; to object. — prep., but orig. and 
prop, a verb In the imperative mode. 
With exclusion of; leaving out; 
excepting. 

Syn.— But. — Both except and but are 
used in excluding, but with this differ- 
ence, that except does it more pointedly. 
" I have finished all the letters except 
one," is more marked than '■ I hive fin- 
ished all the letters bvl one." The Fame 
remarks apply to excepting, and with the 
exception of. 
— ronj. Unless ; if not. 

Ex-CEPT'ING,/>?vp.. but prop, a par- 
ticiple. Excluding; except. 
| Ex-CEP'TION, n. 1. Act of excepting ; 



exclusion. 2. That which is ex- 
cepted ; something not included, o. 
An objection : dissent. 

Ex-c£p'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to ex- 
ception ; objectionable. [ception. 

Ex-c;ep'TION-al, a. Forming an ex- 

Ex-CEPT'1VE, a. 1. Including an ex- 
ception. 2. Being an exception ; ex • 
ceptional. 

Ex-^ept'or, n. One who takes es* 
ceptions. 

Ex-cLrpt', 11. [From Lat. excerpere, 
excerplum, to extract, select.] An 
extract ; a passage selected. 

Ex-f'Ess', n. [Lat. excessm, from ex- 
cedere. See Exceed.] 1. State of 
going beyond limits ; superfluity. 2. 
Intemperance ; dissipation. 3. That 
which exceeds what is usual or prop- 
er. 4. Amount by which one thing 
exceeds another ; remainder. 

Ex-CESS'IVE, a. 1. Exhibiting ex- 
cess. 2. Transgressing the laws of 
morality , prudence, or propriety, &c. 
SykJ— Extreme ; vehement. — Anger 
or any other feeling may be extreme or 
vehement without being of necessity 
wro g; the occasion may justify it; but 
to be exccssi'i-eli/ angry, or excessive in 
any thing, involves a want of self-com- 
mand which is blameworthy. See 
Enormous. 

Ex-cess'ive-ly, adv. In an extreme 
degree. 

Ex-change', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. exchanger. See CHANGE.] 1. 
To give or take in return for some- 
thing ; to barter. 2. To part with 
for a substitute. 

Syn. — To chance ; commute ; inter- 
change; bargain; swap: traffic. 
— n. 1. A giving or taking one thing 
in return for another ; a giving and 
receiving reciprocally. 2. The thing 
given or received in return for some- 
thing. 3. (Com.) Process of settling 
accounts or debts between parties at 
a distance from each other, by ex- 
changing orders or drafts, called bills 
of exchange. 

' EST* The term bill of exchange is often 
abbreviated into exchange; as, to buy 
exchange ; tc sell exchange. 
4. Place where business men meet to 
transact business, at certain hours. 

Ex-CHANGE'A-BlL'I-TY, n. Quality 
or state of being exchangeable. 

Ex-change'a-ele, a. Capable of 
being, or f:t to be, exchanged. 

Ex-CHAN'GER, 11. One who ex- 
changes. 

Ex-CHEQ'UER (-chek'er), n. [Sec 
Checker and Chess.] 1. One of 
the superior courts of law. [Evg.] 
2. The treasury ; hence, pecuniary 
possessions in general. 

Ex-Cl^E', n. [Lat. txcisvm, cut off, 
from excidf-re, to cut off.J An inland 
duty of the nature of a direct tax on 
the consumer ; also levied on certain 
licenses, —v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To lay 
or impose an excise upon. 

Ex-clgE'MAX (150), n. An officer 
charged with collecting the excise. 

Ex-CIS/ton (ek-sizh'un), n. 1. Act ol 
cutting off; extirpation ; destruction. 
2. Excommunication. 



A, £, I, o, V, Y,2ongyX.,E,£, 6,0, ¥, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£bm; pique, fTrm; s6n, 



EXCITABILITY 

Ex-CIT'A-b^l'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing readily excited. [excited. 

Ex-cit'a-ble. a. Capable of being 

Ex'^i-ta'tion, n. Act of exciting; 
also, the excitement produced. 

Ex-CITE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
call to activity in any way. 2. To 
increase the vital activity. 

Syx. — To incite.— When we excite 
we rouse into action feelings which were 
less stiong; when we iiicite we urge for- 
ward to acts correspondent to the feel- 
ings awakened. Demosthenes excited 
the passions of the Athenians against 
Philip, and thus incited the whole nation 
to unite in the war against him. 

Ex -CITE 'ME NT, n. 1. Act of excit- 
ing. 2. That which excices. 

Ex-CIT'ER, n. One who excites. 

Ex-CIT'ING, p. a. Rousing into action. 

Ex-GLAIM', v i. [-ed;-ING.] [hat. 
exclamare, fr. ex, out, and clam are, 
to cry out.] To cry oat from earnest- 
ness or passion ; to vociferate. 

Ex-€LAIM'ER, n. Oue who exclaims. 

Ex'GLA-MA'TION, n. 1. Act of ex- 
claiming. 2. An uttered expression 
of surprise, joy, and the like 3. An 
interjection. 4. A sign by which 
emphatical utterance or outcry is 
marked : thus [!] 

Ex-clam'A-to-ry (50), a. Contain- 
ing, or expressing, exclamation. 

EX-GLUDE' (30), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exclulere, fr ex, out, and rlau- 
dere, to shut.] 1. To thrust out or 
eject. 2. To hinder from entrance 
or admission. 

Ex-CLU'^iox, n. Act of excluding. 

Ex-GLU'flON-lST, n. One who would 
exclude another from some privilege. 

Ex-CLU'SIVE, a. 1. Having the power 
of excluding. 2. Not taking into the 
account. — n. One of a coterie who 
exclude others. 

Ex-€LU'sive-ly, adv. In a manner 
to exclude. [ing exclusive. 

Ex-glu'sive-ness, n. Quality of be- 

EX-COG'I-TATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. excogitare, -latum, fr. ex, out, 
and cog i tare, to think.] To produce 
as the result of thinking. 

Ex-gog'1-ta'tion, n. Act of devising 
in the thoughts : contrivance. 

£X'€0.1MU'NI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED: 

-ING.] [Lat. excommunicare, -catum, 
to put out of the community.] 1. To 
expel from the communion of the 
church. 2. To denounce excom- 
munication against. 

fix'coM-ML'Ni-eA'TiON, n. Act of 
excommunicating. 

EX-GO'RI-ATE (89), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. excoriare, -atum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and cor, urn, skin, kicb.] To 
wear off the skin of; to abrade ; to 
gall. [ing. 

Ex-GO'Rl-A'TION, n. Act of excoriat- 

EX-GOR'TI-CA'TION, n. [Lat. ex, out 
of, from, and cortex, bark.] Act of 
stripping off bark. 

Ex'GRE-MENT, n. [Lat. excrement um, 
from excernere, excretum, to sift out, 
discharge.] 1. An outgrowth, as the 
hair and nails. 2- Matter ejected; 
dung. 



153 

Ex'GRE-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to, 
w or of the nature of, excrement. 

EX'CRE-MEN-TI'TIOUS (-tlsb/us), a. 
Pertaining to excrement. 

Ex-€RES'cence, n. Any thing grow- 
ing out unnaturally from any thing 
else. 

Ex-€RES'CENT, a. [Lat. excrescere, ex- 
crescent, to grow out.] Growing out 
in a preternatural or morbid manner. 

EX-GRETE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
discharge from the body as useless ; 
to eject. 

Ex-€RE'tion, n. 1. Act of throwing 
off effete matter from the system. 2. 

w That which is excreted. 

Ex'gre-tive, a. Having the power 

w of excreting. 

Ex'€RE-to-ry (50), a. Having the 
quality of throwing off excrementi- 
tious matter. — n. A vessel that 
serves to receive and excrete matter. 

EX-eRU'cr-ATE (-shT-at),r. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. excruciare, -atum, from 
ex, out of, from, and cruciare, to 
crucify, torment.] To torture; to 
torment. 

Ex-CRU'CI-A'TION (-kr^sM-), n. In- 
fliction of extreme pain ; torture. 

Ex-cOl'pa-ble, a. Capable of being 
exculpated. 

EX-GUL'PATE (117), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. ex, out of, from, and culpare, 

culpatum, to blame.] To clear from 

the charge or imputation of guilt. 

Syx.— To exonerate; absolve; excuse. 

EX'CUL-PA'TION, n. Act of exculpat- 
ing ; exoneration. [taining excuse. 

Ex-€<JL'PA-TO-RY,«. Excusing; con- 

Ex-gOr'sion, n. [Lat. excursio, from 
excurrere, to run out.] 1. A setting 
out from some point ; an expedition. 

2. A trip for pleasure or health. 3. 
Digression. 

SVN. — Journey; tour; ramble; jaunt. 

Ex-gOr'sive, a. Wandering; ram- 
bling. 

Ex-euR'sz T s,n. [Lat. See supra.] A 
dissertation appended to a work, and 
containing a more full exposition of 
some important topic. 

Ex-cus'A-BLE, a. Capable or worthy 
oflieing excused ; pardonable. 

Ex-€fJs'A-Bl,Y, adv. In an excusable 
manner ; pardonably. 

Ex-CUS'a-TO-RY, a. Making, or con- 
taining, excuse ; apologetical. 

Ex-CIHE', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
excusare, from ex, out of, from, and 
causa, cause.] 1. To exculpate ; to 
absolve. 2. To pardon, as a fault. 

3. To overlook. 4. To free from an 
obligation. 5. To ask pardon for. 

EX-CUSE' (-kus', 91), n. 1. A plea of- 
fered in extenuation of a fault or ir- 
regular deportment. 2. That which 
extenuates a fault. 

Syn\ — Apology. — An excwte refers to 
what is wrong; an apoloqy. to what is 
unbecoming or indecorous. A pupil 
offers an excuse for absence, and an 
apolorjy for rudeness to his instructor. 
When an excuse has been accepted, an 
apology may still, in some cases, he ne- 
cessary or appropriate. 

Ex'e-cra-ble, a. Deserving to be 



EXEQUATUR 

execrated ; very hateful ; detestable ^ 

w abominable. 

Ex'E-€RA-BLY, adv. Detestably. 

EX'E-CRATE,6\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
execrari, -c.ratum, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and sacer, holy.] To imprecate evil 
upon ; hence, to abhor ; to curse. 

EX'E-GRA'TION, it. Act of cursing ; ?j 

^ curse pronounced. 

EX'E-CUTE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lai. 
exsequi, exsecutus, to pursue, fir. c:: f 
out, and sequi, to follow.] 1. '£o 
carry into complete effect. 2. To 
perform what is required to givo 
validity to. 3. To give effect to. 4. 
To put to death. 5. To perform, as 
a piece of music. 

SVN. — To accomplish; effect; fulfill j 
achieve; consummate; finish. 

Ex'e-cu'ter, n. One who canicT 

w into effect. 

EX'E-GU'TION, n. 1. Act of rr.^v'- • 
ing ; performance ; hence, legal ac- 
complishment. 2. A putting to death 
as a legal penalty. 3. Act or mode 
of performing. 4. Effect. 

Ex'E-eu'TiON-ER, ii. One who car- 
ries into effect a judgment of death. 

Ex-EC'u-TlVE, a. Designed for exe- 
cution, or carrying into effect; per- 
taining to the execution of the laws. 
— n. The officer who superintends 
the execution of the laws. 

Ex-EC'u-TOR, n. The person ap- 
pointed by a testator to execute his 
will after his decease. [executor. 

Ex-ec'u-tor-ship, ii. Office of an 

Ex-Ec'u-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Perform- 
ing official duties : executive. 2. 
Designed to be executed in future. 

Ex-ec'u-tress, I n. A female execu- 

Ex-eg'u-trix, j tor. 

fix'E-GE'SIS, n. [Gr. e^yrjcri?.] Ex- 
position ; explanation; iuterpreta- 

u tion of the Holy Scriptures. 

Ex'E-GET'lC-AJL, a. Pertaining to 
exegesis ; explanaroi-y. 

Ex-Ek'PLAR (egz-em'plar), n. [Lat. 
See Example.] A model, original, 

w or pattern, to be copied or imitated. 

Ex'EM-PLA-RI-LY, adv. By way of 

v example. 

Ex'EM-PLA-RY, a. [Lat. exemplaris, 
from exemplar.] Acting as an exem- 
plar ; serving as a pattern. 

EX-EM'PLI-FI-CA'TION. n. 1. Act of 
exemplifying. 2. That which exem- 
plifies, [plifies. 

Ex-em'plI-fPer, n. One who exem- 

EX-EM'PLI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING. 142.] 
[Lat. exemplum , example, and facere, 
to make.] 1. To show by example. 
2. To make an attested copy of. 3. 
To prove or show by an attested 
copv. 

Ex-empt' (84), v. t. [-ed; -ing.J< 
[Lat. eximere, exemption , to remove.' k 
To take out or from : to release. — a. 
Taken out or removed ; released. — 
n. One freed from duty ; one not 
subject. 

Ex-EMP'TION (84), n. Act of exempt- 
ing ; state of being exempt ; immu- 
nity ; privilege. 

Sx'e-QVa'tur, n. [Lat., let him 



or, do, -wolf, too, TCfofij tJRN, RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,g,5o/i!; €, g, hard; As; exist j jjosNG; this 



EXEQUY 



154 



EXPATIATE 



perform.] A written official recog- 
nition of a commercial agent. 

Ex'E-QUY (148), n. [Lat. exequise, ex- 
sequise, a funeral procession.] A fu- 
neral rite. 

EX'ER-CISE, n. [Lat. exercitium, fr. 
exercere^ exercitwni, to drive on, keep 
busy.] 1. Act of exercising ; exer- 
tion ; application. 2. Performance; 
practice. 8. Performance of a pub- 
lic office, esp. of religious worship. 
4. Exertion for the sake of training 
or health. 5. A disquisition ; a les- 
son; a task. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To set in action ; to train ; to 
busy. 2. To exert for the sake of 
training ■ or improvement ; hence, 
to discipline 3. To task ; to tax ; to j 
afflict. 4. To put in practice ; to 
use. — v. i. To use action or exer- 

w tion. 

Ex'er-cis'ER, n. One who exercises. 

EX'ER-Cis'l-BLE, a. Capable of being 
exercised. 

Ex-£rgue' (egz-erg/),^. [Fr., fr. Gr. 
e£, out, and epxov, work.] The place 
on a coin or medal, in which the date 
and engraver's name is placed. 

Ex-£rt', i<. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. ex- 
erere, (or exserere), exettum, from ex 
and serere, to join or bind together.] 
1. To put forth, as strength or abil- 
ity. 2. To do or perform . 

Ex-er/tion, n. Effort; struggle. 

EX-FO'LI-ATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. exfoliate, -atum, to strip of 
leaves.] To come off in scales, as 
pieces of carious bone. 

Ex-fo'li-A'tion, n. Scaling off of a 
bone, or a rock. [exhaled. 

Ex-HAL'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Ex/HA-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of exhal- 
ing ; evaporation. 2. That which is 
exhaled. 

Ex-hale' (egz-haP), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exhalare, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and halare, to breathe.] 1. To emit, 
as vapor, or an odor. 2. To cause 
to be emitted ; to evaporate. — v. i. 
To be given off, as vapor. 

EX-IIA.UST' (egz-hawst 7 ), v. t. [-ED ; 
ING.] [Lat. exaaurire, -haustum, fr. 
ex, out of, from, and haurire, to 
draw.] 1. To draw out or drain off 
completely. 2. To empty. 3. To 
wear out : to weary. 

Ex-HAUST'ER, n. One who, or that 
which, exhausts. [exhausted. 

Ex-HAUST'l-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Ex-haust'ION, «. 1. Act of exhaust- 
ing. 2. The state of being exhausted. 

Ex-HAUST'LESS, a. Not to be ex- 
hausted ; inexhaustible. 

.Ex-her/e-da'TION, n. [Lat. exhere- 
datio, from exheres, disinherited.] 
A disinheriting. 

Ex-hib'it (egz-hib/it), v. t. [-ED ; 

- -ING.] [Lat. exhibere, exhibitum, fr. 
ex, out of, from, and habere, to have 
or hold.] 1. To hold forth to view ; 
to show : to display. 2. To present 
in a public or official manner. — n. 
Any paper serving as a voucher. 

Ex'hi-bi'tion (-bish'un), n. 1. Act 
of exhibiting ; manifestation. 2. 



That which is exhibited ; any pub- 

w lie show. 

Ex'hi-bI'tion-er (-bTsb/un-), n. 
(Eng. Universities.) One who has 
a pension granted for support. 

Ex-hil'a-rate (egz-inV-),v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. txhilarare, -ratum, fr. 
ex, out of, from, and Inlarare, to make 
merry.] To make cheerful or merry ; 
to enliven ; to cheer. 

E$-Hil/A-RA'TlON, n. 1. Act of ex- 
hilarating. 2. State of being exhil- 
arated. 

Syn.— Animation; joyousnesa ; glad- 
ness; cheerfulness. 

Ex-HORT' (egz-horf), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. exnortari, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and koriari, to encourage.] To 
incite ; to advise, warn, or caution. — 

w v. i. Todeliver exhortation. 

Ex'HOK-TA'TlON (-eks-), n. 1. Act 
of exhorting. 2. Language intended 
to incite and encourage ; advice. 

Ex-HOR'TA-TIVE I (egz-), a. Con- 

Ex-hor'ta-to-ry ) taining, or 
serving for, exhortation ; hortatory. 

Ex-h6rt'er, n. One who exhorts. 

E:xyHU-]VlA'TlON,n. Act of exhuming. 

Ex-hume', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
ex, out, and humus, ground.] To 

^ dig up, as from a grave ; to disinter. 

£x'i-Gence, In. Urgent or exacting 

EX'I-GEN-CY, J want. 

Syn. — Demand; urgency; emergen- 
cy ; necessity. 

Ex'I-GENT, a. [Lat. exigens, -genlis, 
driving forth, exacting.] Requiring 

w immediate aid or action ; pressing. 

EX'I-GU'I-TY, n. State of being 
small; slenderness. 

Ex-iG'u-oOs, a. [Lat. exiguus.] Small ; 

w slender ; minute. 

Ex'lLE (eks'Il), it. [Lat. exilium, ex- 
silium, banishment.] 1. Forced sep- 
aration from one"s native country. 
2. One expelled from his country. — 

Syn. — Banishment ; expulsion. 
— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To banish or 
expel from one's own country. 

Ex-ILE' (egz-IP), a. [Lat. exilis.] 
Small ; thin ; fine. 

Ex-'isT' (egz-isf), v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. existere, exsistere, from ex, out 
of, from, and sistere, to set, place.] 
1. To be ; to have an actual or real 
being. 2. To live ; to have life. 

Ex-isT'ENCE, ) n. 1. State of exist- 

Ex-1'st'en-CY, j ing. 2. That which 
exists; a being; a creature, [isting. 

TEx-isT'ENT, a. Having being ; ex- 

EX'IT, n. [Lat., 3d pers. pres. of ex- 
ire, to go out.] 1. Departure of a 
player from the stuge. 2. Any de- 
parture ; death ; decease. 3. Way 

w of departure. 

EX'o-DtfS, n. [Gr. e£oSos, fr. e#, out, 
and 686s, way.] 1. Departure from 
a place ; esp. the 
departure of the Is- 
raelites from Egypt 
under Moses. 2. 
Second book of the ■ 
Old Testament. WllijJI \V\ 

£x'o-GEN, n. fGr. 
e£o>, outside, and Exogen 




yeveiu, ■yeveV&H, to bring forth-] A 
plant characterized by having dis 
tinct bark, wood, and pith, and 
increasing by the annual addition of 
anew lajer to the outside next to 
the bark. 

Ex-og'e-nous, a. Growing by suc- 
cessive additions to the outside of 
the wood. 

Ex-6n'er-ate, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. exonerare, -atum, fr. ex, out 
of, from, and onerare, to load.] To 
relieve of, as a charge, obligation, 
or load of blame. 

Syn. — To acquit; exculpate ; clear ; 
justify. See Absolve. 

Ex-on'er-a'tion, 72. Act of exoner- 
ating ; a disburdening. 

EX'O-RA-BLE a. [Lat. exorabilis, fr. 
exorare, to obtain by request.] Ca- 
pable of being moved by entreaty. 

Ex-6r'b1-tan<,'E, ) n. Enormity; 

Ex-6r'bi-tan-cy, j extravagance. 

Ex-OR'BI-TANT, a. Lat. exorbitare 
exorbitans, fr. ex, out of, from, and 
orbita, track or rut.] Departing from 
the usual track; h^nce, excessive; 

w extravagant ; enormous. 

Ex'or-cise, v. t. [-FD; -ing.] [Gr, 
efop/ci^etv, fr. e£, out, and opKt£ieti', 
to bind by an oath.] To drive away, 

w its an evil spirit, by adjuration. 

Ex'or-cIs/er, n. One who exorcises 

Ex'OR-Cl'sM, n. Act of exorcising; 
also, a prajer or incantation for this 
end. [expel evil spirits 

Ex'OR-^tsT, n. One who pretends to 

Ex-OR'DI-AL (egz-), a. Introductory. 

Ex-OR'DI-UM, n. [Lat., fr. exordiri, 
to begin a web, to begin ] Begin- 
ning i especially , the beginning of c 

^ discourse. 

eVo-TER'IC, \ a. [Gr. e^repi/cos, 

Ex/O-TER're-AL, ) fr. e£w, outside.] 
Public ; not secret ; hence, capable 
of being readily comprehended ; — 
opposed to esoteric. 

Ex-6t'I€, a. [Gr. e£am/c6s, fr. effw, 
outside.] Not native; foreign, —n. 
Any thing of foreign origin, as a 
plant. 

Ex-ot'I-cIsm, n. 1. State of being 
exotic. 2t Any thing foreign. 

Ex-PAND', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
cxpandere, fr ear, out of, from, and 
pandere, to spread out, to open.] 1. 
To lay open. 2. To make larger ; to 
dilate ; hence, to enlarge ; to extend. 
— v. i. To become opened, dilated, 
or enlarged. [or body. 

Ex-panse', n. A wide extent of space 

Ex-pan'si-bil/i-ty, n. Capacity of 
being expanded. [expanded. 

Ex-pa n'si-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ex-PAN'SION, n. 1. Act of expand- 
ing ; enlargement. 2. That which io 
expanded; expanse. 3. Extension 
of space ; room. 4. Increase of the 
circulation of bank-notes. 

Ex-pan'sive, a. Serving or tending 
to expand. [one side only. 

Ex-p'aR'te, a. [Lat.] Upon or from 

Ex-PA/TI-ATE (-paVshi-), v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. expatiari, exspatiari, 
-atum, fr. ex, out, and spatiari, t« 



ft., E, I, 6,u, Y,long; A,£,l, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, X£B£Ij PIQUE, FIRM; s6n 



EXPATIATION 



155 



EXPONENT 



walk about.] 1. To wander without 
restraint. 2. To enlarge in discourse 
or writing. [of expatiating. 

EX-PA/TI-A'TION (-shi-a 7 -), ». Act 

EX-PA'TRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. ex, out, and patria, (sc. terra,) 
one's fatherland.] To banish; re- 
flexively, to remove from one's na- 

' tive country. 

Ex-PA'tri-a'tion, n. A banishing ; 
state of banishment; exile. 

Ex-PE€T', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
expectare, exspectare, to look out for, 
to expect.] 1. To wait for ; to await. 
2. To look forward to ; to anticipate. 
8th. — To think ; believe. — Expect 
always relates to the future. To use it 
for think or believe, with reference to the 
p--,t and present, as, " I expect the mail 
has arrived," " I expect he is at home," is 
it blunder (very common in this coun- 
try) which should be studiously avoided. 

Ex-PE€T'ANCE, )n. 1. A«t or state 

EX-pegt'an-CY, | of expecting; ex- 
pectation 2. That which is expected. 

Ex-PE€T'ant, a. Waiting ; looking 
for ; in medicine, waiting for the ef- 
forts of nature. — n. One who waits 

w in expectation. 

Ex'pec-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or state 
of expecting. 2. State of being ex- 
pected. 3. That which is expected. 
4. Ground of expecting. 

Syx.— Anticipation confidence; trust. 

Ex-PE€T'er, n. One who expects. 

Ex-PE€'to-rant, a. Tending to pro- 
mote discharges from the lungs or 
throat. — n. A medicine which pro- 
motes expectoration. 

EX-PE€'TO-RATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. expextorare, -ratum. fr. ex, out, 
and pectus, breast.] To discharge, as 
phlegm, by coughing and spitting. 

Ex-PEO'TO-RA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
expectoratiug. 2. That which is ex- 
pectorated. _ [expectoration. 

Ex-PEe'TO-RA'TIVE, n. Promoting 

Ex-P£'DI-ENCE, { n. 1. State or 

Ex-PE'DI-EN-CY, ) quality of being 
expedient; desirableness. 2. Self- 
interest ; self-seeking. 

Ex-PE'DI-ENT, a. [Lat. expedire, ex- 
pedient. See Expedite.] 1. Hast- 
ening forward ; hence, proper under 
the circumstances ; advisable. 2. 
Tending to self-interest, or selfish 
ends. — n. 1. Suitable means to ac- 
complish an end. 2. Means employed 
in an exigency. 

Stx. — Shift; contrivance; resort; re- 
source. 

Expe'di-ent-ly, adv. Suitablv. 

£x'PE-DlTE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
expedire, -ditum, to free one caught 
in a snare by the feet.] 1. To relieve 
of impediments : to quicken. 2. To 
dispatch; to issue 'officially. — a. 

^ Free ofimpediment ; expeditious. 

Ex'PE-DlTE-LY, adn. With expedi- 

w tion ; readily ; speedilv. 

Ex'PE-Di'TION (-dlsh'un), «. 1. Effi- 
cient promptness ; haste ; speed. 2. 
An important enterprise or attempt 
at some distance ; also, the persons 
engaged in it. 



Ex'PE-dI'TIOUS (-d!sb/us), a. Char- 
acterized by expedition. 

Syn.— Prompt; ready ; speedy; quick. 

Ex'pe-dI'tioOs-LY (-dlsh'us-), adv. 
With dispatch. 

Ex-pel', v. t. [-led; -ling, 136.] 
[Lat. expeUere, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and pellere, to drive.] 1. To drive out ; 
to eject. 2. To banish. 

EX-PEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
expendere, to weigh out, pay out.] 
To employ in any way ; to consume 
by use ; to waste. 

Ex-pen d'i-ture (53), n. 1. Act of 
expending ; disbursement. 2. That 
which is expended. 

Ex PENSE'(155),«- 1 Act of expend- 
ing; disbursement; outlay. 2. That 
which is expended. 

Ex-pen'sive, a. 1. Occasioning ex- 
pense ; costly. 2. Very liberal ; lav- 
ish, [expense. 

Ex-pen'sive-ly, adv. With great 

Ex-pe'ri-ence (89), 7i. [Lat. expe- 
rientia, fr. experiri, to try.] 1. Prac- 
tical personal acquaintance with any 
matter. 2. Instruction and enlight- 
enment gained by repeated trials. — 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make prac- 
tical acquaintance with. 

Ex-PE'Ri-ENC£D(-enst),r;.a. Taught 
by experience. 

Ex-per'i-ment, n. A trial deliber- 
ately instituted ; practical test. — v. 
i [ -ED; -ing.] To test by trial. 

Ex-PER'I-MENT'AL, a. 1. Pertaining 
to experiment. 2. Taught by, or de- 
rived from, experience. 

EX-PER'I-MENT'AL-IST, ii. One who 
experiments. [periment. 

Ex-per'1-..ient'al-LY, adv. By ex- 

Ex-per'I-mEnt'er, n. One who 
makes experiments. 

Ex-p£rt' (14), a. [Lat. experiri, ex- 
pertus. See Experience.] Taught 
by use or experience ; having a facil- 
ity from practice. 

Syx. — Adroit ; dexterous ; skillful. 

Ex'PERT, or Ex-PERT', n. A skillful 
or practiced person. [ner. 

Ex-PERT'LY, adv. In a skillful man- 

Ex'pert'ness, n. Skill derived from 

m practice. [piated. 

Ex'pi-a.-ble, a. Capable of being ex- 

£x'PI-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
expiare, -atum, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and pi are, to seek to appease.] To 

^ make_ reparation for; to atone for. 

EX'PI-A'TION, ii. 1. Act of expiating ; 
atonement. 2. Means by whicft 
atonement is made. 

Ex'pi-a-to-ry (50), a. Having power 

^ to make expiation. 

£x'Pl-RA'TION, n. 1. Act of breathing 
out air. 2. Last emission of breath ; 
death. 3. Cessation : termination. 4. 
Ma tter breathed forth ; exhalation. 

Ex-pi'ra-to-ry (89), a. Pertaining 
to, or employed in, the expiration of 
breath. 

Ex-pire', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
expirare, exspirare ; ex, out of, from, 
and spirare, to breathe.] 1. To 
breathe out. 2. To emit in minute 



particles; to exhale. — v. i. 1. To 
emit the last breath ; to die. 2. To 
cometo an end ; to perish. 

EX-PLAIN', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
explanare ; ex, out of, from, and pla- 
nare, to make level or plain.] To make 
plain, manifest, or intelligible. 

Syn.— To expound; interpret; elucl- 
date. 

EX'PLA-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of ex- 
plaining. 2. That which explains. 

3. Meaning attributed to any thing. 

4. A mutual exposition of meaning or 
motives 

Syx. — Explication ; exposition ; inter- 
pretation; illustration; recital. See Def- 
inition. 

Ex-plan'a-to-ry (50), a. Serving to 

w explain ; containing explanation. 

EX'PLE-TIVE, a. [Lat. expletivus.] 
Filling up ; hence, superfluous. — n. 
A word or syllable not necessary to 

w the sense. [fluous. 

Ex'ple-to-ry, a. Expletive; super- 

Ex'pli-€A-ble, a. Capable of being 

w explicated. 

EX'PLI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. explieare, -catum, from ex, out 
of, from, and plicare, to fold.] Tc 
unfold the meaning of ; to explain. 

£x/pli-€A'tion, n. 1. Act of ex- 
plaining; explanation. 2. Sensr 

w given b}^ an expositor. 

ExIpli-ca'tive, 1 a. Serving to un 

Ex'plt-ca'to-ry, ) fold or explain 

Ex-PLlc'IT, a. [Lat. explicitum, p. p. 
of expiicare, to unfold.] 1. Distinctly 
stated; clear. 2. Having no disguised 
meaning or reservation. 

Syx. — Express. — Express is stronger 
than explicit; it adds force to clearness. 
An express promise or engagement is not 
only unambiguous, but stands out {ex- 
pressed) in bold relief, with the most 
binding hold on the conscience. 

Ex-PLIC'IT-LY, adv. Plainly ; ex- 
pressly, [explicit. 

Ex-PLIC'IT-NESS, n. Quality of being 

EX-PLODE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
explodere, fr. ex, out of, from, and 
plaudere, plod ere, to clap, to burst 
with noise.] To burst with a loud 
report; to detonate. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to explode. 2. To bring into 
disrepute. 

Ex-PLOIT', n. [Fr., fr. Lat. explici- 
tum, fr. expiicare, to unfold, display.] 

w An heroic act : a feat. 

Ex'PLO-RA/TION,?!. Act of exploring. 

Ex'PLO RA'TOR. >t. One who explores. 

Ex-Pl5r'a-to-RY, a. Serving to ex- 
plore^ 

EX-PLORE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
explorare , from ex aud plorare , to cry 
out.] To search through ; to ex- 
amine thoroughly. 

Ex-plor'er, n. One who explores. 

Ex-PLO'gTON. n. 1. Act of exploding. 
2. Detonating, or suddenly shatter- 
ing. 3. Violent manifestation of pas- 
sionate feeling. 

Ex-PLO's'lVE, a. Causing explosica. 

EX-PO'NENT, «. [Lat. exponerc, ex~ 
ponens, to put out, to set forth, to 
expose.] 1. [Alg.) A number, or let- 
ter, on the right hand of and above 



t>R, DO, wolf .TOO, TOOK; URN,RTJE, PULL; £, I, o, silent; C.G,sq/i!; €,G, hard; As; EXIST; jasN&; this 



EXPONENTIAL 



156 



EXTINCTION 



a quantity, and denoting how many 
times the latter is repeated as a fac- 
tor. 2. An index or representative. 

fix'PO-NEN'TlAL, a. Pertaining to 
exponents. 

Ex-port', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
exportare, from ex, out of, from , and 
portare, to carry.] To carry from a 
state or country to other nations. 

Gx'PORT, n. 1. Act of exporting ; 
exportation. 2. That which is ex- 
ported. 

Ex-port'a-ble , a. Capable of being 

w exported^ [ing. 

EX'POR-ta'TION, n. Act of export- 

Ex-PORT'ER, ». One who exports. 

Ex-pose', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
exponere, -posilum ; ex, out of, from, 
and ponere, to place.] 1. To place 
so as to be seen. 2. To explain. 3. 
To deprive of cover or protection. 4. 
To deprive of concealment. 

EXPOSE (eks'po'zft'), n. [Fr.] A 
formal statement, recital, or exposi- 
tion. 

Sx'PO-sl'TlON (-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
of exposing ; hence, a public exhibi- 
tion. 2. Act of expounding; ex- 
planation ; interpretation ; hence, a 
work containing explanations. 

Ex-Pos'l-TIVE , a. Serving to expose 
or explain ; explanatory. 

Ex-Pog'l-TOR, n. One who, or that 
which, expounds ; an interpreter. 

Ex-p6s_'I-TO-RY (50), a. Belonging 
to an expositor, or to exposition ; ex- 
planatory ; illustrative. 

Ex post FA€'TO. [Lat.] (Law.) 
Done after another thing. 

Ex post facto law, a law which ope- 
rates retrospectively. 

EX-POST'U-LATE, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.J 
[Lat. expostulare, -latum, fr. ex, out 
of, from, and postulate, to ask, re- 
quire.] To reason earnestly with on 
some impropriety of conduct. 

Ex-POST'U-LA/TION, n. Act of ex- 
postulating ; remonstrance. 

JSx-post'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Con- 
taining expostulation. 

.Ex-POS'URE, n. 1. Act of exposing. 
2. State of being exposed. 3. Posi- 
tion as to points of compass, or in- 
fluences of climate, &c. 

EX-POUND',t\*. [-ed; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
expondre. See EXPOSE.] To explain; 
to interpret. 

Ex-pound'er, n. One who expounds. 

Ex-press', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
exprimere, exprrssum , fr. ex, out of, 
from, and premere, to press.] 1. To 
press or squeeze out. 2. To represent 
and exhibit by a look or gesture, or 
by language. 3. To make known 
one's opinions or feelings. 4. To de- 
note ; to designate. 5. To send by 
express messenger. 

Syn.— To declare; utter; signify; in- 
timate. 

■ — a. 1. Closely resembling. 2 Clear ; 
plain. 3. Dispatched with special 
speed. 

Syiv. — Explicit; open ; unambiguous. 
See Explicit. 
— n. A special messenger ; hence, a 



regular <nd quick conveyance for 
packages, &c. 

Ex-press'age (45), n. Charge for car- 
ry ing a parcel by express. 

Ex-press'i-ble, a. Capable of being 
expressed. 

Ex-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of expressing. 2. Utterance. 3. 
Lively or vivid representation of 
meaning, feeling, &c. 4. Look or 
appearance, as indicative of thought 
or feeling. 5. A mode of speech. 

Ex-press'iVE, a. 1. Serving to ex- 
press; indicative. 2. Full of expres- 
sion ; significant. | pressive manner. 

Ex-press'ive-ly, adv. In an ex- 

Ex-press'ly, adv. In an express 
manner; indirect terms; plainly. 

Ex-PUGN' (-pun^, v. t. [Lat. expug- 
nare.] To take by assault, [pugns. 

Ex-PUGN'ER(-pun'-), n. One who ex- 

Ex-PUE'SION, n. [Lat. expulsio, from 
expellere.} 1. Act of expelling. 2. 
State of being expelled. 

Ex-pDl's'ive, a. Serving to expel. 

Ex-PUNGE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
expuiigere, from ex, out of, from, and 
pungere, to puncture.] 1. To blot 
out, as with a pen. 2. To wipe out 
or destroy. 

Syx. — To efface; erase; obliterate; 
cancel. 

Ex'pur-gate, or Ex-pOr'gate 
(117), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. ex- 
purgate, -gatum, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and purgare, to cleanse.] To purify 
from any thing noxious, offensive, or 

w erroneous ; to cleanse. [ing. 

Ex'pur-ga'tion,/*. Act of expurgat- 

EX'PUR-GA'TOR, or EX-PUR'GA-TOR, 
n. One who expurgates. 

Ex-PUR'GA-TO-RY. a. Serving to pu- 
rify from any thing noxious or er- 
roneous. 

Ex'QUl-giTE (eks'kwT-zit), a. - [Lat. 
exquirere, exquisitum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and quscrere, to seek.] 1. Care- 
fully selected : hence, of surpassing 
excellence. 2. Exceeding ; extreme. 
3. Not easy to satisfy. 

Syn. — Nice; delicate; exact: ac- 
curate; refined: consummate; perfect. 
— n. One over-nice in dress ; a fop ; 
a dandy. [manner. 

EX'QUI-siTE-LY, adv. In an exquisite 

Ex-SI€'€ANT (117), a. Having the 
quality of drying up. — n. A drying 
medicine. 

£x'sre-€ATE, or Ex-sIc'cate (117), 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. exsiccare. 
-catum, fr. ex, out of. from, and sic- 

^ care, to make dry.] To dry. 

Ex'sie-eA'TiON ,'n. Act or operation 
of drying. [dry. 

Ex-sTc'c /\-t'i've , a. Tending to make 

Ex-SU€'tion, n. [Lat. exsugere, e.x- 
suctum, to suck out.] Act of suck- 
ing out. 

EX'TANT, a. [Lat. extans, extantis, 
p. pr. of extare , or exstare, to stand 
forth.] Continuing to exist ; in being. 

EX-TEM'PO-RA'NE-ofJS, a. [Lat. ex 
tempore.] Proceeding from the im- 
pulse of the moment ; unpremedi- 
tated ; off-hand. 



Ex-TEM'PO-RA-RY (44), a. Extem- 
poraneous. 

Ex-tem>po-re, adv. [Lat., fr. ex, 
out of, from, and tempus, time.] 
Without preparation ; suddenly. 

Ex-tem'po-re, a. Without previous 
study ; extemporaneous. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To speak extempore, or without prep- 
aration, [temporizes. 

Ex-tem'po-riz'er, n. One who ex- 

EX-TEND', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
extend ere, from ex, out of, from, and 
tendere, to stretch.] 1. To prolong, 
as a line ; to protract. 2. To enlarge, 
as a surface or volume ; to expand. 
3. To continue, as time. 4. To hold 
out or reach forth. 5. To bestow 
on ; to offer. — v. i. To stretch ; to 
reach. [extended. 

Ex-tend'i-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ex-ten'si-bIl'i-ty, n. Capacity of 
being extended. (extended. 

Ex-ten'si-bee, a. Capable of being 

Ex-ten'SION, n. 1. Act of extend- 
ing; a stretching. 2. State of being 
extended. 3. That property of a 
body by which it occupies a portion 
of space. 4. A written grant to a 
debtor of further time to pay a debt. 

Ex-TEN'sfVE, a. Having wide extent; 
expanded ; broad ; wide. 

Ex-ten'sive-ly, adv. To a great 
extent ; widely. 

Ex-tent', n. 1. Superficies ; bulk ; 
size ; length. 2. A levy of an execu- 
tion uponreal estate. [Amer.] 

EX-TEN'U-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. extenuate, -atvm, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and tenvare, to make thin.] 1. 
To make thin, lean, or slender. 2. 
To lessen 2 to palliate as a crime. 

Ex-TEN'U-A'TION, n. Act of extenu- 
ating; palliation. [tenuates. 

Ex-ten'u-a'tor, n. One who ex- 

Ex-te'ri-or (89), a. [Lat., compar. of 
extents, on the outside, outward.] 1. 
External. 2. Extrinsic. 3. Relating 
to foreign nations; foreign. — n. 1. 
Outward surface or part of a thing. 
2. External deportment, form, or 
ceremony. 

EX-T£R'MI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exterminate, -natum, from ex, 
out of, from, and terminus, bound- 
ary.] 1. To drive lrom within the 
limits of. 2. To put an end to the 
power of ; to eradicate. 

Ex-tEr'mi-na tion, n. 1. Act of ex- 
terminating ; eradication ; extirpa- 
tion. 2. Elimination, [terminates. 

Ex-tEr'MI-na'tor, n. One who ex- 

Ex-t£r'nal, a. [Lat. externus, from 
exter, exterus. on the outside.] L 
Outward ; exterior. 2. Foreign ; re- 

w lating to foreign nations. 

Ex'ter-nAL'i-ty, n. Existence it* 
space ; exteriority. 

Ex-TER'NAE-LY, adv. Outwardly. 

Ex-TER'NALg, n.pl. Whatever things 
are external : outward parts. 

Ex-tinct', a. [See Extinguish.] 1. 
Extinguished ; quenched- 2. Ended ; 
terminated. 

Ex-TfN€'TlON, n. 1. Act of extin- 



A, £, I, 6, V, f, long; &, ^1 3 6, tj, $, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, V£IL, T£ttM; PIQUE, EIRM ; SON. 



EXTINGUISH 



157 



EYRiE 



guishing. 2. State of being extin- 
guished. 

Ex-tin'guish, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. extinguere, exstinguere, from 
ex, out of, from, and stinguere, to 
quench. J 1. To smother ; to quench. 
2. To put an end to ; to destroy. 3. 
To obscure by superior splendor. 

Ex-tin'guish-A-ble, a. Capable of 
being extinguished. 

Ex-tin'GUIsh-ek, n. 1. One who ex- 
tinguishes. 2. A utensil to put out a 
light. 

Ex-tIn'guish-ment, n. Act of extin- 
guishes : extinction; destruction. 

EX'TIR-PATE, or EX-TlR'PATE (117), 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] (Lat. extirpare, 
-patum, from ex, out of, from, and 
stirps, stock, stem.] To pull up by 
the roots ; to destroy totally. 

Ex'TIR-pa'tion, n. Act of extirpat- 

w ^ng ; total destruction. 

EX'TIR-PA'TOR, or EX-TIR'PA-TOR, 
n. One who extirpates. 

Ex-TOL', v. t. [-led; -LING, 136.] 
[Lat. extollere, from ex, out of, from, 
and tollere, to lift, raise.] To elevate 
by praise ; to eulogize ; to magnify. 

Syn. — To praise ; applaud ; com- 
mend ; celebrate ; laud ; glorify. See 
Celebrate. 

Ex-TORT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
extorquere , -tort urn, from ex, out of, 
from, and torquere, to turn about.] 
To wrest from by physical or other 
means ; to exact. — v. i. To practice 
extortion. 

Ex-tor'tion, n. Illegal exaction ; 
oppression ; rapacity. 

Ex-t6r'tion-a-ry I a. Pertaining 

Ex-t6r'tion-ate, ) to, or charac- 
terized bv, extortion. 

Ex-tor'tion-er, n. One who practi- 
ces extortion. 

Ex'tra, n. Something in addition ; — 
commonly in the pi. — a. [Lat. 
extra, beyond or outside of.] Over 
and above ; uncommon. 

EX-TRA€T', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
extrahere, extractum, from ex, out of, 
from, and trahere, to draw.] 1. To 
draw out. 2. To remove forcibly. 3. 
To withdraw by distillation, &c. 4. 
To take by selection. 

EX'TRACT, n. 1. That which is ex- 
tracted, as a passage from a book. 2. 
Any thing drawn from a substance 
by distillation, or other process. 

Ex-trac'tion, n. 1. A drawing out. 
2. Lineage ; birth ; descent. 

Ex-try€T'Ive, a. 1. Capable of be- 
ing extracted. 2. Tending to ex- 
tract. 

Ex'tra-di'tion (-dtsb/un), n. [Lat. 
ex, out of, from, and traditio, a de- 
livering up.] Delivery, by one govern- 
ment to another, of fugitives from 
justice. 

Ex'TRA-JU-DfciAL (-dish'al), a. Out 
of the ordinary course of legal pro- 
cedure, [yond the walls. 

Ex'Tn-A-MU'RAL, a. Without or be- 

Ex-TRA'NE-oOs, a. [Lat. extraneus, 
fr. Lat. extra, on the outside.] Not 
dependent ; not essential ; foreign. 



Ex-traor'di-na-ri-ly (-tror'- or 
-tra-or'-), adv. In a manner out of 
the ordinary method. 

Ex-TRAOR'DI-NA-RY (eks-tror'- or 
eks'tra-or'-), a. [Lat. extraordinari- 
ly, from Lat. extra, and ordinarius.] 

1. Out of the common order or 
method. 2. Remarkable ; uncom- 
mon ; rare. 3. Sent for an unusual 
or special object. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANCE, ) ». 1. A wan- 

Ex-TRAV'A-GAN-CY, { dering beyond 
proper limits. 2. State of being ex- 
travagant, or prodigal beyond 
bounds. 

Syn. — Wildness ; irregularity; ex- 
cess; prodigality; profusion; waste. 

Ex-TRXv'A-GANT,a. [Lat. extra and 
vagans, wandering.] 1. Wandering 
beyond bounds. 2. Wild ; excessive ; 
unrestrained. 3. Profuse in ex- 
penses ; prodigal. 

Ex-trav'a-gan'za, n. A musical 
composition, characterized by its 
wild irregularity. 

EX-TRXv'A-SATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. extra and vas, vessel.] To let 
out of the proper vessels, as blood. 

Ex-trav'a-sa'tion, n. The act of 
forcing or letting out of its proper 
vessels, as blood. 

Ex-treme', a. [Lat. extremus, superl. 
of exter, exterus, on the outside.] 1. 
Utmost ; furthest. 2. Last ; final ; 
conclusive. 3. Worst or best ; great- 
est ; highest. — n. 1. Utmost point 
of a thing ; extremity. 2. Utmost 
limit or degree ; hence, great neces- 
sity ; — often in the plural. 

Ex-treme'ly, adv. In the utmost 
degree ; to the utmost point. 

Ex-trem'ist, n. One who holds ex- 
treme opinions. 

Ex-trem'i-ty, n. 1. Utmost limit. 

2. Highest degree. 3. Greatest need 
or peril. 

Syn. — Verge; border; extreme; end; 
termination. 
Ex'tri-oa-ble, a. Capable of being 

extricated. 
EX'TRI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. extricare, -catum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and tricee, hindrances, vexa- 
tions.] 1. To free from difficulties or 
perplexities. 2. To cause to be 
^ emitted._ .[ing- 

EX'TRI-CA'TION, n. Act ofextricat- 
Ex-trIn'SIO, I a. [Lat. extrinse- 
Ex-TRiN'sre-AL, { cus.] External; 

outward ; unessential. 
Ex-TRlN'si€-AL-LY, adv. In an ex- 
trinsic manner; externally. 
Ex-TRUDE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
extruder e, from ex, out of, from, and 
trudere, to thrust.] 1. To thrust 
out ; to expel. 2. To drive away. 
Ex-TRU'siON, n. Act of thrusting 

out : "expulsion. 

Ex-tu'ber-ance, \ n. A swelling ; a 

Ex-TU'BER-AN-CY, | protuberance. 

Ex-U'ber-ance (egz-yu/), ) n. State 

Ex-U'BER-AN-CY (egz-yi}'), ) of being 

exuberant ; superfluous abundance. 

Syn. — Plenty ; abundance. — Plenty 

is a plenum or fullness of all that could 



be desired ; abundance is overflowing 
plenty ; exuberance is abundance car- 
ried to excess. 

Ex-fJ'BER-ANT (egz-yu/ber-ant), a. 
[Lat. exuberans, p. pr. of exuberare.] 
Over-abundant; superfluous. 

Ex-U'BER-ANT-LY, adv. Abundantly. 

EX'U-DA'TION, n. 1. Act of exuding 
2. Substance exuded. 

Ex-UDE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. ex- 
udate, exsudare, to come out or dis- 
charge by sweating.] To discharge 
through pores, as moisture, &c. 

Ex-Ol'cer-a'TION, n. [Lat. exulce- 
ratio, from exulcerare, to make sore.] 
1. Act of causing ulcers ; process of 
becoming ulcerous. 2. Exacerba- 
tion ; corrosion. 

Ex-lJLT' (egz-Glt/), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exultare, exsuitare ,intens.form 
of exsilire, to spring out or up.] To 
leap for joy ; to rejoice in triumph. 

Ex-i'ilt'ant, a. Inclined to exult; 
triumphant. 

Ex'UL-ta'tion, n. Act of exulting : 
rapturous delight. [manner 

Ex-ult'ing-ly, adv. In an exulting 

Ex-u'vi-^:, n. pi. [Lat., from exuere, 
to draw out or off.] 1. Cast skins, 
shells, or coverings of animals. 2 
(Geol.) Organic remains. 

Ey'as (I'as), n. [Fr. niais, fresh fror/* 
the nest.] A young hawk. 

Eye (I), n. [A.-S. eage, allied to Skr. 
akshi, Gr. okos, 6/ckos, Lat. oculus.} 
1. Organ of sight. 2. Power of see 
ing ; range or delicacy of vision. 3 
Sight ; view ; opinion ; estimate. 4 
Observation ; watch ; inspection. 5. 
That which resembles the organ of 
sight, in form, position, or appear 
ance. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To fix 
the eye on ; to observe. [eye. 

Eye'ball, n. Ball or globe of the 

Eye 'brow, n. Hairy arch above the 
eye. [sight. 

Eye'GLASS, n. A glass to assist the 

Eye'lash, n. Hair on the edge of the 
eyelid. 

EYE'LET, n. [Fr. ceillet, dim. of ceil, 
eye.] A small hole for a lace or cord, 
as in garments, &c. 

Eye 'lid, n. Cover of the eye. 

Eye '-SERVANT, n. A servant who 
attends to his duty only when 
watched. 

Eye'sight (I'slt), n. 1. Sight of the 
eye ; view ; observation. 2. Power 
of seeing. [to the sight. 

Eye'-sore, n. Something offensive 

EYE '-STONE, n. A small, calcareous 
stone used for taking substances from 
between the lid and ball of the eye. 

Eye'-TOOTH, n. A pointed tooth in 
the upper jaw next to the grinders. 

Eye'-wa'ter, n. A lotion for the 
eyes. [^hing done. 

Eye'-wTt/ness, n. One who sees a 

EYRE (ar), n. [0. Fr. erre, journey, 
errer, to ti-avel, march.] 1. A jour- 
ney or circuit. 2. A court of itiner- 
ant justices. 

Ey'RIE 1 (a'r^), n. [See AERIE.] The 

Ey'RY ) place where birds of prey 
construct their nests. 



6r, do, wolf 5 too,ioo^j fjsrijRUE.PVLL; £,r, o,silent; c,G,so/i; e, 5, hard; Agj Exis^r; N as ng ; this. 



158 



FAINT 



F. 



F(ef ), the sixth letter of the English 
alphabet. See Prin. ofPron. §71. 

Fa. A syllable applied to the fourth 
tone of the gamut. 

Fa'BLE, n. [hat. fabula, fr. fari, to 
speak.] 1. A fictitious tale intended 
to enforce some useful truth ; an 
apologue. 2. Plot of an epic or dra- 
matic poem. 3. Fiction ; falsehood. 
— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To feign; to 
write or speak fiction. — v. t. To 
feign ; to invent. [fabulist. 

Fa'bler, n. A writer of fables; a 

FXb'ri'c, to. [Lat. fabri.ca, fr.faber, a 
worker in hard materials.] 1. Struct- 
ure of any thing ; workmanship ; 
texture. 2. That which is fabricat- 
ed. 8. Act or purpose of building. 

FXb'RI-CATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. fabricare, -catus.] 1. To frame ; 
to construct ; to build. 2. To manu- 
acture. 3. To forge ; to devise falsely. 

FXb'ri-ca'tion, n. 1. Act o'f fabri- 
cating ; construction ; manufacture. 
2. That which is fabricated 
Syn. — See Fiction. 

FXe'ri-ca'tor, n. One who con- 
structs or makes. [writes fables. 

FXb'u-h'st, n. One who invents or 

FXb'U-lous, a. Feigned, as a story or 
fable ; fictitious. 

Fa FADE (fa-sM' or fa-sad'), n. [Fr. , 
fr. face, face.] Front view or eleva- 
tion of an edifice. 

Face, n. [Lat. fades, make, shape, 
face, fr. facere, to make.] 1. Exterior 
form of any thing; esp., the front 
part or surface. 2. Bounding plane 
of a solid. 3. (Mach.) Principal flat 
surface of a part. 4. Outside ap- 
pearance ; look. 5. Visage ; counte- 
nance. 6. Cast of features ; look ; 
air. 7. Boldness ; effrontery. 8. 
Presence ; sight ; front. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To meet in front; to op- 
pose with firmness. 2. To stand op- 
posite to. 3. To confront. 4. (Mach.) 
To make flat or smooth the surface 
of. — v. i. To turn the face. 

FXc'ET, to. [Yr.facette, dim. of face.] 
A little face ; a small surface. 

FA-fE'T'i-JE (fa-sc/shi-£),n. pi. [Lat., 
from facetus, witty.] Witty writings 
or s_ayings ; witticisms. 

Fa-ce'tious, a. 1. Given to wit and 
good humor ; merry ; sportive. 2. 
Characterized by pleasantry. 

Fa-ce'tious-ly, adv. In a facetious 
manner. 

Fa'cial, a. [L. Lat. facialis, from 
fades, face.] Pertaining to the face. 

FXc'lLE, a. [Lat. facids, f r. facere, 
to make, do.] 1. Easy to' be done. 
2. Easy to be surmounted or re- 
moved. 3. Easy of access ; affable. 
4. Easily persuaded ; pliant ; flexible 



Fa-cYl'i-tate, V. I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make easy. [tating. 

Fa-cil/i-ta'TION, n. Act of facili- 

Fa-cil'i-ty, n. 1. Ease of performance. 
2. Readiness proceeding from skill or 
use; dexterity. 3. Easiness to be 
persuaded. 4. Easiness of access ; 
affability. 5. Advantage ; assistance. 
SYtf. — Expertness ; readiness. — Fa- 
cility supposes a- natural or acquired 
power of dispatching a task with light- 
ness and dexterity. Expertness is facili- 
ty acquired by long-continued practice. 
Iteadiness marks the promptitude with 
which any thing is done. A merchant 
needs great facility in dispatching busi- 
ness; a banker, great expertness in cast- 
ing accounts; both need great readiness 
in passing from one employment to an- 
other. 

Fa'cing, to. A covering in front for 
ornament or other purposes. 

FXc-siM/I-le (147), n. [An abbrev. 
of Lat. factum simile , made like.] An 
exact copy or likeness, as of hand- 
writing. 

FXCT, n. [Lat. factum, fr. facere, to 
do.] I. A thing done ; an act ; an 
event. 2. Reality; truth. 

Syn.— Deed; performance; occurrence; 
circumstance See Circumstance. 

FXc'TION, n. [Lat. fact io, fr. facere, 
to make or do.] A party acting from 
selfish motives ; a clique. 

Syn. — Cabal ; junto. See Cabal. 

FXCtion-ist, «. One who promotes 
faction. 

FXc'tioOs, a. 1. Given to faction. 
2. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, 
faction. 

FXc'TloOs-LY, adv. In a factious 
manner. [factious. 

FX€'tious-NESS, n. State of being 

Fac-ti'tious (fak-tlsh'us), a. [Lat. 
factitius, fr. facere, to make.] Made 
by art ; artificial. 

Syn. — Unnatural. — A thing is unnat- 
ural when it departs in any way from 
its simple or normal state; it is factitious 
when it is wrought out or wrought up 
by labor and effort, as, a factitious ex- 
citement. There is much that is unnat- 
ural in Europe, but far more that is fac- 
titious in America. 

Factor, to. 1. A mercantile agent, 
who transacts business for others on 
commission. 2. One of the quanti- 
ties which, when multiplied togeth- 
er, form a product. 

FXc'TOR-AGE, n. Allowance given 
to a factor as a compensation. 

|FX€'TO-RY, to. 1. House where fac- 
tors reside. 2. Body of factors. 3. 
Building for the manufacture of 
goods ; manufactory. 

Fac-TO'tum (147), n. [Lat., do every 
thing. ] A person employ ed to do all 
kinds cf work. 

FX€'ul-ty, to. [Lat. facultas, from 
facere, to make.] 1. Ability to act 
or perform ; intellectual endowment 



or gift. 2. Privilege or license. c. 

Members of a profession or calling 

4. Professors and tutors in a college. 

Syn. — Talent; dexterity; adroitness. 

FXd'dle, v. i. [Cf. Fiddle.] To 
trifle ; to toy. 

Fade, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prov. D. 
vadden.] 1. To wither, as a plant. 
2. To lose freshness or color. 3. To 
^ink away ; to grow dim. 

Fade-less, a. Not liable to fade; 
unfading. 

FXdge (iaj), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 
S.fegan, gefegan, tc join, fit togeth- 
er.] To come close, as parts of things 
united. 

FJE'fES, to. pi. [Lat. pi. offset.] Ex- 
crement ; also, settlings ; sediment. 

FXg, to. A school-boy who is obliged 
to do menial services for another boy 
of a higher form or class in English 
schools. — v.i. [Cf. A.-S.fzege, dy- 
ing, weak, timid.] 1. To act as a 
fag ; to drudge. 2. To become weary. 
— v.t. [-ged; -ging,136.] 1. To 
compel to drudge. 2. To tire by labor. 

FXg'-end, to. 1. An end of poorer 
quality, or in a spoiled condition. 2. 
Meaner part of any thing. 

FXg'ot, to. [Fr., augm. of Lai. fax, 
fads, torch, orig., a bundle of sticks.] 
1. A bundle of sticks for fuel, &c. 2. 
A bundle of pieces of iron or of steel 
in bars.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
jnake a fagot of ; to bundle together. 

FAlL,r.r. [-ED;-ING.] [From Lat. 
fallere, to deceive.] 1. To be want- 
ing ; to fall short. 2. To be affected 
with want. 3. To decline ; to decay. 
4. To fall off in respect to vigor, re- 
sources, &c. 5. To become extinct ; 
to perish; to die. 6. To miss. 7. 
To be baffled or frustrated. 8. To 
become bankrupt or insolvent. — v. 
t. To be wanting to ; to disappoint. 
•— n. Failure ; deficiency ; want. 

Fail'ing, to. Act of one who fails ; 
imperfection. 

Syn. — Fault; foible. — A fault is pos- 
itive, something definite and marked, 
which impairs excellence ; a. failing is 
negative, some weakness in a man's char- 
acter, disposition, or habit ; a foible is a 
less important weakness, which we over- 
look or smile at. A man may have many 
failings, and yet commit but few faults; 
or his faults and failings may be few, 
while his foibles are obvious to all. 

Fail'URE (53\, w. 1. Cessation of 
supply ; deficiency. 2. Omission; 
non-performance. 3. Decay, or de- 
fect from decay. 4. Bankruptcy. 

FAIN, a. [A -S.fagen,fagen, glad.] 
Disposed ; inclined ; especially y con- 
tent to accept. — adv. Gladly. 

Faint, a. [0. Fr. faint, negligent, 
sluggish, lazy, from Lat. Jingere, to 
contrive, devise, feign.] 1. Lack- 



;. ^laonj [jciouaucu , iiuauu , ucaiuib. oi periorm , luujiieciuiii ejiuuwuieui; wuinve, ucvibc, leigii.j j.. uata- 

e, 1, 6, u, y, long,- X,:i£,I,o ; u. x",sAo^; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, f'bm; s6n, 



FAINT-HEARTED 



159 



FAMISH 



Ing strength ; weak ; languid. 2. 
Wanting in courage, spirit or energy ; 
timorous ; cowardly. 3. Lacking 
distinctness. 4. Done in a feeble 
manner. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
become weak ; to swoon. 2. To lose 
courage or spirit. 3. To decay ; to 
disappear. 

Eaint'-he art/ED, a. Cowardly ; 
timorous. [manner. 

Faint'ly, adv. In a faint or feeble 

Faint'ness, n. State of being faint ; 
feebleness ; dejection. 

Faints, n. pi. Impure spirit which 
comes over fir>t and last in the dis- 
tillation of whiskey. 

FAIR, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S.fdger.] 
1. Free from spots, dirt, or imperfec- 
tion ; spotless ; pure. 2. Handsome ; 
beautiful. 3. Of a light shade. 4. 
Cloudless ; propitious ; favorable. 5. 
Unincumbered ; open. 6. Charac- 
terized by frankness, honesty, or im- 
partiality. 7. Inspiring confidence. 
8. Distinct ; legible. 9. Moderate ; 
middling. — adv. Clearly ; openly ; 
frankly ; honestly ; favorably. — n. 
1. A handsome woman. 2. [Lat. 
ferise, holidays, festivals, because 
fairs were generally held in holidays 
and feasts.] A gathering of buyers 
and sellers, with their merchandise 
at a stated, regular, or appointed time. 

Fair'ly, adv. In a fair manner ; 
clearly ; distinctly ; frankly ; honest- 
ly; favorably. 

FAir'ness, n. State of being fair or 
free from spots ; agreeableness ; clear- 
ness ; honesty ; candor ; distinctness. 

FAIR'Y, n. [Er. f eerie, enchantment. 
Late Lat. Fata, for Parca, one of the 
goddesses of fate.] An imaginary 
supernatural being, supposed to as- 
sume a human form. 

FAITH, n. [L&t. fides, from Jidere, to 
trust.] 1. Belief; reliance on testi- 
mony. 2. Firm belief, on probable 
evidence of any kind, especially in 
regard to important moral truth. 3. 
That which is believed on any sub- 
ject ; especially, a system of religious 
belief. 4. Adherence to duty and ful- 
fillment of promises. 5. Promise 
j*iven. 

Faith'ful, a. 1. Full of faith; dis- 
posed to believe. 2. Firm in adher- 
ence to promises or other engage- 
ments. 3. Loyal; of true fidelity. 
4. Conformable to truth. 5. Worthy 
of belief. [manner. 

Faith'ful-ly, adv. In a faithful 

Faith'ful-ness, n. Fidelity; truth ; 
Royalty ; constancy. 

Faith'eess, a. 1. Not believing ; esp. 
not believing in God or religion. 2. 
"Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows. 
3. Serving to disappoint or deceive. 

FAKE, n. [A.-S.faec, space, interval.] 
A single turn or coil of a cable. 

Fa'kir (fa'ker), \ n. An Oriental 

Fa-quir' (ia/keer'), J religious as- 
cetic.^ • 

Fal'cate, ) a. [Lat. falcatus, fr. 

FXl'-ga-TED, ] falx, falcis, sickle, 
scythe.] Bent like a sickle or scythe. 



Fal'chion (fawl'chun), n. [L. Lat. 
"falcio, from Lat. falx, a sickle.] A 
short, broad sword, with a slightly 
curved point. 

Fal'€ON (faw'kn), n. [Late Lat./aZ- 
"co, from falx, sickle or scythe, — 
from its curving talous.] One of a 
family of raptorial birds ; especially, 
one trained to the pursuit of game ; 
a hawk. 

Fal'€ON-er (faw'kn-er), n. One who 
trains hawks for taking game. 

Fal'€ON-RY (faw'kn-ry ), n. 1. Art of 
training hawks. 2. Practice of tak- 
ing game by means of hawks. 

FALL, V. i. [imp. FELL \p. p. FALL- 
"EN.j [A.-S.fi~ttan.] 1. To descend 
from a higher position to a lower ; to 
drop down. 2 To become prostrate.. 
3. To empty. 4. To perish ; to van- 
ish. 5. To lose strength. 6. To be 
brought forth. 7. To decline in 
power, glory, value, or the like. 8. 
To sink into vice, error, or sin. 9. 
To become insnared. 10. To pass 
into a new state ; to become. 11. To 
happen. 12. To pass or be trans- 
ferred by chance, lot, or otherwise. 
— n. 1. Descent. 2. Act of drop- 
ping from an erect posture. 3. 
Death ; destruction. 4. Degradation. 
5. Depreciation. 6. A sinking of 
tone. 7. A slope. 8. A cascade ; a cat- 
aract. 9. Extent of descent. 10. Au- 
tumn. 11. Lapse from innocence ; 
apostasy. 12. Part of a tackle to 
which the power is applied in hoist- 
ing. 

Fal-la'cious, a. Pertaining to a 
fallacy ; fitted to deceive. 

Fal'LA-€Y, n. [Lat. fallacia, from 
fallere, to deceive.] 1. Deceptive or 
false appearance ; deceitfulness. 2. 
A deceptive argument. 

Syn. — Sophistry.— A fallacy is an ar- 
gument which professes to be decisive, 
but in reality is not; sophistry is also false 
reasoning, but of so specious and sub- 
tle a kind as to render it difficult to ex- 
pose its fallacy. Many fallacies are ob- 
vious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its 
consummate art. 

Fa.ll.en (fawln, 58), p. a. Dropped ; 
descended ; degraded ; ruined. 

FXl'LI-BiL'I-ty, n. Liablenessto de- 
ceive or to be deceived. 

FAL'LI-BLE, a. [From Lat. fallere, 
to deceive.] Liable to deceive or be 
deceived. 

Fall'ing-siciCness, n. Epilepsy ; a 
disease in which the patient sudden- 
ly loses his senses and falls down. 

Fal'low, a. [A.-S. fealu, fealo, al- 
lied to Lat. pallidas, fulvus, and fta- 
vus.] 1. Left un tilled or unsowed 
after having been plowed. 2 Pale 
red or pale yellow. — n. Land that 
has lain a year or more plowed with- 
out being sowed. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To plow and harrow, as land, 
without seeding. 

Fal'low-Deer, n. [From its falloio 
or pale-yellow color.] A species of 
deer, smaller than the stag. 

False, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. falsus, 
p.p. of fallere, to deceive.] 1. Utter- 



ing falsehood ; dishonest treacher 
ous ; perfidious. 2. Fitted or likely 
to deceive or disappoiut. 3 Not 
genuine or real ; counterfeit ; hypo- 
critical. 4. Not well founded ; erro 
neous. 

False'hood, n. 1. Want of truth or 
"veracity ; an untrue assertion. 2. 
Want of honesty or integrity ; per- 
fidy. 3. Counterfeit ; imposture. 

False'ly, adv. In a false manneu 

False'ness, n. Want of integrity. 

Fals-ette', ) n. [See False.] That 

Fals-et'TO, } peculiar species of 
voice in a man, the compass of which 
lies above his natural voice. 

FAL'SI-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act o. 
"making false ; a counterfeiting. 2- 
Confutation. 

Fals'i-fi'er, n. One who falsifies. 

FALS'I-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
"[L&t. falsifiicare , fr. Lat. falsus, false, 
andfacere, to make.] 1. To counter- 
feit ; to forge. 2. To prove to be false. 
3. To violate ; to break by falsehood. 
— v. i. To tell lies. 

Fa.ls'1-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
false ; contrariety to truth. 2. A 
false assertion. 

SY3N\— Falsehood ; lie ; deceit. — Falsi- 
ty denotes the state or quality of being 
false. Afalsehood is a false declaration 
designedly made. A lie is a gross, un- 
blushing falsehood. It is a vulgar error 
to speak of " telling a falsity." It is an 
equal error to say, " f perceive the false- 
hood of your declaration or statement." 

Fal'ter, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [0. Eng. 
"faulter, from fault.] 1. To fail ; tc 
hesitate, to stammer. 2. To trem- 
ble ; to totter. 3. To fail in distinct- 
ness or regularity of exercise. 

Fame, n. [h&t. fama, ft. Gr. ^>t)fxC. I 
say, tell.] 1. Public report or ru- 
mor. 2. Renown ; celebrity. 
Syn. — Reputation; credit; honor. 

FA-MIL'IAR (-yar), a. [Lat. familiar is, 
froml&t.familia, family.] 1. Per- 
taining to a family ; domestic. 2. 
Closely acquainted or intimate. 3. 
Unceremonious ; free. 4. Well known ; 
well understood. — n. 1. An inti- 
mate ; a close companion. 2. A de- 
mon supposed to attend at a call. 3. 
One employed in the service of the 
inquisition. 

Fa-mil-iXr'i-ty (-y3i i-tf), n. State 
of being familiar ; fresdom from cer- 
emony and constraint. 

Syx. — Acquaintance; fellowship; in- 
timacy. See Acquaintance. 

FA-jMIL'IAR-TZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To make familiar; to habituate; 
to accustom. 2. To make easy by 
practice. [manner. 

Fa-mil'iar-ly, adv. In a familiar 

FAM'I-LY,n. [Lat. familia, fr. famu- 
lus, servant.] 1: Those living together 
in the same house ; a household. 2. 
A tribe or race ; kindred. 3. Genealo- 
gy; lineage. 4. Honorable descent. 
5. A group of kindred individuals, 
more comprehensive than a genus. 

Fam'ine,m. [Lat. fames.] Scarcity 
of food ; dearth ; destitution. 

FAm'ish, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. To 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO , TOOK \ tiRN, RJJEj PVLL ; E, I, O, silent ; £, G, soft ; €, S, hard; A? J EXIST f 5J as NG ; THIS. 



FAMISHMENT 



160 



FASCICLE 



destroy with hunger. 2. To exhaust 
the strength of by hunger. 3. To 
kill by deprivation of any thing ne- 
cessary. — v. i. 1. To die of hunger ; 
to starve. 2. To be distressed with 
want. ^hunger. 

FXm'ish-ment, a. Pain of extreme 
Fa'mous, n. Celebrated in fame or 
public report. 

Syn. — Renowned ; illustrious. — Fa- 
mous is applied to a person or thing 
widely spoken of as extraordinary ; re- 
journed is applied to those who are 
named again and again with honor ; il- 
lustrious to those wh'i have dazzled the 
world by the splendor of their deeds or 
their virtues. Napoleon was famous; 
Alexander was renowned ; Washington 
was 



FA'MC-0s-LY,arfu. With great fame. 

FAN, n. [A.-S. fann, allied to Lat. 
vannus, fan.l An instrument for pro- 
ducing artificial currents of air, by 
the wafting or revolving motion of a 
broad surface. — v. t. [-NED; -NING, 
136.] 1. To move as with a fan. 2. 
To cool by moving the air with a 
fan. 3. To ventilate. 4. To winnow. 

Fa-nXt'ic, )a. [See Fane.] Per- 

Fa-nXt'ic-AL, ) taining to, or indi- 
cating, fanaticism. — n. A person af- 
fected by excessive enthusiasm. 

Fa-nXt'ic-AL-LY, adv. In a fanati- 
cal manner. 

Fa-nXt'1-CIsM, n. Wild and extrava- 
gant enthusiasm, especially in re- 
gard to religion. 

Syn.— See Enthusiasm. 

FXn'CI-ER, n. 1. One governed by 
fancy. 2. One who has a special 
liking for or interest in ; hence, one 
who keeps for sale. 

FXn'CI-ful, a. 1. Full of fancy ; 
whimsical. 2. Dictated by fancy ; 
abounding in wild images. 

Syn. —Fantastical; visionary. — Fan- 
ciful notions are the product of a heated 
fancy, without any support in reason or 
truth ; fantastical schemes or systems 
are made up of oddly-assorted fancies, 
often of the most whimsical kind ; vis- 
ionary expectations are those which can 
never be realized in fact. 

FXn'CI-FUL-LY, adv. In a fanciful 
manner. [being fanciful. 

FXn'CI-FUL-NESS, n. Quality of 
FXn'^Y, n. [Gr. <f>avTao-Ca, fr. <f>avrd- 
geiv, to make visible.] 1. Faculty by 
which the mind forms an image or a 
representation of any thing perceived 
before ; power of readily and happily 
creating and recalling such objects 
for the purpose of amusement or em- 
bellishment. 2. A representation of 
any thing formed in the mind ; con- 
ception. 3. Caprice ; whim ; impres- 
sion. 4. Liking; hence, the object 
of liking. 

The fancy, those who exhibit some 
special or peculiar taste or fancy, as for 
sporting, boxing, and the like ; —used 
collectively. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] To fig- 
ure to one's self; to imagine. — v. t. 
1. To form a conception of; to im- 
agine. 2. To have a liking for. — a. 
Adapted to please the fancy or taste. 




Fan-dXn'GO, n. [Sp.] A lively Span- 
ish dance. 

Fane, n. [Lat. fanum, fr. fan, to 
speak.] A temple; a church. 

Fan-fAr'ON-ADE', n. [Yi.janfaron- 
nade, from fanfaron, a bully.] Vain 
boasting ; ostentation ; bluster. 

FXng, n. [A.-S. Jang, a taking, seiz- 
ing, grasp.] 1. Tusk of a boar or 
other animal; a long pointed tooth. 
2. A claw or talon. 3. Any shoot or 
other thing by which hold is taken. 

FXn'-lIght (-lit), n. A window re- 
resembling in form an open fan. 

FXn'-palm (i&n'pam), 
n. The talipot-tree, a 
native of the East In- 
dies. It attains to the 
height of 60 or 70 feet, 
with a straight trunk 
crowned by a tuft of 
enormous leaves. The 
leaves, when they first 
appear, are folded to- 
gether like a fan, and 
afterward spread open. Fan-palm. 

Fan-ta'£I-a (-ta/ze-a), n. [It. See 
Fancy.] (Mus.) A continuous com- 
position, not governed by the ordi- 
nary rules of musical design. 

FXn'ta§M, n. Something not real. 
See Phantasm. 

Fan-tXs'tic, ) a. 1. Existing only 

Fan-tXs'TI€-AL, ] in imagination. 

2. Having the natuie of a phantom. 

3. Indulging the vagaries of imagi- 
nation. 4. Irregular ; wild ; capri 
cious. 

. Syn. — See Fanciful. 
— n. A person given to fantastic 
dress, manners, &c. ; hence, a dandy. 

Fan-tXs'TIC-AL-ly, adv. In a fan- 
tastic manner. 

FXn'ta-sy, n. Same as Fancy. [ Obs.] 

Faquir' (i'a-keer'), n. See Fakir. 

Far, a. [-ther ; -thest.] A.-S. 
feorr,feor, allied to Lat. porro.] 1. 
Distant ; remote. 2. Contrary to 
design or wishes. 3. Alienated. 4. 
More or most distant of the two. — 
adv. 1. To a great distance or time. 
2. In great part or proportion. 3. 
To a certain point, degree, or dis- 
tance. 

FARCE, n. [Lat. farsus, p. p. of far- 
cire, to stuff.] 1. Stuffing, like that 
used in dressing a fowl. 2. A low 
style of comedy. 3. Ridiculous or 
empty show. 

Far'CI-CAL, a. Belonging or appro- 
priated to farce ; ludicrous ; decep- 
tive. 

FARE, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [A.-S./a- 
ran.] 1. To go ; to pass ; to travel. 2. 
To be in any state. 3. To be treated 
or entertained. 4. To happen well 
or ill. — n. 1. Price of passage by 
land or water. 2. Experience. 3. 
Food ; provisions for the table. 

FARE-WELL,', interj. [Of fare, in the 
imper. and well.} Go well ; good-by ; 
adieu. 

Fare 'well, or Fare- well', n. 1 . 
A wish of happiness at parting ; 
adieu. 2. Departure. 



Fare'well, a. Parting ; valedictorv 

FAR'-FETCH£D (liir'letcht), a. 1 
Brought from far. 2. Forced 
strained. 

Fa-rj'na, or Fa-ri'nA, n. [Lat., 
meal, flour.] Flour of any species 
of corn or starchy root. 

FXr'i-na'ceoOs, a. 1. Consisting of, 
or jielding, meal or flour. 2. Like 
meal ; mealy. 

Farm, n. [From Lat. firmus, firm, 
fast, either because farms were at 
first inclosed with walls, or because 
the leases were confirmed by signa 
ture.] 1. A tract of land cultivated 
by a tenant. 2. A landed estate. 3. 
A lease. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
lease or let for an equivalent. 2. To 
give up to another, us a business, 
&c, for a percentage of what it 
yields. 3. To cultivate, as a farm. 

Farm'er, n. One who farms; esp., 
an agriculturalist ; a husbandman. 

Farm'ING, n. Business of cultivating 
land. 

FAR'O (89), n. [From an Egyptian 
king or Pharoah formerly on one of 
the cards.] A game at cards, in which 
a person plays against the bank, kept 
by the proprietor of the table. 

Far-rXG'I-NOUS, a. [From farrago.] 
Formed of various materials ; mixed. 

Far-Ra'go (118), n. [Lat., mixed 
fodder, medley.] A mass composed 
of various materials confusedly 
mixed ; a medley. 

FXr'ri-er, n. [From Lat. ferritin, 
iron ; L. Lat. ferrar ins equorum, one 
who shoes horses.] 1. A smith who 
shoes horses. 2. A veterinary sur- 
geon. 

FXr'RI-er-y, n. 1. Art of shoeing 
horses. 2. Art of curing diseases of 
horses and cattle. 

FXR'ROW, n. [A.-S. fearh, pig.] A 
litter of pigs. — v. t. & z. [-ED ; 

. -ING.] r Jo bring forth, as pigs. — 
a. [Allied to 0. H. Ger. far, Jarro, 
A.-S. fearr, bull, steer.] Not pro- 
ducing youi g in a given season or 
year ; — said only of cows. 

Far'-sight'ed (-sit 7 -), a. 1. Seeing 
to a great distance. 2. Incapable of 
seeing near objects distinctly. 

FAR'THER, a., cewpar. of far. 1. 
More remote; additional. 2. Tend- 
ing to a greater distance ; longer. — 
adv 1. At or to a greater dis- 
tance ; more remotely ; beyond. 2. 
Moreover. 

FAR'THEST, a. [svperl. of far.] Most 
distant or remote : furthest. — adv. 
At or to the greatest distance. See 
Furthest. 

Far'THING, n. [A.-S. feordhung, fr. 
feordha, fourth.] The fourth of a 
penny. 

FAR'THIN-GALE, n. [0. Eng. rardin- 
gale, fr. O. Fr. vertugade, prob. cor- 
rupt, from vtrtu-garde, i. e., virtue- 
guard.] A hoop petticoat. 

FXs'CI-CLE , n. [Lat. fasciculus, dim. 
of fascis, bundle.] A close cluster 
with the flowers much crowded to- 
gether. 



a,e, 1,0, u, Y,long ' A 3 £,!£,6,u",Y,sAor«; cAre, fXr, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, tSrimj p'Ique, firm; s6n, 



FASCINATE 



161 



FEARFUL 



FAs\I-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
fascinare.] 1. To bewitch ; to en- 
chant. 2. To excite and allure irre- 
sistibly ; to charm ; to enrapture. 

FXs'^I-NA'Tiox, n. 1. Act of fasci- 
nating ; enchantment ; witchcraft. 2. 
That which fascinates : a charm ; a 
spell. 

Fas-cine' (-seen'), n. [Lat. fascina, 
fr. ' fascis, bundle.] A bundle of 
rods or of small sticks, used in raising 
batteries, &c. 

2?Xsh'ion (fash'un), n. [Lat. /actio, 
a making.] 1. Make or form of any 
thing ; pattern ; model. 2. Prevail- 
ing mode or style, esp. of dress. 3. 
Mode of action ; manner; way. — v. 
t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To form. 2. To 
fit: to adapt ; to accommodate. 

FXsh'ion-a-ble, a. 1. Conforming 
to the fashion. 2. Established by 
custom or use ; current. 3. Observ- 
ant of the fashion or customary 
mode. 4. Genteel; well bred. — n. 
A person of fashion . 

Fash'iox-a-bly, adv. In a manner 
according to fashion. 

Fast, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. fast.] 

1. Firmly fixed; closely adhering. 

2. Firm against attack. 3. Firm in 
adherence ; steadfast. 4. Not easily 
disturbed ; deep ; sound. 5. Moving 
rapidly ; rapid. 6. Rash and incon- 
siderate ; extravagant. — adv. 1. In 
a fast or fixed manner. 2. In a rap- 
id manner ; quickly ; swiftly ; rapid- 
ly.— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. /as- 
tan, to keep, to observe, to fast, allied 
to fast, firm.] To abstain from food ; 
to go hungry. — n. 1. Abstinence 
from food. 2. A time of fasting. 

Fast'-day, n. A day on which fast- 
ing is observed. 
FAsT'EN (las'n), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To fix firmly ; to make fast. 2. 
To hold together by any means. 

Syx. — To fix; cement; affix; annex. 

FAST'JSN-ER(fas'n-er), n. One who, 
or that which, makes fast. 

Fast'jex-ing (l'as'n-ing), n. Any 
thing that binds and makes fast. 

Fas-tTd'i-ous, a. [La.t.fastidiosus, 
ft. fast id i urn, loathing.] Difficult to 
please ; delicate to a fault. 

St> t . — Squeamish. —Fastidioits is ap- 
plied to one whose taste or feelings are 
offended by trifling defects or errors ; 
squeaniish (lit., having a stomach which 
is easily turned) to one who is excessive- 
ly nice on minor points, or else over- 
scrupulous. 

FAst'ness, n. 1. State of being fast. 

2. A stronghold ; a fortress or fort. 
Jat, a. [-TER ; -test, 136.] [A.-S. 

fat.] 1. Abounding with fat ; plump ; 
corpulent ; oily : greasy. 2. Coarse ; 
gross; dull. 3. Productive. — n. 1. 
An oily, concrete animal substance. 
2. Best or richest part, —v. t. [-TED; 
-TING, 136.] To make fat ; to- fat- 
ten. — v.i. To grow fat. — n. [A.-S. 
fat, allied to 0. H. Ger. fazzon, to 
contain.] A large tub ; a vat. 
Fa'tal, a. 1. Proceeding from fate. 
2. Causing death ; deadly ; mortal. 



Fa'tal-Ism, n. Doctrine of fate, or 
jnevitable necessity. 

Fa'TAL-Ist, n. One who maintains 
that all things happen by inevitable 
necessity. 

Fa-tXl'1-TY, n. 1. State of being fa- 
tal; invincible necessity. 2. State 
j)f being productive of death. 

FA'tal-ly, adv. In a fatal manner. 

Fa'TA Mor-ga'NA. [It., Fairy Mor- 
gana, it being looked upon as her 
work.] A remarkable phenomenon 
jlepending on atmospheric refraction. 

Fate, n. [Lat. fatmn, fr. fari, to 
speak.] 1. Inevitable necessity. 2. 
Final lot ; death ; destruction. 3. 
pi. (Myth.) Three goddesses, who 
were supposed to determine the 
course of human fife. 

Sy jr. — Destiny; lot ; doom ; fortune; 
chance. 

Fat'ed, a. Decreed by fate ; doomed. 

Fa'ther, n. [A.-S. fader, allied to Gr. 
Tra-njp.] 1. Male parent. 2. A male an- 
cestor ; a progenitor. 3. He who is to 
be venerated for age, kindness, wis- 
dom, &c. 4. A producer, author, or 
contriver; the first of a series. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To beget. 2. To 
adopt ; hence, to acknowledge one's 
self author of. [father ; paternity. 

Fa'ther-HO"5d, n. State of being a 

FX'THER-iN-LAW,n. Father of one's 
husband or wife. [one's ancestors. 

Fa'ther-lXnd, n. Native land of 

Fa'ther-less, a. Having no father. 

Fa'ther-li-ness, n. Qualities of a 
father ; parental care and kindness. 

Fa'THER-LY, a. 1. Like a father ; pa- 
ternal. 2. Pertaining to a father. 

FXTH'OM, n. [A.-S. fddhem,fddhm, 
embrace.] A measure of length, con- 
taining six feet. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To measure by a sounding line ; to 
get to the bottom of. 

FXth'om-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
fathomed. [fathomed. 

FATH'OM-LESS,a. Incapable of being 

Fa-TIGUE' (-teeg'), »■ 1. Weariness 
from labor. 2. Cause of weariness ; 
toil. — v.t. [-ED; -ING, 140.] [Lat. 
fatigare.] To weary with any bodily 
or mental exertion ; to jade ; to tire. 

Fat'ling, n. A young animal fat- 
tened for slaughter. 

FXT'NESS 1 , n. [Yvomfat.] 1. Quality 
of being fat ; corpulency. 2. Rich- 
ness ; fertility. 3. That which is fat 
or which makes fat. 

FXT'TEN, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
make fat ; to fat. 2. To make fertile ; 
to enrich. — v. i. To grow fat or 
corpulent. 

Fat'ti-ness, n. State of being fatty ; 
grossness. [its qualities. 

Fat'ty, a. Containing fat, or having 

FA-TU'l-TY, n. Imbecility of mind. 

FAt'U-OUS, a. [Lat. fatuus.} 1. Fee- 
ble in mind. 2. Without reality ; 
illusory. 

Fa tjb our g ( f o'bo'org), n. [Fr. , for 
faux-bourg, i. e., a false town.] A 
suburb in French cities. 

FAU'CET, n. [Lat. fauces, throat.] A 
'fixture for drawing liquor from a cask. 



Fault, n. [0. ~Ev.faulte,faltf. fr. Lat. 
"faliere, to deceive.] 1. Want ; absence; 
lack. 2. Any thing that is wanting, 
or that impairs excellence. 3. A 
moral failing. 4. A displacement of 
strata or veins at a fissure, so that 
they are not continuous. 5. (Hunt- 
ing.) A lost scent. 

Syn. — Error; blemish; defect; imper- 
fection ; weakness ; blunder ; failing ; 
vice. 

FAULT'I-LY, adv. In a faulty man- 
ner; blamably. [faulty. 

FAULT'l-NESS, n. State of being 

FauEt'less, a. Without fault ; free 
from blemish. 

Fault'less-ness, n. Freedom froxa 
faults or defects. 

Fault'y, a. 1. Containing faults or 
"defects ; imperfect. 2. Guilty of a 
fault ; blamable. 

Faun, n. [Lat. Faunus, protecting 
deity of agriculture and shepherds.] 
(Rom Myth.) A god of fields and 
shepherds, half goat and half man. 

Fau'nA,«. [See supra.] The animals 
jof any given area or epoch. 

Fa'VOR, n. [Lat.. fr.favere,to be fa- 
vorable.] 1. Kind regard. 2. Coun- 
tenance ; support. 3. A kind act or 
office. 4. A gift or present ; some- 
thing worn as a token of affection. 
5. A letter. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To regard with kindness ; to support ; 
to aid. 2. To facilitate. 

Fa'VOR-a-ble, a. 1. Kind; propi- 
tious; friendly. 2. Advantageous. 

Fa'vor-a-bly, adv. In a favorable 
manner ; kindly. 

Fa'vor-ite, n. A person or thing re- 
garded with peculiar favor. — a. Re- 
garded with particular kindness. 

Fa'vor-it-ism,«. Disposition to pro- 
mote the interest of a favorite ; par- 
tiality. 

Fawn, n. [Fr. faon, young of any 
beast, from Lat. fcetus, filled with 
young.] A young fallow deer ; a buck 
or doe of the first year. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. f 'agnian , fahnian, to 
rejoice, flatter. See Fain.] 1. To 
court favor by low cringing, &c, as 
a dog. 2. To court servilely. 

Fawn'er, n. One who fawn3 ; a syc- 
ophant. 

Fay, n. [See Fairy.] A fairy ; an 
elf. — v. t. [Contr. fr. fadge.] To 
fit ; to suit. — v. i. To unite closely ; 
to fit ; to fadge. 

Fe'al-ty, n. [Lat. fid 'elitas.] Fidelity 
to a superior power, or to a govern- 
ment. 

Fear, n. [A.-S. far, a coming sud- 
denly upon, deceit, fear.] 1. A pain- 
ful emotion excited by expectation 
of evil ; apprehension ; alarm ; dread. 
2. Respectful or awful reverence. — 
v. t. l-ED ; -ING.] 1. To be afraid 
of. 2. To have a reverential awe of. 
— v.i. To be afraid. 

Fear'ful, a. 1. Full of fear; fright- 
ened. 2. Inclined to fear. 3. Indi- 
cating, or caused by, fear. 4. In- 
spiring fear. 
Sytt. — Apprehensive; afraid ; timid? 



or, do, wolf, TOO, TQ©& ; urn, RUE, PULL ; e, i, o, silent ; £, G, soft; €, S, hard; AgJ E£I3T ; N. as NG-; 



FEARFULLY 



162 



FELLOWSHIP 



timorous : horrible ; distressing ; fright- 
ful; dreadful; awful ; terrible. 

Fear'ful-LY, adv. In a fearful man- 
ner, [fearful. 

Fear'ful-ness, n. State of being 

Fear'LESS, a. Free from fear. 

Syn.— Bold; daring; courageous; in- 
trepid ; valiant; brave ; undaunted. 

Fear'less-ly, adv. In a fearless 
manner. 

Fear'less-ness, n. State or qualify 
of being fearless ; courage ; intrepid- 
ity. 

Fear'naught (-nawt), n. A woolen 
cloth of great thickness ; dread- 
nought, [feasible. 

Fea'si-bil'I-TY, n. Quality of being 

FEA'si-BLE, a. [From Lat. facere, to 
make or do.] Capable of being done ; 
practicable. 

FEA'gl-BLE-NESS, n. Feasibility ; 
practicability. 

Feast, n. [L&t.feslum, pi. fiesta.] 1. 
A festival ; a holiday. 2. A rich 
repast ; a banquet. 3. Something 
delicious or highly agreeable ; enter- 
tainment. 

Syn.— Banquet. — A feast sets before 
us viands superior in quantity, variety, 
and abundance; abanquet is a luxurious 
feast ; & festival is the joyful celebration 
by good cheer of some agreeable event. 
A feast which was designed to heafesti- 
val, may be changed into a banquet. A 
carousal is unrestrained indulgence in 



frolic and drink. 
— V. i. [-ED; 



-ING.] 1. To eat 
sumptuously. 2. To be highly grat- 
ified. — v. t. I. To entertain with 
sumptuous provisions. 2. To de- 
jight. 

FEAT, n. [Lat. factum, fr. facere, to 
make or do.] A deed ; an exploit. 

FEATH'ER, n. [k.-S.fiedher, allied to 
Gr. TTTepov, for nerepop.] One of the 
growths which make up the covering 
of a bird ; a plume. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To dress in feathers; to 
furnish with a feather. 2. To adorn. 
■^v. i. To become feathered or hori- 
zontal. 

FEAT'URE , n. [From Lat. factum, a 
making, formation.] 1. Make or ap- 
pearance of the human face, especial- 
ly of any single part of the face ; a 
lineament. 2. Cast or structure of 
any thing. 

FE-BRiF'i€, a. [Lat. febris, fever, and 
facere., to make.] Producing fever. 

FEB'RI-FUGE, n. [Lat. febris, fever, 
&ndfugare, to put to flight.] A med- 
icine to mitigate or remove fever. — 
a. Having the quality of mitigating 
or subduing fever. 

Fe'brile, or Feb'rile, a. [Lat. 
febris, fever.] Pertaining to, or in- 
dicating, fever. 

Feb'ru-a-ry, n. [Lat. Februarius, 
lit. month of expiation.] Second 
month in the year. 

Fe'€AL, a. [Lnt.fmx, y>\. faces.] Per- 
taining to, or containing, dregs or 
feces. 

Fe'ce§ (fe'sez), n. pi. Dregs ; fasces. 

FEC'U-LA, n. [Lat. fmcula, dim. of 
fsBX, sediment.] Nutritious part of 
wheat ; starch or farina. 



Fe€'U-lence, n. 1. State, of being 
feculent. 2. Sediment; lees; dregs. 

Fec'u-lent, a. [Lat. fseculentus, fr. 
fseXjfaecula.] Foul; muddy; thick. 

FEO'UN-DATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. fecundare, -datum.] 1. To 
make fruitful. 2. To impregnate. 

Feg'un-da'tion, n. Act of fecun- 
dating ; impregnation. 

Fe-€Dn'di-ty, n. 1. Fruitfulness. 

2. Power of germinating, as in seeds. 

3. Richness of invention. 
FED, imp. & p. p. of Feed. 
Fed'er-al, a. [Lat. faedus, league, 

treaty.] 1. Pertaining to a league, 
contract, or treaty. 2. Composed 
of states which retain only a subor- 
dinate and limited sovereignty. 
Fed'er-al, I n. An advocate 
Fed'er-al-ist, ) of confederation ; 
specifically, a friend of the Constitu- 
tion of the United States at its forma- 
tion, [eralists. 
Fed'er-al-i§m, n. Principles of Fed- 
Fed'er-ate (45), a. United by com- 
pact, as states ; confederate. 
Fed'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of uniting 
in a league. 2. A league ; a confed- 
eracy, [in a league. 
Fed'er-a-tive, a. Uniting ; joining 
Fee, n. [A.-S. feoh, cattle; hence, 
value, price, property, wealth.] 1. 
Property ; possession. 2. Reward for 
services.; charge. 3. (Eng. Laiv.) 
An estate of inheritance supposed to 
be held from the sovereign. 4. (Amer. 
Law.) An estate of inheritance be- 
longing to the owner, absolutely and 
simply.— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
reward for services ; to recompense. 
Fee'ble, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [From Lat. 
flebilis, lamentable, wretched.] 1. 
Deficient in physical strength. 2. 
Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency. 
3. Indicating feebleness. 

Syn.— Infirm; weak: languid; imbe- 
cile. 
Fee'ble-mind'ED, a. Weak in in- 
tellectual power. 
Fee'BLE-ness, n. Weakness of body 
or mind; infirmity. [strength. 

Fee'BLY, adv. Weakly ; without 
Feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fed.] [A.-S. 
fiedan, Cf. Food.] 1. To give food to. 

2. To satisfy. 3. To graze. 4. To give 
for food. — v. i. To take food ; to 
eat. — n. 1. That which is eaten by 
beasts ; provender ; fodder. 2. Parts 
that move work to the cutting-tool, 
or the tool to the work. 

Feed'er, n. 1. One who feeds. 2. 
Any tributary fountain or medium of 
supply. 

Fee'-fak.m, n. Land held of another 
in fee, in consideration of an annual 
farm or rent. 

Feel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. felt.] 
[A.-S.fielan.] 1. To perceive by the 
touch. 2. To touch; to examine by 
touching. 3. To experience ; to be 

• affected by. 4. To have an inward 
persuasion of. — v. i. 1. To have 
perception by the touch. 2. To have 
the sensibilities moved or affected. 

3. To perceive one's self to be. 4. To | 



know certainly. 5. To appear to thfc 
touch. — n. Sensation communi- 
cated by touching. 

Feel'er, n. 1. One who feels. 2. 
An organ with which certain ani- 
mals are furnished, for trying objects 
by the touch. 3. A proposal, obser- 
vation, &c, put forth to ascertain 
the views of others. 

FeelMng, p. a. Possessing, or ex- 
pressive, of great sensibility : sensi- 
tive. — n. 1. Sense of touch. 2. Con- 
sciousness. 3. Capacity of the soul 
for emotional states. 4. Any mental 
state. 

Syn. — Sensation ; emotion ? passion. 
See Emotion. 

Feel'ing-ly, adv. In a feeling man- 
ner, [ditions or limits. 

Fee'-sim'ple, n. A fee without con- 

Feet, n. : pi. of Foot. 

F^ign (fan), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr 
fieindre, L&t.fingere.] 1. To imagine ; 
to pretend. 2. To make a show of. 

FglNT (i'ant), n. 1. That which is 
feigned ; a pretense. 2. A seeming 
aim at one part when another is in- 
tended to be struck. 

Feld'spar, n. [Ger. feldspath, from 
feld, field, and spath, spar.] A crys- 
talline mineral, eonjsisting of silica, 
alumina, and potash. . 

Fe-lhVi-tate,!-. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. felicitare, -latum : felix, hap- 
py.] 1. To delight. 2. To express 
joy or pleasure to ; to congratulate. 
Syn. — See Congratulate. 

Fe-lIc'i-ta'tion, n. Congratulation. 

Fe-lic'1-tous, a. [From Lat. felix, 
happy.] Happy ; delightful ; appro- 
priate, [tous manner. 

Fe-lic'I-TOUS-ly, adv. In a felici- 

FE-Lig'l-TY, <n. 1. State of being 
happy. 2. That which promotes hap- 
piness. 
Syn. — Happiness; bliss; blessedness. 

Fe'line, a. [Lat. fielimts, from felis, 
cat.] Pertaining to cats. 

FELL, imp. of fall. — a. [From Celtic 
fall, fal,feal, bad, evil.] Cruel ; bar- 
barous ; savage. — n. [A.-S. fell, al- 
lied to Lat. pellis.] Skin or hide of 
a beast. — v. t. [ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
fellan, causative form of fealian, to 
fall.] 1. To cause to fall; to pros* 
trate L 2. To hem, as a seam. 

Fel'loe, n. See Felly. 

Fel'low, n. [A.-S.fdaiv, from fieli. 
gean,fylgan, to follow.] 1. One who 
follows ; a companion ; an associate. 
2. A man without good breeding or 
worth. 3. An equal in power, rank, 
&c. 4. One of a pair ; a mate. 5. 
A person. 6. One of the associates 
in an English college ; member of a 
literary or scientific society. 7. One 
of the trustees of _a college. [Amer.} 

Fel'low-€Reat'URE, n. Oneofthe 
samerace or kind. 

Fel'low-FEEl'ing, n. Sympathy; 
a like feeling. 

Fel'low-shIp, n. 1. State of being 
a fellow or associate. 2. Familiar 
intercourse ; companionship. 3. A 
state of being together. 4. Partner- 



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FELLY 



163 



FESTOON 



ship. 5. An association , a company. 
5. ( En-g. Univ.) A foundation for the 
maintenance of a resident scholar. 

Fel'LY, n. [A.-S. felg,felge.] Ex- 
terior rim , or a part of the rim , of a 
wheel. 

Fe'lo-de-se', n. [L. tat. See in- 
fra.] A self-murderer ; a suicide. 

Fel'on, n. [L. l,a,t.felo,fello. See 
Fell, a,] 1. One who has com- 
mitted felony. 2. A person guilty 
or capable of heinous crime. 3. A 
painful inflammation of a finger or 
toe. — a. 1. Malignant. 2. Traitor- 
ous; disloyal. 

Fe-LCni-ous, a. Malignant ; trai- 
torous ; perfidious. [manner. 

Fe-lo'ni-ous-ly, adv. In a felonious 

Fel'o-ny,w. [See Felon.] A heinous 
crime ; especially one punishable by 
death or imprisonment. 

Yel'spar, n. See Feldspar. 

Felt, imp, & p. p. or a. from Feel. — 
n. [A.-S. felt, allied to Lat. pilus, 
hair.] A stuff of wool, or wool and 
fur, made by rolling and pressure, 
without weaving. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To make into, or cover with, 
felt. 

FE-LtJ-e'€A, n. [It., fr. At. feliikah, fr. 
fulk, a ship.] A boat or vessel, used 
in the Mediterranean. 

Fe'MALE, n. [Lat. fcmella, dim. of 
femina, woman.] One of the sex 
that bears young. — a. 1. Belonging 
to the sex which bears young. 2. 
Belonging to, or characteristic of, the 
sex ; feminine. 3. Having pistils 
and no stamens. 

Syn.— See Feminine. 

FEm'I-NINE, a. [Lat. femininus, fr. 
femina, woman.] 1. Pertaining to a 
woman, or to women ; womanly. 2. 
Having the qualities of a female. 3. 
Having a form belonging more es- 
pecially to words which are epithets 
of females. 

Syn. — Female. — Female is applied 
to the sex merely as opposed to male; 
feminine to the appropriate characteris- 
tics of the sex. A female school should 
teach feminine accomplishments. 

Fem'o-ral, a. [From Lat. femur, 
thigh.] Belonging to the thigh. 

Fen, n. [A.-S. fen, or fenn, marsh, 
mud, dirt.] Boggy land ; moor. 

FENCE, rc. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. 
A defense. 2. A wall, hedge, or other 
inclosing structure. 3. Fencing. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To fend off 
danger from ; to protect. 2. To in- 
close with a fence. — v. i. 1. To 
make a fence. 2. To defend one's 
self by use of the sword. 

Fen'cer, n. One who fences. 

Fen'ci-ble, a. Capable of being de- 
fended. — n. A soldier enlisted for 
the defense of the country, and not 
liable to be sent abroad. 

Fen'cing, n. Art or practice of self- 
defense with the sword. 

FEnd, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Abbrev. 
fr. defend.] To keep off; to shut out. 
— v. ?'. To act in opposition ; to resist. 

FEND'ER.re. One who, or that which, 



fends or wards off; especially a 
metallic frame placed before a fire. N 

FE-Nfis'TRAL, a. [Lat. fenestra, win- 
dow.] Pertaining to windows. 

Fen'nel, n. [A.-S. fenol, from Lat. 
fenicutum, dim. oifenmn, hay.] An 
aromatic plant. 

Fen'ny, a. Pertaining to a fen; 
swampy ; boggy. 

Feod (iud), n. A feud. 

Feoff (i'ef), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
feoffer, horn fief See FIEF.] To in- 
vest with a fee or feud. — n. A fief. 
See Fief. [a feoffment is made. 

Feof-fee' (fef-feeO, n. One to whom 

Feof'fer ) (ief-), n. One who grants 

Feof'for ) a fee. [a feud or fee. 

Feoff'ment (iefment), n. Grant of 

Fer'e-TO-RY, n. [L&t.feretrum, fr. 
ferre, to bear.] Tne bier or shrine 
for the relics of saints. 

Fe'RI-AL, a. [L. Lat. ferialis, fr.feria, 
holiday.] Pertaining to holidays. 

Fe'rine, a. [L&t.ferinus, fr. ferus, 
or f era, a wild animal.] Wild ; un- 
tamed ; savage. 

FEr'ment, n. [Ln,t.fermentum,contr. 
for fervimentvm , fr. fervere, to boil, 
ferment.] 1. That which causes fer- 
mentation. 2. Tumult ; agitation. 
3. Fermentation. 

Fer-ment', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cause fermentation in. — v. i 1. To 
undergo fermentation ; to work. 2. 
To be active or excited. 

F£r / men-ta'tion, n. That change 
of organic substances by which their 
starch, sugar, gluten, &c, are de- 
composed, and their elements re- 
combined in new compounds. 

Fern, n. [A.-S. fearn.] An order of 
cryptogamous plants. 

Fe-RO'cious, a. [L&t.ferox r fierce.] 
Indicating cruelty ; rapacious ; wild. 
Syn". — Fierce ; savage ; barbarous. — 
"When these words are applied to human 
feelings or conduct,/erocioMS describes 
the disposition ; fierce, the haste and 
violence of an act; barbarous, the coarse- 
ness and brutality by which it was 
marked; saragre, the cruel and unfeel- 
ing spirit which it showed. A man is 
ferocious in his temper, fierce in his 
actions, barbarous in the manner of car- 
rying out his purposes, savage in the 
spirit and feelings expressed in his 
words or deeds. 

Fe-roc'I-ty, n. Sayage wildness or 
fierceness ; cruelty ; barbarity. 

Fer'RE-OUS, a. [Lat. ferreus, fr.fer- 
rum, iron.] Pertaining to iron ; like 
iron. 

Fer'ret, n. [L. Lat. furetum, fr.fu- 
ro. ferret, fr. Lat. fur, thief.] 1. An 
animal of the weasel kind. 2. A nar- 
row woolen tape. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To drive out of a lurking-place, as a 
ferret does the cony. [ferry. 

Fer'rj-age, n. -bare to be paid at a 

FER'RO-TYPE, n. [From Lat./em«n, 
iron, and Gr. tltto?, an impression.] 
A photographic picture taken on an 
iron plate by a collodion process. 

FER-Ry'GI-NOUS, a. 1. Partakingof, 
or containing, iron. 2. Resembling 
iron-rust. 

Fer'rule (feVril or feVrul), n. [Lat. 



ferrum, iron.] A ring of metal put 
round a cane, or other thing, to 
strengthen it. 

Fer'ry,i\£. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [See 
infra.] To carry over a river, or 
other water, in a boat. — n. [A.-S. 
ferjan,Xo carry , convey , fr.faran, to 
go.] 1. A vessel for passing over 
narrow waters. 2. A place for pas* 
ing across a river or other water, ia 
ferry-boats. 3. Right of maintain* 
ing a ferry-boat. 

Fer'ry-boat (20), n. A boat for con- 
veying passengers over streams and 
other narrow waters. 

Fer'ry-man (150), n. One who keeps 
a ferry. 

Ff R'TILE , a. [Lat. fertilis, fr. ferre, 
to bear.] Prolific ; productive ; rich. 

Syn. — Fruitful. -- Fertile denotes the 
power of producing; fruitful, the act. 
The prairies of the West are fertile by 
nature, and will soon be turned by cul- 
tivation into a. fruitful field. 

Fer-tIl'i-ty, n. State of being fer- 
tile ; fruitfulness. [dering fertile. 

Fer'ti-li-za'tion, n. Act of ren- 

FLr'ti-lize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make fertile, fruitful, or productive. 

Fer'ti-liz'er, n. One who, or that 
which, renders fertile. 

Fer'ule (feVril or ieVrul), n. [Lat. 
ferula.] A fiat piece of wood, used 
for punishment. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To punish with a ferule. 

F£r'ven-cy, n. State of being fer- 
vent ; ardor; warmth of devotion. 

Fer'VENT, a. [Lat. fervens, fr. fer- 
vere, to boil, to glow.] 1. Hot : ar- 
dent ; boiling. 2. Warm in feeling ; 
ardent [manner. 

Fer'vent-LY, adv. In a fervent 

FER'VID, a. [L&t.fervidus, from fer- 
vere, to boil, glow.] 1. Very hot ; 
boiling. 2. Ardent; vehement. 

Fer'VID-ly, adv. In a fervid manner. 

Fer'vor, n. 1. Heat. 2. Intensity 
of feeling ; zeal. 

Fes'€UE, n. [0. Eng. festiie, fr. Lat. 
festuca, a straw.] A straw, stick, or 
the like, to point out letters to chil- 
dren. 

Fes'tal, a. [Lat. festum, a feast.] 
Pertaining to a holiday or feast ; 
gay ; mirthful. 

Fes'ter, v. i. [-ed;-ING.] [Amodif. 
of foster.] 1. To grow virulent ; to 
rankle. 2. To become malignant 
and invincible. — n. A sore which 
discharges corrupt matter; a pus- 
tule. 

FES'TI-VAL, a. [L&t.festivitm, fes- 
tive jollity, from festmn, feast. ] Per- 
taining or appropriate to a feast; 
festive ; festal. — n. A time of feast* 
ing or celebration. 

Ffis'TlVE,a. Pertaining to, or b©» 
coming, a feast ; festal ; joyous. 

Fes-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Joyfulness; gay- 
ety. 2. A festival. 

Fes-to~on', n. [Orig. 
an ornament for a fes- 
tival.] A garland or 
wreath hanging in a 
curve. — v.t. [-ED; Festoon. 




or, do, WOLF, TOO. TCfoK; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard,- AS', EXIST ; N as NG; THI! 



FETAL 



164 



FIGURATIVELY 



-ING.] To form in festoons, or to 
adorn with festoons. 

Fe'tal, a. Pertaining to a fetus. 

Fetch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
fetian. Cf.fecan, to draw, lead.] 1. 
To go and bring; to get. 2. To 
bring ; to sell for. 3. To make ; to 
do. 4. To reach ; to attain. — n. A 
stratagem ; an artifice. 

&ETE (fat), n. [Fr. See Feast.] A 
festival, holiday, or celebration. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To honor with a 
festive entertainment. 

Ee'tich (fS'tish), n. [Vg.feitigo, sor- 
cery, charm, fr. Lat. facticius, arti- 
ficial.] A material thing, worshiped 
among certain African tribes. 

Fet'i-chis_m, ) v. The low idolatry of 

Fet'i-c'ism, I Western Africa. 

FET'ID, a. [Lat. fat id 'its, fr. fatere, 
to have an ill smell.] Having an of- 
fensive smell ; stinking. 

Fet'lock,a. [From feet, or foot, 
and lock.] Part of the leg where the 
tuft of hair grows behind the pastern 
joint in horses. 

Fe'tor, n. [Lat. fator.] Stench. 

Fet'ter, n. [A.-S. fetor.] [Chiefly 
used in the pi.] 1. A chain for the 
feet. 2. Any restraint. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To put fetters on; to 
jhackle. 2. To impose restraints on . 

Fe'tus (147), n. [Lat. fatus, fetus, a 
bringing forth, offspring.] The un- 
born young of animals after it is per- 
fectly formed. v 

Feud, n. [A.-S. fdhdh,fr.figan,fian, 
to hate.] 1. An inveterate strife 
between families, clans, or parties in 
a state. 2. [L. Lat. feudo?n,feodom. 

s See Fee.] A stipendiary estate in 
land, held of a superior, by service ; 
a fief ; a fee. 

Feud'al, a. 1. Pertaining to feuds, 
fiefs, or fees. 2. Embracing tenures 
by military services. 

Feud'al-ism, n. Principles and con- 
stitution cf feuds. [being feudal. 

Feu-dal'i-TY. ti. State or quality of 

Feud'a-to ry, a. Held from another 
on some conditional tenure. 

Fe'VER,ti. [A.-S. fefer, Lat. febris, 
prob. fr.fervere, to be hot, boil.] 1. 
A diseased state of the system, marked 
by increased heat and acceleration 
of the pulse. 2. Strong excitement 
of any kind. 

Fe'ver-Ish, a. Pertaining to, indi- 
cating, or resembling, a fever. 

F£'ver-ish-ness, n. State of being 
feverish. 

Few (fa), a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. 
fed, pi. feave.] Not many ; small, 
limited, or confined in number. 

Fewness (f u'nes), n. State of being 
few; paucity. 

J?EZ,n. A red cap without a brim, 
worn by Turks, &c. [cree. 

FT'AT, n. [Lat., let it be done.] A de- 

FfB, n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. fable.] A 
he or falsehood. — v.i. [-bed; 
-BING, 136.] To lie. 

ft'BER, )n. [.Lat. fibra.] Any fine, 

^1'bre , ( slender thread, or thread- 
like substance. 



Fi'bril, n. A small fiber. 

Fl'BRiNE,n. A peculiar organic com- 
pound found in animals and vegeta- 
bles, [ing of, fibers. 

Fi'brous, a. Containing, or consist- 

Fl'cK'LE (flk'l), a. [A.-S.ficol, from 
fican, to touch lightly, to flatter.] 
Liable to change ; of a changeable 
mind ; irresolute ; capricious. 

FIck'le-ness, n. State of being fickle. 

Ffe'TiLE, a. [Lat. fictUis, fr. fingere, 
tofoi-m.] Molded into form by art. 

FlG'TION, n. [Lat. Jirtio, fr. fingere, 
to form, feign.] 1. Act of feigning 
or inventing. 2. That which is 
feigned or invented ; especially, a 
feigned story. 

Syn. — Fabrication ; falsehood. — Fic- 
tion is opposed to what 16 real, it may or 
may not be intended to deceive; afab- 
rication, as here spoken of, is a fiction 
wrought up forthe purpose of deceiving; 
& falsehood requires less invention, be- 
ing merely a false statement. 

Fic-tT'tious (-tlsh'us), a. Feigned ; 
imaginary ; counterfeit. 

Fic-ti'tious-ly, adv. Counterfeitly. 

Fid, n. 1. A square bar to support 
the top-mast. 2. A pin of hard 
wood, tapering to a point. 

Fid'dle (fid'dl), n. A violin ; a kit. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To play 
on a fiddle. 2. To trifle. 

FYd'dle-fad'dle, n. A trifle ; non- 
sense. [ Colloq. and loiv.] 

FKd'dler, n. One who plays on a 
fiddle. 

FId'dle-stIck, n. Bow and string 
for playing on a violin. 

Fl-DEL'I-TY. n. [Lat. fidelitas, from 
fides, faith.] Faithfuluess ; adher- 
ence to right or truth. 
Syn.— Integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty. 

FId'Get, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Icel. 
fika, to hasten. Cf. Fickle.] To 
move uneasily one way and the other. 
— ft. Uneasiness ; restlessness. 

FlD'GET-Y, a. Restless ; uneasy. 

Fl-DU'CIAL, a. [Lat. fiducia, trust, 
confidence.] 1. Having faith or 
trust ; confident. 2. Having the 
nature of a trust. 

Ff-DU'CIAL-LY,ac/r. With confidence. 

Fl-DU'CI-A-RY (-du'shi-), a. [See su- 
pra.] 1. Confident ; undoubting. 2. 
Holding or held, or founded, in trust. 
_ — n. A trustee. [like. 

Fie, inter j. Denoting contempt or dis- 

Fief, n. [Yr.fief See Feud and 
Fee.] An estate held of a superior 
on condition of military service. 

Field, n. [A.-S. feld.] 1. Cleared 
land. 2. Plain where a battle is 
fought; also, the battle itself. 3. 
An open space of any kind. 

Field'-book, n. A book used in 
surveying for making entries of 
measurements taken in the field. 

Field'-mar'shal, n. Commander 
of an army in some European coun- 
tries. 

FlELD'-OF'FI-CER, 7i. A military of- 
ficer above the rank of captain, and 
below that of general. 

FlELD'-PlECE, n. A small cannon 
used in the field of battle. 



Field'-sport, n. Diversion in the 
field, as shooting and hunting. 

FIEND, n. [A.-S.fednd, fiend, from 
fian,feon, to hate.] An implacable 
foe ; the devil. 

Fiend'ish, a. Like afiend ; malignant 

Fierce, a. [-er ; -est.] [0. Eng. 
fers,fiers, from Lat. ferus, wild, sav 
age.] 1. Furious ; violent. 2. Ex 
cessively earnest, eager, or ardent. 
_ Syn. — See Ferocious. 

FlERCE'LY, adv. In a fierce manner, 
or with a fierce expression. 

FlERCE'NESS, n. State or quality of 
being fierce. 

Fl'E-Rf- fa'ci-as (fT'e-ri-fa'shY-Ss), 
n. [Lat.,V. e., cause it to be done.] 
A judicial writ that lies for him who 
has recovered in debt or damages. 

FI'ER-I-NESS, n. Quality of being 
fiery. 

FI'ER-Y, a. 1. Consisting of, heated 
by, or resembling, fire. 2. Vehe- 
ment ; ardent. 3. Passionate ; fierce. 

Fife, n. [Cf. Pipe.] A small pipe 
used as a wind-instrument. — v.i. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To play on a fife. 

FIf'er, n. One who plays on a fife. 

Fif'teen, a. Five and ten. — n. Sum 
of five and ten. 

Fif'teenth, a. 1. Next in order 
after the fourteenth. 2. Being one 
of fifteen equal parts of a thing. — 
7i. One of fifteen equal parts of a 
unit or whole. 

Fifth, a. 1. Next after the fourth. 
2. Being one of five equal parts. — ■ 
n. 1. One of five equal parts. 2. In- 
terval between any tone and that rep- 
resented on the fifth degree above it. 

FlFTH'LY, adv. In the fifth place. 

Fif'ti-eth, a. 1. Next after the 
forty-ninth. 2. Being one of fifty 
equal parts of a thing. — n. One Of 
fifty equal parts of a unit. 

Fif'ty, a. Five times ten. — n. Sum 
of five tens. 

FlG, ti. [Lat. ficus.] 1. A tree and 
its fruit, growing in warm climates. 
2. A small piece of tobacco. [Amer.] 

Fight (fit), v. i. [imp. & p. p. 
FOUGHT.] (A..-S. feohtan.] 1. To 
contend in ?rms. 2. To act in op- 
position. — v t. 1. To carry on, as a 
conflict. 2. To contend with in bat- 
tle. — ti. A battle; a struggle for 
victory. 

Syn.— Coribat ; engagement; con- 
test; fray; affay; conflict. 

FlGHT'ER (fit'er), n. One who fights. 

FlG'MENT, n. [Lat. ftgmentum, from 
fingere, to fe>Tn, invent.] An inven- 
tion ; a fictii a. 

FlG'u-RA-BLF . a. [Lat. figurare, to 
form, shape.] Capable of a certain 
fixed form or phape. [nate figure. 

FIG'U-RATE , c. Of a certain determi- 

FiG'u-RA'Tlon\ n. Act of giving fig- 
ure or determinate form 

FIg'u-ra-tivI , a. 1. Representing 
by a figure ; topical ; representative. 
2. Tropical ; ituitaphorical ; not lit- 
eral. 

FIg'u-ra-TiVE-L'Y,, cdv. In a figu- 
rative manner. 



v, E s i,o,u, Y, long; A, £,I, 6,U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VF,IL, TERM 5 VVUVE , FIRM ; s6K. 



FIGURE 



165 



FINE 



?lG'VRE (53), n. [Ls.t. figura, fr.fin- 
gere, to form, shape.] 1. Form of 
any thing ; shape. 2. An image ; a 
drawing. 3. Appearance or impres- 
sion made by the conduct of a per- 
son. 4. A character representing a 
number; a numeral. 5. Value; 
price. 6. A type or representative. 
7. Pictorial language; a trope. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make an im- 
age of. 2. To embellish with designs. 
3. To indicate by numerals ; also, to 
calculate. 4. To state or represent 
by a metaphor ; to signify or symbol- 
ize. 5. To image in the mind. — 
v. i. To make a figure ; to be dis- 
tinguished. 

Fi-la'ceoCts, a. [La.i. filum, thread.] 
Composed of threads. 

Fil'a-ment, n. [Lat. filum, thread.] 
A thread-like object or appendage. 

Fil'a-ment'ous, a. Resembling a 
thread : consisting of fiue filaments. 

FlL'A-TURE (53), n. [L. Lat. flat ura, 
from fila re, to spin.] 1. The reeling 
of silk from cocoons. 2. A reel for 
drawing off silk. 

FlL'BERT, n. [Perhaps from full and 
beard, from its long beards or husks.] 
Nut of tbe cultivated hazel. 

Filch, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
filkan, to stick to, come upon, hide.] 
To steal or cake privily ; to pilfer. 

FlLCH'ER, n. One who filches. 

File, it. [Lat. filum, thread.] 1. A 
line ; a row, as of soldiers ranged be- 
hind one another. 2. An orderly 
collection of papers ; also, the wire, 
or contrivance, by which they are 
kept in order, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To set in order; to place on file. 

2. To bring before a courb or legisla- 
tive body by presenting proper papers 
in a regular way. 3. To put among 
the records of a court. — v. i. To 
march in a line, as soldiers. — n. 
[A.-S. feol.] A steel instrument for 
abrading other substances. — v. t. 1. 
To rub or smooth with a file, or as 
with a file. 2. To smooth ; to polish. 

FILe'-lead'er, ». The soldier placed 
in the front of a file. 

FlL'IAL (t'Tl'yal), a. [From Lat. filius, 
son, filia, daughter.] 1. Pertaining 
to a son or daughter. 2. Bearing 
the relation of a child. 

FIX/I-A'TION, n. 1. Relation of a 
child to a father. 2. The fixing of 
a bastard chiid on some one as its 
father. 

FlL'I-B&s'TER, n. [Sp.filibote or fii- 
bote, a small, fast-sailing vessel, 
named from the river Vly in Hol- 
land.] A lawless military adventur- 
er; a free-booter; a pirate. — v. i. 
To act as a filibuster. 

FIl'i-form, a. [Lat. /dum, thread, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
of a thread. 

FlL'I-GREE, n. [Lat. filum, thread, 
and granum, grain] Ornamental 
work of fiue gold or silver wire. 

FILL, v. t. [-ed : -ING.] [A.-S. fyU 
lan, fr. full, full.] 1. To make full. 
2. To supply abundantly. S. To sat- 



isfy. 4. To occupy ; to hold. 5. To 
supply with an incumbent. — v. i. 1. 
To become full ; to be satiated. 2. 
To give to drink. — n. 1. A full sup- 
ply. 2. Shaft of a carriage. 

Fil'let, n. [Fr. filet, thread, dim. 
offil, thread, from Lat. filum.] 1. A 
little baud, esp. one to tie about the 
hair. 2. A piece of meat made up 
of muscles. 3. A little square mem- 
ber or ornament; a listel. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To bind, furnish, or 
adorn with a fillet. 

FlL'Ll-BEG, n. [Gael, filleadkbeag, i. 
e.. little plaid.] A Highland dress 
reaching nearly to the knees. 

FIL'LI-BUS'TER, n. See FILIBUSTER. 

FlLL'lNG, n. That which fills, or with 
which anything is filled. 

FlL'LIP, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Prob. 
from the sound.] To sti-ike with the 
nail of the finger, first placed against 
the ball of the thumb, and forced 
from that position with a sudden 
spring. — n. A jerk of the finger 
forced suddenly from the thumb. 

Fil'li-PEEN 7 , n. Same as Philo 

PENA. 

Fil'ly, n. [SY.Jllog. See Foal.] 1. 
A young mare. 2 . A lively or wanton 
girl. 

FILM, n. [A.-S. film, skin.] 1. A thin 
skin ; a pellicle. 2. A slender thread. 
— v. t. To cover with a thin skin. 

FTlm'Y, a. Composed of film ; mem- 
branous. 

Fi'lose (125), a. [Lat. filum, thread.] 
Ending in a thread-like process. 

FlL'TER, a. [L.LiHt.filtrum,feltrum, 
properly felt.] A piece of woolen 
cloth, paper, or the like, for strain- 
ing liquors. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
purify, as liquor, by passing it 
through a filter. — v. i. To pass 
through a filter ; to percolate. 

Filth, n. [A.-S. fyldh, fr. ./?//, foul.] 
1. Foul matter ; dirt. 2. Corrup- 
tion ; pollution. 

FlLTH'l-LY, adv. In a filthy manner. 

Filth'I-ness, n. 1. State of beiug 
filthy. 2. That which is filthy, or 
makes filthy. 

FlLTH'Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] De- 
filed with filth ; morally impure. 

Syx. — Nasty ; foul ; dirty ; squalid ; 
gross; impure; polluted. 

FlL'TRATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
filter. _ 

FIL-TRA'TION, n. Act of filtering. 

Fm'BRI-ATE, a. [Lat. fimbriatus, 
fringed ; fimbria, fringe.] Bordered by 
filiform _processes thicker than hairs. 

FlM'BRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
hem ; to fringe. 

Fin, n. [A.-S., allied to Lat. pinna, 
fin, penna, wing, feather.] An or- 
gan of a fish, serving to balance and 
propel it in the water. 

Fin'a-ble , a. Subject to a fine. 

Fl'NAL, a. [Lat. finalis, from finis, 
limit, end.] 1. Pertaining to the 
end ; last. 2. Decisive ; mortal. 3. 
Respecting the purpose or ultimate 
end in view. 

Syn. — Conclusive ; ultimate. — Final 



is now appropriated to that which brings 
with it an end, as a final adjustment, the 
final judgment, &c. Conclusive implies 
the closing of all future discussion, nego- 
tiation, &c, as a conclusive argument or 
fact, a conclusive arrangement. Ultimate 
has reference to something earlier or pre- 
ceding, as, a temporary reverse may lead 
to an ultimate triumph. The statements 
which a man finally makes may be per- 
fectly conclusive as to his ultimate inten- 
tions. 

Finale (fe-na/la), n. [It.] Las6 
note, or end, of a piece of music; 
termination. [ment. 

Fi-nal'i-ty, n. Final state ; a settle- 

FT'NAL-LY, adv. 1. At the end ; ulti- 
mately ; lastly 2. Completely. 

Fi-nan^e' (fl-nanss', 114), n. [L. Lat. 
financia, payment of moDey, money, 
fv.finare, to pay a fine.] Income of 
a ruler or of a state ; revenue ; — 
often in the pi., funds. 

Fi-nan'cial (ii-nan'shal), a. Per- 
taining to finance. 

Fi-nan'cial-ly, adv. In a financial 
manner. 

FlN'AN-ciER', n. 1. An officer who 
administers the public revenue. 2. 
One skilled iu financial operations. — 
v. i. To conduct financial opera- 
tions. 

Finch (66), n. [A.-S. fine, allied to W. 
pine, a finch, smart, gay.] A small 
singing bird. 

Find, v. t. [imp. & p . p. found.] 
[A.-S.findan.] 1. To meet with ac- 
cidentally ; to fall in with. 2. To 
perceive ; to experience ; to feel. 3. 
To discover by study or experiment. 

4. To provide for ; to supply. 5. To 
arrive at, as a conclusion.- — v. i. To 
determine an issue of fact, and to 
declare such a determination to a 
court. [finds. 

FlND'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
FlND'ING, n. 1. That which is found ; 
discovery ; especially, pi. , that which 
a journeyman provides for himself. 
2. A verdict. 
Fine, a. [-ER; -est.] [Abbrev.fr. 
Lat. finitus, finished.] 1. Finished; 
perfected ; hence, excellent ; superi- 
or ; showy. 2. Aiming at show or 
effect ; over -dressed. 3. Nice ; deli- 
cate ; exquisite. 4. Sly ; fraudulent. 

5. Not coarse, gross, or heavy. 

Fine arts, those arts which depend 
chiefly on the imagination, as poetry, 
painting, sculpture, engraving, and ar- 
chitecture ; — sometimes restricted to the 
first two. 

Syn\ — Beautiful. — When used as a 
word of praise, fine denotes " ?io ordina- 
ry thing or' its kind." It is not as strong 
as beautiful, in reference to the single at- 
tribute implied in the latter : but when 
we speak of a fine woman, we embrace 
more : viz., all the qualities becoming a 
woman — breeding, sentiment, tact. &c. 
The same is true of a fine garden, land- 
scape, horse, poem, &c. : and the word, 
though applied to a great variety of ob- 
jects, has still a very definite sense, de- 
noting a high degree of characteristic 
excellence, though not the very highest. 
When used in dispraise, it denotes that 
the fineness is carried to an extreme. 
— v.t. 1. [-ed;-ing.] To make 
fine ; to refine. 2. To impose a pe- 
cuniary penalty upon. — n. A pay- 



on, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOE; fJRN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, o, silent ; C, G, so/i; €, G, Iiard ; AS; EXIST; NasNG; THIS. 



FINE-DRAW 



166 



FIT 



ment of money imposed as a punish- 
ment for an offense. 

In fine, in conclusion ; by way of termi- 
nation or summing up, 

FlNE'-DRAW, V. t. [-DRAWN.; 

-drawing.] To sew up, as a rent, 
so that the seam is not perceived. 

FIne'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out with 
too much subtilty. 

Fine'ly, adv. In a finished manner. 

Fine'ness, n. Quality of being fine. 

FIn'er, n. One who fines or purifies. 

FlN'EK-Y, n. 1. Decoration ; especially 
showy or excessive decoration. 2. A 
refinery. 

FK-NEssE'ffT-ness/), n. [Fr. Cf. Fine- 
ness.] Artifice; stratagem. — v.i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To use artifice. 

FlN'uER, n. [A. -S>., finger, fr.fangan, 
to take or seize.] One of the extrem- 
ities of the hand, including or ex- 
cluding the thumb. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING. J 1. To touch with the fingers ; 
to handle. 2. To touch lightly. 3. 
To_pilfer. 

Fin'ger-BOARD, n. Part of a stringed 
instrument on which the fingers are 
pressed to vary the tone. 

FIv'Ser-glass, n. A glass for water 
to wet the fingers at the dinner- 
table. 

Fin'ger-post, n. A post with a fin- 
ger pointing, for directing passengers. 

yiN'ie-AL, a. [Yvomfine.] Affected- 
ly fine ; unduly particular. 

Svn. — Spruce; foppish. — One who is 
spruce is elaborately nice in dress ; one 
who is finical shows his affectation in 
language and manner as well as dress ; 
one who is foppish seeks to distinguish 
himself by the cut of his clothes, the 
tawdriness of his ornaments, and the os- 
tentation of his manner. 

FI'nis, n. [Lat.] An end ; conclusion. 

FlN'ISH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
finire, fr. Jinis, limit, end.] 1. To put 
an end to ; to terminate. 2. To be- 
stow the utmost labor upon. — n. 
That which finishes ; esp., the last, 
hard, smooth coat of plaster on a wall. 

Fin'ish-er, n. 1. One who finishes. 
2. A machinist. 

FI'NITE, a. [Lat. fim 'tits, p. p. of fi- 
nire. See Finish.] Limited in quan- 
tity, degree, or capacity. 

Fl'NlTE-LY, adv. Within limits. 

FlN'NY, a. Furnished with, or per- 
taining to, fins. 

Fin'-toed, a. Having toes connect- 
ed bv a membrane, as aquatic fowls. 

FIR (18), n. [A.-S. furh.] A tree al- 
lied to the pines. 

FIRE, n. [A.-S. fyr, allied to Gr. irvp.] 
1. Combustion; state of ignition. 2. 
Fuel in a state of combustion ; a con- 
flagration. 3. Ardor of passion. 4. 
Liveliness and warmth of imagina- 
tion. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To irritate, 

, as the passions. 3. To animate. 4. 
To discharge, as a gun. — v. i. 1. To 
take fire ; to kindle. 2. To be irri- 
tated or inflamed. 3. To discharge 
guns. 

FIRE '-arm, n. A weapon acting by 
the force of gunpowder- 



FTre'-board, n. A chimney-board, 
to close a fire-place. 

FlRE'-BRAND, n. 1. A piece of wood 
kindled or on fire. 2. An incendiary. 

FlRE'-DAMP, n. The explosive car- 
bureted hydrogen of coal-mines. 

FlRE'-EAT'ER, n. One who pretends 
to eat fire ; hence, a fighting charac- 
ter. 

FiRE'-EN'GlNEf-en'jin), n. An engine 
for throwing water to put out fires. 

FlRE'-FLY, n. A winged, luminous 
insect ; also, the female glow-worm. 

Fire'lock, n. A gun-lock or mus- 
ket, discharged by striking fire with 
flint and steel. 

Fire'man (150), n. 1. A man whose 
business is to help to extinguish fires 
in towns. 2. A man who tends the 
fires, as of a steam-engine. 

Fire'-new (-nu), a. Fresh from the 
forge ; quite new. 

Fire'-place, n. Part of a chimney 
appropriated to the fire; a hearth. 

FIre'-proop, a. Proof against fire ; 
incombustible. 

Fire'-sii JP, n. A vessel filled with com- 
bustibles to burn an enemy's ships. 

Fire'side, n. Aplacenear the fire; 
home ; domestic life. 

Fire'ward'jbn, 7i. An officer whose 
duty is to direct in the extinguishing 
of fires 

FiRE'-wobD, n. Wood for fuel. 

FlRE'-WORK (-wfirk), n. Preparations 
of gunpowder and other inflamma- 
ble materials, for making explosions 
in the air. 

Fir'kin (18), n. [A.-S.feover, four, 
and the dim. term. Arm.] 1. A meas- 
ure of capacity , equal to nine ale gal- 
lons. 2. A small cask of indetermi- 
nate size. [Amcr.] 

FIRM (18), a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. fir- 
vnus.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely com- 
pressed. 2. Not easily excited or dis- 
turbed. 3. Solid. 4. Indicating firm- 
ness. 

Syn.— Compact; dense; hard; steady; 
resolute ; constant. 

— n. [It. firma, the (con/?w?ing) 
signature.] The name, title, or style, 
under which a company transact 
business ; hence, a partnership. 

FlR'MA-MENT, n. [Lat. firm amentum, 
fv.firmvs, firm.] The sky ; heavens. 

FiR'MA-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to 
the firmament. 

Fir'man, or Fir-man' (150), n. [Pers. 
fierman, Skr. pramana, measure, au- 
thority ] A decree of the Turkish or 
other Oriental government. [ily. 

Firm'ly, adv. Solidly ; closely : stead- 

FlRM'NESS, n. State of being firm ; 
fixedness ; stability ; certainty. 

Syn. — Firmness; constancy. — Firm- 
T>es° belongs to the will, and constancy 
to the affections and principles ; the for- 
mer prevents us from yielding, and the 
latter from fluctuating. Without firm- 
ness a mar) has no character; "without 
constancy." says Addison, "there is 
neither love, friendship, nor virtue in 
the world." 
First (18), a. [A.-S., superl. of fore, 
before.] 1. Preceding all others. 2. 



Most eminent or exalted ^-arlv. Be 
fore any thing else in time, space, 
rank, &c. [eldest. 

FIrst'-born, a. First brought forth ; 

FIrst'-floor, n. 1. Iloor next 
above the ground-floor. [Eng.] 2. 
The ground-floor. [Amrr.] 

FlRST'-FRUlT, n. [Usually in the pi.] 
Fruits earliest gathered ; the earliest 
results or profits of any action or 
position. [mestic animals. 

First'ling, n. First offspring of do- 

FIrst'LY^ adv. In the first place. 

First'-RATE, a. Of the highest ex- 
cellence ; pre-eminent. 

Fisc, n. [Fr.,from Lnt. fist \ bas- 
ket, money-basket.] Treasury of a 
prince or state. 

Fiscal, a. Pertaining to the public 
treasury. — n. A treasurer. 

Fish, n. ; pi. fish'es, instead of 
which the sing, is often used collect- 
ively. [A.-S. allied to Lat. piscis.] 
1 . An animal that lives in water. 2. 
An oviparous, vertebrate, aquatic an- 
imal, covered with scales, and breath- 
ing by means of gills. 3. Flesh of 
fish.— v. i. [-ED; -ING] 1. To 
attempt to catch fish. 2. To seek to 
obtain by artifice. — v. t. 1. To draw 
out or up. 2. To search as for fish. 

Fish'er, n. One who is employed 
in catching fish. 

Fish'er-mAn (150), v. One whose 
occupation is to catch fish. 

Fjsii'er-y, n. 1. Business of catch- 
ing fish. 2. A place for catching 
fish. [fish. 

Fish'hook, n. A hook for catching 

Iish'i-ness, v. State cf being fishy. 

FiSH'MON / (iER(-mting / ger), n. A sell- 
er offish. [vidingfish at fable. 

Fish'-SLICE,w. A broad knife for di- 

Fish'-wIfe (149), n. A woman that 
cries fish for sale. [who sells fish. 

Fjsh'-wqm'an (150), n. A woman 

Fisri'Y, a. Consisting of fish; fish- 
like ; filled with fish. 

Fi's'SlLE (fls'sil), a. [L&t.fissilis, fr. 
findere, to split.] Capable of being 
split or cleft. [sile. 

Fis-siL'l-TY, n. Quality of being fis- 

FIS'SION (flsh'un), ii. A. cleaving, 
splitting, or breaking up into parts. 

Fis'sure (fish'yjr), n. A cleft ; a lon- 
gitudinal opening. 

F'isT, n. [A.-S. fyst.] The hand with 
the fingers doubled. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To strike with the fist. 

FiST'Pe, a. Pertaining to boxing ; pu- 
gilistic. 

Fist'1-cuffs, v . pi. Blows, or a com- 
bat with the fists. 

Fist'L'-la (fist/yu-la),??.; pi. FtsT'- 
U-ZJE. [Lat.] 1. A reed : hence, a 
pipe. 2. A deep, narrow abscess. 

FlST'U LAR, a. Hollow li':e a pipe. 

FlST'U LATE, v. i. To become a pipe 
or fistula. — v. t. To make hollow 
like a pipe. 

FYsT'u-LOUS, a. 1 Having the form 
or nature of a fistula. 2. Hollow like . 
a pipe. 

FIT, a. [-TER; -test, 136.] [Cf. 
feat, neat, well made.] 1. Adapted 



K, E, I, 6,fj, Y,lon?; A,E,L,6jU,Y,sAort; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



FITCH 



167 



FLAT 



to an end, object, or design. 2. Suit- I 
able to a standard of duty, proprie- 
ty, or taste. 

Svx. — Proper ; appropriate ; meet ; 
becoming; apposite; adapted. 

— V. t. [-TED : -TING.] 1. To 
make fit or suitable ; to qualify. 2. 
To bring into a required form. 3. 
To furnish duly ; to be suitable to. 

— v.i. 1. To be proper or becoming. 

2. To suit. — n. 1. Adjustment; 
adaptedness. [Prob. from the root 
of fight.] 2. A sudden and violent 
attack of a disorder ; hence, in gen- 
oral, an attack of disease. 3. Any 
sudden and overpowering attack. 4. 
A passing humor. 5- A sudden emis- 
sion, [the pole-cat. 

FfTCH, n. [Contr. of fi.tchet.] Fur of 

FiT'FUL, a. Full of fits ; irregularly 
variable ; spasmodic . 

Fit'ly, adv. Suitably ; properly. 

FlT'NESS, n. Quality of being fit. 

Fit'ting, n. Any thing used in fit- 
ting up. — p. a. Fit; appropriate. 

FIVE", n. [A.-S. fif.] Sum of four 
and one. — a. Four and one added. 

Five'fold, a. & adv. Five times re- 
peated ; quintuple. 

Fives, n. pi. A kind of play with a 
ball ; — so named because three Jives 
are counted to the game. 

Fix, n. A position of embarrassment ; 
predicament. [Colloq.] — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Fr. fixer, Sp. & Pg. fixar. 
It. fissnre , fr. Lat. figere , fixum .] 1. 
To make firm, stable, or fast. 2. 
To hold steadily, or without moving. 

3. To adjust ; to set to rights ; to 
put in order. 

Syx. — To prepare ; place ; establish ; 
settle; determine; arrange. — Fix de- 
notes to set firmly, as, to. rix the eye on 
some one ; his teeth were fixed ; and 
hence arises the vulgarism to be in a 
"fix," or a " bad fix." It is a gross error 
to give this word the sense of arrange or 
put in order, as, to fix a clock; to fix the 
fire; to fix one's hair; to fix tip, &c. — 
This very common Americanism has no 
sanction in English usage. 

— v.i. 1. To settle or remain perma- 
nently. 2. To become firm or hard. 

F'fx'A-BLE, a. Capable of being fixed. 

Fix-a'tiox, n. 1. Act of fixing. 2. 
State of being fixed; steadiness; 
constancy. [tished; firin. 

FIXED (fikst), p. a. Settled; estab- 

Flx'ED-LY, adv. In a fixed manner. 

Fix'ed-ness, a. A state of being fixed ; 
stability ; firmness ; steadfastness. 

FIx'lNG, n. A fixture ; — used chiefly 
in the pi. ; arrangements, embellish- 
ments, trimmings, &c. [Colloq. Am.] 

Fix'i-ty, n. Fixedness ; coherence of 
parts. 

Hxt'URE (fikst'yyir, 53), n. 1. That 
which is attached to something as a 
permanent appendage. 2. Fixedness. 

Fizz, \v.i. [Ieel. fisa, to venti- 

FTz'ZLE, I late, Gr. 4>vaa.] 1. To 
make a hissing sound. 2. To bungle. 

Fiz'ZLE, n. A failure or abortive 
effort. [by. 

Flab'BI-ness, n. State of being flab- 

FlXb'by, a. [See Flap.] Wanting 
firmness ; flaccid. 



Fla€'CID, a. [Lat flaccidus, fr. flac- 
cus, flabby.] Yielding to pressure ; 
soft and weak ; flabby. 

Fla€-cid'i-ty, I n. State of being 

FlagnJid-ness, j flaccid; flabbi- 
ness. 

Flag, v. J. [-ged ; -ging, 136.] [Al- 
lied to Lat. fiaccus, flabby, Goth. 
tklapvus, soft, tender.] 1. To be loose 
and yielding. 2. To grow spiritless 
or dejected. — v. t, 1. To let fall into 
feebleness. 2. To lay with flat stones. 
— n. 1. [Allied to Ger. flack, flat.] 
A flat stone used for paving. 2. 
[From flag, to hang loose.] An 
aquatic plant with long leaves. 3. 
[See Flag , v. ?'.] An ensign ; a ban- 
ner ; a standard. 

FLAG'EL-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. flagellare, -latum, fr. flagellum, 
whip, scourge.] To whip, to scourge. 

Flag'el-la'tion, n. A whipping ; 
a flogging. 

Flag'eo-LET / (ilaj / o-), n. [Fr., dim. 
of flaute, N. Fr. flhte.] A small 
wind-instrument, having a mouth- 
piece_at one end. 

Flagging, n. A pavement or side- 
walk of flag-stones. 

FLAG'GY,a. 1. Weak; flexible. 2. 
Insipid. 3. Abounding with the 
plant called flag. 

Fla-gi'tious (-jish'us^a. [Lat. . /7a- 
gitiosus, fr.flagitiwn, a disgraceful 
act.] 1. Shamefully criminal. 2. 
Guilty of enormous crimes. 

Syn.— Atrocious ; villainous; profli- 
gate. 

Fla-gi'tious-ness, n. Quality of 
being flagitious ; extreme wickedness. 

Flag'-6f'FI-9ER, n. Commander of 
a squadron. 

Flag'ON, n. [Fr.flacon, for flascon, 
prob. fr. Lat. vasculum, a small ves- 
sel.] A vessel for holding and con- 
veying liquors. [mity. 

FLA'GRAN-CY, it. Heinousness ; enor- 

FLA'GRANT, a. [hat.flagrans, p. pr. 
of flagrare, to flame; blaze.] 1. 
Flaming; burning. 2. Raging. 3. 
Notorious. [manner. 

FLA'GRANT-LY, adv. In a flagrant 

FlaG'-ship, n. The ship which bears 
the commanding officer of a squad- 
ron. 

Flag'-staff (149), n. A staff on 
which a flag is hung. [pavement. 

Flag'-stone, n. A flat stone for 

Flail, n. [From l,a,t. flagellum, whip, 
scourge.] An instrument for thresh- 
ing grain. 

Flake, n. [A.-S. flace, Lat. flocrus.] 
1. A film ; flock ; scale. 2. A plat- 
form of hurdles, for drying codflsh , 
&c. 3. A small changing stage or 
scaffold. — v.t. [-EDj-iNG.] To 
form into flakes. — v. i. To scale off. 

FLAK'Y, a. Consisting of flakes. 

FLAM'BEAU (flam/bof, n. ; pi. FL \M'- 
BEAUX,or FLAM'BEAUS (i'liim'boz). 
[Fr., from Lat. flammvla, a little 
flame.] A flaming torch used in the 
streets at night. 

Flame, n. [Lat. flamina.] 1. Burn- 
iug gas ; a blaze. 2. Burning zeal 




or passion ; fervency. 3. A sweet- 
heart. [Colloq.] — V.i. [-EDJ-ING.] 
1. To burn with a blaze. 2. To break 
out in violence of passion. 

Fla'MEN, n. [Lat. , so called from the 
filum, or fillet around his head.] 
(Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to 
the service of a particular god. 

Fla-min'go, n. 
[From Lat. flam- 
ma, flame.] A bird 
of a bright red col- 
or, having long legs 
and neck. 

Flam-mif'er-ous, 
a. [Lat. flammi- 
fer, from flamina., 
flame, and/erre, to 
bear.] Producing 
flame. 

FLAM'Y, a. Flam- Flamingo, 
ing ; blazing ; flame-like. 

Flange, n. [See Flank.] Project- 
ing edge, rib, or rim as of a car-wheel. 

Flank, n. [Prob. from Lat. flaccus, 
flabby.] 1. Fleshy part of the side 
of an animal. 2. (Mil.) (a.) The side 
of an army or of any division of it 
(b.) Part of a bastion. 3. Side of 
any building. — v.t. [-ed ; -ing.]| 

1. To stand at the flank or side of, 

2. To command the flank of; to pasn 
around or turn the flank of. — v.i. 
To border ; to touch. [cloth. 

Flan'nel, 11. A soft, nappy, woolen 

FLAP, n. [Allied to Lat. flaccus, flab- 
by.] 1. Any thing broad and limber 
that hangs loose. 2. Motion of any 
thing broad and loose, or a stroke 
witb it. 3. pi. (Far.) A disease in 
the lips of horses. — v. t. [-ped ; 
-PING, 136.] 1. To beat with a flap. 
2. To move, as something broad and 
loose. — v.i. 1. To move as wings. 
2. To fall and hang like a flap. 

Flap'-eared, a. Having broad, 
loose ears. [cake. 

Flap'jack, n. A sort of broad pan- 

Flap'per, ii. One who, or that which, 
flaps. 

Flare, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [Contr. 
fr. Prov. Eng. flac Jeer, to flutter.] 1. 
To burn or shine out unsteadily. 2. 
To open or spread outward. — n. An 
unsteady, broad, offensive light. 

Flare'-up, n. A sudden passion. 

FLASH, n. [i'v.fleche, arrow, fromM. 
H. Ger. vliz, arrow, bow.] 1. A sud- 
den burst of light. 2. A momentary 
brightness. 3. An instant. 4. Slang 
language of thieves, robbers, &c. — 
a. Low and vulgar ; slang. — v.i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To break forth, as a sudden 
flood of light or flame. — v. t. To 
send out in flashes : to convey by a 
quick and startling motion. 

Flash'Y, a. 1. Dazzling for a moment. 
2. Showy; gaudy. 3. Insipid; vapid. 

Flask, n. [A.-S. flasr, flaxa. See 
FLAGON.] 1. A narrow-necked ves- 
sel for fluids. 2. A powder-horn. 3. 
(Founding.) A box containing the 
sand that forms the mold. 

Flat, a. [-ter ; -test, 136.] [Icel. 
flatr, 0. H. Ger.yfaz.] 1. Level with- 



OR, do, wol/, too, T0K>K; fjRN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, g, soft,- -e, G, hard; A§; exist ; ^ as ng ; this 



FLAT-IRON 



108 



FLIPPANCY 



out inclination. 2. Prostrate; fallen ; 
laid low ; ruined. 3. Monotonous. 
4. Depressed ; dull. 5. Clear ; abso- 
lute ; downright. 6. (Mus.) (a.) Be- 
low the true pitch, (b.) Not sharp or 
shrill ; not acute. — n. 1. A level sur- 
face. 2. A low, level tract of ground. 
3. Flat part, or side, of any thing. 4. 
A simpleton ; a numskull. 5. (Mus.) 
A character [b] before a note, indicat- 
ing a tone a half-step or semitone 
lower.— v.t. [-ted ; -TING, 136.] 
To make flat ; to flatten. — v. i. To 
become flat or flattened. 

Flat'-Pron (-Vurn), n. An iron for 
smoothing cloth. 

Flat'ly, adv. In a flat manner ; 
evenly ; frigidly : positively ; plainly. 

Flat'ness, n. Quality of being flat. 

FlrXT'T-ENtfiat'tn), o. t. [-e'd ; -ing.] 

1. To level ; to make flat. 2. To throw 
down ; hence, to depress ; to deject. 
3- To make insipid. 4. To lower the 
pitch of. — v. i. To become even, de- 
jected, dull, or depressed below pitch. 

Flat'ter, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [From 
flat ; orig., to stroke, ?. e., to make 
flat, or smooth.] 1. To gratify; to 
coax. 2. To please by artful and in- 
terested commendation. 3. To please 
with false hopes 

I?l.at'ter-er, n. One who flatters. 

JTLAT'TER-Y, n. Act of flattering. 
Syn. — Adulation ; obsequiousness. 

Flat'u-lence, ) n. State of being 

i'LAT'U-LEN-OY, ) flatulent. 

Flat'U-LENT, a. [From Lat. flatus, 
a blowing.] 1. Windy. 2. Gener- 
ating wind in the stomach. 3. Tur- 
gid with air. 

Flaunt, r. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. Goth. 
flaulan, to boast.] To throw or spread 
out ostentatiously. 

FLA'VOR, n. [0. Eng. flayre, smell, 
odor, fr. Lat. fragrare, to emit fra- 
grance, changed into flagrare.] 1. 
Odor ; fragrance. 2. Relish ; savor. 
3. That which imparts a peculiar 
odor or taste. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To give flavor to. [taste or smell. 

FLA'VOR-OUS, a. Pleasant to the 

»LAW, n. [Cf. A.-S. flCh, fragment, 
fv.flean, to flay.] 1. A bursting or 
cracking ; a gap or fissure. 2. A sud- 
den gust of short duration. 3. Any 
defect made by violence or occa- 
sioned by neglect. 

Syn. —Blemish; imperfection. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To break; 
to crack ; to violate. 

FLAWY, a. 1. Full of flaws. 2. Sub- 
ject to flaws or sudden gusts. 

FLAX, n. [A.-S. fleax, from 
the same root with Ger. 
flechten, to braid, plait.] 1. 
A plant, the fiber of the 
bark of which is used for 
making thread and cloth. 

2. Fibrous part of the 
plant, when broken and 
cleaned. 

FLAXEN (ilSks'n), a. 1. 
Made of flax. 2. Resem- 
bling flax. [flax-plant. 

FlXx'SEED, n. Seed of the 




Flax. 



FlXx'Y, a. Like flax ; of a light color. 

Flay.tj. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S.flean.] 
To skin ; to strip off the skin of. 

FLEA, n. [A.-S. fled, allied to Lat. pu- 
lex.] An insect remarkable for its 
agility and trouble»onie bite. 

Flea'-bite, n. 1. The bite of a flea. 
1._ A trihing wound or pain. 

Fleam, n. [Gr. ^Ae^oro/u-oi', fr. <j>\e\f/, 
<i>Ae/36s, vein, and to/at), a cutting.] A 
lancet. 

Fleck, n. A spot ; a streak ; a speck- 
le.— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Ger.] To 
spot ; to streak or stripe ; to dapple. 

Flection, n. [See Flexion.] Act 
cf bending, or state of being bent. 

Fled, imp. & p. p. of Flee . 

Fledge, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To sup- 
ply with feathers. [1 :dged. 

Fledge'ling, n. A young bird just 

Flee, v. [imp. & p. p. fled.] 
[A.-S. fleohan,fleon.] To run away, 
as from danger or evil. 

Fleece, n. [A.-S. fleos, flys.] 1. 
Coat of wool shorn from a sheep at 
one time. 2. Any soft woolly cover- 
ing. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
deprive of a fleece. 2. To rob ; to 
steal from. 

Flee'cer, n. One wlo fleeces. 

Flee'^y, a. Covered with, made of, 
or resembling, a fleece. 

FLEER, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [Icel. flyra, 
to smile ; to laugh often.] To deride ; 
to sneer ; to mock. — v. t. To mock : 
to flout at. — n . Derision expressed 
by words or looks. [manner. 

Fleer'ing-ly, adv. In a fleering 

Fleet, n. [A.-S. fliet,flota, ship, fr. 
fled tan, to float.] A navy or squad- 
ron of ships. — a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[Icel. fliutr, quick. See Flit.] 
Swift in motion; nimble. — v. i. 
[-ed; -ing.] To fly swiftly; to 
hasten. 

Fleet'ing,;?. a. Not durable. 

Syn. — Transient; transitory. — Tran- 
sient represents a thing as stiort at the 
best; transitory as liable at any moment 
to pass away. Fleeting goes further, and 
represents it as in the act of taking its 
flight. Life is transient ; its joysare tran- 
sitory ; its hours are fleeting. 

Fleet'ly, adv. Swiftly : rapidly. 

FLEET'NESS, n. Swiftness; rapidity; 
velocity ; celerity ; speed. 

Flense, v. t. [Cf. Icel. flisia, to flay, 
skin.] To cut up and obtain the 
blubber of ; — said of a whale. 

Flesh, n. [A.-S.flasc] 1. The mus- 
cles covering the frame-work of bones 
in animals. 2. Aninml food; meat. 
3. The human race ; mankind. 4. 
Human nature ; tenderness of feel- 
ing; carnality. — 5. Soft, pulpy sub- 
stance of fruit. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To train by feeding flesh ; hence, 
to use upon flesh, as a murderous 
weapon. 2. To glut; to satiate; 
hence, to accustom. 

Flesh'i-ness, n. State of being 
fleshv : plumpness ; corpulence. 

Flesh'li-ness, n. Carnal passions 
and appetites. 

FLESH'LY, a. 1. Pertaining to the 
flesh. 2. Animal ; not vegetable. 3. 



Human ; not celestial ; not spirit 
ual. 4. Carnal. 

FLESH' Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Full 
of flesh ; plump ; corpulent. 

FLEUR-DE-Llii{i\\}v'fe-\V), n. [Fr., 
flower of the lily.] The royal insig- 
nia of France. 

Flew (flu), imp. of Fly. 

Flex, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lut.fleo- 
tere,flexum.] To bend. 

Flex'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
flexible ; pliancy. 

Flex'I-ble, a. [Lat, flexibiUs, from 
flectere, to bend.] 1. Pliable: yield- 
ing to pressure. 2. Too easy and 
compliant; wavering. 3. Capable 
of being adapted. 

Syn.— Pliant; tractable; manageable. 

Flex'I-ble-Ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing flexible. [bent. 

Flex'ile, a. Pliant; pliable; easily 

Flex'ion, n. 1. Act of flexing or 
bending. 2. A part bent ; a fold. 

FLEX'u-oCs (ilek's-hij-), a. [Lixt.flex- 
uosus, fr.flexits, a bending.] Having 
turns, windings, or flexures. 

FLEX'URE (flek/shur), n. 1. A flexing 
or bending. 2. A turn ; a bend. 

Flick'er, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
flyecerian, fliccerian, fr. flyege, c M e 
to fly.] To flutter; to flap without 
flying ; to waver. 

FlI'ER, n. 1. One who flies or flees ; 
a fugitive. 2. pi. Arms attached to 
the spindle of a spinning-wheel. 3. 
A straight flight of steps. 

Flight (flit), n. [A.-S. fliht, flyht, a 
flying, fr.fleogan, to fly.] 1. Act of 
fleeing; hasty departure 2. Act, 
mode, or style of flying. 3. A soar- 
ing ; an extravagant sally. 4. A 
flock of birds flying in company. 5. 
A reach of steps or stairs. 

Flight'i-ness (fllt'i-), n. State of 
being flighty. 

Syn. — Levity; giddiness ; volatility j 
lightness; wildness. 

FlTght'y (fllt/y), a. 1. Fleeting; 
swift. 2. Volatile; giddy. 

Flim'sy, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [See 
LlMSY.] Of loose and unsubstantial 
structure ; without reason or plau- 
sibility. 

Syn. — Weak ; feeble; slight; super- 
ficial; shallow ; vain. 

Flinch, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
blench.] To shrink; to wince. 

FLIN'DERS, n. pi. [D. flenters, rags, 
broken pieces.] Small pieces ; frag- 
ments. 

Fling, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flung.] 
[Icel. fleygia.] 1. To cast or throw ; 
to hurl. 2. To emit. 3. To pros- 
trate ; hence, to baffle ; to defeat. — 
v. i. 1. To wince ; to flounce. 2. To 
cast in the teeth. — n. 1. A throw. 
2. A sarcasm. 3. A kind of dance. 

Flint, n. [A.-S., allied to Gr. n-AtV- 
0os, brick.] A hard variety of quartz. 

FLINT'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, flint. 

FLIP, n. A mixture of beer and spirit 
sweetened and heated by a hot iron. 

Flip'pan-cy, n. State or quality of 
being flippant. 



L, E, I, 0,U,Y 



long; X ; 2ijj£, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, t£rm; PIQUE, FIRM; s6n» 



\ 



FLIPPANT 



169 



FLUE 



FlTp'pant, a. [Proy. Eng. flip, to 
move nimbly.] 1. Toluble ; talka- 
tive. 2. Pert ; petulant, [maimer. 

FLIp'PANT-ly, adv. In a flippant 

Flip'PER, n. Paddie of a sea-turtle ; 
broad fin of a fish. 

Flirt (18), v. t. [-ed ; -m<z.] [Cf. 
blurt, to throw at random.] 1. To 
throw or fling suddenly. 2. To move 
playfully to and fro. — v. i. To play 
the coquette. — n. 1. A sudden jerk. 

2. One who flirts ; a coquette. 
Flir-ta'tion, n. 1. A quick, spright- 
ly motion. 2. Playing at courtship ; 
coquetry. * 

Flit, v. ?'. [-ted; -ting, 136.] [Dan. 
flytte, to remove. See Fleet.] 1. 
To fly away with a rapid motion. 2. 
To pass rapidly from one place to an- 
other. 

Flitch, 7i. [A.-S. flicce.] Side of a 
hog salted and cured. 

Float,?i. [A-.-S.fleot, river.] 1. Any 
thing which floats. 2. A wooden in- 
strument, with which masons smooth 
plastering. — v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.- 
S. fleotan, flotian, to float, swim.] 
To rest on the surface of any fluid ; 
to be buoyed up. — v. t. 1. To cause 
to rest or move on the surface of a 
fluid. 2. To flood ; to inundate. 3. 
To smooth with a float. 

Float'age (45). n. Any thing that 
floats on_the water. 

Float'-board, n. One of the boards 
on the rim of a steamer's paddle 
wheels. 

Float'er,ti. One who floats or swims. 

Float'ing-bridge, n. A bridge of 
rafts or timber. 

Floc'cil-la'tion, v. [Lat. floccus, 
a lock of wool.] A delirious picking 
of bed-clothes, as if to pick off locks 
of wool, &c. [flocculent. 

Flo€'€U-lence, n. State of being 

Floc'cu-lent, a. [Lat. floccus, a 
lock of wool.] Adhering in flocks or 
flakes. 

Flock, n. [A.-S. flocc, flock, com- 
pany.] 1. A company or collection 
of living creatures, esp. sheep and 
birds. 2. A Christian congregation. 

3. A lock of wool or hair. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ing.] To gather in compa- 
nies or crowds. 

Flock'-bed, n. A bed filled with 
locks of wool, or piece? of cloth. 

FLOE, n. [Dan. flag.] An extensive 
surface of ice floating in the ocean. 

Flog, v. t. [-&ed ; -ging.] [Cf. Lat. 
flagrum, vrhip, fligere, to strike.] To 
beat with a rod or whip ; to whip. 

Flood (fluid), n. [A.-S. flbd. See 
Float, v. i.] 1. A body of moving 
water; a deluge; a freshet ; an in- 
undation. 2. The flowing in of the 
tide. 3. A great quantity ; abun- 
dance. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
overflow ; to inundate. 

Flood'-gate, n. A gate to stop or 
to let out water. [tide rises. 

Flood'-mark, n. Mark to which the 

FLOOR (flor), n. [A.-S flZr,flore.] 1. 
Bottom of a room or building. 2. A 
suite of rooms; a story. 3. Any plat- 



form. 4. {Legislative Assemblies.) 
(a.) Part of the house assigned to 
members, (b.) The right to speak. 

— v. I. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To cover 
with a floor. 2. To lay level with 
the floor ; hence, to put to silence. 

Flop, v. t. [ped; -ping.] A dif- 
ferent spelling of flap.] 1. To flap. 
2. To let down the brim of. 

Flo'ra, n. [Lat., fv.flos, flower.] 1. 
The goddess of flowers. 2. Complete 
system of vegetable species native in 
a_ given locality, or period. [ers. 

Flo'ral (89), a. Pertaining to flow- 

FLO-RES'^ENCE, n. [L&t.florescere, 
flurescens, to begin to blossom.] A 
bursting into flower. 

Flo'ret (89), n. [Dim. of La.t. flos, 
flower.] A little flower ; the separate 
little flower of an aggregate flower. 

Flo'ri-citlt'ure (53), n. [Lat. flos, 
flower, and cultura, culture.] Culti- 
vation of flowering plants. 

Flor'id, a. [Lat. floridus, fromflos, 
flower.] 1. Bright in color ; of a 
livelv red. 2. Excessively ornate. 

Flo-rid'i-ty, ) n. Freshness or 

Flor'id-ness, ) brightness of color. 

Flo-r'if'er-OUS, a. [Lat. flor if er, fr. 
flos, flower, andferre, to bear.] Pro- 
ducing flowers. 

Flor'in, n [Orig. a Florentine coin.] 
A coin of gold or silver, of different 
values. 

Flo'rist (89), n. A cultivator of 
flowers. [LOUS. 

Fl6s'€U-lar, a. Same as Floscu- 

Flos'CULE, n. [Lat. flosculus, dim. 
of flos, flower.] A floret of an ag- 
gregate flower. 

Flos'ch-lous, a. Consisting of many 
tubulose, monopetalous florets. 

Floss, n. [Lat. flos, flower.] 1. A 
silken substance in the husks of 
maize, &c. 2. Untwisted filaments 
of silk. 

Flo-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of floating. 
2. Science of floating bodies. 

FLO-TIL'LA, n. [Dim. of Sp.. flola, a 
fleet.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small 
vessels. 

FlojT'sam, ) n. [Eng. float.] Goods 

Flot'son, ) lost by shipwreck, and 
floating on the sea. 

Flounce, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Sw. 
flunsa, to immerge.] To spring or 
twist with sudden effort ; to flounder. 

— v. t. To deck with flounces. — ». 
1. A sudden, jerking motion of the 
body. 2. [Cf. Ger. flaus, flvsch, a 
tuft of wool or hair.] An ornamental 
strip or frill around the skirt of a 
lady's dress. 

Floun'der, n. [Ger.. f under.] A 
flat fish, allied to the halibut. — v. i. 
[-ed ; -ING 1 [Allied to flounce.] To 
fling the limbs and body, as in mak- 
ing efforts to move ; to flounce. 

Flour, n. [See Flower.] Finely 
ground meal of wheat, or other 
grain : hence, any fine and soft 
powder, —v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. To 
grind and bolt. 2. To sprinkle with 
flour. 

Flour'ish, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 



florescere, to begin to bloom, fr. flos. 
flower.] 1. To grow luxuriantly. 2. 
To be prosperous. 3. To use florid 
language. 4. To make bold sweep- 
ing, fanciful, movements. 5. To ex- 
ecute an irregular or fanciful strain 
of music. — v. t. 1. To embellish. 2. 
To grace with ostentatious eloquence. 
3. To move in bold or irregular fig- 
ures ; to brandish. — n. 1. Showy 
splendor. 2. Ambitious copiousness, 
or amplification. 3. A fanciful 
stroke, as of the pen. 4. A fantastic 
or decorative musical passage. 5. A 
brandishing. 

Flout, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Goth. 
flautan, to boast.] To mock ; to 
treat with contempt. — v. i. To sneer. 
— n. A mock ; an insult. 

Flow, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. fto~ 
van, ~LaX.fiu.ere.] 1. To move, as a 
liquid. 2. To glide smoothly ; to is- 
sue forth. 3. To abound ; to be co- 
pious. 4. To hang loose and waving. 
5. To rise, as the tide. — v. t. To 
cover with water ; to overflow. — n. 
1. A stream ; a current. 2. Any 
gentle, gradual movement. 3. Abun- 
dance. 4. The setting in of the tide. 

FLOWER (flou'er), n. [Lat. fios,fio- 
ris.] 1. Abloom or blossom. 2. Fair 
est and choicest part of any thing. 3. 
A figure of speech. 4. pi. Bodies in 
the form of a powder. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To blossom ; to bloom. 2. 
To come into the finest condition. — 
v. t. To embellish with flowers. 

Flower-de-luce, n. [Fr. fleur- 
de-lis, flower of the lily.] A plant of 
several species. 

Flow'er-et, n. A small flower ; a 
floret. [flowery. 

Flow'er-1-ness, n. State of being 

Flow'er-y (ilou'er-y),"- 1. Full of 
flowers. 2. Highly figurative ; florid. 

Flown, p.p. of Fly. 

FLU'ATE,». [From fluor.] A salt 
once supposed to be formed by fluor- 
ic acid combined with a base. 

FLUCT'U-ATE, V.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. flucl uare, -atum, from fl actus, 
wave.] 1. To move as a wave. 2. 
To be irresolute or undetermined. 

Syn. — To waver; vacillate. — Fluctu- 
ate is applied both to things and persons, 
and denotes that they move as they are 
acted upon. The stocks .fluctuate; a 
man fluctuates hetween conflicting in- 
fluences. Vacillate and waver apply 
only to persons, and represent them as 
acting themselves. A man vacillates 
when he goes backward and forward in 
hisopinions and purposes, without any 
fixity of mind or principles. A man. 
wavers when he shrinks back or hesi- 
tares at the approach of difficulty or 
danger. 

FLUCT'U-A'TION, n. 1. Unsteadi- 
ness ; a sudden rise or fall. 2. Un- 
dulation. 

FLUE, n. [Cf. 0. Ft. flue, a flowing, 
fr.fluer, to flow.] 1. A passage fo» 
cai-rying away smoke. 2. ( Steam- 
boilers.) A passage surrounded by 
water, for the gaseous products of 
combustion. 3. [Cf. B.flauw, weak.] 
Soft down, fur or hair. 



OR, DO, W r QLF,TOO, XOOK.J fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent ; C,G,»q/i; €,G,liwd-- As; exist; psNC-; THIS 



FLUENCY 



170 



FOLIO 



FLU'EN-CY, n. Quality of being flu- 
ent ; smoothness ; volubility. 

FLU'ENT, a. [Lat. Jluere, fluens, to 
flow.] 1. Liquid ; gliding ; current. 
2. Voluble; copious; hence, flow- 
ing ; smooth. 

FLU'GJEL-MAN (flj/gl-man), n. [Ger. 
flugehnann , fr. fl'ugel, file, and mann, 

! man.] Leader of a file ; a fugleman. 

Slu'ID, a. [L&t.fluidus, fv. fluere, to 
flow.] Capable of flowing. — n. A 
body whose particles move easily 
among themselves. 

Flu-id'i-ty, n. Quality of being fluid. 

?LUKE,n. [L. Ger. flunk, flunka, 
wing.] 1. Part of an anchor which 
fastens in the ground. 2. One of the 
points of a whale's tail. 

Flume, n. [A.-S. flum, a stream ; 
Lat. flumen, from fluere, to flow.] A 
passage or channel for the water that 
drives a mill-wheel. 

FLUM'MER-Y, n. [W. llymry, llymru, 
oatmeal steeped until sour, boiled, 
and eaten with milk ; llymrig, harsh, 
crude.] 1. A light kind of food, for- 
merly made of flour or meal. 2. 
Mere flattery ; nonsense. 

Flung, imp. & ;?. p. of Fling. 

FlBnk'y,??. [Prob. fr. flank.] 1. A 
livery servant. 2. One who is obse- 
quious or cringing. 

FLU' OR, n. [Lat. .fr. fluere, to flow.] 
A mineral of beautiful colors. 

Flu-6r'I€. a. Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, fluor-spar. 

Flu'or-ine, n. An element related 
to both chlorine and oxygen. 

Flu'or-spar, n. See Fluor. 

FLUR'RY,n. 1. A sudden gust. 2. 
Violent agitation ; commotion. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING, 142.] To agitate ; to ex- 
cite or alarm. 

Flush, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. o. II. 
Ger. fliuzan, to flow.] 1. To flow 
and spread suddenly. 2. To turn 
red; to blush. 3. To shine sudden- 
ly ; to glow. — v.t. 1. To redden 
suddenly. 2. To make red or glow- 
ing. 3. To elate ; to elevate. — n. 1. 
A sudden flowing. 2. A rush of 
blood to the face ; a blush. — a. 1. 
Fresh ; glowing ; bright. 2. Afflu- 
ent ; liberal ; prodigal. 3. Forming 
a continuous surface. 

Flus'ter, v. t. [-ed ; .-ING.]' [Cf. 
bluster.] To make hot and rosy, as 
with drinking ; to confuse. — n. 
Heat or glow, as from drinking ; con- 
fusion ; disorder. 

FLUTE, n. [From Lat. flatus, a blow- 
ing.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument, 
with holes along its length. 2. A 
channel in a column or pillar. 3. A 

' similar channel in wood or other 
work. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form 
flutes or channels in. 

Flut'ING, n. A channel or furrow in 
a column or a ruffle: [flute. 

Flut'JST, n. A performer on the 

Flut'ter, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Gev.fladdern.] 1. To move or flap 
the wings rapidly. 2. To move with 
quick vibrations. 3. To move ir- 
regularly. — v. t. 1. To vibrate 



quickly. 2. To agitate ; to disorder. 

— n. 1. Quick and irregulai motion. 
2 L Tumult ; confusion. 

Flu'vi-al, ) a. [hat. fluvialis, and 

Flu'VI-at'ic, ) fluviaticus, fr. fluci- 
us, stream.] Belonging to, or living 
in, streams or ponds. 

Flu'vi-A-tile, a. [Lat. fluviatilis, 
fr.fluvius, river.] Belongiug to, ex- 
isting in, or formed by, rivers. 

Flux, n. [Lat. fluxus, fr. fluere, to 
flow.] 1. Act of flowing ; quick suc- 
cession. 2. The matter which flows. 
3. State of being liquid. 4. A sub- 
stance used to promote the fusion of 
metals. 5. Discharge of a fluid from 
the bowels or other part. — v.t. 
[-ed ; -ing.] To fuse. 

Flux'ion (fluk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
flowing. 2. The matter that flows. 
3. pi. (Math.) A method of analysis. 

FLUX'ION-AL, ( a. Pertaining to 

Flux'ion-a-ry, J fluxions ; variable. 

Fly, v. i. [imp. flew; p. p. 
flown.] [A.-S.fleogan.] 1. To move 
with wings.. 2. To float or move in 
the air, as clouds, &c. 3. To move 
rapidly like a bird. 4. To attempt to 
escape ; to flee. 5. To burst in pieces. 
— v.t. 1. To avoid. 2. To cause to fly. 

— n. 1. A winged insect of various 
species. 2. A kind of light carriage. 
3. Part of a flag from the union to 
the extreme end. 4. A contrivance 
to equalize motion or accumulate 
power in a machine. 

Fly'-blow, n. Egg of a fly. — v. t. 

To deposit an egg in, or upon, as a fly. 
FLY'-eATCH'ER, n. 1. One who hunts 

flies. 2. One of several species of 

birds. [flies or flees. 

FLY'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
Fly'ing-ar-tTl'ler-y, n. Artillery 

trained to very rapid evolutions. 
Fly'ing-butVtress, n. A curved 

brace or half arch between a part cf 

a building and the opposite face of 

some lower part. 
FLY'iNG-FfsH, n. A fish which can 

sustain itself in the air for a short 

time, by means of its fins. 
Fly'ing-squir/rel (-skwuVril or 

-skweVril). n. A squirrel having an 

expansive skin on eaGh side, by which 

it^Ls borne up in leaping. 
Fly-leaf, n. A blank leaf at the 

beginning or end of a book. 
Fly'- wheel, n. See Fly, «., 4. 
Foal, n. [A.-S. fola.] A colt or filly. 

— v.i. To bring forth young, as a 
liorse. 

Foam, n. [A.-S.fdm.] Bubbles on 
the surface of liquors ; froth ; spume. 

— !■'. i. [-ED: -ING.] 1. To froth. 2. 
To become filled with foam. 

F5am'y, a. Covered with foam : frothy. 
Fob, n. A little pocket for a watch. 

— v.t. [-bed ; -bing. 13*).] [Ger. 
foppen. Cf. Fop.] To cheat ; to 

trick. • 

Fo'-gal, «. Belonging to a focus. 

F6'€US. n. ; Eng. pi. fo'€US-es ; Lat. 
pi. FO'fi. [Lat., hearth, fire-place.] 
1. A point in which rays of light 
meet. 2. A point on the principal 



axis of a conic section. 3. A central 
point. 

Fod'DER, n. [A.-S. fodher, /Odder . 
food.] Food given to cattle, horses, 
and sheep. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
feed, as cattle, with dry food. 

FOE, n. [A.-S. fa, fah, from feon, to 
hate.] 1. An enemy. 2. A national 
enemy. 3. An opponent. 

Foe'man (150), n. An enemy in war- 

F(F.' TUS, n. Same as FETUS. 

Fog, n. 1. [Ice), fok, fl'uk.] Watery 
vapor precipitated in the lower part 
of the atmosphere. 2. [W.Jfu-g, dry 
grass.] A second growth of grass. 3. 
Long grass that remains in pastures 
till winter. — v. t. [-ged; -ging, 
136.J To envelop, as with fog. 

FoG'uI-LY, adv. U ith fog ; darkly. 

Fog'gI-NESS, v. State of being foggy. 

FoG'GY,a. [-er; -est, 142.] [From 
fog.] 1. Filled with fog; cloudy; 
jnisty. 2. Darkened ; dull ; obscure. 

Fo'GY ; n. [A dim. of folk. Cf. D. 
volkje.] A person behind the times ; 
a conservative. 

F6'gY-i§M, n. Principles and con- 
duct of a fogy. 

Foil, interj. An exclamation of con- 
tempt ; poh ; fy. 

Foi'ble,?i. [See Feeble.] A fail- 
ing ; a weak point ; a frailty. 

FOIL, v. t. [-ED : -ing.] [Fr. fouler, 
to trample, to oppress, ruin.] To 
frustrate; to defeat; to balk. — n. 

1. Defeat. 2. A blunt sword used in 
fencing. 3. [From Lat. Joliuw, pi. 
folia.] A thin leaf of metal under a 

precious stone to increase its brill- 
iancy ; hence, any thing which serves 
to set off another thing to advantage. 
4. A rounded or leaf-like ornament, 
in windows, niches, &c. 

Foist, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. fr. 
Fr. fausser, to falsify. See False.] 
To insert surreptitiously ; to inter- 
polate. 

Fold, n. [A.-S. feald, fold, from feal- 
dan, to fold up.] 1. A doubling; a 
fold. 2. Times or repetitions. 3. 
That which is folded together, or 
which infolds. 4. A sheep-pen. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To lay in 
plaits ; to double. 2. To inclose 
within folds ; to infold. 3. To con- 
fine in a fold. 

Fold'er, n. One who folds ; a flat 
jnstrument for folding paper. 

Fo'LI-A'ceous. a. [Lat. foliaeevs. fr. 
foliuw, leaf.] 1. Belonging to leaves. 

2. Consisting of leaves or thin 1am- 
jnse. 

FO'LI-AGE, «. [Lat. folium, leaf.] 
Leaves as produced or arranged by 
nature. 

Fo'li-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
spread over with a thin coat of tin 
and quicksilver. [leaves or plates. 

FO'LI-A'TION, n. Act of forming into 

Fo'Ll-O (or 1'oPyo), n. [Lat. folium, 
leaf.] 1. A sheet of paper once 
folded, 2. A book made of sheets of 
paper each folded once. 3. A page 
in a book. 4. A certain number of 
words in a writing. — a. Formed of 



A, I, I, 0,U,Y, long; ^. ; £ ; J,6,U, ?, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; EKE, VEIL, XlEM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



FOLK 



171 



FORCIBLY 



sheets folded so as to make two 



Folk (iok), n. ; pi. folks (ioks, 20). 
[A.-S. folc] People in general. 

F6l'li-€LE, n. [Lat. folliculus, a 
small bag, husk, pod.] 1. (a.) A 
simple pod opening down the inner 
suture, (b. ) A vessel distended with 
air. 2. A gland. 

ZTOL'LOW, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
folgian.] 1. To go or come after. 2. 
To strive to obtain. 3. To accept as 
authority. 4. To copy after. 5. To 
succeed in order of time, rank, or 
office. 6. To result from. 7. To 
watch, as a receding object. 8. To 
attend upon closely. 

Srw. — To pursue. — To follow (v. t.) 
denotes simply to go after; to pursue de- 
notes to follow with earnestness, and 
with a view to attain some depnite ob- 
ject; as, a hound pursues the deer. 

— v. i. To go or come after ; — in the 
various senses of the transitive verb. 
Syx. — To succeed. — To follow (v. *.) 
means simply to come after: as, a crowd 
followed ; to succeed means to come 
after in some regular series or succession ; 
as, day succeeds to day, apd night to 
night 

Fol'low-er, n. 1. One who follows. 
2. The cover of a piston. 3. The 
part, of a machine that receives mo- 
tion from another part. [ing. 

Fol'LOW-ing. a. Succeeding ; ensu- 

Fol'ly, h. [See Fool.] 1. State of 
being a fool ; want of good sense. 2. 
A foolish act. 

Fo-MENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
fomentare, from /omentum , a warm 
lotion.] 1. To apply warm lotions to. 
2. To encourage; to abet. 

FO'MEN-TA'TION, W. 1. (Med.) (a.) 
Act of fomenting, (b.) Lotion ap- 
plied to a diseased part. 2. Instiga- 
tion ; encouragement. 

Fo-MENT'ER, n. One who foments. 

Fond, a. [-ER; -est.] [For fanned, 
p. p. of 0. Eng. fonne, to be foolish, 
to dote.] 1. Foolishly tender and 
loving ; in a good sense, loving ; ten- 
der. 2. Relishing highly. 

FOND'LE (fdnd'l), V. t. ["-ED ; -ING.] 
[See Fond.] To treat with tender- 
ness ; to caress. [fondled. 

Fond'ling, n. A person or thing 

FoND'LY, ado. Foolishly ; tenderly. 

Fond'ness, n. Affection; kindness. 

FONT, n. [Lat. forts, fountain.] 1. A 
fountain ; a spring. 2. A baptismal 
basin. 3. [From Lat. fundere, to 
cast.] A complete assortment of 
printing type of one size and style. 

Font'AL, a. Pertaining to a fount. 

POOD, n. [A.-S. foda, from fedan, to 
feed.] .1. Victuals : provisions. 2. 
Any thing that sustains or nourishes. 
Syx. — Aliment ; sustenance ; nutri- 
ment; fare; meat. 

Po"OL, n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. An 
idiot; a natural. 2. A simpleton ; a 
dunce. 3. A professional jester or 
buffoon. — v. i. [-ed:-ING.] To 
act like a fool ; to trifle. — v. t. 1. 
To make foolish 2. To make a fool 
of; to impose upon. 



FqbL'ER-Y, n. Practice or act of folly. 

FooL'-HARDa-NESs, n. Courage 
without sense or judgment. 

Fool'-hard'y, a. Daring without 
judgment. 

Syx. — Rash; venturesome ; ventur- 
ous; precipitate; headlong; incautious. 

Fo~OL'ISH, a. 1. Void of understand- 
ing ; weak in intellect. 2. Exhibit- 
ing a want of judgment. 3. Ridic- 
ulous ; despicable. [ner. 

Fool'ish-ly, adv. In a foolish man- 

FoOL'ISH-NESS, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing foolish. 2. A foolish practice. 

Fools'-cap, n. [From an old water- 
mark of a fooVs cap and bells.] A 
long folio writing paper. 

Fo~OT, n. ; pi. FEET. [A.-S. fdt, pi. 
fit, allied to Gr. ttovs, ttoSo?.] 1. Part 
of a leg below the ankle. 2. Any 
thing which resembles an animal's 
foot. 3. Lowest part or foundation. 
4. A measure of twelve inches. 5. 
Foot-soldiers ; the infantry. 6. A 
combination of syllables constituting 
an element of a verse. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To dance. 2. To walk.— 
v. t. 1. To kick. 2. To tread. 3. To 
sum up, as numbers in a column. 

Foot'-BALL, n. An inflated ball, 
kicked about in sport. 

FooT'-BOY,n. An attendant in live- 
ry ; a footman, [for foct passengers. 

Foot'-brTdge, n. A narrow bridge 

FoOT'FALL.n. A footstep. 

Fo"ot'-guards (-giirdz), 7i.pl. Guards 
of infantry. 

FdOT'-HOLD, n. That on which one 
may tread or rest securely. 

Fo"bT'ING, n. 1. Firm foundation to 
stand on. 2. Relative condition. 3. 
Sum total. 

Fo~OT'-LlGHT (-lit), n. One of a row 
of lights at the front of the stage in 
a theater, &c. 

Fo~OT'MAN(150), n. A male servant to 
attend the door, carriage, table, &c. 

FobT'-NOTE, n. A note of reference 
at the foot of a page. 

Fo'OT'-PACE, n. A slow pace or step. 

Foot'-PAD, «. A highwayman. 

Fo"OT'-PRlNT, n. A trace or footstep. 

FobT'-SOL'DIER (-sohjer), n. A sol- 
dier who serves on foot. 

Fo"bT'STALK (-stawk), n. Stalk of a 
leaf or of a flower. 

Fo"OT'STEP, h. Mark of the foot; 
hence, token ; visible sign. 

Fo~ot'stoo l ,n. A stool for the feet. 

Fop, n. A gay, trifling fellow ; a cox- 
comb ; a dandy. 

FoP'PER-Y, n. 1. Behavior or dress of 
a fop. 2. Folly : impertinence. 

Fop'pish, a. Tain of dress ; affected 
in manners. [ner. 

Fop'pisH-Li". adv. In a foppish man- 

¥OR, prep. [A.-S.] In the place of: 
instead of: because of; with respect 
to ; in the direction of; during, &c. 
— conj. 1. Because. 2. Since. 

FOR'AGE, n. [L. Lat. foragium, from 

0. H. Ger. fuotar,fotar, Eng.fodder.] 

1. Act of providing food. 2. Food 
of any kind for horses and cattle. — 
v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To wander or rove 



in search of food. — v. t. To strip or 

pro visions for horses. 
For'A-ger, n. One who forages. 
Fo-RA'MEN,n.; pi. FO-RAM'I-NA. 

[Lat., fr. forare, to pierce.] A little 

opening ; a perforation. 
FOR'Ag-MtrcH', conj. In considera- 
tion of ; because that; — with as. 
Fo-RAY', or For'ay, n. A sudden 

incursion in a border war. 
For-bXde' (-bad/), imp. of Forbid. 
FOR-BEAR', V. i. [imp. FORBORE ; 

p.p. FORBORNE ] [A.-S. forbcran.] 

1. To delay. 2. To refuse; to decline. 
— v..t. 1. To avoid; to abstain from. 

2. To indulge ; to bear with. 
Forbear' AN^E, n. 1. Exercise of 

patience. 2. Quality of being for- 
bearing. 
Syx. — Abstinence; lenity; mildness. 

For-bTd', v. t. [imp. forbade ; p.p. 
FORBIDDEN (FORBID, obs).] [A.-S. 
forbeodan.] 1. To command not to 
do ; to prohibit. 2. To oppose ; to 
obstruct. 

For-bid'ding, p. a. Repelling ap- 
proach ; repulsive ; disagreeable. 

FOR-BORNE', p. p. of Forbear. 

FORCE, n. [L. Lat. forcia,fortia, fr. 
Lat. fortis, strong.] 1. Strength or 
energy of body or mind, esp. power 
to persuade, convince, or impose ob- 
ligation. 2. A body of land or naval 
combatants; hence, a body of men 
prepared for action in other ways. 3. 
Violence 4. Validity ; efficacy. 

Syx. — Strength. — Strength looks 
rather to power as an inward capability 
or' energy; e. g., the strength of timber, 
bodily strength, mental strength, strength 
of emotion, &c, while force looks more 
to the outward, as the force of moment- 
um, force of circumstances, force of 
habit, &c. We do, indeed, speak of 
strength of will and force of will ; but 
even here the former may lean toward 
the internal tenacity of purpose, and the 
latter toward the outward expression of 
it in action. But, though the two words 
do in a few cases touch thus closely on 
each other, there is, on the whole, a 
marked distinction between our use of 
force and strength. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To constrain 
to do, or to forbear. 2. To do vio- 
lence to ; especially, to ravish. 3. To 
capture by assault. 4- To inipel, 
dr.ive, extort, &c, by violence. 5. 
To produce by unnatural effort. 

Syx. — To compel; oblige; necessi- 
tate; coerce; drive; press; impel. 

Force'-MEAT, n. [For farce-meat, 
fr. Fr. farce, stuffing.] Meat chopped 
fine and highly seasoned. 

For'CEPS, n. [Lat.] A pair of pincers 
or tongs ; especially one for delicate 
operations. 

For'cer, n. One who forces. 

FOR'CI-BLE, a. 1. Possessing or char- 
acterized by force. 2. Marked by 
excessive force. 3. Using force against 
opposition. 4. Obtained bj T com- 
pulsion. 

Syx. — Violent; powerful; efficacious- 
strong: potent; coPr<mt. 

FOR'CI-BLY , adv. In a forcible man- 
ner ; strongly. 



or.do, woLF.TOOiT.OOK; Orn, RUE, pyLL ; jb, I, o,silcnt ; c, Q,soft; -e, H, hard; As; exjst ; n as ng ; this. 



FORCING-PUMP 



172 



FORGIVENESS 



For'cing-pOmp, n. A kind of pump 

used to throw water to a distance. 
Ford, n. [A.-S., allied to faran, Eng. 

fare.] 1. A place where water may 

be passed on foot 2. A stream; a 

current, — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 

pass through by wading. [forded. 
Ford'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
J?ORE,a. [A.-S. fore. See For.] Ad- 
vanced in place, time, order, or series ; 

— much used in composition. — adv. 

In advance ; at the front. 

FORE'-ARM, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

arm before the time of need. — n. 
Part between the elbow and wrist. 

Fore-bode', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To foretell ; to prognosticate. 2. To 
have an inward conviction of, as of an 
jm pending calamity. 

Fore-bod'er, n. One who forebodes. 

Fore-cAst', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. 
FORECAST.] 1. To contrive before- 
hand; to scheme. 2. To foresee. 

Fore'cAst, 71. 1. Previous contriv- 
ance. 2. Foresight. 

Fore'cas-tle (-kfls-sl), n. The for- 
ward part of a vessel, under the 
jieck, where the sailors live. 

Fore-cIt'ed, a. Cited before or above. 

FORE-CLOgE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
shut upor out ; to preclude ; to bar. 

Fore-clos'URE (-klozh'ur), n. Act 
of foreclosing ; deprivation of the 
right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. 

Fore'fa-t-her. n. An ancestor. 

Fore-fend', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
fend off ; to avert. 2. To defend ; 
to guard. 

FORE'FTN-GER(-fTng-^er), n. Finger 
next to the thumb. 

FORE'FOOT (150), n. 1. One of the 
anterior feet of an animal. 2. A 
piece of rimber which terminates the 
keel at the fore-end. [place. 

Fore'front, n. Foremost part or 

FORE-GO', V. t. [imp. FOREWENT ; 
p. p. foregone.] 1. To quit ; to 
relinquish. 2. To give up; to re- 
sign ; to renounce. 3. To precede. 

Fore'ground, it. Part of the field 
of a picture which seems to lie near- 
est the spectator. 

FoRE'HAND-ED,a. 1. Early; timely; 
seasonable. 2. In easy circumstan- 
ces. [Amer.] 

Fore'head (forced), n. Upper part 
of the face ; the brow. 

FOR'EIGN (roVin), a. [L. Lat. forane- 
us, fr. Lat. /bras, foris, out of doors ] 
1. Not native ; alien. 2. Remote ; 
not pertinent or appropriate. 3. Ex- 
cluded. 

Syn. — Outlandish; exotic; extrinsic. 

FoR'ElGN-ER(ifor / m-).n. One who be- 
longs to a foreign country ; an alien. 

For'eign-ness (fur'in-nes, 109), n. 
Remoteness; want of relation. 

PORE-KNOW (-no 7 ), V- t- [imp. FORE- 
KNEW ; p. p. FOREKNOWN.] To 
have previous knowledge of. 

Fore-kn6wi,'edge (-nol'ej), n. 
Knowledge of a thing before it hap- 
pens ; prescience. 

Fore'lXnd, n. A promontory ; a 
head-land. 

A, E, 1,6,15, Y,long; A^^O^l!^, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



F5re'l6ck, n. The lock of hair that 
jjrows from the forepart of the head. 

Fore'man (150), n. First or chief man, 
as of a jury , or a body of workmen. 

Fore'mast, n. Forward mast of a 
vessel, _or the one nearest the bow. 

Fore 'most, a. First in place or 
order. [name. 

F5RE'NAME,n. A first or Christian 

Fore'noon, n. Part of the day from 
morning to noon. 

FO-REN'SI€, ) a. [Ln,t. forensis, fr. 

Fo-ren'sic-al, ) forum, a public 
place, market-place, court.] Belong- 
ing to courts or to public discussion 
_and debate ; argumentative. 

FORE'-OR DAIN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To ordain beforehand; to predesti- 
nate. 

Fore-or'di-na'tiox, it. Previous 
appointment ; predestination. 

Fore'part, n. The part most ad- 
janced ; anterior part. 

Fore-run', v. t. [imp. foreran ; p. 
p. forerun.] 1. To run before; 
to precede. 2. To announce. 

Fore-RUN'ner, ii. A messenger sent 
before ; a harbinger ; hence, a prog- 
nostic. 

Fore'SAIL, n. A sail on a yard which 
is supported by the foremast. 

Fore-see', v. t. [imp. foresaw; p. 
p. foreseen.] To see beforehand ; 
to foreknow. 

Fore-SEER',_m. One who foresees. 

FORE-SHAD'OW, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To shadow or typify beforehand. 

FORE-SHORT'£N, V~ t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To shorten by representing in an ob- 
Jique position. 

Fore-short'£N-ing, n. Representa- 
tion or appearance of objects, when 
_yiewed obliquely. 

Fore-show', v. t. [imp. fore- 
showed ; p. p. foreshown.] To 
show or exhibit beforehand. 

FORE'SIGHT (-sit), n. 1. Act or pow- 
er of foreseeing ; prescience ; fore- 
knowledge. 2. Wise forethought. 

Fore'skin, n Skin that covers the 
glans penis. 

For'est, 11. [From Lat. foris, foras, 
out of doors, abroad, because forests 
are out of, or beyond, towns.] An 
extensive wood ; in the United States, 
_a wood of native growth. 

Fore-stall', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 
[A.-S.foresteallan. See Stall.] 1. 
To take beforehand. 2. To exclude ; 
hinder, or prevent, by prior occupa- 
tion. 

Syn.— To anticipate; preoccupy; mo- 
nopolize; engross. 

FORE-STALL'ER, n. One who fore- 
stalls ; cine who purchases provisions 
before they come to the fair or mar- 
ket, with a view to raise the price. 

F6r'est-er,?7. 1. One who has charge 
of a forest. 2. An 'inhabitant of a 
forest. 

Fore-taste', n. A taste beforehand ; 
anticipation. 

F5RE'TASTE,r. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
taste before ; to anticipate. 

FORE-T.ELL', v. t. [imp. & p. p 



foretold ] To tell before occur- 
ence. — v. i. To utter prediction. 

Fore-tell'er, n. One who predicts. * 

Fore'thought (-thawt), it. 1. An 
ticipation ; prescience. 2. Provident 
care ; forecast. 

F6re-tok'£N, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
Jbreshow. — n. Prognostic. 

Fore'-tooth (150), n. One of the 
teeth in the forepart of the mouth. 

Fore'top, n. 1. Hair on the fore- 
part of the head. 2. Platform at tlio 
head of the foremast. 

FOR-EV'ER, adv. 1. To eternity ; 
eternally. 2. At all times. 

GST" In England, for and wer are usu- 
ally printed as two separate words. 

Syn.— Constantly ; incessantly ; al- 
ways ; perpetually ; ceaselessly ; inter- 
minably; endlessiy. 

Fore-warn', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
warn beforehand ; to inform previ- 
ously. 

For'feIt, a. Lost for an offense or 
crime; liable to penal seizure. — n. 
[Fr. forfait, L. Lat. forisfactum, fr. 
Lat. foris, out of doors, abroad, and 
facer e, to do.] Thing lost by a 
crime or offense ; hence, fine: penal- 
ty. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To lose, or 
lose the right to, by some fault, of- 
fense, or crime. [forfeited. 

For'feit-a-ble, a. Liable to be 

Fok'feit-ure (53), it. 1. Act of for- 
feiting. 2. That which is forfeited. 
Syn. — Fine ; mulct ; amercement. 

For-GAVE', imp. of Forgive. 

Forge, n. [Lat. fabrica, work -shop 
of &faber, or smith.] A place where 
iron is wrought by heating and ham- 
mering ; a smithy. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To form by heating and 
hammering. 2. To form in any way ; 
to produce. 3. To make falsely. 

Syx.— To fabricate; counterfeit; feign; 
falsify. 
_— v. i. To commit forgery. 

FOR'UER, n. One who forges; a fab- 
ricator; esp.,one guilty of forgery. 

FOR'GER-Y, 11. 1. Act of forging or 
counterfeiting. 2. That which is 
forged. 

FOR-GET', V. t. [imp. FORGOT ; p.p. 
FORGOT, FORGOTTEN.] [A.-S. 
forgetan, fr. for said getan, to get.] 

1. To lose the remembrance of. 2. 
To slight : to neglect. 

FOR-GET'FUL, a. 1. Apt to forget. 

2. Heedless ; neglectful. 
For-Cet'ful-ness, n. 1. Quality of 

being forgetful. 2. Loss of remem- 
brance or recollection. 3. Careless 
omission. [forgiven. 

For-«iv'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
For-give', v. t. [imp. forgave; 
p. p. FORGIVEN.] [A.-S. forgifan, 
from for and gifan, to give.] 1. To 
cease to impute ; to pardon. 2. To 
absolve. 
FOR-GIVE'NESS, n. 1. Act of forgiv- 
ing. 2. Willingness to forgive. 

Syn. — Pardon ; remission. — Forgive- 
ness is Anglo-Saxon, and pardon Nor- 
man-French, both denoting to giceback. 
Forgive points to inward feeling, and 
supposes alienated affection ; when we 



FORGIVER 



173 



FOKWARD 



ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the 
removal of anger. Pardon looks more 
to outward things, or consequences, 
and is often applied to trifling matters, 
as when we beg pardon for interrupt- 
ing a man, or for jostling him in a 
crowd. The civil magistrate also grants 
& pardon, and not forgh-eness. The two 
words are, therefore, very clearly distin- 
guished from each other in most cases 
which relate to the common concerns of 
lite. 

FOR-GTV'ER, n. One who pardons. 

For-giv'ing, p. a. Disposed to for- 
give ; mild ; merciful. 

FOR-GOT', } p „. otForget . 

FOR-GOT'TEV, ) J J s 

FORK, n. [A.-S. fore, Lat. furca.] 1. 
An instrument with two or more 
prongs. 2. Any thing like a fork in 
shape; also, a prong; a point. — v. 
i.' [-ED; -ING.] To divide into two 
branches — v. t. 1. To raise or 
pitch with a fork ; to dig and break 
with a fork. 2. To form into a fork- 
like shape. [forked. 

Fork/ed-ness, n. Quality of being 

FORK'Y, a. Opening into two or more 
parts ; forked ; furcated. 

For-lorn', a. [A.-S. forledsan, for- 
loren, to lose, from for and ledsan, to 
go.] 1. Deserted ; lost. 2. In pitiful 
plight : despicable. 

For-lorV-hope, n. A detachment 
of men to lead in an assault, or per- 
form other perilous service. 

FORM, n. [Lat. forma.] 1. Shape of 
any thing ; configuration ; external 
appearance. 2. Mode of construction, 
arrangement, or organization. 3. Es- 
tablished method or practice. 4. Con- 
ventionality ; formality. 5. That 
which has form ; a shape. 6. Pattern ; 
model. 7. A long bench or seat ; hence, 
a class in a school. 8. The seat or 
bed of a hare. 9. A page, or pages, 
imposed and locked up in a chase. — 

S3?" In the 7th and 8th senses, this 
word is, in England, pronounced form. 

v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To give form 
or shape to ; to construct ; to make. 
2. To model ; to mold ; to train. 3. 
To act as constituent of. 
FoRM'AL,a. 1. Belonging to the form 
or external appearance of a thing. 

2. Belonging to the constitution of 
a thing; essential. 3. Done in due 
form ; express. 4. Regular; method- 
ical. 5. Having the form or appear- 
ance only. 6. Conventional. 

Sth. —Precise; ceremonious. — A man 
is precise who reduces things to an ex- 
act rule or standard; formal who shapes 
himself by some set form or pattern ; 
ceremonious when he lays much stress 
on the conventional laws of social inter- 
course. Men are formal in their man- 
ners, precise in their language or observ- 
ances, ceremonious in receiving and en- 
tertaining strangers. 

Form'al-Ism, n. Quality of being 
formal, esp. in matters of religion. 

Form'al-Ist, n. One who is over- 
attentive to forms. 

For-mai/i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
formal, regular, strictly ceremonious, 
precise, &c. 2. That which is formal. 

3. Established order or method. 



Form'al-ly, adv. In a formal man- 
ner. 

For-ma'TION, n. 1. Act of giving form, 
shape, or being, to. 2. Structure; 
construction. 3. Series of rocks be- 
longing to an age, period, or epoch. 

FoRM'A-TiVE, a. 1. Giving form; 
plastic. 2. [Gram.) Derivative; not 
radical. — n. (Gram.) (a.) That 
which serves merely to give form. 
(b.) A word formed in accordance 
with some rule or usage. 

Form'er, n. One who forms. 

For'mer, a. compar. [A.-S. forma, m. 
forme, f. andn., first.] 1. Preceding 
in time, hence, ancient. 2. First 
mentioned [old. 

For'mer-ly, adv. In time past ; of 

FOR'MI-DA-BLE, a. [Lat. formidab- 
ilis, fr. forjnidare, to fear.] Excit- 
ing, or adapted to excite, fear. 

Syn. — Dreadful ; fearful; terrible; 
frightful; horrible; tremendous. 

For'MI-da-BLY, adv. In a formida- 
ble manner. 

Form/less, a. Shapeless; without 
a determinate form. 

For'MU-lA, 71.; hat.pl. FOR'M U-LAZ ; 
Eng. pi. FOR'MU-LA§. [Lat., dim. 
of forma, form, model.] 1. A pre- 
scribed or set form. 2. A written 
confession of faith. 3. A rule or prin- 
ciple expressed in algebraic language. 
4. A prescription or recipe. 

For'mtj-la-ry (44), n. 1. A book of 
prescribed forms. 2. Prescribed form ; 
formula. — a. Stated; prescribed. 

FOR'IVHJ-LATE,!'. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
reduce to, or express in, a formula. 

For'ni-€ATE, v. i. [Lat. fornicare, 
-catum, fr.fornix, vault, brothel.] To 
have unlawful sexual intercourse. 

For'ni-ca/TION, n. 1. Incontinence 
of an unmarried person ; also, the 
criminal conversation of a married 
man with an unmarried woman. 2. 
(Script. )_Idolatry. [nication. 

FOR'NI-CA'TOR, n. One guilty of for- 

FOR'RAY, or FOR-RAY', n. A rav- 
aging ; a predatory excursion. 

FOR-SAKE', V. t. [imp. FORSOOK ; 
p. p. FORSAKEN.] [A.-S. forsacan, 
to oppose, refuse.] To quit or leave 
entirely ; to depart or withdraw from. 
Syn.— To abandon ; desert; fail ; re- 
linquish; renounce; reject. 

FOR-so~OTH', adv. [A.-S. forsodh, fr. 
for and sddh, sooth, truth!] In truth ; 
certainly ; — often used ironically. 

For-sweAr',v. t. [imp. forswore ; 
p. p. FORSWORN.] [A.-S. forswer- 
ian, from for and sicerian,to swear.] 
To reject or deny upon oath. — v. i. 
To swear falsely ; to commit perjury. 

FORT, n. [Lat. fortis, strong.] A for- 
tified place ; fortress ; fortification. 

Forte, n. [See supra.] Strong point ; 
that in which one excels. 

FORTH, adv. [A.-S. fordh, fr. for. See 
FOR.] 1. Forward; onward. 2. Out 
jnto view. 3. Away ; abroad. 

FORTH'-e6M / lNG, a. Ready to come 
forth, or appear. 

FORTH-WlTH', or FORTH-WITH' 
(99), adv. Immediately ; directly. 



FOR-TI-ETH, a. [See FORTY. J I. Fol' 
lowing the thirty-ninth. 2. Being 
one of forty parts of a thing. — n. 
One of forty equal parts into which 
one whole is divided. 

For'TI-FI-CA'tion, n. 1. Act of forti- 
fying. 2. A fortified place. 
Syn. — Fortress ; castle ; citadel. 

F6r'ti-fy,v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat 
fortificare,fr. fortis, strong, and fa- 
cere, to make.] 1. To add strength 
to ; to strengthen. 2. To strengthen 
by forts^ batteries, &c. 

For'ti-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. fortitudo, 
fr. fortis, strong.] Resolute endur- 
ance ; firmness in bearing up against 
danger. 

Syn.— Courage ; resolution. 

Fort'night (-nit), n. [Contr. from 
fourteen nights.] Two weeks. 

FoR'TRESS, n. [From Lat. fortis, 
strong.] A fortified place ; a fort ; 
a stronghold. 

Syn. — Fortification ; castle ; citadel. 
A fortress is constructed for military 
purposes only, and is permanently gar- 
risoned; a fortification is built to defend 
harbors, cities, &c; & castle is an antique 
fortress, which was ordinarily a palatini 
dwelling ; a citadel is the strong nold o* 
a fortress or city, &c. 

FOR-TU'l-TOtJS, a. [Lat. fortuities, fr 
forte, by chance.] Happening b? 
chance. 
Syn. — Accidental ; casual. 

For-tu'i-ty, n. Accident; chance. 

Fort'U-NATE, a. 1. Coming by good 
luck. 2. Receiving some unforeseen 
or unexpected good ; lucky. 

Syn. — Successful ; prosperous. — A 
man is fortunate when unusual bless- 
ings fall to his lot ; successful when he 
gams what he aims at ; prosrperous when 
he succeeds in those things which men 
commonly aim at. One may be fortu- 
nate in some cases where he is not suc- 
cessftd; he may be successful, but, if his 
plans are badly formed, he may for that 
reason fail to be prosperous. 

FORT'u-NATE-LY.atfv. Luckily; suc- 
cessfully ; happily. 

FORT'UNE (fort'yun, 30), n [Lat.,/or- 
tuna, a protracted form of fors, 
chance.] 1. Chance; accident; luck. 
2. Appointed lot in life ; fate. 3. That 
which befalls one; esp., favorable 
issue. 4. Estate; wealth; esp., 
great wealth. — v. i. To happen. 

FORT'UNE-HUNT'ER, n. A man who 
seeks to marry a rich woman. 

Fort'une-teli/er, n. One who 
tells the future events of one's life, or 
pretends to do so. 

FoR'TY, a. [A.-S. fedioertig,fr.fe6wer, 
four, and the term, tig, fr. tyn, ten ] 
Four times ten ; thirty-nine and ono 
added. — n. Sum of forty units. 

FO'RUM, n. ; Eng. pi. FO'rdms ; Lat 
pi. Fd'RA. [Lat., allied to foris, out 
of doors.] 1. A public place in Rome, 
where causes were tried, and orations 
delivered. 2. A tribunal ; a court. 

For'ward, \adv. [See For, Fore, 

FoR'WARDg, j and Ward.] Toward 
a part in front ; onward ; in advance. 

FOR'WARD.a. 1. Near or at the fore 
part. 2. Ready ; prompt ; in an ill 



OR, DO, wolf, TOO, TOOK", URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent •, q, G, soft; €,&,hard; As; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS 



FORWARDER 



174 



FRANCISCAN 



sense, over ready. 3. Ardent ; eager. 

4. Premature, — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To help onward ; to promote. 2. 

To transmit. 
For/ward-er, n. One who forwards. 
FOR'WARD-LY, adv. Eagerly ; hastily. 
For'ward-ness, m. 1. Quality of 

being forward. 2. Precocity. 
For'ward§, adv. See Forward. 
Fosse, n. [Lat. fossa, fr. fodere, to 

dig.] (Fort.) A ditch or moat. 
Fos'SIL, a. [Lat. fossilis, fr.fodere, to 

dig.] 1. Dug out of the earth. 2. 

Pertaining to fossils ; petrified. — n. 

1. A substance dug from the earth. 2. 
Petrified form of a plant or animal 

Fos'sil-if'er-ous, a. [Lat. fossilis, 
fossil, and ferre, to bear.] Contain- 
ing fossil or organic remains. 

Fos'sil-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
convert into a fossil. 

FoS'TER, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
fostrian, from foster, food, nourish- 
ment.] 1. To feed ; to nourish ; to 
rear up. 2. To cherish. 

Fos'TER-BROTH'ER(-br!itb/er), n. A 
male fed by the same nurse, but not 
the offspring of the same parents. 

Fos'ter-child, n. A child nursed 
by one not its parent. 

Fos'ter-f a/the r, ii. One who takes 
the place of a father in bringing up 
a child. 

F6s'TER-M6YH'ER(-m0th/er),n. One 
who takes the place of a mother in 
the care of a child. 

Fos'ter-sis'TER, n. One not a sis- 
ter, but brought up as such. 

F6s'ter-s6n (-sun), n. One fed and 
educated as if he were a son. 

FoTH'ER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. Ger. 
juttern, futlern, to cover, to line.] 
To try to stop, as a leak in a bottom 
of a ship, by letting down a sail un- 
der her bottom. 

Fought (fawt), imp. &p. p. of Fight. 

Foul, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. fUl, 
sordid.] 1. Containing extraneous 
matter which is injurious or offensive. 

2. Morally defiled. 3. Cloudy or 
rainy. 4. Loathsome ; hateful. 6. 
Entangled. 

Syn. — Nasty ; filthy ; dirty ; impure ; 
abusive ; obscene; unfair; dishonest. 
— v. t. [ED; -ING.] 1. To make 
filthy; to defile. 2. To bring into 
collision with something that im- 
pedes motion. 

Foul'ly (109), adv. Filthily ; nastily. 

Foul'-mouthed (-mouthd), a. 
Using foul language ; abusive. 

Foul'ness, n. Quality of being 
foul ; filthiness ; pollution. 

Found, imp. & p.p. of find. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. [Lat. fundare, fr. 
fundus, bottom.] To fix upon a 
basis ; to establish firmly ; to base. 
2. To begin to raise. 3. [Lat. fun- 
dere.] To cast, as a metal. 

Foun-da'tion, n. 1. Act of found- 
ing ; establishment. 2. Ground- 
work ; basis. 3. An endowment. 
4. An endowed institution of charity. 

FOUND'ER, n. 1. One who founds or 
lays a foundation. 2. One who casts 



metals. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
Lat. fundus. See Found.] 1. To 
fill with water, and sink, as a ship ; 
hence, to fail. 2. To stumble and 
go lame, as a horse. — v. I. Tocause 
inflammation in the limbs of, so as 
to lame ; — said of a horse. 

Found'er-y, n. See Foundry. 

FOUND'LING, n. [From found, p. p. 
offind.] A child found without a 
■ parent or owner. 

Found'ress, n. A female founder. 

Found'ry, n. A building arranged 
and fitted for casting metals. 

Fount, In. [Lat./ojjs, fontis.] 
^FOUNT'AIN, j 1. A spring of water. 

2. An artificial jet or stream of water. 

3. Origin; first caute. — See FONT. 
FOUR (tor), a. [A.-S. feower.] One 

more than three; twice two. — n. 
^The sum of four units. 

Four'fold, a. Four double ; quad- 
ruple. — n. Four times as much. 

FOUR'FOOT'E D, a. Having four feet. 

Fou'RI-er-ism (fob'-), n. The system 
of Charles Fourier, who recommends 
the re-organization of society into 
small communities, living in com- 
mon. [Fourierism. 

Fou'RI-e_r-ite, n. One who favors 

Fouu'S€ORE, a. Four times twenty ; 
^ighty. — n. Eighty units. 

FOUR'TEEN, n. [A.-S. fed wertyne, fr. 
fediver, four, and lyn, ten.] Sum of 
ten and lour. — a. Four and ten 
_more. 

FOUR'TEENTH, a. 1. Succeeding the 
thirteenth and preceding the fif- 
teenth. 2. Making one of fourteen 
parts of any thing. — n. One of four- 
teen equal parts of one whole. 

Fourth, a. 1. Next following the 
third. 2. Forming one of four parts 
into which any thing is divided. — n. 
One of four equal parts into which 
one whole is divided. [place. 

Fourthly, adv. In the fourth 

Fowl, n. ; pi. fowl or fowls. [A.- 
S. fugol, fugel, allied to ftedgan, to 
fly.] 1. A bird ; esp. a wild bird. 
2. A barn-door fowl; a cock or hen. 

— v. i. To catch or kill wild fowl. 
FOWL'ER, n. A sportsman who takes 

or kills wild fowl. 
Fowl'ing-piec/e (fouK-), n. A light 

gun for shooting wild fowl 
Fox, n. [A.-S. fox, 

prob. allied to Icel 

fax, hair, so that it 

orig. signifies the 

hairy aniinal.] 1. An 

animal remarkable 

for its cunning. 2. A sly, cunning 

fellow. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 

Icel. fox, imposture.] To cover the 

feet of, as of boots, with new front 

upper leather, — v. i. To turn sour ; 

— said of beer, &c. 
Fox'-chase, I n. Pursuit of a fox 
Fox'-hunt, ) with hounds. 
Fox'Y, a. 1. Pertaining to foxes; 

wily. 2. Of a yellowish or reddish- 
brown color. 3. Sour ; not properly 
fermented ; — said also of grapes. 
FRA'cas, n. [It. fracasso, from fra, 



MjL 



Fox. 



among, and cassare, to break, annul.J 
An uproar ; a noisy quarrel. 

Frao'tion, n. [Lat. fractio, fr. fran- 
gere, fractum, to break.] 1. A por- 
tion ; a fragment. 2. A division or 
aliquot part of a whole number. 

FRA€'TION-AL. a. Pertaining to frac- 
tions ; constituting a fraction. 

Fr.Xo'tioOs, a. [Prob. from fract 
(obs.), to break.] Apt to fret. 

Syn. — Snappish; peevish; cross; irri- 
table; pettish. 

FRACT'URE, n. [L&t.frartura, from 
frangere, to break.] 1. Act of break- 
ing; rupture ; breach. 2. The break- 
ing of a bone. —v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To break ; to crack. 

FRAG'ILE, a. [Lat. fragilis, fr. fran- 
gere, to break.] Easily broken or de- 
stroyed ; weak ; frail. 

Fra-gil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
fragile ; brittleness. 

FrXg'MENT, n. [Lat. fragmentum, 
fr. frangere, to break.] A part bro- 
ken off; a small, detached portion. 

Frag'ment-a-ry (44), a. Composed 
of fragments. 

Fra'grance, In. Sweetness of smell; 

Fra'gran-cy, J grateful odor. 

FRA'GRANT, a. [Lat. fragrare, fra- 
grans, to emit a fragrance.] Having 
an agreeable perfume. 

Syn. — Odorous ; odoriferore ; sweet- 
scented; balmy; spicy; aromatic. 

Fra'grant-ly, adv. With sweet 
scent. 

Frail, a. [-er ; -est.] [See Frag- 
ile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; 
weak ; infirm. 2. Of easy virtue ; 
weak in resolution. — n. [Norm. Fr. 
fraile, basket.] 1. A basket of rush- 
es, for figs and raisins. 2. Quan- 
tity of raisins — about 70 pounds — 
in such a basket. 3. A rush for 
weaving baskets. 

Frail'TY, in. I. Weakness of resolu- 
tion. 2. A fault proceeding from 
weakness. 

Syn. — Frailness ; infirmity ; imper- 
fection; failing; foible. 

Frame, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
fremman.] 1. To construct ; *o ad- 
just and put together. 2. To origi- 
nate ; to devise ; to fabricate. 3. To 
provide with a frame. — n. 1. Any 
thing composed of parts put togeth- 
er. 2. Any kind of case for admit- 
ting, inclosing, or supporting things. 
3. Make or build of a person ; skele- 
ton. 4. Form ; constitution. 5. Partic- 
ular state, as of the mind ; humor, 

FRAM'ER, n. One who frames. 

Frame'-WORK (wfirk), n. A frame. 

FrXnc, n. [Eng. Frank, a Germanic 
people that founded the French mon- 
archy.] A French silver coin equal 
to about 19 cents, or 10 pence. 

FRAN'CHlgE (-cinz), n. [Ft., from 
franc, franrhe, free.] A particular 
privilege vested in individuals. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make free. ' 

FrXn'ch1'§E-MENT, n. Kelease ; free- 
dom. 

FRAN-cts'€AN, n. A monk of the or- 
der of St. Francis, founded in 1209. 



[A.-S. 



K, E, 1,5, U, Y,long( A, E P I, 6, U, Y, Short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT J ERE, V£IL, T£BM J PIQUE, FIRM, S6N, 



FRANGIBLE 



175 



FRET 



FrXn'GI-ele, a. [Lat. frangere, to 
break.] Brittle; fragile. 

FrXn'GI-pXn'NI, n. [From the in- 
ventor, Marquis Frangipani.] A 
perfume derived from, or imitating 
the odor of, a West Indian flower. 

Frank, a. [-ER; -est.] [Fr. franc. 
Cf. Free.] Free in uttering real 
sentiments ; not reserved. 

Syn. — Ingenuous ; candid ; artless ; 
plain; open; sincere. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To exempt 
from charge for postage. — n. [See 
Frank, a.] A signature which 
makes a letter free of postage. 

Frank-In'cense, or Frank'in- 
CENSE , n. A dry resinous substance, 
used as a perfume. 

FrXnk'ly, adv. Without reserve. 

FrXnk'ness, n. Quality of being 
frank; candor; openness. 

FRAN'TIC, a. [For frentic, contr. fr. 
frenetic, phrenetic] 1. Mad ; raving. 
2. Noisy ; wild. 

FrXn'TI€-LY, adv. Madly ; distract- 
edly, [traction. 

FrXn'TIC-ness, n. Madness; dis- 

Fra-ter'nal. a. [Lat. frater, broth- 
er.] Relating to, or becoming, broth- 
ers ; brotherly. [ual manner. 

Fra-ter'nal-ly, adv. In a frater- 

Fra-ter'ni-ty, n. 1. State of being 
fraternal. 2. A body of men associ- 
ated for some common interest ; a 
brotherhood. 

Fra'ter-nize, or Fra-tIr'nize, 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To associate as 
brothers._ [fratricide. 

FrXt'RI-CI'DAL, a. Pertaining to 

FrXt'RI-^ide, n. [L&t. frater, broth- 
er, and csedere, to cut down, kill.] 1. 
The murder of a brother. 2. One 
who kills a brother. 

Fraud, n. [Lat. fraus, Jraudis.] 1. 
Deception deliberately practiced. 2. 
A deceptive trick. 

Stn. — Deceit ; guile ; wile ; strata- 
gem ; cheat. 

Fraud'ful, a. Full of fraud; trickish. 

FRAUD'U-LENCE, In. Decvdtfuluess ; 

Fraud'u-len-cy, j trickn'hness. 

Fraud'U-lent, a. 1. Usins fraud in 
contracts. 2. Containing, or pro- 
ceeding from, fraud. 3. Obtained by 
artifice. 

Syn. — Deceitful ; crafty ; te'»ckish ; 
wily ; cunning ; treacherous ; aishon- 
est: knavish. 

FraudTj-lent-ly, adv. In a fraud- 
ulent manner. 

Fraught (frawt), a. 1. Freighted ; 
laden. 2. Filled; stored. 

FRAY, n. [Abbrev. fr. affray.] 1. Af- 
fray ; contest. 2. [See infra.'! A fret 
or chafe in cloth. — v. I. [-1x0 ; 
-ING.] 1. To frighten. 2. [L&t.fn- 
care, to rub.] To rub ; to wear off 
by rubbing. — v t. 1. To rub. 2. To 
wear out in consequence of rubbing. 

FREAK, n. [A.-S. free, fric,frac, bold, 
greedy.] A sudden, causeless change 
of the mind : whim ; caprice. 

FREAK'isH,a. Whimsical ; capricious. 

Freak'ish-ly, adv. Capriciouslv. 

Freck'le (frek'l), n. [Cf. Fleck.] 



A yellowish spot in the skin. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To color or spot with 
freckles. — v. i. To become covered 
with freckles. 

Freck'ly, a. Full of freckles. 

Free, a. [-ER ; -est, 144.] [A.-S. 
fri, fridjfrco.] 1. Not under re- 
straint ; at liberty. 2. Enjoying po- 
litical liberty. 3. Not parsimonious ; 
liberal. 4. Exempt; clear; released. 
5. Invested with a franchise. 6. To 
be enjoyed without limitations. 

Free agency, power of choosing or act- 
ing freely. —Free port, ( Com.) (a.) a port 
where ships of all nations may load and 
unload free of duty, provided the goods 
are not carried into the adjoining coun- 
try, (b.) A port where goods of all kinds 
are received from ships of all nations at 
equal rates of duty. —Free wind (Xaut.) 
a fair wind. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing, 144.] To make 
free ; to set at liberty ; to release. 

Free'boot-er, n. [See Booty.] 
One who wauders about for plunder. 

Free'-born, a. Born free. 

Freed'man (150), n. A man who has 
been a slave and is freed. 

FREE'DOM, n. [A.-S. freodom.] 1. 
Exemption from the power and con- 
trol of another. 2. Particular priv- 
ileges. 3. Improper familiarity. 

Sytt.— Liberty; independence; frank- 
ness ; openness; separation ; liberality; 
fianchise; immunity ; license. 

Free'-heart'ed, a. Liberal; gen- 
erous. _ 

Free'hold, n. An estate in real 
property, of inheritance or for life, 
or the tenure by which it is held. 

Free'hold-er, n. One who owns a 
freehold. 

Free'ly, adv. In a free manner; 
without restraint or compulsion. 

Free'man (150), n. 1. One who en- 
joys liberty. 2. One who enjoys a 
peculiar privilege. 

Free'ma'son (-ma'sn), n. One of an 
ancient and secret association, origi- 
nally composed of masons. 

Free'ma'son-ry, n. Institutions or 
the practices of freemasons. 

Free'ness, n. Openness ; liberality. 

Free'stone, n. A stone composed 
of sand or grit, and easily wrought. 

Free'think'er, n. One who dis- 
cards revelation ; an unbeliever. ; an 
infidel ; a skeptic. f 

Free-will', n. Power of choosing or 
willing without restraint, '[untary. 

FREE'- WILL, a. Spontaneous; vol- 

Freeze, v. i. [imp. froze ; p. p. 
FROZEN.] [A.-S.fredsan.] 1. To 
become congealed by cold. 2. To 
become chilled. — v. t. 1. To con- 
geal ; to harden into ice. 2. To chill. 

Freight (frat), n. lr Lading ; cargo. 
2. Payment for the transportation of 
merchandise. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To load with goods, as a ship or ve- 
hicle of any kind. 

Freight'er (frat'er) n. 1. One who 
loads a ship. 2. One who receives 
and forwards freight. 3. One for 
whom freight is transported. 

French, a. Pertaining to France or 



its inhabitants, —n. The language 
of France j collectively, the people of 
France. [ment of music. 

French'-horn, n. A wind-instru- 
French'i-fv, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Eng. French, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To make French ; to Galli- 
cize. 
FREN'ZY, n. [Lat. phrenesis, phreni- 
tis, Gr. <£pevtTis (sc. v6<ros), fr. ^pjjv? 
mind.] Any violent agitation of the 
mind, approaching to distraction. 

Syn. — Insanity ; lunacy ; madness ; 
rage; derangement ; delirium. 

Fre'quen-cy, n. Condition of re- 
turning frequently. 

FRE'QUENT, a. [L&t.frequens.] Hap- 
pening at short intervals. 

FRE-QUENT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
visit often ; to resort to habitually. 

Fre^quen-ta'TION, n. Habit of fre- 
quenting. 

Fre-QUENT'a-tIve, 'a. Expressing 
the frequent repetition of an action. 

— n. A verb expressing the frequent 
repetition of an action. 

Fre-QUENT'er, n. One who fre- 
quents. 

Fre'QUENT-ly, adv. At frequent 
intervals ; often ; commonly. 

Fres'CO, n. [It., from fresco, fresh.] 
A method of painting ou walls on a 
freshly laid stucco-ground. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To paint in fresco. 

Fresh, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. ferae, 
Icel.friskr.] 1. New and strong. 2. 
Recently made or obtained. 3. In a 
raw or untried state. 4. Renewed in 
vigor or readiness for action ; hence, 
tending to renew in vigor ; brisk. 5. 
Not salt, as water or meat. 

Syn. — Sound; green ; rare ; ruddy ; 
florid ; sweet; good; unpracticed; lively; 
vigorous; strong. 

— n. 1. A spring of fresh water. 2. 
A freshet. 

Fresh'en, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make fresh ; to take saltness from 
any thing. — v. i. 1. To lose salt- 
ness. 2. To grow brisk or strong. 

Fresh'ET, n. A flood or overflowing 
of a river in consequence of heavy 
rains or melted snow. [Amer.] 

Fresh'LY, adv. In a fresh manner. 

Fresh'MAN (150), n. A student dur- 
ing his first year's residence at a col- 
lege, [briskness. 

Fresh'NESS, n. Newness; vigor; 

FRET,t>.£. [-TED ; -TING, 136.] [Fr. 
frotter, from Lat. fricare/frictum, to 
rub, A.-S.fretan, to eat, to gnaw.] 

* 1. To wear away by friction ; hence, 
to eat away ; to corrode. 2. To im- 
pair. 3. To make rough, agitate, or 
disturb. 4. To tease ; to irritate; 
to vex. 5. [A.-S.frdtvjan, to adorn.} 
To ornament with raised work. -«■ 
— v. i. 1. To be worn away ; to bo 
corroded. 2. To be vexed or irritafj. 
ed ; to worry. — n. 1. Agitation of 
the surface of a fluid. 2. Agitation 
of mind; irritation. 3. {Arch.) Small 
fillets intersecting each other at right 
angles. 4. A short piece of wire on 
the finger-board of a guitar, &c . to 



OR, DO, WOLF, TO~0, TOOK', URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, 6, soft; €, &,hard; AS; E£iS! ; N. as NG ; THIS 



FRETFUL 



176 



FRONTISPIECE 



show where the finger is to be placed 
in playing. [humored. 

FRET'FyL, a. Disposed to fret ; ill- 
Syn. — Peevish ; cross.— Peevish marks 
the inward spirit, andfretful the outward 
act, while both imply a complaining im- 
pajtience. Crossness is peevishness min- 
gled with vexation or anger. 

Fret"ful-LY, adv. In a fretful 
manner ; peevishly. 

Fret'ful-ness, n. State of being 
fretful ; peevishness. [with frets. 

FRET'WORK (-wQrk), n. Work adorned 

FrI'A-bIi/1-ty, n. Quality of being 
friable ; friableness. 

FRI'A-BLE. a. [La.t.friabilis,fr. friare, 
to rub, break, or crumble.] Easily 
crumbled or pulverized. 

Fri'A-BLE-NES3, n. Friability. 

FRI'AR, n. [Fr./reYe, fr. Lat. /rater, 
brother.] A member of any religious 
order. [of friars. 

FRI'a-ry, n. A monastery ; a convent 

FRIB'BLE, a. [Lat. friv.olus .] Frivo- 
lous-, trifling; silly. — n. A frivo- 
lous fellow ; a coxcomb. 

Fric'as-see', n. [Vr./ricasse f e,fr./ri- 
casser, to fry.] A dish made of fowls 
or small animals cut into pieces, 
and stewed or fried. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING, 144.] To make a fricassee of. 

FRI€'TlON, n. [Lat. /n'cfto, fr. fricare, 
to rub.] 1. A rubbing the surface 
of one body against that of another ; 
attrition. 2. Effect of rubbing, or 
resistance a moving body meets with 
from the surface on which it moves. 

FRI'DAY, n. [A.-S./rigeddg, fr. Frig, 
the goddess of marriage, and A.-S. 
dag, d&y.] Sixth day of the week. 

Fried, imp. & p. p. of Fry. 

Friend, n. [Goth. frijCnds, friend, 
from/rijdn,/rion, to love.] 1. One 
who is attached to another by affec- 
tion. 2. One not a foe or enemy. 
3. A favorer. 4. A Quaker. 

Friend'LESs, a. Destitute of friends. 

FRIEND'LI-NESS, n. Quality of being 
friendly ; good-will. 

FRIEND'LY, a. 1. Like a friend. 2. 
Befitting friends. 3. Not hostile. 4. 
Promoting the good of any person or 
persons. 
Syn.— Amicable; kind; favorable. 

FRIENDSHIP, n. 1. Attachment to 
a person. 2. Friendly intimacy. 3. 
Friendly aid, office, or kindness. 

Frieze, n. [Orig. a woolen cloth from 
Friesland.] 1. A coarse woolen cloth 
with a nap on one side. 2. Part of the 
entablature of a column between the 
architrave and cornice.— v. t. To 
make a nap on, as on cloth. 

FrIg'ate, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. fabricata, 
something constructed.] • A ship of 
war larger than a corvette, and less 
than a ship of the line. 

Bright (frit), n. [A.-B./yrhtu.] Sud- 
den and violent fear. 

Syn. — Alarm; terror; consternation. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To alarm sud- 
denly with danger. 

Syn. — To affright; terrifyj scare; dis- 
may ; daunt. 

Fright'.en (frit'n), v. t. [-ed ; 



-ING.] To disturb with fear ; to 
fright 
Fright'ful (frit'-), a. 1. Full of 
fright ; alarmed. 2. Exciting alarm ; 
impressing terror. 

Syn. —Frightful; dreadful ; awful.— 
These words all express fear. In fright- 
ful, it is a sudden emotion ; in dreadful, 
it is deeper and more prolonged; in aw- 
ful the fear is mingled with the emotion 
of awe, which subdues us before the 
presence of some invisible power. An 
accident may be: frightful ; the approach 
of death is dreadful to most men ; the 
convulsions of the earthquake are awful. 

Fright'ful-ly (frit'-), adv. In a 
frightful manner. 

Fright'ful-ness (frit'-), n. Quality 
of being frightful. 

FRIG'ID, a. [Lat. frigidus, fr. frigere, 
to be cold.] 1. Cold. 2. Wanting 
warmth, fervor, vivacity, &c. 

Fri-gid'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
frigid ; coldness. 2. Want of warmth, 
ardor, vivacity, &c. [fection. 

FRtG'lD-LY, adv. Coldly ; without af- 

Frill, m. [Cf. Frill, v.t.] 1. A 
ruffle. 2. The ruffling of a hawk's 
feathers when shivering with cold. 

— v. t. To provide with frills. — 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Vr.friller, 
fr. Lat. frigidulus, somewhat cold.] 
To shake or shiver as with cold. 

Fringe, n. [Lat. fimbria, thread, 
fringe.] 1. A trimming consisting of 
loose threads. 2. A border ; a con- 
fine. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To adorn 
or border with fringe. 

FRIP'PER-Y, n. [Fr.friperie,fr. /ri- 
per, to rumble, fumble.] 1. Old 
clothes ; hence, second-hand finery ; 
useless matter. 2. Place where old 
clothes are sold. 

Frisk, v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel./riskr. 
See Fresh.] To leap, skip, or gam- 
bol, in gayety. — n. A frolic; a fit 
of wanton gayety. 

FRISK'ET, n. [From the frequency of 
its motion. See Frisk.] A frame to 
keep a sheet of paper in place in 
printing. 

FrYsk'i-ness, n. State of being frisky. 

FrIsk'Y, a. Frolicsome ; gay. 

FRIT, n. [From Lat. frige~re,frictum, 
/rixum, to roast, fry.] Material of 
which glass is made, after it has been 
baked, but before fusion. 

FRlTH, n. [Scot, firth, Dan. fiord.] 
A narrow arm of the sea ; an estuary. 

FRIT'TER, n. [From Lat. frigere, fric- 
tum, to fry.] 1. A kind of pancake ; 
also, a small piece of meat fried. 2. 
A fragment ; a small piece. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To cut into small 
pieces for frying. 2. To break into 
small pieces. 

FrI-vol'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
frivolous ; unbecoming levity of dis- 
position. 

FrTEv'o-loOs, a. [Lat. frivolus.] 1. 
Of little weight or worth. 2. Given 
to trifling. 
Syn.— Trifling; trivial; slight; petty. 

FrIz, v. t. [-ZED ; -ZING, 136.] [Fr. 
/riser, to curl, crisp.] 1. To form 
into small curls, as hair. 2. To form 



into little burs, as the nap of tloth 

— n. Any thing crisped or curled. 
FRlz'ZLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 

of friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair. 

FRO, adv. [ A. -S. fra, from /ram. Sec 
FROM.] From ; away ; backward. 

Frock, n. [L. Lat. froccvs.fioccus, 
from Lat. fiocats, a flock of wool ; 
hence, orig. a flocky garment.] A 
loose, outer garment of men ; or a 
gown, open behind, worn by women 
and children. [broad skirts. 

Frock'-coat, n. A body-coat with 

FROG,n. [A.-S./rogga.] 1. A well- 
known amphibious animal. 2. A 
tender, horny substance in the mid- 
dle of a horse's foot. 3. A kind of 
cloak-button. 4. (Railways.) A tri- 
angular crossing plate where one 
track branches off from or crosses 
another. 

FROL'i-e, a. [0. H. Ger. frblih, fr./rS, 
frao, glad.] Full of levity ; gay ; 
merry. — n. 1. A wild prank. 2. 
A scene of gayety and mirth ; a mer- 
ry-making. — v. i. [-ED; -ING, 
136.] To play wild pranks ; to sport. 

Frol'I€-s6me, a. Full of frolic. 

From, prep. [A.-S. fram, from.] Out 
of the neighborhood of; leaving be- 
hind ; by reason of; out of; by aid 
of; — used whenever departure, com 
mencement of action, being, occur 
rence, &c, or procedure, emanation 
separation, &c, are to be expressed- 

Frond, n. [Lat. frons, frondis, a 
heavy branch, foliage.] Organ formed 
by combination, into one body of 
stalks and leaves, as in th. ferns. 

Fron-des'cence, n. [Lat. frondes- 
cere, frondescens, to begin to put 
forth leaves.] 1. Time at which 
each species of plants unfolds its 
leaves. 2. Act of bursting into leaf. 

Fron-dif'er-ous, a. [Lat. frons, 
leaf, and/erre, to bear.] Producing 
fronds. 

Fron-dose', a. [Lat. frondosus.] 1. 
Frond-bearing; resembling a frond. 
2. Leafy. 

Frond'oOs, a. Producing leaves and 
flowers in one organ. 

Fr6nt (frunt), n. [Lat. fr ons, frontis.] 
1. The forehead; sometimes, the 
whole face. 2. The forepart of any 
thing. 3. Position directly before a 
person, or foremost part of a thing. 

— v.t, [-ed;-ing.] 1. To oppose 
face to face. 2. To stand opposed, 
or over against. — v. i. 1. To stand 
foremost. 2. To have the front to- 
ward any point of compass. — a. 
Relating to the forward part ; fore- 
most, [of an edifice or lot. 

Fr6nt'age (frOnt'-), n. Front part 
FRONT'AL, a. Belonging to the front. 

— n. [Lat. frontale, frontlet.] 1. 
Something worn on the forehead or 
face. 2. A little pediment over a 
small door or window. 

Front'ier, n. [L&t. frons, forehead, 
front.] That part of a country which 
fronts or faces another country ; bor- 
der. — a. Bordering; conterminous. 

Fr6nt'IS-PIECE, n. [L. Lat. frontis- 



£,!,!, 6,fJ,Y,J<W£; XjiSjljOjC^jSAor*; CARE, F15.R, ASK, ALL, WH£T; £RE, V£IL, XfiRMjP'lQUE, fIrm ; SCN, 



FRONTLESS 



177 



FULLERY 



pirium, that which is seen in front.] 
An ornamental engraving fronting 
t>he first page of a book. [dent. 

Front'less, a. Shameless; impu- 

FRONT'LET, n. [Eng. front, and the 
dim. term, let.] A frontal. 

Frost (21), n. [A.-S., fr. freosan, to 
freeze.} 1= Act of freezing ; congela- 
tion of fluids. 2. Severe cold weath- 
er. 3. Frozen dew. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover with any thing re- 
sembling hoar-frost, as cake with 
powdered white sugar. 

Fr6st ; -bit / t.en (-bit'tn), p. a. 
Nipped or affected by frost. 

Frost'-fish, n. A small fish, abun- 
dant on the coasts of the United States 
soon after fros' commences. 

Frost'i-ly, ado With frost ; coldly. 

Frost'ing, n. Composition, resem- 
bling hoar-frost, to cover cake, &c. 

Frost'y, a. 1. Attended with, or 
containing, frost. 2. Without warmth 
of affection. 3. White; gray-haired. 

FR(3TH (21), n. [A.-S. fre.odhan, to 
rub, to froth.] 1. A collection of bub- 
bles ; foam. 2. Empty show of wit 
or eloquence. — v. t. 1. To cause 
to foam. 2. To cover with froth. — 

— v.%. [-ED; -ING.] To throw 
up foam. [ner. 

FROTH'I-LY, adv. In a frothy man- 

Froth'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Full of froth. 2. Vain ; empty. 

Frounce, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
froncer, to wrinkle, to frown.] To 
frizzle about the face, as the hair. — 
n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl. 

Frou'zy, a. [From frounce.] Fetid; 
musty ; rank. 

Fro'ward, a. [A.-S. framweard, 
averse, perverse.] Not willing to 
comply with what is required. 

Syn. — Perverse ; untoward ; way- 
ward ; unyielding ; ungovernable ; re- 
fractory; disobedient; petulant; cross. 

Fro'ward-ly, adv. In a fro ward 
manner. [ing froward. 

Fro'ward-ness, n. Quality of be- 

FRO WN, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr.frog- 
ner,in se refrogner, to knit the brow.] 

1. To contract the brow, to scowl. 

2. To look on with disfavor ; to lower. 

— v. t. To rebuke with a look. — 
ti. A wrinkling of the brow in dis- 
pleasure ; a scowl. 

Frow'y, a. [Contr.fr. frouzy.] Mus- 
ty; rancid; rank. 

Frozen (froz'n), p. a. Subject to 
frost ; congealed ; chilly. 

Fruc-tes'^ence, n. [Fr., from Lat. 
fructus, fruit.] The time when the 
fruit of a plant arrives at maturity. 

FRU€-TIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lsit./ructifer, 
fr. fructus, fruit, and ferre, to bear.] 
Bearing or producing fruit. 

JsR&e/Ti-Fi-^A'TiON, n. 1. Act of 
fructifying. 2. Those parts of a plant, 
iaken collectively, which compose 
the flower and fruit. 

FrO€'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. fructificare , fr. fructus, fruit, 
and/acere, to make.] To make fruit- 
ful ; to render productive. — v. i. To 
bear fruit. 



Fru'GAL, a. [Lat. frugalis, fr. frugi, 
fit for food, useful, temperate.] Eco- 
nomical in the use of means ; spar- 
ing ; saving. 

Fru-gal'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
frugal; prudent economy. 

Fru'gal-ly, adv. With economy. 

Fruit, n. [Lat. fructus, fr.frui, to en- 
joy.] 1. Whatever is to be enjoyed, 
partaken of, or made use of; result. 
2. The juicy, pulpy products of cer- 
tain plants. 3. Offspring ; young. 

Fruit'age (45), «. Fruit collectively. 

Fruit'er-er, n. One who deals* in 
fruit. 

Fruit'er-y, n. A repository for fruit. 

Fruit'ful, a. Full of fruit ; richly 
productive. 

Syn.— Fertile; prolific; fecund; plen- 
tiful ; rich ; abundant ; plenteous. 

Fruit'ful-ly, adv. Abundantly. 

Fruit'ful-isess, n. State or quali- 
ty of being fruitful. 

FRU-I'TION (frjj-Tsh'un), n. [From 
Lat. frui, fruitus, to use or enjoy.] 
Pleasure derived from possession or 
use ; enjoyment. 

Fruit'less, a. 1. Lacking fruit. 2. 
Productive of no good effect. 

Syn. — Useless; unprofitable; ineffect- 
ual; vain; idle; profitless. 

Fruit'less-ly, adv. Idly ; vainly. 

Fruit'eess-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing fruitless, [taste of fruit. 

Fruit'y, a._ Resembling fruit, or the 

Fru'men-ta'CEOUS, a. [L&t.frumen- 
tdceus, fr. frumentum, grain.] Made 
of, or like, wheat or other grain. 

FRU'MEN-TY,n. [From Lat. frumen- 
tum.] Wheat boiled in milk, and 
seasoned with sugar, cinnamon, &c. 

Frush, n. [See Frog] 1. A tender 
substance in the sole of a horse ; 
frog. 2. A discharge of a fetid mat- 
ter from the frog of a horse's foot. 

FrOs'trate, v. t. [-ed; -ing]. 
[Lat. frustrare , frustrari , -tratum, fr. 
frustra, in vain.] 1. To bring to 
nothing ; to prevent from attaining 
a purpose. 2. To make of no effect. 
Syn. — To baffle; defeat; balk. 

Frus'trate, a. Vain; useless. 

Frus-jTRA'tion, n. Disappointment ; 
defeat. 

Frits' tum, n. ; pi. FRfts'TA, or 
FRUS'TUMg. [Lat. 
piece, bit.] Part 
of a solid next the M 
base, formed by™* 
cutting off the^»JM 
top. , Frustums. 

Fru-tes'cent, a. [Lat. frutex, 
shrub, bush.] Becoming shrubby, 
or having the appearance of a shrub. 

FRU'TI-€OSE', I a. [Lat. fruticosus, 

FRU'Tl-eoos, J fr. frutex, shrub.] 
Pertaining to shrubs ; shrubby. 

Fry, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
frire, Lat. frigere.] To cook with 
fat in a pan over a fire. — v. i. To be 
heated and agitated, as meat in a fry- 
ing pan. — n. 1. [Vr.frai.] A swarm, 
esp. of little fishes ; a large number. 
1._ [See Fry, v.] Any thing fried. 

Fry'ing-pan,«. A pan used for frying. 





Fu'dATE. ) a. [Lat. fucar e, -ca(us, 

Fu'€A-ted, ) to color, paint.] Paint- 
ed; disguised with false show. 

Fuch'si-A (fu'shl-a. or fdbk'si-a), n. 
[From L. Fuchs, a Ger. botanist.] A 
genus of beautiful flowering plants. 

Fu'€US,n.; pi. FU'pI. [Lat., rock- 
lichen, orchil.] A genus of sea-weed.3 
of a tough, leathery kind. 

FiJD'DLE, v. t. or /. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make or become partially drunk. 

Fudge, n. Stuff; nonsense ; — an ex* 
clamation of contempt. 

Fu'EL, n. [Norm. Fr.fuayl, L. Lat. 
focale, fr. Lat./ocws, fire-place. J 1 
Any combustible matter. 2. Any 
thing that serves to feed passion or 
excitement. 

Fu-GA'CIOUS, a. Ln,t.fugax,fr.fu- 
gere, to flee] Flying, or disposed 
to fly ; volatile. 

FU-GAC'I-TY, n. Quality of being fu- 
gacious ; volatility . 

Fu'Gl-Ti'VE, a. 1. Apt to disappear. 
2. Escaping from duty, service, or 



Syn.— Fleeting: unstable; uncertain; 
volatile; evanescent. 
— n. 1. A runaway ; a deserter. 2. 
One hard to be caught or detained. 

FO'GLE-MAN (150), n. [Ger. flvgeU 
mann, file-leader, fr. Jlvgel, wing.] 
One who stands in front of soldiers 
at drill, as an example or model to 
them ; hence, a director. 

Fugue (fug), n. [Lat. fuga, flight.] 
A musical composition, in which a 
subject is proposed by one part, and 
then responded to by the others. 

FtJL'€RUM, n. ; Lat. pi. ful'cra ' 
Eng. pi. FUL'- 
€RCMS. 



5 La ^ F 

pport. " 



bed-post.] 1. 
prop or suppor 
2. Point about F, Fulcrum. 
which a lever turns in lifting or mov- 
ing a body. 

Ful-fill', I v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A 

FUL-FIL', ) tautological compound 
of full and fill.] 1. To make full or 
complete. 2. To accomplish or carry 
into effect ; to bring to pass. 

Ful-fjll'ment, I n. 1. Accomplish- 

Ful-fil'ment, ) inent ; completion. 
2. Execution ; performance. 

FDl/GEN-CY, n. Brightness ; splendor. 

FtJL'GENT, a. [Lat. fulgere, fulgtns, 
to flash, glitter.] Shining; effulgent 

Fu-LIG'I-NOUS, a. . [L&t.fuliginosus, 
fr. fuligo, soot.] Sooty ; dark ; dusky. 

Full, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. Cf. 
Fill.] 1. Filled up; replete; not 
empty or vacant. 2. Abundantly 
furnished ; copious; ample. 3. Com- 
plete ; perfect. — n. Complete meas- 
ure; utmost extent. — adv. Quite; 
completely; entirely. — v i. To be- 
come wholly illuminated. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ing.] [A.-S. fullian, to make full 
or perfect, to whiten as a fuller.] To 
cleanse, scour, and thicken in a mill, 
as cloth. [is to full cloth. 

Full'er, n. One whose occupation 

Full'er-y, n. Place or works where 
the fulling of cloth is carried on. 



or. do,wotf, TO~0,TOOK; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent; c,G, soft; €,5, hard: Ag*, Exist ; N «NG; tHis. 



FULLIXG-MILL 



178 



FUSILADE 



FuLL'ING-mIll, n. A mill for full- 
ing cloth. 

Full'nEss, i n. State of being full ; 

FyL'NESS, | completeness. 

Ful'ly, adv. In a full manner. 

Syn. — Completely ; entirely ; abun- 
dantly ; sufficiently; perfectly. 

FttL'MI-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. fulminate , -natum, to lighten, 
from fulmen, thunderbolt.] 1. To 
cauae to explode. 2. To send out, as 
a denunciation or censure. 

FOl'MI-NA'tion, n. 1. Act of fulmi- 
nating ; detonation. 2. Menace or 
censure. [striking terror. 

FtJL'MI-NA-TO-RY, a. Thundering ; 

FDl/s6me, a. [A.-S. /&Z,~ foul, and the 
termination some.] Disgusting by 
over-fullness, excess, or grossness. 

FuL's6me-NE88, n. Nauseousness ; 
offensive grossness. 

FUL'VID, la. [L.l&tfulvidus,fr. 

FtJL'VOUS, j Lat. fulvus.] Tawny; 
dull yellow, with a mixture of gray 
and brown. 

FOM'BLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Eng. 
fambles, hands.] 1. To feel or grope 
about. 2. To seek awkwardly. 3. 
To turn over and over. 

FOm'bler, n. An awkward person. 

Fume, n. [Lat. fumus.] 1. Vapor; 
smoke ; reek. 2. Any tbing unsub- 
stantial or airy. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
1. To smoke ; to throw off vapor. 2. 
To pass of in vapors. 3. To be in a 
rage. — v.t. 1. To smoke. 2. To 
disperse in vapor. 

Fu'MI-GATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
fumigare, -gatum, fr. fumus, smoke.] 
To expose to smoke or gas, as in 
cleansing clothing, &c. 

Fu'Mi -GA'TION, n. 1. Act of fumi- 
gating. 2. Vapor ; scent raised by 
jire. [vapor. 

Fum'y, a. Producing fume ; full of 

FtJN, n. [Cf. A.-S.fean, joys.] Sport ; 
merriment. [or dancer. 

Ftr-NAM'BU-LIST, n. A rope-walker 

FUNG'TION, n. [Lnt.functio, fr. fun- 
gi, to perform.] 1. Peculiar or ap- 
pointed action. 2. A quantity so con- 
nected with another, that, if any al- 
teration be made in the latter, there 
will be a consequent alteration in the 
former. [tions. 

FUN€'TION-AL, a. Pertaining tofunc- 

FUN€'TION-A-RY, n. One charged 
with the performance of a function. 

FUND, n. [Lat. fundus, foundation.] 
1. A stock or capital. 2. A store laid 
up, from which one may draw at 
pleasure ; a supply. 3. pi. The stock 
of a national debt ; public securities. 
Sinking fund, a sum of money set apart, 
usually at fixed intervals, for the redemp- 
tion of the debts of government or of a 
corporation. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To pro* 
vide a fund for the payment of the 
interest of. 2. To place in a fund, as 
money. 

FUN'DA-MENT, n. [Lat. fimdamen- 
lum, fr. fundus, bottom.] The seat ; 
the buttocks ; also, the orifice of the 



Fun'DA-mENT'al, a. Pertaining to 
the foundation ; hence, essential ; 
elementary. — n. A leading or pri- 
mary principle ; an essential. 

Fu'ner-al, n. [Lat. funvs.] 1. 
Burial. 2. Procession attending a 
burial. — a. Pertaining to burial. 

Fu-NE'RE-AL (89), a. Suiting a funer- 
al ; hence, dismal. [cence. 

Fun-g6s'i-ty, n. Fungous jxcres- 

FiJN/GOUS, a. Like fungus, or amush- 
rooni ; excrescent. 

Fun'gus, n. ; Lat.pl. fVn'ct, Eng. 
pi. fOn'gus-ES [Lat., mushroom.] 

1. An order of plants, comp ehend- 
ing mushrooms, toad-stools, &c. 2. 
A spongy, morbid growth in animal 
bodies ; proud-flesh. 

Fu'ni-cle, n. [Lat. funiculus, dim. 
of funis, cord, rope.] A small cord 
or ligature ; a fiber. 

FCN'NEL, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. i ifundi- 
bulum, funnel.] 1. A kind of invert- 
ed hollow cone with a pipe : a tun- 
nel. 2. A stove-pipe. 

FiJN'NY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [From 
fun.] Droll ; comical ; sportive. 

FUR, n. [L. Lat. furra, a hai -y skin, 
lcel. fodr, lining.] 1. Short, fine 
hair of certain animals. 2. Peltry. 
3. Any coating considered as resem- 
bling fur. — v. t. [-red; -ring, 
136.] 1. To line or cover with fur. 

2. To cover with morbid matter. 3. 
To nail strips of board on for lathing. 

FUR'BE-LOW, n. [Prov. Yr.farbala, 
Fr. falbald.] A flounce ; plaited 
border. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To put 
a furbelow on. 

FUR'BISH, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. H. 
Ger. furban, to clean.] To rub or 
scour to brightness ; to polish. 

FUR'CATE, la. [Lat. furca, fork.] 

Fur'€A-ted, j Forked ; branching. 

Fur-€A'tion, n. A branching like 
the tinesof a fork. 

FUR'fu-RA'ceous, a. [L&t.furfura- 
ceus, fr. furfur, bran.] Made of, or 
hke, bran ; scurfy. 

Fu'ri-oOs, a. [Lat. furiosus ,fr. furkt,, 
rage.] 1. Transported with passion. 
2. Moving with violence. 

Sytt. — Impetuous ; vehement ; bois- 
terous; raging; fierce; violent; mad. 

FfJ'RI-OUS-LY, adv. With fury. 

Furl, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Contr. fr. 
furdle, a corrup. of fardel, to make 
up in bundles.] To wrap, as a sail, 
close to the yard. 

FUR'LONG, n. [ A. -S. furlang, prop, 
the length of a furrow.] Eighth part 
of a mile. 

FUr'lough (ffir'lo), n. [Ger. verlaub, 
urlaub. See LEAVE.] Leave of ab- 
sence given to an officer or soldier. — 
v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To grant leave 
of absence. 

ISFur'na^e (45), n. [Lat. furnaz.] An 
inclosed place where a hot fire is 
kept, as for melting ores, for warm- 
ing a house, or for baking. 

FUR'NISH, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.; [0. H. 
Ger. frvmjan, to do, act, send.] 1. 
To supply ; to provide. 2. To offer 
for use ; <o afford. 3. To fi f up. 



FUR'NI-TURE (53), n. 1. That with 
which any thing is furnished. 2. 
Chattels; movables; effects; also, 
necessary appendages to any thing. 
as to a machine, &c. 

FOr'ri-er, n. A dealer in furs. 

FUR'ring, n. 1. The nailing on of 
thin strips for lathing, boarding, &c 
2. The strips thus laid on. 

FOr'ROW, n. [A.-S. fur/t.] 1. A 
trench in the earth made b} a plow. 
2. Any trench or channel ; a wrinklo 
on the face. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To plow. 2. To mark with channels 
or wrinkles. 

FUR'THER,a. compar. [positive want- 
ing; superl. FURTHEST.] 1. More 
remote ; more in advance ; farther. 
2. Additional. — adv. To a greater 
distance; moreover. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S.fyrdherian. See lAr 
THER.] To promote; toed /ante, 
to forward. 

FUr'ther-an^E, n. Act of further- 
ing; advancement. 

FOr'ther-er, n. A promoter. 

FOr'ther-more, adv. or conj. More- 
over; besides. 

FUR'ther-most, a. Most remote. 

FUR'thest, a. superl. Most remote; 
farthest. — adv. At the greatest 
distance. 

FUr'tIve, a. [L&t.furtivus, fr. fur 
turn, theft.] Stolen ; obtained by 
stealth ; sly ; secret ; stealthy. 

Fu'RUNC-LE, n. [Lat. fur unculus, lit. 
a petty thief.] A boil. 

Fu'RY (89), n. [Lat. furia, fr. furere, 
to rage.] 1. Violent passion. 2. Vi- 
olent anger; extreme wrath. 3. A 
goddess of vengeance ; hence, a tur- 
bulent, violent woman. 

Furze, n. [A.-S. fyrs.] A thorny 
evergreen shrub with beautiful yel- 
low flowers. [or grayish-black. 

Fus'€oCs, a. [Lat. fuscus.] Brown 

Fu§E,*u. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. fun- 
dere,fusum, to pour, melt.] To dis- 
solve ; to melt. — v. i. To be melt- 
ed ; to melt. — n. A tube filled wi . 
combustible matter, used in blast 
ing, &c. 

FU-£EE', n. 1. 
[Lat. fusus, 
spindle.] Con- 
ical wheel of a 
watch or clock, Fusee, 

designed to equalize the power of the 
main-spring. 2. [See Fuse and Fu- 
sil.] A small, light musket ; a fu- 
sil. 3. A fuse. [fusible. 

Fu'si-BiL'I-TY, n. Quality of being 

FU'§I-BLE, a. [Lat. fundere,fusum, 
to melt.] Capable of being melted. 

Fu'si-form, n. [Lat. fusus, spindle, 
and forma, shape.] Shaped like 2$ 
spindle. 

Fu'siL, n. [From Lat. focus, fire* 
place.] _ A light musket or firelock. 

Fu'glL-LADE', n. A simultaneous 
discharge of fire-arms in a military 
exercise^ 

FU'SIL-LADE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] "0 
shoot down by a simultaneous dis- 
charge of fire-arms. 



I, 6, U, Y,long; A, E, I, 6, 0, Y, Short; CARE- FAR, ASK, ALL WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TlEM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N 



FUSILEEK 



179 



GALIOT 



FC'sIL-eer', \ n. Formerly c soldier 

Fu.-il-ier/ | armed with a fusil ; 
i if modem times, an infantrj soldier 
wearing a bear- skin cap like that of 
a grenadier. 

FU'§ION, re. [Lat. fusio, from fundere, 
to melt.] 1. Act or operation of melt- 
ing, without the aid of a solvent. 
2. State of being melted. 3. Union 
or blending of things into oneness, as 
if melted together. 

Fuss, re. [A.-S.fhs, ready, quick.] A 
tumult ; a bustle ; an annoying ado. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -1NG .] To make a bus- 
tle or ado. 

Fuss'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Mak- 
ing, or disposed to make, a fuss, or 
unnecessary ado about trifles. 

Fust, w. [Cf. Foist and 0. ~Er.fust, 
cask, mustiness.] A strong, musty 
smell ; mustiness. 

Fus'TlAN (t'ust'yan, 68,97), re. [From 
Fostat, or Fossat, i. e., Cairo, where 
it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse 



twilled cotton stuff, including cordu- 
roy, velveteen, &c. 2. An inflated 
style of writing; a swelling style; 
bombast. — a. 1. Made of fustian. 
2. Swelling ; too pompous ; inflated ; 
turgid ; bombastic. 

Fus'TI€, re. [Sy.fustoc, fustete. Cf. 
L&t.fustis, stick, staff, in L. hat. tree.] 
Wood of a tree growing in the West 
Indies, used in dyeing yellow. 

Fust'i-ness, re. A fusty quality ; 
moldiness. 

Fust'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [See 
Fust.] Moldy ; musty ; rank ; ill- 
smelling. 

Fu'tile, a. [Lat. futilis, worthless, 
from fundere, to pour out.] Of no 
weight or importance ; answering no 
valuable purpose ; failing of the de- 
signed effect. 

Syx. — Useless ; vain ; worthless; tri- 
fling. 

Fu-TIL'1-TY, re. Want of importance 
or effect ; uselessness. 




Fut'TOCK, re. [Corrupt. 

either fa. foot-lock or fr. 

foot-hook.] One of the 

middle timbers of a vessel 

between the floor and the 

upper timbers. 

Futtock-plates, plates of 

iron to which the dead-eyes 

are secured. — Futtocl- 

shrouds, small shrouds over 

the lower ones. 
Fut'ure (53), a. [L&t.fu- 

turus, prop. fut. p. of esse, eyes'; 6&,fut- 

to be.] About to be ; lia- tock-plates; 

ble to come hereafter. — c. futtock- 

n. Time to come. shrouds. 

Fu-tu'ri-ty, re. 1. State of being 

yet to come. 2. Time to come. 
FtJZZ, v. i. [See infra.] To fly off in 

minute particles.— re. [Cf. Ger. 

fase, fasen, filament, fiber.] Fine, 

light particles. 
FY, inter j. [H. Ger. pfui, Gr. <f>ev. 

Cf. FlE.] A word expressing blame, 

dislike, disapprobation, or contempt. 



G. 



G(je), the seventh letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet, has two sounds : 
one simple (the hard sound), as in 
gave, go, gull; the other compound, 
like that ofj (the soft sound), as in 
gem, gin, gyve. See Principles of 
Pronunciation, §§ 72-75. 

Gab, n. [See Gape.] The mouth; 
hence, idle prate ; loquacity. — v. i. 
[-BED; -BING, 136.] [A.-S.gabban, 
to scoff, jeer. See supra ] To talk 
idly ; to prate. 

Gab'ar-d'i'ne/ (-deen'), re. [Sp. gab- 
ardina, gaban, a great-coat, with a 
hood.] A kind of coarse frock or 
loose upper garment. 

Gab'ble, v.i. [-ED;-ING.] [Dim. 
of gab.] To prate ; to jabber ; to 
babble, to chatter. — n. Loud or 
rapid talk without meaning. 

Gab'bler, re. One who gabbles. 

Ga'BI-ON, re. [Lat. cavea. See CAGE.] 
A wicker cylinder filled with earth, 
and used in constructing temporary 
defenses. 

Ga'ble, n. [0. H. Ger. gabala, fork, 
gibil, gable, housetop.] Vertical tri- 
angular end of a building, from the 
eaves to the top. 

GXD,re- [A.-S. gad.] 1. Point of a spear. 
2. A wedge-shaped instrument of 
metal. 3. A goad. — v.i [-ded ; 
-DING, 136.] [Cf. Ir. gad, to steal, 
orig. to rove.] To rove idly. 

GXd'-a-bout', ) re. One who roves 

Gad'der, j idly ; a rambler. 

Gad'fly, re. [Eng. gad, goad, and 
fly.] An insect which stings cattle. 

Gae'lic (ga'lik), a. Belonging to the 
Gael, tribes of Celtic origin inhabit- 
ing the Highlands of Scotland. — re. 
Language of the Highlanders. 

GXff , re. [Fr. gaffe , Gael . gaf, gafa.] 



1. A light spear used by fishermen. 

2. A boom, extending the upper edge 
of a fore-and-aft sail. 

Gaf'fer. re. [Contr. fr. godfather.] 
An old fellow ; an aged rustic. 

Gaf'FLE, re. [Icel. gaffall, fork, W. 
gaft, fork, angle.] An artificial spur 
put on game-cocks. 

GlG,v.t. [-ged; -ging,13G.] [A.-S. 
edggian, to lock, shut.] 1. To stop 
the mouth of, by thrusting in some- 
thing ; hence, to silence. 2. To 
cftuse to heave M-ith nausea. — v. i. 
To heave with nausea. — n. Some- 
thing thrust into the mouth to hin- 
der speaking. 

Gage, re. [Fr. gage, from Goth, vadi, 
pledge, A.-S. tcedd.] 1. A pledge or 
pawn. 2. A challenge to combat ; a 
glove cast on the ground by the 
challenger, and taken up by the ac- 
cepter. 3. A measure or standard. 
See Gauge.— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To bind by pledge or security ; to en- 

Gai'e-ty, re. See Gayety. [gage. 

Gai'ly, adv. SeeGAYEY. 

Gain, v. t. [-ed ■; -ing.] [L. Lat. gai- 
nare, to plow, till, fr. 0. H. Ger. wei- 
danon, weidanjan, to feed, hunt.] 
1. To get, as a profit ; to acquire ; 
to win. 2. To be successful in. 3. 
To conciliate. 4. To arrive at. 

Syx. — To win.— Gam implies only 
that we fret something by exerdon; win, 
that we do it in competition with others. 
A person gains knowledge, or gains a 
prize, simply by striving for it ; he wins 
a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it 
from otbers in a struggle between them. 

— v. i. To have advantage or profit ; 
to advance in interest or happiness. 

— re. 1. That which is gained ; profit ; 
advantage ; benefit. 2. Acquisition ; 
accumulation. 



Gain'er, re. One who gains. 

GAIN'FUL, a. 1. Producing profit or 
advantage ; profitable ; advantageous. 
2. Lucrative. 

Gain'FUL-LY, adv. With gain. 

Gain-say', or Gaiint'say, v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. GAINSAID.] [A.-S. gean, 
against, and say.] To contradict; 
to dispute. 

Galn-sAy'er, or Gain'say-er, re. 
One who gainsaj r s or denies. 

GAIR'ISH, a. [Cf. A.-S. gearn, ready, 
gare, streak, stripe, and 0. Eng. gare, 
to stare.] Gaudy ; showy ; affectedly 
fine. 

Gait, re. [See Gate.] 1. Walk ; 
march; way. 2. Manner of walking. 

GAI'TER, re. [Cf. Fr. guetre.] 1. A 
"covering of cloth for the ankle. 2. A 
kind of shoe, covering the ankle. 

Ga'LA, re. [Fr. gala, show, pomp, A.- 
S. gal, wanton, merry.] Pomp, show, 
or festivity. 

Gala-day, a day of mirth and festivity; 
a holiday. 

GAL'AX-Y, re. [Gr. yaAa^ias (sc. kvk.- 
Aos, fr. yd\a, milk.] 1. The Milky 
Way. 2. Any splendid assemblage. 

Gale , re . [Icel. giola,gola, cool wind; 
allied to Lat. gelu, cold, A.-S. galan, 
to congeal.] 1. A wind stronger than 
a stiff breeze. 2. A current of air ; a 
light breeze. 3. A state of excite- 
ment or hilarity. 

Ga'le-ate , ) a. [Lat. galeare, -atus, 

Ga/le-a'ted, J to cover with a hel- 
met.] Covered as with a helmet. 

Ga-ee'na, re. [Lat.] Sulphuret of 
lead ; an ore of lead. 

Gal't-OT, re. [0. Fr. galiot, N. Fr- 
galiote, Sp. galeota, It. galeotta. 
See Galley.] A small galley or 
sort of brigantine, built for chase. 



or, do, wolf, too, 20 OK/ urn rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft.- €,G,hard; AS.; EJIST ; nosng; this 



GALIPOT 



130 



GARBLE 



Gal'i-POT, n. [Fr. galipot, wild pine 
or pitch tree. Of. Gallipot.] A 
white resinous juice from pine or fir 
trees. 

GALL, n. [A.-S. gealla, allied to 
Gr. x oAl M !• ^ ne bitter liquid in 
the gall-bladder, beneath the liver. 

2. Any thing bitter ; spite ; malignity. 

3. [Lat. gal/a.] Excrescence on the 
bark or leaves of a plant. — v. t. 
[•ED; -ING.] [Fr. galer, to scratch, 
gale, scurf, scab. See supra.} 1. To 
excoriate ; to chafe. 2. To tease ; to 
vex. 3. To harass; to annoy. 

GXl'lant, a. [See Gala.] 1. Showy ; 
splendid ; magnificent. 2. High-spir- 
ited ; heroic. 3. (Pron. gal-Ian t'.) 
Polite and attentive to ladies. 

Syn. — Courageous ; brave.— Coura- 
jeour is generic, denoting an inward 
„pirit winch rises above fear ; brave is 
more outward, marking a spirit which 
braves or defies danger; gallant rises still 
higher, denoting bravery on extraordi- 
nary occasions in a spirit of adventure. 
A courageous man is ready for battle : a 
brave man courts it ; a' gallant man 
dashes into the midst of the conflict. 

Gal-lant' (116), n. 1. One fond of 
paying attention to ladies. 2. A 
lover; a suitor. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To attend or wait on, as a lady. 

Gal'lant-ly, adv. Gayly ; nobly ; 
bravely. [wooer. 

Gal-la nt'ly, adv. Like a gallant or 

Gal'lant-ness, n. State of being 
gallant; gayety ; nobleness ; bravery. 

Gal'lant-ry,??. 1. Bravery. 2. Po- 
lite attention to ladies ; in a bad 
sense, intrigue. 

Gal'le-on, n. [See Galley.] A 
large ship, with three or four decks, 
formerly used by the Spaniards. 

Gal'LER-y, n. [Fr. galerie, a gallery, 
orig. a banqueting hall, from gale, 
magnificence. See GALA.] 1. A long 
connecting passage-way. 2. A col- 
lection of paintings, sculptures, &c. 
3. A long platform attached to the 
side of the interior of a building. 4. 
A frame like a balcony, projecting 
from the stern of a ship. 

GAL'LEY, n. [Of. Lat. galea, helmet, 
dim. galeola, a hollow vessel.] 1. A 
low, flat-built vessel, navigated with 
sails and oars. 2. Cook-room of a 
ship of war. 3. A frame for holding 
type that has been set up. 

Gal'ley-slave, n. One condemned 
to work at the oar on a galley. 

GXl'LI€, a. 1. Belonging to, or de- 
rived from, galls. 2. Pertaining to 
Gaul or France. 

Gal'li-cIsm, n. A mode of speech 
peculiar^ to the French. 

Gal'li-cize, V. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
render conformable to the French 
language. 

GXL'Ll-G-AS'KiNg, n. pi. [Either be- 
cause first worn by the Gallic Gas- 
cons, or corrupted from Lat. caligx 
Vasconum, Gascon hose.] 1. Large, 
open hose or trowsers. 2. Leather 
guards worn on the legs by sports- 
men. 

fiXL / Ll-NA'CEOu's, a. [Lat. gallinace- 



11s, from gallina, hen, gallus, cock.j 
Belonging to an order of birds in- 
cluding the common domestic fowls. 

GAL'Ll-lNiP/PER, n. [Prob. from gall 
and nip.] A large mosquito. 

Gal'li-poT, n. [Prob. a fine painted 
pot, from Fr. gala, show, finery.] A 
small, glazed earthen pot, used by 
apothecaries. 

Gal'lon, n. [0. Fr. galon, jalon.] 
A measure of capacity containing 
four quarts. 

GAL-LOON', n. [Fr. galon, from gala, 
show. See Gala.] A ribbon or tape- 
like tissue for binding garments, &c. 

GAl'lop, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [Goth. 
ga-hlavpan, A.-S. gehleapan. See 
Leap.] 1. To run with leaps or 
bounds, as a horse. 2. To move 
very rapidly. — n. A mode of run- 
ning by a quadruped in successive 
leaps or bounds. 

GXl'LO-WAY, n. A species of horses, 
of a small size, first bred in Gallo- 
way, in Scotland. 

GXl'i.ows (gahlus), n. sing.; pi. 
gal'lows-es. [A.-S., Goth, galga.] 
1. An instrument for hanging a 
criminal. 2. pi. A pair of suspend- 
ers or braces. 

Ga-loche' (ga-losh'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
galliba, (sc. crepida), a Gallic shoe.] 

1. An overshoe. 2. A gaiter to cover 
the upper part of the foot. 

Gal-vXn'I€, a. Pertaining to, con- 
taining, or exhibiting, galvanism. 

Gal'VA-nism, n. [From Galvani, the 
discoverer] Electricity developed by 
chemical action between different 
substances. [vanism. 

Gal'va-njst, n. One versed in gal- 

Gal'va-nize, v. t. [-ed;-ing] 1. 
To affect with galvanism. 2. To 
plate or coat with metal, as zinc, 
properly by means of galvanism.* 

Gam/bit, n. [Fr., fr. 0. Fr. gambier, 
to march, walk,fr. gamb", for jambe, 
leg.] {Chess-playing.) A mode of 
opening the game. 

GXm'ble,!-. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Dim. 
of game.] To play for money or 
other stake. 

Gam'bler, n. One whogambles. 

Gam-boge', or GAM-boge', n. A 
concrete vegetable juice, of a beau- 
tiful reddish-yellow color. 

GAM'BOL,r. i. [-ED, -ING; or -LEX), 
-LING, 137.] To dance and skip 
about in sport. — n. [Fr. gambade, 
fr. 0. Fr. gambe, for jambe, leg.] A 
skipping about in frolic ; a skip. 

Gam'brel, n. [0. Fr. gambe, for 
jambe, leg.] 1. Hind leg of a horse. 

2. A stick crooked like a horse's leg, 
used by butchers. 

Game,?!. [A.-S. gamen, gomen.] 1. 
Sport of any kind; jest; frolic. 2. A 
contrivance or arrangement to fur- 
nish sport or amusement. 3. A single 
match at play. 4. Animals hunted. 
5. Scheme pursued. —a. Ready to 
fight to the last, like a game-cock ; 
courageous ; brave. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To play at any sport. 2. 
To play for a stake ; to gamble. 



GAME'-€OCK, n. Accck bred to fight 

Game'-LEG, n. [W. cam, or gam, 
crooked.] A lame or crooked leg. 

GA.ME's6ME, a. Gay; frolicsome. 

Game'ster, n. lEng. game and the 
suffix ster.} A gambler. 

GAm'mer, n. [Contr. fr. godmother] 
An old wife ; — correlative of gaffer. 

Gam'mon, n. [0. Fr. gambon, N. Fr, 
jambon, from gambe, jambe, leg.'] L 
A smoked ham. 2. Backgammon. 3. 
An imposition or hoax. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To make bacon of. 2. To 
beat in a certain way at backgam- 
mon. 3. To impose on ; to humbug 

GXm'UT, n. [Gr. yafxpa, third letter 
of the Gr. alphabet, and ut, name ot 
musical note.] The musical scale. 

Gam'y, a. 1. Having the flavor of 
dead game on the verge of being 
tainted. 2. Showing an unyielding 
spirit to the last. 

GXn'der, n. [A.-S. gandra, ganra, 
from gos, Eng. goose.] Male of the 



GANG, n. [A.-S. gang, a going pace, 
way, gallery.] 1. A company; — 
ordinarily used of persons in low or 
servile positions. 2. SeeGANGUE. 

GAN'GLl-ON, n. [Gr. yayykiov, a 
swelling, tumor.] 1. A collection of 
nerve cells from which nerve fibers 
proceed. 2. A lymphatic gland. 3. A 
hard, indolent tumor, on a tendon. 

Gan'GRENE, n. [Gr. ydyypcuva., from 
■ypcuVeiv, to gnaw, eat.] First stage 
of mortification of living fle-sh. — v. i. 
To become mortified ; to lose vitality . 

Gan'gre-nous, a. Mortified; putri- 
fied. 

Gangue (gang), n. [Fr.,equiv. to Ger. 
gang, a metallic vein.] Mineral sub- 
stance inclosing any metallic ore in 
the vein. 

GAng'way, k. A passage or way, 
into or out of ~ny inclosed place. 

Gant'LET, ) n. [ Gantlet, for gaunt- 

Gant'lope, ) let, an iron glove, 
corrupted fr. gantlope ; gantlope, for 
gatelope, fr. L. Ger. gate, a lane, and 
lopen, to run.] A military punish- 
ment in which the offender is made 
to run between two files of men , who 
strike him as he passes. 

GAOL (jal), n. See JAIL. 

GXp,m. [See Gab and Gape.] An 
opening made by breaking or part- 
ing; breach. 

Gape (in Eng. commonly pron. gap), 
v.i. [-ED; -iNfi.] [A.-S. geapan* 
to open.] 1. To open the mouth 
wide ; to yawn. 2. To open, as a gap. 
— n. 1. Act of gaping. 2. Width ot 
the mouth when opened, as of birds. 

Garb, n. [0. H. Ger. gar awl, gar wi, 
ornament, dress.] 1 Clothing; 
dress. 2. Fashion of dress ; hence, 
exterior appearance. 

GXr'BAGE, n. [0. Fr. garber, to make 
fine, neat, fr. A.-S. gearwian, to pre- 
pare.] Offal ; the refuse matter from 
a kitchen. 

Gar'ble, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
Lat. cribellum, dim. of cribrum. 
sieve.] 1. To sift or bolt. 2. To pick 



\ E, I, o. u, Y,long; &,% I, 6, U, Y, short: cAre, far, ask, all, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON 



GARBLES 



n 



GAZE 



out such parts of as may serve a pur- 
pose ; to mutilate. [or selects. 

Gar'bler, n. Oue who garbles, sifts, 

Gar'djen ( 72), n. [from A.-S. ge'ard, 
Eng. yard. See GIRD, «.] 1. Place 
for the cultivation of fruits, flowers, 
or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-culti- 
vated tract of country. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cultivate a garden. 

Gar'd.en-er (gar'dn-er), n. One who 
makes and tends a garden. 

Ga.r'd.en-ing, n. Art of cultivating 
gardens ; horticulture. 

GXR'GLE, v. t, [-ED ; -ING.] [Ger. 
gurgel, throat. See GURGLE.] io 
wash or rinse, as the mouth or thro.it. 
— 7i. A liquid preparation for wash- 
ing the mouth. 

Gar'govle, n. [See Gargle.] A 
projecting water-spout in ancient 
buildings. 

GAR'LAND, n. [0. Sp. guarlanda, fr. 

0. II. Ger. wiara, wiera, crown, with 
the suffix ancla.] A wreath or chap- 
let of branches, flowers, feathers, 
&c. ; a coronal. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To crown or deck with a garland. 

Gar'LIG, ft. [A.-S. garledc, from gar, 
spear, and leak, leek, from the leaves 
rising like spears.] A plant, having 
a strong smell, and an acrid, pungent 
taste. 

oAR'MENT, n. [0. Eng. garnement, 
fr. garnir, to garnish.] Any article 
of clothing. 

Gar'ner, n. [Lat. granarium. See 
GRAIN.] A granary ; place where 
grain is stored. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To store in a granary. 

Gar'net, ft. [L. Lat. granatus (so. 
lapis), from Lat. granatum (sc. ma- 
lum), pomegranate, from its resemb- 
lance to the seeds of the pomegran- 
ate.] A mineral of a deep -red color. 

Gar'nish, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
guarnir, warnir, to warn, protect, fr. 
A.-S. warnian, to take care, beware.] 

1. To adorn ; to embellish. 2. To 
ornament, as a dish with something 
laid about it. 3. (Lavj.) To give 
notice to. — ft. 1. Decoration; orna- 
ment. 2. Something set round a 
dish as an embellishment. 

Gar'nisii-ee', n. One in whose hands 
the property of another has been at- 
tached; a trustee. 

Gar'NISh-ment, n. 1. Ornament ; 
decoration. 2. Legal notice to one 
to appear and give information to a 
court. 

Gar'ni-ture (53), n. That which 
garnishes ; embellishment. 

Gar'ret, ft. [0. Fr. garite, place of 
refuge ; sentinel-box, from garir, to 
preserve, fr. Goth, varjan.] Part of a 
house immediately under the roof. 

Gar'ret-eer', ft. An inhabitant of 
a garret ; a poor author. 

Gar'ri-son (-sn), n. [0. Eng. garni- 
soun. See Garnish.] 1. A body of 
troops in a fort or fortified town. 2. 
A strong place, in which troops are 
quartered. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
secure by a garrison. 

Gar-rote', n. [Sp., fr. garra, cl *w, 



talon.] A Spanish mode of execution 

by strangulation, -with an iron collar 

screwed tight. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To strangle with the garrote; hence, 

to seize by the throat from behind, 

so as to strangle and rob. 

GAR-ROT'ER, ft. One who garrote3 a 

person. [quacity. 

Gar-ru'li-ty, ii. Talkativeness ; lo- 

Gar'ru-LOUS, a. [Lat. garrulus, fr. 

gamre, to chatter.] Indulging in 

long, prosy talk, with repetition. 

Syx. — Talkative ; loquacious. — A 
garrulous person indulges in Ion?:, prosy 
talk, with frequent repetitions and 
lengthened details ; talkative implies 
simply a great desire to tulk; and loqua- 
cious a great flow of words at command. 
A child is talkative ; a lively woman is 
loquacious ; an old man in his dotage is 
garrulous. 

Gar'TER,/i. [Fr. jarreticre. See GAR- 
ROTE.] 1. A band used to tie a 
stocking to the leg. 2. Highest order 
of knighthood in Great Britain. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To bind with 
a garter. 2. To invest with the order 
of the Garter. 

Gas, n. [Fr. gaz ; a word invented by 
Van Helmont. Cf. A.-S. gctst, Ger. 
geist, spirit, ghost.] An aeriform 
elastic fluid, especially one used for il- 
luminating purposes. 

Gas'gon-ade', m. [Fr., fr. Gascon, 
an inhabitant of Gascony.] A boast 
or boasting ; a vaunt. — v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To boast ; to brag ; to vaunt. 

Gas'e-ous, a. 1. In the form of gas. 
2. Lacking solidity ; tenuous. 

Gas'-f'ixt'ure , n. A bracket or 
chandelier for gas. 

Gash, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. fr. 
Fr. hachcr, to hew, chop.] To make 
a gash, or long, deep incision in. — 
ft. A deep and long cut, particularly 
in flesh. [verting into gas. 

Gas'i-fi-ga'tion, n. Act of con- 

Gas'i-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. gas and Lat. facere, to make.] 
To convert into gas. 

Gas'KET, ft. [Fr. garcette.] A flat, 
plaited cord used to furl the sail, or 
tie it to the yard. 

Gas'-me'ter, n. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity of gas con- 
sumed in a given time. 

Gas-om'E-ter, n. A gas-holder or 
reservoir. [gases. 

Gar-om'e-try, n. Art of measuring 

Gasp, v. ?'. [-ED ; -ing.] [Iccl. geis- 
pa, to gape.] 1. To labor for breath. 
2. To pant with eagerness. — v. t. 
To emit with gaspings. — n. A pain- 
ful catching of the breath. 

Gas'TRIG, a. [Gr. yao-r-qp, belly, stom- 
ach.] Belonging to the stomach. 

Gas-triL'o-quy, n. [Gr. yao-rqp, bel- 
ly, and Lat. loqui, to speak.] A 
voice or utterance appearing to pro- 
ceed from the stomach ; ventriloquy. 

GAS-TRON'O-MER, ft. [Gr. yaar-qp, 
belly, and i>6p.og, law.] One fond of 
good living ; an epicure. 

Gas'tro-nom'ig, ) a. Relating to 

GasTRO-nom'ig-al, j gastronomy. 

Gas-tron'o-mist , n. A gastronomer. 



Gas-tron'o-my, ». Art or science o 
good eating ; epicurism. 

Gate, n. [A.-S. geat, gat, gate, door, 
fr. A.-S. getan, Eng. get.] 1. A pas- 
sage-way in the wall of a city, a 
grand edifice, &c. ; also, the frame- 
work which closes the passage. 2. 
An avenue ; a means of entrance. 

GATE'-WAY, h. A passage through a 
fence or wall ; a gate. 

Gath'er, v. t. [-ed ; -INC.] [A.-S. 
gaderian, gadherian, from gador, at, 
the same time.] 1. To bring togeth- 
er ; to collect. 2. To harvest ; to 
pick. 3. To draw together, as a picco 
of cloth, by a thread ; to plait. 4. 
To infer ; to conclude. — v. i. 1. To 
come together; to collect. 2, To 
come to a head, as a sore. — n. A 
fold made by drawing a thread 
through. 

Gath'er-ing, ft. That which is 
brought together, as a crowd. 

Gat'ling-gijn, ft. [From the in- 
ventor, Gatling.] A revolving ma- 
chine-gun. 

Gaud'i-ly, adv. In a gaudy manner. 

GAUD'Y.a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Osten- 
tatiously fine ; showy. 

Gauge (gUj), v. t. _ [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. ganger, gaugier.] To ascertain 
the contents of, as of a pipe or hogs- 
head. — ft. 1. An instrument to de- 
termine dimensions or capacity. 2. Di- 
mensions ; estimate. 3. Apparatus 
for measuring t'.ie state of a phenom- 
enon. 4. Position with reference to 
a vessel and to the wind. 5. Dis- 
tance between the rails of a railway. 

Gau'ger, ft. An officer whose busi- 
ness is to ascertain the contents of 
casks. 
dtxAUNT (gant), a. [Perh. contr. from 
A.-S. gewaned, waned, diminished.] 
Lean ; meager. 

Gaunt'let, ft. [Fr. gantelet, from 
gant, glove.] 1. A large glove with 
plates of metal on the back. 2. A 
long glove, covering the wrist. 

GAUZE, ft. [Introduced from Gaza, 
in Palestine.] A very thin, transpar- 
ent stuff, cf silk or linen. 

GAVE, imp. of Give. 

Gav'el, ft. [0. Fr. gavelle, dim. from 
Lat. capulus, handle.] 1. A small 
heap of grain, not tied up. 2. Mallet 
of a presiding officer. 

Gawk, ft. [A.-S. gedc, gdc, cuckoo, 
simpleton.] 1. A cuckoo. 2. A sim- 
pleton ; a booby. 

Gawk'y,o. [-er; -est, 142.] Foolish 
and awkward ; clumsy and clownish. 
— «. An awkward, stupid fellow; 
a clown ; a lout 

Gay, a. [-er; -est.] [0. II. Ger. 
ga/ti, headlong, swift, excellent.] L 
Excited with merriment or delight. 
2. Having many or showy colors. 

Sy^. — Merry; gleeful; blithe; livcl/j 
frolicsome; jovial; vivacious. 

GrAY'E-TY, ft. 1. State of benrj g?y? 
merriment. 2. Finery ; show. 

Gay'ly, adv. 1. With mirth; mer- 
rily. 2. Splendidly ; showily. 

Gaze, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Gr. 



or, dq, wolf, too, TOOK; ORN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, g, hard; Af, ; EXIST ; N as NG ; this 



GAZELLE 



182 



GENIUS 



ayd£eo-Oai, to be astonished, and 
A. -IS. gdsan, to smite.] To fix the 
eyes in a steady and earnest look. 

Syn. — To gape; stare. — To gaze is to 
look with fixed and prolonged attention, 
awakened by excited interest or elevated 
emotion; to gape is to look fixedly, with 
open mouth and feelings of ignorant 
wonder; to store is to look with the fixed- 
ness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover 
of nature f/azes with delight on the beau- 
ties of the landscape ; the rustic gapes 
with wonder at the strange sights of a 
large city ; the idiot stares on those 
around with a vacant look. 
— n. 1. A fixed or eager look. 2. 
Object gazed on. 

Ga-zelle', n. [Ar. gaza', a wild 
goat.J A small, swift, graceful ante- 
lope, found ia northern Africa. 

Gaz'ER, n. One who gazes. 

Ga-zette', n. [From gazzetta, a Ve- 
netian coin, worth about 3 farthings, 
price of the first newspaper published 
at Venice.] A newspaper; esp., an 
official newspaper or journal. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To publish in a ga- 
zette ; to announce officially. 

Gaz'et-teer', n. A geographical 
dictionary. 

Gaz'ing-stock, n. A person gazed 
at with scorn. 

GEAR, 11. [A.-S. geara, gearwa, pro- 
vision, furniture.] 1. Manufactured 
material ; goods. 2. Clothing ; orna- 
ments ; dress. 3. Horse- trappings. 
4. A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels 
collectively, or their connection with 
each other. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
dress ; to put on gear ; to harness. 

GEAR'ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. A train 
of wheels for transmitting and vary- 
ing motion in machinery. 

GEE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Prob. from 
A.-S. gegan, to go.] To turn from 
the driver, said of cattle ; — used in 
the imperative. 

fiEESE, n. pi. of Goose. 

GEL'A-BLE, a. [Lat. gelare, to con- 
geal.] Capable of being congealed 
or converted into jelly. 

GE-LAT'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To convert into gelatine, or into a 
substance resembling jelly. 

GEL'A-TINE, n. [From Lat. gelare, to 
congeal.] An animal substance that 
dissolves in hot water, and forms a 
jelly on cooling. 

GE-lXt'i-nous, a. Of the nature of 
gelatine; resembling jelly. 

Geld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gelded, 
or GELT.] [A.-S. gylte, castrated.] 

1. To castrate. 2. To deprive of any 
_ thing essential. 3. To expurgate. 
Geld'ing, n. 1. Act of castrating. 

2. A castrated horse. 

£el'ID, a. [Lat. gelidus, from gelu, 
. frost.] Cold ; very cold. 

Cem, n. [Lat. gemma.] 1. A bud. 
2. A precious stone of anv kind ; a 
jewel. — v. t. [-med; -MING, 136.] 
To adorn with gems. 

GEM-MA'TION, n. Formation of a 
new individual by protrusion of anv 
part of an animal or plant, which 
may then become free or remain 
connected with the parent stalk 



6em'ME-ol;s, a. Pertaining to, or 
re embling, gems. 

GEM-MiF'ER-O0S,a. [Lat. gemmifer ; 
gemma, bud, and/>m\ to produce.] 
Producing, or multiplying by, buds. 

GENDARME (zhong'diirm 7 ), n.; pi. 
GE N H- J>' A RM E S, or GEN- 
DARMES. [Vv., a man at arms.] 
An armed policeman. 

Gen'der, n. [Lat. genus, generis, 
birth, descent, kind, gender.] 1. Sex. 
2. A difference in words to express 
distinction of sex. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To beget ; to engender. 

6en'e-a-log'I€-al, a. Pertaining 
to genealogy. 

Gen'e-al'o-gYst, n. One who traces 
the descent of persons or families. 

GEN'E -al'o-gize, v. i. To relate the 
history of de?ce»ta. 

6en / E-AL'0-GY, 11. [Gr. yeveakoyCa ; 
■yei/ea, birth, descent, and Aoyo?, 
discourse.] 1. History of the de- 
scent of a person or family from an 
ancestor; pedigree. 2. Lineage. 

6en'er-A, n. ; pi. of Genus. 

GEN'ER-AL, a. 1. Ptclating to a ge- 
nus or kind. 2. Comprehending 
many species or individuals. 3. Lax 
in signification. 4. Widely spread ; 
prevalent ; extensive. 5. Having a 
relation to all. 

Syn. — Common ; universal.— Com- 
mon denotes that a thing is very often 
met with ; general is stronger, denoting 
that it pertains to a majority of the indi- 
viduals which compose a genus orwholc; 
universal, that it pertains to all without 
exception. To be able to read and write 
is so cmnmonnn attainment in this coun- 
try tint. we mny pronounce it general, 
though by no means universal. 

— it. 1. The whole. 2. Chief officer 
in an administration ; especially, one 
of the chief military officers of a gov- 
ernment. 

GEN'ER-AL-Is'si-MO, n. [It.] Chief 
commander of an army force. 

GEN'ER-AL'I-TY, vi. 1. State cf being 
general. 2. A general or vague state- 
ment or phrase. 3. Main body ; the 
bulk. [generalizing. 

GCn'er-al-i-za'tion, n. Act of 

GEN'ER-AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To bring under a genus or under 
genera. 2. To make universal in 

# application, as a formula or rule. 

GEN'ER-AL-LY, adv. 1. In general ; 
commonly ; extensively. 2. In the 
main ; on the whole. 

GEN'er-al-ship, ii. 1. Office of a 
general. 2. Skill and conduct of a 
general officer. 

GEN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. generate, -ratum. See GEN- 
DER.] 1. To beget ; to procreate. 2. 
To originate ; to produce ; to cause. 

Gen'er-A'tion, ??. 1. Act of gener- 
ating or begetting. 2. Origination 
by some process ; formation. 3. 
Progeny ; offspring. 4. A single suc- 
cession in natural descent ; hence, 
the people living at one period ; also, 
an age. 5- Race; kind: breed. 

GEN'E r-a-tYve , a. Having the pow- 
er of generating 



i, 6, u, \,long; A, £, 1, 6, tJ,Y ,s/iorf; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere,, veil, :Saai; pique, firm; 



GEN'ER-A'TOR, n. One who, or that 
which, generates. 

6e-NER'ic, ( a. 1. Pertaining to 

GE-ner'1€-al, | a genus or kind. 
2. Very compiehensive. 

GEN'er-6s'I-ty, M. 1. Quality oi 
being generous ; nobleness of birth 
or of soul. 2 Liberality in giving. 

Syn. — Magnanimity; liberality; mu- 
nificence. 

GEN'ER-ofis, a. [Lat. generosus. See 
GENDER.] 1. Noble; honorable; 
spirited. 2. Open-handed; munifi- 
cent. 3. Abundant. 4. Strong ; 
exciting. 

Syn. —Liberal; magnanimous; boun- 

# tiful. 

GEN'ER-OUS-LY, adv. In a generous 
manner. 

CiEN'E-SIS, n. [Gr. yeveo-is, fr. y£vea>, 
to beget, be born.] 1. Act of givii.g 
birth or origin to any thing ; forma- 
tion ; origination. 2. First book of 
the Old Testament. 

GEN'E T, n. [0. fi]>.ginete, horse, Gr. 
■ytWos, a dwarfed horse.] 1. A small- 
sized Spanish horse ; a jennet. 2. 
[Fr. genette.] A carnivorous animal, 
allied to the civet. 

Ge-net'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

GE-NET'I€-AL, J concerned with, the 
genesis of any thing. [to origin. 

Ge-n£t'I€-AL-LY, adv. In reference 

GE-NE'VA, n. [Fr. genevre, genievre, 
juniper, gin.] A spirit distilled from 
grain, and flavored with juniper-ber- 
ries. 

Ge'NI-AL, a. [Lat. genialis. See GE- 
NIUS.] 1. Contributing to propaga- 
tion ; generative ; productive. 2. Sym- 
pathetically cheerful and cheering. 

Ge'ni-al'i-TY, n. Quality of being 

^ genial ; sympathetic cheerfulness. 

GE-NIG'U-LA'TION, n. [Lat. genicu- 
lum , a little knee.] State of being 
bent abruptly at an angle. 

GEN'I-TAL, a. [Lat. genitalis ; gen ere , 
to beget.] Pertaining to generation 

GEN'l-TALs, 7i. pi. The sexual organs. 

GEN'I-TiVE, n. [Lat. genitivvs, frrm 
gignere, to beget.] A case in the de- 
clension of nouns, expressing such 
relations as are expressed in English 
by of. — a. Pertaining to, or indi- 
cating, origin, possession, &c. 

GfcN'l-TOR, n. A sire : a father. 

Gen'IUS (jSn/yus,!!!),^. [Lat., prop, 
the divine nature which is innate in 
every thing, talent, from genere, to 
beget.] 1. Special taste, inclination, 
or disposition. 2. Distinguished men- 
tal superiority ; esp., superior power 
of invention. 3- A man endowed 
with uncommon vigor of mind. 4. 
Peculiar character. 

Syx.— Talent. — Genivs implies high 
And peculiar gifts of nature, impelling 
the mind to certain favorite kinds of 
mental effort, smd producing new com- 
binations of'ideas, imagery, &c. Talehl 
supposes general strength of intellect, 
with a peculiar aptitude for being mold- 
ed ;md directed to specific employments, 
rnd valuable ends and purposes. Gen- 
ius is connected more or less with the 
exercise of imagination, and reachesits 
tnds by a kind of intuitive power. Tal- 

SON 



GENIUS 



183 



GIANT 



ent depends more on high mental train- 
ing", and a perfect command of all the 
faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, 
&c. Hence we speak of a genius for poe- 
try, painting, &c, and a talent tor busi- 
ness or diplomacy. 

Ge'xi-us, n. ; pi. ge'ni-i. 1. A 
tutelary deity supposed by the an- 
cieuts to preside over a man's desti- 
ny in life ; heuce, a supernatural 
being. 2. Animating spirit. 

&EN-TEEL', a. [Lat. gentilis, belong- 
ing to the same race, fr. gens, race, 
stock, family.] 1. W T ell bred; easy 
in manners. 2. Elegant in appear- 
ance, dress, or manner. 

Syk. — Polite; refined; fashionable. 

6en-teel'ly (109), adv. In a gen- 
teel manner. 

UEN'TIAN (jen'shan), n. [Lat. genti- 
ana, fr. a certain king Gentius.] A 
bitter plant used in stomachic bitters. 

ClEN'TlLE, n. [Lat. gentilis, belong- 
ing to the same clan or stock.] One 
of a non-Jewish nation ; a worship- 
er of false gods ; a heathen. — a. 1. 
Of pagan or heathen people. 2. De- 
noting a race or country. [ganism. 

6e\'til-Ts_m, n. Heathenism ; pa- 

GEN-txl'i-ty, n. Politeness of man- 
ner ; graceful and easy behavior. 

GEN'tle (jen'tl), a. [-ER; -est.] 
[Lat. gentilis.] 1. Of a good family or 
respectable birth. 2. Soft and refined 
v l manners. 3. Quiet and docile. 4. 
toothing. 

Syx. — Mild ; meek ; tame. — Gentle 
describes the natural disposition ; tame, 
that which is subdued by training; mild 
implies a temper which is, by nature, 

' not easily provoked ; meek; a spirit which 
has been schooled to mildness by disci- 
pline or suffering. The lamb is'gentte ; 
the domestic fowl is tame; John, the 
apostle, was mild; Moses was meek. 

G£n'tle-f6lk (-fuk), or Gen'tle- 
folks (-foks), n. pi. Persons of 
good breeding and family. 

Gen'tle-man (150), a. [See Gen- 
teel.] 1. A man who is well born. 

2. One of gentle or refined manners. 

3. One who bears arms, but has no 
# title. 

GEn'tle-man-ly, a. Pertaining to, 
or becoming a gentleman ; polite. 

GEN'tle-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being gentle. 

6en'tle-wom'an (150), n. A wom- 
an of good family or good breeding. 

6en'TLY, adv. Softly ; meekly. 

GEN'TRY, n. [For gentlery, fr. gentle.] 
People of education and good breed- 
ing ; in England, people between the 
nobility and the vulgar. 

GE'NU-FLEe'TION, or GEN'U-FLE€'- 
TION, n. [Lat. genu, knee, and 
Jlexio, a bending.] Act of bending 
the knee, particularly in worship. 

Gen'U-ine, a. [Lat. gfr.uinus, from 
genere, to beget, to be born.] Be- 
longing to the original stock ; hence, 
not spurious. 

Syn. —Authentic ; real ; true ; pure. 

GEN'U-INE-LY, adv. In a genuine 
manner. [of being genuine. 

GiiN'u-INE-NESS, n. State or quality 



Gfi'NUS, n. ; pi. gen'e-ra. [Lat., 
fr. genere, gignere, to engender.] 1. 
(Logic.) A class of objects divided 
into several subordinate species. 2. 
(Science.) An assemblage of species 
subordinate to tribe and sub-tribe. 

GE/0-£EN'TRI€, la. [Gr. ye'a, or 

GE'O-^EN'TRIC-AL, ( y7),eartii, and 
nevrpov, center.] Having reference 
to the earth as center. 

GE-6d'e-sy, n. [Gr. yeojSaio-ux, from 
ye'a, yij, earth, and Saietv, to divide.] 
That branch of surveying in which 
the curvature of the earth is taken 
into account. 

GE-OG'O-NY, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 
earth, and yoi/i?, generation.] Doc- 
trine of the formation of the earth. 

GE-og'ra-pher, n. One who is 
versed in geography. 

GE'o-graph'ig, I a. Pertaining 

Ge'O-GrXph'ic-al, J to geography. 

GE-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. yeioypa^u'a, 
yea, yrj, the earth, and ypatyrj, de- 
scription.] The science whicli treats 
of the world and its inhabitants. 

GE'o-LOG're, ) a. Pertaining to 

GE'o-LOG'I€-AL, j geology. 

Ge-6l'o-gist, n. One versed in ge- 
ology, [study geology. 

GE-OL'O-GIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 

GE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 
earth, and Aoyo?, discourse.] Science 
which treats of the structure and 
mineral constitution of the globe and 

t of its history. 

GE'O-MAN'CY, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 
earth, and pavreCa, divination.] Div- 
ination by means of figures or lines, 
formed by little dots or points. 

(iE-OM'E-TER, n. A geometrician. 

GE'o-MET'Rre, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

GE'O-MET'Rre-AL, J or according to, 
the rules or principles of geometry. 

GE-om'e-trI'cian (-trTsh'an),?!. One 
skilled in geometry ; a geometer. 

GE-OM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. yeoojueTpia, fr. 
ye'a, yrj, the earth, and ixerpelv, to 
measure.] That branch of mathe- 
matics which treats of solids, sur- 
faces, lines, and angles. 

GE'O-PON'ICS, n. sing. [Gr. ra yew- 
irov^ica, fr. yea, yrj, the earth, and 7rov- 
ikos, toilsome.] Art or science of cul- 
tivating the earth. [poem. ' 

GEOR'GIG, n. [See infra.] A rural 

GEOR'GI€, la. [Gr. yewpyi/cos, 

GEOR'GI-e-AL, ) belonging to tillage, 
fr. ye'a, yrj, the earth.] Delating to 
agriculture and rural affairs. 

GE-RA'NI-tJM, n. [Lat.; Gr. yepdvtov, 
from ye'pavos, crane.] A genus of 

( plants having a beak-like receptacle. 

GERM (14), n. [Lat. germen, fr. ge- 
rere, to bear.] 1. That which is to 
develop an embryo ; an ovary ; a 

t bud. _2. Origin ; first principle. 

Ger-main', a. Same as Germane. 

GEr'MAN, a. [Lat. germanus, full, 
own (said of brothers and sisters 
who have the same parents).] Near- 
ly related; closely akin. 

Consins german, cousins having the 
same grandfather. 
— a. Belonging to Germany. — n. 



(150). 1. A native of Germany. 2. 
The German language. 
GER-MANE', a. Lit., near akin; 

hence, closely allied ; relevant. 
G£r'MAN-i§m, n. An idiom of the 

German language. 
Ger'sii-nal, a. Pertaining to a g^rm. 
GER'MI-NATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.J 
[L&t.germinare,-natum.] Tosprout: 
to bud; to shoot. — v. t. To causo 
to sprout. 
GER'MI-NA'TlON,ra. 1. Act of sprout- 
ing. 2. Time in which seeds vegetate, 
after being planted. 

GER'UND, n. [Lat. gerundium, from 
gerere, to bear.] (Lat. Gram.) A 
kind of verbal neuter noun, govern- 
ing cases like a participle. 

GES-TA'TION, n. [Lat. gestatio, fr. 
gestare, to bear, to carry.] 1. Act of 
carrying young in the womb ; preg- 
t nancy. 2. Passive exercise. 

GES'TI€, a. [Lat. gestus, carriage, 
gesture.] Pertaining to feats of arms ; 
legendary. 

Ges-tic'u-late, v.i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. gestir.idari, -latum.] To make 
gestures or motions. — v. t. To rep- 
resent by gesture. 

6ES-Tl€''u-EA'TlON,n. 1. Act of ges- 
ticulating. 2. A gesture, [ticulates. 

Ges-t'1€'U-la / tor, n. One who ges- 

GiST'URE (53), n. [Lat. gerere, ges- 
tum, to bear, act.] A motion of the 
body or limbs expressive of sentiment 
or passion. — v.i. [-ed; -ING.] To 

_ make gestures ; to gesticulate. 

GET, v. t. [imp. GOT ; p. p. GOT 
(GOTTEN, obsolescent).] [A.-S. ge- 
tan, gitan.] 1. To procure; to ob- 
tain; to acquire, by almost any 
means. 2. To possess (with have). 3 
To beget ; to procreate. 4. To pre 
vail on ; to induce. 5. To procure 
to be, or to occur. — v.i. To come 

_ to be; to become. 

GEWGAW, n. [Of. Tr.joujou, play- 
thing, and Eng. gaud, ornament.] A 

_ showy trifle. 

GEY'ser, n. [Icel. geysa, to be im- 
pelled.] A fountain in Iceland which 
spouts forth boiling water. 

Ghast'li-ness (gast'-), n. A death- 
like look. 

Ghast'ly, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [A.- 
S. gastlic, ghostly, spiritual.] 1. 
Ghost-like ; death-like ; pale. 2. 

_ Horrible ; shocking. 

GHER'KIN (gur'kin), n. [Ger. gurke.] 
A_small cucumber for pickling. 

Ghost (gost), n. [A.-S. gast.] 1. The 
spirit; the soul. 2. Soul of a de- 
ceased person ; an apparition. 

Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit ; (T/ieol.) 
the third person in the Trinity. 

Ghost'ly (gost'ly), a. 1. Relating 
to the soul ; spiritual. 2. Pertain- 
ing to apparitions. 

Ghoul (gJbl), n. [Per. gh6L] An 
imaginary evil being among Eastern 
nations, thought to prey on the 

# dead. 

GI'ant, n. [Gr. yiyas, yiyavros, prop, 
the same as yrjyei/T/s, earth-born.] A 
man of extraordinary stature. — a. 



or, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; e,i, o.sUent; q.,b,soft; €,G,hard; is; E^ist; n as NG ; this. 



GIANTESS 



184 



GLAD 



'"SMp^' 



Like a giant ; extraordinary in size 
or strength. 
Gi'ant-ess, to. A female giant. 
Giaour (jour), n. [Turk, giaour.] 
An infidel ; — applied by the Turks 
to disbelievers in Mohammedanism. 
Gnj'BER,u.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Allied to 
jabber, and gabble.] To speak rapidly 
and inarticulately. [late talk. 

GIb'ber-Ish, to. Rapid andinarticu- 

GlB'BET, to. [It. giubetto.] 

A kind of gallows. — v. t. 

[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To hang 

and expose on a gibbet. 

_ 2. To expose to infamy. 

Gib-b6s'i-ty, to. State _ 

_ jof being gibbous. Gibbet. 

GlB'Botis, a. [Lat. gibbosus, from 
gibbus, gibba, hunch.] Protuber- 

_ ant ; convex. [convexity. 

TilB'sous-NESS, to. Protuberance ; 

Gibe, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Gab- 
ble.] To rail; to utter taunting, 
sarcastic words. — v. t. To deride ; 
to scoff at. — to. A scoff; a railing. 

GlB'LETS, to. pi. [0. Fr. giblet, equiv. 
to gibier, game.] Heart, liver, giz- 

_ zard, &c, of a fowl, [inconstantly. 

GId'di-l Y, adv. In a giddy manner ; 

UID'di-ness, «. 1. State of being 
giddy. 2. Levity. 

Gid'dy, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
gtdig.] 1. Light-headed ; dizzy. 2. 
Inducing giddiness. 3. Inconstant; 

_ unstable. 4. Wild ; thoughtless. 

GIFT, n. [A.-S., fr. gifan, to give.] 1. 
Any thing given. 2. Quality or en- 
dowment given to man by God. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To endow with 

_ some faculty. 

UlG, n. [M. H. Ger. gigen, to fiddle, 
Icel. geiga, to tremble.] 1. A top or 
whirligig. 2. A light carriage with 
one pair of wheels. 3. A ship's 
wherry. 4. A dart or harpoon. 

GPGAN-te'an, a. Like a giant ; gi- 
gantic. 

Gj-gan'tk; (110), a. [See Giant.] 1. 
Of extraordinary size ; huge. 2. 
Enormous ; mighty. 

GIg'GLE, to. A laugh with short 
catches. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [D. 
gigchelen, fr. M. H. Ger. kachen, to 
laugh aloud.] To laugh in a light or 
silly manner ; to titter. 

GYld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gilded or 
GILT.] [A.-S. gildan, fr. gold, gold.] 
1. To overlay with gold. 2. To illu- 
minate ; to brighten. 3. To give a 

_ specious appearance to. 

GIld'er, to. One who gilds. 

GlLD'lNG, n. 1. Art of overlaying 
things with gold. 2. A thin surface 

_ of gold covering. 

GiLL, to. [A.-S. gedgl, geahl, jaw.] A 
ciliated organ of respiration, in fishes. 

GfLL (jTl), to. 1. [L. Lat. gillo. flask. 
Cf. Gallon.] The fourth part of 
a pint. 2. [See infra.] The ground- 
ivy, or malt liquor medicated with it. 
3. [From Gillian, a woman's name.] 
A sportive or wanton girl. 

filL'LY-FLOW'ER, to. [Fr. girqfl.ee, fr. 
girofle, clove, from Gr. tcapvofyvWov .] 
A plant called also stock. 



| HP i 



Gimbal. 



GILT, imp. & p. p. of Gild. — to. Gold 

laid on the surface of a thing 
GIm'bal, n. [Lat. ge- 
mellus.] A combina- 
tion of rings for sus- 
pending any thing, as 
a compass, so that it 
may keep a constant 
position. 

Gi'M'CRACK (jim'-), to. A trivial mech- 
anism ; a device ; a toy. 
GlM'LET, to. [0. Fr. guimbelet, from 
0. D. tvemelen, to bore.] A small in- 
_ strument for boring holes. 
GtMP, to. [0. Fr. guimpe, pennon of 
a lance, from 0. H. Ger. wimpal, a 
summer garment.] A kind of silk, 
woolen, or cotton twist or edging. 
GlN (jin), n. 1. [Corrupted from Gene- 
va.] A spirit distilled from rye and 
barley, and flavored with juniper ber- 
ries. 2. [A contr. of engine.] A ma- 
chine by which the mechanical pow- 
ers are employed in aid of human 
strength; especially a machine for 
separating the seed from cotton. — 
v. t. [-NED ; -NING, 136.] To clear of 
seeds by a machine. 
GlN'GER, n. [0. Eng. gingiber, from 
Lat. zingiber, fr. Skr. sringa-wcra, i. 
e., horn-shaped.] A tropical plant 
and its hot, spicy root. 
Gin'ger-bread, to. A cake flavored 

with ginger. 
GlN'GER-LY, adv. [Prov. Eng. ginger, 
brittle, tender.] Nicely ; cautiously ; 
_ fastidiously. 

GING'HAM, n. [Javanese ginggang.] 
A kind of cotton cloth, the yarn of 
which is dyed before weaving. 
GlN'SENG, n. [A Chinese word ; said 
to mean first of plants.] A plant, 
the root of which is highly valued as 
a medicine by the Chinese. 
GlP'SY, n. & a. Sec GYPSY. 
Gi-RAFFE', n. [At. 
zirafah, Egypt, sora- 
phe, i. e., long-neck.] 
An African quadru- 
ped ; the camelopard. 
It is the tallest of an- 
imals. 
GIR'AN-DOLE,TO. [Lat. 
gyrare , to turn round 
in a circle ; Gr.yupos, 
circle.] A chandelier. 
Gird (18), n. [A.-S. 
gird, gyrd, rod, stick, 
twig.] 1. Stroke of a 
rod ; hence, a severe twitch or pang. 
2. A sarcastic remark ; a jibe. — v. t. 
[GIRDED, or GIRT ; GIRDING.] [A.- 
S. gyrdan.] 1. To bind with a cord, 
bandage, &c. 2. To surround; to 
encircle. 3. To invest. — v. i. To 
_ gibe ; to sneer. 

Gird'er, n. 1. A satirist. 2. Prin- 
cipal timber in a floor, binding the 
others together. 3. Any beam sup- 
_ ported at both ends. 
Gird'le, to. A band which girds or 
encircles the body , and binds togeth- 
er the clothing, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To bind with a belt ; to gird. 2. 
To inclose. 3. To remove the bark of 




Giraffe. 



in a circular ring, in order to kill a 
tree. 
GiRL (72), n. [In 0. Eng. applied to 
a male as well as a female. Cf. A.-S. 
ceorl, man, husband.] A female 
_ child, or young woman. [a girl. 

GlRL'HOOD, to. State or time of beijug 
GiRL'lsil, a. Like, befitting, or pci- 
_ taining to, a girl. [girlish. 

GIrl'ish-ness, «. Quality of being 
GlRT, imp. & p. p. of Gird. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To gird ; to surround. 
GlRT, ) n. [A.-S. gyrd. See GIRD, 
GIRTH, J v. t.] 1. A strap to fasten 
a saddle on the back of a horse. 2. 
Circumference of any thing. 
GIST, n. [0. Fr. gist, situated, placed, 
fr. Lat. jacere, to lie.] Main point of 
_ a question ; pith of a matter. 
gIve (57), v. t. [imp. gave ; p. p. 
GIVEN ; p. pr. & vb. to. GIVING.] 
[A.-S. gifan.] 1. To bestow without 
receiving a return; to grant. 2. To 
pay. 3. To announce as tidings ; to 
render or utter, as an opinion, judg- 
ment, shout, &c. 4. To permit; to 
allow. 5. To exhibit as a result ; to 
produce. 6. To devote ; to apply. — c 
v. i. 1. To yield to force or pressure. 
2. To move ; to recede. 

Syn. — To confer; grant.— To give is 
generic. To confer was originally used 
of persons in power, who gave perma- 
nent grtints or privileges, as, to confer 
the order of knighthood; and hence it 
still denotes the giving of something 
Which might have been withheld, as, to 
confer a favor. To grant is to give in 
answer to a petition or request, or to one 
who is in some way dependent or infe- 
rior. v 

GIVER, to. One who gives ; a donor. 

GlZ'ZARD, to. [Fr. gesier, allied to 
gosier, throat.] An enlarged part of 
the alimentary canal in birds. 

GLA/BROUS, a. [Lat. glaber.] Smooth ; 
wjthout any unevenness. 

GLA'CIAL, a. [Lat. glacialis, fr. gla- 
des, ice.] Pertaining to ice or its 
action _; icy. 

Gla/ci-a'tion (-shi-), «. 1. Act of 
freezing. 2. Ice. 3. Process of be- 
coming covered with glaciers. 

Glacier (gla'seer or glas'i-er), to. 
[Fr. fr. Lat. glacies, ice.] An im 
mense mass of snow and ice, moving 
slowly down mountain slopes or vai- 
levs. 

Glacis, or Gla-c'i's', n. [Fr., fr. Ger. 
glatt, smooth, even.] An easy, in- 
sensible slope. 

Glad, a. [-der ; dest, 136.] [A.-S. 
glad.] 1. Joyous ; pleased. 2. Ex- 
pressing- or exciting joy. 

Syn.— Gratified ; exhilarated; ani- 
mated ; delighted ; cheerful ; joyful ; 
cheering ; exhilarating ; pleasing ; rni- 
mating. — Delighted expresses a much 
higher degree of pleasure than glad. 
Gratified always refers to a pleasure 
conferred by some human agent, and 
the feeling is modified by the consid- 
eration that we owe it in part to an- 
other. A person may be glad or delight- 
ed to see a friend, and gratified at the 
attention shown by his visits. 

— v. t. [-ded: -ding.] To make 
glad ; to gladden. 



E, I, 0,U,Y, long; &,£,*, 6, fi, Y, sAorJ/CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T^RMj PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



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185 



GLORY 



uLAD'DEN, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To I 
make glad ; to please ; to exhilarate. I 
-— v. i. To be or become glad. 

Glade, n. [Cf. W. golead, goltuad, 
illumination, fr. goleu, ligbt, bright.] J 
An opening through a wood ; cleared 
space in a forest. 

Glad'i-ate, a. [Lat. gladius, sword.] 
Sword-shaped. 

Glad'I-A'TOR, ft- [Lat., fr. gladius, 
sword.] A sword-player or prize- 
fighter, injmcient Rome. 

GlXdi-a-to'ri-al, I a. Pertaining 

Glad'i-a-TO-RV, 1 to gladiators. 

Glad'ly, adv. "With pleasure; joy- 
fully, [joy. 

Glad'ness, n. Quality of being glad ; 

fiLAD'SOME, o. 1. Pleased ; joyful. 
2. Causing gladness ; pleasing. 

Glair, n. [A.-S. glare, amber, glare.] 

1. White of an egg. 2. Any similar 
substance. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
smear with the white of an egg. 

Glair'y, a. Like glair. 

GLANCE, n. [Ger. glanz, luster, 
brightness, glimpse, glance.] 1. A 
sudden shoot of light. 2. A sudden 
look. 3. A dark-colored metallic 
sulphuret. — v. i. [-ed : -ING.] 1. 
To dart a ray of light. 2. To fly off 
in an oblique direction. 3. To snatch 
a hasty view. 4. To allude, — v. t. 
To dart suddenly or obliquely. 

Gland, n.. [Lat. glans. acorn, gland- 
ula, gland.] A collection of celis, 
in animals or plants, secreting some 
peculiar substance. 

Gland'ers, n. [From gland.] A 
contagious disease of the mucous 
membrane in horses. 

Gland'u-lar, a. Containing, or con- 
sisting of, glands. [small gland. 

GlXnd'ule, n. [Lat glandula.] A 

Gland'u-LOUS, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, glands. 

Glare, n. [Allied to Lat. darns, 
clear.] 1. A bright dazzling light ; 

2. A fierce, piercing look. — r. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To shine with a clear, 
bright light. 2. To look with fierce, 
piercing eyes. — v. t. To emit, as a 
dazzling light. — a. Smooth : slip- 
pery ; glib. [open and bold. 

Glar'ing, p. a. Clear ; notorious ; 

GLASS, n. [A.-S. glas.] 1. A trans- 
parent substance, formed by fusing 
sand with fixed alkalies. 2. Any 
thing made of glass ; esp., (a. ) A mir- 
ror. (6.) A drinking -glass ; a tum- 
bler, (c.) A lens ; a spy-glass : — in 
the pi. spectacles, (d.) A barometer. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To see, as 
in a glass. 2. To reflect, as in a mir- 
ror. 3. To glaze. 

Glass'-blow'er, n. One who blows 
and fashions glass. 

Glass'-house. n. A manufactory of 
glass. [glassy. 

Glass'I-NES€, n. Quality of being 

Glass' work (-wurk), n." 1. Manu- 
facture of glass. 2. pi. Place where 
glass is made. 

Glass't,o. 1. Made of glass; vitreous. 
2. Resembling glass. 

Glau'ber's-salt, n. [Prom Glau- 



ber, a German chemist.] Sulphate of | 
soda, a well-known cathartic. 

GLAV-eo'MA, n. [Lat. ; Gr. yA.av*cco- 
Ha, from 7A.au/c6s, light-gra.) , blue- 
gray.] A disease of the eye. giving 
it a bluisn or greenish tinge. 
GLAU'-ec-US, a. [Gr. yXavKos.] 1. Of 
a sea-green color. 2. Covered with 
a fine white powder, as that on a 
cabbage-leaf. 
Glaze, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
glass.) 1. To furnish with glass. 2. 
To overlay with a thin surface like 
glass; to render smooth or gl>>ssy. — 
n L A vitreous coating ; glazing. 
GLA'ZIER (gla'zher), n. One whose 

business is to set glass. 
GLAZ'ING, n. 1. Actof setting glass, 
of crusting with a vitreous substance, 
or of rendering smooth and glossy. 
2. Glass or glass-like surface or cov- 
ering. 3. Transparent colors passe 1 
thinly over other colors, to modify 
the effect. 

Gleam, n. [A.-S., from glaivan, to 
shine.] 1. A shoot of light ; a ray. 
2. Brightness : splendor. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To dart, as rays of 
light. 2. To shine. 

Syx.— To glimmer: glitter.— To gleam 
denotes a faint but distinct emission of 
light. To glimmer describes an indis- 
tinct and unsteady light. To glitter 
imports a brightness that is intense, but 
varying. The morning light gleams 
upon the earth ; a, distant taper glimmers 
through the mist ; a dew-drop glitters in 
the sun. 

Glean, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Fr. gla- 
ner ; glane, handful, cluster.] 1. 
To gather after a reaper, as grain. 
2. To collect with patient labor. 

GLEAN'ER, 11. One who gleans. 

Glebe, n. [Lat. gleba.] 1. Turf; 
soil ; ground. 2. Land belonging to 
a parish church. 

GLEE, re. [A.-S. glie,gleo, joy, song.] 
1. Joy; merriment; mirth. 2. A 
light musical composition for three 
or more voices. 

Gleet, n. [Cf. A.-S.glidan, to glide.] 
A transparent mucous discharge 
from the urethra. 

Glen, n. [A.-S>fr. W. glyn.] A se- 
c hided and narrow valley. 

Glib, a. [-ber; -best, 136.] [Fr. 
glib,D. glibberig.] 1. Smooth; slip- 
pery. 2. Yoluble; fluent; flippant. 

Glib'ly, adv. In a glib manner. 

Gl'ib'NESS, n. Quality of being glib. 

Glide, r. ?'. [-ed: -ing.] [A.-S. gli- 
dan, D. git/den or glijden, M. H. Ger. 
gliten.] To pass rapidly and easily, 
as over a smooth surface. 

Glim'mer, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] Ger. 
glimmer ; glimm^m, to glimmer.] To 
shiue faintly. 

Syx. -To gleam; to glitter. 
— n. A faint light ; a gleam. 

GLIMPSE, «. [See supra.] 1. A sud- 
den flash ; transient luster. 2. A 
short, hurried view. 

Glis'TEN (glis'n), v. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. glisian, glisnian.] To shine 
with a mild, subdued, fitful luster. 

GLIS'TER, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Ger. 



gllstern, glinste v n.] To sparkle ; tr 
glisten. 

GLIT'TER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
glitan, glitniah.] 1. To sparkle witn 
light. 2. To be showy, specious, or 
striking. 

Syx. — To gleam; to glisten; toshine. 
See Gleam. 
— re. A bright, sparkling light. 

Gloat, v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. gte&. 
zen.] To gaze with malignant satis- 
faction, or passionate desire. 

Glo'bate, la. [Lat. globatns, fr. 

Glo'ba-ted, j globus, ball.] Hav- 
ing the form of a glohe; spherical. 

Globe, n. [Lat. globus.] 1. A spher- 
ical body ; a ball ; a sphere. 2. Any 
thing nearly spherical in shape. 3. 
The earth. 

Syx.— Sphere; orb; ball. — Globe de- 
notes a round (and usually a solid) body ; 
sphere is the mathematical term for such 
a body; orb is used in the same sense, 
and also (contracted from orbii) for the 
pathway of a heavenly body ; ball is ap- 
plied to a heavenly body conceived of a9 
thrown or impelle'd through space. 

Globe '-fish, re. A fish which can 
swell out its body to a globular 
shape. [globular. 

Glo-bose', a. Round: spherical; 
Glo-bos'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
round ; sphericity. [bose. 

Glo'bous, a. Round ; spherical ; glo- 
GLOB'U-LAR, a. Spherical. 
Glob'ule, n. [Lat. globulus, dim. of 
globus.] A little globe ; a small 
spherical particle of matter. 
Glom'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. glomerare, -ratus, from glomus, 
ball.] To_ gather or wind into a ball. 
Glom'ER-a'tion, n. 1. Act of form- 
ing into a ball. 2. That which is 
formed iuto a ball . 
Gloom, re. [A.-S. glum.] 1. Partial 
or total darkness. 2. Cloudiness or 
heaviness of mind. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To shine obscurely. 2. 
To appear dismal or gloomy. — v. t. 
To render gloomy. [mally. 

Glo~om'i-ly, adv. Obscurely ; dfs- 
Gloom'i-ness, n. State of being 

gloomy ; obscurity. 
Gloom'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Imperfectly illuminated. 2. Express- 
ing gloom ; heavy of heart. 

Syx. — Dark ; dim ; dusky ; dismal; 
cloudy ; moody ; sullen ; morose ; mel- 
ancholy ; sad; dejected, disheartened. 
GL6'Ri-Fl-€A'TlON,n. 1. Act of giv- 
ing glory. 2. State 01 being glorified. 
Glo'ri-fy, v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat 
glorijicure / gloria, giory, and jface/r, 
to make.] 1. To make glorious or il- 
lustrious. 2. To render homage to: 
to adore. 
Glo'ri-oDs (89), a. Exhibiting attri- 
butes, qualities, or acts that aro 
worthy of, or receive glory. 

Syx.— Eminent; noble; renowned; il- 
lustrious; magnificent; grand. 
Gl5'ri-ous-LY, adv. In a glorious 

manner. 
Glo'ry (89), n. [Lat. gloria.] 1. High 
reputation. 2. An object of pride or 
boast. 3. Pride: boastfulness. 4. 



014. DQ, WOLF, TOO, TOOK: tJRN, RUE, PULL; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; -e, G,hard; AS; EXIST; jr as NG ; this 



GLOSS 



186 



GOER 



Celestial honor ; heaven. 5. (Paint.) 
A circle of rays round a head or en- 
tire figure. 

Syn. — Renown ; celebrity ; distinc- 
tion; grandeur; nobleness. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. Toexult 
witn joy. 2. To boast ; to be proud 
of. 

®Loss, n. 1. [Cf. Ger. gleiszen, to 
shine, glitter.] Luster from a smooth 
'surface ; polish. 2. A specious ap- 
pearance or interpretation. 3. [Gr. 
•yA.wo-0-a, a word that requires ex- 
planation.] Comment ; explanation. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ma.] 1. To make 
smooth and shining. 2. To render 
3pecious. 3. To illustrate ; to explain. 

* LOS-sa'RI-AL, a. Containing expla- 
nation. 

Gi.oss'A-rist, n. A vvriter of glosses 
or of a glossary. 

Gloss'a-ry, n. [See Gloss, 3.] A 
vocabulary of words requiring special 
elucidation. 

Gloss'i-NESS, n. Quality of being 
glossy. 

GLOSS-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ykuxra-a, 
and ypd<f>etv, to write. See GLOSS, 3. J 
The writing of glossaries or glosses. 

Gloss-ol'o-gist, n. One who de- 
fines and explains terms. 

Gloss-ol'O-GY, n. [Gr. y\oj<r<ra and 
\6yos, discourse. See GLOSS, 3-] 1. 
Definition and explanation of terms. 
2. Science of language ; philology. 

Gloss'y, a. [-er; -est, 13G.] 1. 
Smooth and shining. 2. Specious ; 
plausible. 

GLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. •yAwr-ris, fr. yAwr- 
ra, tongue.] Narrow opening at the 
upper part of the larynx. 

Glove (gliiv), n. [A.-S. glof.] A 
cover for the hand, with a separate 
sheath for each finger. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover with a glove. 

Glov'er. n. One who makes and 
sells gloves. 

Glow, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gldivan.] 1. To shine with an intense 
or white heat. 2. To be bright or 
red. 3. To feel hot. 4. To feel the 
heat of passion. — n. 1. Shining 
heat, or white heat. 2. Brightness 
of color ; redness. 3. Intense ear- 
nestness. 

Glow'-worm (-wfirm), n. An insect, 
the female of which emits, in the 
night-time, a shining green light. 

GLOZE, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 
glOse, interpretation.] 1. To flatter; 
to wheedle. 2. To misinterpret. — 
v. t. To palliate or extenuate. — n. 
Flattery.. 

Glue, n. [Lat. glus, glutis.] A hard 
gelatine, used as a cement. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] 1. To join with glue. 
2. To unite. 

C:cu'ey, a. Viscous j glutinous. 

Glum, a. [See Gloom.] Sullen; 
moody ; silent. 

Glume, n. [Lat. gluma.] Floral cov- 
ering of grain or grasses. 

; :lLtiT,f. (. [-ted; -ting, 136.] [Lat. 
glutire.] 1. To swallow greedily. 2. 
To satiate; to sate. — n. 1. "That 



which is swallowed down. 2. Supply 
beyond sufficiency or to loathing. 

Glu'ten, n. [Lat. See Glue. J The 
tenacious substance which gives ad- 
hesiveness to dough. 

GLU'TI-NATE.r.i. L-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
glutinare, -natum.] To unite with 
glue. [with glue. 

Glu'ti-na'TION, n. Act of uniting 

Glu'ti-noDs, a. Resembling glue ; 
viscous ; viscid ; tenacious. 

GLtJT'TON (glut'tn), n. [Lat. glutto, 
gluto.] 1. One who eats voracious- 
ly ; a gormaudizer. 2. A carnivorous 
mammal; the wolverine. 

Glut'ton-ous, a. Belonging to a 
glutton or to gluttony. 

Glut'ton-y (gliit'tn-y), n. Excess 
in eating; voracity. 

GL\C'ER-i'NE, n. [From Gr. yKvicepos, 
equiv. to yAv/cvs, sweet.] A sweet, 
viscid liquid, formed from fatty sub- 
stances. 

GLYPH, ?i. [Gr. yKv<j)-q, fr. yAv</>eiv, to 
hollow out, carve.] A sunken chan- 
nel. 

Gl\p'TI€, ) n. sing. Art of engrav- 

Glvp'tics, J ing figures on precious 
stones. 

Gnarl (niirl), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.- 
S. gnyrran.] To growl ; to murmur ; 
to snarl. — n. A knot in wood. 

Gnarled (narld), ^ a. Knotty; full 

Gnarl'Y (mirl'-), j of knots. 

Gnash (nash), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[0. Eng. gnaste , gnayste .] To strike 
together, as in anger or pain. — v. i. 
To grind or strike together the teeth. 

Gnat (nat), n. [A.-S. gnat, fr^gni- 
dan, to rub.] A delicate blood-suck- 
ing fly. 

Gnaw (naw), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 
S'. ' gnagan.] 1. To wear away with 
the teeth. 2. To corrode. — v.i. To 
use the teeth in biting. 

Gnaw'er (naw'er),»i. One who gnaws. 

Gneiss (nis),«. [Ger. gneis or gneisz.] 
Rock consisting of quartz, feldspar, 
and mica. 

Gnome (nom), n. [Gr. yvuiptov, one 
that knows, a guardian.] 1. An im- 
aginary subterraneous being, sup- 
posed to be the guardian of mines, 
&_c. 2. A dwarf; a goblin. 

Gno'MON (no'mon), n. [Gr. yi/t6ju.o>v, 
fr. yiyv<ao-K€iv, to know.] 1. Style or 
pin of a sun-dial. 2. Index of the 
hour-circle cf a globe. 

Gnos'TI-C (nos'tik),^. [Gr. yi/axmico?, 
sagacious.] One of a sect of so-called 
philosophers in the first ages of 
Christianity. — a. Pertaining to the 
Gnostics or their doctrines. 

Gnos'ti-cism (nos'ti-sizm), n. Doc- 
trines taught by the Gnostics. 

Gnu, (nu), n. 
[Hottentot.] A 
South African 
antelope. 

Go, v. i. [imp. 
WENT ; p. p. 
GONE ; p. pr. & Gnu. 

vb. n. GOING.] [k.-S.gangan, gem.' 
1. To pass from one place to anoth- 
er ; to proceed; to advance; — em- 




ployed in the most various applica 
tions. 2. To walk 3. To pass ; to 
circulate. 4. To be pregnant. 5. To 
pass away ; to depart. 6. To be lost, 
to perish ; to die.— v. t. To take, as 
a share in an enterprise ; to bear a 
part in. 

Goad (20), u. [A.-S. gad. See Gad.,? 
A poiuted instrument to urge on a 
beast. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
drive with a goad ; to urge forward. 
Syn. — To excite ; irritate; incite; in- 
stigate. 

Goal, n. [Fr. gaule, pole ; from Goth. 
valus, staff, stick, rod.] 1. Point or 
mark set to bound a race. 2. End 
or final purpose. 

Goat, n. [A.-S. gat, allied to Lat. 
hadvs.] A rr.ammiferous quadruped 
allied to the sheep. 

Goat-ee', n. Part of the beard de- 
pending from the chin. 

Goat'-herd, n. One who tends goats 

GoAT'lSH,a. Resembling a goat, es- 
pecially in smell or lustfulness. 

Gob, n. [0. Fr. gob, morsel ; Gael, gob, 
mouth, snout.] A mouthful. 

Gob'ble, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Gob, ».] To swallow hastily or vo 
raciously. — v. i. To make a noise in 
the throat, as a turkey. 

Go'-be-tweek', «. An interposer. 

Gob'let, n. [Lat. cvpa, tub, cask. J 
A drinking vessel without a handle. 

GoB'LIN, n. [Lat. gobelinvs, fr. Gr. 
*60aAos, knave, a mischievous gob 
lin; Ger. kobold.] An evil spiiit; 
a gnome ; an elf. 

G6'-by, n. 1. Evasion. 2. A thrust- 
jng away. 

Go'-eXRT, n. A small machine, tc 
support children learning to walk. 

God, n. [A.-S. god, allied to Pers. 
Ichoda.] 1. A divinity ; a deity. 2. 
The Supreme Being; Jehovah. 

God'daugh-ter (-daw-ter), n. A ghi 
for whom one becomes sponsor. 

God'dess, n. A female god. 

God'fa-ther, n. [Cf. Gossip.] a 
man who becomes sponsor for a child 
at baptism. 

GoD'HEAD, n. [Eng. god, and suffix 
head.] 1. Deity ; divine nature cr 
essence. 2. A god or goddess. 2 
God; the Supreme Being. 

God 'less, a. Acknowledging no God; 
ungodly ; irreligious. [God. 

God'like. a. Resembling a god or 

God'li-ness, v. Reverence for God; 
devoutness ; a religious life. 

God'ly, a. 1. Reverencing God, and 
his character and laws. 2. Formed 
or influenced by a regard for God. 

Syx. —Pious; holy; devout; religious; 
righteous. 

G6d'm6th-er (-mtith-er), n. A wo- 
man who becomes sponsor for a child 
in baptism. 

God'send, n. Something sent by 
God; an unexpected piece of good 
fortune. 

G6d'ship,7i. Deity : divinity. 

God'son (-sQn), n. One for whom an- 
other has been sponsor. [goes. 

Go'ER, n. One who, or that which 



&., E, /, O, U, Y 



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GOFFEK 



187 



GOUT 



GoF'FER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To plait 
or flute, as lace, &c. 

GoG'GLE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. 
Lat. codes, surname of a persou blind 
■with one eye.] To strain or roll the 
eyes. — a. Full and staring ; — said of 
the eyes. — n. 1. A strained rolling 
of the eye. 2. pi. A kind of specta- 
cles. 

Goring, n. 1. A moving in any man- 
ner. 2. Departure. 3. Course of life. 

Goi'TER, )n. [Lat. guttur, throat.] 

Goi'TRE, 1 An enlargement of the 
thyroid gland. 

Gold, n. [A.-S.] 1. A precious metal 
of a yellowish color. 2. Money ; rich- 
es. 3. A yellow color like that of the 
metal. [particles. 

r-(jM)'-DUST , n. Gold in very fine 

Gold'£>" (gohPn), a. 1. Made or con- 
sisting of gold. 2. Of _the color of 
gold. 3- Very precious. 

GOLD'Fixcn, n. A singing-bird with 
gold-colored wings. 

Gold'-fisii, n. A small fish, of a 
golden color. [thin leaf. 

Gold'-leaf, n. Gold beaten into a 

Gold's:.uth, n. One who manufac- 
tures articles of gold. 

Golf, n. [D. kalf, club or bat.] A 
game played with a small ball and a 
club crooked at tne lower eud. 

Gon 'do-la, n. _^- t ,^__ ^_ _ 
[It., dim. of -T."--'' . JBHBBStt 
gonda, id.] 1. j vli&GkSK&BJk 
A pleasure- 
boat used at 
Venice, on the 
canals. 2. A 
kind of flat- Gondola, 

bottomed boat. [Air^r.] 

Gon'po-lier', n. A man who rows 
a gondola. 

Gone (21), p. p. of Go. 

Gong, n. [Malayan gong.] A circu- 
lar instrument of copper and tin. 
producing, when struck, a loud, 
hiarsh sound. 

GO'XI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ymvla, an- 
gle, and fierpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring angles, espe- 
cially the angles of crystals. 

Go'ni-oai'e-try, n. Art of measur- 
ing solid angles. 

Gon ■OR-EHt'A (-rC-'A), n. [Gr. yovop- 
poia, from yovri, semen, and peeiv, to 
flow.] A contagious inflammatory 
discharge from the genital organs. 

Good, a. [better; best.] [A.-S. 
god.] 1. Possessing desirable quali- 
ties. 2. Possessing moral excellence. 
3. Kind; benevolent. i. Suited; 
adapted. 5. Clever; skillful. G. 
idequate : sufficient. 7. Consider- 
able. 8. Full; complete. 9. Fair; 
honorable. — n. 1. That which pos- 
sesses desirable qualities, promotes 
success or happiness, is serviceable, 
excellent, kind, or the like. 2. Wel- 
fare : advantage. 3. pi. Wares ; com- 
modities ; chattels. — adv. i. Well; 
equally well. 2. Quite; considera- 
bly. 

JtOOD'-breed'ing, n. Polite man- 
ners or education. 



Good-by', ) n. or interj. [Either a 

Go~OD-BYE', } contr. of God be with 
ye, or compounded with by, bye, 
way, journey.] Farewell. 

Go"od-FrI'day, n. A fast, in memo- 
ry of our Saviorj crucifixion. 
j GobD-HU'MORBD, a. Having a 
cheerful spirit and demeanor. 

GoiOD'Ll-NESS, n. Beauty ; grace. 

Go^D'LY.a. [-ER; -EST, 112.] 1. 
Pleasant ; agreeable. 2. Comely ; 
graceful. [of a house. 

Good'man, n. A husband ; master 

Good'-nat'ured, a. Naturally mild 
in temper. 

Svx.— Good-tempered: kind.— Good- 
natured denotes a disposition to please 
and be pleased; good-tempered, a spirit 
which is not easily ruffled by provoca- 
tion or other disturbing influences; kind, 
a disposition to make others happy by 
supplying their wants and granting 
their requests. 

Good'ness, n . Quality of being good 
in any of its various senses ; excel- 
lence ; virtue : kindness ; benevolence. 

Go~od / -tem'per£D, a. Not easily 
irritated or annoyed. 

Good-will', n. 1. Benevolence. 2. 
Custom of any trade or business. 

G6~OD'Y, n. [Prob. contr. from good- 
wife.] Good- wife; good-woman; — 
a_low term. 

Goose (150), n. [A.-S. gCs.] 1. A 
well-known aquatic fowl. 2. A 
tailor's smoothing iron. 3. A sim- 
pleton . 

Goose'b£r-ry, n. [A corruption of 
gorseberry , a name taken from the 
roughness of the shrub.] The fiuit of 
a thorny shrub, and the shrub itself. 

Go'pher, n. 1. [Fr. gaufre, waffle, 
honeycomb.] A burrowing animal. 
2. [Ileb. gZpher.] A wood used in 
the construction of Noah's ark. 

GOR'-eocii, n. [Either from gore, 
blood, i. e.., red, or fr. gorse.] A gal- 
linaceous bird; the moor-cock or 
red-grouse. 

Gor'di-an, a. Pertaining to Gordius, 
king of Phrygia, or to a knot tied by 
him, which could not be untied, but 
was cut by Alexander the Great; 
he*nce, intricate ; complicated. 

Gore, n. 1. [A.-S. gor.] Thick or 
clotted blood. 2. [A.-S. gar, dart, 
lance.] A wedge-shaped piece sewed 
into a garment, &c. 3. A triangular 
piece of land. — v.t. 1.[-ed; -ing.] 
To pierce ; to stab. 2. To cut in a 
triangular form. 

Gorge, n. [Lat. gurges, whirlpool, 
abyss.] 1. The throat. 2. A narrow 
passage, as between mountains. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To swallow -with 
greediness. 2. To glut ; to satiate. 
— v. i. To feed greedily. 

GOR'GEOUS (gor'jus), a. [0. Fr. gor- 
gius, beautiful, vain, luxurious, fr. 
gorgias, ruff, neck-handkerchief.] 
Showy ; fine ; magnificent. 

Gor'geous-ly, adv. In a gorgeous 
manner. [magnificence. 

Gor'geous-ness, n. Splendor ; 

GOR'GET (gor'jet), n. [O.Fr. gorgeite. 
See GORGE.] 1. Armor for defend- 




Gorilla. 
or t. To eat 



ing the throat or neck. 2. A pendent 
metallic ornament, worn by officers 
when on duty. [Eng.] 

GOR'GON,/!. [Gr. Topyui, Topyuv.] 1. 
A fabled monster, the sight of which 
turned the beholder to stone. 2. 
Any thing very ugly or horrid. 

Go-rIl'lA, n. A 
large monkey, 
inhabiting the 
western shores 
of Africa. 

Gor'mand, n. 
[Cf. Prov. Fr. 
gourmer, to sip, 
to lap.] A glut- 
ton ; a gour- 
mand. 

GOR'MAND-IZE, V 
greedily. [racious eater. 

Gor'mand-iz'er, n. A greedy, vo- 

Gorse, n. [A.-S. gorst, gost. See 
Grass.] A thick, prickly shrub, 
bearing yellow flowers ; furze ; whin. 

Gor'y, a. Covered with gore ; bloody. 

Gos'HAWK, n. [A.-S. goshqfuc, i.e., 
goosehawk.] A short-winged, slender 
hawk. 

G.os'ling, n. [A.-S. gds, a goose, and 
the dim. term, ling.] A young goose- 

Gos'pel, n. [A.-S. godspell, fr. gCd, 
good, and spell, tidings.] 1. The 
good news concerning Christ and his 
salvation. 2. One of the historical 
narratives of the life and sayings of 
Jesus Christ. 3. Any system of re- 
ligious truth. 

Gos'sa-mer, ii. [Prob. fr. gorse and 
summer, as it is often seen on gorse.] 
A filmy substance, like cobwebs, 
floating in the air. 

Gos'siP, 11. [A.-S. godsibb, a relation 
or sponsor, from god, God, and sib^ 
alliance, relation.] 1. A sponsor. 
[Obs.] 2. An idle tattler. 3. Idle 
and groundless rumor. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.1 1. To prate. 2. To run 
about and tattle. 

Got, imp. of Get. 

Goth, n. 1. One of an ancient tribe, 
who took part in subverting the 
Roman empire. 2. A barbarian. 

GoTH'I-e, a. 1. Pertaining to the 
Goths. 2. Pertaining to a style of 
architecture with high and sharply- 
pointed arches, &c. 3. Bude; bar- 
barous. — n. Language of the Goths- 

Goth'i-cism, n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 
2. Conformity to the Gothic style of 
building. 3. Budeness of manners; 
barbarousness . 

GOUGE (gowj ; in most Eng. authori- 
ties, gooj), n. [Lat. gubia.] A curved 
chisel. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To scoop 
out with a gouge. 

Gourd, n. [From Lat. cucurbita.] A 
fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded fruit. 

Gourmand (gJbr/inand), n. [Fr.] 
A greedy eater ; a glutton. 

Gout,». [From Lat. gutta, drop, it 
being considered as a defluxion.] A 
painful inflammation of the joints. 

GOVT (goo), n. [Fr.] Taste ; relish. 



or, do. wolf, too, TO~b:n; urn, rue, pull ; E, i, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, G, hard; A£; exist; n as NG ; this- 



GOUTINESS 



188 



GRANITE 




Governor (2). 



GOL'T'I-NESS, n. State of being gouty. 

Gout'y, a. Diseased with, or pertain- 
ing to, the gout 

Govern (guv'ern), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. gubemare, Gr. avfiepvqv.] 1. 
To regulate by authority. 2. To in- 
iiueuce ; to manage. 3. To require 
to be in a particular case. — v. i. To 
exercise authority ; to have the con- 
trol. 

C!6v'ERN-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
governed ; manageable ; obedient. 

G6v'ern-ance,»i. Government; con- 
trol. 

Gov'ERN-ANTE^llO), n. A lady who 
has the care of young women ; a 
governess. [an instructress. 

Gov'ern-ess, n. A female governor ; 

Gov'ern-ment, n. 1. Actof govern- 
ing. 2. System of polity in a state. 
3. Authority. 4. The ruling power ; 
the administration. 5. A common- 
wealth ; a state. 6. Influence of a 
word in regard to construction. 

GOV'ERN-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to 
government. 

GOV'ERN-OR, 71. 1. 
One who governs ; 
esp., a chief ruler or 
magistrate. 2. A 
contrivance con- 
nected with machin- 
ery, for maintaining 
uniform velocity 
with a varying re- 
sistance. 

GOWN, n. [Lat. gun- 

na, Late Gr. -yowa, a leathern gar- 
ment, W. gwn, gown.] A loose flow- 
ing upper garment ; esp., the ordina- 
ry outer dress of a woman. 

GfOWNs'MAN (150), n. One whose pro- 
fessional habit is a gown, as a divine 
or lawyer ; hence, a civilian. 

GRAB, n. A sudden grasp or seizure. 

— v.t.Sci. [-bed; -bing, 150.] 
[0. Ger. grabbtn, grappen, for gerap- 
pen, from II. Ger. rajfen, to snatch 
away.] To gripe suddenly ; to seize 

GRACE, n. [Lat. gratia, from gratus. 
beloved.] 1. Favor bestowed 2 
Divine favor toward man. 3. Inher 
ent excellence. 4. Beauty ; com 
monly, easy elegance of manners. 5 
pi. (Myth.) Beautiful females, repre 
sented as the attendants of Venus 
6. Title of a duke or of an archbishop 
of England. 7. A short prayer be- 
fore or after meat. 

Syx. — Mercy. — Grace is free, spon- 
taneous favor to the undeserving; mercy 
is kindness or compassion to the suffer- 
ing or condemned. It was the grace of 
God that opened a way for the exercise 
of mercy toward men. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To adorn; 
to decorate. 2. To honor. 

GRACE'FUL, a. Displaying grace or 
beauty in form or action ; elegant ; 
easy. [manner. 

Gra^e'ful-Ly, adv. In a graceful 

GracJe'ftjl-ness, n. Elegance of 
manner or deportment. 

GRACE'LESS, a. Wanting in grace, 
especially divine grace ; hence, de- 
praved; corrupt. 



GrA'cious (gra'shus), a. 1. Abound- 
ing in grace or mercy. 2. Winning 
favor : acceptable. 3. Beautiful ; 
graceful. 4. Produced by divine 
grace. 

Syn.— Favorable; kind; benevolent; 
friendly; beneficent; benignant; merci- 
ful. 

GRA'cious-LY, adv. In a gracious 
manner. [of being gracious. 

Gra'CIOUS-ness, n. Quality or state 

Gra-DA'tion, n. 1. State of being 
graded. 2. Any degree in an order 
or series. 

Grad'a-to-ry (50), a. Proceeding 
step by step ; gradual. — n. A step 
from the cloisters into the church. 

Grade, n. [Lat. gradus, from gradi, 
to step.] 1. A step or degree in any 
series, or order. 2. Rate of ascent 
or descent. 3. A graded ascending 
or descending portion of a road. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] To reduce to a level, 
or to an evenly progressive ascent. 

GRA'DI-ENT, a. [Lat. gradi, gradiens, 
to step, to go.] 1. Walking. 2. Hav- 
ing regular degrees of inclination. — 
ii. 1. Rate of ascent or descent in a 
road, &c. ; grade. 2. Part of a road 
which slopes upward or downward. 

Grad'u-al, a. Proceeding by de- 
grees; progressive. — n. 1. An order 
of steps. 2. An ancient book of 
hymns and prayers. [manner. 

Gr.Xd'u-al-ly, adv. In a gradual 

GRAD'U-ATE, V. t. [ -ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. graduare, -atum, fr. Lat. gra- 
dus, a step.] 1. To mark with de- 
grees. 2. To admit to an academical 
degree. 3. To prepare gradually. — 
v. i. To receive an academical degree. 

Grad'u-ate, n. One who has been 
admitted to an academical degree. 

Grad'u-A'TION, n. 1. Act or art of 
graduating. 2. Marks on an instru- 
ment to indicate degrees. 

Graff, n. & v. Same as Graft. 

Graft (6), n. [Gr. ypafyiov, pencil ; 
from the resemblance of a scion to a 
pointed pencil.] A small shoot of a 
tree inserted iu another tree. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To insert, as a cutting 
from one tree in a branch of another ; 
hence, to implant or incorporate. 

GRAIN, n. [Lat. granitm.] 1. A 
kernel ; esp. of corn, wheat, &c. 2. 
The fruit of wheat, rye, oats, barley, 
&c. ; — used collectively. 3. Any 
small, hard particle ; hence, any 
small portion. 4. A small weight. 
5. A red color of any tint or hue. 6. 
Texture, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To paint in imitation of the grain of 
wood. 2. To form into grains, as 
powder. 

Gral'LA-TO'RI-AL, ) a. [Lat. gral- 

Gral'LA-TO-RY (50), ) lator, grat- 
is, stilts, from giadus. See GRADE-] 
Pertaining to wading birds. 

GRAM'I-NA'CEOOs, a. [Lat. gramen, 
graminis, grass.] Pertaining to the 
grasses ; gramineous. 

GRA-MIN'E-AL, I a. Resemblimg, or 

Gra-min'e-ous, J pertaining to, 
grass ; grassy. 



GrAm'i-NiV'o-rou-s, a. [Lat. gramen, 
grass, and vorare, to eat greedily.] 
Feeding on grass and the like iood. 

Gram/mar, n. [Fr. grammaiie, fror* 
Gr. ypdp.p.a, letter, ypatpav, to write.] 

1. Art of speaking or writing with 
propriety. 2. A treatise on the princi- 
ples of language. 3. A treatise on the 
elements or principles of any science. 

Gram-ma'ri-an, n. 1. A philologist. . 

2. One who teaches grammar. 
Gram-mat'IC, )a. 1. Belonging 
Gram-mat'ic-al, ( to grammar 2. 

According to the rules of grammar. 

G RAM-MA T'I€-AL-LY, adv. Accord- 
ing to the principles and rules of 
grammar. 
Gramme (gram), n. [Fr ] The 
French unit of weight, equivalent to 
15.433 grains troy or avoirdupois. 

GRAM'PUS, n. [Fr. grand poisson, 
great fish.] A fish having conical 
teeth, and breathing by a spout-hole 
on the top of the head. 

Gran'a-ry, n. A storehouse for grain 
after it is thrashed. 

Grand, a. [-ER; -est.] [Lat. gran- 
dis.~\ 1. Of large size or extent ; 
great ; hence, relatively great ; chief; 
principal. 2. Great and firje or im- 
posing. 3. Holding an elevated rank. 
Syn.— Magnificent; sublime.— Grand, 
in reference to objects of taste, is applied 
to that which expands the mind by a 
sense of vastness and majesty ; mar/niji- 
ccnt is applied to any thing which is im- 
posing from its splendor; sublime de- 
scribes that which is awful and elevat- 
ing. A cataract is grand; a rich and 
varied landscape is magnificent ; an 
overhanging precipice is sublime. 

Gran'dam, n. [ See svpra and Dame.] 
A grandmother. [ter's child. 

Gr.Xnd'child, n. A son's or daugh- 

Grand'daugh'ter (-daw'tor), n. 
Daughter of a son or daughter. 

Gran-dee', n. A man of rank; a 
nobleman . 

Grand'eur, n. [Fr. See GRAND.] 
Quality of being grand ; splendor of 
appearance ; elevation of thought or 
expression, or of mien or deportment. 
Syn. — Sublimity; majesty; stateli- 
ness ; augustness ; loftiness ; magnifi- 
cence. 

Grand'fX-ther, n. A father's or 
mother's father. 

Gran-dIl'o-QUENCE, n. Lofty -words 
or phrases ; bombast. 

GRAN-DII/O-QUENT. a. [Lat. grandis, 
grand, and loqui, to speak.] Pomp- 
ous ; bombastic. 

Grand'I-ose' (125). a. [Lat. grandis, 
grand.] 1. Imposing. 2. Turgid , 
bombastic. [manner. 

Grand'LY, adv. In a grand or lofty 

Grand'm6th-er (-muth-er), n. 
Mother of one*s father or mother. 

Grand'sire, n. A grandfather ; any 
ancestor. [or daughter. 

Grand'son (-sun), 7i. Son of a son 

GRANGE, n. [L. Lat. grangia, from 
Lat. gramim, grain.] A granary ; 
also, a farm, with its stables, &c. 

Gr.Xn'Ite, n. [Lat. granitm, grain.] 
A rock consisting of quartz, feldspar, 
and mica. 



E, I, o,u,Y, long; X,%,1, 6, tl, f, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, t£rm; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



GRANITIC 



189 



GRAZIER 



GRA-NlT'ie, ) a. Consisting of, or 

UiiA-.MT'I€-AL, J like, granite. 

GHA-NIV'O-ROUS, a. [Lat. granum, 
grain, and vorare, to eat greedily.] 
Eating grain or seeds. 

GR\NT (6), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. granter, cranter, to promise, 
yield, fr. Lat. credere, to believe.] 1. 
To yield ; to concede. 2. To bestow, 
in answer to prayer. 3. To give pos- 
session or title of. 

Sth. — Togive; confer; convey ; trans- 
fer; admit; allow. 

— n. 1. Act of granting. 2. Thing 
granted ; a gift ; a boon. 3. An ap- 
propriation or conveyance by gov- 
ernment, [is made. 

Grant-ee', n. One to whom a grant 

Grant'or (127), n. One by whom a 
grant or conveyance is made 

Gran'u-lar, ) a. Consisting of, or 

GrXn'U-LA-RY, ) resembling, grains. 

GRAN'U-LATE, V. t. [-EI); -IXG.] 
1. To form into grains. 2. To make 
rough on the surface. — v. i. To 
be formed into grains. 

GrXx'U-la'tion, n. Act or process 
of forming into grains. 

Gr.Xn'ULE, n. [Lat. granum, grain.] 
A little grain ; a small particle. 

GrXn'u-loOs, a. Full of grains ; 
granular. 

Grape, n. [Fr. and D. grappe.] 1. 
Fruit of the vine ; commonly a single 
berry of the vine. 2. Grape-shot. 

Grap'er-y, n. A building for the 
cultivation of grapes. 

Grape '-shot, n. A number of iron 
balls, put together by means of cir- 
cular plates and a connecting pin. 

GrXph'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining to 

GrXph'I€-AL, ) writing. 2. Writ- 
ten; inscribed. 3. Well delineated 
•or described. [manner. 

GrXph'I€-al-ly, adv. In a graphic 

Graph'ite, n. [From Gr. ypdfciv, to 
write.] A form of carbon, vised for 
pencils ; plumbago or black-lead. 

GrXp'nel, n. [From 
Eng. grapple.] A 
small anchor, with 
four or five claws, to 
hold boats, &c. 

GrXp'ple, v. t. 
[-ED; -IWO.] [Dim. 
of grap, for grab.] To seize either 
with the hands or with hooks. — v. 
i. To contend in close fight. — n. 
[See supra, and cf. Craple.] 1. A 
seizing; close hug in contest. 2. A 
hook by which one ship may fasten 
on another. 

Grasp, r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Grab.] 
To seize and hold ; to catch. — n. 1. 
Gripe of the hand. 2. Power of seiz- 
ing. 3. Power of intellect to com- 
prehend subjects. 

Grass (6), n. [A.-S. gras, gars.] 
Herbage; the plants which consti- 
tute the food of cattle. — v. t. To 
cover with grass or with turf. 

Grass'hop-per, n. A well-known 
jumping insect, which feeds on grass 
or leaves. [with grass. 

Grass'i-ness, n. State of abounding 




Grass'-PLoT, n. A plot covered with 
grass ; a lawn. 

Grass'y, a. 1. Covered with grass. 
2._ Resembling grass ; green. 

GRATE, n. [Lat. crates, hurdle.] 1. A 
kind of lattice-work, such as is used 
in the windows of prisons. 2. A 
frame of iron bars for coals. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] 1. To furnish with 
grates. 2. [0. H. Ger. krazOn.] To 
rub roughly or harshly. 3. To wear 
away, by rubbing. 4. To fret; to 
vex ; to irritate. — v. i. 1. To rub 
hard, so as to offend. 2. To make a 
harsh sound by friction. 

Grate'FUL, a. [Lat. gratus, agreea- 
ble, and Eng. termination Jul.] 1. 
Having a due sense of benefits. 2. 
Affording pleasure to the senses. 

Syx. — Thankful ; pleasing; accepta- 
ble; gratifying ; welcome ; delightful. 

Grate'ful-ly, adv. In a grateful 
manner. 

Grate'ful-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing grateful ; gratitude ; agreeable- 
ness. 

Grat'er, n. [See Grate.] He who 
grates ; an mstrumeut for grating. 

GrXT'I-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
gratifying. 2. That which gratifies. 

GrXT'I-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. gratificari, fr. gratus, pleasing, 
and facere, to make.] To please by 
satisfying some wish ; to give pleas- 
ure to. 

Syn. — To indulge; humor.— Gratify 
is the generic term, and has reference 
simply to the pleasure communicated. 
To indidge a person implies that we 
concede something to his wishes or his 
weaknesses which he could not claim, 
and which had better, perhaps, have 
been spared. To humor is to adapt our- 
selves to the varying moods, and perhaps 
caprices, of others. We gratify a child 
by showing him the sights of a large 
city; we indulge him in some extra ex- 
pense on such an occasion ; we humor 
him, if he is taken ill when away from 
home. 

GRAT'ING, n. [See GRATE.] 1. A 
harsh sound of rubbing. 2. A par- 
tition of parallel or cross bars. 

GR a' tis, adv . [Lat. , contr. fr. gra- 
tiis, out of kindness.] For nothing ; 
freely. 

GRAT'l-TUDE (53), n. [L.'LsLt. grati- 
tudo, fr. Lat. gratus, grateful.] State 
of being grateful ; thankfulness. 

Gra-tu'i-TOUS, a. [Lat. gratuitus, 
fr. gratis, q. v.] 1. Given without 
an equivalent. 2. Without reason, 
cause, or proof. [ent. 

GRA-TU'l-TY, n. A free gift ; a pres- 

GrXt'u-late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. gratulari, -latum, from gratus, 
pleasing. J To congratulate. 

Grat'u-la'tion, n. Act of gratulat- 
ing or felicitating ; congratulation. 

GRAT'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Expressing 
joy ; congratulatory. 

Grave, v. t. [imp. graved ; p. p. 

GRAVEN, or GRAVED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GRAVING.] [Goth.gra6a.i, A -S. 
grafan.] 1. To carve ; to engrave. 2. 
To clean, as a ship's bottom. — n. 
1. An excavation in the earth as a 
place of burial ; hence, any place of 



interment. 2. Death, or destruction. 
— a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. gravis, 
heavy.] 1. Of importance ; influen- 
tial ; — said of character, relations, 
&c. 2. Solemn; sober; plain. 3. 
(Mus.) Not acute or sharp ; low; deep. 

Syn.— Solemn; sober ; serious. — So- 
ber supposes the absence of all exhilara- 
tion of spirits, and is opposed to flighty ; 
as, sober thought. Serious implies con- 
siderateness or reflection, and is opposed 
to jocose or sportive ; as, serious and im- 
portant concerns. Grave denotes a state 
of mind, appearance, &c, which results 
from the pressure of weighty interests, 
and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or 
vivacity of manner; as, a grave remark, 
grave attire. Solemn is applied to a case 
m which gravity is carried to its highest 
point; as, a solemn admonition, a solemn 
promise. 

GRAV'EL, n. [0. Fr. gravele, of Celt- 
ic origin.] 1. Small stones. 2. 
Small, calculous concretions in the 
kidneys and bladder. — v. t. [-ED, 
-ING ; or -LED, -LING, 137.] 1. To 
cover with gravel. 2. To stick in the 
sand; hence, to embarrass. 

GrXv'el-ly, a. Abounding with, or 
consisting of, gravel. [manner. 

Graye'ly, arfu. In a grave, solemn 

Grav'er, n. 1. One who engraves; 
a sculptor. 2. An engraving tool ; 
a burin. 

Gra ve '-stone, n. A stone set by a 
grave, as a memorial. 

Grave'-yard, n. A yard for the 
interment of the dead ; a cemetery. 

GRAV'ID, a. [Lat. gravidas; gravis, 
heavy.] Being with child ; pregnant. 

Graving-dock, n. A dock into 
which ships are taken to have their 
bottomscleaned. 

GRAV'I-TATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To obey the law of gravitation ; to 
tend toward the center. 

Grav'I-ta'tion, n. That force by 
which all particles of matter in the 
universe tend toward each other. 

GrXVI-ty, n. [Lat. gravitas, fr. gra- 
vis, heavy.] 1. Sobriety of charac- 
ter or demeanor. 2. Relative im- 
portance, dignity, &c. 3. Tendency 
of a body toward the center of the 
earth. 4. Lowness of sound. 

GRA'VY, n. [A.-S. greofa, pot.] Juices 
obtained from meat in cooking. 

Gray, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S grdg, 
greg, grig ] 1. Hoary ; white mixed 
with black. 2. Old; mature. — n. 
Any mixture of white and black. 

Gray'-beard, n. An old man. 

Gray'hound, n. See GREYHOUND. 

Gray'Ish, a. Somewhat gray. 

Gray'ness, n. Quality of being gray. 

GRAY'WXCKE, n. [Ger. grauwacke; 
grau, gray, and wacke, wacke.] A 
conglomerate, consisting of rounded 
pebbles and sand firmly united. 

Graze, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
grasian, fr. gras, grass.] 1. To touch 
lightly in passing.] 2. To supply, as 
cattle, with grass. 3. To eat from 
the ground. 4. To tend grazing cat- 
tle. — v.i. 1. To eat grass. 2. To 
supply grass. 

Gra'zier (gra'zher), n. One who 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TO"ok; URN, rtje , PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; c, G, hard; AS.; EJIST ; N as NG; THIS. 



GREASE 



190 



GRISTLY 



pastures cattle, and rears them for 

market. 
Grease, n. [Lat. crassus, L. Lat. 

grassus, thick, fat.] 1. Animal fat 

in a soft state. 2. An inflammation 

of the heels of ahorse. 
Grease, or Grease, v. t. [-ed; 

-ING.] To smear with grease. 
Greas/i-ly, or Greas'i-ly, adv. 

With grease, or an appearance of it. 
Greas/i-ness, or Greas'i-ness, n. 

State of being greasy. 
Gr£as/y, or Greas'y, a. [-er ; est, 

142.] 1. Composed of grease ; oily ; 

fat ; unctuous. 2. Smeared with 

grease. 3. Like grease; smooth. 4. 

Affected with the disease called 

grease. 
Great, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. great, 

allied to Lat. grandis.] 1. Large in 

solidity or surface ; big ; expanded. 

2. Numerous. 3. Long continued. 

4. Superior; commanding. 5. Un- 
commonly gifted ; powerful ; mighty. 
6. Eminent; distinguished. 7. 
Weighty ; important. 8. Older, 
younger, or more remote, by a sin- 
glegeneration. 

Great'ly, adv. 1. In a great de- 
gree; much. 2. Nobly. 

Syn. — Badly. — In some parts of this 
country, not by the vulgar alone, but by 
educated persons, the v?OTdbadly is used 
for greatly. Instead of saying, " I wish 
greatly to see him," thev say, "I wish to 
see him very badly." This is a gross er- 
ror, and often becomes ridiculous, be- 
cause the words seem to say of a friend, 
" I wish to see him in a very bad state of 
nealth. 

Great'ness, n. Quality of being 
great ; largeness of bulk, dimensions, 
number, quantity, &c. 

Greaves, n. pi. [Lat. gravis, heavy.] 
Ancient armor for the legs. 

Gre'cian, a. Pertaining to Greece. — 
n. 1. A native of Greece ; a Greek. 
2 One versed in the Greek language 
or literature. [language. 

£}RE'CI§M, n. An idiom of the Greek 

Greed, n. [Goth, grcdus, hunger.] 
An eager desire ; greediness. 

fiREED'l-LY, adv. Eagerly ; vora- 
ciously, [greedy. 

Greed'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Syjt.— Ravenousness; voracity; eager- 
ness; avidity. 

Greed'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [A.- 

5. grddig, gredig; gradan, to cry, 
call.] 1. Having a keen appetite ; 
ravenous ; voracious. 2. Eager to 
obtain. 

Greek, a. Pertaining to Greece ; 
Grecian. — n. 1. A native of Greece ; 
a Grecian. 2. Language of Greece. 

GREEN, a. [-ER ; EST.] [A.-S. grene, 
fr.grGwan, Eng. grow.] 1. Having 
the color of growing plants ; verdant. 
2. Fresh ; new ; recent. 3. Not ripe ; 
not fully grown. 4. Young ; raw ; 
awkward. 5. Not seasoned ; not 
dry. — n. 1. Color of growing plants. 
2. A grassy plat. 3. pi. Leaves and 
stems of young plants dressed for 
food. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To make 
green. 



Green'-gro'cer, h. A retailer of 
fresh vegetables or fruit's. 

Green'h6rn. n. A raw youth. [ Low.] 

Green'house, n. A house to pre- 
serve tender plants in during cold 
weather. [green color. 

Green'ing, n. A sort of apple, of a 

Green'ish, a. Somewhat green. 

Green'ROOM, n. The retiring-room 
of actors in a theatre. 

Green'-sick/ness, n. A disease of 
young women. [grass. 

Green'sward, n. Turf green with 

Greet, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gretan.] To salute ; to hail; to ac- 
cost. — v. i. To give salutations. 

Greet'ing, n. Salutation at meet- 
ing; compliment addressed from one 
absent. 

GRE-GA'RI-otJS, a. [Lat. gregarius, 
fr. grex, herd.] Living in a flock or 
herd._ 

Gre-go'ri-an, a. Belonging to, or 
established by, Gregory ; as, the Gre- 
gorian chants, calendar, &c. 

GRE-NADE', n. [Fr grenade, pome- 
granate, grenade. 1 ! A hollow ball filled 
with powder, ana fired by means of 
a fuse. 

Gren'a-dier', >:. Formerly , a sol- 
dier who threw grenades; now, one 
of a company of tall, stout soldiers. 

Gren'a-d'ine, n. A thin silk used 
for ladies' dresses. 

Grew fgru), imp. of Grow. 

GR£Y, a. See GRAY. 

Grey'hound, n. 
[A.-S.gragkund, 
greghund, grig- 
hicnd.] A slen- 
der, graceful 
dog, remarkable 
for its keen sight 
and swiftness. 

GrId'dle, n. [W. 
greidell, fr. grei- 
diaw, to heat, 
scorch.] 1. A shallowpan for baking 
cakes. 2. An iron cover for a stove. 

Grid'I-ron (-i-urn), n. A grated uten- 
sil for broiling. 

GRIEF, n. [Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. 
Pain of mind ; a painful sense of loss. 
2. Cause of sorrow or pain. 

Sytt. — Sorrow ; sadness. — Sorrow is 
generic; grief is sorrow for some definite 
cause — one which commenced, at least, 
in the past ; sadriess is applied to a per- 
manent mood of the mind. Sorrow is 
transient in many cases; but the grief of 
a mother for the loss of a favorite child 
too often turns into habitual sadness. 

GRIEVANCE, n. 1. A cause of grief 
or uneasiness. 2. Grief; affliction. 

Grieve, v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] To in- 
flict mental pain upon. — v. i. To 
feel grief; to sorrow ; to mourn. 

GRlEV'otJS, a. 1. Causing grief; 
painful ; hard to bear. 2. Heinous ; 
flagitious. 

Griev'ous-ly, adv. In a grievous 
manner. 

GrIf'fin, ) n. [Lat. gryphus, equiv. 

GRiF'FON, I to gryps, Gr. ypvxfj, ypv 
7r6s, fr. -ypv77os, curved, hook-nosed.] 
1. An imaginary animal, generated 




Greyhound. 



between the lion and the eagle. 2. 
A species of vulture. 

Gp.Tll, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. griller, fr. 
Lat. eraticida, a small gridiron, dim. 
of crates, hurdle.] 1. To broil on a 
gridiron. 2. To torment as if by 
broiling. 

GRIM,«. [-MER; -MEST, 136.] [A.-S., 
from grimman, to rage.] Of forbid- 
ding or fear-inspiring aspect. , 
Syn. — Fierce; grisly ; hideous ; stem. 

GrY-MACE', n. [Fr. from A.-S. grhna, 
mask, ghost.] A distortion ot the 
countenance, to express some feel- 
ing ; a made-up face. 

Gri-mal'kin, n. [Corrupted ix.gray- 
mallcin, fr. gray and malkin,a. drab.] 
An old cat. 

GRIME, n. [A.-S. hryme, hrhm, soof ] 
Dirt deeply insinuated. — v. t. To 
sully or soil deeply. 

GRIM'LY, a. Having a hideous or 
stern look. — adv. Fiercely; sullen- 
ly, [sternness. 

GrIm'ness, n. Fierceness of look ; 

Grim'y, a. [-ER; est, 142.] Full 
of grime ; dirty ; foul. 

GrIn., v. i. [-NED : -king, 136.] [A.-S. 
grinnian.] To show the teeth, as in 
laughter, scorn, or pain. — n. Act of 
closing the teeth and showing them. 
— v. t. To express by grinning. 

GRJND, v. t. [GROUND ; GRINDING.] 
[A.-S. grindan.] 1. To reduce to 
powder by friction, as in a mill. 2. 
To polish or sharpen by friction. 3. 
To oppress by severe exactions. — 
v. i. T<? perform the operation of 
grinding. 

Grind'er.ti. ]. One who grinds. 2. 
One of the double teeth ; a molar. 

GRIND'STCNE (colloq. grin's ton), n. 
A flat, circular stone for grinding 
tools. 

Grin'ner, n. One who grins. 

Grip, n. [See Gripe.] 1. A grasping 
or seizing. 2. A peculiar mode of 
claspin g the ban d . — v.t. To grasp ; 
to gripe. 

Gripe, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gripan. Cf. GRAB.] 1. To clutch; 
to seize and hold fast. 2. To give pain 
to the bowels of. 3. To pinch : to 
distress. — v. i. 1. To hold or pinch 
as with a gripe. 2. To suffer griping 
pains. — n. 1. Seizure ; clutch. 2. 
A handle. 3. Oppression ; pinching 
distress. 4. Pinching and spasmodic 
pain in the intestines. 

Grisette (gre-zef), n. [Fr., from 
gris, gray, because women of the in- 
ferior classes wore gray gowns.] A 
young, laboring French woman kept 
as a servant and mistress. 

GRIS/LY (grisly), a. [A.-S. grislic,fc 
grisan, agrtsan, to dread.] Fright- 
ful ; horrible ; terrible. 

GrIst, n. [A.-S. grist) gerst, pearled 
barley.] 1. That which is ground at 
one time. 2. Supply ; provision. 

GrIs'TLE (gris'l), n. [A.-S. gristh] 
A smooth, elastic substance in ani- 
mal bodies ; cartilage. 

GrIst'LY (^ris'ly), a. Consisting of, 
or like, gristle ; cartilaginous. 



.£, I, 0,U, Y.long; A.S,I, 6,tJ, 'i, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



GRIST-MILL 



191 



GUAIACUM 



GlMST'-MlLL, n. A mill for grinding 
grists, or portions of grain brought 
by different customers. 

GRIT, n. [A.-S. grytt, grytte, bran, 
dust, grilt, barley.] 1. Coaxse part 
of meal. 2. Oats or wheat coarsely 
ground. 3. Sand or gravel. 4. A 
hard, coarse-grained silicious sand- 
stone. 5. Spirit ; resolution. — v.t. 
[-TED ; -TIN©.] To grind ; to grate. 

GRIT'TY, a. 1. Full of sand or grit. 
2. Spirited and resolute. 

GRIZ'ZLE, n. [From Fr. grit, gray.] 
Gray ; a mixture of white auu black. 

GRIZ'ZLED, a. Gray; of a mixed 
white and black. 

Griz'zly, a. Somewhat gray. 

Groan, v. i. [-ed: -ing.]" [A.-S. 
granian. Cf. GRUNT.] To give forth j 
a low, moaning sound. — n. A low, 
moaning sound, uttered in pain or in 
derision. 

Groat (grawt), n. [D. groot, that is, 
a great piece of coin.] 1. An old 
English coin equal to four pence. 2. 
pi. [A.-S. grit. See GRIT.] Oats or 
wheat deprived of the hulls. 

GrS'CER, n. [Orig. grosser, one who 
sells by the gross, or by wholesale.] 
A dealer in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, 
fruits, &c. 

Gro'cer-y. n. 1. pi. Commodities 
sold by grocers. 2. A grocer's store. 
[Amer.] 

Grog, it. [From Adm. Yernon (nick- 
named " Old Grog,'' 1 because he 
wore a grogram cloak).] A mixture 
of spirit and water, usually not 
sweetened. 

Grog'ger-y, n. A grog-shop. 

Geog'RAM, I n. [0. Fr. gros-grain, 

Grog'ran, ) i.e., gross-grain.] Ai 
coarse stuff of silk and moliair ; aiso, ' 
a strong, coarse silk. 

Groin, n. [Icel. grein, division, 
branch.] 1. Depressed part of the 
body between the belly and the 
thigh. 2. Angular curve made by 
the intersection of two arches. — v. 
t. To fashion into, or adorn with, 
groins. 

Groined, a. Having 
an angular curve 
made by the inter- 
section of two semi- 
cylinders or arches. 

Groom, n. [0. D. 
grom, boy, youth ; 
A.-S. guma, man.] 
1. A man or boy who 
has the charge of „ 
horses. 2. One of Groined Arch, 
several officers of the English royal 
household. 3. A man recently mar- 
ried or about to be married ; a bride- 
groom. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
tend or care for, as a horse. 

GROOVE, n. [A.-S. grdf, ditch, pool, 
fr- grafan, to dig.] A "furrow, chan- 
nel, or long hollow. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING-.] To cut a groove or channel 
in; to furrow. 

Grope, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gropian, allied to gripe.] To attempt 
to find something in the dark, by 




feeling ; to feel one's way. — v. t* To 
search out by feeling in the dark. 
Gross, a. [-er; -est.] [L. Lat. 
grossus, fr. Lat. crassus, thick, fat.] 

1. Great ; large ; bulky. 2. Coarse ; 
rough . 3. Not easily aroused ; stu- 
pid. 4. Vulgar ; indelicate ; low. 5. 
Thick ; dense. 6. Great ; palpable. 
7. Whole; total.— n. 1. The bulk ; 
the mass. 2. Twelve dozen. 

Gross'ly, adv. Greatly ; coarsely. 

Gross'ness, n. Quality of being gross. 

Grot, n. A grotto. 

Gro-tesque', a. Like the figures 
found in grottoes ; whimsical ; ex- 
travagant, [manner. 

Gro-tesque f ~LY, adv. In a grotesque 

Gro-Tesque'ness, n. State'of being 
grotesque. 

Grot'to, n.; pi. grot'toes. [A-S. 
grut, fr. Lat. crypta, Gr Kpv-nrr], con- 
cealed subterranean passage.] A nat- 
ural cavern ; also, an ornamental, ar- 
tificial cave or cavern-like apartment. 

GROUND, n. [A.-S. grund, fr. grin- 
dan, Eng. grind.] 1. Surface of the 
earth ; hence, surface of a floor, &c. 

2. Region ; land ; estate. 3. Foun- 
dation. 4. (Paint.) Surface on which 
a figure or object is represented. 5. 
pi. Sediment; dregs. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To lay on the ground. 2. 
To found ; to fix, as on a founda- 
tion. 3. To instruct in elements. — 
v. i. To run aground ; to strike 
and remain fixed. — imp. & p. p. of 
Grind. [house. 

Ground'-floor, n. Lower floor of a 
Groundless, a. Without ground 

or foundation ; false. 
GROUND'LESS-LY, adv. In a ground- 
less manner. [being groundless. 
Ground'less-ness, n. Quality of 
Ground'ling, ». 1. Afish that keeps 
at the bottom of the water. 2. A 
spectator in the pit of the theater. 
GROUND'-NUT, n. 1. The peanut. 

2. A leguminous, twining plant. 
Ground'-plan, n. Surface repre- 
sentation of the divisions of a build- 
ing. 

GroU(ND'-pl6t, n. 1. Ground on 
which a building is placed. 2. Plan 
of the lower part of a building. 

Ground'-rent, n. Rent paid for 
building on another man's land. 

Ground'sill, n. Timber of a build- 
ing which lies next to the ground ; 
the sill. 

Ground'swell, n. A broad, deep 
swell or undulation of the ocean. 

Ground'work (-wfirk), n. 1. Foun- 
dation ; basis. 2. The essential part. 

3. First principle. 

GROUP (grobp) n. [Fr. groupe,grouppe, 
cluster, bunch.] 1. A cluster; an 
assemblage. 2. An assemblage of 
objects in a certain order or relation. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form a 
group of. 

Grouse, n. A stout-legged bird, 
highly prized for food. 

GROUT, n. [A.-S. grut. See GROAT.] 
1. Coarse meal. 2. A thick ale. 3. 
Lees ; dregs. 4. A thin, coarse mortar. 



GROVE, n. [A.-S. grdf, grave, grove, 
from grafan, to dig.] A cluster of 
trees shading an avenue ; a wood of 
small extent. 

GROV.EL (grSv'l), v. i. [-ED, -ING ; 
or -LED, -LING, 137.] [Ice\. grufa, to 
lie prostrate on the ground.] 1. To 
creep on the earth ; to act in a pros- 
trate posture. 2. To be low or mean. 

Grov'£L-er, I n. One who grovels; 

Grov'.el-LER, ) a servile person. 

Grow, ». i. [>mp. grew ; p. p, 
grown.] [A.-S. groivan.] 1. To in- 
crease in size by natural process. 2. 
To increase in any way . 3. To thrive ; 
to flourish. 4. To result ; to become. 
5. To become attached ; to adhere. 
— v. t. To produce; to raise. 

Growl, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [D. grol- 
len, to grunt, be angry.] To mur- 
mur or snarl, as a c'og. — v. t. To 
express by growling. — n. The mur- 
mur of a cross dog. 

Grown, p. p. of Grow. 

Growth, n. 1. Process of growing ; 
augmentation ; production. 2. That 
which has grown ; product ; result. 

Grub, v. i. [-bed ; -bing, 136.] 
[Goth, graban, to dig.] 1. To be oc- 
cupied in digging. 2. To beg; esp. 
to beg food. [Colloq. and low.] — v. t. 
To dig ; to dig up by the roots. — n. 
[So called from grubbing.] 1. A larve 
of a beetle or weevil. 2. A short, 
thick man. 3. Victuals. [Colloq. 
and low.] 

GrOb'ber, n. 1. One who grubs. 2. 
An instrument for grubbing. 

Grudge, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [O.Eng. 
grutche, gruiche, fr. grunt.] To part 
with reluctantly ; to desire to get 
back again. — v. i. To be covetous 
or envious; to be unwilling, — n. 
Uneasiness at the possession of some- 
thing by another ; secret enmity. 

Stx . — Pique ; aversion ; dislike ; ha- 
tred ; spite. 

Grudg'ing-ly, adv. In a grudging 
manner. 

Gru'el, n. [0. Fr. gruel, for grutel, 
fr. A.-S. grilt. See GRIT.] Alight 
food, made by boiling meal in water. 

Gruff, a. [-er;-est.] [D. grof, N. 
II. Get.grob.] Of a rough or stern 
manner, voice, or countenance. 

Gruff'LY, adv. In a gruff manner. 

Gruff'ness, n. Quality or state of 
being gruff. 

Grum, a. [A.-S. See Grim.] 1. Mo< 
rose: severe of countenance. 2. Low; 
gutturai. 

GRtJM'BLE, v. i. [-EDI-ING.] [L- 
Ger. grummeln, grumen.]. 1. To 
murmur with discontent. 2. To 
growl. 3. To rumble; to roar. 

Grum'bler, n. One who grumbles. 

Grume, n. [Lat. grumus, a littlo 
heap.] A clot, as of blood. 

GRUM'LY, adv. In a grum manner. 

Grunt, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. 
grunzen, A.-S. grunan.] To make a 
deep guttural noise, like a hog. — n. 
A deep, guttural sound. 

Gr^ph'on, n. See Griffin. 

GUA'lA-etJM (gwa'ya-), «. [From the 



or, do, wqlf, too, TO~oii ; URN, rue, PULL ; js, /, o, silent ; c,G, soft ;€,&, hard; as.; exist; NOSNG; THIS 



GUANO 



192 



CxUNKERY 



language of Hajti.] 1. A small, 
crooked West Indian tree. 2. Resin 
of the lignumvitite, much used in 
medicine. 

Gua'no (gwa'no), n. [Sp., fr. Peruv. 
huanu, dung.] Excrement of certain 
sea-fowls ; — used as a manure. 

GuAr'an-TEE' (gar'an-tee'), n. 1. A 
promise to answer for the perform- 
ance of some duty, in case of the 
failure of another person primarily 
liable; a security. 2. A guarantor. 
3. One to whom a guaranty is made. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make sure ; 
to warrant. [surety. 

Guar/an-tor/, n. A warrantor ; a 
Guar'an-ty (gar'an-ty), n. [0. Fr. 
guarantie, from 0. H. Ger. wercn, to 
warrant, keep.] An undertaking to 
answer in case of the failure of an- 
other person to pay or perform ; a 
warranty ; a security. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] 1. To engage that an- 
other shall perform what he has stip- 
ulated. 2. To undertake to secure 
to another. 3. To indemnify ; to 
save harmless. 
Guard (gard, 72), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[0. Fr. guarder, warder, from A.-S. 
weardian, Eng. loard.] 1. To pro- 
tect from danger ; to secure against 
surprise or attack. 2. To protect 
the edge of. 
Syn. — To defend ; shield ; watch. 

— v. i. To watch by way of caution 
or defense. — n. 1. That which 
guards or secures. 2. Any fixture 
or attachment to protect against in- 
j iry or defacement, theft or loss. 3. 
{Fencing.) A posture of defense. 

Sy«. — Defense ; shield; protection; 
safeguard; escort; -watch ; heed. 

Guard'i-an (gard'I-an), n. [0. Fr. 
guardain, gardian. See GUARD, v.] 
1. One who guards; a warden. 2. 
One who has custody of the person 
or property of a minor, or of a per- 
son incapable of managing his own 
affairs. — a. Guarding ; protecting. 

Guard'i-an-shIp, n. Office of a guard- 
ian. 

GuArd'-room, n. A room for the 
accommodation of guards. 

Gua/va (gwa/va), n. A tropical tree, 
or its fruit. 

Gu'ber-na-tS'ri-al (89), a. [Lat. 
gubernator, governor.] Pertaining to 
government, or to a governor. 

GtJD'GEON (gud'jun), n. [Lat. gobio, 
orgobius, Gr. Kwjeio?.] 1. A small 
fresh- water fish, easily caught and 
often used for bait. 2. A person 
easily cheated. 3. A bait; allure- 
ment. 4. The part of any horizontal 
shaft on which it runs. 5. An eye 
fastened to the stern-post to hang 
the rudder on. 

Cuer'don (ger'don, 14), n. [0. Fr., 
fr. 0. H. Ger. widar, again, against, 
and Lat. donujn, gift.] A reward. 

CuerrIl'LA (ger-rli'ia), n. [Sp., lit. 
little war, skirmish.] 1. Anirregu- 
Ur, predatory mode of carrying on 
war. 2. One who earries on irregu- 
lar or predatory warfare. 



GUESS, t'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Allied to 
A.-S. gitan, Eng. get.] 1. To judge 
of at random. 2. To form an opin- 
ion of. from reasons thac are not de- 
cisive. 3. To conjecture rightly. 4. 
To hit upon by accident. 

Syn.— To think; reckon.— It is a gross 
vulgarism to use the word guess, not in 
its true and specific sense, but simply for 
think or believe, as, " I guet>s the mail has 
arrived; " " / guess he is at home." It is 
equally vulgar to use reckon in the same 
way, as, "1 reckon the mail has ar- 
rived ; "I reckon he is at liome." These 
words are the shibboleth of the North and 
the South in this country. It would be 
better for each (in order to avoid so gross 
a vulgarism) to drop entirely its peculiar 
and abused term, substituting therefor 
some such word as think, believe, imag- 
ine, fancy, &c. 

— v. i. To make a guess ; to conject- 
ure. — n. Judgment without suffi- 
cient evidence ; conjecture. 

Guest, n. [A.-S. gest, Goth, gasts.] 
A visitor entertained for a short 
time. [tcr. 

Guf-faW, n. A loud burst of laugh- 

Guid'ance, n. Act of guiding; di- 
rection ; government. 

Guide (gld, 72), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Fr. guider, fr. Goth, vitan, to watch 
over, give heed to.] 1. To lead or 
direct. 2. To train ; to influence. — 
•n. 1. One who directs another in his 
way. 2. A regulator. 

Guide '-post, n. A post to direct 
travelers in the way. 

Gui'DON(-I/don), n. [Fr. SeeGuiDE.] 
A small flag or streamer, as that car- 
ried by_ cavalry. 

Guild (gild), n. [A.-S., fr. gildan, to 
pay.] An association of men formed 
for mutual aid and protection. 

Guile (gll, 72), n. [O. Fr., fr. A.-S. 
wile, Eng. wile.] Craft; cunning; 
duplicity. 

Guile'ful, a. Full of guile. 

GUILE'LESS (109), a. Free from guile. 

Gui'L'LO-T'iNE/(ijd'lo-teen / ), n- [From 
Guillotin, a French physician.] A 
machine for beheading a person by 
the stroke of a heavy axe. — v. t. 
[-ED ;-ING.] To behead with the guil- 
lotine^ 

Guilt (gilt), n. [A.-S. gylt, fr. geldan, 
gildan, to pay ; orig. the fine paid 
for au offense, afterward the offense 
itself.] 1. Criminality and conse- 
quent exposure to punishment. 2. 
Exposure to any legal penalty. 

GuiLT'i-LY, adv. In a guilty manner. 

Guilt'i-ness, n. State of being guilty. 

Guilt'less, a. 1. Innocent. 2. 
Without experience. 

Gu'ilt'less-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing guiltless. 

Gui'LT'Y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Evinc- 
ing guilt ; criminal and ill-deserving. 

GufN'EA (gln'e), n. [From Guinea, 
in Africa, abounding in gold.] An 
old gold coin of England, current for 
twenty -one shillings sterling, or 
about five dollars. 

Gu'in'ea-pig (pa'e-), n. [Prob. a 
mistake for Guiana-pig.] A small 
Brazilian rodent. 

Guise (giz, 72), n. [Fr. guise, from 




Guitar. 



A.-S. & Eng. wise.] 1. External 
appearance ; garb; behavior. 2. Cus- 
tom ; practice. 

GuI-tXr/ (gi-tar'), 
n. [Fr. guitarre,* 
from Gr. Ki6dpa.] 
A stringed instru- 
ment of music 
resembling the 
violin. 

Gulch, n. A ra- 
vine ; a gully. 

Gules, (guiz), n. 
[L. Lat. gula, reddened skin.] A red 
color; — indicated in engraving by 
perpendicular lines. 

Gulf, n. [Gr. koAttos.] 1. An abyss ; 
a deep chasm. 2. A large bay ; an 
open sea. 

Gull, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Guile, 
and Gull, a sea-fbwl.] To deceive ; 
to cheat; to trick, — n. 1. A trick ; 
fraud. 2. A dupe. 3. [W. gwylan.] 
A web-footed sea-fowl, with long, 
narrow wings. [agus. 

GOl'let, 7i. [Lat. gula.] The esoph- 

Gul/li-bil'i-TY, n. Quality of being 
gullible. [ Colloq.] 

GuL'LY,n. [See GULLET.] A chan- 
nel worn in the earth by water ; a 
gulch. — v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] To 
wear into gullies. 

Gulp, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [D. gul~ 
pen, golpen, fr. golpe, whirlpool.] To 
swallow eagerly ; to swallow up. — 
n. As much as is swallowed at once. 

Gum, n. 1. [A.-S. gOma, palate.] The 
hard, fleshy substance covering the 
jaws. 2. [A.-S. gGma, Lat. gummi, 
Gr. KOfjLfxt..] A hard vegetable secre- 
tion, soluble in water. 

Gum arable, a gum from trees of sev- 
eral species of the genus Acacia. 
—v.t. [-MED ; -MING.] To smear 
with gum ; to unite or stiffen by 
gum. [scess on the gum. 

GUM'-BOIL, n. A boil or small ab- 

GUM-Mi'F'ER-otfs, a. [Lat. gummi, 
gum, andyerre, to bear.] Producing 
gum. [gumur . 

Gum'mi-ness, n. Quality of being 

Gum'mous, a. Composed of gum ; 
gummy. 

Gum'my, a. [-ER; EST, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of gum ; adhesive. 2. Cov- 
ered Mith gum. 

Gump, n. A dolt ; a dunce. [Low.] 

GtJMP'TlON (84), n. [Cf. 0. Eng. 
gaum, to understand.] Capacity ; 
shrewdness. 

Gum'-res/in, n. Milky juice of a 
plant solidified by exposure to air. 

GtJN, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. canna, reed, 
tube, perh. fr. 0. Eng. gyn, gin, ab- 
brev. of engine.] Any fire-arm ex- 
cept the pistol and mortar. 

Gun'-boat, n. A small vessel fitted 
to carry one or more guns. 

Gun'-CoVton, n. A highly explo- 
sive substance obtained by soakiug 
cotton, &c, in nitric and sulphuric 
acids. 

GtJN'NER, n. One who works a gun. 

Gun'ner-y, n. The art and science 
of firing guns. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y,long; X E,I, 5,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT J ERE, VglL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



GUNNING 



193 



HACKLE 



GUN'NING, ?i. Act or practice of hunt- 
ing game with a gun. 

Gl\\'\y, n. [Hind, gon.] A strong, 
coarse kind of sacking. 

GDn'pow-der, n. A mixture of salt- 
peter, sulphur, and charcoal pulver- 
ized, granulated, and dried. 

GC'VsiioT, n. 1. Distance of the 
point-blank range of a canuon-shot. 
2. Distance to which shot can be ef- 
fectively thrown from a gun. 

Gun'smith, n. A maker of guns.- 

GC'-VWALE (commonly pron. gun'nel), 
n. [From gun and icale. because 
the upper guns are pointed from it.] 
Upper edge of a ship's side. 

Gur'gle, l\ i. [-ED : -l.\G.] [Ger. 
gurgeln, to gargle.] To flow in a bro- 
ken, irregular, noisy current. — n. 
A gush or flow of liquid. 

Gt'SH, v. i. [ed: -ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
giozan, giuzan, A.-S. geotan, to 
pour out.] 1. To flow forth copious- 
ly. 2. To act with a sudden and 
rapid impulse. 

Snr. — To flow.— To gush is to break 
forth with violence ; to flow is to move 
on gently with little or no opposition. 
The fountain qwhe* from beneath the 
rocks, and/oifs quietly away in a wind- 
ing stream. 

GCs'set. n. [Fr. gonsset, dim. of 
gousse, pod, husk.] A piece of cloth 
inserted in a garment, to strengthen 
or enlarge some part. 

GUST, n. 1. [Lat. gustus.] Pleasure 
from tasting; relish. 2. Gratifica- 
tion; enjoyment. 3. flcel. gustr, fr. 
gusta, to blow cold.] A sudden 
squall, 4. A violent burst of pas- 
sion. 

Gus'to, n. [It. See Gust.] Nice 
appreciation or enjoyment ; relish. 



Gust'y, a. Subject to, or attended 
by, gusts. 

Gut, n. [Allied to Goth, qvithu*, bel- 
ly, womb.] 1. Intestinal canal of an 
animal. 2. pi. The whole mass of 
intestines. — v. t. [-ted; -ting, 
142.] 1. To take out the bowels 
from ; to eviscerate. 2. To destroy 
the interior of. 

GfiT'TA-PER/CHA, 7i. [Malay, gutta, 
gum, and perr.ha, tree from which it 
is procured.] An inspissated sap 
from various trees in the Malayan 
archipelago. 

Gut'ta Se-re'NA. [Lat., lit. se- 
rene or clear drop.] Blindness occa- 
sioned by a palsied retina. 

GtJT'TER, 7i. [Lat. gutta, drop.] 1. A 
channel to convey away rain from a 
roof. 2. A small chaunel. — t*. t. 
[-ED; -IN©.] To form into small 
channels. 

Gut'tur-al, a. [Lat. gvttur, throat.] 
Pertaining to, or formed in, the 
throat. — 7i. A letter pronounced in 
the throat. [manner. 

GOt'tur-al-LY, adv. In a guttural 

Guy, 71. [See Guide.] A rope or rod 
attached to any thiug to steady it. 

GOz'ZLE (gQVzl), V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A modification of guttle.] To swal- 
jow liquor greedily or frequently. 

6yke,«. t. &»'. E-ed; -ing.] To 
shift from one side of a vessel to the 
other L 

6ym-na'si-um, n. ; pi. gym-na'si-a. 
[Gr. yvfJLvda-Lov, fr. yv/mvos, naked.] 
1. A place for athletic exercises. 2. 
A school for the higher branches of 
learning. 

GYM'NAST, n. One who teaches or 
practices gymnastic exercises. 



GYM-N.Xs'TI€, \ a. Relating to atb 

GYM-NAS'TI€-AL, ) letic exercises. 

GYM-NAS'Tl-e, 7i. 1. Athletic exe.r- 
cises. 2. One who practices or teacn- 
es athletic exercises. 

GYM-Nls'Ties, n. sing, ^.rt of per- 
forming athletic exercises. 

GYM'NO-SPERM, ti. [Gr. yujavo?, na- 
ked, and a-rrepp-a, seed] A plan-: 
bearing naked seeds, as the aemlock. 

GYN'E-OC'RA-CY, n. [Gr. yvvq, yv- 
j/ai*c6s, woman, and Kparelv, to rule.] 
Government administered by a Ioni- 
an, [taining gypsum. 

GYP'SE-OUS, a. Resembling or con- 

GYP'SUM, n. [Lat. ; Gr. yy<|/o*.J A 
mineral consisting of sulphate of 
lime, and 21 per cent, of watei. 

GYP'SY (148), ?i. [0. Eng. Gyptian, 
fr. Egyptian.] 1. One of a vagabond 
race, coming originally from India. 

t 2. A cunning person. [tory. 

GY'ral (j^ral), a. "Whirling ; gyra- 

GY'RATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
gyrare, gyratum. See GYRE.] To 
revolve round a central point ; to 
move spirally. 

6y-ra'tion, n. A circular or spiral 

t motion ; rotation. 

GYRE, 7i. [Lat. gyrus, Gr. yvpos, fr. 
yvpos, round.] A circular motion, or 
a circle described by a moving body- 

GYR'fal-€ON (jer'faw-kn), n. [L. 
Lat. gyrofalco, a gyrando, from its 
circling around before descending on 
the prey J A species of falcon. 

GY'ro-scope, ti. [Gr. yupo?, ring, 
circle, and o-Koneiv, to view.] A re 
tating wheel mounted in a ring o«* 
rings, for illustrating the dynamics 
of rotating bodies, &c. [a fetter 

GYVE (jiv), n. \W. gefyn.] A shackle' 



H. 



H(aitch), the eighth letter of the 
English alphabet. See Principles 
of Pronunciation, §76. 

HA, interj . An exclamation denoting 
surprise, joy, or grief. 

Ha'be-as -Cor'pus. [Lat., you 
may have the body.] A writ to 
inquire into the cause of a person's 
imprisonment or detention, with the 
view to protect the right to personal 
liberty. 

HXb'er-d.Xsh'er, n. [Of uncertain 
etymology.] A seller of small wares, 
such as pins, needles, thread, &c. 

Ha-BIE'I-MENT, n. [Fr. habillement , 
fr. Lat. habitus, dress.] A garment ; 
clothing. 

HJb'it, n. [Lat. hafntvs, fr. habere, 
to have, be in a condition.] 1. Or- 
dinary state; esp., physical tempera- 
ament. 2. Fixed or established cus- 
tom ; acquired involuntary tendency 
to perform certain actions. 3. At- 
tire ; dress ; hence, a garment. 

Syn.— Practice; mode; manner; way; 



custom. —Habit is an internal principle 
which leads us to do easily, naturally, 
and with growing certainty, what we do 
often ; custom is external, being habitual 
use or the frequent repetition of the same 
act. The two operate reciprocally on 
each other. The custom of giving pro- 
duces a habit of liberality ; habits of de- 
votion promote the custom of going to 
church. Custom also supposes an act of 
the will, selecting given modes of pro- 
cedure ; habit is a law of our being, a 
kind of " second nature " which grows 
up within us. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To dress; to 
clothe. 

HAB'IT-A-BLE, a. [Lat. habitabilis, 
fr. habitare, to dwell.] Capable of 
being inhabited. [ITANCY. 

HXb'it-an-cy, n. Same as Inhab- 

Hab'i-TAT, ti. Natural abode or lo- 
cality of a plant or animal. 

Hab'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inhabit- 
ing. 2. Place of abode ; a residence. 

Ha-bIt'U-AL, a. 1. Formed by habit. 
2. According to habit. 3. Rendered 
permanent by continued causes. 



Sytt. — Customary; accustomed; usp- 
al; common. 

Ha-bit'u-al-ly, adv. Customarily ; 
usually ; commonly. 

HA-BIT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make accustomed ; to familiarize. 

HXb'I-tude, (53), n. [Lat. habitudo.] 
Customary manner or mode of living, 
feeling, or acting. 

Hacienda ( a/the-en'da), n. [Sp.] 
An isolated farm or farm-house. 

Hack, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A -S. 
haccan.] 1. To cut irregularly and 
awkwardly. 2. To speak with hesi- 
tation. — v. i. 1. To be exposed to 
common use for hire. 2. To make 
an effort to raise phlegm. — n. [Cf. 
Icel. fdkr, horse. See Hackney.] 1. 
A horse, or carriage, let out for com- 
mon hire ; also, a family horse. 2. 
A drudge. — a. Hackneyed ; hired ; 
mercenary. 

HAck'le (hak'l), v.t. [-ED;-ING.] 
1. To separate, as the coarse part of 
flax or hemp from the fine. 2. To 



OR, Dp,wpLE,TOO,TO~&K.; URN, RUE, PULL ; E , I, O , silent ; C,G, so/*; e,&,hard; As; EXIST; sasNG; THIS. 



HACKMATACK 



194 



HAMMER-HARDEN 



tear rudely asunder. — n. [Allied to 
hook.] An instrument with teeth 
tor separating the coarse part of 
llax or hemp from the tine. 

Hack'ma-tack', n. [Of Indian ori- 
gin.] The tamarack tree. 

IlXcK'NEY (149), n. [Fr. haquence, a 
pacing horse. Cf. Hack.] 1. A 
nag ; a pony. 2. A horse, or a horse 
and carriage kept for hire ; a hack. 
3. A hireling ; a prostitute. — a. 1. 
Let out for hire. 2. Common ; trite. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To make trite 
or commonplace, [for hire ; a hack. 

II \ck'ney-€OACH, n. Acoach kept 

Had, imp. & p.p. of Have [Contr. 
fr. A.-S. hafde, that is, haved.] See 
Have. 

Had'dock, n. [W. hadog, fr. had- 
awg, having seed.] A sea-fish a lit- 
tle smaller than the cod. 

IIa'de§, n. [Gr. aSrjs, aiSris.] The 
habitation of the dead. 

Haft, n. [A.-S. haft, haft, hdftan, 
to take, seize.] A handle as of a 
knife or dagger. 

Hag, n. [A.-S. hdges.] 1. An ugly 
old woman ; a fury. 2. A witch ; a 
sorceress. 

HXg'gard, a. [Fr. hagard, Ger. ha- 
gart, from 0. Eng, hauke, now hawk, 
and the suffix ard ] 1. Wild or in- 
tractable. 2. Having the expression 
of one wasted by want or suffering. 

HXg'gess, I n. [Scot, hag, to hack, 

HXg'gis, ) to chop.] A pudding 
containing the entrails of a lamb, 
chopped with fine herbs and suet, 
highly seasoned, and boiled in the 
maw. [Scot.] 

HXG'GlSH,a. Like a hag ; ugly. 

HXg'gle,^. t. [-ed; -ING.] '[Dim. 
of Scot, hag, for hack..] 1. To cut 
into small pieces. 2. To tease ; to 
worry. — v. i. To be difficult in bar- 
gaining ; to chaffer. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-pha, n. pi [Gr. ayi- 
6ypa<fra (SC /3tj3Aia), fr. ay;6ypa</)0s, 
written by inspiration.] 1. That 
part of the Old Testament not em- 
braced by the Law and the Prophets. 
2. The lives of the saints. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-pher, n. One of the 
writers of the hagiographa. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-phy, n. Same as Ha- 
giographa. 

Hah, interj. An exclamation express- 
ing surprise or effort. 

Ha-ha', n. [Prob. from haw-haw, a 
reduplication of haw, ■ hedge.] A 
fence or bank in a slope so as not to 
be seen until one is close upon it. 

HAIL, n. 1. [A.-S. hagal, hagel.] 
Frozen rain. 2. [A.-S. hat, halo, 
safety.] A wish of health ; a saluta- 
tion. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
pour down masses of ice or frozen 
vapor. 2. To report one's self. — 
v. t. 1. To call after loudly; to sa- 
lute. 2. To name ; to call. — interj. 
An exclamation of salutation. 

Hail/stone , n. A frozen rain-drop. 

HAIR, n. [A.-S. hdr.] 1. A small an- 
imal filament, or a mass of such. 2. 
A filament on the surface of plants. 



HAir'-BREAdth, n. Breadth of a 
hair ; a very small distance. 

HAir'-brush, n. A brush lor smooth- 
ing the hair. 

Hair'-€Loth, n. Stuff made of hair. 

HAir'-dress'er, n. One who dress- 
es or cuts hair. 

Hair'i-ness, n. State of abounding, 
or being covered, with hair. 

HAir'-pIn, n. A pin used in dressing 
the hair. 

HAiR'-SPRlNG, n. A fine wire in a 
watch, which gives motion to the 
balance-wheel. [in writing. 

Hair'-stroke, n. A delicate stroke 

HAlR'Y, a. Made of, covered with, or 
resembling hair. 

Hake, n. Asea-fish of the cod family. 

IIal'berd (hol'berd), n. [M. H. Ger. 
helmbart, helmbarte, i. e., an ax to 
split a helmet, fr. barte, a broad ax, 
and helm, helmet.] A pole having a 
steel pointed head, and a steel cross- 
piece, with a cutting edge. 

HXl'cy-on (hal'sl-on), n. [Gr. clAkv- 
a>v,a\Kvu>v.] The kingfisher. — a. 1. 
Pertaining to the halcyon, which 
was said to lay her eggs in ne°ts near 
the sea during cairn weather. 2. 
Hence, calm : quiet ; undisturbed. 

Hale, a. [A.-S. hal. See Whole.] 
Sound ; healthy ; robust. 

Hale, or Hale, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[See Haul".] To drag; to haul. , 

Half (haf, 169). n. [A.-S. healf half.] 
One of two equal parts of a thing. — 
a. Consisting of half. — adv. In an 
equal part or degree. 

Half'-and-half' (haf-and-haf , 
128), n. A mixture of beer or por- 
ter and ale. 

Half'-bTnd'ING (haf'-), n. Book- 
binding in which the backs and cor- 
ners are in leather, and the sides in 
paper or cloth. 

Half'-breed (haf-), n. A person 
who is half-blooded; especially , the 
offspring of Indians and whites. 

HALF'-BROTH / ER(haf / -), n. A broth- 
er by one parent only. 

Half'-heart'ed (haf-), a. Want- 
ing in true affection. 

Half'pay (hafpa), n. Diminished or 
reduced pay. 

Half'-PEN-NY (haf pen-ny\ hap'pen- 
ny, or ha'pen-ny, 152), n. An En- 
glish coin of the value of half a 
penny. 

Half'-sis'ter (haf-), n. A sister by 
one parent only. 

Half '-way (hafwa), adv. In the 
middle ; at half the distance. — a. 
Equally distant from the extremes. I 

Half'- wit'ted (haf-), a. Silly ; 
foolish. [sea-fish. 

Hal'i-but (hofi-but), n. A large flat 

HALL, n. [A.-S. heal, heall: Gr. avArj, 
palace.] 1. A large covered edifice 
or a room for public or private pur- 
poses. 2. A passage-way at the en- 
trance. 3. A manor-house. 4. A 
college in an English university. 

HXl'LE-lu'iah ) (-hVya), n. & in- 

HXl'LE-LU'JAH I terj. [See ALLE- 
luiah.] Praise ye Jehovah. 



Hal-loo', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
call by name, or by the word halloo. 
— v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. 
2. To chase with shouts. 3. To call 
or shout to. — n. A shout ; a call. 

— interj. Ho, there ! — an exclama- 
tion to excite attention. 

HXl'LOW,1!.(. [-EDJ-ING.] [A.-S. 
halgian,haligan, fr. halig, holy.] To 
makeholy ; to consecrate. 

Hal'low-'mas (146). n. Feast of 
All Souls, All Saints^ or All Hallows. 

HAL-LU'CI-NA'TION, n. [Lat. hallu- 
cinatio, fr. hallucinari , to wander in 
mind.] 1. Error; delusion. 2. An 
illusion of sensible perception. 

HA'LO, n. ; pi. HA'LO.g. [Gr. eiAws, 
lit., a circular threshing-floor.] A 
circle of light, especially a circle 
round the sun or moon. 

Ha'loid, a. [Gr. oiAs, oiAos, salt, and 
€i6o?, form.] Bescmbling a salt; — 
applied to binary compounds. 

Hals'er (haws'er), n. [Ger. halse, a 
collar of hounds, halser, from hals, 
neck.] A hawser. See Hawser. 

Halt, f, i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
healtian, to limp.] 1. To stop in 
walking or marching. 2. To limp. 

— v. t. To cause to cease march- 
ing. — a. Halting in walking : lame. 

— n. 1. A stop in marching ; a stop- 
ping. 2. Limping; lameness. 

Halt'ER, n. 1. One who halts or 
limps. 2. [A.-S. halfter.] A strap 
and head-stall for a horse. 3. A rope 
for hanging malefactors. — v. t- 
[-ED ; -ING.] To put a halter on. 

Halve (hav), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[From half.] To divide into two 
equal parts. 

HXl'YARD, n. [From hale, or haul, 
and yard.] A rope or tackle for hoist- 
ing or lowering yards or sails. 

HXm, n. [A.-S. ham, fr. 0. H. Ger. 
ham, crooked.] 1. Inner or hind 
part of the knee. 2. Thigh of a hog 
salted and smoked. 

Ham'a-dry/ad, n. ; Lat.pl. hXm'a- 
DRY'A-DEg. [Gr. 'AfxaSpvas, from 
afia, together, and Spvs, oak, tree.] 
A wood-nymph, feigned to live and 
die with a particular tree. 

Hames, n. [Allied to 0. H. Ger. ham, 
crooked . ] The curved pieces by which 
the traces of a horse are attached to 
the collar. 

HX ML'LE T , n . [A.-S. ham, home , and 
let, a dim. termination.] A little 
cluster of houses in the country ; a 
small village. 

Ham'mer, n. [A.-S. hamer.] 1. An 
instrument for driving nails, &c. 2. 
Something which resembles a ham- 
mer. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
beat or fashion with a hammer. 2. 
To contrive by intellectual labor. 

HXm'mer-gloth, n. The cloth 
which covers a coach-box ; — prob- 
ably so called from the old practice 
of carrying a /; am mer, nails, &c.,in 
a pocket hid by this cloth. 

HXm'mer-hard'jbn, v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To harden, as a metal, by 
hammering in the cold state. 



A, E,I, 5,U,Y. long; A,£, 1,6, U, Y, short; CARE.FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, 1Z.RHS.) PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



HAMMOCK 



105 



HARDY 




4 



IlAM'MOCK, n. 
[Of Indian or- 
igin.] A kind 
of hanging 
bed. 

H.XM'PER, n. 1. Hammock. 

[Contr. from hanaper, a basket.] A 
large basket for conveying things to 
market, &c. 2. [Of. lcel. kanpr, 
hemp.] A fetter. — v. t. [ed ; -ing.] 

1. To put in a hamper. 2. To put a 
hamper on ; to shackle ; to embarrass. 

Ham'STRING, n. One of the tendons 
of the ham. — v. t. [hamstrung, 
or hamstringed; hamstring- 
ing.] To disable by cutting the 
tendons of the ham. 

Hand, n. [A.-S. hand, hond.] 1. 
Outer extremity of the human arm. 

2. That which resembles a human 
hand, esp., the pointer of a dial. 3. 
A measure of four inches. 4. Slide; 
part. 5. Actual performance ; hence, 
manner of performance. 6. An ageut 
or servant. 7. Penmanship. 8. pi. 
1'ossession ; ownership. 9. Agency 
in transmission. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 
To give or tr nsmit with the hand. 

Hand'-bar'row, n. A vehicle or 
frame borne by the hands of men. 

IIand'bill, n. A loose printed ad- 
vertisement for circulation. 

Hand'-book, n. A small book of 
reference ; a manual. 

Hand'-breadth, n. A space equal 
to the breadth of the hand. 

Hand'cuff, n. A fastening for the 
wrists; a manacle. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To put handcuffs on ; to 
manacle. 

Hand'ful (155), n. 1. As much as 
the hand will hold. 2. A small 
quantity or number. [gallop. 

Hand'-gal'lop, n. A slow and easy 

Hand'i-craft, n. Manual occupa- 
tion, [ner. 

Hand'i-ly, adv. In a handy man- 

Hand'I-ness, n. Quality of being 
handy. [by the hands. 

and'i-work (-wGrk), n. Work done 
AND'KER-CHi'EF (haijk'er-), n. 1. 
A cloth to wipe the face, &c. 2. A 
neckcloth. 

PAnd'le, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
hand.] 1. To touch. 2. To manage 
or wield. 3. To deal with ; to prac- 
tice. 4. To treat. — n. Part of a 
vessel or instrument which is held 
in the hand when used. 

Kand'maid, I n. A female servant 

HAnd'maid-en, ) or attendant. 

Hand'-or'gan, n. A portable organ 
played by turning a crank. 

Hand's aw, n. A saw to be used 
with the hand. 

HXnd'sel, n. [A.-S. hand selen, hand - 
sylen, a giving into hands.] A sale, 
gift or delivery which is the first of a 



HXnd's6me (han'sum), a. [-ER ; 
-EST.] [From hand, and the term. 
some.] 1. Having a pleasing appear- 
ance ; comely. 2. Becoming ; ap- 
propriate. 3. Liberal ; generous ; 
ample. 



IlAND'SOME LYfMn'sum-j^t/i'. In 

a handsome manner. 
Hand'spike, n. A bar, used with the 

hand as a lever. 
HAS\D'WRlT-lNG(-rit-ing),«. 1. Form 

of writing peculiar to each hand or 

person. 2. Manuscript. 
Hand'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 

Skillful in using the hand ; dexterous. 

2. Ready to the hand ; convenient. 
Hang, v. t. [hanged, or hung ; 

HANGING.] [A.-S. hangan, hangi- 
an.] 1. To suspend. 2. To put to 
death by suspending. 3. To deco- 
rate with hanging pictures, trophies, 
&c. 4. To droop. — v.i. 1. To be 
suspended ; to dangle. 2. To depend. 

3. To hover ; to impend. — n. Con- 
nection ; arrangement ; plan. 

HXng'dog, n. A base man, fit only 
to be the hangman of dogs. 

Hang'er, n. A short, broad sword, 
curved toward the point. 

Hang'er-6n, n. One who hangs on 
a person or place ; a dependent. 

Hang'ING,«. 1. Death by suspension. 
2. pi. Lining or drapery for a room/ 

Hang'man (150), n. A public execu- 
tioner. 

Hank, n. [Icel. hanki, cord.] Two 
or more skeins of yarn or thread tied 
together. 

IIank'er, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied 
to hunger.] To desire vehemently. 

Hap, n. [Icel. happ.] That which 
happens unexpectedly ; chance ; for- 
tune ; lot. — v. i. To happen ; to be- 
fall. 

Hap'-haz'ard, n. [See Hazard.] 
Extra hazard ; accident. 

Hap'less, a. Without hap or luck ; 
unfortunate ; unlucky. 

Hap'ey, adv. By hap or chance; 
perhaps. 

I-Iap'pjen (h&p'pn), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To come by chance. 2. To take 
place ; to occur. 

Hap'pi-ly, adv. 1. By good fortune. 

2. In a happy manner or state. 3. 
With address or dexterity. 

Hap'PI-ness, n. 1. The state of being 
happy. 2. Good luck; good fortune. 

3. Unstudied grace. 

Syn\ — Felicity; blessedness; bliss.— 
Happiness is generic, and is applied to 
almost every kind of enjoyment except 
that of the animal appetites ; felicity is 
a more formal word, and is used more 
sparingly in the same general sense, but 
with elevated associations ; blessedness 
is applied to the most refined enjoyment 
arising from the purest social, benevo- 
lent, and religious affections ; bliss de- 
notes still more exr.lted delight, and is 
applied more appropriately to the joy 
anticipated in heaven. 

Hap'py, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Eng. 
hap.] 1. Favored by hap or fortune ; 
lucky ; fortunate ; successful. 2. 
Enjoying good of any kind ; satisfied. 
3. Prosperous ; blessed. 4. Furnish- 
ing enjoyment. 5. Propitious ; fa- 
vorable. 

Ha-rangue' (-rang/), n. [From 0. H. 
Ger. hring, arena, ring.] A speech 
to a large public assembly ; declama- 
tion. 



Syx. — Speech ; oration Speech is 

generic; an oration is an elaborate and 
prepared speech ; a harangue is a vehe- 
ment appeal to the passions, or a noisy, 
disputatious address. A general makes 
a harangue to his troops on the eve of 
a battle ; a demagogue harangues the 
populace on the subject of their wrongs. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To make 3 
speech to a large assembly. — v.' m 

, To address by a harangue. 

Har'ass, V. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fa 
harasser, prob. fr. 0. Fr. harass/*, Q 
very heavy shield.] 1. To fatigue to 
excess. 2. To weary with care or 
perplexity. 3. To annoy by repeat- 
ed and unlooked-for attacks. 

Har'BIN-GER, n. [Ger. herberger, one 
who provides or gives lodging.] A 
forerunner ; a precursor. 

Har'BOR, n. [A.-S. hereberga, a mil- 
itary station, from A.-S. here, army, 
and beorgan, to shelter.] 1. A place 
of security and comfort ; a lodging. 
2. A port or haven. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING. ] 1. To entertain as a guest. 
2. To protect, as a ship from storms. 
— v. ?'. To take shelter. 

Har'bor-mAs'ter, n. An officer who 
executes the regulations respecting 
harbors. 

Hard, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. heard.] 

1. Not easily penetrated or yielding 
to pressure. 2. Difficult to under- 
stand. 3. Difficult to accomplish. 
4. Difficult to bear; severe ; oppress- 
ive. 5. Difficult to please or touch. 
6. Rough ; sour, as liquors. 

Syn.— Compact; solid; arduous; un- 
yielding. 

— adv. 1. With pressure; hence, 
diligently ; earnestly. 2. With diffi- 
culty. 3. Uneasily ; vexatiously. 4. 
Vehemently ; vigorously. 5. Forci- 
bly ; violently. 

Hard'en (hard'n), v. t. [-ED ; -ING-] 
[Eng. hard.] 1. To make hard or 
more hard. 2. To strengthen ; to 
inure; also, to confirm, as in wick- 
edness. — v. i'. 1. To become hard, 
or more hard. 2. To become con- 
firmed, [features. 

Hard'-fa/VORED, a. Having coarse 

Hard'-fist'ed, a. 1. Having hard 
or strong hands. 2. Covetous. 

Hard'hack. n. A very astringent 
plant. [ing. 

Hard'-heart'ed, a. Cruel; unfeel- 

Hard'I-hood, n. [Eng. hardy, and 
the term, hood.] Boldness, united 
with firmness and constancy of mind. 

Ha.rd'1-ly, adv. Boldly ; stoutly. 

Hard'i-ness, n. 1. Quality of bein£ 
hardy. 2. Boldness ; firmness. 

Hard'ly, adv. 1. In a hard manned 

2. Scarcely ; barely. 3. Severely. 
Hard'ness, n. Quality or state of 

being hard, in any sense of the word. 
Hard'ship, n. That which is hard to 
Hard'-tack, n. Sea-bread. [bear. 
Hard'ware, n. Ware made of metal. 
Hard'y, a. [-er; est, 142.] [See 

Hard.] 1. Bold ; brave ; intrepid. 

2. Impudent. 3. Firm ; compact. 

4. Inured to fatigue. 5. AbletobeaT 

exposure. 



OR, no, wolf, TOO, TOOK ; I*RN, RUE, PULL ; £, j, o, silent ; g, G, soft; €, S, hard; As ; E2 I3T ; N as NG ; THIS. 



HARE 



106 



HATCH 



Hare, n. [A -S. Ka- 
ra.] A small, swift, 
timid animal, hav- 
ing a divided upper 
lip. Hare. 

Hare 'BELL, n. A plant having blue 
bell-shaped flowers. [heedless. 

HAre'-brAin.ed, a. Wild; giddy; 

Hare'lip, n. A lip, having a fissure 
like that of a hare. 

HA'REM, n. [Ar. haram, anything 
forbidden or sacred.] 1. Apartments 
allotted to females in the East. 2. 
Wives and concubines of one man. 

HAR'r-eOT (har'e-ko), n. [Ft.] 1. 
A ragout of meat and vegetables. 2. 
The kidney-bean. [RIER. 

IlAR'l-ER,n. A harrier. See IlAR- 

IIark, v. i. [From hearken.] To lis- 
ten. [O65., except in the imper- 
ative.] 

Har'le-quin (-kin or-kwiu), n. [Prob. 
from 0. Fr. hierlekin, hellequin, gob- 
lin, elf, from 0. Ger. helle, hell.] A 
buffoon ; a merry-andrcw ; a zany. 

Har'le-quin-ade' (-kin- or -kwin-), 
n. Exhibitions of harlequins. 

IIar'LOT, n. [Old Fr. harlot, herlot, 
arlot, from 0. II. Ger. .hari, for karl, 
man, husband.] A prostitute ; a 
strumpet. 

Har'lot-ry, n. Prostitution. 

Harm, n. [A.-S.] Injury ; hurt ; 
damage; misfortune. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To hurt ; to injure ; to dam- 
age, frious. 

Harm'ful, n. Full of harm; inju- 

Harm/less, a. 1. Free from harm ; 
unhurt. 2. Free from power or dis- 
position to harm. [manner. 

Harm'less-ly, adv. In a harmless 

IIar-mon'ig, 1 a. 1. Concordant ; 

Har-mon'I€-al. } musical ; con- 
sonant. 2. Harmonious. 

Har-m6n'i-€A, n. A small, flat, wind 
instrument of music : — used as a toy. 

IlAR-MON'l€S,7i. sing. & pi. 1. sing. 
Doctrine or science of musical sounds. 
2. pi. Secondary tones which ac- 
company any principal, and appar- 
ently simple, tone. 

Har-mo'ni-ous, a. 1. Having the 
parts proportioned to each other ; 
symmetrical. 2. Agreeing in action 
or feeling. 3. Musically concordant ; 
symphonious. 

Har-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. In a har- 
monious manner. 

IlAR-MO'NI-tJM , n. A keyed instru- 
ment of music, in which the tones 
are produced by the vibration of me- 
tallic reeds. 

Har'mo-nize, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To agree in action or effect. 2. To 
be in peace and friendship. — v. t. 
1. To cause to agree. 2. To ac- 
company with harmony. 

Har'MO-NY, n. [Gr. ap/xovia, fr. ap- 
ixo^eiv, to fit together ] 1. Just 
adaptation of parts to each other. 2. 
Concord or agreement. 3. A work 
which brings together parallel pas- 
sages, and shows their consistency. 
4. (Mus.) A regulated succession of 
chords. 




Harp. 
Fore parts of the 



Syn. — Melody. — Harmony results 
from the concord of two or more musical 
6trains which differ in pitch and quali- 
ty ; the term may also be applied to 
sounds which are not musical. Melody 
denotes the pleasing alternation and va- 
riety of musical and measured sounds, 
as they succeed each other in a single 
verse or strain. "Harmonious accents 
greet my car; " " Sing me some melodi- 
ous measure." 

Har'ness, n. [W. harnais, fr. haiarn, 
iroH.] 1. Iron covering or dress of 

a soldier ; also the armor of a horse. 

2. Equipments of a draught horse ; 

tackling. 3. Part of a loom. — v.t. 

[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To dress in armor. 

2. To furnish for defense. 3. To 

make ready for draught. 
Harp, n. [A.-S. 

hearpe, allied to 

Gr. apTTTj, sickle.] 

A stringed instru- 
ment of music 

played with th9 

fingers. — v. ?'. 

[-ED; -TNG.] 1. 

To play on the 

harp. 2. To dwell 

tediously or mo- 
notonously. 
IlARP'ER, n. A 

player on the harp. 
Harp'ings, n. pi. 

wales encompassing the bow of a 

ship. 
Har-poon', n. [L. Lat. 

harpo, allied to Cr. ap-r), 

sickle.] A spear used to 

strike and kill large fish. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 

strike with a harpoon. 
Har-poon'er, n. One 

who throws the harpoon. 
Harp's* -chord, n. A 

harp-shaped instrument of music. 
IlAR'PY (148), n. [Lat. harpyia, Gr. 

apnvia, fr. apneiv, to snatch.] 1. A 

fabulous winged monster, ravenous 

and filthy. 2. An extortioner ; a 

plunderer. 
Har'ri-er, n. [From hare.] 1. A 

kind of hound for hunting hares. 2. 

[From harry.] A European buzzard. 
H3R'ROW,n. [A.-S. herevje.] Aniron- 

toothed instrument to level and pre- 
pare plowed land. — v.t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] [A.-S. hynvian, herew tan, to 

vex, afflict.] 1. To draw a harrow 

over for breaking clods and leveling 

the surface. 2. To torment ; to 

harass. 
Har'ry, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 

[A.-S. herian, to ravage, plunder, fr. 

here, army.] 1. To strip; to pillage. 

2 To worry ; to harrow. 
Harsh, a. [-ER ; -est.] [Ger. harsch.] 

Rough to the touch, taste, or feeling. 
Syn. — Grating ; austere ; crabbed ; 

severe. 
Harsh'ly, adv. In a harsh manner. 
Harsh'ness, n. Quality or state of 

being harsh. 
Syn.— See Acrimony. 
Hart, n. [A.-S. heort.] A stag ; male 

of the red deer. [male deer. 

Harts'horn, n. Horn of the hart, or 




Harpoon. 



Spirit of hartshorn, a solution of car 
bonate of ammonia. 

Ha-rus'pice, n. [Lat. haruspez.] A 

diviner ; a soothsayer. 
IlAR'VEST,n. [A.-S. hdrefest, har- 
ff-st.] 1. Season of gathering a crop. 
2. That which is reaped. 3. Product 
of any labor; gain. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ing.] To gather, as corn and other 
fruits. 

Har'vest-home, n. 1. The song 
sung by reapers at the feast made at 
harvest time._ 2. Time of harvest. 

Har'vest-moon, n. The moon near 
the full at the time of harvest in 
England, or about the autumnal 
equinox, when it rises nearly at the 
same hour for several days. 

Hash, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Hack, 
v.] To chop into small pieces; to 
mince. — n. 1. Meat and vegetables 
minced. 2. A second preparation. 

Has'LET, n. Inwards of a beast (espe- 
cially of a hog), used for food. 

HASP, n. [A.-S. I dspe or haps.] A clasp 
that passes over a staple to be fast- 
ened by a padlock, —v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To fasten with a hasp. 

Has'SOCK, n. [W. hesg, sedge, rushes, 
hesor, a hassock.] A mat to kneel 
on in church. 

Haste, n. [Tcel. hastr.] 1. Celerity 
of voluntary motion. 2. State of 
being urged or pressed by business. 

Syn. — Speed; quickness; nimble- 
ii ess ; swiftness; expedition ; dispatch: 
hurry ; precipitance ; vehemence ; pre- 
cipitation.— Haste denotes quickness of 
action and a strong desire for getting on ; 
hurry includes a confusion and want of 
collected thought not implied in haste: 
speed denotes the actual progress which 
is made; dispatch, the promptitude and 
rapidity with which things are done. A 
man may properly be in haste, but never 
in a hurry. Speed usually secures dis- 
patch. 

HASTE, ) V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1Ias'T£N (has'n), ) To' drive or urge 
forward ; to expedite ; to hurry. — 
v.i. To move with celerity ; to be 
quick. 

IIast'i-ly, adv. 1. In haste. 2. Rash- 
ly. 3. Passionately ; impatiently. 

Hast'i-ness, n. Quality of being 
hasty ; haste ; rashness ; irritability. 

Hast'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [See 
Haste.] 1. Quick; speedy. 2. 
Eager ; rash. 3. Caused by, or in- 
dicating, passion. 

Hast'y-pud'ding, n. A pudding 
made of Indian meal stirred into 
boiling water ; mush. [Amer.] 

Hat, n. [A.-S. hat. Cf. Hood.] A 
covering for the head. 

Hatch, v. t. [-ED; ing.] [Ger. 
hecken.] 1. To produce from eggs. 
2. To contrive or plot. — v. i. 1. To 
produce young. 2. [Fr. hacher, to 
ch&p, hack.] To cross with lines in a 
peculiar manner in drawing and en- 
graving. — n. 1. A brood. 2. Ex- 
clusion from the egg. 3. [Cf.HEDGE.J 
The opening in a ship's deck ; the 
frame of cross-bars laid over it; the 
cover of an opening in a deck or 
floor, or into a cellar. 



A, e, I, 6, u, y, long; A, £, i", 6, u, Y, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what ; ERE, ve.il, t£rm ; pique, firm; s6n, 



HATCHEL 



197 



HEALTHILY 



IlATCll'EL, n. [Ger. hechcl.] An in- 
strument with long teeth for cleans- 
ing flax or hemp. — V. t. [-ED,-ING ; 
or -LED, -LING, 137.] To draw 
through the teeth of a hatchel. 

Hatch'et, n. [Fr. hachette, dim. of 
hache. See HASH.] A small ax with 
a short handle. 

IIatcii'ment, n. [Corrupted from 
achievement.] A frame bearing the 
escutcheon of a dead person. 

IIatch'way, n. An opening in a 
deck or floor. 

HATE, f . i. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hatian.] To have a great aversion 
to ; to dislike. 

Syx.— To abhor; detest; loathe.— 
Hate is generic; to loathe is to regard 
with deep disgust; to abhor U to con- 
template with horror; to detest is to re- 
ject utterly. 

— n. Extreme dislike or aversion; 
hatred. 

tlATE'FUL, a. 1. Manifesting hate. 
2. Exciting or deserving great dis- 
like. 

Syx.— Odious; detestable; execrable; 
abhorrent; repugnant. 

Ha'tbed, n. Very great dislike or 
aversion. 

Hat'ter, ». One who makes or sells 
hats. 

HAUGH'TI-LY (haw'ti-ly), adv. In a 
naughty manner. 

Haugh'ti-ness (haw'-), n. Quality 
of being haughty. 

Syx. — Arrogance ; disdain. — Haugh- 
tiness denotes the expression of conscious 
and proud superiority ; arrogance is a 
disposition to claim for one's self more 
than is justly due, and enforce it to the 
utmost; disdain is the exact reverse of 
condescension toward inferiors, since it 
expresses and desires others to feel how 
far below ourselves, we consider them. 
A person is haughty in disposition and 
demeanor; arrogant in his claims of 
homage and deference; disdainful even 
in accepting the deferences which his 
haughtiness leads him arrogantly to ex- 
act. 

(Iaugh'ty (haWtv),a. [-ER ; -est, 
142.] [0. Eng. haught, haulte, from 
Lat. altus. high.] 1. Lofty. 2. Proud 
and contemptuous. 

Syx. — Disdainful; arrogant; scorn- 
ful ; imperious. 

Haul, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. hala.] 
To pull with force; to drag. — v.i. 
To sail with changed course. — n. 1. 
A pulling with force. 2. That which 
is taken at once, as by hauling a net. 

HAULM (hawm), n. [A.-S. halm, allied 
to Gr. (caAa/u.0?, reed.] Stem or stalk 
of grain. ■ 

HAUNCH (hanch), n. [Fr. handle.] 
The hip ; part of the body between 
the last ribs and the thigh. 
OlAUNT, v. t. [-E D ; -ING.] [Fr. hanter, 
*• fr. A.-S. hentan, to pursue.] 1. To 
frequent ; also, to visit pertinacious- 
ly. 2. To visit as a ghost. — v.i. 
To persist in visiting. — n. A place 
to which one frequently resorts. 

HAUT'BOY (ho'bov), n. [Fr. hautbois, 
i. e., high wood, on account of its 
high tone.] A wind instrument of 
music, similar to the clarionet. 




Haversack. 
t. To de- 

1. A hedge. 



Hauteur (o-tur'), n. [Fr.] Haughti- 
ness ; pride. 
Have (hSv), v. t. [had.] [A.-S. hab- 

ban, hdbban.] 1. To own ; to hold ; 

to possess. 2. To regard or esteem. 

3. To obtain ; hence, to beget or 

bear. 4. To cause to be ; to effect. 

5. To cause or force to go. 6. To 

take or hold one's self. 7. To be 

under necessity. 
Ha'V£N, n. [A.-S. ha/en'.] 1. A 

harbor; a port. 2. A shelter; an 

asylum. 
Hav'er-sack, n. [Ger. 

habersack, sack for oats, 

haber, hafer, Prov. Eng. 

haver, oats.] A bag or 

case, in which a soldier 

carries his rations. 
H.vv'OC, n. [A.-S. hafoc, 

hawk, being a cruel and 

rapacious bird.] Wide 

and general destruc- 
tion ; devastation . — v 

stroy ; to lay waste. 
Haw, n. [A.-S. haga.] 

2. Berry and seed of the hawthorn. 

3. An hesitation of speech. — v. i. 1. 
[Cf. ha, interj-.] To speak with hesi- 
tation. 2. [-ed; -ing.] [Perh. con- 
nected with here, hither.] To turn 
toward the driver ; — said of cattle. 

IIaw'-haw, n. [Duplication of haw, 
a hedge.] A fence or bank sunk 
between slopes, so that it is not per- 
ceived till approached. 

Hawk,™. 1. [A.-S. hafoc, Icel. haukr.] 
A bird resembling the falcons. 2. An 
effort to force up phlegm from the 
throat, accompanied with noise. — 
v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To catch birds 
by means of trained hawks. 2. To 
strike or pounce likea hawk. 3. [W. 
hodii.] To make an audible effort to 
force up phlegm. — v. t. 1. To raise 
by hawking, as phlegm. 2. [Ger. 
ho ken, to higgle, to retail, fr. hocken, 
hucken, to take upon the back.] To 
sell by outcry. 

Hawk'ek, n. 1. One who hawks ; a 
peddler. 2. A falconer. [cable. 

Haws'er, n. [SeeHALSER.] Asmall 

Hawthorn, n. A shrub having a 
ii-uit | called haiv. It is much used 
for hedges. 

HAY, n. [A.-S. hcg, fr. hedvan, to cut.] 
Grass cut and dried for fodder. — v. 
i_. To dry grass for preservation. 

Hay-cock, n. A conical pile of hay, 
in the field. 

HXz'ARD, n. [Ax. sehdr, sar, a die, 
with the article al.] 1. Chance; ac- 
cident ; casualty. 2. Danger ; peril ; 
risk. 

Syx.— See Danger. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To expose 
to chance. 2. To venture to incur. 

Syx. — To adventure ; risk ; jeopard ; 
peril; endanger. 

HXz'ARD-ofrs, a. Exposed to hazard. 
Syx. — Perilous ; dangerous ; advent- 
urous; precarious; risky ; uncertain. 

Haze, n. [Armor, aez, warm vapor, 
zephyr.] A slight lack of transpar- 
ency in the air. 



HA'ZEL (ha7zl), n. [A.-S hdsl, hdsel.\ 
A shrub bearing a nut ; the filbert. 

— a. Of a light brown color, like the 
hazel-nut. 

Ha'zi-ness, n. State of being hazy. 

Ua'ZY, a. Thick with haze. 

He, pron. [A.-S.] 1. The man or 
male person named before. 2. Any 
man ; any male person. 

HEAD, n. [A.-S. hedfud, heqfd.] L, 
Foremost or uppermost part of the 
body. 2. Uppermost, foremost, larg- 
est, or most important part of an in- 
animate object. 3. The leader. 4. 
The brain ; understanding. 5. Source, 
fountain, spring, or beginning, as of 
a stream or river. 6. A separate 
topic. 7. Strength ; force ; height. 

— v. t. [-ED: -ing.] 1. To lead; to 
direct. 2. To furnish with a head. 
3. To get in front of, so as to stop. 

— v. i. 1. To originate. 2. To go or 
tend. 3. To form a head. 

Head'ACHE (-ak), n. Pain in the head. 

Head'-dress (1U9), n. Ornamental 
covering worn on the head. 

Head'-gear, n. Covering or orna- 
ment of the head. 

Head'ing, n. 1. That which stands 
at the head ; title. 2. Material for 
the heads of casks. 

Head'land, n. A promontory. 

IIead'less, a. Having no head. 

Head'long, adv. 1. With the head 
foremost. 2. Rashly ; precipitately. 
3. Hastily. — a. 1. Rash; precipi- 
tate. 2. Steep ; precipitous. 

Head'-man (150), n. A chief ; leader. 

Head'QUAR'TER§, n. pi. or sing. 
Place of residence of any chief officer. 

H£AD'STALL,n. Part of a bridle en- 
compassing the head. 

Head'-stone, n. 1. Principal stone 
in a foundation ; corner-stone. 2. 
Stone at the head of a grave. 

Head'strong, a. 1. Not easily re- 
strained. 2. Proceeding from obsti- 
nacy. 

Syx. — Violent; obstinate; ungovern- 
able; untractable; stubborn. 

Head'way, n. Progress made by a 
ship in motion ; hence, progress or 
success of any kind. 

Head'-wTnd, n. A wind that blows 
in a direction opposite to the ship's 
course. 

Head'y, a. [See Head] 1. Will- 
ful ; rash ; hasty. 2. Apt to affect 
the head ; intoxicating. 

Heal, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. hdian, 
fr. hdl, hale, sound.] 1. To cure ; to 
restore to health or soundness. 2. 
To reconcile. — v. i. To grow sound. 

Heal'er n. One who heals. 

Health, 11. [See Hale.] 1. Stated 
being sound or whole in body, mind, 
or soul. 2. A wish of health and 
happiness. 

Health'ful, a. 1. Well; healthy. 
2. Serving to promote health : whole- 
some ; salubrious. 3. Indicating 
health. [healthful. 

Health'ful-ness, n. State of being 

Health'i-LY, adv. In a healthy 



or, do, wolf, too, TQOK j URN, RUE, pull ; s, i, o, silent ; c,G,so/*; e,G,hard; As; e^ist; Has NG; this 



HEALTHINESS 



im 



HIGHT 



HEalth'i-ness, n. State of being 
healthy. 

HEalth'y, a. [-er; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Being in a state of health. 2. Con- 
ducive to health. 

Syn. — Vigorous; sound; hale; salu- 
brious; healthful; wholesome. 

Heap, n. [A.-S. heap.] A pile or 
mass. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
throw or lay in a heap ; to pile. 2. 

» To accumulate. 

Hear, v. t. [heard (herd); hear- 
ing.] [A.-S. Mran, hymn. Cf. EAR.] 
To perceive by the ear. — v. i. 1. To 
have the sense of perceiving sound. 

2. To listen. 3. To be told, [ditor. 
Hear'er, n. One who hears ; an au- 
Hear'ing, n. 1. Sense by which 

sound is perceived. 2. Audience. 

3. A judicial listening to facts and 
evidence. 4. Extent within which 
sound may be heard. 

Heark'en, u. j. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hercnian. See Hear.] To listen ; 
to giveheed. 

IIear'say, n. Report; rumor. 

Hearse (14), n. [0. H. Ger. hirz.] A 
carriage lor conveying the dead. 

Heart, n. [A.-S. heorte, allied to Gr. 
KapSCa, Skr. hrid .] 1. Organ that 
serves to keep upthe circulation of 
the blood. 2. Seat of the affections 
or sensibilities, or of moral life and 
character. 3. The chief or vital por- 
tion. 4. Courage ; spirit. 5. That 
which resembles a heart in shape. 

Heart'-aghe (hsirt'ak), n. Sorrow; 
anguish ofmind. 

Heart'-brok'-EN, a. Deeply grieved. 

Heart'-BURN, n. A burning sensa- 
tion in the stomach. 

Hearth (harth, 5), n [A.-S. heord/i.] 

1. Floor of a fire-place. 2. A house, 
as the abode of comfort and hospi- 
tality. 

Hearth'-stone, n. Stone forming 

the hearth ; fire-side. 
IIeart'i-ly, adv. From the heart ; 

zealously; freely; largely. [ness. 
Heart'I-ness,«. Sincerity; earnest- 
Heart'less, a. 1. Without a heart. 

2. Unsympathetic ; cruel. 
HEART'LEss-LY,a^'. Without cour- 
age, spirit, or affection. 

Heart'less-ness, n. State of be- 
ing heartless. [hea^t. 

HEART'-REND-ING,a. Breaking the 

Heart's'-ease, n. 1. Peace ofmind. 
2. A species of violet; — called also 
pnnsy. 

Heart'-sick, a. Sick at heart ; de- 
pressed ; low-spirited. 

Heart'-string, n. A nerve or ten- 
don, supposed to brace the heart. 

Heart'y, a. [-er : -est, 142.] 1. 
Proceeding from the heart. 2. Ex- 
hibiting strength ; sound ; firm. 3. 
Promoting strength ; nourishing . 
Syn.— Sincere; cordial. 

^Eat, n. [A.-S. hate.] ]. Caloric ; 
agent, or principle on which depends 
the state of bodies as solid, fluid, or 
aeriform. 2. Sensation caused by 
caloric, when in excess. 3. A single 
effort, as in a race. 4. Rage; vehe- 



mence. 5. Animation ; ardor. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To make hot; to com- 
municate heat to. — v. i. To grow 
warm or hot. [heats. 

Heat'er, n. One who, or that which, 
HEATH, n. [A.-S. hadh.] 1. A plant, 
bearing beautiful flowers. 2. A 
place overgrown with heath. 
Hea'th^n (he'thn, 58), n. [From 
heath, i. e., one who lives in the 
country or on the heaths.] A pagan; 
an idolater ; an irreligious person. 

— a. Gentile; pagan. 
Hea'TH£N-dom, ii. 1. Part of the 

world where heathenism prevails. 2. 
Heathen nations collectively. 

Hea'TH£N-ish, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the heathen. 2. Rude ; savage ; 
cruel. [ism. 

He A'TttEN-ljiM, n. Idolatry ; pagan- 

HEAth'er (heth'er), n. [See Heath.] 
Heath. [Scot.] 

Heath'Y, a. Abounding with heath. 

Heave, v. t. [heaved, or hove; 
HEAVING.] [A.-S. hebban, he fan.] 
1. To lift ; to raise ; to elevate. 2. To 
throw ; to cast. 3. To force from or 
into any position. 4. To raise or 
force from the breast. — v. i. 1. To 
be raised. 2. To rise and fall with 
alternate motions ; to swell ; to ex- 
pand ; to pant. 3. To try to vomit. 

— n. 1. An upward motion: swell 
or distension. 2. An effort to raise 
up something. 3. pi. A disease of 
horses characterized by difficult 
breathing. 

IIEAv'jen (heVn, 58), n. [A.-S. heof- 
on, heben, prob. fr. Iicfan, hebban, to 
heave.] 1. The sky ; the atmosphere ; 

— often in the pi. 2. The dwelling- 
place of God and of the blessed. 3. 
Supreme happiness ; bliss. 

Heav'-EN-ly (heVn-ly), a. 1. Per- 
taining to, or rerembling, heaven ; 
celestial. 2. Perfect ; supremely 
blessed. 

Heaves, n. pi. See Heave, n. 4. 

HEAV'I-LY, adv. With great weight ; 
with difficulty. [being heavy. 

HEAV'I-NESS, n. State or quality of 

HEAVY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
hefig, hajig. See Heave.] 1. 
Weighty; ponderous; bulky; diffi- 
cult to move. 2. Burdensome ; op- 
pressive. 3. Incumbered; burdened. 
4. Slow ; sluggish ; lifeless ; dull ; 
stupid. 5. Violent; forcible. 6. 
Clammy ; solid. 7. Bark with clouds. 

IlEB-DOM'A-DAL, J a. [Gr. e/S6o/ias, 

Heb-DoM'a-BA-ry, I seven; reven 
days.] Weekly ; occurring every 
seven days. 

IlEB'E-TATE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
dull ; to blunt. 

HEB/e-ta'tion, n. Act of making 
blunt_or dull. [Hebrews. 

He-BRA'I€, a. Pertaining to the 

He'BRA-ism. n. A Hebrew idiom. 

He'bra-Ist (44), n. One versed in 
the Hebrew language. 

He'bra-ist'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, Hebrew. 

He'brew (-brp), n. [Heb. ibr!u,\.e., 
coming from beyond the Euphrates.] 




Hedgehog. 
A row of shrubs, 



1. An Israelite; a Jew. 2. The 
language of the Jews. — a. Pertain- 
ing to the Hebrews. 

HM'A-tomb (-toom), n. [Gr. kna 
to/u/3tj, fr. enarov, hundred, and /Sows, 
ox.] A sacrifice of a hundred pxen 
or beasts ; hence, any large numbei 
of victims. 

IIE€'TI€, a. [Gr. £ktik6<>, habitual, 
consumptive.] 1. Habitual; con- 
stant. 2. Afl'ectedwith hectic fever. 

— n. The fever of irritation and de- 
bility. 

HECTOR, n. [From Hector, a brave 
Trojan warrior.] A bully ; a bluster- 
ing fellow ; hence, one who teases. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To bully; to 
bluster ; to tease ; to vex. 

Hedge, n. [A.-S. hege, hegge,haga.] 
A thicket of bushes; esp., such a 
thicket planted as a fence. — V. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To inclose with a 
hedge. 2. To protect; to hem in. 

— v.i. 1. To skulk. 2. To bet on 
both sides. 

IlEDGE'HOG, n. 
A small animal 
having the hair 
on the upper 
part of its body 
mixed with 
prickles or 
spines. 

IlEDGE'-ROVV, n. 

or trees, planted as a hedge. 

HEED,t-.'«. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hedan.] To mind; to take notice 
of; to observe. — n. Attention; no- 
tice ; observation . 

Heed'ful, a. Cautious; circum- 
spect ; attentive. 

HEED'FUL-LY, adv. Attentively. 

HEED'FUL-NESS, n. State of being 
heedful. [less. 

Heed'LESS, a. Without heed ; care- 

Heed'LESS-LY', adv. Carelessly. 

Heed'less-ness, n. Inattention ; 
carelessness. 

HEEL,n. [A.-S. Ml.] 1. Hinder part 
of the foot, or of a covering for it. 

2. Latter or remaining part. 3. 
Something resembling a human heel. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To use 
the heels in. 2. To add a heel to. 

— v. i. To lean, as a ship. 
Heel'-tap, v. t. To add a piece of 

leather to the heel of, as of a shoe. 
HEFT,«. [From Eng. heave.] Weight. 

— v.t. [-ed;-ing] 1. To lift. 
2. To try the weight of by raising. 

He-gI'RA, or Heg'I-ra, n. [Ar. 
hidjrah, departure.] The flight of 
Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, A. 
D. 622; — from which date tine is 
reckoned by the Mohammedans ; 
hence, any flight. 

HEIF'ER, n. [A.-S. heahforc.] A 
young cow. 

Heigh'-ho fhl'hS), interj. An ex- 
clamation of surprise or weariness. 

Height ) (hit), n. [A.-S. hedhd/to, 

HIGHT ) hectdho, from hedh, lied, 
high.] 1. Elevated position. 2- 
Measure of the distance to which any 
thing rises; altitude. 3. An emi- 



i, E, I, o,C, Y,long; A,EjI, 6, Xi^t, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, t£RM; PIQUE , FIRM ; SON. 



HEIGHTEN - 



199 



HEKD 



nence. 4. Elevation of any kind. 5. 
Utmost degree. 

Height'jen I (huVn), v. t. [-ed ; 

HlGHT'.EN J -ING.] 1. To raise 
higher. 2. To increase ; to intensi- 
fy. 3. To set off to advantage. 

HEI'NOUS (hd'nus), a. [Fr. halneux, 
fr.haine, hatred.] Hateful; hence, 
great ; enormous. 

HEIR (ar), n. [Lat. hazres.] One who 
inherits any property. 

Heir apparent, one whose right to an 
estate is indefeasible if he survives the 
person in possession. — Heir presump- 
tive, one who, if the person in possession 
of an estate should die immediately, 
would ba his heir. 

Heir/ess (ar'es), n. A female heir. 

Heir/loom (ar'lcToni), n. [Eng. heir, 
and A.-S. loma. household stuff.] 
Any piece of personal property, which 
descends to the heir. 

Heir/ship (ar'ship), n. State, char- 
acter, or privileges of an heir. 

Held, imp. & p. p. of Hold. 

HE'LI-Xe, )a. [Gr. ^Aiaxos. from 

HE-LI'A€-AL, J rjAios, sun.] Rising 
or setting at the same time as the 
sun. [spiral. 

IlEL'I-CAL, a. Having a spiral form ; 

He'li-o-cen'trig, 1 a. [Gr. tjAi- 

He'li-o-oen'trig-al J os, sun, and 
xeVrpov,' center.] Appearing to be 
seen from the sun*s center. 

IlE'LI-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. rjAto?, the 
sun, and ypd^ecv, to write.] The art 
of taking pictures on any prepared 
material by means of the sun and a 
camera obscura : photography. 

He'ei-ol'a-try, «. [Gr. tjAios, sun, 
and Aarpeia, worship.] Worship of 
the sun. 

HE'LI-O-TROPE, n. [Gr. ^AiorpoTriov ; 
■jjAtos, sun, and rpetreiv, to turn.] A 
plant with very fragrant flowers. 

He'li-o-type, n. [Gr. rjAio?, the 
sun, and ti5wos, an impression.] A 
picture printed from a gelatine 
plate produced by means of a pho- 
tographic negative. 

HE'LIX, n. ; pi. h£l'I-CES. [Gr. 
e'A.i£, twisted, spiral.] L A spiral 
hne, as of wire in a coil. 2. A little 
volute in the Corinthian capital. 

Hell, n. [A.-S. lull, from helan, to 
conceal ] 1. The grave. 2. Place or 
state of punishment for the wicked 
after death. 3. A gambling-house. 

HEL'LE-BORE, n. "[Gr. eAAe'jSopos.] 
A plant used in medicine. 

Hel-len'I€, or Hel-LE'nig, a. Per- 
taining to Greece ; Greek ; Grecian. 

IIEl'len-ism, 7i. A Greek idiom. 

Hel'len-ist, 7i. A Jew who spoke 
Greek : one skilled in Greek. 

IlELL'-HOUND, n. An agent of hell. 

IIEll'isu, a. Infernal ; wicked. 

ilELL'lSH-NESS, 7i. Extreme wicked- 
ness or malignity 

JIelm,«. [A.-S. Iiehna.] Instrument 
by which a ship is steered. — 1». t. 
To cover with a helmet. 

Helm, In. [A.-S. helm, fr. helan, 

Helm'et, ) to hide.] 1. Defensive 
armor for the head. 2. That which 
resembles in some way a helmet. 



HEL-MIN'THIG, a. [Gr. eAfuv«, eX- 
fAivflos, worm.] Relating to, or ex- 
pelling, worms. — n. A medicine for 
expelling worms ; a vermifuge. 

HElms'man (150), n. The man at 
the helm. 

He'lot, or Hel'ot, n. A slave in 
ancient Sparta ; hence, a slave. 

Help, t, J. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. hel- 
pan.] 1. To aid; to assist. 2. To 
furnish with relief. 3. To remedy. 
4. To prevent. — v. i. To lend aid. 
— n. 1. Aid; assistance. 2. Rem- 
edy ; relief. [sistant. 

Help'er, n. One who helps ; an as- 

Help'ful, a. Furnishing help. 

Help'less, a. Destitute of help ; 
feeble ; weak. [helpless. 

Help'less-ness, n. State of being 

Help'mate , in. [ Meet is corrupted 

Help'meet, j for mate.] An assist- 
ant ; a helper ; a wife. 

Hel'ter-skel'ter. a«/r. In hurry 
and confusion. [ Colloq.] 

Helve, ». [A.-S. hielfa, helf.] Handle 
of an ax or hatchet. — v, t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To furnish with a helve. 

HEM, n. [A.-S.] 1 . Border of a gar- 
ment, doubled and sewed. 2. A par- 
ticular sound of the voice, expressed 
by hem or hm. — u. t. [-MED ; -MING, 
136.] 1. To fold and sew down the 
edge of. 2. To border; to edge. — 
v. i. To hesitate in speaking. 

Hem'a-tite, n. [Gr. atp-aTt-nj?, blood- 
like.] An important ore of iron. 

HEM'I-PLE'GY, fir. [Gr. i]p.nr\r)yia.] 
A palsy that affects one side only of 
the body. 

IlEM'l-SPHERE, n. [Gr. 7jfj.L<r4>a.Lpiov, 
from rjixL, half, and afyolpo., sphere.] 
One half of a sphere or globe. 

IlEM'I-SPHER're, ) a. Pertaining 

Hem'I-SPHER'IG-AL, j to a hemi- 
sphere. 

HEM'I-STlGH (stik), n. [Gr. tj/ouo-ti- 
X<-ov, fr. -17/xt, half, and o-ti'x°s, line, 
verse.] Half a poetic verse, or a 
verse not completed. 

HEM'LOCK, n. [A.-S. hemledc] 1. 
A poisonous, umbelliferous plant. 
2. An evergreen tree. 

HEM'OR-RHAGE. n. [Gr. alp.oppa.yCo., 
from alp-a. blood, and pyiyvvvai, to 
burit.] A discharge of blood from 
the blood-vessels. 

Hem'or-rhoid'al, a. Pertaining to 
the hemorrhoids. 

HEM'OR-RHOIDS, 1l.pl. [Gr.at/Aop- 
potSes-] The piles. 

HEMP,n. [A.-S. henep, hdnep.] 1. A 
plant whose fibrous bark is used for 
cloth and cordage. 2. The bark of 
the plant, prepared for spinning. 

HEMP'£N, a. Made of hemp. 

Hen, n. [A.-S. lienn, he7i, fr. hana.] 
Female of any fowl; especially, the 
domestic fowl. 

HEn'bane, n. A plant poisonous to 
domestic fowls. 

HExCE,a«/f. [0. Eng. hennes, A.-S. 
hina7i, hence, thither.] From this 
place, time, cause, or source. 

Hence-forth', or Hence'forth, 
adv. From this time forward. 



Hence-for'ward, adv. From this 
time forward. 

Hench'man (150), n. [For haunch - 
man, from following the haunch of 
his master.] A page ; a servant. 

Hen'ner-y, n. An inclosed place for 
hens. [one's wife. 

HEN'-PECK£D (-pekt), a. Governed by 

HE-PAT'I€, I a. [Gr. Tj7mTi/c6s, fr. 

HE-PAT'IG-AL, j fprap, the liver.] 
Pertaining to the liver. 

HEP'TA-GON, n. [Gr. en-Tayajvos, fr. 
eirra, seven, and yiavia, angle.] A 
plane figure consisting of seven sides 
and as many angles. 

Hep-tag'o-nal, a. Having seven 
angles and sides. [angles. 

IlEP-TAN'GU-LAR, a. Having seven 

HEP'TARGH-Y, n. [Gr. eirra., seven, 
and apxv, sovereignty.] Government 
by seven persons. 

Her, pro/i. & a. 1. Objective case of 
She. 2. Belonging to a female. 

HER'ALD, n. [Ger. herold, from hari, 
heri, army, and ivaltan, to manage.] 
1. An officer who proclaimed war or 
peace. 2. One who regulates public 
ceremonies ; also, one who records 
and blazons coats of arms. 3. A fore- 
runner ; a precursor. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To introduce, as by a herald ; 
to proclaim. 

He-ral'dig, a. Pertaining to her- 
alds or heraldry. 

Her'ALD-ry, n. Art, practice, or sci- 
ence of recording genealogies, and 
blazoning arms. 

Herb (5rb,14), n. [Lat. herba.] A» 
annual plant having a soft or succu- 
lent stalk. 

Her-ba'ceous, a. Pertaining to 
herbs ; having the nature of ar> 
herb. 

HERB'AGE (erVej or herb'ej, 45), n 
Herbs collectively ; grass ; pasture. 

IlERB'AL (herb'al), n. 1. A book o>> 
plants. 2. A collection of dried 
plants; an herbarium. — a. Per- 
taining to herbs. 

H£rb'al-Ist (herb'al-ist), n. A per- 
son skilled in plants. 

Her-BA'RI-UM, n. ; Eng. pi. TIER-BA'- 
RI-UMS ; Lat. pi. HER-BA'RI-A. 
[L. Lat.] 1. A collection of dried 
plants. 2. A book for preserving 
plants. 

Her-BES'CENT, a. [Lat. herbescens.] 
Growing into herbs. 

HER-BiF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. herbifer, 
fr. herba, a.ndferre, to bear.] Bear- 
ing herbs. 

Her-bI'v'o-rous, a. [Lat. herba, 
herb, and vorare, to devour.] Eating 
herbs ; subsisting on herbs. 

Herb'o-rize (herb'-), v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.J To search for plants. 

HER-GU'LE-AN (124). a. [From Her- 
cules, a Grecian hero celebrated for 
his strength.] 1. Very great, difficult, 
or dangerous. 2. Of extraordinary 
strength and size. 

Herd (14), n. [A.-S. heord.] 1. A 
collection of beasts. 2. A crowd ; a 
rabble. — v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
unite in a herd, as beasts. 2. To 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; fjRN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent; $,G,soJi; v,G,hard; A§; exist; n as ng ; THIS- 



HERDMAN 



200 



HID 



unite in a company. — v. t . To form 
or put into a herd. 

IlERD'MAN ) (150), n. The owner 

Herds'man ( or keeper of herds. 

Herd^'-GrAss, re. One of several 
species of grass for hay. 

Here, adv. [A.-S. her, fr. Goth, his, 
this.] In this place or state. 

HZre'a-bout', I adv. About this 

Hlre'a-bouts', j place; in this 
vicinity. ' [come. 

Here-aft'er, adv. In time to 

Here-at', adv. At, or by reason of, 
this. 

HiiRE-BY', adv. Ity means of this. 

1IE-RED'I-TA-BLE, a. [L. Lat. hered- 
itabilis, from hereditare, to inherit.] 
Capable of being inherited. 

IIer'e-dIt'a-ment, n. Any species 
of property that may be inherited. 

IIe-red'i-TA-RI-ly, adv. By inher- 
itance. 

He-re d'i-ta-ry (44), a. Descended 
or descending by inheritance. 

IIC re -In', adv. In this. 

IlERE-OF' (heer-off/ or heer-oV, 71), 
adr. Of this: concerning this. 

IlERE-ON', adv. On this. 

IlER'E-SI-AR€H, Or HE-RE'§I-XR€H, 
re. [Gr. aipe<riapx»?s, from atpecris, 
heresy, and apx°s> leader.] A leader 
in heresy. 

HER'E-SY, re. [Gr. eupeo-i?, a taking, 
a choosing.] A lack of orthodox or 
sound belief; heterodoxy. 

H£r'e-ti€ (123), re. One who believes 
some doctrine contrary to the Chris- 
tian religion. 

Syn.— Schismatic ; sectarian. — A her- 
etic is one whoso errors are doctrinal, and 
usually of a malignant character, tend- 
ing to subvert the true faith. A schismat- 
ic is one who creates a schism, or division 
in the church, on points of faith, disci- 
pline, practice, &c, usually for the sake 
of personal aggrandizement. A sectarian 
is one who originates or promotes a sect, 
or distinct organization, which separates 
from the main body of believers. 

IlE-RET'I€-AL, a. Containing heresy. 

IlERE-TO', adv. To this. 

IlERE/TO-FORE', adv. Formerly. 

Here'un-to', adv. Unto this or this 
time ; hereto. 

IIere'UP-on', adv. On this; hereon. 

Here-wIth', or Here-with', adv. 
With this. 

Her'it-A-ble, a. Capable of being 
inherited: inheritable. 

Her'it-aGe, n. That which is in- 
herited ; inheritance. « 

HeR-maph'ro-dite, re. [From a 
fabulous Hermaphroditus , who. when 
bathing, grew together with Salma- 
cis, a nymph', into one person.] An 
animal or plant having the charac- 
teristics of both sexes. 

HER'ME-NEU'TIC, a. [Gr. epiurji/evrt.- 
kos, from 'Ep(u.TJ?, Mercury.] Per- 
taining to_interpretation. 

Her'me-neu'tigs, re. sing. Science 
of interpretation, especially of the 
Scriptures. 

1Ier-MET'I€, ) a. [From Hermes 

Her-MET'I€-AL, j Trismegistus, the 
fabled inventor of alchemy.] 1. Per- 
taining to chemistry ; chemical. 2. 



Pertaining to an occult species of 
philosophy. 3. Perfectly close, so 
that no fluid can escape. 

Her-MET'I€-al-ly, at/ii. In an her- 
metical manner. 

HER'MIT, ». [Gr. epT)]U.iT7)5, fr. eprj/oio?, 
solitary.] A recluse ; one who lives 
in solitude from religious motives. 

Her'mit-age, n. Habitation of a 
hermit. 

Hern, n. The same as Heron. 

H£r'ni-A, n. [Lat. , prob. from Gr. 
epros, a young shoot.] An external 
tumor formed by a rupture. 

IlER'NI-AL, a. Pertaining to hernia. 

He'ro(89, 147), n. [Gr. >jpws.] 1. A 
man of distinguished valor. 2. Prin- 
cipal personage in a poem, story, &c. 

IlE-RO'IC, a. 1. Pertaining "to, or 
like, a hero. 2. Becoming a hero. 

Syn. — Brave ; intrepid ; courageous : 
daring ; gallant; noble; magnanimous. 

He-r6'I€-AL-LY, adv. Courageously ; 
bravely. 

IlE'RO-I-€OM'I€, ) a. Consisting 

He/RO-i-gom'ig-al, J of the heroic 
and the ludicrous. 

IIER'O-INE, n. A female hero. 

Her'o-ism, re. Qualities or character 
of a hero. 

Syn. — Courage ; fortitude; bravery ; 
valor; intrepidity; gallantry. -Courage 
is generic, denoting fearlessness of dan- 
ger ; fortitude is passive courage, the 
habit of bearing up nobly under trials, 
dangers, and sufferings ; bravery and 
valor arc courage in battle or other con- 
flicts with living opponents : intrepidity 
is firm courage, which shrinks not amid 
the most appalling dangers ; gallantry 
is adventurous courage, dashing into the 
thickest of the fight. Heroism may call 
into exercise all these modifications of 
courage. 

HfiR'ON, n. [0. H. Ger. heigh, heigro.] 
A wading bird with long legs and 
neck. [ons breed. 

Her'on-ry, re. A place where her- 

IlER'PES, n. [Gr. ep7rr/?, from epveiv, 
to creep.] An itching eruption of 
the skin in small distinct clusters. 

HER'PE-TOL'O-GY, re. [Gr. epirerov, 
reptile, and Aoyos, discourse.] Natu- 
ral history of reptiles. 

HER'RING, n. [A.-S. having, hering.] 
A small fish. [Her. 

Hers, pron. Belonging to her. See 

Herse (14), re. Same as Hearse. 
See Hearse. [form of She. 

Her-sElf', pron. An emphasized 

Hes/I-tan-cy, re. 1. Act of hesitat- 
ing ; doubt. 2. Indecision. 

Hes'i-tate, i'. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
hxsitare, -tatvm, intens. form of has- 
rere, to hold fast.] 1. To be in sus- 
pense or uncertainty. 2. To stop in 
speaking. 

Syn. — To doubt; waver; scruple; de- 
liberate ; falter. 

Her'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Doubt ; vacil- 
lation. 2. A stopping in speech; 
stammering. 

HES'PER, n. The evening star. 

HES-PE'RI-AN, «. [Lat. hesprrius, fr. 
hesperus, the evening star, Gr. eWe- 
pos.] Western ; occidental. 

Hes'sian Fly. A small two-winged 




fly, nearly black, very destructive to 
young wheat. 

Het'er-o-€l'ite. n. A noun irregu- 
lar or anomalous in declension. 

HET'ER-O-ClIt'IG, ) a. [Gr. ere- 

HET'ER-O-CLlT'ie-AL, ) po/cAixo?, 

otherwise ((". e., irregularly ) declined.] 
Irregular; anomalous; abnormal. 

HET'ER-O-DOX, a. [Gr. erepoSo^o?, 
fr. eVepos, other, and 6"6£a, opinion.] 
Contrary to some acknowledged 
standard, as the Bible : not orthodox. 

IIET'ER-O-DOX'Y, n. Heresy; doc- 
trine contrary to the true faith. 

Het'er-o-GE'NE-ous, a. [Gr. erepo- 
yevijs, from erepos, other, and yeVos. 
race, kind.] Differing in kind ; dis- 
similar. 

Hew (hu),r. t. [imp. HEWED; p. p. 
hewed, or hewn.] [A.-S. hedican .] 
1. To cut with an ax. 2. To shape 
with a sharp instrument. 3. To chop ; 
to hack. 

Hex'a-gon, n. [Gr. e£- 
a-ywi/os, six-cornered ; 
ef, mx, and ytovi'a, an- 
gle.] A plane figure of 
six sides and six angles. 

Hex-ag'o-nal, a. Hav- 
ing six sides and six Hexagon, 
angles. 

Hex'A-he'dron, re. [Gr. e£, six, and 
eSpa, seat, base.] A regular solid 
body of six equal faces ; a cube. 

IlEX-AM'E-TER, n. [Gr. e^a/xerpos, 
fr. e$ , six, and fxerpov, measure.] A 
verse of six feet, either dactyls or 
spondees. — a. Having, six metrical 
feet, especially dactyls and spondees. 

Hex-.Xn'gu-LAR, a. Having six an- 
gles or corners. 

Hey (ha), interj. An exclamation of 
joy or exhortation. 

H^Y'DAY, interj. [Ger. heida, or hei 
da.] An expression of frolic and ex- 
ultation. 

Hi-a'tus (147), re. [Lat., fr. hiare, to 
gape.] A gap; a chasm. 

Hi-bEr'NAL, a. [Lat. hibernus.] Re- 
Jating tojwinter ; wintry. 

Hl'BER-NATE,t'.1. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
pass the winter in seclusion, as some 
beasts. _ [nating. 

IH/ber-na'tion, it. Act of hiber- 

Hl-BER'NI-AN. a. Pertaining to Hi- 
bernia, now Ireland. — n. A native 
of Ireland. 

Hi-ber'ni-cism, n . A mode of speech 
peculiar to the Irish. 

Hig'cough (hik'kup), n. [0. Eng. 
hicket, W. ig, igiad.} A spasmodic 
and audible inspiration : also, the 
sound itself.— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To have a hiccough. 

IlicK/o-RY, «. An American tree. 

Hid, ] p.p. of Hide. 1. Concealed. 

1-Iid'd.en, ) 2. p. a. Not seen or 
known ; mysterious. 

Syn. — Secret; covert. — Hidden may 
denote either "known to no one," as a 
hidden disease, or "intentionally con- 
cealed," as a hidden, purpose of revenge. 
A secret must be known to some one; 
as, a secret conspiracy. Covert (cov- 
ered) means not open or avowed ; as, 
a covert plan ; the word, however, is 



A, E, I, o,v,y, long; A,E,I, 6,tJ, Y, short; CARE, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son. 



HIDALGO 



201 



HIRELING 



often applied to what we mean to be 
understood without openly expressing 
it; as, a covert allusion. Secret is op- 
posed to known, and hidden to concealed. 

H1-DAL'GO,n. [Sp.] A nobleman of 
the lowest class. [Spain.] 

Hide, v. t. [imp. HID; p. p. HID, 
hidden; p.pr. & vb. n. hiding.] 
LA.-S. hydan ; Icel. hyda, to spread 
skins over.] 1. To withhold, or with- 
draw from sight. 2. To keep secret. — 
v. i. To lie concealed ; to keep one's 
self out of view. — n. [A.-S. Iiytl, al- 
lied to Lat. cutis.] 1. Skin of a beast. 

2. The human skin; — in contempt. 
HlDE'-BOUND, a. Having the skin 

stuck closely to the ribs and back. 

IIId'e-oDs (77), a. [0. Fr. hidous, 
hideus, fr. Armor, hefrz, thz, horror.] 
Shocking to the eye or ear. 

Syn. — Frightful j ghastly ; horrid ; 
dreadful; terrible. 

IIi'd'e-ous-LY, adv. In a hideous 
manner. [hideous. 

IIid'e-ols-ness, n. State of being 

HlD'ER, n. One who hides. 

Hie, v. i. [hied; hying.] [A.-S. 
higan, hiegian, to strive, make haste, 
hige, mind, thought.] To hasten. 

HI'E-RAR€H, n. [Gr. tepapx*)? ; tepos, 
sacred, and apxos, leader.] One who 
rules in sacred things. 

Hi'e-rarch'AL, a. Pertaining to a 
hierarch. [a hierarchy. 

ni'E-RAReH'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to 

Hl'E-RAR€H/Y, n. 1. Authority in 
sacred things. 2. The body of per- 
sons having ecclesiastical authority. 

3. A form of government adminis- 
tered solely by the priesthood. 

Hl'E-RAT'l€, a. [Gr. lepaTifcos ; tepos, 
sacred.] Consecrated to sacred uses ; 
sacerdotal ; — applied to a mode of 
ancient Egyptian writing. 

El'E-RO-GLYPH, ) n. 1. The pict- 

Hpe-ro-glvph'ig, I ure-writing 
of the ancient Egyptian priests. 2. 
Any character having a mysterious 
significance. 

Bl'E-RO-GLYPH'l€, ) a. [Gr. te- 

HPE-RO-GLYPH'IC-AL, \ poyKvfyinov 
(sc. ypaju.ua), an hieroglyphic char- 
acter; tepos, sacred, and y\.v<peiv, to 
carve.] 1. Expressive of some mean- 
ing by characters or pictures. 2. Ob- 
scure ; enigmatical. 

H7/E-RO-GRAPH'I€, ) a. [Gr. le- 

Hl'E-RO-GRAPH'IC-AL, J poypae/uKOS.] 
Pertaining to sacred writing. 

Hl / E-ROL''0-GY, 11. [Gr. iepoAoyta; 
iepos, sabred, and \6-yos, discourse.] 
Science which treats of the ancient 
writings and inscriptions of the Egyp- 
tians. 

Hl'E-RO-MAN'CY, n. [Gr. iepouav-rta, 
fr. iepds, sacred, and fiavrela, divina- 
tion.] Divination by observing the 
things offered in sacrifice. 

HI-ER'O-PHANT, Or Hl'E-RO-PHANT, 
n. [Gr. tepo(£aer>7s ; tepos, sacred, 
and (paCvecv, to show.] One who 
teaches the mysteries of religion. 

Hig'gle, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [See 
Haggle.] 1. To carry provisions 
about Sor sale. 2. To chaffer. 



HIGH (hi), a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. 
hedli, hedg, hea.] 1. Elevated ; lift- 
ed up ; lofty ; sublime. 2. Regarded 
as raised up or elevated ; remarka- 
ble ; sometimes equivalent to great, 
used indefinitely. 3. Possessing some 
characteristic quality in a marked 
degree. 4. Prominent; eminent; — 
used in various technical senses. 

High-mass (Rom. Cath. Church), that 
mass which is performed by a choir in a 
specially formal and solemn manner.— 
High treason, treason against the state, 
being the highest civil offense. — High 
water, the greatest elevation of the tide; 
also, the time of such elevation. —High 
wine, distilled wine ; brandy ; also, pure 
alcohol. 

— adv. To a great height ; eminent- 
ly ; powerfully. — n. An elevated 
place; superior region. 

High'-born, a. Being of noble birth. 

HlGH'-CHURCH, a. Inclined to at- 
tach the highest importance to epis- 
copacy. 

High'-church'man, n. One who 
holds high-church principles. 

High'-fli'er, 11. One who is extrav- 
agant in pretensions or manners. 

HlGH'-FLOWN, a. 1. Elevated ; proud. 
2. Turgid ; extravagant. 

High'land, n. Elevated land. 

IIlGH'LAND-ER, n. An inhabitant of 
highlands ; esp. those of Scotland. 

High'ly (hi'ly), adv. In a high man- 
ner, or to a high degree. 

High'-mind'ed, a. 1. Proud ; arro- 
gant. 2. Magnanimous. 

IIlGH'NESS (hl/nes), n. 1. State of 
being high, in its various senses. 2. 
A title of honor given to princes, &c. 

HlGH'-PRESS'URE (hl'preWvjr), a. 
Exceeding .about fifty pounds on the 
square inch. 

HlGH'-SEA / soN£D(hI's3/znd),a. En- 
riched with spices or other seasoning. 

HlGH'-SPIR'IT-ED, a. 1. Full of 

sprit ; irascible. 2. Bold ; daring. 

HTght (hit), n. The same as Height 

High'way, n. A public road. 

Syn. — Way; road; path; course. 

High'way-man (150), n. One who 
robs on the public road. 

IIigh'-wrought (hl'rawt), a. I. 
Wrought, with exquisite skill. 2. In- 
flamed to a high degree. 

Hl-LA'RI-oBs (hi- or'hl-), a. [Lat. hi- 
larus, Gr. lAapos.] Mirthful; mer- 
ry : jolly. 

Hl-LAR'I-TY (hi- or hi-), n. A pleas- 
urable excitement of the animal 
spirits. 

Hill, n. [A.-S.] 1. An eminence less 
than a mountain. 2. Earth rai.-ed 
about the root of a plant. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To surround with earth. 

Hill'ock, n. A small hill. 

HlLL'Y, a. Abounding with hills. 

HiLT, n. [A.-S.] Handle of a cutting 
instrument. 

HlM, pron. Objective case of Ha. 

Him-sElf', pron. An emphasized form 
^)f He or Him. 

Hind, n. 1. [A.-S.] Female of the 
red deer. 2. [A.-S. June, with d suf- 
fixed.] A rustic. — a. [HINDER; 



HINDMOST, or HINDERMOST ] [A.. 

S.J Placed in the rear. 
HlND'ER, a. [compar. of hind.] Be- 
longing to that part which is in the 

rear. 
HlN'DER, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 

hindrian, fr. hinder, back, after.] 1. 

To prevent from moving forward. 2. 

To check or retard. 3. To embar* 

rass ; to shut out. 

STN. — To stop ; interrupt ; coimteif 

act ; debar ; arrest ; impede ; delay. 

— v. i. To interpose obstacles. 
HlN'DER-ANCE, n. [Written also 

hindrance.] 1. Act of impeding or 
restraining motion. 2. That which 
stops advance. 

Hind'er-most, ) a. Superlative of 

Hiind'most, j Hind. 

HIN'DOO, ) n. A native inhabitant of 

IIin'dtj^ / Hindostan. 

IIIN'DOO-STAN'EE ) (112), a. Of, or 

HlN'DU-STAN'l j pertaining to. the 
Hindoos or their language. — n. Lan- 
guage of the Hindoos. 

HlN'DRANCE, 11. See HlNDERANCE. 

Hinge, n. [0. H. Ger. ango, connect- 
ed with hang.] 1. The joint on 
which a door, lid, &c. , hangs or turns. 
2. That on which any thing depends 
or turns. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
furnish with hinges. — v. i. To stand, 
depend, or turn, as on a hinge. 

Hint, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. hen- 
tan, to pursue, seize.] To bring to 
mind by a slight allusion. 

Syx.— To suggest ; intimate ; insinu- 
ate ; imply. 

— v. i. To make an indirect refer- 
ence, suggestion, or allusion. — n. A 
distant allusion ; intimation. 

HIP, 11. [A.-S.] 1. Lateral parts of 
the pelvis, with the flesh covering 
them ; haunch. 2. Fruit of the dog- 
rose. 

HiP / PO-CEN'TAUR, n. [Gr. 'nrnoKev- 
Tavpos ; 1777705, horse, and /ceVravpo?, 
centaur ] A fabulous monster, half 
man and half horse. 

HlP'PO-DROME, n. [Gr. [TTTroSpouO? ; 
IT77T05, horse, and Sp6|uos, course.] A 
circus for horse-races and chariot- 
races. 

HlP'PO-POT'A-MUS, 
n. ; Eng.pl. HIP'- 
PO- POT' A -MUS- 
ES ; Lat. pi. hip'- 
FO- POT' A- MI. 
[Gr. t7T7TO7r6Tau0<r ; 
i7r7ro?, horse, and 
7roTa/xo?, river.] A pachydermatous 
mammal of Africa, allied to the hog. 

HlP'-ROOF, n. A roof having sloping 
ends and sloping sides. 

HiRE,t>.£. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. Ay- 
rian.] 1. To procure from another ? 
and for temporary use, for a com- 
pensation. 2. To contract with for 
wages. 3. To bribe. 4. To let; to 
lease. — n. Compensation for the 
temporary use of a thing or for per- 
sonal service. 

Syn. — Wages ; salary ; stipend ; al- 
lowance ; pay. 

HIre'ling, n. One who is hired ; a 




Hippopotamus. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, g, soft; €,u,hard; Ag ; E}CIST ; erasNG; this 



HIRSUTE 



202 



HOLIDAY 



mercenary. — a. Serving for wages ; 
venal ; mercenary. 

llIR-SUTE', a. [Lat. hirsutus.] Rough 
with hair ; shaggy. 

His, pron. Of him ; possessive of He ; 
— formerly used as the possessive of 
it, for its, 

Hts'PlD, a. [Lat. hispidus.] Rough 

' with bristles ; bristly. 

,32ss,v.i. [-ED; -1NG.] [A.-S. hysian ] 
To make a sound like that of the 
letter s, esp. in contempt. — v. t. To 
condemn by hissing. — ft. A sound 
like that made in pronouncing the 
letter s, esp. as a mark of disapproba- 
tion, [of contempt. 

Hi'ss'ING, ft. 1. A hiss. 2. Occasion 

Hist, inter j. [Cf. Whist.] Hush; 
be silent. 

His-TOL'O-GY, n. [Or. Io-tos, tissue, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Science which 
treats of the minute structure of the 
tissues of plants, animals, &c. 

His-TO'RI-AN, n. A writer or com- 
piler of history. 

His-TOR're, 1 a. Containing, or 

HlS-TOR'I€-AL, J pertaining to his- 
tory. 

His-tCri-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. l<r- 
Topia, history, and ypucpcLv, to write.] 
A historian ,• a writer of history. 

His-to'ri-og'ra-phy, n. Art or em- 
ployment of a historian. 

His'TO-RY, n. [Lat. historic/,, Gr. '«r- 
Topla, fr. io-Topelv, to learn by inqui- 
ry.] 1. A record ; a description. 2. 
A continuous narrative of events. 

Natural History, a description and 
classification of objects in nature, as 
minerals, plants, animals, &c. 

Syn. — Chronicle ; annals ; relation ; 
narration. — History is a methodical rec- 
ord of the important events which con- 
cern a community of men, usually so ar- 
ranged as to show the connection of 
causes and effects. A chronicle is a rec- 
ord of such events, when it conforms to 
the order of time as its distinctive feat- 
ure. Annals are a chronicle divided out 
into distinct years. 

HlS'TRI-ON'l€, ) a. [Lat. histrion- 

IIIS'TRI-6n'I€-AL, j reus, fr. histrio, 
a player.] Pertaining to a stage- 
player ; theatrical. 

Hit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. HIT; p. pr. 
& vb. n. HITTING.] [Icel. hitta, to 
hit, find: A.-S hcttan, hetian, to 
pursue, drive.] 1. To'reach or touch 
an object aimed at. 2. To accord 
with ; to suit. — v. i. 1. To meet or 
come in contact. 2. To succeed. — 
ft. A collision; the stroke that touch- 
es any thing; — often with implied 
luck or chance. 

JflTCH, v. i. 1. To become caught as 
by a hook. 2. To move by jerks, as 
if caught on a hook. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To catch or fasten as by a 
hook. — ft. 1. A catch. 2. Act of 
catching. 3. A sudden halt. 4. A 
knot or noose in a rope. 

H'lTH'ER, adv. [A.-S. hidhcr.) To 
this place. — a. Being on the side 
toward the speaker. 

Hith'er-to/, adv. 1. To this place. 
2. Up to this time. 

Hive, n. [A.-S. hyfe, hive, hhv, fam- 



ily.] 1. A box for bees to live in. 
2. A swarm of bees. 3. A company ; 
a crowd, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
collect into a hive. — v. i. To take 
shelter together. 

Hives, ft. [Scot, allied to he ave.] A 
disease ; the croup. 

Ho, ) inter]. Halloo ! oho ! oh! at- 

Hoa, ) tend! 

Hoar, a. [A.-S. Mr.] "White, or gray- 
ish white, especially with age. 

HOARD, n. [A.-S. hord, heard.] A 
large quantity of any thing laid up. 

— v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] Tocollectand 
lay up ; to store secretly. 

Hoar'-frost, ft. White particles 
formed by the congelation of dew. 

HOAR'HOUND, ft. [A.-S. hune, hara- 
hune, fr. Mr, hoar, gray.] A plant 
which has a bitter taste. / 

Hoar'i-NESS, ft. State of being hoary. 

Hoakse, a. [-ER ; -est.] [0. II. Ger. 
haersch.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, 
grating voice. 2. Rough ; discord- 
ant. | harsh sound. 

Hoarse'ly, adv. "With a rough, 

Hoarse'ness, n. Harshness of voice 
or sound. 

Hoar'y, a. [See Hoar.] White or 
whitish, cspciallySwith age; hoar. 

HOAX, «. [A.-S. hues, hux, hCh, hoc, 
mockery, contempt, or contr. from 
horns, in hocus-pocus.] A trick played 
off in sport. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To play a trick upon for sport. 

Hob, ft. Flat part of a grate at the 
side, where things are placed to be 
kept warm. 

IIOB'ELE, ti. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 
of hop.] To walk lamely ; to limp. 

— n. 1. An unequal, halting gait. 
2. Difficulty ; perplexity. 

Hob'bly, a. Full of holes; rough; 
uneven ; — said of a road. 

Hob'by, 1ft. [Dan. hoppe, a 

Hob'by-horse, j mare.] 1. A 
strong, active horse ; a nag. 2. A 
stick on which boys ride. 3. A fa- 
vorite theme of discourse or effort. 

H6B'GoB-LlN,ft. [See Hob and Gob- 
lin.] A frightful apparition ; an 
imp. 

Hob'NAIL, ft. [Ger. hufnagel, hoof- 
nail.] A thick-headed nail for shoes. 

Hob'nob, adv. [A.-S. habban, to 
have, and nabban, to have not.] Take 
or not take ; — a familiar invitation 
to reciprocal drinking. — v. i. To 
drink familiarly. 

Hob'son's Choice. A choice with- 
out an alternative ; this or none. 

K3=f— This expression is saidtohavehad 
its origin in the name of one Jlohson, at 
Cambridge, England, who let horses, 
and obliged every customer to take in 
his turn the horse" which stood next the 
stable-door. 

Hock, n. [From Hochheim, in Ger- 
many.] A light-yellowish Rhenish 
wine. 

IIo'CUS, v._ t. To deceive or cheat. 

Ho'cus-po'cus, ft. [According to 
Turner, from Ochus Bochus, a magi- 
cian of the northern mythology ; ac- 
cording to Tillotson, a corruption of 
hoc est corpus, uttered by Romish 



priests on the elevation of the host . 
A juggler; a juggler's trick. — v. i. 
To cheat. 

Hod, «. [Fr. hotte, a basket for the 
back.] 1. A kind of tray ibr carry- 
ing mortar and bricks. 2. A coal- 
scuttle. 

HODGE'-PODGE, ft. [Fr. hochepot , fr. 
hocher, to shake, and pot, pot.] A 
medley of ingredients. [Colloq.] 

HO'dI-ER'NAL, a. [Lat. hodiernus; 
hodie, to-day.] Belonging to the 
present day. 

IIod'man (i-50), ft. A mason's tender. 

Hoe, ft. An instrument for cutting 
up weeds, —v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
cut, dig, or clean with a hoe. — v. i. 
To use a hoe. 

Hoe '-care, ft. A coarse cake, of In- 
dian meal 1 , a johnny-cake. 

Hog, ft. [W. hwch, swine, sow.] A 
well-known domesticated animal ; 
swine; specifically, a castrated boar. 

— v. t. To cut short the hair of. — 
v. i. To become bent \ipward in the 
middle. [mean ; selfish 

Hog'gish, a. Gluttonous; filthy: 
Hogs'head, n. [Either from its form 
or make.] 1. A measure containing 
63 wine gallons, or about 52£ imperi 
al gallons. 2. A large cask, of in- 
definite contents. [Amcr.] [hogs- 
HoG'sTY, ft. A pen or iuclosure ib* 
Hoi'D.EN, ft. [W. hoeden, flirt, wan 
ton.] A rude, bold gii-1 ; a romp. - 
a. Rude; bold; inelegant; rustic. 
Hoist, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Icel. hisa.] 
To raise; to lift by means of tackle- 

— ft. 1. Act of hoisting. 2. Per 
pendicular height of a flag or sail. 

HOI'TY-TOI'TY, interj. [From hoit, 
(obs.) to caper.] An exclamation de- 
noting surprise or disapprobation. 

Hold (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. held ; 
p. pr. & vb. ft. holding. Hold- 
en, p. p. is used in legal language.] 
[A.-S. healdan.] 1. To sustain ; to 
restrain ; to retain. 2. To keep ; to 
defend. 3. To be in possession of. 
4. To carry on; to continue. 5. To 
contain, or have capacity for. 6. To 
maintain. 7. To consider ; to re- 
gard. — v. i. 1. To keep one's self in 
a given position or condition ; to re- 
main fixed. 2. To derive right or 
title. — «. 1. Seizure : grasp ; clasp. 
2. Binding power and influence. 3. 
Custody. 4. A fortified place. 5- 
Interior cavity of a vessel. 

Hold'back, ft. The iron or strap on 
the thill of a, vehicle, to which a part 
of the harness is attached. 

Hold'ER, «., 1. One who holds. 2. 
Something by which a thing is held. 

HOLD'-FAST, ft. Something used to 
hold in place something else, as a 
hook, &c. 

Hold'ing, w. 1. A tenure ; anything 
that is held. 2. Influence ; power. 

Hole, w. [A.-S. hoi, from helan, to 
conceal.] 1. A hollow place. 2. An 
excavation, or a natural cavity. 

Syn. — Hollow ; aperture ; interstice ; 
perforation; excavation. 

HoL'1-DAY, ft. [holy and day.] 1. A 



E, 1, 0,fi,Y, long; AjEjIjOjt), Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM j PIQUE, FIRM; s6N, 



JJOLILY 



203 



HOOF-BOUND 



religious anniversary. 2. A day of 
exemption from labor. 
Ho'li-LY, adv. In a holy manner. 
Ho'li-ness, n. 1. State of beiug ho- 
ly; freedom from sin. 2. State of 
any thing consecrated to God. 
His Holiness, a title of the pope. 
Syn. — Piety ; devotion ; godliness ; 
religiousness ; "sanctity ; sacreduess. 

Bol'LA, niterj. Hollo, —v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To hollo. See HOLLO. 

Hoi/lands, n. Gin made in Holland. 

HOL'LO, tintsrj. & n. [Fr. hold, fr. 

Hol'loa, ) ho and Id, there.] Ho; 
attend; here. ' [or exclaim. 

Hol'lo (or hol-lo'), v. i. To call out 

Hol'low, a. [See HOLE.] 1. Con- 
taining an empty space, within a 
solid substance. 2. Reverberated from 
a cavity. 3. Not sincere or faithful. 
Syn. — Concave ; sunken ; low ; va- 
cant ; empty ; void ; false ; faithless ; 
deceitful. 

— n. A cavity ; a hole ; an excavation ; 
a concavity, —v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
make hollow; to excavate. — adv. 
Completely. 

Hol'low-ness, n. 1. Cavity ; exca- 
vation 2. Insincerity ; deceitfulness. 

H6L/LY, n. [A.-S. Iwlen, holegn.] 
An evergreen tree or shrub having 
glossy green leaves. 

HSl'ly-hock, n. A plant bearing 
flowers of various colors. 

Holm (horn), n. 1. [From A.-S. holm, 
holly , as the holly is also called holm.] 
The evergreen oak ; the ilex. 2. 
[A.-S. holm.] A river isle. 

HoL'O-CAUST, n. [Gr. bKonavcrrov ; 
oAos, whole, and kclvcttos, burnt.] A 
sacrifice, the whole of which was 
consumed by fire. 

Hol'o-graph, n. [Gr. oAoypa^os, 
wholly written.] Any writing wholly 
in the hand of the one from whom 
it proceeds. 

Hol'ster (20), n. [0. H. Ger. hulst, 
hulft, covering, saddle, Icel. hulstr, 
case.] A horseman's leathern case 
for a pistol. 

HOLT, n. [A.-S.] A wood, or piece 
of woodland ; especially, a woody hill. 

Ho'LY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
halig, fr. hdl, halo, safety, from hal, 
sound, safe.] 1. Set apart to the ser- 
vice of God ; sacred. 2. Free from 
sinful affections ; pure ; guiltless. 

Ho'ly-day, n. A religious festival. 

Ho'LY-STONE, n. A stone used by 
seamen for cleaning decks. 

Hom'age, n. [L. Lat. horn as; him, fr. 
Lat. /iomo,aman, L. Lat. client, serv- 
ant.] 1. Respect paid bv external i 
action : obeisance. 2. Reverential ' 
worship: devout affection. 

Home (20), n. [A.-S. ham, Goth. 
hahns.] 1. House in which one lives ; 
residence. 2. Place or country in 
which one dwells. 

Syjj. — Tenement ; house ; dwelling s 
abode. 

- adv. 1. To one's home or coun- 
try. 2. Close : to the point. 
Home'-bred, a. Native ; domestic. 
Home'less. a. Destitute of a home. 



HOME'LI-NESS, n 1. Plainness of 
| features. 2. Rudeness ; coarseness. 
I HO.ME'LY (20), a. [-er;-est, .142.] 1. 
i Plain ; rude in appearance. 2. Of 
j plain features; not handsome. 
Home'-made (109), a. Of domestic 
manufacture. [to homeopathy. 

j H<yME-o-PATH'l€ (110), a. Relating 
Ho'ME-op'A-THiST, n. A believer in. 

or practitioner of, homeopath)'. 
HO'ME-OP'A-THY, n. [Gr. b^oiona- 
0eta, likeness ol condition or feeling.] 
The theory and its practice that a 
medicine which will cause will also 
cure disease, the remedies being usu- 
ally administered in minute doses. 
HO'MER, n. [Heb. khOmer] A He- 
brew measure containing, as a liquid 
measure, 75 wine gallons, and, as a 
dry measure, 111 bushels. 

Home'sick. a. Affected with sickness 
caused by grief at a separation from 
home 

Home'sick-ness, n. A morbid sor- 
rowing for home when absent. 

Home'spun, a. 1. Wrought at home ; 
coarse ; plain. 2. Plain ; rude. 

Home-STEAD, n. A person's dwelling- 
place, with that part of his landed 
property which is about and contig- 
uous to it. 

Home'ward, adv. Toward home. 

HoM'l-CPDAL, a. Pertaining to hom- 
icide; murderous. 

H6m'I-C1DE, n. [Lat. homicidium ; 
homo, man, and aedere, to kill.] 1. 
The killing of one human being by 
another ; manslaughter. 2. A per- 
son who kills another. 

H6m'i-let'1€, la. [Gr.6jouA.77Ti- 

HdM'I-LET'IG-AL, j kos, fr 6/LuAea-, 
to be together, to converse.] Pertain- 
ing to homiletics. [preaching. 

Hoai'I-LET'KJS, a. sing. Science of 

HoM/l-LY, n. [Gr. o^iAta. See HOM- 
iletic] A plain and familiar ser- 
mon ; a serious discourse. 

HoM'I-NY. n. [Ind. auhuminea, 
parched corn.] Maize hulled and 
broken, but coarse. [Amtr.] 

Hom'jviock, n. [Probably an Indian 
word.] A hillock. [MEOPATHY. 

Ho^IjCE-OP'A-THY, n. Same as Ho- 

HO'MO-GE'NE-AL, ) a. [Gr. 6/u.oye- 

HO'MO-GE'KE-OUS, ( ^?, fr. 6/u.o?, 
the same, and yeVos, race, kind] Of 
the same kind or nature. 

Ho'mo-ge-ne'i-ty, ». Sameness of 
kind or nature. 

HO-MOL'o-GOUs, a. [Gr. ojuoAoyos, 
agreeing.] Having the same relative 
position, proportion, value, or struct- 

H5m'o-ny, n See Hominy. [ure. 

Hoai'o-NfM, in. A word having the 

IIom'O-SYME, ) same K>und as an- 
other, but differing troni it in mean- 
ing; as bear (noun) and bear (verb). 

HO-m5n'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. o/awwjao? , 
fr. 6/ix6s, the same, and bvofxa, name.] 
Having different significations, or ap- 
plied to different things; equivocal. 

Ho-MOK'Y-MY.ri. Sameness between 
words which differ in signification. 

Ho-MOPH'o-NOUS,a. [Gr. bfj.6$(avo<; ; 



6/u.os, the same, and (fnovij, sound.] 1. 
Of the same pitch. 2 Expressing cue 
same sound or letter with another. 

HONE, n. [A -S. hanan, to stone ; 
prob. allied to Gr. oikovt/, whetstone.] 
A stone of a fine grit, for sharpening 
instruments. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing ] 
To rub and sharpen on a hone. 

HON'EST (on'est), a. [Lat. honestits, 
from honos, honor, honor.] 1. Fair 
in dealing with others ; upright ; just. 

2. Proceeding from pure or just prin- 
ciples, or directed to a good object. 

3. Chaste ; virtuous. 

Syn. — Trusty : faithful ; rightful ; sin- 
cere; frank; candid; unreserved. 

H6n'est-ly (6n'est-ly), adv. In an 
honest manner. 

Hon'es-ty (on'es-ty), n. Quality or 
state of being honest. 

HON'EY(hun'y), n. [A.-S. hunig.] 1. 
A sweet, thick fluid, collected by 
bees. 2. Sweet one ; darling. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To use endearments ; 
also, to fawn. — v. t. To sweeten. 

HON'EY-BAG (hfin'y-biig), n. Recep- 
tacle for honey in a bee. 

HON'EY-GOMB* (hun'y-kom), n. 1. 
Cells, formed by bees, and used as re- 
positories for their honey. 2. Any 
substance, with cells like those of a 
honey-comb. 

H6n'ey-dew. n. A sweet, saccha- 
rine substance, found on the leaves o) 
plants in small drops. 

Hon'ey-MOON, n. First month after- 
marriage. 

HON'EY-SUCK/LE, n. One of several 
species of flowering plants. 

HoN'OR (on'ur), n. [Lat.] 1. Esteem 
due or paid to worth. 2. Excellence of 
character ; — esp. in men, integrity : 
in women, chastity. 3. A nice sense of 
what is right, with a life correspond- 
ent thereto. 4. Dignity ; reputation. 
5. A mark of respect. 6. pi. Aca- 
demic prizes or distinctions. 7. ]>/. 
The four highest cards — ace, king, 
queen, and jack. — v.t. [-EB;-1NG] 
1. To regard or treat with honor; 
to worship. 2. To dignify. 3. (Com.) 
To accept and pay when due. 

Hon'or-A-ble (on'ur-), a. 1. Wor- 
thy of honor. 2. Actuated by prin- 
ciples of honor. 3. Proceeding from 
an upright and laudable cause. 4. 
Conferring honor. 5. An epithet of 
distinction. 

H6n'or-a-bly (on'ur-), adv. In an 
honorable manner. 

Hon'or-a-ry (on'ur-), a. Conferring 
honor, or intended merely to do so. 

HOOD, n. [A.-S. hud, from hcdan, to 
take care of.] 1. A covering for the 
head and shoulders. 2. Any thing 
resembling a hood in form or uses. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To cover or 
furnish with a hood 

Ho~bD'wiNK, f. t. [-EB ; -ING.] [From 
hood and ivink.] 1. To blind by cov- 
ering the eyes. 2. To cover ; to hide. 

Hoof, n. [A.-S. hOf.] The hornv 
substance that covers or terminates 
the feet of certain animals 

Hoof'-bound, a. Having a dryness 



or, Dp, woLF,TO"o.TO~bK; fJRN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent; <?,&,soft; €,a,hard; AS; EXIST; N asNG; this. 



HOOK 



204 



HORSE-PLAY 



and contraction of the hoof, occasion- 
ing pain and lameness. 
II o OK (27), n. [A.-S. hdc] Some hard 
material, bent for catching or hold- 
ing any thing. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

1. To catch or fasten with a hook. 

2. To steal or rob. [ Cotloq.] — v. . i. 
To bend ; to be curved. 

Hook'ed (hobk'ed or htfbkt), a. Hav- 
ing the form of a hook ; curvated. 

Hoop, or HobP, n. [A.-S. hCp.] 1. 
A band of wood or metal, for a cask. 
2. Any thing circular. 3. A combi- 
nation of elastic rings for expanding 
the skirts of ladies' dresses ; — chief- 
ly in the pi. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To bind or fasten with hoops. 2. 
To clasp ; to encircle. 3. To whoop. 

HOOPflNG-€OUGH (-kawf), n. A 
cough in which the patient whoops, 
with _a deep inspiration of breath. 

Hoop'oe, ) n. [So called from its 

HOOP'OO, j whooping cry.] A bird 
whose head is adorned with a beau- 
tiful crest. 

IIoop'-SKIRT (hobpz-orhdop/-). n. A 
frame-work of hoops for expanding 
the skirts of a lady's dress. 

IIOO'glER (ho"o / zher), n. [Either from 
hus/ier, because they were considered 
as bullies, or from their rough ex- 
clamation when one knocks at a 
door, " Who 's yere f "] A citizen of 
the State of Indiana. [ Amer.] 

MoOT,v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Frov. Fr. 
hvuter, hutier, to call, cry.] 1. To 
cry out in contempt. 2. To cry as 
an owl. — v. t. To utter contempt- 
uous cries or shouts at. — n. A cry 
or shout in contempt. 

Hop, v.i. [-ped; -PING.] [A.-S. hop- 
pan.] To leap or jump on one leg; 
also, to skip, as birds do. — n. 1. A 
leap on one leg. 2. An informal 
dance. [Colloq.] 3. [D. hop, hoppe, 
0. II. Ger. hopfo, W. hop'z.) A 
climbing plant, the flower-scales and 
fruit of which are used in brewing. 

HOPE (20), n. [A.-S. hopa.} 1. Desire 
of some good, with at least a slight 
expectation of obtaining it. 2. That 
which furnishes ground of expecta- 
tion. 3. That which 'is hoped for. 

Syn.— Confidence ; expectation ; an- 
ticipation; trust; belief. 
— i i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To enter- 
tain or indulge hope. 2. To place 
confidence. — v. t. To desire with 
expectation. [Promising. 

Hope'ful, a. 1. Full of hope. 2. 

Hope'ful-LY, adv. With hope. 

Hope'ful-ness, n. Quality of being 
hopeful. 

Hope'less, a. 1. Destitute of hope. 

2. Giviug no ground of hope ; des- 
perate. 

H5pe'less-ly, adv. Without hope. 

Hope'less-ness, n. A state of being 
hopeless ; despair. 

Hop'PER, n. [See Hop.] 1. One who 
hops. 2. A wooden trough through 
which grain passes into a mill. 

IIop'ple, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [From 
hop.] To tie the feet of loosely to- 
gether, to prevent running or leap- 



ing. — n. A fetter for horses, or 
other animals. 

H6p'-S€6tch, n. A child's game, in 
which a stone is driven by the foot 
of the player from one compartment 
to another of a figure traced on the 
ground. 

Ho'RAL, a. [Lat. horalis ; hora, hour.] 
Relating to an hour. 

Ho'RA-RY, a. [L. Lat. horarius ; Lat. 
hora, hour.] 1. Pertaining to an 
hour; noting the hours. 2. Occur- 
ring once an hour; hourly. 

Horde, n. [Hind, i/rdti, army, camp, 
market.] A wandering troop or gang. 

HORE'HOUND, n. See llOARHOUND. 

Ho-ri'zon (118), n. [Gr. 6pi£W (sc. 
kvkAos), the bounding line; opos, 
boundary.] 1. Apparent junction of 
the earth and sky ; — called the sen- 
sible horizon. 2. A plane parallel to 
the sensible horizon of a place, and 
passing through the earth's center ; 
— called also the rational or celestial 
horizon. 

Hor'I-zon'tal, a. . Parallel to the 
horizon ; on a level. 

Hor-I-zon'tal-ly, adv. On a level. 

HORN, n. [A.-S. horn, Goth, haurn, 
allied to Lat. cornu.] 1. A hard pro- 
jection from the heads of certain an- 
imals. 2. Hence, something made 
of a horn, or resembling a horn in 
form, use, and the like. 3. The ma- 
terial of which horns are composed. 

HORN'BILL, n. A large tropical bird, 
having a bill curving downward, on 
which is a process resembling anoth- 
er growing upward. 

Horn'blende, n. [Ger. from horn, 
horn, and blende, blende.] A com- 
mon mineral of various colors, con- 
sisting of silica combined with mag- 
nesia, lime, or iron. 

Horn'-bo'ok, n. A primer. 

HORN.ED (hornd, 60), a. 1. Furnished 
with horns. 2. Shaped like a horn. 

HOR'NET, n. [A.-S. hyrnet, so called 
from its antennae, or horns.] A large, 
strong kind of wasp. 

HORN'PIPE,n. [W. pib-gorn.] (Mus.) 
(a.) An instrumentof music, (b.) A 
lively tune, of compound triple time. 
(r.) A dance. 

Horn' work (-wurk), n. (Fort.) An 
outwork composed of two demi-bas- 
tions joined by a curtain. 

HoRN'Y,a. [-er;-est, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or composed of, horn. 2. 
Hard ; callous. 

Hor'o-LOGE, n. [Gr wpoAo-yiov ; 
titpa, hour, and Ae'yeiv, to tell.] A 
time-piece of any kind. 

H6r'o-log'I€-al, a. Relating to a 
horologe, or to horology. 

Ho-roi/o-gy, n. Science of measur- 
ing time 

HO-rom'e-TRY, n. [Gr. iopa, hour, 
and fj.4rpov, measure.] Artor method 
of measuring time by hours. 

Hor'o-scope, n. [Gr. wpocr/coTros, 
observing hours or times.] (Astrol.) 
The scheme of twelve houses or signs 
of the zodiac, into which the whole 
circuit of the heavens was divided 



for the purposes of predicting a per- 
son's fortune. 

Ho-ROS'CO-PY, n. Prediction of fu- 
ture events by the disposition of the 
stars. 

HOR'RI-BLE, a. [Lat. horribilis ; h or- 
rere, to bristle.] Exciting, or tend- 
ing to excite, horror. 

Syn.— Dreadful ; frightful; feartul; 
terrible; awful: terrific; shocking; hiae- 
ous; horrid. 

Hor'ri-bly, adv. So as to excito 
horror. 

IIor'rid, a. 1. Rough ; ragged ; 
bristling. 2. "Very ' disagreeable. 

Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; 
shocking; dreadful; awful; terrific ; ter- 
rible; horrible. 

H6R'RlD-LY,«rfi'. Dreadfully. 

HOR-RiF'I€, a. [Lat. horrijir.us, from 
horror, nnd/acere, to make.] Caus- 
ing horror. 

H6r'ri-fy, v. t. [-ed; ing, 142.] To 
make horrible ; to strike with horror. 

Hor'ROR,??. [Lat. horror, from hor- 
rere, to bristle, to shiver, to be dread- 
ful.] 1. A shaking, shivering, or 
shuddering. 2. A painful emotion 
of fear and abhorrence. 3. That 
which excites fear. 

Horse, n. [A.-S. hors, for hros, Del. 
& 0. II. Ger. hros.] 1. A well-known 
hoofed quadruped. 2. The male of 
the genus horse. 3. Mounted sol- 
diery : cavalry. 4. A frame with 
legs, used for supporting something. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To provide with 
a horse, or with horses." 

Horse'back, «. 1. The back of a 
horse. 2. State of being mounted 
on the back of a horse. 

Horse'-block, n. A block on which 
one steps in mounting and dismount- 
ing from a horse. [by horses. 

Horse'-car, n. A railroad car drawn 

Horse'-chest'NUT (-ches'nut), n. 
[So called because the nut was for- 
merly ground and given to horses.] 
A large nut, the fruit of a tre«, com- 
mon in the temperate zones of both 
hemispheres. [a horse. 

Horse'-cloth, n. A cloth to cover 

H6rse'-do€'tor, n. One whose 
business is to cure sick horses ; a 
farrier. 

Horse '-guards (-gardz, 72), n. pi. 
A body of cavalry for guards. 

HORSE'-HAIR, n. Hair of the mane 
and tail of a horse. [horses. 

Horse '-jock'ey, n. A dealer in 

Horse'-laugh (-laf), 11. A loud, 
coarse laugh. [eiinary surgeon. 

Horse'-leech, n. A farrier; a vet- 

Horse'-lit'ter, n. A carriage on 
poles borne between two horses. 

H6rse'-mack'ER-el, n. 1. A spiny- 
finned fish, about the size of the 
mackerel. 2. A gigantic kind of 
mackerel ; the tunny. 

Horse'man (150), n. 1. A rider on 
horseback. 2. (Mil.) A mounted 
soldier. 

Horse 'MAN-SHIP, n. The act or ait 
of riding and training horses. 

Horse'-plax, n. Bough, rude play. 



A, E, I, O, fj, Y,long-- A, £, If O, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TlBM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



HORSE-POWER 



205 



HOWL 



Horse'-poWER, n. 1. The power 
which a horse is capable of exerting. 
2. A standard by which the capabili- 
ties of steam-engines, &c, are meas- 
ured; — estimated as 33.000 pounds 
raised one foot in a minute. 

Horse '-race, re. A race by horses. 

HSrse'-rad'ish, re. A species of 
scurvy grass having a root of a pun- 
gent taste. [horse-power. 

Horse'-rake, re. A rake worked by 

Horse'-rail'road, re. A railroad 
on which the cars are drawn by 
horses. [for horses. 

Horse 'SHOE (-shoo), re. An iron shoe 

Horse'whip, re. A whip for driving 
or striking horses. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ix&.] To strike with a horsewhip. 

Hor-ta'tion, m. [Lat. hortatio.] Act 
of exhorting; advice. 

Hor'ta-tive, a. Giving exhortation. 
— re. A precept; exhortation. 

H6r'ta-to-ry (50), a. GiviDg ex- 
hortation or advice. [horticulture. 

Hor'ti-gult'ur-al, a. Relating to 

Hor'ti-cDlt'URE (53), re. [Lat. /tor- 
tus, garden, and cultura, culture.] 
Art of cultivating gardens. 

Hor'ti-gult'ur-ist, re. One who 
practices the art of gardening. 

Hor'tus Sie'eus. [Lat., a dry 
garden.] A collection of plants dried 
for preservation ; an herbarium. 

Ho-s_an'nA, n. [Gr. uiaavva, fr. Heb. 
hdshiahnna, save now, save, we pray.] 
An exclamation of praise to God 

Hose, re. ; pi. hose. [A.-S.] 1. Close- 
fitting breeches reaching to the knee. 

2. Stockings. 3. A flexible pipe for 
conveying water. [in hose, &c. 

iiq'siER (ho'zher), re. One who deals 

Ho'sier-y ( -zher-), re. 1. Business 
of a hosier. 2. Stockings in general. 

HSs'PiCE (hos'pees), re. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
hospitium, hospitality.] A convent 
and place of refuge for travelers 
among the Alps, kept by monks. 

Hos'PI-TA-BLE, a. [Lat. hospitalism 
from hospes, guest.] 1. Kind to 
strangers and guests. 2. Proceeding 
from, or indicating kindness to, 
guests. [manner. 

Hos'pi-ta-BLY, adv. In a hospitable 

Hos'pi-tal. (76), re. [Lat. hospitalis, 
hospitalia, apartments for guests.] A 
building for the sick or insane. 

H6s'PI-tal-er, re. One of an order 
of knights who built a hospital at 
Jerusalem, in A. D. 1042, for pilgrims. 

Hos'pi-tal'I-ty, re. Act or practice 
of one who is hospitable. 

Hos'PO-DAR',n. [O. Slav. & Russ. 
gospodarj, lord, master.] Title of a 
Turkish governor in Moldavia and 
Wallachia. 

Host, re. 1. [Fr. koste, fr. Lat. hospes, 
a guest, a host.] One who entertains 
strangers ; a landlord. 2. [Lat. hos- 
tis, enemy, L. Lat. army.] An army. 

3. Any great number or multitude. 

4. [Lat. hostia, sacrifice, victim.] 
(Rom. Cath. Church.) The consecrat- 
ed wafer, in the celebration of mass. 

Hos'taGE, re. [L. Lat. hostagium, 
hostaticum, as if contr. from a Lat. 



word obsidaticum , fr. obses, obsidis, 
hostage.] A person giveu as a pledge 
for the performance of conditions. 

Host'ess, re. 1. A female host. 2. 
A female innkeeper. 

Hds'TlLE. a. [Lat. hostilis, fr. hostis, 
enemy.] Belonging or appropriate 
to an enemy. 

Hos-tii/I-ty,«. 1. State of being hos- 
tile. 2. pi. Acts of warfare. 

Syn. — Animosity ; enmity; opposi- 
tion ; violence ; aggression. 

Hos'TLER (hosier or os'ler), re. One 
who has the care of horses. 

Hot, a. [-TER; -test.] [A.-S. hat.] 
1. Having much sensible heat. 2. 
Characterized by ardor, or anima- 
tion. 3. Lustful. 4. Acrid ; pungent. 
Syn. — Fiery; fervid; glowing: eager; 
vehement; violent; furious; lewd. 

Hot'-Bed, re. A bed of earth covered 
with glass, for raising early plants. 

IIOTCH'POTCH, re. [Fr. hochepot, fr. 
hocher, to shake.] A confused mixt- 
ure of ingredients. 

IIot'-cock/les (-kSk'lz), re. A play 
in which one cover3 his eyes, and 
guesses who strikes him. 

Hotel', re. [Fr. hotel, fr. Lat. hospi- 
talis. See Hospital.] A public 
house of some style or pretensions. 

Hot'-head'ed, a. Of ardent pas- 
sions ; vehement. 

Hot'-house, re. A house kept warm 
to shelter tender plants from cold air. 

Hot'LY, adv. 1. Ardently ; violent- 
ly. 2. Lustfully. 

Hot'-press, v. t. [-El); -ING.] To 
press between hot plates for giving a 
smooth and glossy surface. 

Hot'spur, re. A man violent, pas- 
sionate, and rash. 

Hough (hok), re. [A.-S. hdh, ho.] 
Joint on the hind leg of a quadruped, 
between the knee and fetlock. — v. t. 
[ED ; -ING.] To disable by cutting 
the sinews of the ham ; to hamstring. 

Hound, re. [A.-S. hund, allied to Lat. 
canis , Gr. kvojv, kvvqs-] A dog used 
for hunting. — v. t. [-ED ; -INS-.] 1. 
To incite, as a hound, to pursuit. 2. 
To incite or spur on. 

HOUR, (our), re. [Lat. hora, Gr. wpa.] 
1. Sixty minutes. 2. Fixed or ap- 
pointed time ; conjuncture. 

Hour'-glass (our'glas), re. 
A glass instrument for 
measuring time. 

Hour'-hand (our'-), n. 
The hand which shows the 
hour on a time-piece. 

Hour'I (hour'y), re. [Ar. Hour-glass. 
hftr, pi. of ahwar, beauti- 
ful-eyed, black-eyed.] A nymph of 
paradise ; — so called by the Moham- 
medans. 

Hour'ly (ourT^), a. Happening or 
done every hour. — adv. Every hour. 

House, m. ,• pi. hous/es. [A.-S. htis.] 

1. A building to live in ; a dwelling. 

2. A household; afamily. 3. A race; 
a tribe. 4. A body of men united in a 
legislative capacity. 5- ( Com.) A firm 
or commercial establishment. 

House (houz), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 



1 



shelter. — v. i. To take shelter oi 
lodgings; to abide. 

House'-break'er, re. One who fe- 
loniously breaks into a house. 

House'-break/ing, re. Act of felo- 
niously breaking into a house. 

House'hold, re. A family living to- 
gether. — a. Belonging to the house 
and family ; domestic. [family. 

House'hold-er, re. Master of a 

HousE'KEEP-ER,re. 1. One who oc- 
cupies a house with his family. 2. 
A female servant who has the chief 
care of the family. 

House'keep-ing, re. Care of do- 
mestic concerns. 

House 'less, a. Destitute of a house. 

House'maid. re. A female servant. 

House'-warm/ING, re. A merry- 
making on entering a new house. 

House'wife (or huz'wif). re. 1. The 
mistress of a family. 2. A little 
case for materials used in sewing, &c 

House' wife-ry (or huz/wif-ry), re 
Female management of domestic con- 
cerns. 

Hous'lNG,re. [From house, v. t.] 1 
A saddle-cloth. 2. Act of putting 
under shelter. 

Hove, imp. of Heave. 

H6v'EL,re. [Cf. W. hogyl, hogl, hov 
el, A.-S. hof, house, cave, den.] A 
small, mean house. — v. t. [-ED 
-ING, 147.] To put in a hovel. 

Hov'ER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [W. ho 
fian, hofiaw.] 1. To hang flutter' 
ing in the air, or upon the wing. 2 
To move to and fro in the neighbor 
hood of. 

How, adv. [A.-S. reft, rewft.] 1. Id 
what way ; by what means. 2. 1c 
what degree. 3. For what reasor 
4. In what state. 

JK3"~ How is used in each sense, inter 
rogatively, interjectionaHy, and relativ*- 

'y- 

How-be'it, conj. [Compounded of 
hoiv, be, and it.] Be it as it may . 
nevertheless. 

How' DAK, n. [Hind. & Ar. haudah 
or haudadj.] A seat on the back of 
an elephant or camel, to ride in. 

How-ev'er, adv. 1. In whatever 
manner or degree. 2. At all events ; 
at least. — conj. Nevertheless ; not 
withstanding ; yet ; still ; though. 

Syn. — At least ; nevertheless ; yet. 
— However signifies that in whatever 
way a truth or fact may be viewed, cer- 
tain other facts are true, as "However, 
we shall perform our duty." At least 
indicates the lowest estimate or conces- 
sion, as, " This, at least, must be done." 
Nevertheless, denotes that though the 
concession be fully made, it has no effect 
on the question, as, " Nevertheless, wc 

. must go forward." Yet signifies that, 
admitting every thing supposed down to 
the present moment, the expected con- 
sequence can not be drawn, as, " Though 
he slay me, yet will I trust in him." 

How'ITZ-ER (109), re. [Ger. haubitze.] 
A short, light cannon, for throwing 
large projectiles with comparatively 
small charges. 

Howe, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [O, H. Ger, 
hiuivilon, Gr. v\av.] To utter a loud, 
protracted, and mournful sound ; to 



OR, do, wolf, too, TO^i fJRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; c, G, soft; €,&,hard; A§; EXIST; tf asNG; Tfiis 



H OWLET 



206 



HUNT 



wail. — v. t. To utter or speak with 
outcry. — n. The cry of a dog or 
wolf, or other like sound. 

Howl'et, n. [Equivalent to owlet, 
dim. of owl.] An owl. 

dow'so-EV'ER, adv. [Compounded 
of how, so, and ever.] In what man- 
ner soever ; to whatever degree ; 
however. 

Hoy, n. [D. & Fr. heu.] A small coast- 
ing vessel for passengers and goods. 

Hub, n. 1. Central part or nave of a 
wheel. 2. Hilt of a weapon. 

Hub'bOb, n. [Cf. Whoop.] A tu- 
mult ; uproar ; riot. 

Huck'a-bXck, n. A kind of linen for 
table-cloths and towels. 

Huck'LE-BER'ky, n. [Cf. whortle- 
berry.] A low branching shrub, and 
its small, black, edible berry. 

HtJCK/STER, n. [From Eng. huck, to 
haggle. Cf. Hawk.] A retailer of 
small articles. 

Hud'dle, v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Ger. 
hudeln, to bungle.] To hurry in 
disorder; to crowd. — v. t. 1. To 
hurry and slight. 2. To put on or 
do in haste or roughly. — n. A 
crowd; tumult; confusion. 

Hu'di-bras'tic, a. Similar in man- 
ner to Hudibras, the hero of a bur- 
lesque poem ; hence, in the style of 
doggerel poetry. 

HUE,n. 1. [A. -S. hiw,hiow, .appear- 
ance, form, color.] Color ; tint ; dye. 
2. [Norm. Fr.] A shouting. 

IltJFF, n. [See infra.] 1. A fit of dis- 
appointment and anger. 2. A boast- 
er. — v.t. [-ed; -ING-.] [A modif. 
of 0. Eng. hoove, equiv. to heave.] 

1. To swell ; to puff up. 2. To treat 
with insolence ; to bully. — v. i. 1. 
To dilate ; to swell up. 2. To bluster. 

HOff'ish, a. Arrogant. 

Huff'y, a. Puffed up ; arrogant. 

Hug, v. t. [-ged ; -ging.] [A.-S. hc- 
gan, higian, to wall in, guard. See 
Hedge.] 1. To clasp to the bosom. 

2. To hold fast ; to treat with fond- 
ness. 3. (Naut.) To keep close to. 
— n. A close embrace. 

Huge, a. [-er; -est.] [See High.] 

1. Very large or great ; monstrous. 

2. Extended ; carried to a high de- 
HuGE'LY, adv. Immensely. [gree. 
HUG'GER-MUG'GER, n. [Prov. Eng. 

hugger, to lurk, mug, fog, muggard, 
sullen.] Privacy ; secrecy. 

Hu'gue-not (hu'ge-), n. [Fr.,from 
Hugo, a heretic and conspirator of 
this name.] A French Protestant of 
the sixteenth century. 

Hulk, n. [A.-S. hulce, a swift ship, 
fr. Gr. oA/casJ Body of an old ship. 

Hull, n. [A.-S. hule, hulu, hard shell, 
hull, or crust ; h'c'lan, to conceal.] 1. 
Outer covering of any thing ; husk. 
2. Frame of a vessel. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To strip off the hull or 
hulls of. 2. To pierce the hull of, as 
of a ship. 

Hum, v.i. [-med;-ming.] [Ger. hum- 
men.] 1. To make a dull, nasal 
sound, like that of a bee ; to drone ; 
to murmur. 2. To mumble. — v. t. 



To sing with shut mouth. — n. 1. 
Noise of bees in flight, or any buz- 
zing sound. 2. An imposition. — 
interj. A sound with a pause, im- 
plying doubt. 

Hu'MAN, a. [Lat. humanus ] Be- 
longing to man or mankind. 

Hu-MANE', a. [See HUMAN.] Hav- 
ing the feelings and dispositions 
proper to man, and a disposition to 
treat others with kindness. 

Syn. —Kind; sympathizing; benevo- 
lent; mild; compassionate; tender; mer- 
ciful. 

Hu-MANE'LY, adv. Kindly. 

Hu-mXn'i-ta'ri-an, n. One who 
holds that Christ was merely a man. 

Hu-man'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
human. 2. Mankind collectively. 3. 
Kindness ; benevolence. 4. pi. The 
branches of polite learning; belles- 
lettres. _ 

Hu'man-Tze, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
render human or humane. 

Hu'man-ly, adv. In a human man- 
ner ; after the manner of men. 

HOm'ble (76), a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. 
humilis, on the ground, low ; humus, 
ground.] 1. Low; mean. 2. Mod- 
est ; lowly ; meek. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To bring low. 2. To abase 
the pride of. 

Syn. — To lower; depress; humiliate; 
disgrace; degrade; sink. 

IIDm'ble-bee, n. [Piob. from hum.] 
A large, hairy bee, of a black color. 

IIUM'ELY, adv. With humility. 

Hum'bug, n. [Prob. fr. hum, to de- 
ceive, and bug, a bugbear.] [Colloq.] 
1. A piece of trickery. 2. One who 
deceives or hoaxes. — v.t. [-GED ; 
-GING.] To deceive ; to impose on. 

Hum'drOm, a. [Prob. fr. hum and 
drum, for drone.] Dull ; stupid. 

Hu'MER-AL, a. [Lat. humerus, shoul- 
der.] Belonging to the shoulder. 

HU'MID, a. [Lat. humidus.] Damp ; 
moist. [ness. 

Hu-MID'I-TY, n. Moisture; damp- 

HU-MIL'I-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. humiliare, -atum.] To hum- 
ble ; to depress ; to abase. 

HU-MfL'l-A'TiON, n. 1. Act of hu- 
miliating; abasement of pride. 2. 
State of being humiliated. 

Hu-MlL'I-TY,n. Lowliness of mind. 

Syn. — Modesty ; diffidence. — Diffi- 
dence is a distrust of one's powers, and, 
as it may be carried too tar, is not always 
(like modesty and humility) a virtue ; 
modesty, without supposing self-distrust, 
implies an unwillingness to put our- 
selves forward, and an absence of all 
over-confidence in our own powers: hu- 
mility consists in rating our claims low, 
in being willing to waive our rights, and 
take a lower place than might be our 
due. It does not require us to underrate 
ourselves. 

Hum'ming-bIrd, n. A very small 
bird remarkable for the swift motion 
and noise of its wings in flight. 

HiJM'MOCK, n. [Prob. an Ind. word.] 
1. A rounded knoll or hillock. 2. 
A pile of ice on an ice-field. 

Hu'MOR {or yp/mur, 76), n. [Lat.,fr. 
humere, to be moist.] 1. Moisture or 



fluids of animal bodies. 2. (Med.){a.\ 
A morbid animal fluid. {b.) An 
eruptive affection of the skin. 3. 
State of mind ; disposition ; temper. 
4. Quality of the imagination which 
tends to excite mirth by ludicrous 
images. 

Syn. — Wit; satire ; pleasantry : tem- 
per ; disposition; mood; frame; whim; 
fancy; caprice. See Wit. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.]' 1. To indnlrp 
by gentle and skillful adaptation. 
2. To help on by indulgence. 

Syn. — See Gratify. 

Hu'MOR-AL (or yu/mur-al), a. Per- 
taining to the humors. 

Hu'MOR-tsT (or yp/mur-), n. 1. One 
who has some strong peculiarity of 
character, which he indulges in odd 
ways. 2. A wag ; a droll. 

HU'MOR-OUS (or yp/mur-), a. Full of 
humor; exciting laughter. 

Syn. — Jocose ; jocular; playful ; witty ; 
pleasant; merry; cspricious; whimsical. 

Hu'MOR-s6me (or yp/mur-), a. In- 
fluenced by humor. 

Hump, n. [Prob. allied to Lat. umbo, 
any convex elevation.] A protuber- 
ance ; a bunch ; a hunch. 

HOmp'bXck, n. 1. A crooked back ; 
2. A humpbacked person. 

Hunch (66), n. [Ger. hucke, hocke, 
back, bunch, with n inserted.] 1. A 
hump ; a protuberance. 2. A thick 
piece; a hunk. 3. A push. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To push with the 
elbow or with a sudden jerk. 2. To 
crook, as the back. 

Hunch'back, n. A humpback. 

HUN'DRED,n. [A.-S. hund, hundred, 
hundred, century.] 1. Ten times 
ten. 2. A division or part of a coun- 
ty in England. 

Hundred-weight, a denomination of 
weight containing 112 pounds avoirdu- 
pois, but sometimes 100 pounds. 

— a. Ten times ten ; ninety and ten. 
HOn'dredth (108), a. 1. Next fol- 
lowing in order the ninety-ninth. 
2. Forming one of a hundred parts 
of one whole. — n. One of a hun- 
dred equal parts of one whole. 

Hung, imp. & p. p. of Hang. 

HUNG'-BEEF, n. Fleshy part of beef 
slightly salted and hung up to dry. 

HOn/ger, n. [A.-S.] 1. A craving 
for food. 2. Any strong desire. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To crave food. 
2. To long for. [ner. 

Hun'gri-LY, adv. In a hungry man- 

HOn'gry, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Feeling hunger ; having a keen appe- 
tite ; hence, having an eager desire. 
2. Not fertile; poor; barren. 

Hunk, n. A large piece ; a hunch. 

HUNK'ER, n. One opposed to prog- 
ress ; a conservative. [Amer.] 

HUNKS, n. [Prov. Eng. hunk, hunch.] 
A miser ; a niggard. 

HUNT, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. hun. 
tian.] 1. To follow after, as game; 
to chase. 2. To pursue. — v.i. 1. 
To follow the chase. 2. To search. 

— n. 1. Chase; pursuit; search. 
2. An association of huntsmen. 



A, E, I, 6,u, Y,long; l,Z t l } d,tj, Y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; s6n, 



HUNTER 

ESnt'ER, n. 1. One who hirsts ; a 
huntsman. 2. A dog cr ahorse used 
in the chase. 3. A watch having the 
crystal protected by a metallic cover. 

II&NT'RESS, n. A female hunter. 

H&nts'man (150), n. 1. One -who 
hunts. 2. A servant whose office it 
is to manage the chase. 

HOr'dle, n. [A.-S. kyrdel.] A text- 
ure of twigs ; a er^te. 

HOr'DY-gur'DY, n. A stringed in- 
strument of music. 

H0rl,i\*. [-ed; -ING.] [Perh. only 
a modif. of whirl.] To throw with 
violence. — n. Act of hurling ; a 
fling. 

H0R'LY-BUR / LY,n. Tumult ; bustle ; 
confusion. 

HUR-RA', )interj. Huzza! a shout 

Hur-rah', j of joy or exultation. 

HUR'RI-CANE, n. [ACarib word.] A 
violent storm, characterized by the 
extreme fury of the wind and its sud- 
den changes. 

Hurricane deck, upper deck of steam- 
boats. 

HUR'RY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Ger. hurren, to move hastily.] To 
hasten ; to urge onward. 

Stx. — To precipitate ; expedite ; 
quicken; accelerate. 

— v. i. To move or act with haste. 

— 7i. Act of driving or pressing for- 
ward. 

Syn. — Hastes speed; dispatch; expe- 
dition ; pressure ; urgency ; precipita- 
tion ; bustle. 

Hurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hurt; 
p.pr.&vb. n. hurting.] [A.-S. 
hyrl, hurt, wounded.] 1. To wound 
or bruise painfully. 2. To damage ; 
to injure ; to harm. 3. To annoy ; 
to grieve. — n. 1. A physical injury 
causing pain. 2. Damage; detri- 
ment. 
Syn. — Wound; bruise; injury; harm. 

Hurt'ful, a. Tending to impair or 
destroy. 

Syn. —Pernicious; baneful; prejudi- 
cial; disadvantageous; mischievous; in- 
jurious; noxious; unwholesome. 

Hurt'eul-ly, adv. Injuriously. 

HUR'TLE, v. i. [Dim. of hurt.) 1. To 
clash ; to jostle. 2. To move rapid- 
ly ; to skirmish. 3. To make a clash- 
ing, terrifying, or threatening sound. 

HUR'TEE-BER'RY, n. [A.-S. htort- 
berie, i. e., hart-berry .'\ Same as 
HUCKLEBERRY. 

Hug'BANB, n. [A.-S. h&sbonda, mas- 
ter of the house.] A married man. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] Todirectand 
manage with frugality. 

Hus'band-man (150), n. A farmer; 
a Cultivator of the ground. 

HOs'BAND-RY, n. 1. Care of domes- 
tic affairs. 2. Agriculture : tillage. 

Hush, a. [An onomatopoetic word.] 
Silent; still. — v. t. [-ed ; -in&.] 
1. To still ; to silence. 2. To calm, 
as commotion. — v. i. To be still; 
to be silent. [silence. 

Hush'-m6n'EY. n. A bribe to secure 

Husk, n. [0. H. Oer. hulsa, from hc- 
lan, to conceal.] External covering 



207 

of certain fruits. — v. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To strip off the external cov- 
ering of. 
Husk'I-NESS, n. 1. State of being 

husky. 2. Harshness; hoarseness. 
HUSK'ING, n. 1. Act of stripping off 

husks. 2. A meeting of neighbors 

to assist in husking. 
Husk'y, a. 1. Abounding with husks. 

2. Rough in tone ; hoarse. 
Hys-<iR' (hobz-z'Ar'), n. [Hung, hus- 

zeb-~from husz, twenty, because every 

twenty houses were to furnish one 

horse soldier.] One of the light cav- 
alry of European armies. 
Hus/§Y, n. [Contracted from huswife, 

housewife.] An ill-behaved woman ; 

a jade. 
HiJS'TlNGS, it. pi. [A.-S. husting, 

place of council. ] Place where the 

election of a member of Parliament 

is held ; hence, the platform on which 

candidates stand. 
HOs'TLE (huVl), v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 

[D. hutselen, hut sen. to shake.] To 

handle roughly. 
HtJs'wiFE (huVzif or huVwif), «. 

[From house-wife.] A female house- 
keeper. 
Hut, 7i. [0. H. Ger. hutta.] A small 

house, hovel, or cabin. — v. t. 

[-TED ; -TING.] To place in huts, 

as troops. 
HUTCH, n. [Cf. A.-S. hwecca, chest.] 

A chest, box, or coop. 
HUZ-ZA', ». A shout of joy. — interj. 

Hurrah ; — an expression of joy or 

exultation. — v. i. [-edj-ing.] To 

utter a loud shout of joy. 
Hy'a-cInth, n. [Gr. vclkivBos.] 1. A 

bulbous plant with beautiful flowers. 

2. A red gem. 
Hy-'A-cInth'INE, a. Pertaining to 

hyacinth ; of a violet, purple, or 

brown color. 
HY'A-LlNE, a. [Gr. vdXivos, fr. vaAos, 

glass.] Glassy ; crystalline. 
Hf'BRlD, or HYB'RID, n. [Lat. hy- 

brida.] A mongrel animal or plant. 

— a. Produced from the mixture of 

two species ; mongrel. 
Hy'drA, n. [Gr. vSpa, vS<op, water.] 

1. i(Myth.) A water-serpent having 

many heads. 2. A multifarious evil. 
H\ r -DRAN'GE-A, n. [Gr. vS<ap, water, 

and ayyelov, vessel.] A genu3 of 

plants bearing showy flowers. 
Hy'drant, n. A pipe at which water 

may be drawn from the mains of an 

aqueduct. 
Hy'drate, n. [Gr. vScop, water.] A 

compound formed by the union of 

water with some other substance. 
Hy-drau'lic, ) a. [Gr. UpavXt- 
HY-DRAU'LIC-AL, ) K05, from vfipav- 

Ais, a water-organ.] Pertaining to 

hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. 
Hy-drau'lics, n. sing. Science which 

treats of fluids in motion. 
Hy'dro-ceph'a-lus, n. [Gr. vSpo- 

Ke'^aAos, fr. vScop, water, and /ce^aArj, 

head.] Dropsv of the brain. 
HY'DRO-DY-NXM're, a. Pertaining 

to the force or pressure of water. 
Hy'dro-dy-nXm'ics, n. sing. The 



HYGROMETER 

principles of dynamics, as applied to 
water and other fluids. 
Hy'DRO-GEN, n. [Gr. vScop, water, 
and yeVetv, to beget.] An inflamma- 
ble gas, one of the elements of water. 
Hy'dro-gen-ate, ) v. t. To combine 
Hy'dro-gen-ize, ) with hydrogen. 
Hy-drog'e-noDs, a. Pertaining to 

or containing, hydrogen. 
Hy-drog'ra-pher, ii. One who prac- 
tices hydrography. 
Hy/dro-grXph'ic, ) a. Relating 
Hy'dro-graph'ic-al, ) to hydrog- 
raphy. 
Hy-drog'ra-phy, n. [Gr v'Swp, wa- 
ter, and ypd<f)eiv, to describe.] Meas- 
urement and description of the sea, 
lakes, rivers, and other waters, or of 
forming charts of the same. 
Hy-drol/o-gy, 7i. [Gr. iiSwp. water, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Science of 
water, its properties, laws, &c. 
Hi''DRO-MEL, n. [Lat., fr. Gr. vSpo/j-e- 
Ai, fr. vS<ap, water, and /u.eAi, honey.] 
A liquor consisting of honey diluted 
in water. 
Hy-drom/e-ter, n. [Gr. iiSwp, wa- 
ter, and fj-erpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for determining the specific 
gravities and strength of liquids. 
Hy-drom'e-try, n. The art of deter- 
mining the specific gravity, and 
thence the strength, of liquids. 
Hy/dro-path'I€, ) a. Pertaining 
HY'DRO-PATHTe-AL, ) to hydropa- 
thy. 
HY-DROP'A-THi'ST, 1 

tices hydropathy. 

Hy-drop'a-thy, n. 

ter, and Trd0o<?, suffering.] A mode 

of treating diseases by the use of 

pure water. 

Hy'dro-pho'bi-a, n. [Gr. vSpo<po- 

/3ia; vSutp, water, and <j>6/3o?, fear.] 

A preternatural dread of water ; ca- 

nine.madness. [nine madness. 

Hy/dro-ph6b'ic, a. Relating to ca- 

Hy-brop'ic-al, a. [See Dropsy.] 

1. Dropsical. 2. Resembling dropsy. 

Hy'DRO-stIt'ic, ) a. [Gr. vSwp, 

Hy'DRO-stXT'IC-AL, f water, and 

o-to.tik.6s, causing to stand, skilled in 

weighing.] Relating to hydrostatics. 

Hy'dro-stat'ics, n. sing. Science 

which relates to the pressure and 

equilibrium of non-elastic fluids, as 

water, mercury, &c. [tery. 

Hy'drous, a. Containing water ; wa- 

HY-E'MAL, a. [Lat. hyemalis, from 

hyems, or hiems, winter.] Belonging 

to winter. 

Hy-e'na, n. [Lat. 

hy&na, Gr. vat- 

va, orig. a sow.] 

A carnivorous 

mammal of Asia 

and Africa, al- J^^ ] ' -**~' ^ 

lied to the dog. 

Hy'GI-ene>, n. Hyena* 

[Lat. Hygiea, the goddess of health. ] 

That department of medical science 

which treats of the preservation of 

health. 

HY-GROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. vypos, wet, 

moist, and fieTpov, measure.] Ac 



One who prac- 
[Gr. vSwp, wa- 



mmm 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK, URN, RUE, PULL J £, I, O, silent j 9,G,5P/i,- CjG./kWd/ AS, ; E£IST } ^ as K& , 



HYGROMETRIC 



208 



IBEX 



instrument for measuring the moist- 
ure of the atmosphere. 

Hy/gro-MET'RI€, I a. Pertain- 

Hy/gro-met'ric-al, J ing to, or 
according to, the hygrometer. 

Hy-grom'e-TRY, n. Determination 
of the humidity of the atmosphere. 

Hy'men, n. [Lat.] 1. The god of mar- 
riage and nuptial solemnities. 2. The 
virginal membrane. 

Hy'men-e'al, {a. Pertaining to mar- 

Hy'MEN-e'an, j riage or a wedding ; 
nuptial. — n. A marriage song. 

Hymn (him), n. [Gr. vp.vo?.] A song 
of praise ; a sacred lyric— v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To worship by singing hymns. 

HYM'NI€, a. Relating to hymns. 

HYM-NOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. v/xvos , hymn , 
and Aiyos, discourse. 1 1. A body or 
collection of hymns. 2. Science per- 
taining to hymns ; a treatise on 
hymns. 

Hyp, n. [Contr. of hypochondria.'] A 
morbid depression of spirits ; melan- 
choly. — v. t. To make melancholy. 

HY-PER'BO-LA, n. [Gr. virep- 
/3oA.tj, overshooting, excess.] 
A curve formed by a section 
of a cone, when the cut- 
ting-plane makes a greater 
angle with the base than the 
side of the cone makes. 

Hy-PER'BO-le, n. [See su- Hyper- 
pra.] A figure of speech bola - 
which expresses more or less than 
the truth ; exaggeration. 

Hy'per-b6i/I€, ) a. 1. Belong- 

HY/pER-Boi/re-AL, ] ing to the hy- 
perbola. 2. Relating to, or contain- 
ing, hyperbole. 

Ky'per-bo're-an (89, 124), a. [Gr. 
v7repj86peos, ti7r€p/36peios, beyond Bo- 
reas, i. e., in the extreme north.] 
Northern ; arctic ; frigid. 

HY'PER-eRlT're, n. [Gr. vnep, over, 
beyond, and /cptrt/cos, critical.] One 
who is critical beyond reason ; a cap- 
tious censor. 

Hy/per-€RIT'1€, ) a. Critical be- 

Hy/per-€RIT'I€-AL, ) yond use or 
reason . [or of criticism . 

Hy/per-€RPT'i-cTsm, n. Excessive rig- 

HY-PER'TRO-PHY,ra. [Gr. vwep, over, 
beyond, and rpofyr), nourishment.] 



State of an organ in which, from in- 
creased nutrition, its bulk is aug- 
mented. 

HY'PHEN, n. [Gr. v<peV, for ixp' eV, 
under one, into one, together.] A 
mark, thus [-], used to connect sylla- 
bles or compound words. 

HYP'NO-TISM, n. [Gr. vnvovv, to lull 
to sleep, fr. vnvos, sleep.] A kind of 
mesmeric sleep or somnambulism. 

Hyp-'o-€h5n'dri-A, n. A mental dis- 
order, in which one is tormented by 
melancholy and gloomy views. 

HYP'O-OHON'DRI-Ae, a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the hypochondrium. 2. Af- 
fected by hypochondria, or low spir- 
its. — n. A person affected with hyp- 
ochondi-ia. 

HypJo-€h6n'dri-um, n. ; pi. 

HYP' 0-€HON'DRI-A. [Gr. vno- 
XovSptov, fr. vno\ov8pi6<; , under the 
cartilage of the breast-bone.] That 
part of the cavity of the abdomen 
which, on either side, is beneath the 
cartilages of the false ribs. 

Hy-PO€'ri-sy, n. [Gr. vTroKpiois, sim- 
ulation , outward show. ] Act or prac- 
tice of a hypocrite ; dissimulation. 

HYP'o-€RlTE, n. A false pretender 
to virtue or piety. 

Hyp'o-orIt'io, \ a. Belonging to 

Hyp'o-crit'I€-AL, J a hypocrite; 
exhibiting hypocrisy. 

Hyp'O-crit'ic-AL-LY, adv. In a 
hypocritical manner. 

Hy-pos'ta-sis, or HY-Pos'TA-sYs,n. ; 
pi. HY-:k5s'TA-SEg (hy- or h.v-). [Gr. 
v7roora.o-is, subsistence, substance.] 
Substance or subsistence. 

Hy'po-stXt'i^, Hy'po-stXt'io-al, 
or Hyp'o-stat'io, Hyp'o-stat'I€- 
al (110), a. 1. Relating to hyposta- 
sis, or substance ; hence, constitu- 
tive, or elementary. 2. Distinctly 
personal. 

Hy-pot'e-nuse, or Hy- 
pot'e-nuse, n. [Gr. 
v7rOTetvovcra, subtending 
(sc ypa.p.p.r\), from vno, 
under, and reiveiv, to 
stretch.] Longest side of 
a, right-angled triangle. 

Hy-poth'e-cate, or Hy- 

POTH'E-€ATE, V, t. [-EDJ -ING] 




[Gr. i»7ro07j/o), support, pledge, secu- 
rity.] To subject, as property, to lia- 
bility for a debt or engagement with- 
out delivery of possession or transfer 
of title. 

Hy-poth'e-ca'tion, or Hy-poth'- 
E-CA'TION, n. 1. Act or contract 
by which property is hypothecated. 
2. A contract whereby, in consider- 
ation of money advanced for the 
necessities of a ship, the vessel, 
freight, or cargo is made liable for 
its repayment. 

IlY-POTH'E-NUSE, or IlY-POTH'E- 

NusE,n. See Hypotenuse. 

Hy-poth'e-sis, or IIy-poth'e-sIs, 
n.; pi. HY-poth'e-sls (hi- or hi-). 
[Gr. V7r60ecrts, fr. viroriBivai, to place 
under.] A supposition ; somethii g 
not proved, but assumed for the pur- 
pose of argument. 

HY'PO-THET'IC, or IlYP'O-THET' 
I€, HY'PO-THET'I€-AL, or IlYP'O- 
THET'l€-AL, a. Characterized by 
a hypothesis; conditional. 

HY'PO-THET'le-AL-EY, or HYP'O- 
thet'I€-al-ly, adv. Condition- 
ally. 

Hy'son, n. [Chin, hi-lshvn, i. e., lit., 
first crop.] A fragrant species of 
green tea. 

Hys'sop (hls'sup or hl'zup), n. [Gr. 
va-o-toiros.] A plant, the leaves of 
which are aromatic and pungent. 

HYS-TE'RI-A, n. [Gr. to. vaTepma. (sc. 
■naQi)), fr. ii crrepa, womb.] A nervous 
affection, marked by alternate fits of 
laughing and crying, with a sensa 
tion of strangulation. 

Hys-ter'I€, I a. Of, or pertain 

Hys-ter'ic-al, j ing to, hysterics \ 
convulsive. 

Hys-ter'I€S, n. pi. (Med.) See Hys 
TERIA. 

Hys' te-r on- pr 6 t'e-r on, n 
[Gr. vcrrepos, the latter, following, 
and irporepos, before others.] (Rhet.) 
(a.) A figure in which the word that 
should follow comes first, (b.) Ai» 
inversion of logical order. 

HYS'TER-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. vore'pa, 
Womb, and to/utj, a cutting.] Th« 
operation of cutting into the uterus, 
for taking out a fetus. 



1(1), the ninth letter, and the third 
vowel, of the English alphabet, 
has two principal sounds : the long 
riound, as in pine, fine, ice ; and the 
Bhort sound, as in pin, fin , gift. See 
Prin. of Pron. , §§ 15-18, 48, 49. I 
and»J were formerly regarded as the 
same character. 
I, pron. [A -S. it, Goth, ik, N. H. Ger. 
ich; allied to Lat. ego.] The nom- 
inative case of the pronoun of the 
first person ; the word which ex- 
presses one's self. 



I. 



I-XM'BI€, ) a. [Gr. Iap;j3iKo?, Lat. 

I-Am'bi€-al, I iambicus.) 1. Con- 
sisting of a short or an unaccented 
syllable followed by a long or an ac- 
cented one. 2. Pertaining to, or 
composed of, iambics. 

I-AM'BIC, n. (Pros.) 1. A foot of two 
syllables, the first short and the sec- 
ond long, or the first unaccented, and 
the second accented. 2. A verse 
composed of short and long, or of 
accented and unaccented, syllables 
alternately. 8. A satirical poem. 



I-AM^BUS, n.; Lat. pi. i-AM'Bi; Emi 
pi. I-AM'BUS-E§. [Lat. ; Gr. iap./3os-] 
(Pros.) A foot con- 
sisting of a short 
syllable followed 
by a long one, or of 
an unaccented syl- 
lable followed by 
an accented one. 

I'BEX, n. [Lat.] A 
species of goat, 
found in the Alps'" 
and other moun- Ibex. 




I, E, I, 6, fj, ¥,long; X,£,i, 6,0, y, short; cAre, fXr, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; son, 



V 



IBIS 



209 



IGNIS-FATUUS 




Ibis. 




Ichneumon. 



tainous parts of Europe, having long 
recurved horns. 

I'BIS, n. [Gr. i/Sis-] A 
bird which was re- 
garded in ancient 
Egypt with a degree 
of respect bordering 
on adoration. 

ICE, n. [A.-S. & Icel. 
is; Goth, eisan, to, 
shine.] 1. Water in ' 
asolid state. 2. Con- 
creted sugar. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] 
1. To cover with ice ; to convert into 
ice. 2. To cover with concreted 
sugar ; to frost. 3. To freeze. 

ICE'BERG, n. [Ger. eisberg, from eis, 
ice, and berg, mountain.] A moun- 
tain of ice floating on the ocean. 

Ice'-blink, n. A bright appearance 
near the horizon, occasioned by the 
reflection of light from ice out of 
sight. 

Ice'-cream, n. Cream or milk, sweet- 
ened, flavored, and congealed by a 
freezing mixture. [ing ice. 

Ice'-fl,oe, n. A large mass of float- 

I^E'-HOUSE, n. A place for preserv- 
ing ice during warm weather. 

Ien-NEU'MON, n. 

[Gr. i^veu/xa>v, 
the tracker, be- 
cause it hunts 
out the eggs of 
the crocodile.] 
A carnivorous animal which inhabits 
Egypt, and is very destructive to the 
eggs of the crocodile. 

l€H-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. l X voypa<}>Ca, 
fr. txvos, track, footstep, and ypdfy- 
eiv, to describe.] A horizontal sec- 
tion of a building or other object ; a 
ground-plan. 

I'€HOR (Pkor), n. [Gr. ixwp-] 1. A 
fluid that supplied the place of blood 
in the veins of the gods. 2. Color- 
less matter flowing from an ulcer. 

I'€HOR-ous, a. Resembling ichor. 

l€H'THY-OL'0-fiY, n. [Gr. ix0u?, 
fish, and Aoyos, discourse.] Science 
of the systematic arrangement or 
classification of fishes. 

I'ci-cle (I'si-kl), n. [A.-S. isgictl, or 
isfs-gicel, fr. is, ice, and gicel, icicle.] 
A pendent, conical mas3 of ice. 

I'gi-NESS, n. State of being icy. 

I'^ING, n. A covering of concreted 
sugar ; frosting. 

I-GON'O-OLAST, n. [Gr. elKovoKkdo- 
ttjs, from eucutv, image, and *cAa<mjs, 
a breaker. ] A destroyer of images or 
idols. [ages. 

I-€ON/o-€lXst'I€, a. Breaking im- 

^€ON-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. elicovoypa.- 
<pia, fr. elx<tiv, an image, and ypd<f>eiv, 
to describe.] The description of an- 
cient images or representations. 

JeO-SA-HE'DRON, n. [Gr. eiKOO-l, 
twenty, and eSpa, seat, base.] A reg- 
ular solid, consisting of twenty equal 
and similar triangular pyramids 
whose vertices meet in the center of 
a sphere supposed to circumscribe it. 

l€-TER'i€, ) a. [Gr. iK-rc-piKos, fr. 

Te-TER'IC-AL, J iKTepos, jaundice.] 



Pertaining to, affected with, or good 
against, the jaundice. 

I'CY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Pertain- 
ing to, or abounding in, ice ; cold. 

I-PE'A, /i. [Gr. I8ea, fr. ISelv, to see.] 

1. Image or picture of any object 
whatever, whether sensible or spirit- 
ual. 2. A notion, conception, or 
thought. 3. A belief, doctrine, or 
opinion. 4. Complete conception of 
an object when thought of in its 
necessary elements or constituents. 

I-de'al, n. A conception proposed 
by the mind for imitation, realiza- 
tion, or attainment. — a. Existing 
in idea or thought. 

Syn. — Intellectual ; mental ; vision- 
ary; fanciful; imaginary; unreal. 

I-DE'AL-isM, n. The doctrine that we 
have no rational grounds to believe 
in the reality of any thing but ideas 
and their relations. 

T-de'al-Ist, n. A believer in idealism. 

I'de-al'1-ty, n. A lively imagina- 
tion, united to a love of the beautiful. 

T-DE'AL-IZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
give an ideal form or value to. 

I-DEN'TI€-AL, n. [Lat. idem, the 
same.] 1. The same; not different. 

2. Uttering the same truth. 
I-DEN'Tre-AE-LY, adv. In an iden- 
tical manner ._ [tifying. 

I-den/ti-fi-CA'TION, n. Act of iden- 

I-DEN'TI-FY, V. t. [-EDJ -ING, 142.] 
[From Lat. idem, the same, and fa- 
cere, to make.] 1. To treat as being 
one and the same. 2. To determine 
or establish the identity of. — v.i. 
To become the same ; to coalesce in 
interest, use, effect, &c. 

I-den'ti-ty, n. State of being iden- 
tical, or the same ; sameness. 

1-de'o-graph'io H110), a. [Gr. 

I-DE'O-GRAPH'ie-AL ) Idea, idea, 
and ypd<peiv, to write.] Represent- 
ing an idea, without reference to the 
name given to it, as by means of fig- 
ures or symbols. 

I'de-og'ra-phy, n. Science of rep- 
resenting ideas in an ideographic 
manner, as in short-hand writing. 

Ide§, n. pi. [Lat. idus.] (Anc. Rom. 
Calendar.) The fifteenth day of 
March, May, July, and October, 
and the thirteenth day of the other 
months. 

ID'I-6«'RA-SY, n. [Gr. iStos, peculiar, 
and Kpacris, mixture.] Peculiarity 
of constitution ; idiosyncrasy. 

Id'i-o-CY, n. [See Idiot.] Condi- 
tion of being idiotic. 

Id'i-om, n. [Gr. iSliOfjLa, from iSios, 
proper, peculiar.] 1. A peculiar 
mode of expression. 2. Peculiar form 
or variety of language. 

Syn.— Dialect. — The idioms of a lan- 
guage belong to its very structure ; its 
dialects are varieties of expression in- 

f rafted upon it in different localities or 
y different professions. Each county of 
England has some peculiarities of dia- 
lect, and so have most of the professions, 
while the great idioms of the language 
are every where the same. 
Id/i-o-MAT'ic, 1 a. Peculiar to a 
iDa-o-MAT'IC-A^, S language. 



iD'l-o-PATH'ie, a. Pertaining to a 
disease not preceded and occasioned 
by any other disease. 

IDI-OP'A-THY, n. [Gr. LSioirafleca, fr. 
iSios. peculiar, and irdBos, suffering.] 
A morbid condition not preceded and 
occasioned by any other disease. 

lD'I-0-SYN'€RA-SY, 71. [Gr. iSiocrvj/- 
Kpaa-ia, fr. i'5tos, peculiar, and <rvy- 
Kpcujis, a mixing together.] A pecul- 
iarity of constitution and suscepti- 
bility. 

Id'i-ot, n. [Gr. iSiwttjs, a private, 
uneducated, ignorant, ill-informed 
person.] A natural fool ; a simple- 
ton. 

iD'i-OT'ie, ) a. Relating to, or like, 

Id'i-6t'I€-AL,, ) an idiot ; foolish. 

J'DLE,a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. id el.] 

1. Useless ; unprofitable. 2. Inact- 
ive; doing nothing. 3. Averse to 
labor or employment. 

Syn. — Indolent; lazy. — Indolent de- 
notes an habitual love of ease, a settled 
dislike of movement oreffort ; idle is op- 
posed to busy, and denotes a dislike of 
continuous exertion. An idle person may 
be active in his way, but is reluctant to 
force himself to what he does not like. 
Lazy is only a stronger and more con- 
temptuous term for indolent. 
— v. t. To spend in idleness ; to 
waste. [of being idle. 

I'DLE-NESS, n. Condition or quality 
Syn. — Inaction; indolence; sluggish- 
ness ; sloth; laziness. 

I'DLER, n. One who idles ; a lazy per- 
son, [ly ; lazily. 

I'dly, adv. In an idle manner ; vain- 

I'DOL, n. [Gr. euSwAoi'jfr. elfios, form, 
figure.] 1. An image made an ob- 
ject of worship. 2. Any thing loved 
to excess. < 

I-doi/A-ter, n. 1. A worshiper of 
idols ; a pagan. 2. A great admirer. 

I-DOI/A-TRESS, n, A female worship- 
er of idols. 

I-Doz/A-TRotJS, a. Pertaining to, or 
partaking of the nature of, idolatry. 

I-dol'a-try, n. 1. Worship of idols. 

2. Excessive attachment or venera- 
tion. 

I'DOL-IZE, ,V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. To 
make an idol of. 2. To love or rev- 
erence to adoration. 

I'DYL, or Il>'YL, n. [Gr. eiovAAiof, 
dim. of slSos, form .] A short pastoral 
poem ; also an elevated narrative or 
descriptive poem. 

IF, v. t., but commonly called a conj. 
[0. Eng. and A.-S. gif.] 1. In case 
that ; granting, allowing, or suppos- 
ing that, 2. Whether. 

IG'NE-Otfs, a. [Lat. igneus, fr. ignis, 
fire.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting 
of, fire. 2. .( Geol.) Resulting from 
the action of fire. 

IG-NIF'ER-Otfs, a. [Lat. ignifer, fr. 
ignis, fire, and ferre, to produce. J 
Producing fire. 

IG-Nip'o-TENT, a. [Lat. ignipotens, 
fr. ignis, fire, and potens, powerful.] 
„ Presiding over fire. 

l0 f JVTS-FA T' V- &S , 71. ; pi. iG'NEg- 
fAt'TT-I . [Lat. ignis, fire, and fat- 
uus, foolish ; — from its misleading 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fJRN, RUE, PTJLL J JS, /, C, silent ; Q,&,S0/t, 

14 



€, 5, hard; A§; E£IST; N. as ng; this. 



IGNITE 



210 



IMAGINATION 



travelers.] A light that appears, in 
the night, over marshy grounds. 

IG-nite'. v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To kin- 
dle, or set on fire. — v. i. To take 
fire. 

IG-NIT'IBLE, a. Capable of boing 
ignited. 

Ig-ni'tion (ig-nlsh'un), n. 1. Act of 
igniting. 2. State of being ignited. 

IG-NO'BLE, a. [Lat. ignobiiis, fir. in, 
not, and nobilis, noble.] 1. Of low 
birth or family. 2. Mean ; worth- 
less. 3. Not honorable, or generous. 
Syn. — Degenerate ; degraded; base; 
dishonorable; reproachful; disgraceful ; 
shameful; scandalous; infamous. 

Ig-no'bly, adv. In an ignoble man- 
ner. 

IG'NO-MIN'I-OUS, a. 1. Incurring 
public disgrace ; infamous ; shame- 
ful. 2. Deserving ignominy ; despi- 
cable. 

Ig'no-min'i-oOs-ly, adv. In an ig- 
nominious manner. 

Ig'NO-MIN'Y, n. [Lat. ignominia, fr. 
in, not, and nomen, name.] 1. Pub- 
lic disgrace or dishonor. 2. An act 
deserving disgrace. 

Syn. — Opprobrium ; reproach ; dis- 
honor; shame; contempt; infamy. 

IG'NO-RA'MUS, n. ; pi. TG'NO-RA'- 
MU S-E § . [ Lat . , we are ignorant . ] An 
ignorant person. 

Ig'NO-RANCE, n. [Lat. ignorantia.] 
Condition of being ignorant. 

IG'NO-RANT, a. 1. Destitute of knowl- 
edge. 2. Unacquainted ; unaware. 
3. Displaying ignorance ; resulting 
from ignorance. 

Syn. — Illiterate. — Ignorant denotes 
want of knowledge, either as to a single 
subject or to information in general ; il- 
literate refers to an ignorance of letters, 
or of knowledge acquired by reading and 
study. In the Middle Ages, a great pro- 
portion of the higher classes were illiter- 
ate, and yet were far from being igno- 
rant, especially in regard to war and 
other active pursuits. 

Ig'no-rant-ly, adv. In an ignorant 
manner. 

IG-NORE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ignorare, fr. ignarus, ignorant, from 
in, un-, not, and gnarus, knowing.] 
1. To be ignorant of. 2. (Law.) To 
out as false or ungrounded ; 
of a bill. 3. Hence, to refuse 
to ta^e notice of; to leave out of 
account or consideration. 

fl/I-Xe, 1 a. [N.Lat. iliarus, ft. Hi a, 

I-LI'A€-AL, ) flank, small intestines.] 
1. Pertaining to the ilium, or flank 
bone. 2. Pertaining to the third di- 
vision of the lower intestine. 

Ilk, a. [Scot. ilk. See Each.] The 
same ; also ; each ; every . 

ILL, a. [Contr. from ivi'l.] 1. Con- 
trary to good in a physical or a moral 
sense. 2. Sick : unwell. 3. Not ac- 
cordant with rule, fitness, or propri- 
ety. 

Syn. — Evil ; bad ; unfortunate ; dis- 
agreeable; unfavorable; wicked; wrong; 
iniquitous ; naughty ; incorrect ; rude ; 
unpolished ; inelegant. 
— n. 1. Evil of any kind; misfor- 
tune^; calamity. 2. Wickedness; 



depravity ; iniquity. — adv. 1. Not 
easily. 2. Not rightly ; not well. 

IL-LA'TION, it. [Lat. illatio, from in- 
ferre, itlatum, to bring in.] Infer- 

^ ence ; deduction ; conclusion. 

Il'la-tive, a. Relating to illation ; 
inferential. — n. An illative parti- 
cle, [lite ; uncivil. 

Ill'-bred, a. Not well-bred ; impo- 

Il-le'gal, a. Contrary to law ; un- 
lawful ; illicit. 

IL'le-gal'1-ty, n. Unlawfulness. 

lL-LE'GAL-LY, adv. Unlawfully. 

Il-leg'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
illegible. [read. 

Il-leg'i-ble, a. Incapable of being 

Il-leg'i-bly, adv. In a manner not 
to be read. [illegitimate. 

lL'LE-GlT'l-MA-CY,n. State of being 

IL-'LE-GIT'I-MATE (45), a. 1. Not 
regular or authorized ; unlawful. 2. 
Born out of wedlock. 3. Illogical. 

Ill'-fa'vor.ED, a. Ill-looking ; de- 
formed ; ugly. 

Il-lib'er-al, a. Not liberal ; nig- 
gardly ; mean ; base ; narrow-minded. 

Il-lIb'ER-al'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being illiberal. 

Il-lIb'er-AL-LY, adv. In an illiber- 
al manner ; ungenerously. 

IL-LIC'IT, a. [Lat. illicitus, from in, 
not, and licitus, permitted.] Not per- 
mitted ; prohibited ; unlawful. 

Il-lim'it-a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being limited. 

Il-lit'er-a-cy, n. Ignorance. 

Il-lit'er-ate (45), a. Ignorant of 
letters or books. 

Syn. — Ignorant ; untaught ; un- 
learned; unlettered. See Ignorant. 

ILL'-NAT'URED, a. Of habitual bad 
temper; peevish; fractious; cross; 
crabbed ; surly. 

ILL'ness, n. 1. Disease ; indisposition. 
2. Wrong moral conduct; wicked- 
ness; iniquity. 

Syn. — Sickness. — Originally sick- 
ness was the English term for a continu- 
ous disease, as in our version of the 
Scriptures, Ac. Within the present cent- 
ury, there has been a tendency in En-g- 
land to use illness exclusively in this 
sense, and to confine sickness-more espe- 
cially to a sense of nausea, or " sickness 
of the stomach; " hence it is there com- 
mon to say of a friend, " He has been ill 
for some weeks," " He has had a long ill- 
ness." This practice is gaining ground 
in America to some extent : but as the 
Scriptures, the Book of Common Pray- 
er, and most of the great English writers 
use " sick " and " sickness " in these 
cases, it is probable the change will be 
slow, if ever made. 

Il-log'ic-al, a. 1. Ignorant or neg- 
ligent of the rules of logic. 2. Con- 
trary to logic. 

Il-loG'I€-al-ly, adv. In an illog- 
ical manner. [unate. 

ILL'-starrjed, a. Fated to be unfort- 

IL-LUDE', V. t. [-ED ; 4NG.] [Lat. 
illudere, fr. prefix il, for in, and lu- 
dere, to play.] To deceive ; to mock. 

IL-LUME', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
Illuminate.] To illuminate. 

IL-LU'MI-NATE, V. t. [-ETJ ; -ING.] 
[Lat. illuminate ; in and luminare, 
to enlighten.] 1. To enlighten ; to 



supply with light. 2. To light up, as 
a building. 3. To adorn with colored 
decorations or illustrations. 

Il-lO'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of illu- 
minating. 2. Festive decoration of 
buildings with lights-. 3. Adornment 
of books, &c. with colored illustra- 
tions. 4. That which is illuminated, 
as a house ; also, an ornamented book 
or manuscript. 5. Brightness; splen- 
dor [adorn. 

Il-lu'mIne, v. t. To illuminate ; to 

IL-LU'SION, n. [Lat. illvsio.] An 
unreal image presented to the bodi- 
ly or mental vision. 

Syn. —Delusion ; mockery; decep- 
tion; chimera; fallacy; error; hallucina- 
tion. See Delusion. 

Il-lO'sive, a. Deceiving by false 
show ; deceitful. 

IL-lu'so-ry, a. Deceiving by false 
appearances ; fallacious. 

IL-LUS'TRATE. v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. illustrarf, -tro.tum, fr. illustris, 
bright.] 1. To make clear or bright. 
2. To exhibit distinctly. 3. To ex- 
plain ; to exemplify. 4. To orna- 
ment and_ elucidate with pictures. 

IL'LUS-TRA'TION, n. 1. Explanation ; 
elucidation. 2. State of. being illus- 
trated. 3. That which illustrates; 
especially an illustrative engraving. 

Il-lus'tra-tive, a. Tending, or in- 
tei ded, to illustrate. [illustrate*. 

IL-lus'tra-tor, n. [Lat.] One who 

IL-LUS'TRI-OUS, a. [Lat. illustris.] 

1. Characterized by greatness, noble- 
ness, &c. 2. Conferring luster or 
honor; brilliant. 

Syn. — Distinguished ; famous ; re- 
markable; conspicuous; noted; celebrat- 
ed; signal ; renowned; eminent ; exalt- 
ed ; noble ; glorious. See Distin- 

GUISHED. 

Ill'-wIll', n. Enmity ; malevolence. 

IL'LY, adv. In an ill or evil manner. 
tB3F~ A word sometimes used, though 
improperly, for ill. 

IM'AGE, n. [Lat. imago.] 1. A simili- 
tude of any person or thing; a 
likeness ; an effigy. 2. An idol. 3. 
Semblance ; appearance. 4. A rep- 
resentation of any thing to the mind. 
5. ( Rhet.) A lively description. — v- 
t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To form an im- 
age of. 2. To represent to the men- 
tal vision. 

IM'AGE-RY, n. 1. Images in general- 

2. Unreal show. 3. Work of the im- 
agination. 4. Rhetorical decoration. 

Im-XG'i-NA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
imagined. 

Im-ag'i-na-ry, a. Existing only in 
imagination or fancy. 

Syn. — Ideal; fanciful; chimerical* 
visionary; ..incied; unreal. 

IM-XG'I-NA'TION, n. 1. Power to 
create or reproduce an object of sense 
previously perceived, or to recall a 
mental or spiritual state. 2. Power 
to recreate or recombine with read- 
iness, under the stimulus of excited 
feeling, for the accomplishment of an 
elevated purpose. 

Syn.— Fancy.— These terms are often 
confounded, but more properly apply to 



i, f,I, 5,U, Yylong; A.£,I,6,u,Y,$Aort; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, fIrm; s6n, 



IMAGINATIVE 



211 



IMMODESTY 



distinct exercises of the same general 
power, the plastic or creative faculty. 
Imagination is the higher exercise; it cre- 
ates by laws more closely connected with 
the reason; it has strong emotion as its 
actuating and formative cause ; it aims 
at results of a definite and weighty char- 
acter. Milton's fiery lake, the debates of 
his Pandemonium, the exquisite scenes 
of his Paradise, are all products of the 
imagination. Fancy moves on a light- 
er wing; it is governed by laws of associ- 
ation which are more remote, xnd some- 
times arbitrary or capricious; it has for 
its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, 
gay, and versatile character; it seeks to 
please by unexpected combinations of 
thought, startling contrasts, flashes of 
brilliant imagery, &c. Pope's " Rape of 
the Lock" is an exhibition of fancy, 
which has scarcely its equal in the liter- 
ature of any country. 

r M-XG'I-NA/TfvE, a. 1. Proceeding 
from, and characterized by. the iin- 
» agination. 2. Full of images, &c. 
*1m-ag'ine, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] 1. To 
form in the mind a notion or idea of. 
2. To contrive in purpose. 3. To 
represent to one's self. 

Syx. — To fancy; conceive; appre- 
hend ; think ; believe ; suppose ; deem; 
plan ; scheme ; devise ; frame. 
— v.i. 1. To form conceptions. 2. 
To think ; to suppose. 

iM-bXnk'ment. n. 1. Act of sur- 
rounding with a bank. 2. Banks or 
mounds of earth. 

IM'BE-^ILE (or Tm'be-seel'), a. [Lat. 
imbeciliis, fr. in upon, and bacillum, 
a small staff.] Destitute of strength, 
either of body or of mind; decrepit. 
Syn. — Weak; debilitated; feeble; in- 
firm; impotent. 

[M'BE-CIL/I-TY,^ Feebleness of body 
or of mind. 
Syn. — See Debility. 

IM-bed', v. t. To lay, as in a bed. 

lM-BIBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
imbibere ; prefix in and bibere, to 
drink.] To drink in ; to absorb. 

IM'BI-BI'TION (-bish'un), n. Act of 
imbibing. 

IM-BIT'TER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To make bitter or unhappy. 2. To 
render more violent ; to exasperate. 

TM-BOD'Y, v. i. See EMBODY. 

IM-BOLD'JEN, V. t. See EMBOLDEN. 

Im-bor'der, v. t. 1. To furnish or 
adorn with a border. 2. To set as in 
a border. 

Im-bos'om, v. t. [-ed: -ING.] To 
hold in the bosom ; hence, to admit 
to the heart or affection. 

IM'BRI-CATE, \a. [Lat. imbriratus, 

IM'bri-ca'ted, ) covered with tiles, 
imbrex, a hollow tile.] 1. Bent and 
hollowed like a gutter-tile. 2. Lying 
over each other in regular order, like 
tiles. [of the edges. 

iM'BRl-eA'TlON, n. An overlapping 

Im-brogl'io (-brol'yo), n. [It. See 
Broil.] A complicated and embar- 
rassing state of things. 

IM-BROWN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make brown ; to tan. 

IM-BRUE', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Pre- 
fix irk for in, and 0. Eng. brue, al- 
lied to brew.] To soak ; to drench in 
a fluid, as in blood. 



IM-BRUTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
degrade to the state of a brute. — v. 
i. To sink to the state of a brute. 

IM-BUE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
imbuere.] 1. To tinge deeply ; to dye. 
2. To cause to become penetrated. 

1M'I-TA-BLE, a. 1. Capable of being 
imitated. 2. Worthy of imitation. 

IM'I-TATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
imitari, imitatus.] To follow as a 
pattern or example; to copy, in form, 
qualities, &c. ; to counterfeit. 

IM'I-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of imitating. 
2. That which is made as a copy ; 
likeness: resemblance. 

IM'I-TA'TIVE, a. 1. Inclined to imi- 
tate ; imitating. 2. Formed after a 
model or pattern. 

IM'1-ta'tor, n. One who imitates. 

lM-MA€'U-LATE, a. [Lat. immacula- 
tus.] 1. Spotless ; without blemish ; 
unstained. 2. Limpid ; pure. 

Im'ma-nence, In. Condition of be- 

Im'ma-nen-cy, J ing immanent; an 
indwelling. 

Im'ma-nent, a. [Lat. immanens, re- 
maining in or near.] Inherent ; in- 
ternal or subjective. 

Im-MAN'u-el, n. [Heb.] God with 
us ; — an appellation of the Savior. 

IM'MA-te'RI-AL, a. 1. Not consist- 
ing of matter; incorporeal; spiritual. 
2. Of no essential consequence; un- 
important. 

Im'ma-te'ri-al-Ism, n. Doctrine that 
immaterial substances or spiritual 
beings exist or are possible. 

Im'MA-te'RI-al-ist, n. One who be- 
lieves in immaterialism. 

IM'ma-te'RI-al'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being immaterial. 

IM'MA-TURE', a. 1. Not mature ; un- 
ripe ; not arrived at perfection or 
completion ; crude. 2. Too early ; 
premature. 

IM'ma-ture'ly, arfi>. Unseasonably; 
prematurely. 

IM'ma-tu'ri-ty, n. Condition or 
quality of being immature. 

Im-me^s'ur-a-ble (-mCzh'ur-), a. 
Incapable of being measured ; illim- 
itable. 

Im-MEAs'UR-a-bly, adv. To an ex- 
tent not to be measured. 

Im-me'DI-ate, a. [L, Lat. immedi- 
atus; prefix in and medius, middle.] 
1. Not separated in respect to place 
by any thing intervening ; proxi- 
mate. 2. Not deferred by an interval 
of time. 3. Acting directly. 

Im-me'DI-ate-ly, adv. Without de- 
lay or intervention of any thing. 

IM-ME'di-ate-ness, n. Exemption 
from second or intervening causes. 

IM'ME-MO'RI-AL, a. 1. Beyond mem- 
ory ; out of mind. 2. (Eng. Law.) 
Previous to the reign of Richard I. 

Im-mense', a. [Lat. immensus ; pre- 
fix in and mensus, measured.] Un- 
limited ; unbounded ; very great. 

Syn. — Infinite; immeasurable; illim- 
itable; interminable; vast; prodigious; 
enormous; monstrous; huge. 

IM-MENSE'LY, adv. Without limits. 

IM-MEN'SI-TY, n. 1. Unlimited exten- 



sion ; infinity. 2. Vastness in extent 
or bulk ; greatness. 
Im-men'su-ra-ble, a. Not to be 
measured ; immeasurable. 

IM-MERSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
immergere, -mer.sum.] 1. To plunge 
into a fluid. 2. To engage deeply J 
to involve. 

IM-MER'SION, n. 1. Act of immers- 
ing, or state of being immersed. 2. 
Disappearance of a celestial body, by 
passing either behind another, or iufco 
its shadow. 

IM-MESH', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To en- 
tangle in meshes. 

Im'me-thod'k-al, a. Without 
method or systematic arrangement. 
Syn.— Irregular; confused; disorderly. 

IM'MI-GRANT, n. One who removes 
into a country for the purpose of 
permanent residence. 

IM'MI-GRATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. immigrare, -gratum.~\ To re- 
move into a country for the purpose 
of permanent residence. [grating. 

IM'MI-GRA'TION, n. Act of immi- 

IM'mi-nen<;e, n. 1. Quality or con- 
dition of being imminent. 2. Im- 
pending evil or danger. 

IM'MI-NENT, a. [Lat. imminens, pro- 
jecting, hanging over.] Threatening 
immediately to fall or occur. 

Syn. — Impending ; threatening. — 
Imminent is the strongest; it denotes that 
something is ready to fall on the instant; 
as, in imminent danger of one's life. Im- 
pending denotes that something hangs 
suspended over us, and may so remain 
indefinitely ; as, the impending evils of 
war. Threatening supposes some danger 
in prospect, but more remote; ^threat- 
ening indications for the future. 

Im-mis'CI-BIL'i-ty, n. Incapacity of 
being mixed. [being mixed. 

Im-mis'ci-ble, a. Not capable of 

iM-Mi's'siON (-mish'un), n. Act of 
sending or thrusting in. 

IM-MIT', V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] [Lat. 
immittere; in and mittere, to send.] 
To inject ; to infuse. 

IM-MIT'I-GA-BLE, a. [Lat. immiti- 
gabilis.] Not capable of being miti- 
gated. 

IM'MO-BIL'1-TY, n. [Lat. immobili- 
tas.] Condition or quality of being 
immovable ; fixedness. 

Im-mod'er ate , a. Not moderate ; 
not confined to suitable limits. 

Syn. — Excessive; exorbitant; extrav- 
agant. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ly, adv. Excessive- 
ly : unreasonably. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ness, n. Quality 
of being immoderate ; excess ; ex- 
travagance. 

Im-mod'est, a. 1. Not limited to 
due bounds. 2. Wanting in the re- 
serve or restraint which decorum and 
decency require. 

Syn.— Indecorous; indelicate; shame- 
less; indecent; impure; unchaste. 

lM-MOD'EST-LY,adu. Without mod- 
esty ; indecently. 

Im-mod'est-y, n. 1. Want of mod- 
esty. 2. Want of delicacy or decent 
reserve. 



or, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; e, &, liard; Ag; e^ist ; n as ng ; this. 



IMMOLATE 



212 



IMPERFECT 



fal'MO-LATE, *>.«. [-EDj-IITG.] [Lat. 
immotare, -latum..] To sacrifice ; to 
kill, as a victim. 

Im'mo-LA'tion, n. 1. Act of immo- 
lating. 2. A sacrifice. 

Im-mor'al, a. Inconsistent with rec- 
titude ; contrary to conscience or the 
divine law. 

Syn. —Wicked ; vicious ; depraved ; 
profligate; dissolute; licentious. 

Lm'mo-ral'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing immoral. 2. An immoral act or 
practice. 

IM-MOR'TAL, a. [Lat. immortalis.] 
1. Not mortal ; exempt from liabili- 
ty to die. 2. Connected with immor- 
tality. 3. Destined to perpetual fame. 

Syn.— Eternal: everlasting; ceaseless; 
perpetual; endless; imperishable; incor- 
ruptible; deathless. 

Im'mor-tal'I-ty, n. 1. Unending 
existence. 2. Exemption from ob- 
livion. 

lM-MOR'TAL-IZE. V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To render immortal. 

Jm-mor'tal-LY, adv. In an immor- 
tal manner; with exemption from 
death. 

Im-mov'a-Bii/i-ty, n. Condition or 
quality of being immovable. 

Im-mov'A-ble, a. Incapable of being 
moved, altered, or affected. 

Syn.— Fixed; stable; steadfast; unal- 
terable ; unchangeable ; unimpressible. 
pi. ( Civil Law.) Lands, and things 
adherent thereto. 

Im-mov'a-bly, adv. Unalterably ; 
unchangeably. 

IM-MU'NI-TY, n. [Lat. immmutas.] 

1. Exemptionfrom any charge, duty, 
office, or tax ; a particular privilege. 

2. Freedom. 

Im-mure', i'. t. [-edj-ing.] To in- 
close within walls ; to imprison. 

Im-MU'ta-bIl'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being unchangeable. 

IM-MU'ta-ble, a. [Lat. immutabi- 
lis.} Not mutable ; unchangeable ; 
invariable. 

Im-mO'ta-bly, adv. Unchangeably. 

IMP, n. A young or inferior devil. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. impan,im- 
pian, fi\ Gr. e/xcjiVTeveiv, to plant in.] 
To insert as a feather into a broken 
wing : hence, to increase ; to plume. 

Im-pS€T', v, t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
impingere, -pactum, to push, strike 
against.] To press or drive firmly 
together. [nicated. 

Im'pagt, n. Collision ; force commu- 

IM-PAIR', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
in and pejorate, to make worse.] To 
make worse ; to diminish in quanti- 
ty, value, excellence, or strength. 

Syn. — To diminish; decrease; injure; 
weaken; enfeeble. 

IM-PALE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
fix on a stake ; to put to death by 
doing so. 2. To inclose, as with 
stakes. 

Im-pale'ment, n. Act of impaling. 

Im-pal'pa-bil'i-TY, n. Quality of 
not being palpable. 

Im-pal'pa-ble, a. Not palpable ; not 
to be felt. 



Im-pXl'pa-bly, adv. In a manner 
not readily frit. 

IM'pa-na'tion, n. [Lat. in and pa- 
nis, bread.] Supposed real presence 
aud union of Christ's material body 
with the bread, in the eucharist. 

IM-PAN'EL, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 137.] 

To form, as a list of jurors. 

IM-PAR'A-DISE, V.t. [-ED: -ING.] 

To put in a state of supreme felicity. 

IM-PAR'I-TY, n. Difference of degree, 
rank, excellence, number, &c. 

Im-park', v. l. [-ED; -ING.] To in- 
close for a park. 

IM-PART', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 

impartire, impertire • in aud part ire, 

to part, divide.] 1. To bestow a share 

or portion of. 2. To make known. 

Syn. — To share; yield; confer; grant; 

five; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge, 
ee Communicate. 

Im-par'tial. a. Not partial ; unpreju- 
diced ; disinterested ; equitable ; just. 

IM-PAR'TI-AL/I-TY (-par'slri-al'i-ty or 
-par-shal'T-ty), n. Freedom from bias ; 
disinterestedness ; equitableness. 

Im-pAr'tial-LY, adv. In an impar- 
tial manner. [ing impartible. 

lM-PARTVl-Bii/1-TY.n. Quality of be- 

Im-part'i-ble, a. 1. Not partible; 
indivisible. 2. Capable of being im- 
parted, [passed. 

Im-pass'A-ble, a. Incapable of being 
Syn. — Impervious ; impenetrable ; 
pathless. • 

Im-pas'si-Bii/I-ty, n. Quality or 
condition of being impassible. 

IM-PAS'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. impassibilis.] 
Incapable of suffering. 

IM-pas'sion (-pash'un), v. t. To 
move or affect strongly with passion. 

Im-pas'sion.ed (-pasrVund), p. a. 
Actuated or agitated by passion ; 
animated ; excited. 

Im-pas'sive, a. Not susceptible of 
pain or suffering ; insensible. 

IM'PAS-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of mak- 
ing into paste. 2. A combination of 
different substances by means of ce- 
ments capable of resisting fire or air. 

IM-PASTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
knead ; to make into paste. 2. To 
lay oh colors thick and bold. 

IM-PA'TIENCE,??. 1. Want of patience. 
2. Violence of temper ; vehement 
passion. 

IM PA'TiENT,a. 1. Not patient; not 
bearing with composure. 2. Prompt- 
ed by, or exhibiting, impatience. 

IM-PA'TIENT-LY, adv. In an impa- 
tient manner. [pawn. 

IM-PAWN'. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

IMPEACH', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
empecker, to prevent, bar, fr. Lat. im- 
pingere, to thrust or drive against.] 1. 
To charge, as an officer, with misbe- 
havior in office. 2. To call in ques- 
tion. 

Syn. — To accuse ; arraign ; censure ; 
criminate ; indict. See Accuse. 

Im-PEACH'MENT, n. Act of impeach- 
ing, or state of being impeached. 

IM-PEARL', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 

form into pearls. 2. To decorate with 

pearls. 



IM-PE€'€A-BIL'I-TY, n. Exemption 

from sin, error, or offense. 
IM-PE€'€A-BLE, a. [Lat. impeccabi- 

lis.} Not liable to sin ; perfect. 
IM'pe-cU'ni-os'i-ty, n. Want ot 

money. 
Im'pe-cu'ni-ous, a. [Lat. in, not, 

and pecuma, money.] Not having 

money ; poor. 
IMPEDE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

imped ire, lit. to entangle the feet..' 

To hinder ; to obstruct. 
Im-ped'i-ment, n. That which im- 
pedes or hinders progress or motion. 

Syn. — Hindrance ; obstruction : ob- 
stacle; difficulty. — An impediment liter- 
ally strikes against our feet, checking our 
progress, and we remove it. An obstacle 
rises up before us in our path, and we 
surmount it. A difficulty set* before us 
something hard to be .lone, and we en- 
counter it and overcome it. A hitulrance 
holds us back for a time, but we break 
away from it. 

IM-PEL', V. t. [-LED : -LING.] [Lat 
impeUere ; in and pe/lere, to drive. j 
To drive or urge lorward ; to incite t& 
action in any way. 

Syn. — To instigate ; incite ; induce, 
influence ; actuate; move. 

IM-PEL'LENT,«. Having the quality 
of impelling. — n. A force that drives 
forward. 

IM-PENI)', l'. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
impendere.] To hang over; to be 
suspended above ; to be imminent. 

Im-pend'ence, I n. State of im- 

1m-pei\d'en-Vy, j pending: near 
approach. [n inent. 

Tm-pend'ent, a. Impending; im- 

Im-pend'ing, p. a. Hanging over; 
impendent. 

Syn. — Imminent; menacing; threat- 
ening. See Imminent. 

Im-pen'e-tra-bTl'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being impenetrable. 

IM-PEN'E-TRA-BLE, a. I . Incapable 
of being penetrated. 2. Inaccessible, 
as to knowledge, Mmpathy, &c. 

IM-PEN'E-TRA-BLY," adv. In an im- 
penetrable manner. 

Im pen'i-tence, ) «. Condition of 

lM-PEN'l-TEN-CY, ) being impeni- 
tent ; obduracy of heart. 

Im-pen'i-TENT, a. Not penitent ; not 
repenting of sin; obdurate. — n. A 
hardened sinner. [repentance. 

Im-pen'I-tent-ly, adv. Without 

Im-per'a-tIve, a. [Lat. imperativus, 
fr. imperare, to command.] 1. Ex- 
pressive of command ; authoritative. 
2. Obligatory ; binding. 

Im-per'a-TIVE-ly, adv. Authorita- 
tively 

IM'per-cep'ti Bfl/I-TY, n. State or 
quality of being imperceptible. 

IM'PER-cep'ti-ble, a. 1. Not per- 
ceptible : insensible. 2. Very small 
fine or verv slow in progress. 

Im'per-cep'ti-bly, adv. So as not 
to be perceived. 

Im-per'fect (14), a. 1. Not perfect 
or complete. 2 Wanting in some 
essential elementary organ. 3. Not 
fulfilling its design. 4. Marked by 
defects or evil. 



A, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A,E,1, O, U, Y, short CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, XfiliJI J PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



IMPERFECTION 



213 



IMPOSE 



Im'per-fec'tion, n. Quality of be- 
ing imperfect ; want of perfection. 

Syn.— Defect ; deficiency; incom- 
pleteness; fault; failing; weakness; frail- 
ty; foible; blemish; vice. 

Im-per'FE€T-ly, adv. In an imper- 
fect manner. 

Im-per'fo RA-BLE,a. Incapable of 
being perforated. [or pierced. 

Im per'fo-rate, a. Not perforated 

IM-PE'RI-AL (89), a. [Lat. imperialis ; 
imperium, command, empire.] 1. 
Relating to an empire, or to au em- 
peror. 2. Sovereign ; supreme. — n. 
A tuft of hair on a man's lower lip. 

IM-PE'RI- AL-1ST, n. A subject or sol- 
dier of an emperor, [al manner. 

IM-PE'RI-AL-LY, a'lv. In an imperi- 

IM-PER'IL, V I. [-EDj-INGiOf-LED, 
-LING, 137.] To bring inro peril. 

iM-PE'RI-oDs (89), a. Commanding ; 
authoritative ; dictatorial ; haughty ; 
arrogant ; ove^ bearing. 

Syn. —Domineering ; lordly. — One 
who is imperious exercises his authority 
in a manner highly offensive for its spir- 
it and tone; one who is lordhi assumes 
a lofty air in order to display his impor- 
tance" ; one who is domineering gives or- 
ders in a way to make others feel their 
inferiority. 

JM-pe'RI-ous-ly, adv. In au impe- 
rious manner. 

Im-per'ish-a-ble, a. Not perisha- 
ble ; indestructible. 

IM-PER'ME-A-BIL'I-TY, w. Quality 
of being impermeable. 

1m-per'me-a-bl,e, a. Not permea- 
ble ; not permitting passage, as of a 
fluid,, thro ugh its substance. 

IM-p£r'SON-AL, a. Not personal; 
not representing a person ; not hav- 
ing personality. 

Im-per'son-Xl.'1-ty, 7i. Condition or 
quality of being impersonal. 

Im-per'son-al-ly, ado. In an im- 
personal manner. 

jiM-PER'SON-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 
1. To ascribe the qualities of a per- 
son to : to personify. 2. To repre- 
sent the person of; to personate. 

iM-PER'soiV-A'TlON, n. Act of im- 
personating ; personification. 
/vr/pER-sPie'u-otis, a. Not perspic- 
uous ; obscure ; vague. 

IM-PER'TI-NENCE, In. 1. Quality 

IM-PER'TI-NEN-CY, t of being iinper- 
tinent ; irrelevance. 2. Unbecoming 
conduct : rudeness ; incivility. 3. A 
thingoutof place, or of no value, &c. 

IM-per'ti-nent (14), a. 1. Not per- 
tinent ; having no bearing on the 
subject; irrelevant. 2. Offending 
against the rules ot good-breeding. 

Syn. —Officious. —A person is offi- 
cious who obtrudes his offices or assist- 
ance where they are not needed; he is 
impertinent when he intermeddles in 
things with which he has no concern. 
The former shows a want of tact, the 
latter a want of breeding, or, more com- 
monly, a spirit of sheer impudence. 

IM-PER'TI-NENT-LY, adv. In an im- 
pertinent manner. 

Im'per-tur'ba-bil'i-ty, n. State 
of being imperturbable ; self-posses- 
sion ; coolness. 



IM'PER-tOr'BA-BLE, a. [Lat. imper- 
turbabilis.] Incapable of being dis- 
turbed. 

IM-PER'TUR-BA'TION, n. Freedom 
from agitation of mind ; calmness. 

IM-PER'VI-OUS, a. Not pervious; not 
admitting of entrance or passage 
through. 

Syn. — Impassible; pathless; impene- 
trable; imperviable. 

Im-per'vi-ous-ly, adv. Impenetra- 
bly. 

IM-PET'U-OS'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of 
being impetuous ; fury ; violence. 2. 
A'ehemence of temper. 

IM-PET'U-OUS, a. [Lat. impetuosus. 
See IMPETUS.] 1. Rushing with force 
and violence. 2. Vehement in feel- 
ing. 

Syn. — Forcible; rapid: hasty; precip- 
itate ; furious ; boisterous ; violent ; 
fierce; passionate. 

Im-PET'u-ous-ly, adv. In an impet- 
uous manner. 

IM'pe-tDs, n. [Lat., fr. impetere, to 
rush upon, attack.] Force with 
which any body is driven or im- 
pelled : momentum. 

IM'phee , n. The African sugar-cane. 

IM-PI'E-TY, n. [Lat. impietas.} 1. 
Quality of being impious. 2. An im- 
pious act. 

Syn. — Ungodliness ; irreligion ; un- 
righteousness ; sinfulness ; prof'aneness. 

Im-pInge', v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
impingere ; in and pangere, to fix, 
strike.] To fall or dash against ; to 
strike. 

IM'PI-OUS, a. [Lat. imping; in, not, 
andpius. pious.] 1. Not pious ; ir- 
religious ; profane. 2. Proceeding 
from, or manifesting, a want of rev- 
erence for the Supreme Being. 

IM'PI-OUS-LY. adv. Profanely. 

IM/pi-ous-ness, n. Impiety. 

IM-plA'ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being implacable. 

Im-PLA'€A-ble, a. [Lat. implacabi- 
lis.] Not placable ; incapable of be- 
ing pacified. 

Syn. — Unappeasable ; inexorable ; 
irreconcilable; unrelenting; relentless. 

IM PLA'€A-BLY, adv. With unap- 
peasable enmity. 

IM-PLANT', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
set, plant, or infix, for the purpose 
of growth ._ 

IM'plan-ta'tion, n. Act of implant- 
ing, or state of being implanted. 

IM-PLEAD', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
sue at law. 

IM'PLE-MENT, n. [Lat. implementum, 
fr. implere, to fill up.] An instru- 
ment or utensil as supplying a requi 
site to an end. 

IM-PLE'TION, n. 1. Act of filling;, 
state of being full. 2. That which 
fills up ; filling. 

IM'PLEX, a. [Lat. implexus, infolded, 
entangled.] Intricate ; entangled ; 
complicated. 

1M'PLI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. implicare, -catum ; in and pli- 
care, to fold.] 1. To infold ; to con- 
nect in many relations. 2. To bring 



into connection with : to show to be 
connected or concerned. 

IM'PLI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of impli- 
cating, or state of being implicated. 
2. That which is implied, but not 
expressed. [plicate. 

IM'PL,I-€A / TIVE, a. Tending to im- 

Im-plic'it, a. [Lat. implicitus.] 1. 
Fairly to be understood, though not 
expressed ; implied. 2. Trusting to 
another, without doubting or reserves 

IM-PLIC'IT-LY, adv. 1. Impliedly. , 
2. With unreserved confidence. 

Im-plic'it-ness, n. State of trust- 
ing without reserve. 

Im-pl^'ED-ly, adv. By implication. 

Im-plore', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
implorare ; in and plorare, to cry 
aloud.] To call upon, or for, in sup- 
plication ; to pray earnestly. „ 

Svx. — To beseech; supplicate; crave; 
entreat; beg; solicit. 

Im-ply', v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [See 
Implicate.] To contain by impli- 
cation ; to include virtually. 

Syn. — To comprise; import; denote; 
signify. See Involve. 

Im-poi'son, v. t. To impregnate or 
affect with poison. [policy. 

IM-POL'J-CY, n. Inexpedience ; bad 

JM'PO-LITE', a. Not polite ; uncivil. 

IM'PO-LITE'LY, adv. In an impolite 
manner ; uncivilly. 

Im'po-lIte'nesSjH. Quality of being 
impolite. 

IM-POL'I-Tie, a. Not politic ; want- 
ing in policy or prudent management. 
Syn. — Indiscreet ; incautious ; im- 
prudent; inexpedient. 

IM-PON'DER-A-BIL'I-TY, 11. Quality 
of being imponderable. 

Im-pon'der-a-ble, a. Withou*- sen- 
sible weight. 

IM'po-ros'i-ty, n. Want of porosity. 

IM-po'rous, a. Destitute of pores; 
compact. 

IM-PORT', f. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
importart ; in and portare, to bear.] 
1. To bring in from abroad. 2. To 
imply ; to signify. 3. To be of im- 
portance or consequence to. 

Im'port, n. 1. That which is brought 
in from abroad. 2. Purport ; mean- 
ing. 3. Importance ; consequence. 

IM-POR'TANCE, n. Quality of being 
important; consequence; moment. 

IM-POR'TANT, a.. Possessing weight 
or consequence ; significant ; weighty. 

IM'POR-TA'TION, n. 1. Act or prac- 
tice of importing. 2. Goods intro- 
duced into a country from abroad. 

IM-PORT'ER, n. One who imports. 

Im-port'u-nate (45), a. Pertina- 
cious in solicitation. 

Im-port'u-nate-ly, adv. In an ha. 
portunate manner. 

IM'POR-TUNE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING. ][L. 
Lat. import ttnare. from Lat. i-,ripor~ 
tunus.] To request with urgency ; to 
tease. 

iM'POR-TTJ'NL-TY, n. Pressing solic- 
itation : urgent request. [imposed. 

IM-po-?'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Im-pose', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
imponere, impositum ; in and po- 



6r, do, wolf, too, SO OK 3 Crn.rue, pi/ll, e, I, o, silent; c,G, soft; €,&,hard; As; exist; Na5NG; this. 



IMPOSEK 



214 



IMPROVVISATORE 



nere, to place.] 1. To lay as a charge, 
tax, duty, command, or the like ; to 
levy. 2. To pass off; to palm. 3. 
To lay, as the hands in confirma- 
tion or ordination. 4. To prepare for 
printing, as a form, by arranging the 
pages upon a stone, and confining 
them in the chase. 

Im-pch'er, n. One who imposes or 
enjoins. [manding. 

Im-poh'ing,7?. a. Impressive; com-l 

1m-PCH'ing-stone, n. A stone on 
which pages or columns of type are 
made into forms. 

IM/PO-SI'TION (-zlsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of imposing. 2. That which is im- 
posed; charge: levy; tax. 3. A 
trick or deception. 4. Act of laying 
on the hands as a religious ceremony . 
Syn. — See Deception. 

Im-pos'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of 
being impossible. 2. An impossible 
thing. 

IM-POS'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. impossibilis ] 
Not possible ; incapable of being 
done. 
Syn.— See Impracticable. 

Im'post, n. [See Impose.] 1. A 
duty or tax on goods imported into 
a country. 2. The capital of a pil- 
lar or cornice which receives an arch. 
Syn. — Tribute; toll; excise; custom. 

Im-post'hu-mate, v. i. [See IM- 
POSTHUME.] To form an abscess. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To affect with 
an imposthnme or abscess. 

IM-post/hu^ma'tion, n. 1. Act of 
forming an abscess. 2. An abscess. 

IM-POST'HUME, n. [A corruption of 
aposteme.] A collection of pus or 
purulent matter ; an abscess. 

IM-POS'TOR, n. [Lat., fr. imponere, 
to deceive.] One who imposes upon 
others. 

Im-post'ure, n. Deception practiced 
under a false or assumed character. 

Syn. — Cheat ; fraud ; trick ; imposi- 
tion; delusion. 

Im'PO-tence, )n. Want of strength 

IM'PO-TEN-CY, } or power, animal, 
intellectual, or moral; especially, 
want of procreative power. 

IM'PO-TENT, a. [Lat. impotens; in, 
not, and potens, powerful.] Want- 
ing power, strength, or vigor, wheth- 
er physical, intellectual, or moral. 

IM'PO-TENT-LY, adv. Without power. 

IM-POUND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
confine, as in a pound. 

iM-POV'ER-isH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Prefix im, not, and 0. Yr. povere, 
povre, poor.] 1. To make poor. 2. To 
exhaust the fertility of. [to poverty. 

Im-pov'er-ish-ment, n. Reduction 

Im-pr Xe'Ti-eA-Bi'L'l-TY, n. State or 
quality of being impracticable. 

Im-prac'ti-ca-ble, a. 1. Not prac- 
ticable ; incapable of being accom- 
plished. 2. Not easily managed ; un- 
tractable. 3. Not capable of being 
easily dealt with. 4. Incapable of 
being passed or traveled. 

Syn. — Impossible; infeasible. — A 
thing is impracticable when it cannot be 



accomplished by any human means at 
present possessed; a thing is impossible i 
when the laws of nature forbid it. The ! 
navigation of a river may now beimprac- 
ticable, but not impossible, because the 
existing obstructions may yet be re- 
moved. 

IM-PRA€'TI-€A-BLY, adv. In an im- 
practicable manner. 

IM'PRE-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. imprecari, -catum ; in and pre- 

v cart, to pray.] To call down by 

k prayer, as something hurtful ; to in- 
voke, as evil. 

Im/pre-ca'tion, n. Act of invoking 
evil on any one. 
Syn.— Malediction; curse; execration. 

Tm'pre-€A-to-ry, a. Of the nature 
of imprecation. 

iM'PRE-ris'iON (-sizh'un), n. Want 
of precision or exactness. 

IM-PREG'NA-BLE, a. 1. Not to be 
taken by assault. 2. Not to be 
moved ; invincible. 

IM-PREG'NATE, v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and prsegnans, prsegnas, 
pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant. 
2. To render fruitful or fertile. 3. To 
infuse particles ol another substance 
into. 

IM'PREG-na'TION.m. 1. Act of im- 
pregnating. 2. State of being impreg- 
nated. 3. Intimate mixture of parts. 

Im-press', v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
imprimere, impressum.] 1. To press 
in or upon ; to stamp : to imprint. 
2. To produce by pressure. 3. To 
inculcate. 4. To take by force for 
public service. 

IM'press, n. 1. A mark made by 
pressure; imprint; stamp. 2. In- 
fluence wrought on the mind. 

Im-press'i-ble, a. Yielding to an 
impression ; susceptive. 

Im-PRES'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of impressing. 2. That which is 
produced by pressure; — as, («.) A 
stamp or copy made by pressure ; 
mark, (b.) Sensible result of an in- 
fluence from without, (c.) An indis- 
tinct notion, remembrance, or belief. 
(d.) An edition. 

lM-PRESS'lVE,a. 1. Making, or tend- 
ing to make, an impression. 2. Ca- 
pable of being impressed ; susceptible. 

Im-press'ive-LY, adv. In an im- 
pressive manner ; forcibly. 

Tm-press'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
being impressive. 

Im-press'ment, n. Act of seizing for 
public useor service. 

Im'PRI-MA'TUR, n. [Lat., let it be 
printed.] A license to print a book. 

IM'PRINT, n. Name of the printer or 
publisher of a book, on the title-page, 
with the time and place of publish- 
ment. 

IM-PRINT', V. t. [-EU; -ING.] 1. To 

impress ; to stamp ; to print. 2. To 
fix indelibly, as on the memory. 

IM-PRIS/ON, V.t. [-ED; -ING] 1. 
To put into a prison. 2. To limit or 
restrain in any way. [liberty. 

Im-PrTs'on-ment, n. Restraint of 1 
Syn. — Incarceration ; custody ; con- 
finement; durance. 



Im-prob'a-bIl'j-ty, n. Quality of 
being improbable ; unlikelihood. 

Im-pr6b'a-ble, a. Not probable; 
unlikely to be true. 

Im-prob'a-bly, adv. In an improb 
able manner. 

Im-prob'i-ty, n. [Lat. improbitas.} 
Absence of probity ; want of integ- 
rity ; dishonesty. 

Im-promp'tu, adv. or a. [Lat. in 
promptu, in readiness, at hand.] Off- 
hand ; without previous study. — n. 
An extemporaneous composition. 

Im-prop'er, a. Not proper; not 
fitted to the circumstances, design, 
or end ; unfit; indecent. 

Im-proP'er-jly, adv. In an improp- 
er manner. 

lM-PRO'PR[-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. (Hand propriare, -atum, to ap- 
propriate.] (Eng. Eccl. Law.) To 
place the profits of, for care and dis- 
bursement, in the hands of a layman. 

IM-pro'pri-A'tion, v. Act of put- 
ting an ecclesiastical benefice in the 
hands of a layman, or lay corpora- 
tion. 

Im'pro-prI'e-ty, n. 1. Unfitness or 
unsuitableness to character, time, 
place, or circumstances. 2. An un- 
suitable act or expression. 

Im-prov'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
improved. 

Im-prove',1'. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Pre- 
fix in, and 0. 1'r. prover, Lat. pro- 
bare, to esteem as good | 1. To make 
better. 2. To employ to good purpose. 
Syn. — To better; meliorate; advance; 
heighten; mend; correct; rectify. 

— v. i. 1. To grow better. 2 To 
grow worse. 3. To increase ; to be 
enhanced. 

Im-prove'ment, n. 1. Act of im- 
proving, or state of being improved. 
2. Practical application, as of the 
principles of a discourse. 3. That 
which improves any thing, oris added 
byway of in. proving it. [foresight. 

IM-PROV'I-DENCE, n. Neglect ol 

IM-PROV'I-BENT, a. Not provident ; 
wanting forecast. 

Im-PROV'i-dent-ly, adv. Without 
foresight or forecast. 

IM-PROV'I-SATE, V. t. or I. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To improvise. 

lM-PRoVl-SA'TION,?i. 1. Act or art ol 
making poetry, or of performing mu- 
sic extemporaneously. 2. That which 
is improvised. 

lM-PRor>l-$A-TRY'CE (-cha), n. 
See IMPROVVISATRICE. 

Im-PRov r-SA-TRpCE, n. See Im- 

PROVVISATR1CE. 
IM'PRO-VISE', V. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
improvisus ; in and provisus, pro- 
vided.] 1. To speak extemporane- 
ously, esp. in verse. 2. To bring 
about without previous preparation. 

— v. i. To make verses without pre 
vious preparation ; hence, to do any- 
thing off-hand. 

iM-PRfir'r'i-XA-Td'RE.n. [It. See 
Improvise.] A man who compos- 
es and sings or recites rhymes and 
short poem* extemporaneously. 






I E, 1, 0,U,Y,fowg7 A,E,I, 6, U, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL,, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



IMPROVVISATRICE 



215 



INAUGURATE 



iM-PRd V ri-£A- TRI'CE (-tro'eha), 
n. [It.] A woman who composes 
and sings or recites rhymes or short 
poems extemporaneously. 

IM-PRU'DENCE, n. Want of prudence ; 
indiscretion ; rashness. 

IM-PRU'DENT, a. [Lat. iwprudens.] 
Wanting prudence or discretion. 

Syn. — Indiscreet: injudicious; incau- 
tious; unadvised; heedless; rash. 

Im-pru'dent-ly, adv. In an im- 
prudent manner. 

IM'pu-den^e, n. Quality of being 
impudent ; shamelessness ; want of 
modesty. 

Syn. — Effrontery; sauciness. — fmpu- 
dence refers more especially to the feel- 
ings; effrontery {lit., meeting face to face) 
to some gross and public exhibition of 
shamelessness ; sauciness, to a sudden 
outbreak of impudence, especially from 
an inferior. 

IM'pu-dent, a. [Lat. impudens ; in, 
not, and pudens, ashamed, modest.] 
Unblushingly forward ; wanting mod- 
esty. 

Syn. — Shameless; audacious; brazen; 
bold-faced; pert; immodest; rude; sau- 
cy; impertinent; insolent. 

IM'PU-dent-ly, adv. In an impu- 
dent manner. 

Im-pugn' (-pan'), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. impugnare ; in and pugnare, 
to fight.] To attack by words or ar- 
guments ; to contradict. 

IM'PULSE, n. [Lat. impidsus.) 1. 
Act of impelling. 2. Effect of an im- 
pelling force. 3. Sudden motion ex- 
citing to action; instigation. 

IM-PUL'SION, n. 1. Act of impelling 
or driving onward. 2. Influence act- 
ing unexpectedly or temporarily on 
the mind. 

Im-pue'siye, a. 1. Having the pow- 
er of impelling. 2. Actuated by im- 
pulse, [impulse.. 

iM-pOl/SIVE-LY, adv. With force ; by 

IM-PU'NI-TY, n. [Lat. impunilas, fr. 
impunis, without punishment.] Ex- 
emption from punishment, penalty, 
injury, or loss. 

Im-pure', a. 1. Mixed with extrane- 
ous substances ; not pure ; foul. 2. 
Defiled by sin ; unholy. 3. Unchaste; 
lewd ; unclean. 4. Obscene. 

IM-PURE'L, Y, adv. In an impure man- 
ner ; with impurity. 

IM-PU'RI-TY, n. 1. Want of purity ; 
pollution ; defilement. 2. Foul mat- 
ter, action, language, &c. - - 

Im-piIt'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
imputed ; chargeable. 

Im'pu-ta'tion, n. Act of imputing 
or charging ; any thing imputed. 

Im-put'a t'ive, a. Coming by impu- 
tation ; imputed. 

Im-pute', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
imputare ; in and putare, to think.] 
1. To charge ; to ascribe. 2. To 
charge to oue as the author, origi- 
nator, or possessor of. 3. ( Theol.) 
To set to the account of another as 
the ground of judicial procedure. 

Xm'pu-tres'ci-ble, a. Not subject 
to putrefaction or corruption. 

IN, prep. JA.-S.] Within; inside of; 



surrounded by ; not outside of: — 
used to indicate a variety of relations. 
— adv. Not out; within; inside. 

In'a-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
unable ; lack of ability. 

Syn. — Disability; impotence; inca- 
pacity ; incompetence ; weakness. See 
Disability. 

iN'Ae-CESsa-BIL'l-TY, I n. Quality 

IN'AC-C^ESS'I-BLE-NESS, J or state 
of being inaccessible, or not to be 
reached. 

In'ag-cess'i-ble, a. Not to be 

w reached, obtained, or approached. 

In'ac-^ess'i-bly, adv. In an inac- 
cessible manner. 

In-ag'gu-ra-cy, n. Want of accura- 
cy or exactness. 

Syn.— Mistake ; fault ; defect; error. 

IN-Xc'eu-RATE (45), a. Not accurate ; 
erroneous. 

IN-\€'€U-RATE-L, Y, adv. Incorrectly. 

In-A€'tion, n. Want of action ; idle- 
ness : rest. 

In-a€T'Ive, a. 1. Not in action. 2. 
Not disposed to action or effort ; idle. 
Syn.— See Inert. 

lN-A€T'i'VE-LY, adv. Idly ; slug- 

u gishly. 

In'ag-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing inactive ; inertness. 2. Idleness ; 
sluggishness. 

IN-AD'E-QUA-CY, n. 1. Quality of 
being inadequate ; defectiveness ; in- 
equality. 2. Unjust or improper de- 
fect. 

In-ad'e-Quate (45), a. Not adequate ; 
unequal to the purpose. 

Syn. — Unequal; incommensurate; 
disproportionate; insufficient; incompe- 
tent; incapable. 

In-ad'E-QUATE-LY, adv. Not fully 
or sufficiently. 

In-ad'e-QUATE-ness, n. Quality of 
being inadequate ; inadequacy ; in- 
equality ; incompleteness. 

In'ad-mis'si-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being inadmissible. 

iN'Arf-Mls'sl-BLE, a. Not proper to 
be admitted, allowed, or received. 

In'ad-vert'enoe, I n. 1. Quality 

In'ad-vert'en-'cy, ) of being inad- 
vertent ; lack of attentiveness. 2. An 
oversight. or fault, proceeding from 
negligence of thought. 

In'AD-vert'ent, a. Not turning the 
mind to a matter. 

In'ad-vert'ent-ly, adv. From 
want of attention. 

In-al'ien-a-ble ( -al'yen-), a. Inca- 
pable of being alienated, or trans- 
ferred to another. 

In-AL'ien-a-bly, adv. In a manner 
forbidding alienation. 

In-am' o-ra'TA, n. f. I [It. innamo- 

IjV-am'o-ra'to, n. m. \ rata, inna- 
morato.} A lover. 

IN-ANE', a. [Lat. inanis.] Empty; 
void of sense or intelligence. 

In-an'i-mate, a. Destitute of life or 
spirit. 

Syn. — Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; 
dull; spiritless. 

In' A- nation (-nish'un), n. Empti- 
ness ; exhaustion from want of food. 



In-Xn'i-ty, n. 1. Void space ; emp 
tiness. 2. Deficiency of contents ; 



IN-AP'PE-TENCE, ) 71. 1. Want 01 

In-ap'pe-ten-cy, J appetence, or 
of a disposition for nutriment. 2- 
Want of inclination. 

iN-AP/PLl-eA-BlL'l-TY, n. Quality 
of being inapplicable ; unfitness. 

In-ap'pli-ca-ble, a. Not applica- 
ble : not suited or suitable to the 
purpose. 

Syn. — Unsuitable ; unsuited ; un- 
adapted ; inappropriate. 

iN-AP/PLl-eX'TlON, n. Want of ap- 
plication, or attention ; negligence. 

In-ap'po-site, a. Not apposite; not 
suitable. 

IN/AP-pre'CI-A-ble (-prG'shi-, 92), a. 
Not appreciable ; incapable of being 
duly valued. 

In-ap/pre-hen'si-ble, a. Not ap- 
prehensible ; unintelligible. 

iVap-proach'a-ble, a. Not ap- 
proachable ; inaccessible. 

IN'AP-PRO'PRI-ATE, a. Unsuitable, 
as in manners, moral conduct, &c. 

In-apt'i-tude (53), n. Want of apt- 
itude ; unfitness ; unsuitableness. 

IN-ARCH', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

graft by uniting, as a scion, to a 
stock, without separating it from its 
parent tree. 

LVAR-Tie'U-LATE, a. 1. Not artic- 
ulate ; not distinct, or with distinc- 
tion of syllables. 2. (Zool.) Not 
jointed or articulated. 

In/ar-tic'u-late-ly, adv. Net with 
distinct syllables ; indistinctly. 

iN/AR-Tie'iJ-EATE-NESS, ^ n. Indis- 

IN/AR-Tie'u-LA'TION, j tinctness 
of sounds in speaking. 

In-ajr/ti-fi'cial (-flsh'al), a. Notar- 
tificial ; not done by art ; simple and 
natural. 

In'as-mijch', adv. Seeing that ; con- 
sidering that ; since ; — with as. 

In'at-ten'tion, n. Want of atten- 
tion or consideration. 

Syn. — Inadvertence ; heedlessness ; 
thoughtlessness; neglect.— We miss see- 
ing a thing through inadvertence, when 
we do not look at it ; through inattention 
when we give no heed to it, though di- 
rectly before us. The latter is therefore 
the worse. Inadvertence may be an in- 
voluntary accident; inattention is culpa- 
ble neglect. A versatile mind is often 
inadvertent ; a careless or stupid one is 
inattentive. 
In'at-ten'tive, a. Not attentive ; 
not fixing the mind on an object. 

Syn. — Careless; heedless; regardless; 
thoughtless; negligent; remiss. 

In/at-ten'tive-ly, adv. Without 
attention ; carelessly. 

In-aud'i-ble, a. Not audible ; inca- 
pable of being heard, [heard. 

In-aud'i-bly, adv. So as not to bo 

In-au'GU-ral, a. Pertaining to, or 
pronounced at, an inauguration.—' 
n. An inaugural address. 

IN-AU'GU-RATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.\ 
[Lat. inaugurare, -ratum, fr. pref. in, 
and augurare, to augur.] 1. To in- 
duct into office. 2. To set in motion 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK.J fjRN, RUE, PULE ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag ; E£IST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



INAUGURATION 



216 



INCLEMENT 



or action ; also, to make a public ex- 
hibition offor the first time. 

In-au'gu-RA'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
augurating. 2. Solemn or formal 
beginning of any movement, public 
exhibition, &c. 

In'aus-pi'cious (-pish'us), a. Not 
auspicious ; unfortunate ; unlucky. 

In/aus-pi'cioDs-ly (-plsh'us-), adv. 
Unfortunately; unfavorably. 

In-be'ing, n. Inherence; inherent 
existence. [innate. 

In'born, a. Implanted by nature; 

IN-BREATHE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
infuse by breathing. 

In'bred, a. Bred within ;, natural. 

IN'€A, n. A king or prince of Peru, 
before the conquest of that country 
by Jbe Spaniards. [fine in a cage. 

IN-€AGE', v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] To con- 

In-cal'€U-la-ble, a. Not capable 
of being calculated. 

In'€A-les'cence, In. A growing 

In'ca-les'^en-cy, j warm ; incipi- 
ent or increasing heat. 

In'ca-les'cent, a. [Lat. incalescens, 
p. pr. of incakscere, to grow hot.] 
Growing warm ; increasing in heat. 

|N'€AN-DES'CENCE,n. A white heat. 

IN'CAN-DES'^ENT, a. [Lat. incandes- 
cens, becoming hot.] White or glow- 
ing with heat. 

In'can-TA'TION, n. [Lat. incantatio. 
See Enchant.] Act of enchanting ; 
enchantment. 

In-ca'pa-bii/i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing incapable ; incapacity ; want of 
power or qualification. 

iN-eA'PA-BLE, a. 1. Not large or 
wide enough to contain. 2. Want- 
ing physical strength for an effort or 
effect. 3. Mentally insufficient. 4. 
Morally weak. 5. Not in a state to 
suffer or receive. 6. Disqualified, in 
a legal sense. 
Syn.— See Incompetent. 

In^a-pac'i-tate, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
1o deprive of capacity or power; to 
disqualify. 

In'ca-pac'i-ta'tion, n. Want of 
capacity ; disqualification. 

1N'€A-PAC'I-TY, vi. 1. Want of ca- 
pacity ; defect of intellectual power 
2. Want of legal competency. 

Syn. — Inability; incapability incom- 
petency; disqualification. 

IN-€AR'CER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. prefix in and carrerare, to im- 
prison.] 1. To imprison. 2. To 
shut up or inclose. [ment. 

In-car'cer-a'tion, n. Imprison- 

IN-€AR'NATE,1' t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. incarnare, -natum.] To clothe 
with flesh. [flesh. 

In-€AR'nate (45), a. Invested with 
1 IN'€AR-NA'TION, ??. 1. Actofassum- 
\ ing flesh, or of taking a human body 
\ and the nature of man. 2. A strik- 
/ ingmanifestation. 
IN-€ASE\ v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To in- 
close in a case. 
lN-€AU'Tlotfs. a. Not cautious ; not 
eircumspect. 

Syn. — Unwary ; indiscreet ; incon- 



siderate ; imprudent ; impolitic ; care- 
less ; heedless ; thoughtless. 

iN-CJAU'TlotJS-LY, adv. In an incau- 
tious manner. 

IN'ca-va'tion, n. [Lat. incavare, to 
make hollow.] 1. Act of making 
hollow. 2. A hollow ; excavation. 

iN-CEN'Di-A-RigM, n. Act or prac- 
tice of maliciously setting fire to 
buildings. 

In-cen'di-a-ry, n. 1. One who ma- 
liciously sets fire to another's build- 
ing. 2. An agitator. — a. [Lat. incen- 
diarius ; incendium, a fire.] 1. Per- 
taining to the malicious burning of a 
dwelling. 2. Inflammatory ; seditious. 

IN'CENSE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
incensare. See supra.] To perfume 
with incense. — n. 1. Odors of 
spices and gums burned in religious 
rites. 2. The materials used for pro- 
ducing a perfume by burning. 

IN-CENSE', v. t. [Lat. incendere, -cen- 
sum; in and candere, to glow.] To 
enkindle or inflame to violent anger. 
Syn. — To enrage; exasperate ; pro- 
voke; anger; irritate; heat; fire. 

IN-CEN'TIVE, a. [Lat. incentive, fr. 
i?icintre, to set the tune.] Inciting ; 
encouraging or moving. — n. That 
which incites to determination or ac- 
tion. 

Syn. - Motive ; spur ; stimulus ; in- 
citement ; encouragement. 

IN-CEP'TION, n. [Lat. inreptio.] Be- 
ginning ; commencement. 

In-cep'tive, a. Beginning; com- 
mencing. 

IN-CER'TI-TUDE (53), 7i. Uncertainty. 

In-^es'san-cy, n. Unintermitted 
continuance. 

In-Ces'sant, a. [Lat. m, not, and 
cessare, to cease.] Continuing or fol- 
lowing without interruption. 

Syn. — Unceasing; uninterrupted; un- 
intermitted; ceaseless; continual ; con- 
stant;, perpetual. 

In-ces'sant-ly, adv. Without ceas- 

IN'CEST, n. [Lat. incestnm, fr. inres- 
tus, unchaste.] Cohabitation be- 
tween persons related within the de- 
grees wherein marriage is prohibited 

IN-CEST'U-OUS. a. Guilty of, or in- 
volving, incest. 

In-cest'u-ous-t,y, adv. In a man- 
ner to involve the crime of incest. 

JncH(66), n. [A.-S. fncf.fr. Lat. unc.ia, 
twelfth part.] 1. Twelfth part of a 
foot. 2. A small distance or degree. 

INCH'-MEAL, n. A piece an inch 
long ; a small degree. — adv. By 
small degrees. 

IN'€HO-ate, a. [Lat. inrhoatus,-p. p. 
of inchoare, to begin.] Recently, or 

w just, begun : also, incomplete. 

In'cho-a'tion, n. Commencement; 
inception. 

Ln-€HO'a-TIVE, a. Inceptive. 

IN'CI-DENCE, n. 1. An accident or 
casualty. 2. Direction in which a 
body, or a ray of light or heat, falls 
on any surface. 

IN'CI-DENT, a. [Lat. incident:, p. pr. 
of incidere, to fall into or upon.] 1. 



Falling upon, as a ray of light. 2. 
Coming or happening accidentally ; 
casual. 3. Liable to happen ; hence, 
naturally happening. — n. 1. That 
which usually takes place. 2. An 
episode or subordinate action. 

Syn. — Circumstance: event; fact; ad- 
venture; contingency ; chance: accident; 
casualty. See Ciucum stance. 

IN'CI-DENT'AL, a. 1. Happening a/; 
an occasional event. 2. Not necessary 
td the chief purpose ; occasional. 

Syn. — Accidental; casual; fortuitous; 
contingent. — Incidental should never 
be confounded with accidental. A nieet- 
jngwitha friend is accidental when it 
is simply casual or undesigned; it is in- 
cidental to a journey which brings us 
together, whether by design or not. A 
remark incidentally made during a con- 
versation, may be taken up by one acci- 
dentally present, and reported to our dis- 
advantage. 

— n. An incident; an occasional 
event. 

IN'CI-DENT'AL-LY, adv. 1. Without 
intention: accidentally ; casually. 2. 
Beside the main design. 

In-cYn'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.} 
[Lat. inr.inerare, -ratnm, from in and 
cinis, ashes.] To burn to ashes. 

In-cin'er-a'tion, n. The act of re- 
ducing to ashes by combustion. 

In-cTp'i-ence, In. Beginning; com- 

IN-CIP'I-EN-OY, ) mencement. 

IN-^IP'1-ENT, a. [Lat. incipiens, fr. 
incipere , to begin.] Beginning ; com- 
mencing, [ent manner. 

iN-c'lP'I-ENT-LY, adv. In an incipi- 

IN-CISE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lac. in- 
cidere, -risum; in and caedere, to 
cut.] Tocut in; to carve; to engrave. 

IN-CIS'ION (-sTzh'nn), n. 1. Act of 
cutting into a substance. 2. A cut ; 
a gash. 

IN-^I'SIVE, a. Having the quality of 
cutting ; hence, sharp ; acute ; sar- 
castic, [tooth. 

In-cI'sor, n. A cutter; hence, a fore 

In-ci'so-ry. a. Having the quality 
of cutting. [incision. 

In-cis'ure (-sizh/yjr), n. A cut; an 

iN-^l'TANT, n. That which incites. 

In'ci-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of inciting; 
incitement. 2. That which incites ; 
incentive. 

iN-ciTE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
citare ; in and c/tare, to rouse.] To 
move to action ; to stir up ; to spur 
on. / 

Syn. — See Excite. 

In-cite'ment, n. 1. Act of inciting. 
2. That which incites. 

Syn. — Motive; incentive; spur; 
stimulus ; impulse ; encouragement. 

In'CI-vI'l'i-ty, n. 1. Want of civility 
2. Any act of rudeness or ill-breeding. 

lN-ctv'ISM,«. Want of patriotism. 

IN-CLASP', V. t. [-EDJ-1NG.] T< 
clasp ; to embrace. 

In-€LEM'en-cy, n. 1. Want of clen. 
ency ; harshness ; severity. 2. Storm 
iness ; severe cold. 

In-ceem'ent, a. 1. Not clement ; vok 
of tenderness. 2. Physically severe , 
stormy ; rigorously cold, &c. 



J a, i, 



1, o 



fj, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, 0, y, short; CARE, FAR, ask; ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



INCLINABLE 



217 



INCONSISTENCY 



IN-€LIN'A-BL,E, a. Somewhat dis- 
posed. 

In'cli-na'tion, n. 1. Act of inclin- 
ing ; leaning. 2. ( Geom.) The angle 
made by two lines or planes, which 
meet, or which would meet, if pro- 
duced. 3. A disposition more favor- 
able to one thing than to another. 
4. Love ; affection. 

Syn. — Bent; disposition; tendency; 
proneness; bias; propensity; preposses- 
sion; attachment. See Disposition. 

IN-€LI!VE', v. ?'. [-ED;-1N6.] [Lat. 
inclinare, fr. in and clinnre, to bend, 
incline.] 1. To deviate from a line, 
direction, or course toward an objcet ; 
to lean. 2. To be disposed. — v. t. 1. 
To cause to deviate from a line, posi- 
tion, or direction. 2 To give a ten- 
dency or pro pension to. 3. To cause 
to stoop or bow. 

Inclined plane 
(Mech.), a plane 
that makes an ob- 
lique angle with 
the plane of the 
horizon; a sloping 
plane. AD, Inclined Plane. 

— n.An ascent or descent, as in a 
roadj a grade. 

lN-€LOSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 

surround ; to shut in. 2. To put 
within a case or envelope. 

IN-GLOS'URE (-klo'zhur), n. 1. Act 
of inclosing ; state of being inclosed. 
2. That which is inclosed. 3. That 
which incloses. 

XH-CIAJDE', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
includere, fr. maud cludcre ,c!audere, 
to shut.] 1. To confine within ; to 
shut up. 2. To comprehend; to 
embrace. 

lN-€LIi'glOX,n. Act of including, or 
state_of being included. 

iN-eLU's'lVE. a. 1. Inclosing; encir- 
cling. 2. Comprehending the stated 
limit or extremes. [elude. 

iN-CLf'si'VE-LY, adv. So as to in- 

lN~eo&', adv. [Contr. fr. incognito.] 
In concealment ; in disguise. 

In-€og'i-ta-tive, a. \V T anting the 
power of thought. 

In-€<5g'ni-to, a. or adv. [It., Sp., 
& Fr.] Unknown ; in an assumed 
character, and under an assumed ti- 
tle. — n. 1. One unknown or under 
an assumed character. 2. Assump- 
tion of a feigned character. 

In'co-her'ence, In. 1. Want of 

iN'eo-HER'EN-CY, ) coherence, co- 
hesion, or adherence. 2. Want of 
connection ; incongruity. 

IN'CO-HER'ENT, a. 1. Not coherent; 
wanting cohesion. 2. Incongruous ; 
inconsistent. 

IN'CO-HER'ENT-LY, adv. In an in- 
coherent manner ; inconsistently. 

In'com-bus'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being incombustible. 

iN'coM-BtJs'Ti-BT.E, a. Not combus- 
tible ; not capable of being burned. 

In'€6me , n. Annual gain from labor, 
business, or property of any kind ; 
revenue : receipts. 

[N'€OM-ING, a. Coming in ; accruing. 

lN/eOM-MEN'SU-RA-BIL'1-TY (-men'- 



sh.u-), n. The quality or state of be- 
ing incommensurable. 

IN'€OM-MEN'SU-RA-BL.E (-men'shu-), 
a. Having no common measure or 
standard of comparison. 

lN/€OM-MEN'SU-RATE (45), a. Not 
commensurate ; not admitting of a 
commonmeasure. 

IN'COM-MODE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. incommodare, fr. incommodus, 
inconvenient.] To give inconvenience 
or trouble to. 

Syn.— To annoy ; disturb ; trouble ; 
molest; inconvenience; disquiet; vex. 

iN'eoM-MO'Di-ous (77), a. Tending 
to incommode ; not affording ease or 
advantage ; giving trouble. 

iN^OM-Md'Dl-oDs-EY, adv. Incon- 
veniently ; unsuitably. 

iN'COM-MU'NI-eA-BlL'I-TY, n. Qual- 
ity of being incommunicable. 

IN'€OM-]YIU'NI-€A-bl,e, a. Not com- 
m unicable ; incapable of being im- 
parted to others. 

iN'^OM-MU'NI-eA-BLY, adv. In a 
manner not to be communicated. 

IN'com-MU'ni-ca-tive, a. Not dis- 
posed to hold conversation or inter- 
course with ; unsocial. 

iN^eoivi-MUT/A-Bii/i-TY, n. Quality 
of being mcommutable. 

iVcOM-MUT'A-BLE, a. Not commut- 
able ; not capable of being exchanged 
with another. 

IN-COM'PA-RA-BLE, a Not compar- 
able ; admitting of no comparison 
with others ; matchless. 

In-€6m'pa-ra-bly, adv. Eeyond 
comparison ; without competition. 

IN'^OM-PAS'SION-ATE (-pash'un-), a. 
Not compassionate ; void of compas- 
sion or pity. 

In^om-pat'I-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being incompatible ; inconsistency. 

IN'COM-PAT'I-BLE, a. Not compati- 
ble ; irreconcilably opposed. 

Syn. —Inconsistent ; incongruous ; 
dissimilar; irreconcilable; discordant; 
repugnant; contradictory. See Incon- 
sistent. 

In'gom-pat'I-bly, adv. Inconsist- 
ently ; incongruously. 

In-gom'pe-tence, )n. 1. Want of 

In-€6m'pe-ten-'cy, j sufficient pow- 
er, either physical, intellectual, or 
moral. 2. Want of legal fitness. 

IN-COM'PE-TENT, a. Not competent ; 
wanting in adequate strength, power, 
capacity, means, qualifications, &c. 

Svn. — Tncapable. — Incompetent is a 
relative term, denoting a want of the 
requisite qualifications for performing a 
given act, service, &c: incapable is ab- 
solute in its meaning, denoting want of 
power, either natural or moral. We 
speak of a man as incompetent to a cer- 
tain task, of an incompetent judge, &e. 
We say of an idiot, that he is incapatile 
of learning to read: and of a man dis- 
tinguished for his honor, that he is inca- 
pable of a mean action. 

IiV-eoM'PE-TENT-LY, adv. Inade- 
quately ; not suitably. 

IN'€OM-plete', a. Not comp'ete ; 
unfinished : imperfect ; defective. 

In^om-plete'ness, n. An unfin- 
ished state ; imperfectness. 



iN'eOM-PLI'ANCE, n. 1. Unyielding 
temper or constitution. 2. Refusal 
or failure to comply. [simple. 

iN^eoM-POS'iTE, n. Not composite ; 

iN-^OM'PRE-HEN'SI-BlL'I-TY .«.. The 
quality of being incomprehensible 
inconceivableness. 

iN-eOM'PRE-HEN'SI-BEE, a. Not 
comprehensible ; inconceivable. 

lN-€OM'PRE-HEN'SI-BLY, adv. So 
as not to be intelligible. 

iN^OM-PRESsa-BiL'I-TY, n. Qual- 
ity of being incompressible. 

lVeOM-PREss'1-BLE, a. Not com- 
pressible : resisting compression. 

In^on-ceal'A-ble, a. Notconceal- 
able ; not to be hid. 

IN'GON-CEIV'A-BIL'I-TY, n. Incon- 
ceivableness. 

In^on-ceiv'a-ble, a. Incapable 
of being conceived by the mind ; in- 
comprehensible. 

IN'oon-ckiv'a-ble-ness, n. Qual- 
ity of being inconceivable. 

lN / €ON-CEIV'A-BLY,a</i\ Ina man- 
ner beyond comprehension. 

In/con-clu'sive. a. Not conclusive ; 
not settling a doubtful auestion. 

iN-'eON-CLU'SiVE-LY, adv. In an in- 
conclusive n manner. 

In'€ON-€LU'siVE-ness, n. Quality 
of being inconclusive. 

lN-€6N'GRU-ENrE,n. Want of con- 
gruence or agreement. [consistent. 

In-con'gru-ent, a. Unsuitable ; in- 

In^on-gru'i-ty, n. Want of con- 
gruity ; unsuitableness of one thing 
to another ; inconsistency ; impro- 
priety. 

iN-eoN'GRy-ofrs, a. Not congruous ; 
not reciprocally agreeiug. 

Syn. —Inconsistent; unsuitable ; un- 
suited; inappropriate; unfit; improper. 
See Inconsistent 

iN-eoN'GRU-oOs-EY, adv. Unsuit- 
ably. 

lN-€ON'SE-QUENT,a. 1. Not follow- 
ing from the premises ; illogical. 2. 
Inconsistent. 

In-con/se-quen tial (-kwen-'shal), 
a. 1. Not regularly following from 
the premises. 2. Of little moment. * 

IN'CON-SID'ER-A-BLE, a. Unworthy X 

of consideration ; unimportant ; / 
trivial. 

iVeoN-slD'ER-ATE. a. Not consid- 
erate ; not attending to the circum- 
stances which regard safety or pro- 
priety. 

Syn. — Thoughtless ; inattentive ; in- 
advertent; heedless; negligent; improv- 
ident; careless; imprudent; indiscreet; 
incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty. 

IN/con-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. With- 
out due regard to consequences. 

LN'€ON-SlD'ER-ATE-NESS, n. Wanfc 
of due regard to consequences. 

In'con-si'd'er-a'tion, n. Want of. 
due consideration. 

In^con-sist'ence, ) n. 1. Quality 

IN'CON-sIst'EN-'cy, ( of being in- 
consistent ; such contrariety between 
two things that both can not exist or 
be true together. 2. Unsteadiness; 
changeableness. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; 9,G,.sq/i!; v,G, hard; As; e^ist; u<wNG; this 



INCONSISTENT 

lN/€ON-s'fsT'ENT, a. Not consistent ; 
at variance, especially as regards 
character, sentiment, or action. 

Syn. — Incompatible ; incongruous ; 
discordant; contradictory. — Things are 
incongruous when they are not suited to 
each other, so that their union is unbe- 
coming; inconsistent when they are op- 
posed to each other, so as to render it 
improper or wrong; incompatible when 
they can not co-exist, and it is therefore 
impossible to unite them. Habitual lev- 
ity of mind is incongruous with the pro- 
fession of a clergyman; it is inconsistent 
with his ordination vows; it is incompat- 
ible with his permanent usefulness. 

lN^ON-slsT'ENT-LY, adv. In an in- 
consistent manner. 

In^on-soi/a-ble, a. Not consola- 
ble ; not to be consoled. 

IN^ON-sol'a-BLY, adv. So as not 
to admit of consolation. 

In-gon'so-nan^e, \n. Want of con- 

In-con'so-nan-cy, J sonance or 
harmony. 

lN'CON-SPl'e'U-oiJS, a. Not conspic- 
uous ; hardly discernible. 

In-€6n'stan-£Y, n. Want of con- 
stancy ; mutability ; fickleness. 

In-€ON'stant, a. Subject to change 
of opinion, inclination, or purpose. 

Syn. — Mutable ; fickle; volatile; un- 
steady; unstable. 

In-€6n'stant-:ly, adv. In an in- 
constant manner. [able. 

lN / -eoN-sOM'A-BL,E, a. Not consum- 

IN'€ON-t£st'a-bl,e , a. Not contest- 
able ; too clear to be controverted. 

Syn. — Incontrovertible; indisputable; 
irrefragable ; undeniable ; unquestiona- 
ble; indubitable. 

IN'con-test'a-bly, adv. Indisput- 
ably ; incontrovertibly. * 

In'con-tig'u-ous, a. Not contig- 
uous ; separate. 

In-£:6n'TI-NEN£E, \n. Quality of 

iN-eoN'Tl-NEN-CY, J being inconti- 
nent; want of 'restraint of the pas- 
sions or appetites. 

lN-€ON'TI-NENT,a. Not continent; 
not restraining the passions or appe- 
tites, particularly Ine sexual appetite. 
— n. One who is unchaste. 

In-€on'ti-nent-ly, adv. 1. With- 
out due restraint ; unchastely. 2. 
Immediately ; at once. 

In'con-trol'la-ble, a. Not con- 
trollable ; uncontrollable. 

lN-€ON'TRO-VERT'I-BLE, a. Too 
clear or certain to admit of dispute. 

In-con'tro-vert'i-bly, adv. Be- 
yond dispute. 

IN'GON-VEN'IE^E, ) n. 1. Want 

iN'eON-VEN'iEN-CY, | of conven- 
ience. 2. That which gives trouble 
or uneasiness. 

Syn. — Incommodiousness: disadvan- 
tage; disquiet; uneasiness; disturbance; 
annoyance; molestation; trouble. 

iN'eON-VEN'iENCE, v. t. To occa- 
sion inconvenience to ; to incom- 
mode. 

In'CON-VEN'IENT, a. 1. Unfit ; in- 
expedient. 2. Giving trouble or un- 
easiness ; disadvantageous ; inoppor- 
tune. 

IN'CON-VEN'IENT-LY, adv. Unsuit- 



218 

ably ; incommodiously ; unseasona- 

w bly. 

IN'gon-vert'1-bIl'i-ty, n. Not ca- 
pable of being converted into some- 
thing else. 

iN^eoN-VERT'l-BLE , a. Not convert- 
ible ; not capable of being changed 
into something else. 

iN'CON-vi'N'ci-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being convinced. 

iN-eOR'PO-RATE. V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. incorporate^ -ratum, fr. in, not, 
and corpus, body.] I. To combine, 
as different ingredients, into one 
mass. 2. To form into a legal body, 
or body politic. — v. i. To unite so 
as to make a part of another body. 

lN-€6R/po-RA'TION,n. 1. Act of in- 
corporating, or state of being incor- 
porated. 2. Formation of a legal or 
politicalbody. 

In'€OR-po're-al (89), a. Not corpo- 
real ; not consisting of matter. 

Syn. — Immaterial ; unsubstantial ; 

w bodiless;_spiritual. 

In'cor-po're-ae-ly, adv. Without 
body ; immaterially. 

iN'edR-RECT', a. 1. Not correct; 
not according to a model, or to es- 
tablished rules. 2. Not in accord- 
ance with the truth or with morality. 
Syn. — Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong. 

IN'COR-RECT'LV, adv. Inaccurately. 

IN'cor-rect'ness, n. Want of con- 
formity to truth or to a standard ; 
inaccuracy. 

iN-eoR'Ri-Gi-BiL'l-TY, n. Quality 
of being incorrigible. 

In-€OR'RI-Gi-bee, a. Incapable of 
being corrected or amended. 

In-cor'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. Incorri- 
gibility. 

In-€OR'ri-GI-ELY, adv. In an in- 
corrigible manner. 

IN'COR-rOpt', a. 1. Not affected with 
corruption or decay. 2. Not defiled 

J or depraved ; pure ; untainted. 

lN / €OR-Ru-pT / i-BiL'i-TY, n. Incapa- 
bility of corruption. 

IN'cor-rupt'i-ble, a. 1. Incapable 
of corruption or decay. 2. Inflexi- 
bly just and upright. 

In'gor-rupt'i-ble-ness, n. Qual- 
ity of being incorruptible, or not 
liable to decay. 

iN^eoR-RDp'TlON, n. Absence of, or 
exemption from, corruption. 

lN /: eoR-RijPT'NESS, n. 1. Exemption 
from decay or corruption. 2. Pu- 
rity of mind or manners ; integrity. 

IN-€RAS'SATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. incrassare, -satmn, fr. in and 
crassus, thick.] To make thick or 
thicker ; to thicken. — v. i. To be- 
come thick or thicker. 

In-€Ras'sate, ) a. Made thick or 

In-€Ras'sa-ted, } fat; thickened; 
inspissated. 

IN'CRAS-SA'TION, n. Act of thicken- 
ing, or becoming thick ; inspissation. 

In-€rXs'sa-tive, a. Having the 
quality of thickening. 

Increase', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
increscere. fr. in and crescere, to grow.] 
To become greater in bulk, quantity, 



INCUMBENT 

number, degree, value, intensity, au 
thority, reputation, &c.; to grow; 
to augment. 

Syn. — Enlarge. — Enlarge implies a 
widening of extent; increase an acces- 
sion in point of size, number, strength, 
&c. A kingdom is enlarged by con- 
quest, and the mind by knowledge; a 
man has enlarged views, plans, pros- 
pects, &c. Riches, wisdom, appetite, &c. 
are increase*. 

— v. t. To make greater in bulk, 
quantity, or amount; to improve in 
quality. 

IN-€REASE', or IN'CREASE (115), n. 
1. A growing larger in size, extent, 
quantity, &c. 2. That which re- 
sults from growth. - 3. Progeny ; 
issue ; offspring. 

Syn. — Augmentation ; enlargement; 
extension ; growth ; increment ; addi- 
tion; accession-. 

In-cred'i-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being incredible, or surpassing belief 

In-gred'i-ble, a. Not credible ; im- 
possible to be believed. [ity. 

In-cred'i-ble-ness, n. Incredibil- 

In-€red'i-bly, adv. In a manner to 
precludebelief. 

IN'CRE-DU'LI-TY, n. Quality of be- 
ing incredulous ; indisposition to be- 
lieve. 

iN-CRED'u-LoiJS (77), a. Not credu- 
lous ; indisposed to believe ; skep- 
tical, [lity. 

In-crEd'U-loGs-ness, n. Incredu- 

IN'€RE-MENT, n. [Lat. incrementum.] 

1. Increase; augmentation. 2. Mat- 
ter added ; increase ; produce. 

In-crescent, a. Increasing ; grow- 
ing; augmenting. 

IN-€RUST', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cover with a crust. 

IN'crus-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of in- 
crusting, or state of being incrusted. 

2. A crust or coat on the surface of 
a body. 

IN'CU-BATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
incubare, -batum, to lie on.] To sit, 
as on eggs for hatching. 

iN'eu-BA'TION, n. Act of sitting on 
eggs for the purpose of hatching 
young. 

JN'cu-BtJs, n. ; Eng. pi. lN'-eu-BCs- 
Es; Lat. pi. 1n'cu-bi. [Lat.] The 
nightmare ; hence, any oppressive or 
stupefying influence. 

IN-€UL'€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inculcare, -catum, totread on.] To 
impress by frequent admonitions. 

iN'CUL-eA'TlON, n. Act of impress- 
ing by repeated admonitions. 

lN-€tJL'PA-BLE, a. Without fault. 

iN-eOl/PATE, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. inculpare, -patum, fr. in and 
ndpa, fault.] To blame; to censure; 
to criminate. [crimination. 

IN'CUL-PA'TION, n. Blame ; censure ; 

In-€UL'pa-to-ry, a. Imputing blame 
or guilt. 

iN-cfJM'BEN-CY, n. 1. State of being 
incumbent. 2. That which is in- 
cumbent. 3. That which is imposed, 
as a rule or a duty. 4. State of hold- 
ing a benefice, or office. 

TN-cfJM'BENT, a. [Lat. incumbens 



I, e, I. o, u, y, long; A 3 £,I, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veii^ t£rm; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 






INCUR 



219 



INDICATION 



p. pr. of incumbere, to lie down 
upon.] 1. Lying or resting upon. 
2. Lying or resting, as duty. — n. 
One who is in present possession of 
a benefice, or any office. 

In-€UR', v. c. [-RED ; -RING.] [Lat. in- 
currere, to run into or toward.] To 
meet or fall in with, as something 
from which inconvenience or harm is 
to be apprehended. [incurable. 

In-cur'a-bi'l'i-ty, n. State of being 

IN-cur'a-ble, a. Not curable: in- 
capable of being cured or remedied. 

Syx. — Irremediable ; remediless ; ir- 
recoverable: irretrievable. 
— n. A sick person who can not be 
cured. 

lN-€0R'A-BLY,a<2u. So as to be in- 
curable. 

iN-eu'RI-ous, a. Not curious ; desti- 
tute of curiosity ; uninquisitive. 

iN-efjR'SION, n. [Lat. hicursio.] Act 
of entering into a territory with hos- 
tile intention. 
Syx. — Invasion; inroad; raid; foray. 

In-cOr'sive, a. Making an incursion. 

IN-€(JRV'ATE, V. t. [-E1); -ING.] 
[Lat. incurvare, -vacum.] To bend ; 
to crook. [upward. 

In-€0rv'ate, a. Curved inward or 

IN'CUR-VA'TION, n. Act of bending 
or state of being bent ; curvature. 

IN-€URVE,' V.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
bend ; to make crooked. [ature. 

iN-e&RV'I-TY, n. Crookedness ; curv- 

In-debt'ed (-det'-), a. 1. Placed in 
debt ; being under obligation. 2. 
Obliged by something received ; held 
to pay. 

IN-DEBT'ED-NESS (-det'-), rt. State 
of being indebted. 

IN-DE'CEN-OY, n. 1. Want of de- 
cency. 2. An indecent word, act, or 
the like. 

Syx.— Indelicacy ; indecorum; im- 
modesty; impurity; obscenity. 

In-dE'cent, a. Not decent; unfit 
to be seen or heard. 

Syx. — Unbecoming; indecorous: in- 
delicate ; unseemly ; immodest : gross ; 
shameful; impure; unchaste; obscene. 

IN-DE'CENT-LY, adv. In a manner 
to offend delicacy. [evergreen. 

IN'de-CID'U-oDs, a. Not deciduous ; 

In'de-ci'pher-a-ble, a. Incapable 
of being decipheied. 

IN'DE-CIS'ION (-slzh'un), n. Want 
.of decision ; irresolution. 

In'de-ci'sive, a. 1. Not decisive; 
not bringing to a final close. 2. 
Wavering : hesitating. 

In'de-ci'sive-ness, n. State of be- 
ing indecisive. 

I»'DE-€LiN'A-BLE, a. Not varied by 
termination <. 

In'de-clIn'a-bly, adv. Without 
variation of termination. 

lN'DE-CO'ROlJS. or iN-DEC'O-ROUS, 
c. Not decorous ; violating good 
manners. 

Syx. — Unbecoming:; unseemly; rude; 
coarse; impolite; uncivil. 

IN'DE-CO'ROUS-LY, or iN-DEc'O- 
ROUS-LY, adv. In an unbecoming 



IN'de-co'rum, 71. Want of decorum ; 
impropriety of behavior. 

In-dee D', adv. In reality ; in fact ; 
— sometimes used interjectionally. 

IN'de-fat'i-ga-ble, a. Incapable 
of being fatigued. 

Syh. — Unwearied ; untiring; perse- 
vering; assiduous. 

IN'DE-FAT'I-GA-BLE-NESS, n. Un- 
weariedness. 

In'de-fat'i-ga-bly, adv. Without 
yielding to fatigue. 

liV'DE-FEA/si-BiL/l-TY, n. Quality 
of being indefeasible. 

IN'de-fea'si-ble, a. Not to be de- 
feated: incapable of being made void. 

IN'de-fect'I-ble. a. Not liable to 
defect, failure, or decay. 

IN'de-fen'si-ble, a. Not capable 
of being defended, maintained, or 
justified. [fense. 

In'de-fen'sive, a. Having no de- 

In/de-fjn'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being defined. 

IN-DEF'1-NITE, a. 1. Not defined or 
limited. 2 Having no determined 
or certain limits. 

In-DEF'i-nite-LY, adv. In an indef- 
inite manner : not precisely. 

In-def'i-nTte-ness, n. Quality of 
being undefined, or not precise and 
certain. 

In'de-his'cence, n. Property of 
not opening at maturity. 

In'de-his'cent, a. Not opening 
spontaneously at maturity. 

iN-DEi/i-BiL'i-TY, «. Quality of 
being indelible. 

IN-DEL'I-BLE, a. [Lat. indelebili* ; 
in, not, and delebilis, capable of be- 
ing destroyed.] Not to Le blotted 
out : incapable of being effaced. 

In-del'i-bly, adv. In a manner not 
to be effaced. 

In-del'i-ca-cy, n. Want of deli- 
cacy ; coarseness of manners or lan- 
guage. 

In-del'i-cate (45), a. Not delicate ; 
offensive to good manners, or to pu- 
rity of mind. 

Syx. — Indecorous; unbecoming; un- 
seenily; rude ; coarse : broad; impolite; 
gross; indecent. 

In-del'i-cate-ly, adv. In an in- 
delicate manner. 

IN-DEM'NI-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act Of 
indemnifying ; reimbursement of 
loss. 2. That which indemnifies. 

IN-DEjVI'NI-FY, V.t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[L. Lat., fr. ?»,EOt, and damnificare, 
fr. damnum, damage, loss.] 1. To 
secure against future loss. 2. To 
reimburse. 

IN-DEM'NI-TY, n. [Lat. indemnitas, 
fr. indemnis, uninjured.] 1. Ex- 
emption from loss or damage, past 
or to come. 2. Compensation or re- 
muneration for loss or injury. 

IN-DENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
in and dens, tooth.] 1. To cut into 
points ; to notch. 2. To bind out 
by indenture. 3. (Print.) To begin 
further in from the margin than the 
rest of a paragraph. 

In'den-ta/tion, n. 1. Act of in- 



denting ; a notch ; a cut in the mar- 
gin. 2. A recess or depression. 

In-dent'ure (53), n. An agreement 
in writing between two or more par- 
ties, whereof each party has usually 
a part. 

IN'DE-PEND'ENCE, n. State or qual- 
ity of being independent ; exemption 
from reliance on others, or control 
from them. 

In'de-PEND'ent, a. 1. Not depend- 
ent ; not subject to the control of 
others. 2. Affording a comfortable 
livelihood. 3. Not subject to bias or 
influence. 4. Free; easy; bold. 5. 
Belonging or pertaining to the Inde- 
pendents. — n. One who believes 
that an organized church is complete 
in itself, and independent of all ec- 
clesiastical authority. [control. 

IN'de-pend'ent-ly, adv. Without 

IN'de-scrib'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being described. 

In'de-sert', n. Want of merit. 

In'de-struc'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Qual- 
ity of being indestructible. 

In'de-struc'ti-BLE, a. Not de- 
structible ; incapable of decomposi- 
tion. 

In'de-tEr'mi-na-ble, a. Impossi- 
ble to be determined, or fixed. 

In'de-ter'mi-nate (45), a. Not de- 
terminate ; not fixed ; uncertain. 

IN'DE-TER'MI-NATE-LY, adv. In- 
definitely ; not with precise limits. 

IN'DE-TER'MI-NA'TION, n. 1. Want 
of determination ; an unsettled state, 
as of the mind. 2. Want of fixed or 
stated direction. [tion ; impiety. 

In'de-vo'tion, n. Want of devo- 

In'de-vout', a. Not devout. 

In'dex, n. ; Eng. pi. IN'DEX-Eg ; Lat 
pi. in'di-pes. [Lat.] 1. That 
which points out, or indicates ; a 
pointer or a hand that directs to any 
thing. 2. Any table for facilitating 
reference in a book. 3. The fore 
finger. 4. (Aritk. & Alg.) An ex- 
ponent. [In this sense, the pi. is in- 
dices.]— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To pro- 
vide with an index. 

In'dia-man (Ind'ya- or hVdi-a-, 150), 
n. A large shin employed in the In- 
dia trade. 

In'dian (md'yan or hydY-an), a. Per- 
taining to the Indies, East or West, or 
to the aborigines of America. — n. 1. 
A native or inhabitant of the Indies. 
2. One of the aboriginal inhabitants 
of America. 

Indian ink, a substance from China, 
used for water colors. It consists of 
lamp-black and animal glue. 

In'diA ROb'ber (Ind'ya or ln'di-a). 
See Caoutchouc. 

In'di €ANT, a. Serving to point out, 
as a remedy. — n. That which in- 
dicates or points out. 

lN'DI-€ATE,t>.£. L"ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
indicate, -catum, fr. in and dicare, to 
proclaim.] 1. To point out; to 
show. 2. (Med.) To manifest by 
symptoms ; to point to as the proper 
remedies. 

In'di-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of indi- 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rije, pull ; e, 1, o, silent ; c, G, soft; -e, g, hard; AR ; EXIST ; N as NG ; this 



INDICATIVE 



220 



INDOMITABLE 



eating. 2. That which serves to indi- 
cate ; mark ; token ; sigu ; symptom. 

1n-di€'a-t'ive, a. Pointing out; 
bringiug to notice ; giving intimation 
or knowledge of something not visi- 
ble or obvious. 

Indicative mode (Gram.), that mode 
of the verb whicli indicates, that is, 
which affirms or denies. 

IN-DI€'A-T1VE-LY, adv. In a man- 
ner to indicate. 

iN'di-ca'tor, n. One who, or that 
which, shows or points out. 

in'di-ca-to-ry, a. Serving to show. 

In-dict' (in-dhV), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. indicere, indictum, to proclaim ; 
in and dicer e, to say, speak.] To 
charge with a crime, in due form of 
law, by the finding of a grand jury. 

In-dict'a-BLE (-dit'a-bl), a. Sub- 
ject to indictment, [diets. 

In-bict'er (-dlt'-), n. One who in- 

In-dic'TION, n. [See supra.] A cycle 
of fifteen years, instituted by Con- 
stantine the Great. 

IN-d|c'ti VE , a. Proclaimed. 

In-dict'ment (-dit'-), n. A formal 
charge of a crime preferred to a court 
by a grand jury under oath ; hence, 
an accusation in general. 

In-dif'fer-ence, n. 1. Quality of 
being indifferent, or not making or 
measuring a difference. 2. Medioc- 
rity. 3. Impartiality. 4. A state 
of the mind when it feels no anxiety 
or interest. 

Syn. — Carelessness; negligence; un- 
concern; apathy; insensibility. 

In-dif'fer-ENT, a. 1. Not making 
a difference; of no account. 2. Pass- 
able ; mediocre. 3. Impartial ; un- 
biased. 4. Feeling no interest, anx- 
iety, or care, respecting any thing. 

In-dif'fer-ent-ly, adv. In an in- 
different manner. 

In'di-gence, In. Want of means 

In'di-gen-cy, ) of comfortable sub- 
sistence. 

Syn. — Poverty; want; need; pauper- 
ism. — Poverty is generic, denoting a de- 
ficiency in tne means of living; indi- 
gence is stronger, implying an absence 
of the necessaries of life. Both express 
permanent states. Want and need are 
applied usually to states which are tem- 
porary or occasional, as want of clothing, 
need of fuel; but are sometimes used in 
a more abstract sense, as a state of want 
or of need, being then identical with 
poverty. 

iN-DlG'E-NOOs, a. [Lat. indigenvs.] 
Native ; born or originating in, as in 
a country. 

In'di-gent, a. [Lat. indigens, p. pr. 
of indigere, to stand in need of.] 
Destitute of means of comfortable 
subsistence ; needy ; poor. 

LN'dI-GEST'ed, a. 1. Not digested ; 
crude. 2. Not regularly disposed 
and arranged. 

IN'DI-GEST'I-BLE, a. Not digestible. 

In'di-ges'tion (-jest'\un), (6-3). n. 
Want of due digestion : dyspepsia. 

In-dig'NANT, a. [Lat. indignans.] 
Affected with anger and scorn or 
contempt. [nant manner. 

In-dig'nant-ly, adv. In an indig- 



IN'DIG-NA'TION, n. A strong disap- 
probation of what is flagitious in 
character or conduct ; anger mingled 
with contempt, disgust, or abhor- 
rence. 

Syn. — Anger ; ire ; wrath ; resent- 
ment; fury ; rage. See Angeb. 

In-dIg'ni-ty, n. Unmerited con- 
temptuous treatment ; contumely ; 
injury with insult. 

IN'DI-GO, n. [Lat. indicum, indigo, 
from India.] A blue coloring matter 
from certain plants. 

In'di-RECT'. a. 1. Not direct ; not 
straight. 2. By remote means. 3. 
Unfair ; dishonest. [tices. 

iN'DI-REC'TiON, n. Dishonest prac- 

IN/di-rect'ly, adv. In an indirect 
manner. 

IN/d'i's-cern'i-ble (-diz-zcrn'-), a. 
Incapable of being discerned. 

In'dis-cerp'tibil'i-ty, n. Inca- 
pacity of dissolution. 

IN'dis-cerp'ti-ble, a. Incapable 
of being destroyed by dissolution. 

IN'dis-cov'er-A-ble, a. Incapable 
of being discovered. 

IN'dis-CREET', a. Not discreet; 
wanting in discretion. 

Syn. — Imprudent ; injudicious ; in- 
considerate : rash ; hasty ; heedless. 

IN'dis-creet'ly. adv. Not dis- 
creetly ; inconsiderately, [separated. 

IN^DIS-CRETE', a. Not discrete or 

In'dis-cre'tion (-kresh'un). n. 1. 
Want of discretion ; imprudence. 
2. Indiscreet act or behavior. 

iN'Dis-CRiftl'I-NATE, a. Wanting dis- 
crimination ; not making any dis- 
tinction. 

IN'DIS-crIm'I-NATE-ly, adv. With- 
out distinction : in confusion. 

iVDIS-CRiMa-NA'TION, n. Want of 
discrimination or distinction. 

IN'dis-pen'sa-ble, a. Not dispen- 
sable : impossible to be spared. 

IN'DIS-PEN'SA-BLE-NESS, H. State 
or quality of being indispensable. 

IN'DIS-PEN'SA-BLY , adv. Necessarily. 

IN'DIS-POSE',!'. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 

To render unfit; to disqualify. 2. 
To make somewhat ill. 3. To disin- 
cline. 

iVdis-pos/ed-ness, n. Condition 
or quality of being indisposed. 

In-dis'po-s'i'tion (-zTsh'un), n. 1. 
Condition of wanting adaptation. 2. 
Slight disorder of the body. 3. Dis- 
inclination ; aversion. 

In-dis'pu-ta-ble, a. Not disputa- 
ble ; too evident to admit of dispute. 
Syn. — Incontestible; unquestionable; 
incontrovertible; undeniable; irrefraga- 
ble; indubitable; certain; positive. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE-NESS, n. State or 
quality of being indisputable. 

iN-Dis'PU-TA-BEY, adv. Without dis- 
pute ; unquestionably. 

In-dis'so-lu-bIl'i-ty, n. 1. Qual- 
ity of being indissoluble. 2. Per- 
petuity of union or binding force. 

In-dis'so-lu-ble, a. 1. Not capable 
of being dissolved or melted. 2. 
Perpetually binding. 

In-e-is'so-lu-bly, adv. In a man- 



ner resisting separation ; insepa- 
rably. 
In'dis-TInct', a. 1. Not distinct or 
distinguishable. 2. Obscure to the 
mind ; confused. 

Syn.— Undefined; undistinguishable; 
obscure; indefinite; vague; uncertain. 

In'dis-tinc'tion, n. 1. Want c* 
distinction ; confusion. 2. Equality 
of rank or condition. 

In'dis-tInct'ly, adv. In an indie- 
tinct manner : not clearly. 

In'dis-TINCT'NESS, n. Want of dis- 
tinctness, [be distinguished. 

IN'dis-tIn'guish-a-ble. a. Not to 

IN-DITE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Cf. 

Indict.] 1. To direct what is to bo 
uttered or written. 2. To compose ; 
to write. 

In-dite'ment, n. Act of inditing. 

IN'DI-VID'U-AL, a. [Lat. individuu.t, 
fr. in, not, and dividuus, divisible.] 
1 Not divided, or not to be divided ; 
single. 2. Pertaining to one onty ; 
hence, distinctive. — n. A single 
person, animal, or thing. 

iN'DI-viD'U-AL ipm, ??. 1. Quality 
of being individual. 2. Excessive re- 
gard to one's personal interest. 

IN'DI-VID'U-^L'I-TY, n. 1. Separate 
or distinct nature or existence. 2. 
Distinctive character. 

IN'DI-VID'U-AL-JZE, v. i. [-ED : -ING.] 
To select or mark as an individual. 

IN/DI-VID'U-AE-EY, adv. 1. Sepa- 
rately. 2. Inseparably ; incommu- 
nicabl}-. 

lN'Di'-vi'g-'i-BiL'i-TY, n. State or 
property of being indivisible. 

In'di-visj'i-ble, a. 1. Not divisible ; 
not separable into parts. 2. Not ca- 
pable of exact division ; incommen- 
surable. — n. 1. That which is indi- 
visible. 2. (Geom.) One of the ele- 
ments or principles, supposed to be 
infinitely small, into which a body 
or figure may be resolved ; an in- 
finitesimal. 

IN/dj-viVi-bly, adv. So as not to be 
capable of division. 

iN-Doc'I-BLE, a. Incapable of being 
taught, or not easily instructed : in- 
tra table. [intractable. 

iN-Doc'iLE, a. Not teachable ; dull ; 

IN'DO-CIL'I-TY, n. Dullness of in- 
tellect : intractableness. 

lN-t>OC'TRI-NATE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To instruct in the rudiments or prin- 
ciples of learning. 

In-doc'TRI-na'tion, n. Act of in- 
doctrinating ; information. 

IN'DO-LENCE, ) n. [Lat. indolentia, 

IN'DO-LEN-CY, ) fr. in, not, and do- 
lere. to feel pain.] Habitual idle- 
ness ; laziness. 

IN'do-lent, a. Habitually idle. 

Indolent tumor (Med.), a tumor caus- 
ing little or no pain. 

Syn. — Idle ; lazy ; sluggish ; listless; 
inactive. See Idle. 

IN'DO LENT-LY, adv. In an indolent 
manner ; lazily. 

In-dom'i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. in and 
domitare, to tame.] Not to be sub- 
dued ; invincible. 



A, E, I, Q,V,Y, long; A, li, 1,6,0, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



INDORSABLE 



221 



INEXCUSABLENESS 



In-dor'sa-bl,e, a. Capable of being 
indorsed. 

lN-DORSE',r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat.Vra 
and dorsum, tbe back.] 1. To write 
one's name upon the back of, as a 
note, draft, &c, for the purpose of 
securing the payment of it. 2. To 
give one's support to ; to sanction. 

IN'DOR-SEE', n. One to whom a note 
or bill is assigned by indorsement. 

In-dorse'ment, n. 1. A writing 
on the back of a note, bill, or the 
like. 2. Sauction or support given. 

In-du'bi-oCs, a. Not dubious or 
doubtful ; certain. 

In-du'bi-ta-ble, a. Not dubitable ; 
too plain to admit of doubt. 

Syn. — Unquestionable ; evident; in- 
controvertible ; incontestable; undenia- 
ble; irrefragable. 

In-du'bi-ta-Bly, adv. Undoubted- 
ly ; unquestionably. 

In-duce', v. t. . [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
inducere, fr. in aud ducere, to lead.] 
1. To lead in ; to introduce. 2. To pre- 
vail on ; to influence. 3. To cause 
by mere proximity. 

Syn. — To move; instigate; urge; im- 
pel; incite; press; effect; cause. 

In-duce'ment, n. That which in- 
duces or leads on to action. 

Syn. — Motive ; reason ; incitement ; 
influence. 

In-du'ci-bee, a. Capable of being 
induced. 

IN-DU€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inducere, inductum. See Induce.] 
1. To bring in ; to introduce. 2. To 
introduce, as to a benefice or office. 

In-DU€'TI'le, a. Not ductile; inca- 
pable of being extended by drawing. 

IN-dug'tion, n. 1. Act of induct- 
ing or bringing in ; introduction. 2. 
Act of reasoning from a part to a 
whole, or from particulars to gen- 
erals. 3. Formal introduction of a 
person into an office. 4. Property 
by which one body, having electrical, 
galvanic, or magnetic polarity, causes 
it in another body without direct 
contact. 

Syn. — Deduction. — In induction we 
observe a sufficient number of individ- 
ual facts, and, on the ground of analogy, 
extend what is true of them to others of 
the same class, thus arriving at general 
principles or laws. This is the kind of 
reasoning in physical science. In de- 
duction we begin with a general truth, 
and seek to connect it with some indi- 
vidual case by means of a middle term, 
or class of objects, known to be equally 
connected with both. Thus we bring 
down the general into the individuaf, 
affirming of the latter the distinctive 
qualities of the former. This is the svl- 
logistic method. By induction Franklin 
established the identity of lightning and 
electricity; by deduction he inferred that 
dwellings might be protected by light- 
ning-rods. 

lN-DiJ€'TlON-AE, a. Pertaining to 
induction. 

In-DU€T'Ive, a. 1. Leading or draw- 
ing. 2. Proceeding or derived by in- 
duction. 3. Operating by, or facili- 
tating, induction. 

In-dOct'ive-ly, adv. By induction. 



lN-DU€T'OR, n. One who inducts an- 
other into office. 

In-due', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
induere.] 1. To put on, as clothes. 
2. To invest ; hence, to endow ; to 
supply. 

IN-DULGE', V. t. [-EDj -ING.] [Lat. 
indulgere, fr. in and dulcis, sweet, 
kind.] 1. To yield to the desire of. 
2. To grant a3 by favor. 

Syn.— To gratify ; humor ; cherish ; 
foster; harbor; allow; favor. See Grat- 
ify. 

— v. i. To practice a forbidden or 
questionable act without restraint. 

Ln-dOl'Gence, ) n. 1. Forbearance 

In-dOl'Gen-cy, J of restraint or 
control. 2. Favor granted ; liberal- 
ity. 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Re- 
mission of the punishment due to 
sins, granted by the pope or church. 

In-dOl'Gent, a. Prone to indulge 
or humor. 

In-d&e'gent-ly, adv. With indul- 
gence ; mildly ; favorably. 

IN'DU-RATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
indurare, -atum, fr. in and durare, to 
harden.] To grow hard; to harden 

— v. t. 1. To make hard. 2. To 
render obdurate. 

In'du-rate, a. 1. Hardened; not 
soft. 2. Unfeeling; obdurate. 

IN'du-ra'tion,^. 1. Act or process 
of hardening. 2. Obduracy ; stiff- 
ness. 

In-dOs'TRI-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting in, industry. 

In-dOs'tri-oDs, a. 1. Given to in- 
dustry. 2. Diligent in a particular 
pursuit. 

In-dOs'tri-ous-ly, adv. Diligently. 

IN'dus-try, n. [Lat. industrial Ha- 
bitual diligence in any employment, 
either bodily or mental. 
Syn.— See Diligence. 

In-dwell'ing, n. Residence in the 
heart or soul ; interior abode. 

In-e'bri-ant, a. Intoxicating. 

IN-E'BRI-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. inebriare, -atum ; in, used inten- 
sively, and ebriare, to make drunk.] 
To make drunk ; to intoxicate. — v. i. 
To'be or become intoxicated. 

IN-e'bri-ate (45), n. An habitual 
drunkard ; a sot. [intoxication. 

In-e'bri-A'tion, n. Drunkenness; 

IN'e-bri'e-ty, n. Drunkenness ; in- 
ebriation, [lished. 

In-ed'it-ed, a. Not edited ; unpub- 

In-ef'fa-ble , a. Incapable of being 
expressed in words ; unspeakable ; 
unutterable. 

In-ef'fa-bly, adv. Unspeakably; 
unutterably. [being effaced. 

In'ef-face'a-BLE, a. Incapable of 

IN'ef-fect'ive , a. Incapable of pro- 
ducing any effect, or the effect in- 
tended. [the proper effect. 

IN'EF-FE€T'U-AL, a. Not producing 
. Syn. — Useless : inefficient ; ineffica- 
cious; vain; fruitless; weak. 

In'ef-fect'u-al-ly, adv. Without 
effect ; in vain. 

In-ef'fer-ves'cent, n. Not sus- 
ceptible of effervescence. 



In-EF'fi-€A'cious, a. Not effica- 
cious ; not having power to produce 
the effect desired, or the proper effect. 

IN-EF'FI-GA-CY, n. Want of power 
to produce the desired or proper 
effect ; inefficiency. 

IN'ef-fi'cien-cy (-ef-fish'en-sy), n. 
Want of power or exertion of power 
to produce the effect ; inefficacy. 

IN'EF-FI'CIENT (-i'lsh'ent), a. 1. Not 
efficient ; inefficacious. 2. Habitual- 
ly remiss ; effecting nothing. 

IN'e-las'tic a. Wanting elasticity 

In-el/e-gance, ) n. Quality of be- 

IN-el'e-gan-CY, } iug inelegant; 
want of elegance. 

In-el'e-gant, a. Not elegant ; want- 
ing in any thing which correct taste 
requires. [gaut manner. 

In-el'e-gant-ly, adv. In an inele- 

iN-EL/i-Gl-BiL'l-TY, n. Incapacity 
of being elected to an office. 

IN-EL'I-GI-BLE, a. Not eligible ; in- 
capable of being elected to an office ; 
not worthy to be chosen. 

INEPT', a. [Lat. ineptus, fr. in, not, 
and aptus, apt, fit.] 1. Not apt or 
fit ; unfit ; unsuitable. 2. Foolish ; 
silly. [being inept. 

IN-EPT'I-TUDE (53), n. Quality of 

IN'E-QUAL'I-TY (-kwol'i-ty ), n. 1. 
Want of equality or uniformity ; di- 
versity. 2. Want of levelness. 3. 
Disproportion to any office or pur- 
pose; inadequacy. 

In-eq'ui-ta-ble, a. Not equitable ; 
not just. 

In-ert' (14), a. [Lat. iners, inertis, 
unskilled, idle.] 1. Without power 
of moving itself, or of active resist- 
ance to motion impressed. 2. Indis- 
posed to exertion ; dull. 

Syn. — Inactive; sluggish. — A man 
may be inactive from mere want of stim- 
ulus to effort, but one who is inert haa 
something in his constitution or his hab- 
its which operates like a weight holding 
him back from exertion. Sluggish (from 
slug) is still stronger, implying some de- 
fect of temperament which directly im- 
pedes action. 

IN-ER'TI-A (in-eVshi-a), n. 1. Prop- 
erty of matter by which it tends 
when at rest to remain so, and when 
in motion to continue in motion. 2. 
Indisposition to move. [sluggishly. 

In-ert'ly, adv. Without activity ; 

In-ert'ness, n. 1. Want of activity 
or exertion ; sluggishness. 2. Ab- 
sence of the power of self-motion. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being estimated ; invaluable. 

In-es'ti-ma-bly, adv. In a mannei 
not to be estimated. 

In-ev'i-ta-ble, a. Incapable of be 
ing avoided : unavoidable. 

In-ev'i-ta-ble-ness, n. State of 
being unavoidable. 

In-ev'1-TA-bly, adv. Unavoidably; 
certainlv. 

iN'EX-XeT', a. Not exact : not pre- 
cisely correct or true. 

IN'ex-CUs'A-ble, a. Not admitting 
excuse or justification. 

In'ex-cus'a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of not being excusable. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOIL ; Urn, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, C, hard; Ag ; EXIST ; N. as NO ; THIS 



INEXCUSABLY 



222 



INFILTRATE 



[n/ex-cus'a-bly, adv. So as not to 
be excusable. [or effort. 

IN'EX-ER'TION, n. Want of exertiou 

In'ex-haust'EDjO. Not exhausted ; ■ 
not. emptied ; not spent. 

IN'ej-haust'I-ble , a. Incapable of 
being exhausted or emptied, [ence. 

In'ex/ist'ence, n. Want of exist- 

In'ex-is.t'ent, n. Not having being ; 
not existing. 

IN-EX'O-RA-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being inexorable, or unyielding to 
entreaty. 

IN-ex'o-ra-ble, a. Not to be per- 
suaded or moved by entreaty or 
prayer; unyielding; unchangeable. 

IN-EX'O-RA-BLY, adv. So as to be 
immovable by entreaty. 

In'ex-fe'di-ence, In. Want of 

IN'ex-pe'di-en-cy, j fitness; im- 
propriety ; unsuitableness to the 
purpose. 

IN'EX-PE'DI-ENT, a. Not expedient ; 
not tending to a good end ; hence, 
unfit; improper. 

In'ex-pen'sIve , a. Not expensive. 

In'ex-pe'ri-ence, n. Absence or 
want of experience. 

In'ex-pe'ri-enced (-p?/r!-enst), a. 
Not having experience ; unskilled. ' 

IN'EX-PERT' (14), a. Not expert ; 
without knowledge or dexterity de- 
rived from practice. 

In-ex'PI-A-ble, a. 1. Admitting of 
no atonement or satisfaction. 2. 
Implacable. 

lN-£x'Pl-A-BLY, adv. To a degree 
that admits of no atonement. 

In-ex'PLI-€A-ble. a. Incapable of 
being explained or accounted for. 

iN-EX'PLI-eA-BLY, adv. la an in- 
explicable manner. 

IN'ex-press'i-ble, a. Not capable 
of expression ; not to be uttered. 

Syn.— Unspeakable; unutterable; in- 
effable; indescribable; untold. 

fN'EX-PREss'l-BLY, adv. Unspeaka- 
bly; unutterably. 

fN'EX-PRESS'lVE, a. Not expressing 
or tending to express ; inexpressible. 

fWEX-TiNCT', a. Not quenched ; not 
extinct. 

In'ex-tin'GUISH-A-ble, a. Not ca- 
pable of being extinguished ; un- 
quenchable. 

In-ex'tri-€A-ble, a. Not capable 
of being extricated. 

In-Ex'tri-ca-bly, adv. In an in- 
extricable manner. 

In-eye' (in-T'), v. t. To inoculate, as a 
tree, by insertion of a hud. 

In-fXl'li-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being infallible, or exempt from error. 

lN-FAL'LI-BLE,a. 1. Not fallible ; ex- 
empt from liability to mistake. 2. 
Not liable to fail : certain. 

In-fXl'li-bly, adv. Certainly ; un- 
failingly. 

fN'FA-MotJS, a. Having a reputation 
of the worst kind : held in abhorrence. 
Syn. — Detestable ; odious ; scanda- 
lous ; disgraceful; base; shameful; igno- 
minious. 

IN'FA-MOUS-LY, adv. In an infamous 
manner ; disgracefully. 



iN'FA-MY, n. Total loss of reputa- 
tion ; public disgrace ; loss of char- 
acter, which a convict incurs. 

IN'fan-cy, n. 1. State of being an 
infant. 2. First age of any thing. 
3. (Law.) Nonage: minority. 

IN'FANT, n. [Lat. infans, fr. in, not, 
and fari, to speak.] 1. A young 
babe ; sometimes, a child several 
years of age. 2. (Law.) A minor. — 
a. Pertaining to infancy. 

IN-FAN'TA, n. [Sp. & Pg.] Any 
princess of the ro}al blood, except 
the eldest daughter when heiress ap- 
parent. [Spain and Portugal.] 

In-fan'TE, n. [Sp & Pg] Any 
son of the king, except the eldest, or 
heir apparent. [Spain and Portugal.] 

IN-fXnt'1-cIde, n. [Lat. infanticid- 
ium.&nd infanticida; infans, child, 
and cxdere, to kill.] The murder or 
the murderer of a newly-horn child. 

IN'FAN-TILE, or IN'FAN-TILE, ) 

lN'FAN-TINE,or IN'FAN-TINE, ) °" 
Pertaining to infancy : characteristic 
of infants or young children. 

IN'FANT-RY. n. [Sp. injanteria, from 
infante, infant, child, servant, foot- 
soldier.] Foot-soldiers, in distinction 
from cavalry. 

IN-FAT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. infatuate, -atum ; in and fat- 
uus, foolish.] 1. To make foolish. 
2. To inspire with an extravagant or 
foolish passion. 

In fat'U-a'tion, n. 1. Act of infat- 
uating. 2. State of being infatuated ; 
folly. 

In-fea'si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being 
infeasible; impracticability. 

In-fea'si-ble, a. Not capable of 
being done ; impracticable. 

IN-FECT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inficere, infectum, fr. in and facere, 
to make.] 1. To taint with disease, 
or with morbid or noxious matter. 
2. To communicate bad qualities to. 
Syn. — To poison ; vitiate ; pollute. 

Ln-fE€'tion, n. 1. Act of infecting. 

2. That which infects. 3. Result of 
infecting influence ; a prevailing dis- 
ease. 4. That which poisons or cor- 
rupts, by communication. 

Syn. — Contagion. — Medical writers 
in Europe do not, most of them, recog- 
nize any difference between contagion 
and infection. In America, the distinc- 
tion referred to under Contagion, is, to 
a considerable extent, admitted. In gen- 
eral literature, this distinction is well es- 
tablished. We use contagion and conta- 
gious in respect to things which spread 
by intercourse or imitation ; as, the con- 
tagious influence of example ; while we 
apply infection and infectious to a more 
hidden and diffusive power; as, the in- 
fection of vice ; the infectious influence 
of evil principles. 
In-fe€'tioxjs, a. 1. Having quali- 
ties that may infect ; pestilential. 2. 
Corrupting, or tending to corrupt. 

3. Capable of being easily diffused. 
Syn.— See Contagious. 

In-fec'tious-ly, adv. By infection. 
In-FEC'tious-ness, n. "Quality of 

being infectious. 
In-fE€'und,o. Unfruitful; Darren. 



In'fe-cOn'di-ty, n. Want of fecun- 
dity ; unfruitfulness ; barrenness. 

IN'fe-lIc'i-toDs, a. Not felicitous ; 
unhappy. 

IN'FE-lic'i-TY, n. 1. Unhappiness; 
misery ; misfortune. 2. Unfortunate 
state ; unfavorableness. 

IN-FER' (14).r. t. [-RED ; -RING.][Lat 
inferre, from in and ferre, to carry, 
bring.] To draw or derive, as a fact 
or consequence. [infened. 

In-f£r'a-ble, a. Capable of beii.g 

lN'FER-ENCE, n. 1. Act of inferring. 
2. That which is inferred. 

Syn. — Conclusion : deduction : conse- 
quence. — A conclusion is suongei tlum 
inference; it shuts vs up to the icmiU, 
and terminates inquiry. In a chain of 
reasoning we have many inferences, 
which lead to the ultimate conclusion. 

IN'fer-EN'tial, a. Deduced or de- 
ducible bv inference. 

In-fe'RI-OR (89), a. [Lat., com par. of 
inferus, that is, below, underneath.] 
Lower in place, social rank, or excel- 
lence ; subordinate. — n. One who 
is younger, or subordinate. 

In-fe'RI-or'i-ty. n. State of being 
inferior ; a lower state or condition 

IN-FER'NAL (14), a. [Lat. inftrnalis ; 
fr. infernus, lying beneath.] 1. Per- 
taining to the lower regions, or re- 
gions of the dead. 2. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, hell ; hellish ; dia- 
bolical. 

Syn. — Devilish; eatanic; fiendish. 
— n. An inhabitant of hell, or of 
the lower regions. 

In-fEr'nal-ly, adv. In an infernal 
manner. [ble. 

In-fer'ri-ble, a. Same as Infera- 

In-FER'tile, a. Not fertile or pro- 
ductive ; barren. [ness. 

IN'fer-til/I-ty, n. Unproductive- 

In-fest', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
infestare, from infestus, disturbed, 
troublesome.] To disturb ; to annoy ; 
to harass. [molestation. 

IN'FES-TA'TION, n. Act of infesting ; 

iN-FEs'TivE, a. Having no mirth; 
dull ; cheerless. [ty ; dullness. 

fN'FES-TIV'I-TY,^. Want of festivi- 

In'FI-DEL, a. [Lat. inf delis, fr. prefix 
in, not, and Jidelis, faithful.] Dis- 
believing the inspiration of the 
Scriptures, or the divine institution 
of Christianity. — n. A disbeliever ; 
a freethinker ; especially one who 
disbelieves in the divine origin and 
authority of Christianity. 

Syn. — Unbeliever: freethinker; deist; 
atheist; skeptic— Some have endeavored 
to widen the sense of infidel so as to em- 
brace atheism and every form of unbe- 
lief, but this has failed. A freethinker ia 
now only another name for an infideL 
An unbeliever is not necessarily a disbe- 
liever or infidel, because he may still be 
inquiring after evidence to satisfy hU 
mind. 

IN'FI-dEl'I-TY, n. 1. Disbelief of the 
divine origin of Christianity ; unbe- 
lief. 2. Unfaithfulness to the mar- 
riage contract. 3. Breach of trust ; 
treachery. 

In-fil'ter, v. t. To filter or sift in. 

In-fil'trate, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 



§., 2, i,6,u, f,long; A,fi,t,6,ti,Y , short ; care, far, ask, ale, what ; ere, veil, Hem; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



INFILTRATION 



223 



INFUSE 



enter by penetrating the pores of a 
substance. 

'n'FIL-TRA'TION, n. 1. Act of infil- 
trating. 2. Substance which has 
entered the pores of a body. 

In'FI-nite, a. 1. Unlimited or bound- 
less in time or space. 2. Without 
limit in power, capacity, or moral ex- 
cellence ; perfect. 3. Indefinitely 
large or extensive. 

Syn. — Immeasurable: illimitable; in- 
terminable; limitless; unbounded. 

In'fi-NITE-ly, adv. Without limit. 

In'FI-NITE-NESS, n. State of being 
infinite ; infinity. 

In'fin-i-tes'i-iMAL, a. Infinitely 
small. — n. An infinitely small 
quantity, or one less than any as- 
signable quantity. 

IN-FIN'I-TIVE, a. Unlimited; not 
restricted. 

Infinitive mode {Gram.), that mode of 
the verb which expresses the action of 
the verb without limitation of person or 
number; as, to love. 
IN-FIN'I-TUDE (53), n. 1. Quality of 
being infinite ; infiniteness. 2. Infi- 
nite extent. 3. Boundless number. 
IN-FIN'I-TY, n. [Lat. infinitum, fr. in, 
not, and./m/s, limit.] Unlimited ex- 
tent of time, space, or quantity. 
IN-FIRM' (18), a. 1. Not firm or 
sound ; weak. 2. Weak of mind ; ir- 
resolute. 3. Not solid or stable. 

Syn. — Debilitated ; sickly ; feeble ; 
imbecile. 
IN-FIRM'A-RY, n. A hospital, or place 
where the infirm or sick are lodged 
or nursed. 
IN-FIRM'I-TY, n. 1. State of being 
infirm ; an imperfection or weakness ; 
specifically, a disease. 2. Weakness ; 
failing ; foible. 

Syn. — Debility ; imbecility ; imper- 
fection. 
In-firm'NESS, n. Infirmity ; feeble- 
ness ; debility. 
1N-FIX', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
flgere, -fixum, fr. in and figere, to 
fix.] 1. To fix by piercing or thrust- 
ing in. 2. To implant or fix, as 
principles. 
In-flame', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
inflammare, SLXidflammare , to flame.] 
1. To set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To 
excite, as passion or appetite. 3. To 
provoke to anger or rage. 

Syn. — To provoke; fire; irritate ; ex- 
asperate; incense; enrage ; anger. 
— v. i. To grow hot, angry, and pain- 
ful. 
In-flXm'ma-bIl'i-ty, n. Suscepti- 
bility of readily taking fire. 
In-flXm'ma-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing set on fire. 
In-flXm'ma-ble-ness, n. Quality 

of being inflammable. 
In'FLAM-MA'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
inflaming. 2. State of being on fire. 
3. A redness and swelling of any part 
of an animal body, with heat, pain, 
and febrile symptoms. 4. Violent 
excitement ; passion. 
Tn-flXm'ma-to-ry (50), a. 1. Tend- 
ing to, or showing, inflammation. 2. 



Tending to excite anger, or animosi- 
ty ; seditious. 

IN-FLATE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inftare, -flatum , from in wad. flare, to 
blow.] 1. To swell or distend with 
air. 2. To puff up ; to elate. 3. To 
cause to become unduly expanded. 

In-fi.ate', I a. 1. Filled with air ; 

IN-FLAT'ED, ] blown up. 2. Turgid : 
swelling ; bombastic. 

In-fla'tion, n. 1. Act of inflating. 
2. State of being inflated. 

IN-FLECT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inflectere, -flexitm, fr. in andflertere, 
to bend.] 1. To bend. 2. To vary, 
as a noun or -\ verb, in its termina- 
tions. 3. To modulate, as the voice. 

In-FL,E€'tion, n. 1. Act of inflect- 
ing, or state of being inflected. 2. A 
bend ; a fold. 3. Modulation of the 
voice in speaking. 4. Variation of 
nouns, &c, by declension, and of 
verbs by conjugation. 

In-FLE€'tion-ae, a. Pertaining to 
inflection. [tion. 

In-fle€T'ive, a. Capable of inflec- 

In-flex'i-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Unyield- 
ing stiffness. 2. Obstinacy of will or 
temper ; unbending pertinacity. 

In-flex'I-ble, a. 1. Not capable of 
being bent ; firm. 2. Firm iu pur- 
pose ; not to be changed. 3. Inca- 
pable of change. 

Syx. — Unbending ; unyielding ; rig- 
id; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; 
stubborn; unrelenting. 

In-flex'I-BLY, adv. In an inflexi- 
ble manner. [tion. 

In-flex'ION, n. Same as Inflec- 

IN-FLI€T', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
infligere, -flictum, fr. in and fligere, 
to strike.] To lay, or send, as a 
punishment, &c. ; to apply. 

In-flI€'T!ON, n. 1. Act of inflicting. 
2. That which is inflicted or imposed. 

IN-FLIOT'IVE, a. Tending to inflict. 

IN'FLO-RES'CENCE, n. [Lat. inflo- 
rescens, p. pr. of inflorescere, to begin 
to blossom.] 1. The unfolding of 
blossoms. 2. Mode of flowering. 3. 
A'n axis on which all the buds are 
flower-buds. 

In'flu-ence, n. [Lat. influens, p. 
pr. of influere, to flow in.] 1. A 
flowing in or upon. 2. The bringing 
about of an effect by a gradual, un- 
observed, and easy process. 3. Pow- 
er arising from elevated station , in- 
tellect, wealth, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To control or move by hid- 
den power ; to lead ; to direct. 

IN'FLU-EN'TIAL, a. Exerting influ- 
ence or power by invisible operation. 

IN'FLU-EN'TIAL-LY, adv. So as to 
incline, move, or direct. 

In'flu-en'za, n. [It. See Influ- 
ence.] A violent form of catarrh. 

In'FLUX, n. [Lat. influxus.] 1. Act 
of flowing in. 2. Introduction; im- 
portation in abundance. 

IN-FOLD', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 

wrap up ; to inclose. 2. Toembrace. 

In-form', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. in- 

formare ; in and form are, to form.] 

1. To animate. 2. To make known to. 



3. To communicate a knowledge of 
facts to, by way of accusation. 

Syn.— To acquaint; apprise; tell; 
teach ; instruct. 
— v. i. To give information. 

In-for'mal, a. Not in the regular 
form ; hence, without ceremony. 

In'for-mXl'i-ty, n. Want of regu- 
lar or customary form. 

IN-FORM'AL-LY, adv. Without tho 
usual forms. 

IN-f6rm'ant, n. One who inform3 
or gives intelligence. 

Syx. — Informer. — These two words 
should never be confounded. An in- 
former is one who, for selfish ends or 
"the public good, volunteers accusations 
with a view to have others punished ; 
an informant is one who simply ac- 
quaints us with something we had not 
known before. 

iVfor-MA'TJON, n. 1. Communi- 
cating knowledge. 2. News commu- 
nicated ; intelligence ; knowledge de- 
rived from reading or instruction. 3- 
A proceeding in the nature of a pros- 
ecution for an offense against the 
government. 

IN-form'er, n. One who informs; 
esp.,one who informs against anoth- 
er for the violation of some law. 
Syn. — See Informant. 

IN-FrX€'TION, n. [Lat. infraction 
Breach ; violation ; non-observance. 

IN-frX€T'or, n. One who infringes ; 
a violator. 

IN'FRA-lap-sa'ri-an, n. [Lat. infra, 
below, after, and lapsus, fall.] A 
Calvinist who considers the decree of 
election as contemplating the apos- 
tasy as past, and the elect as being 
already in a fallen and guilty state. 

In-frXn'gi-ble, a. Not capable of 
being broken or separated into parts. 

IN-FRE'QUENCE, In. State of rarely 

IN-FRE'QUEN-CY, ) occurring; un- 
commonness ; rareness. 

IN-FRE'QUENT, a. Seldom happen- 
ing or occurring to notice ; unfre- 
quent; rare; uncommon, [quently. 

In-fre'QUENT-ly, adv. Not fre- 

IN-FRINGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat- 
inf ringer e, from in and fr anger e, to 
break.] 1. To break, as contracts. 

2. To transgress ; to neglect to fulfill 
or obey. 

In-frinGe'ment, n. Breach ; viola- 
tion ; non-fulfillment. 

IN'fun-dIb'u-lar, \ a. [Lat. infun- 

IN'FUN-DIB'U-LATE, ) dibulum, fun- 
nel] Having the form of a funnel. 

IN-FU'RI-ATE, a. Enraged; mad; 
furiously angry. 

lN-FU'RI-ATE,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. infuriare, -atum, fr. Lat. in and 
furia, fury.] To render furious ; to 
enrage. _ 

IN-FUS'-CATE, v. t. [Lat. infuscare, 
-catum, fr. in and fuscare, to make 
dark.] To darken ; to obscure. 

IN'FUS-CA'TION, n. Act.of darkening. 

IN-FUSE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
infundere, infusum, fr. in and fun- 
dere, to pour.] 1. To pour in, as a 
liquid. 2. To instill, as principles. 

3. To steep without boiling, for the 



or, do, wolf, TO~0, TO"bK ; CRN, rue, pull ; E, J, o, silent ; c, G, soft-, €, 5, hard,- A§ ; exist ; N. as NG ; this 



1NFUSIBILITY 

purpose of extracting medicinal qual- 
ities. 

I?f-FU'§l-BiL'l-TY, n. 1. [From in- 
fuse.] Capability of being infused, 
or poured in. 2. [Prefix in, not, and 
fusibility.] Incapability of being 
fused or dissolved. 

In-fu'si-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
infused. 2. Not fusible ; incapable 
of fusion. 

In-fu'§ion, n. 1. Act of infusing, or 

! pouring in ; instillation. 2. That 
•which is infused. 3. Act of steeping 
any insoluble substance in water to 
extract its virtues. 4. The liquid ob- 
tained by this process. 

lN>FU-sd'Ri-A,n. pi. [N. Lat. See 
Infuse.] Microscopic animals 
found in water and other fluids. 

In'gath-er-ing, n. Act of collect- 
ing and securing the fruits of the 
earth ; harvest. [congealed. 

In-gel'A-ble, a. Incapable of being 

In-gem'i-na'tion, n. Reduplication. 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. inge?ierare, -ratum.] To gen- 
erate or produce within. 

In-Gen'er-ate, a. Inborn ; innate. 

IN-GEN'IOUS (-jen'yus), a. [Lat. in- 
geniosus, fr. ingenium, natural ca- 
pacity, genius.] 1. Possessed of ge- 
nius, or the faculty of invention ; 
hence, skillful or prompt to invent. 
2. Characterized by genius or inge- 
nuity. 3. Witty; well adapted. 

In-gen'ious-ly (-jen'yus-), adv. In 
an ingenious manner. [nuity. 

In-gen'ious-ness (-yus-), n. Inge- 

In'GE-nu'I-ty, n. 1. Quality or pow- 
er of ready invention. 2. Curious- 
ness in design. 

Syn. — Cleverness. — Ingenuity is a 
form of genius, arid cleverness, of talent. 
The former implies invention, the latter 
a peculiar dexterity and readiness of ex- 
ecution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks, 
that the English overdo in the use of the 
words clever and cleverness, applying 
them loosely to almost every form of in- 
tellectual ability. Thus they speak of a 
clever article in a magazine ; a clever re- 
view ; a clever speech in Parliament ; of 
a book very cleverly written ; of great 
cleverness in debate; and, in accordance 
with this use of language, Macaulay 
would be called a very clever writer of 
history, and Fox a very clever debater. 

In-gen'u-oOs, a. [Lat. ingenuus.] 
1. Of honorable extraction. 2. No- 
ble ; generous. 3. Free from reserve, 
equivocation, or dissimulation. 

Syn. — Open ; frank. — One who is 
open speaks out at once what is upper- 
most in his mind; one who isfrankaoes 
it from a natural boldness, or dislike of 
self-restraint; one who is ingenuous is ac- 
tuated by a noble candor and love of 
truth, which makes him willing to con- 
fess his faults, and make known all his 
sentiments without reserve. 

In-Gen'u-ous-ly, adv. Openly ; can- 
didly. 

In-gEn'u-ous-ness, n. Openness of 
heart ; frankness ; fairness. 

In-ges'tion (-jest'yun), n. [Lat. in- 
gestio, fr. ingerere, to place in.] Act 
of throwing into the stomach. 

In/gle, n. [Lat. igniculus, dim. of 
ignis, fire.] A fire or fire-place. 



224 

In-glo'ri-oOs (89), a. 1. Not glori- 
ous. 2. Shameful ; disgraceful. 

In-gl6'ri-ous-ly, adv. In an in- 
glorious manner. 

IN'GOT, n. [L. Lat. lingotus, fr. Lat. 
lingua, a tongue.] A mass or wedge 
of gold, silver, or other metal, cast in 
a mold. 

IN-GRAFT', V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To 
insert, as a scion into a tree or plant, 
for propagation ; hence, to introduce. 
2. To set or fix deeply and firmly. 

In-graft'ment, n. 1. Act of in- 
grafting. 2. Thing ingrafted ; scion. 

IN'grain, a. Dyed in the grain; 
thoroughly inwrought, as color. 

Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply 
carpet. 

lN'GRAIN, or IN-GRAIN', v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To dye before manufact- 
ure. 2. To work into the natural 
texture. 

IN'GRATE, a. [Lat. ingratus, from in, 
not, and gratus, grateful.] 1. Un- 
grateful. 2. Unpleasing to the sense. 
— n._ An ungrateful person.' 

IN-GRA'TI-ATE (-gra'shi-, 95), V. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. in and gratia, 
favor.] To introduce or commend to 
the favor ofan other. 

In-grat'i-tude (53), n. Want of 
gratitude ; unthankfulness. 

IN-GRE'DI-ENT (77), n. [Lat. ingre- 
diens, p. pr. of ingredi, ingressus, to 
enter.] A component part of any 
compound or mixture ; an element. 

IN'GRESS, n. [See supra.] 1. En- 
trance. 2. Power, liberty, or means, 
of entrance. 

In/gui-nal (-gwT-), a. [Lat. inguina- 
lis.] Pertaining to the groin. 

IN-GULF', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
swallow up in a vast gulf or whirl- 
pool ; to overwhelm. 

IN-GUR'GI-TATE, v. t. [Lat. ingurgi- 
tate, -tatum.] To swallow greedily. 

In-hXb'IT, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inhabitare.] To live of dwell in. — 
v. i. To dwell ; to live. 

In-hab'it-A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing inhabited. 

In-hab'it-ance. ) n. Condition of 

In-hab'it-an-cy, j an inhabitant ; 
legal residence. 

In-hab'it-ant, n. One who dwells 
or resides permanently in a place. 

In-hab'IT-A'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
habiting, or state of being inhabited. 
2. Place of dwelling. 

In-hab'it-a-tive-ness, n. An or- 
gan supposed to indicate the desire 
of permanence in abode. 

In'HA-la'TION, n. Act of inhaling. 

In-hale', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
inhalare, from in and halare, to 
breathe.] To draw into the lungs. 

In-hal/er, n. 1. One who inhales. 
2. An apparatus for inhaling vapor. 

In'HAR-MO'nt-OUS, a. Not harmo- 
nious ; discordant. 

In-hearse' (14), v. t. To put in a 
hearse ; to bury. 

In-here', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inhserere, fr. in and hserere, to stick.] 
To be permanently incorporated. 



INIQUITY 



IN-HER'EN^E, \n. State of inher- 

In-her'en-cv, j ing; existence in 
something. 

In-her'ent, a. 1. Existing in some- 
thing, so as to be inseparable from 
it. 2. Naturally pertaining. 

Syn. — Innate; inborn; native ; natu- 
ral ;_inbred; inwrought. 

IN-her'ent-ly,o^. By inherence 

IN-HER'IT, r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
inhered i tare, to appoint as an heir.] 
1. To take by descent from an an- 
cestor. 2. To receive by birth. 3. 
To become possessed of. — v.i. To 
take or have as an inheritance. 

In-her'it-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
inherited, or of taking by inherii- 
ance. [ance. 

In-her'it-A-bly, adv. By inherit- 

In-her'it-an^e, n. 1. An estate 
which a man has by descent as heir, 
or which he may transmit to anoth- 
er. 2. That which is or may be in- 
herited, [an heir. 

In-her'it-or, n. One who inherits ; 

In-her'it-ress, I n. An heiress ; a 

In-her'it-r'ix, j female inheritor. 

In-he'§ion, n [Lat. inhassio.] State 
of existing, or belonging to some- 
thing; inherence. 

IN-HIB'IT, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
inhibere, inhibitum , fr. in, not, and 
habere, to have.] 1. To hinder. 2. To 
forbid. 

In'hi-bY'tion (-bish'un), n. 1. Act 
of inhibiting ; restraint. 2. Prohi- 
bition. 

In-hos'pi-ta-ble, a. Not hospita- 
ble ; not disposed to entertain stran- 
gers . [of hospitality . 

In-h6s'pi-ta-ble-NESS, n. Want 

In-hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. In an inhos- 
pitable manner. 

In-hos'pi-tai/i-ty, n. Quality of 
being inhospitable. 

In-hu'man, a. 1. Destitute of kind- 
ness and tenderness. 2. Character- 
ized by cruelty. 

Syn.— Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; mer- 
ciless; savage; barbarous. 

Jn'hu-mXn'I-TY, n. Cruelty ; barba- 
rousness. [barously. 

IN-HU'MAN-LY, adv Cruelly ; bar- 

IN/HU-MA'TION, n. Act of burying. 

IN-HUME', v. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Lat. 
inhumare ; humus, the ground.] To 
bury ; to inter. 

IN-IM'I-€AL, a. [Lat. inimicalis.] 1. 
Unfriendly. 2. Repugnant; ad- 
verse. 

IN-IM'I-€AL-LY, adv. In an inimical 
manner. [ing inimitable. 

iN-i'M'l-TA-BtL'l-TY,/!. Quality ofbe- 

IN-iM'i-TA-ble, a. Not capable of 
being imitated or copied. 

IN-IM'1-TA-BLY, adv. In an inimita- 
ble manner. [iniquity. 

IN-IQ'UI-Totrs, a. Characterized by 
Syn. — Wicked ; nefarious. — Wicked 
is the generic term. Iniquitous is strong- 
er, denoting a violation of the rights of 
others, usuallv by fraud or circumven- 
tion. Nefarious is still stronger, imply- 
ing a breach of the most sacred obliga- 
tions. 

IN-TQ'UI-TY, n. [Lat. iniquitas; in- 



A, E, I, O.U.Y, long; A,E,I, O, U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N. 



INITIAL 



225 



INQUEST 



xquus, unjust.] 1. "Want of rectitude. 
2. An act of injustice or unright- 
eousness. 

Syn. — Injustice ; unrighteousness •, 
wickedness; sin; crime. 

IN-I'TIAL (-Tsh/al), a. [Lat. initialis ; 
initium, beginning.] 1. Pertaining 
to the beginning. 2. Placed at the 
beginning or head. — n. First letter 
of a word. 

Ilf-I'TI-ATE (-ish'1-, 95), v. t. ['-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To begin. 2. To instruct 
in rudiments. 3. To introduce into 
a society or organization. 

IN-I'TI-A'TION (-isb/I-), n. 1. Act of 
initiating. 2. Introduction into the 
principles of any thing unknown. 

IN-I'TI-A-TIVE (-lsh'if-J.a. Serving to 
initiate. — n. An introductory step 
or movement. 

iN-I'Tl-A-TO-RYf-ishl-), a. 1. Suit- 
able for an introduction. 2. Tending 
or serving to initiate. 

JN-JE€T', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
jicere, injectum.] To throw or dart in. 

In-JE€'TION, n. 1. Act of injecting. 
2. That which isinjected; especially, 
liquid medicine injected into a cav- 
ity of the body. 

In'JU-di'cious (-dish'us), a. 1. Not 
judicious. 2. Not according to sound 
judgment. 

Syn.— Indiscreet; inconsiderate; in- 
cautious; unwise; rash. 

IN'JU-Di'cious-LY (-dlsh'us-), adv. 
In an injudicious manner. 

IN'JU-DI'CIOUS-NESS (-dish'us-), n. 
Quality of being injudicious. 

lN-JUN€'TION, n. [Lat. injunctio.] 1. 
Act of enjoining. 2. An order ; a 
command. 3. A writ granted by a 
court of equity, whereby a party is 
required to do or to refrain from do- 
ing certain acts. 

IN'JURE (53), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
injuriari.] To do harm to ; to hurt ; 
to damage ; — used in a variety of 



IN-JU'RI-OUS (89), a. 1. Prejudicial 
to the rights of another. 2. Tending 
to injure ; pernicious. 

In-ju'ri-ous-ly, adv. Hurtfully. 

In-JU'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing injurious. 

IN'JU-RY, n. [Lat. injuria.] That 
which injures, or which occasions 
loss or diminution of good ; mischief; 
detriment ; damage. 

IN-JUS'TICE, n. Violation of the 
rights of an individual; wrong. 

INK, n. [Lat. encaustum, fr. Gr. ey- 
Kavo-Tos, burnt in.] A fluid, used in 
writing and printing. — v. t, [-ed; 
-ING.] To black or daub with ink. 

Ink/horn, n. An inkstand ; — for- 
merly made of horn. 

Ink'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
being inky. 

INK'LING, n. [Contr. fr. inclining.] 
A hint or whisper ; an intimation . 

Ink'stAnd, n. A vessel for holding 
ink. [ink; black. 

Ink'y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, 

IN-LACE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
work in, as lace. 



IN'land, a. 1. Remote frora the sea ; 
interior. 2. Domestic ; not foreign. 

In-lay', v. t. [inlaid ; inlaying.] 
To insert, as pieces of pearl, ivory, 
&c, in a grouudwork of some other 
material. 

In'lay, n. Pieces of wood, ivory, &c, 
inlaid or prepared for inlaying. 

IN-LAY'ER, n. One who inlays. 

IN'LET, n. Passage or opening into 
an inclosed place. 

IN'LY, a. Internal; interior; secret. 
— adv. Internally ; secretly. 

IN'MATE, n. [Eng. inn and mate.] 
One who lives in the same house. 

IN'MOST (20), a. Deepest or furthest 
within. 

Inn, n. [A.-S.inne, inn.] 1. A house 
for the lodging and entertainment of 
travelers. 2. A college of students of 
law. [Eng.] 

IN'nate, or In-nate', a. [Lat. iii- 
natus.] Inborn ; native ; natural. 

IN'NATE-LY, or IN-NATE'LY, adv. 
Naturally. 

lN'NATE-NESS,Or IN-NATE'NESS, n. 
Quality of being innate or inborn. 

In-NAV'i-ga-ble, a. Incapable of 
being navigated. [ternal. 

IN'NER, n._ Further in ; interior; in- 

IN'ner-jiost (20), Furthest inward. 

Inn'hold-ER, n. A person who keeps 
an inn. 

Inn'ING, n. [Eng. in.] 1. Ingather- 
ing of grain. 2. (Cricket Playing.) 
Time or turn for using the bat. 

INN'keep-er, n. An innholder. 

lN'NO-9EN9E, n. 1. State of being 
innocent; purity of heart. 2. Igno- 
rance; imbecility. [cence. 

In'no-cen-cy, n. Same "as Inno- 

IN'NO-^ENT, a. [Lat. innocens.] 1. 
Free from that which can injure. 2. 
Free from guilt ; guiltless. 

Syn.— Harmless ; inoffensive ; pure. 
n. 1. One free from guilt. 2. A 
dolt. [harmlessly. 

IN'NO-^ENT-LY, adv. Without guilt ; 

In-NO€'u-ous, a. [Lat. innocuus.] 
Harmless ; safe ; producing no ill 
effect. [jurious effects. 

In-NO€:'u-OUS-ly, adv. Without in- 

IN'NO-vAte, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
innovare, -vatum; in and novare, 
to make new.] 1. To change by in- 
troducing something new. 2. To 
introduce as a novelty. — v.i. To 
introduce novelties. 

IN'NO-VA'TION, n. 1. Act of innovat- 
ing. 2. A change effected by inno- 
vating. 

IN'no-va'tor, n. One who innovates. 

IN-nox'ious (-nok'shus),**. 1. Harm- 
less in effects; innocent. 2. Free 
from crime ; guiltless. 

IN/NU-EN'DO (52), n. ;pl. IN'NU-EN'- 
DOEg. [Lat., fr. innuere, to give a 
nod.] An oblique hint; a remote 
intimation or allusion. 

Syn.— Insinuation. — An innuendo 
supposes a representation so framed as to 
point distinctly (lit., by nodding) at 
something beyond which is injurious to 
the character, &c, of the person aimed 
at. An insinuation turns on no such 



double use of language ; but consists in 
artfully winding into the mind imputa- 
tions of an injurious nature witnout 
making any direct charge, and is there- 
fore justly regarded as one of the basest 
resorts of malice and falsehood. 

IN-NU'MER-A-BLE , a. Not capable of 
being numbered, for multitude. 

IN-NU'MER-A-BLE-NESS, V . Stateof 
being innumerable. [number. 

IN-NU'MER-A-BLY, adv. Withoui 

IN'NU-TRI'TION (-nu-trish'un), ». 
Want of nutrition. 

In'NU-tri'tioOs (-nu-trTsh'us), a. 
Not nutritious, or nourishing. 

IN'OB-SERV'AN^E, n. Want or neg- 
lect of observance ; negligence. 

iN'OB-gERV'ANTja. Not taking no- 
tice ; heedless. 

IN-OC'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -TNG.] 
[Lat. inoculare, -latum, in and ocu- 
lus, an eye.] 1. To insert, as the 
bud of a tree in another tree, for the 
purpose of propagation. 2. To com- 
municate, as a disease, by inserting 
infectious matter in the skin. — v. i. 
To practice inoculation, [oculating. 

In-o^u-la'tion, n. Act or art of in- 

IN-O'DOR-OUS, a. Wanting scent. 

IN'OF-fen'sSve, a. 1. Giving no of- 
fense. 2. Harmless ; doing no injury. 

IN'OF-FEN'SIVE-LY, adv. Without 
giving offense. 

In'of-fen'sive-ness, n. Quality of 
being inoffensive. 

In'of-fI'cial (-fish'al), a. Not done 
in the usual forms or by the proper 
officer. 

IN/of-fi'cious (-fish/us), a. 1. Not 
civil or attentive. 2. Contrary to 
natural duty. 

In-6p'er-a-tive, a. Not operative; 
producing no effect, [unseasonable. 

lN-6p/POR-TUNE', a. Not opportune ; 

IN-OP'POR-TUNE'LY, adv. Unseason- 
ably ; at an inconvenient time. 

In-op'tj-lent, a. Not opulent ; not 
wealthy. [of moderation. 

In-6r'di-NA-CY, n. Excess, or want 

In-6r'di-nate (45), a. Not limited 
to rules prescribed, or to usual 
bounds. 

Syn. — Irregular ; disorderly ; excess- 
ive; immoderate. 

In-OR'di-nate-LY, adv. Irregular- 
ly ; immoderately. 

In-6r'di-nate-ness, n. Quality of 
being inordinate; want of modera- 
tion ; inordinacy. 

iN'OR-GAN'I€, ) a. Not organic ; 

IN'OR-G XN'I€-AL , ) devoid of an or- 
ganized structure ; unorganized. 

IN-OS'CU-LATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and osculari, -latum, to 
kiss.] To unite, as two vessels at 
their extremities. — v. t. 1. Tounito 
by apposition or contact. 2. To 
unite intimately. 

IN-os^u-la'tion, n. Junction of 
different branches of tubular vessels, 
so that their contents pass from one 
to the other. 

lN'QUEST,n. [Lat. inquisita, fr. in- 
quirere. See INQUIRE.] 1. Inquiry; 
quest. 2. Judicial inquiry. 3. A 
jury, particularly a coroner's jury. 



OR,do, wolf, TOOjIQOK; urn, rue, pull; JS,I. 0,silent; c, 6, so/*,- €,G,hard; A§; E^IST ; N as NG : 
16 



INQUIETUDE 



226 



INSITION 



In-QUI'e-tude (53), n. Disturbed 
state ; uneasiness of body or of mind. 

1n-quTre', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inquirere ; in and quserere, to seek.] 

1. To ask a question or questions. 

2. To make examination. — v. t. To 
ask about ; to make examination. 

In-quir/er, n. One who inquires. 

IN-QUIR'Y (89), n. 1. Act of inquir- 
ing. 2. Search for truth. 3. A 
question ; a query. 

iN/QUl-gi'TlON (-zlsh'un), n. 1. In- 
quiry ; investigation. 2. Judicial 
inquiry. 3. (Rom. Catk. Church.) 
A tribunal for examining and pun- 
ishing heretics. 

iN'QUi-gi'TlON-AL (-zTsh'un-), a. Re- 
lating to inquiry or inquisition. 

iN-QUis'l-TiVE, a. Apt to ask ques- 
tions] given to research 

Syn. — Prying; curious. —Curious de- 
notes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. 
We are curious when we desire to learn 
something new; we are inquisitive when 
we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry or 
research. Prying implies inqvisitivenexs 
when carried to an extreme, and is more 
commonly used in a. bad sense, as indi- 
cating a desire to penetrate into the se- 
crets of others. " 

Iw-QUig'l-TlvE-LY, adv. With cu- 
riosity to inquire. 

In-QUI§'i-tive-ness, n. Quality of 
being inquisitive. 

IN-QUIS/I-TOR, n. (Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A member of the Court 
of Inquisition. 

iN-Qufg'T-TcyRi-AL (89), a. Pertain- 
ing to the Court of Inquisition, or 
resembling its practices. 

IN-RAJL', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To in- 
close with rails. 

In'road, n. A sudden or desultory 
incursion ; irruption ; raid. 

fN'SA-LU'BRI-OUSja. Not salubrious ; 
not healthful ; unwholesome. 

In'sa-lu'bri-ty, n. Unhealthful- 
ness; unwholesomeness. 

IN-SAN'A-BLE a. Not admitting of 
cure ; incurable. 

In-sane', a. 1. Unsound in mind. 
2. Used by, or appropriated to, in- 
sane persons. 

Syn. — Crazy ; distracted ; delirious ; 
demented; frantic; raving; mad. 

In-sane 'ly, adv. Without reason; 
madly. 

IN-sAN'i-ty, «. State of beinginsane ; 
unsoundness of mind. 

Syn. — Lunacy ; madness; derange- 
ment; alienation; aberration; mania; de- 
lirium; frenzy; monomania; dementia. — 
Insanity is the generic term for all such 
diseases; lunacy has now an equal extent 
of meaning, though once used to denote 
periodical insanity: madness has the 
came extent, though originally referring 
to the rage created by the disease; de- 
rangement, aberration, alienation, are 
popular terms for insanity ; delirium, ma- 
nia, and frenzy denote excited states of 
the disease; dementia denotes the loss of 
mental power by this means; monomania 
is insanity upon a single subject. 

IN-sa'ti-a-ble (-sa'shi-, 95), a. [Lat. 
insatiabilis.] Incapable of being 



IN-SA'TI-A-BLE-NESS (-Sa'shi-), n. 

Greediness that can not be satisfied- 



Tjv-sa'ti-a-bly (-sa'shi-), adv. With 
greediness not to be satisfied. 

In-sa'ti-ate (-sa'shi-, 95), a. Not to 
be satisfied ; insatiable. 

In'sa-ti'e-ty, n. lnsatiableness. 

IN'sci-ent (In'shl-), or In-so;i'ent, 
a. [Lat. insciens, -entis.] Having 
little or no knowledge ; ignorant. 

IN-S€RIBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inscribere ; in and scribere, to write.] 

1. To write or engrave : to imprint. 

2. To commend by a short address. 

3. (Ge.om.) To draw within, as one 
figure within another. 

In-s€RIP'TION, n. 1. Act of inscrib- 
ing. 2. That which is inscribed. 3. 
An address of a book to a person. 

IN-S€RIP'TIVE, a. Bearing inscrip- 
tion. 

In-S€ROLT/, v. t. To write on a scroll. 

In-s€RU/ta-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being inscrutable. 

In-scru'ta-ble, a. 1. Unsearcha- 
ble. "2. Undiscoverable by human 
reason. 

IN-S€RU'TA-BLE-NESS, n. Quality 
of being inscrutable ; inscrutability. 

In-S€RU/ta-bly, adv. So as not to 
be found out. [with a seam 

In-seam', v. t. To impress or mark 

IN'SECT, n. [Lat. insectum, fr. inse- 
care, to cut in.] 1. An articulate 
animal divided into three distinct 
parts, having six legs, and never 
more than four wings. 2. Any thing 
small or contemptible. 

In-se€T'xle, a. Having the nature 
of insects. [cisioi i . 

In-se€'tion, n. A cutting in; in- 

fN'SE€-Tiv'o-ROUS, a. [Lat. insec- 
tum, an insect, and vorare, to de- 

m vour.] Subsisting on insects. 

IN'se-cure', a. 1. Not secure; not 

M safe. 2. Exposed to danger or loss. 

In'se-cure'ly, adv. Without secu- 
rity. 

fN'SE-€u'Ri-TY,rc. 1. Condition of 
being insecure. 2. Want of confi- 
dence in safety. [stupid. 

In-sen'sate, a. Destitute of sense ; 

IN-SEN'SI-BIL'I-TY, n. 1. Want of 
sensibility, or the power of feeling. 
2. Want of tenderness. 

In-sen'si-ble, a. 1. Destitute of 
the power of feeling. 2. Wanting 
tenderness. 3. Progressing by im' 
perceptible degrees. 

Syn. — Imperceptible; imperceivable; 
dull; stupid; torpid ; senseless ; unfeel- 
ing ; indifferent ; unsusceptible ; hard. 

In-SEN'si-bey, adv. Imperceptibly. 

In-sen'tient, a. Not having per- 
ception. 

In-sep'a-ra-ble, a. Incapable of 
being disjoined. 

In-sep'a-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being inseparable. 

In-SEP'A-ra-bly, adv. So as to pre- 
vent separation. 

IN-SERT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inserere,inserlum.] To bring into; 
to introduce. 

In-sert'ing, n. 1. A setting in. 2. 
Something set in, as lace, &c, into 
garments. 



In-ser'tion, n. 1. Act of inserting 

2. Condition of being inserted ; mode. 

place, or the like, of inserting. 3. 

That which is set in, as lace, or cam- 
bric, in narrow scrips, &c. 
In'set, n. That which is set in ; an 

insertion. 
Ln'sIde, prep, or adv. In the interior. 

— a. Interior; internal. — n. 1. 

The part within. 2. pi. Entrails; 

bowels. 
lN-si'D'i-ous(77), a. [Lat. insidiosusl 

1. Lying in wait. 2. Intending or 

intended to entrap. 



Syn.— Crafty; wily ; sly ; designing; 
deceitful; deceptive. 

iN-siD'i-otJS-LY, adv. In an insid- 
ious manner. [treacherv. 

In-sid'i-oDs-ness, n. Deceitfulness ; 

IN'SIGHT (Tn'slt), n. Penetrating 
discernment ; thorough knowledge. 

IN-SIG'NI-A, n.pl. [Lat.] Badges or 
marks of office, honor, or distinction. 

IN'sig-nif'i-can^e, In. 1. Want 

In'sig-nif'i-^an-^y, J of signifi- 
cance. 2. Want of force or effect ; 
unimportance. 

In'sig-nUf'i-cant,^ 1. Destitute 
of meaning. 2. Having no weight 
or effect. 3. Without weight of 
character. 

Syn. —Unimportant; immaterial; in- 
considerable ; trivial; trifling; mean; 
contemptible. 

lN'SIG-NiF'r-€ANT-LY, adv. 1. With- 
out meaning 2. Without impor- 
tance. 

jN'srN-CERE', a. 1. Not being in 
truth what one appears to be. 2. 
Not to be relied upon. 

Syn. — Dissembling ; hollow ; decep- 
tive; disingenuous. 

In'sin-cere'EY, adv. Without sin- 
cerity. 

In'SIN-^ER'i-TY, n. Want of sin- 
cerity ; dissimulation ; deceitfulness. 

iN-SiN'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING. J 
[Lat. insinuare, -atum ; in and si- 
nus, bosom.] 1. To introduce gen- 
. tly. 2. To introduce artfullv : to 
instill. 3. To hint. — v. i. 1. To 
creep, wind, or flow, in. 2. To in- 
gratiate one's self. 

In-sin'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of insin- 
uating. 2. Art or power of stealing 
on the affections. 3 A hint. 

In-sIn'u-a'tor, n. One who insin- 
uates. 

In-sip'id, a. [Lat. insipidus ; in, not, 
and sapidus, savory.] 1. Destitute 
of taste. 2. Wanting spirit or ani- 
mation. 

Syn.— Tasteless; vapid; dull ; spirit- 
less; unanimated; lifeless; flat. 

In'SI-pid'i-ty, In. Quality of being 

IN-sIp'ID-NESS, j insipid ; tasteless- 
ness. [manner. 

iN-si'p'iD-LY, adv. In an insipid 

iN-stsT', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
insistere.] To be persistent, urgent, 
or pressing. [on. 

In-sist'ent, a. Standing or resting 

IN-SI'TION (-stsh/un or -sizh'un), n. 
[Lat, insitio.] Insertion of a scion 
in a stock. 



*,'.!,' I, 6, fj, Y, long,' X, £,1,6,0, t, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TJgRM; PIQUE, FlRMj S6N, 



INSNAT.L 



227 



INSUBORDINATION 



IN-SNARE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To catch in a snare. 2. To seduce 
by artifice. 

Jn-snar'er, n. One who insnares. 

IN'SO-BRI'E-TY, n. Intemperance. 

In'so-late, V. t. [-EB ; -ING.] [Lat. 
insolare, -latum ; in and so/, the sun.] 
To dry, ripen, or prepare by exposure 
to the sun. 

IN'SO-LENCE, n. Pride or haughti- 
ness with contempt. 

Syit.— Insult.— Insolence is a spirit 
engendered by bloated pride or unbri- 
dled passion, an insult is a personal at- 
tack {lit., leaping or dancing upon), 
indicating scorn and triumph. The one 
leads usually to the other. 

In'SO-LENT, a. [Lat. insolens ; in 
and salens, accustomed.] Proud and 
haughty, with contempt of others. 

Syn. — Overhearing; insulting; impu- 
dent ; audacious ; impertinent. 

IN'SO-LENT-LY, adv. In an insolent 
manner. 

In'so-li'd'I-ty, ». Want of solidity ; 
weakness. [being soluble. 

In-sol/u-bii/I-ty, n. Quality of not 

In-sol'u-ble, a. 1. Incapable of 
being dissolved. 2. Not to be ex- 
plained. 

In-s6lv'a-ble, a. Not solvable ; 
not capable of solution or explication. 

In-solv'en-cy, n. Condition of one 
who is unable to pay his debts. 

In-solv'ent, a. Not solvent ; not 
having sufficient estate to pay one's 
debts. — n. One unable to pay his 
debts. 

In-s6?.1'ni-oC t s, a. Restless in sleep. 

In'so-MUCH'. adfi. To such a degree. 

IN-SPEGT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inspicere, inspection ; in and specere, 
to look at.] To view narrowly and 
critically or officially. 

In-speo'tion, n. 1. Act of inspect- 
ing ; close survey ; official examina- 
tion. 2. Superintendence. 

lN-SPE€T'OR, n. One who inspects, 
views, or oversees. 

In-spE€T'or-ate, In. Office, resi- 

In-spe€T'or-ship, J den ce, or dis- 
trict of an inspector. 

IN-SPHERE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
place in a sphere. [ing inspired. 

In-spir'A-rle (89), a. Capable of be- 

IN'spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of inspir- 
ing ; a breathing in ; inhalation. 2. 
Extraordinary elevation of the imag- 
ination. 3. A supernatural divine 
influence on the sacred writers. 

IN-SPIR'A-TO-RY, or IN'SPI-RA-TO- 
RY (50), a. Pertaining to inspira- 
tion. 

In-spire', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inspirare.] To inhale air into the 
lungs. — v. t. 1. To breathe into. 
2. To infuse by breathing. 3. To 
affect, as with a supernatural influ- 
ence. 4. To inhale. 

In-spir'er, n. One who inspires. 

In-spIr'it, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
infuse or excite spirit in ; to give 
new life to. 

Stjt. — To enliven ; invigorate ; exhil- 
i.-ate; animate; cheer; encourage. 



iN-SPlS'SATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inspissare, -satum ; in and spissare, 
to thicken.] To thicken, as fluids, 
by evaporation. 

In-spis's ATE , a. Thick ; inspissated. 

In'spis-SA'TION, n. Act of rendering 
a fluid thicker by evaporation. 

In'sta-bil'I-TY, n. Want of stabil- 
ity or firmness in purpose. 

Syn. — Inconstancy; changeableness; 
fickleness ; wavering; unsteadiness. 

In-sta'ble, a. Mutable ; inconstant. 

In-stale', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 
in and stall.] To instate in an office, 
rank, or order, with the usual cere- 
monies. 

IN'stal-la'tion, n. 1. A giving pos- 
session of an office with customary 
ceremonies. 2. Act of instating an 
. ordained minister in a parish. 

In-stall'ment, i n. Part of a sum 

In-stal'ment, I of money paid or 
to be raid ac a particular period. 

In stance, n. 1 Quality of being 
pressing. 2. Occurrence ; occasion. 
3. A case occurring. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To mention as an example. 

IN'STANT, a. [Lat. instans, p. pr. of 
instare, to stand upon, to press 
upon.] 1. Pressing ; urgent. 2. 
Immediate. 3. Present ; current. — 
n. 1. A point in duration; a mo- 
ment. 2._ A particular time. 

In'stan-ta'ne-ous, a. Done in an 
instant. _ [instant. 

IN'STAN-TA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. In an 

In-stan'ter, adv. [Lat.] Imme- 
diately ; instantly. [delay. 

IN'stant-ly, adv. Without the least 
Syn. — Directly ; immediately. See 
Directly. 

In-star', v. t. To set with stars 

In-state', v. t. [-ed; -ing-.] To 
establishes in a rank or condition. 

IN-STAU'RATE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. instaurare, -ratum.] To renew 
or renovate. 

In'statj-ra'tion, n. Restoration of 
a thing to its former state ; renewal. 

IN-STEAB', adv. 1. In the stead, 
place, or room. 2. Equivalent to. 

IN-STEEP', V.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

steep or soak. 

IN'step, n. [Prefix in and step.] Pro- 
jection on the upper side of the hu- 
man foot. 

IN'STI-GATE,^. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
instigate, -gatum.] To goad or urge 
forward ; to set on. 

Syn. — To stimulate; urge; spur; pro- 
voke; incite; impel; encourage. 

In'sti-ga'tion, n. Incitement as to 
evil or wickedness. 

In'sti-ga'tor, n. One who instigates. 

IN-STILL', I V. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. 

IN-STIL', ) instillare ; in and stillare, 
to drop.] 1. To pour in by drops. 
2. To infuse slowly. 

In'stil-la'tion, n. Act of infusing 
by drops or by small quantities. 

IN-stinct', u. [Lat. instinctus.] 
Urged from within ; animated. 

IN'STINCT, n. Unconscious, involun- 
tary, or unreasoning prompting to 
action . 



In-st'i'n€T'ive, a. Prompted by in- 
stinct. [instinct, 

In-stingt'Tve-LY, adv. By iorce oi 

lN'STI-TUTE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
instituere, -tutum ; in and scatuere, 
to cause to stand, to set.] 1. To set 
up; to establish. 2. To originate; 
to found. 3. To begin ; to com- 
mence. 4 To invest with the spir- 
itual part of a benefice. — n. 1. Es- 
tablished law ; settled order. 2. An 
institution ; a literary and philosoph- 
ical society. 3. pi. A book of ele- 
ments or principles. 

IN'STI-TU'TION, n. 1. Act of insti- 
tuting. 2. That which is instituted 
or established, as a seminary, or an 
organized society. 3. A treatise or 
text-book. 

IN'sti-tu'tion-al, a. 1. Instituted 
by authority. 2. Elementary ; ru- 
dimental. 

IN'sti-tu'tive, a. 1. Having the 
power to establish. 2. Established ; 
depending on institution. 

lN'STl-TU'TOR,n. One who institutes. 

In-strOct', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
■instruere, instruction.] To furnish 
with requisite preparation ; specific- 
ally, (a.) To impart information to ; 
to teach, (b.) To furnish with direc- 
tions. 

Syn. — To direct ; command. — The 
word instruct is used as a milder term for 
direct oi command in issuing orders to 
officers uii ler the government; as, the 
Presides t has instructed ministers at for- 
eign couks so -_nd so. 

In-strug'tigi,', n. 1. Act of in- 
structing. 2. That which instructs, 
or with which one is instructed ; 
precept ; direction ; order ; com- 
mand, [struct. 

iN-STRtkJT'i'vE , a. Serving to in- 

IN-STRUCT'IVE-LY, adv. In an in- 
structive manner. 

In-struct'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
being instructive. 

In-stru€T'or, n. One who instructs ; 
a teacher. [structcr. 

In-strugt'ress, n. A female in- 

IN'STRU-MENT, n. [Lat. instrumen- 
tum. "See Instruct.] 1. That by 
which work is performed ; imple- 
ment. 2. A contrivance, by which 
musical sounds are produced. 3. A 
legal writing or deed. 4. One who. 
or that which, is made a means. 

In'stru-ment'al, a. 1. Conducive ; 
helpful. 2. Pertaining to, or made 
by, musical instruments. 

IN/STRTJ-MEN-TAI/I-TY, n. Quality 
or condition of being instrumental ; 

u agency. 

IN'STRU-MENT'AL-LY, adv. 1. la 
the nature of an instrument. 2* 
With instruments. 

In'stru-men-ta/tion, n. 1. Agen- 
cy. 2. Manner of playing on mu- 
sical instruments. [government. 

IN'sub-jec'tion, ii. Disobedience to 

In'sub-or'di-nate (45), a. Not sub- 
missive ; mutinous. 

In'sub-or/di-na'tion, n. Want of 
subordination ; disobedience. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, S, hard; Ag ; EXIST j N as NG ; this. 



INSUFFERABLE 



228 



INTENT 



In-suf'fer-a-ble„ a. 1. Incapable 

of being suffered ; insupportable ; 
intolerable. 2. Disgusting beyond 
endurance. 

IN-suf'fer-A-bly, adv. To a degree 
beyond endurance. 

In'suf-fi'cien-cy (-fish'en-), ft. 
Want of sufficiency ; inadequacy. 

iN'SUF-Fl'dENT (-1'ish'ent), a. 1. 
Not sufficient; inadequate to any 
need, use, or purpose. 2. Wanting 
in strength, power, ability, or skill. 

Syn.— Inadequate; unequal; incom- 
petent; unfit; incapable. 

py'SU-LAR, la. [Lat. insularis ; 

iN'su-LA-RY, ] insula, island.] Be- 
longing to an isle ; surrounded by 
water. [sular. 

In'su-lXr'i-TY, n. State of being in- 

IN'SU-LATE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.| [Lat. 
insulare ; insula, island.] 1. To 
place in a detached situation ; to iso- 
late. 2. To prevent the transfer to 
or from, of electricity or heat, by 
non-conductors. 

IN'su-la'ted, p. a. 1. Standing by 
itself. 2. Separated from other bod- 
ies, by means of non-conductors. 

In'SU-LA'tion, ft. Act of insulating, 
or state of being insulated. 

IN'su-la'tor, n. 1. One who insu- 
lates. 2. A non-conductor. 

IN'SULT, n. [Lat. insultus, fr. insilire, 
to leap upon.] Gross abuse offei-ed 
to another. 

Syn.— Affront ; indignity; outrage. 
See Insolence. 

In-sult', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To treat 
with gross abuse, or insolence. — v. 
i. To behave with insolent triumph. 

In-sult'er, ft. One who insults. 

lN-SU/PER-A-BIL'I-TY,ft. Quality of 
being insuperable. 

In-su'per-a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being overcome or surmounted. 

In-su'per-a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being insuperable. 

In-su'per-A-bly, adv. So as not to 
be overcome. 

IN/SUP-port'a-BLE, a. Incapable 
of being supported; insufferable. 

iN'sup-port'a-ble-ness, n. Qual- 
ity of being insupportable. 

iN'sup-port'a-bly, adv. So as not 
to be eiidured. 

In'sttp-pos/a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being supposed. [pressed. 

In'sup-press'1-ble , a. Not to be sup- 

In-sur'A-ble (-shur'a-bl), a. Capa- 
ble' of being insured against loss or 
damage. 

In-sur'ance (-shur 7 -), n. Act of in- 
suring against ioss or damage ; a 
contract for a stipulated considera- 
tion, to indemnify against loss by 
certain risks. 

In-sure' (-shyr/), v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To make sure or secure. 2. To 
secure against a possible loss on cer- 
tain stipulated conditions, or at a 
given rate. —v. i. To underwrite; 
(o practice making insurance. 

/n-sur'er (-shijr'-), n. One who in- 
sures ', an underwriter. 

TN-SUR'GENT, a, [Lat. insurgens, p. 



pr. of insurgere, to rise up.] Insub- 
ordinate; rebellious. — n. One who 
rises iu revolt agaiust lawful author- 

u «y. 

IN'sur-mount'a-ble, a. Incapable 
of being surmounted or overcome. 

IN'SUR-MOUNT'A-BLY/, adv. So as 
not to be overcome. 

IN'SUR-REG'TION, n. [Lat. insurrec- 
tio.] A rising agaiust civil or politi- 
cal authority. 

Syn.— Sedition ; revolt ; rebellion. — 
Sedition is the raising of commotion in a 
state without aiming at open violence 
against the laws; insurrection is a rising 
up of individuals to prevent the execu- 
tion of law by force of arms; revolt is a 
casting off the authority of a govern- 
ment with a view to put it down by force; 
rebellion is an extended insurrection and 
revolt. 

IN'SUR-REC'TION-AL, a. Pertaining 
to, or consisting in, insurrection. 

IN/SUR-RECTION-A-RY, a. Rebel- 
lious ; seditious. [susceptibility. 

iN/SUS-CEP'TI-Bll/I-TY, ft. Want of 

iN'sus-^EP'Tl-BLE, a. Not suscep- 
tible ; not capable of being affected 
or impressed. [touched. 

IN-TA€T', a. [Lat. intactus.) Un- 

In-tagl'io (in-taPyo), n. [It., fr. 
intagliare, to engrave.] A figure cut 
into a material, as a seal ; a gem in 
which a figure is cut. 

In-tan'Gi-bil'i-ty, ft. Quality of 
being intangible. ' 

In-tan'6i-ble, a. Not. tangible; 
not perceptible to the touch. 

In-tXn'gi-ble-ness, ft. Quality of 
being intangible. 

In'te-Ger, ft [Lat., entire.] A 
whole number, in contradistinction 
to a fraction. 

In'te-gral, a. 1. Complete ; whole ; 
entire ; not fractional. 2. Pertain- 
ing to, or being a whole number. — 
ft. A whole; an entire thing; a 
whole number. 

IN'te-grant, a. Necessary to con- 
stitute an entire thing. 

IN'TE-GRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make entire ; to restore. [entire. 

In'te-gra'tion, n. Act of making 

In-TEG'RI-TY, ft. [Lat. integritas.] 

1. State of being entire ; wholeness. 

2. Honesty ; uprightness. 3. Unim- 
paired state ; purity. 

Syn. — Probity; honesty; uprightness; 
virtue; rectitude. 

In-teg'u-ment, w. [Lat. integumen- 
tum, fr. integere, to cover.] That 
which naturally invests or covers 
another thing, as the skin. 

IN'TEL-LE€T, ft. [Lat. intellectus, 
fr. intelligere, to understand.] Fac- 
ulty of the soul by which it knows ; 
the power to judge and comprehend ; 
the understanding. 

In'tel-LE€'TION, ft. Simple appre- 
hension of ideas ; intuition. 

In'tel-legt'ive,^ 1. Having pow- 
er to understand. 2. Produced by 
the understanding. 

IN'tel-lect'U-al, a. 1. Belonging 
to, or performed by, the mind ; men- 
tal. 2. Having the power of under- 



standing. 3. Relating to the under- 
standing. 

1N'TEL-LE€T'U-ALIST, ft. One who 
overrates the understanding. 

In-tel'li-Gence, ft. [Lat. intelli- 
gentia.] 1. Capacity for the higher 
functions of the intellect. 2. Infor- 
mation communicated. 3. General 
information. 

Syn. — Understanding; intellect; in- 
struction; advice; news. 

In-tel'li-&en-cer,m. One who, or 
that which, sends or conveys intelli- 
gence. 

In-tel'li-GENT, a. 1. Endowed with 
reason. 2. Well informed ; sensible. 

lN-TEL'Ll-GEN'TIAL,a. 1. Intellec- 
tual. 2. Consisting of unbodied mind. 

In-TEL'LI-Gent-LY, adv. In an in- 
telligent manner. 

IN-TEL'LI-Gl-BIL'I-TY, m. Quality 
of being intelligible. 

In-tel'li-G1-BLE , a. Capable of be- 
ing understood or comprehended. 

Syn.— Comprehensible; perspicuous; 
plain ; clear. 

IN-TEL'LI-GI-BLE-NESS, n. Intelli- 
gibility, [telligible manner. 

In-tel'li-Gi-bly. adv. In an in- 

In-tem'per-ance, n. 1. Want of 
moderation or due restraint ; excess 
in any kind of action or indulgence. 
2. Habitual indulgence in drinking 
spirituous liquors. 

In-tem'per-ate, a. 1. Indulging 
to excess any appetite or passion. 2. 
Excessive ; inordinate. 3. Addicted 
to an excessive or habitual use of 
spirituous liquors. 

In-tem'per-ate-Iy, adv. Immod- 
erately : excessively. [held. 

In-ten'a-ble, a. Incapable of being 

IN-TEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
intend pre ; in and tend ere, to stretch.] 
To fix the mind upon, as the object 
to be effected. 

Syn. — To contemplate; meditate; 
purpose; design; mean. 

In-tend'an-CY, ft. Office, employ- 
ment, or district of an intendant. 

In-tend'ant, ft. A superintendent ,• 
overseer. 

IN-TEND'ED, ft. An affianced lover. 

In-ten'er-a'tion, ft. Act of mak- 
ing soft or tender. 

In-tense', a. [Lat. intensus, 

stretched, tight.] 1. Strained; 
tightly drawn. 2. Extreme in de- 
gree; [degree. 

In-tense'LY, adv. To an extreme 

In-t£nse'ness, ft. State of being 
intense ; intensity. 

In-ten'si-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. intensus and facere, to make.] 
To render more intense. 

In-ten'sion, ft. 1. A straining, or 
the state of being strained. 2. In- 
crease of power. 

In-ten'si-TY, ft. State of being in- 
tense ; intenseness ; extreme degree. 

In-ten'sive, a. 1. Stretched, or ad- 
mitting of extension. *" 2. ( Gram.) 
Serving to give force, [to give force. 

lN-TEN'sIVE-EY,arff. In a manner 

In-tent', a. Having the mind bent 



£, E, I, 6, U, Y,long; A 3 £,I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VSIL,T£RMj PIQUE, FlRM ; SON, 



INTENTION 



229 



INTERMARRY 



oq an object ; fixed closely. — n. A 
design : a purpose ; meaning; aim. 

In-ten'tion, n. 1. Fixed direction 
of the mind to a particular object. 

. 2. Object intended. 3. State of be- 
ing strained. 

Syn. — Design : purpose; aim; intent; 
drift. See Design. 

lN-TEN'TlON-AL,a. Done by inten- 
tion ; iutended ; designed. 

lN-TEN'TlON-AL-Li r , adv. With in- 
tention ; by design. [ner. 

In-TEXT'ly, adv. In anintentman- 
Syx. —Fixedly : steadfastly; earnest- 
ly; attentive!)'; diligently; eagerly. 

In-tent'ness, n. State of being in- 
tent ; close application. 

IN-TER' (14), V. t. [-RED ; -RING.] 
[Lat. in and terra, the earth.] To de- 
posit and cover in the earth ; to bury. 

IN-TER'GA-LAR, ( a. Inserted in 

IN-TER'€A-LA-RY , ) the midst of 
others ; applied particularly to the 
odd day (Feb. 29th) inserted in leap- 
year. 

IN-TER'€A-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. intercalarr, -latum ; inter, be- 
tween, and calare, to proclaim.] To 
insert between others, as a day in a 
calendar. 

In-ter/€A-la'tion, n. Insertion of 
any thing between others. 

In'ter-cede', v. i. f-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. intercedere ; inter, between, and 
cedere, to pass.] To act between 
parties in order to effect a reconcilia- 
tion ; to interpose ; to mediate. 

lN'TER-CED'ENT, a. Mediating. 

In'ter-^ed'er, n. One who inter- 
cedes ; a mediator. 

In'TER-CEPT', V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. intercipere, -ceptum : inter, be- 
tween, and capere, to take.] 1. To 
take or seize by the way. 2. To ob- 
struct the progress of. 3. To inter- 
rupt communication with. 4. To 
include or comprehend between. 

In'ter-CEP'tion, n. Act of inter- 
cepting or stopping: hindrance. 

IN'ter-^es'sion (-sesb/un), n. 1. 
Act of interceding ; mediation ; in- 
terposition between parties at va- 
riance. 2. Solicitation. 

Jn'ter-^es'sor. n. A mediator. 

IN'TER-CES'SO-RY, a. Containing in- 
tercession j interceding. 

In'TER-CHANGE'. V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To put each in the place of the other ; 
to exchange. — v. i. To succeed al- 
ternately^ 

In'TER-chanGe', n. 1. Act of mu- 
tually changing; exchange. 2. Al- 
ternate succession. 

fN'TER-CHANGE/A-EII/I-TY,^ The 
state of being interchangeable. 

iN'TER-CHANGE'A-BLE.a. 1. Ad- 
mitting of exchange. 2. Following 
each other in alternate succession. 

IN'TER-CHANGE'A-BLY, adv. In an 
interchangeable manner ; alternately. 

iN'TER-ciPp-ENT, a. Intercepting. 

INTER-CLUDE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. inlercludere ; inter, between, 
and dud ere, claudere, to shut.] To 
intercept ; to interrupt. 



IN / ter-€LU'§ion, n. Interception ; a 

stopping. 

iN'TER-eO-LUM/NI-A'TION, n. The 
clear space between two columns, 
measured at the lower parts of their 
shafts. 

INTER-GOM'MON, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To feed at the_same table. 

lN / TER-€OM-MU'NI-€ATE, V. i. To 
communicate mutually ; to hold mu- 
tual communication^ 

LVTER-COM-3'iU'NI-CA'TION, n. Re- 
ciprocal communication. 

IN'TER-COM-MUN'ION, n. Mutual 
communion. 

iN'TER-eos'TAL, a. [Lat. inter, be- 
tween, and costa, rib.] Lying between 
the ribs. 

In'ter-course, n. Connection by 
concurrent or reciprocal action or 
dealings between persons or nations. 
Syn. — Communication ; commerce; 
communion; fellowship; familiarity; 
acquaintance. 

IN / ter-€UR'ren9E, a. A passing or 
running between. 

iN'TER-etiR'RENTja. [Lat. intercur- 
rents.] Running between or among. 

IN'TER-DICT', V.t. [-EDj -ING.] 
[Lat. interdicere, -dictum ; inter, be- 
tween, and dicere, to say.] 1. To 
forbid by order or charge ; to pro- 
hibit. 2. To cut off from commu- 
nion with a church. 

iN'TER-DIGiy, n. A prohibition ; es- 
pecially, a prohibition of the pope. 

INTER-DICTION, n. Act of inter- 
dicting ; prohibition ; inhibition. 

!n'te'r-di€T'ive, ) a. Having the 

In'ter-diot'o-ry, ) design, power, 
or effect, to prohibit. . 

In'ter-est, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
excite emotion or passion in, in be- 
half of a person or thing. 2. To 
excite in behalf of another, or of 
some other object. — n. [From Lat. 
interest, it interests, is of interest.] 
1. Concern ; sympathy. 2. Excite- 
meut of feeling, especially, of grati- 
fied feeling. 3. Share ; part. 4. Ad- 
vantage. 5. Premium paid for the 
use of money. 

In'ter-est-ed, p. a. Having an in- 
terest ; liable to be affected. 

IN'ter-est-ing (110), p. a. Engag- 
ing the attention or curiosity ; ex- 
citing emotions or passions. 

IN'TER-FERE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. inter, between, and ferire, to 
strike. ] 1. To come in collision ; to 
clash. 2. To take a part in the con- 
cerns of others. . 3. To strike one 
foot against its opposite. 

Syn.— To interpose; intermeddle. 
See Interpose. 

IN'TER-fer'ence, w. 1. Act or state 
of interposition. 2. Collision ; clash- 
ing. 

In-ter'flu-ENT, a. [Lat. interflu- 
ent.] Flowing between. 

IN'ter-fOl'gent, a. [Lat. inter- 

^ fulgens.] Shining between. . 

In'ter-fu'sion (-iu'zhun), n. A 
pouring or spreading out between. 

IN'ter-im, n. [Lat] The mean time. 



IN-TE'RI-OR (89), a. [Lat,] 1. BeLi? 
within any limits ; internal ; inner. 
2. Remote from the frontier or shore ; 
inland. — n. 1. Internal part; the 
inside. 2. Inland country. 

IVter-JA'cen-cy, n. A region be- 
tween some other places. 

In'TER-JA'cent, a. ' [Lat. interja- 
cens.] Lying between. 

IVtER-JEGT', v. t. [-F/D ; -ING. J 
[Lat. interjicere, -jectum; inter, be- 
tween, and jacere, to throw.] To 
throw in between ; to insert. 

INTER-JEC'TION, n. 1. Ac s y of 
throwing between. 2. A word 
thrown in to express some emotion 
or passion. 

IN'ter-jec'TION-al, a. Thrown in 
between other words or phrases. 

INTER-LA9E', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
unite, as by lacing together ; to insert 
one thing with another. 

In TER-lXRD', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To mix in, as fat with lean ; to di- 
versify by mixture. 

IN'TER-LAY', V. t. [-LAID; -LAY- 
ING.] To lay or place among or be- 
tween, [serted. 

IN'ter-leaf', n. A blank leaf in- 

IN'TER-LEAVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

To insert a blank leaf or leaves into. 
IN'TER-LINE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

write between lines already written 

or printed. 
In/ter-lin'e-al, ) a. Written or in- 
In'ter-lin'e-ar, J serted between 

other lines. 
In'ter-lin'e-a'tion, n. 1. Act of 

interlining. 2. A passage, word, or 

line inserted between lines. 
IN'TER-LINK/, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 

connect by uniting links. [tween. 
In'ter-lo-ga'tion, n. A placing be- 

lN'TER-LO€K', I', i. [-ED; -ING.] To 

embrace, communicate with, or flow 
into one another. 

IN'TER-LO-CU'TION, n. [Lat. inter- 
locutio.] 1. Dialogue. 2. An inter- 
mediate act or decree. 

iN'TER-LO-e'u-TOR, n. One who 
speaks in dialogue ; a dialogist. 

IN'ter-log'u-to-ry (50). a. 1. Con- 
sisting of dialogue. 2. Not final or 
definitive. 

lN'TERLOPE',«.i. [-EDJ-ING.] To 

traffic without a proper license ; to 
prevent right. 

In'ter-lop'er, n. One who inter- 
lopes ; one who interferes wrong- 
fully 7 or officiously. 

IN'TER-LUDE (53), n. [Lat. inter, be- 
tween, and ludus, play.] 1. Theat- 
rical entertainment between the acta 
of a play or between the play and 
the afterpiece. 2. A short piece of 
music be_tween the parts of a hymn. 

IN'TER-LU'NAR, ) a. Belonging to 

iVter-lu'na-ry, ) the time when 
the moon is invisible. 

In / ter-mar'riaGe , n. Marriage be- 
tween two families, where each takes 
one and gives another. 

In'TER-MAR'RY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] To become connected by a mar- 
riage between two of their members. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK j fJRN, RUE, PULL ; E ; I, o, silent ; <?,G,soft; €,5,Jiard; AS.; EXIST; NasNG; THIS 



INTERMEDDLE 



230 



INTERVENE 



/N'TER-MED'DLE, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To meddle in the affairs of others. 

Syn.— To interpose; interfere. See 
Interpose. 

In'ter-med'dler, n. One who in- 
termeddles. 

IN'TER-me'di-al, ) a. [Lat. inter- 

IN ter-me'di-a-RY, J media*.] Ly- 
ing between; intervening; interme- 

„ diate. 

l3fTER-ME'DI-ATE, a. Lying or be- 
ing in the middle between two ex- 
tremes ; intervening. 

IN'TER-me'di-ate, v. i. To inter- 
vene ; to interpose. 

In'TER-ME'DI-ATE-LY, adv. By way 
of intervention. [tion. 

IN'TER-ME'DI-A'TION, n Interven- 

In'ter-ME'DI-UM, n. An interveuing 
agent or instrument. 

IN-TER'MENT, n. Act of depositing 
a dead body in the earth ; burial ; 
sepulture. [limit. 

IN-TER'MI-NA-BLE, a. Admitting no 
Syn. — Boundless ; endless; limitless; 
illimitable; immeasurable ; infinite; un- 
bounded; unlimited. 

In-ter'MI-na-BLY, adv. Without 
end or limit. 

IN'TER-MTn'GLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To mingle or mix together. — v. i. 
To be mixed or incorporated. 

In'ter-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. 
intermissio. See Intermit.] Ces- 
sation for a time. 

Syn.— Interruption; interval; pause; 
stop; rest. 

IN'ter-mis'sive, a. Coming by fits, 
or after temporary cessations. 

IN'TER-MIT', V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 
[Lat. intermitte.re ; inter, between, 
and mittere, to send.] To cause to 
cease for a time. — v. i. To cease for 
a time. 

IN'TER-MIT'TENT, a. Ceasing at in- 
tervals. — n. A disease which ceases 
at certain intervals. 

In'ter-mix', v. t. To mix together. 
— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To be mixed 
together. 

iVter-mixt'ure (53), n. A mass 
formed by mixture. 

IN'TER-MON'TANE, a. [Lat. inter, 
between, and montanus, relating to 
a mountain.] Between mountains. 

iN'TER-MtfN'DANE, a. [Lat. inter, 
between, and mundanus, mundane.] 
Being between worlds. 

In'ter-mu'ral, a. [Lat. intermu- 
ralis.] Lying between walls. 

IN-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. internus.] 1. 
Inward ; interior ; not external. 2. 
Pertaining to its own interests ; do- 
mestic. 

In-ter'NAl-ly, adv. Inwardly. 

IN'TER-NA'TION-AL (-nitsh / un-), fl. 

Pertaining to the relations of two or 
more nations. 
IN/TER-NE'^INE, a. [Lat. interne- 
care, to kill.] Mutually destructive ; 
deadly. [ing to kill. 

IN'ter-NE'OiVE, a. Killing; tend- 
LVter-nun'ci-o (-nun'shi-o), n. 
[Lat. internuncius ; inter, between, 
and nuncius, messenger.] The pope's 



representative at republics and small 
courts._ [tween oceans. 

IN'TER-O'CE-AN'IC (-5'she-), a. Be- 

lN'TER-PEL-LA'TION, n. [Lat. inter- 
pellation 1. Interruption. 2. In- 
terposition ; intercession. 

IN'TER-PLEAD', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To discuss first a point incidentally 
happening. 

IN'TER-PLEAE'ER, n. 1. One who 
interpleads. 2. A proceeding to en- 
able a person, of whom the same 
debt, duty, or thing is claimed ad- 
versely by two or more parties, to 
compel them to litigate the right or 
title between themselves. 

IN'TER-PLEDGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To give andtake as a mutual pledge. 

IN-TER'PO-LATE.'U. t., [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. interpolare, -latum ; inter, be- 
tween, and polire, to polish.] To in- 
sert, as spurious matter in a writing ; 
to foist in. 

IN-TER'PO-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
foisting a word or passage into a 
manuscript or book. 2. A spurious 
word or passage in the genuine writ- 
ings of an author. 

iN'TER-POg'AL, n. Act of interpos- 
ing ; interposition. 

IN/TER-POSE',1). t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
interponere ,-positum ; inter, between, 
and ponere, to place.] 1. To place 
between. 2. To intrude, as au inter- 
ruption or inconvenience. 3. To of- 
fer, as aid or services. 

Syn.— To interfere ; intermeddle. — A 
man may often interpose with propriety 
in the concerns of others; he can never 
intermeddle without being impertinent 
or officious ; nor can he interfere without 
being liable to the same charge, unless 
he has rights which are interfered, with. 

In'ter-pSse', v. i. To step in ! - 
tween parties at variance. [poses. 

IN'ter-pos'er, n. One who inter- 

lN'TER-PO^i'TlON (-zlsh'un), ft. 1. 
A being, placing, or coming between. 
2. Interveniertt agency. 3. Media- 
tion. 4. Any thing interposed. 

IN-TER'PRET, V. t. [-EU; -ING.] 
[Lat. inlerpretari.] To explain the 
meaning of ; to expound. 

IN-TER'PRE-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
interpreting ; explanation of what is 
not obvious. 2. Meaning ; sense. 

Syn. —Exposition: elucidation; trans- 
lation; version: construction. 

IN-TER'PRE-TA'TIVE, a. I. Fitted 
to explain. 2. Known by interpre- 
tation, [prets. 

Tn-ter'pret-er, n. One who inter- 

In'ter-punc'tion, n. [Lat. inter- 
punctio.] Punctuation. 

IN/TER-REG'NUM. n. [Lat. inter, be- 
tween, and regnum, reign.] Time 
during which the executive branch 
of a government is for any cause 
suspended or interrupted. 

IN'TER-REX, n. [Lat. inter, between, 
and rex, king.] A regent. 

IN-TER'RO-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. interrogare, -gatum ; inter, be- 
tween, and rogare, to ask.] To ex- 
amine by askmg questions. 



Syn. — To question ; inquire ; ask. 
See Question. 
— v. i. To ask questions 

In-tEr'ro-ga'tion, n. 1. Examina- 
tion by questions. 2. A question 
put; an inquiry. 3. A mark [?] 
indicating a question. — a. Denot- 
ing a question ; expressed in the 
form of a question. — ». A word 

w used in asking questions. 

IN'TER-ROG'A-TJVE-LY, adv. In the 
form of a question. 

In-TER'ro-ga'tor, n. Onewhoasks 
questions ; a questioner. 

IN'ter-rog'a to-ry (50), ft. A ques- 
tion. — a. Containing or expressing 
a question. 

IN/TER-RUPT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. inter, ampere, -rvptvm; inter, 
between, a;>d rumpere, to break.] 1. 
To interfere with the current or mo- 
tion of. 2 To break the continuity 
or order of. 

IVter-rOi'TION, m. 1. Act of in- 
terrupting. 2. Obstruction caused 
by breaking in upon ; hindrance. 3. 

w Stop ; cessation ; intermission. 

IN'TER-SCRIBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. interscribere ; inter, between, 
and scribere, to write.] To write be- 
tween. 

IN'ter-se'gant, a. [Lat. interse- 
cans.] Dividing into parts ; crossing. 

In'TER-sect', v. t. [Lat. intersecare, 
-stctum ,- v nter, between, and seeare, 
to cut.] To divide into parts. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ihG.] To meet and cross each 
other. 

1N'ter-SE€'tion, n. 1. Act of in- 
tersecting. 2. Point or line in which 
two lines or two planes cut each 
other. [space. 

IN'TER-SPACE, ft. An intervening 

iN'TER-SPERSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. interspergere, -spersum ; inter, 
between, and spargere, to scatter.] 
To scatter, or set here and there. 

IN'ter-sper'sion, ft. Act of inter- 
spersing. 

In/ter-stEe'lar, ) a. Situated 

IN'TER-STEL'LA-RY, j among the 
stars. 

IN'TER-STICE, or IN-T£R'STICE, ft. 
[Lat. interstitium.] An empty space 
between things closely set, or the 
parts which compose a body. 

IN'TER-STI'TIAL (-stish'al). a. Per- 
taining to, or containing, interstices. 

IN/TER-TEXT'URE, ft. Act ot inter- 
weaving, or state of things inter- 
woven. 

IN'TER-TWINE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To unite by twining one with an- 
other. 

iN'TER-TWlST', *. t. [-EB; -ING.] 
To twist one with another. 

IN'TER-VAL, n. [Lat. intervallvm .] 
1. A space between things. 2. Space 
of time between any two events. 3. 
Difference in pitch between any two 
tones. 

IN'TER-VENE', V. t, [ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. intervenire ; inter, between, 
and venire, to come.] 1. To come ot 
be between persons or things. 2. To 



a, e,I, 5,tJ, Y,long; !,£,*, 6,0,y, short, care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, termvp'iQue, firm; son, 



INTE11YENTI0N 



'231 



INTKUSION 



come between events. 3. To happen IN-TOMB' (-toonV), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



m a way to disturb or interrupt. 

I.VTER-VEN'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
tervening ; interposition. 2. Any 
interference that may affect the in- 
terests of others. [a conference. 

In'ter-view, n. A mutual view 



To bury 

IN'TO-NATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
intonare, -natum; in and tonare, to 
thunder.] 1. To sound the tones of 
the musical scale. 2. To read in a 
musical manner 



LN'TER-VOLVE', 



[Lat. inter, between, among, and 
volvere, to roll.] To involve one 
within another. 
IW'TER- WEAVE', V. t. [INTERWOVE ; 
INTERWOVEN ; INTERWEAVING.] 

To weave together ; to unite in text- j 
ure or construction. 

IN-TES'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. intestabilis.] 
Not legally qualified to make a will, j 

[N-TES'TA-C\\ n. State of one dying i 
without having made a valid will. 

IN-TES'TATE, a. [Lat. i.ntestatus; in, | 
not, and testari, to make a will.] 1. | 
Dying without a valid will. 2. Not 
disposed of by will. — n. One who 
dies without making a valid will. 

In-tes'ti-nal, a. Pertaining to the 
intestines of an animal bod)". 

IN-TES'TINE, a. [Lat. iatestinus; in- 
tus, within.] 1. Internal ; inward. 
2. Subjective. 3. Domestic, not for- 
eign. — it. pi. The canal extending 
from the right orifice of the stomach 
to the anus. 

lN-THRALE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
reduce to bondage ; to enslave. 



[-ED; -ING.] IN'TO-NA'TION,?!. 1. {Mus.) (a.) Act 



of sounding the tones of the musical 

scale, (b.) Peculiar quality of a voice 

or musical instrument. 2. Act or 

manner of modulating the voice 

musically. 

In-tone', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

give forth a deep , protracted sound. 

— v. t. To chant. 

lN-TOX'I-€ATE,V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 

Lat. intoxicare, -catum, to drug or 

I poison.] 1. Tomake drunk ; to inebri- 

| ate. 2. To excite to a kind of delirium. 

j In-tox'1-€A'tion, n. 1. State of 

being intoxicated ; act of making 

drunk. 2. Extreme elation. 

Syn.— Drunkenness; inebriety; infat- 
uation; delirium. 
In-tract/a-bie'i-ty, n. Quality of 

being intractable. 
IN-TRAGT'A-BLE, a. 1. Not tracta- 
ble, easily governed or managed. 2. 
Indisposed to be taught or disci- 
plined. 

Syn. — Stubborn; perverse; obstinate; 
cross ; unmanageable ; unruly ; head- 
strong; ungovernable; unteachable. 



In-thrall'mem,j n. Servitude ; sla- In-tract'a-bee-ness, n. Quality of 

]n-thral'MENT, (very; bondage. 

Ix'TI-MA-CY, n. Close familiarity. 

IN'TI-MATE (15), a. 1. Innermost ; 
inward. 2. Near; close. 3. Close 
in friendship or acquaintance; fa- 
miliar. — n. A familiar friend. 



being not tractable. [able manner. 
iN-TRAeT'A-BLY, adv. In an intract- 
lN-TRAN'sl-Ti'vE, a. Expressing an 

action that is limited to the agent, or 

that does not pass over to, or operate 

on, an object. 



In'ti-mate (45), v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] In-tran'si-tive-ly, adv. Without 
[Lat intimate, -matum; intimvs, in- I ^ an object following, 
most.] To suggest obscurely or in- , in'trans-mis'si-ble, a. Not capable 
directly ; to give slight notice of; to i of being transmitted. 
hint. [manner. IN'TRANS-MUT'A-Bil/I-TY, a. Quality 

iN'TI-MATE-LY, adv. In an intimate of not being transmutable. 



IN'TI-MA'TION, a. Act of intimating ; 
that which is intimated ; a hint. 

IN-TIM'I-DATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. intimidare, -datum; Lat. in 
and timidus, timid.] To make timid ; 
to inspire with fear. 

Syn.— To dishearten; dispirit; abash. 

In-tIm'i-da'tion, n. Act of making 
timid : state of being abashed. 

IN-TIT'ULE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
entitle. 

IN'TO, prep. To the inside of; within; 
— used in a variety of applications. 

In-t5l'er-a-bee, «. Not tolerable ; 
not capable of being borne or en- 
dured ; insufferable. 

In tol/er-a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being not tolerable. 

In-toi/er-a-bly, adv. In an intol- 
erable manner. 

In-tol'er-ance, n. State of being 
intolerant : illiberality ; bigotry. 

In-tol'er-ant, a. Not enduring 
difference of opinion or sentiment, 
especially in relation to religion. 

In-tol'er-a'tion, n. Want of tol- 
eration ; intolerance. 



In'trans-mut'a-ble, a. Not capa- 
ble of being changed into another 
substance. 

IN-TRENCH' (66), V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
1. To surround with a trench, as in 
fortification. 2. To make hollows in 
or upon. — v. i. To encroach. 

IN-TRENCH'MENT, n. 1. Act of in- 
trenching. 2. {Mil.) A trench or 
ditch dug out for a defense ; also, a 
slight fortification. 3. Any defense 
or protection. 

IN-TREP'ID, a. [Lat. intrepidus.] 
Fearless ; bold ; brave ; undaunted. 

In'tre-pid/i-ty, n. State or quality 
of being intrepid. 

Syn. — Courage ; heroism ; bravery ; 
fortitude; gallantry; valor. 

In-trep'id-ey, adv. In an intrepid 
manner; fearlessly. 

IN'tri-€A-cy, n. State of being in- 
tricate ; complication ; complexity. 

IN'TRI-GATE, a. [Lat. intricatus, p. 
p. of intricare, fr. in and triae, hin- 
drances.] Involved ; perplexed. 

Syn. — Complex ; complicated. — A 
thing is complex when it is made up in 
parts; it is complicated when those parts 



are so many or so arranged as to make it 
difficult to grasp them ; it is intricate 
(lit^ having many folds) wheD it hus 
numerous windings and confused in 
volutions which it is hard to follow out. 
Complexity puzzles; complication con- 
founds ; intricacy bewilders. 

IN'tri-€ATE-1iY, adv. In an intri- 
cate manner. 

In-tr'igue', n. 1. A secret and com- 
plicated plot to effect some purpose. 
2. Plot of a play or romance. 3. 
Secret commerce of forbidden love ; 
amour, —v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
intriguer. See INTRICATE.] 1. To 
form a secret plot or scheme. 2. To 
carry on a commerce of forbiddeu 
love. [intrigues. 

IN-TRIGU'ER (in-trGg'er),??.. One who 

IN-TRIN'SI€, a. [Lat. intrinsecus ; 
■intra, within, and secus, side.] In- 
ward; internal; hence, true; genu- 
ine ; real ; essential ; inherent. 

In-trin'sic-al-ey, adv. Internally \ 
really ; truly. 

IN'tro-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. 
introcedere, to go in; intro, within, 
and cedere, to go.] A depression, or 
sinking of parts inward. 

IN'TRO-DUCE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. introduce.re ; intro. within, and 
ducere, to lead.] 1. To lead cr bring 
in. 2. To bring to be acquainted. 3. 
To bring into notice, i. To cause to 
exist ; to begin. [duces. 

Tn'tro-du'^er, n. One wb-o intro- 

IN'TRO-DUC'TION, 71. 1. Act of 

bringing to notice. 2. Act of mak- 
ing persons known to each other, 3, 
Preliminary matter. 4. A formal 
and elaborate preliminary treatise, 

iN'TRO-DUe'TO-RY, a. Serving to 
introduce ; preliminary ; prefatory. 

In-TRO'IT, : [Lat. introitus, from 
introire, to go into.] A vocal compo- 
sition appropriate to the opening of 
church services, or to church service 
in general. 

In'TRO-mIs'SION (-nnWun), n. Ac- 
tion of sending or couveviug in. 

IN'TRO-MIT',*'. t. [-TED; -TJNG,136 ] 
[Lat. intromittere ; intro, within, and 
mittere, to send.] 1. To send or let 
in. 2. To allow to enter. 

IN'TRO-SPECT', v. t. [Lat. introspi- 
cere, -spectum ; intro, inward, and 
spicere, to look.] To look into or 
within. [interior. 

In/tro-spec'tion, n. A view of the 

iN'TRO-SPEe'TlVE, a. Inspecting 
within ; seeing inwardly. 

In'tro-ver'sion, n. Act of intro- 
verting, or state of being introverted. 

IN'TRO-VERT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. intro, within, and vertere, to 
turn.] To turn inward. 

IN-TRUDE', v. i. [Lat. intrudere; in 
and "trudere, to thrust.] To thrust 
one's self in ; to enter, unwelcome or 
uninvited.— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. 
To thrust in without right or wel- 
come. 2. To force or cast in. 

Syn.— To encroach; infringe; in- 
trench; trespass. 

In-trud'er, n. One who intrudes. 

In-tru'sion (-tru/zhun), n. Act of 



OR, DO WOLF, TOO, TOO 2. j URN, RUE, PULL ; JS, I, O, silent ; <j,G,soft; €,a,hard; A£; EXIST; N ASNG; 



INTRUSIVE 



232 



INVISIBLE 



intruding ; entrance without invita- 
tion, right, or welcome. 

In-tru'sive, a. Apt to intrude ; en- 
tering without right or welcome. 

In-trust', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
deliver in trust ; to confide to the 

w care of. 

IN'TU-I'TION (-ish'un), n. [Lat. in- 
tueri, intuitus, to look on.] 1. An 
act of immediate knowledge. 2. A 
truth that can not be acquired by, 
but is assumed in, experience. 

IN/TU-I'TION-AL (-Ish'un-), a. Ob- 
tained by intuition ; intuitive. 

iN-TU'l-TtVE (30), a. 1. Seeing clear- 
ly. 2. Knowing by intuition. 3. 
Obtained by intuition, [tive manner. 

In-tu'i-tive-ly, adv. In an intui- 

IN'tu-mesce' (-mes'), v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. intumescere.] To expand 
with heat ; to swell. 

In tu-mes'cence, n. 1. Action of 
swelling. 2. A tumid state. 

1N-TWJNE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
twine into, or together. 

IN-TWIST', V.t. T-ED; -ING.] To 
twist into or together. 

IN-UM/BRATE , v. t. [Lat. inumbrare, 
-bratum ; in and umbrare, to shade.] 
To shade 

In-un'date, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
inundare, -datum; in and unda, a 
wave.] 1. To overflow ; to flood. 2. 
To fill with an overflowing abun- 
dance or superfluity. 

IN'UN-da/tion, n. 1. Act of inun- 
dating, or state of being inundated ; 
a flood. 2. Superfluous abundance. 

IN'ur-ban'I-ty, n. Want of urbanity 
or courtesy. 

IN-URE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Prefix 
in and ure (obs. ), to use.] To apply 
or expose in use or practice till use 
gives little or no pain or inconve- 
nience ; to habituate. — v. i. To take 
or have effect ; to serve to the use or 
benefit of. 

In-ure'ment, n. Use ,- habit. 

In-ijrn', r. t. 1. To bury ; to inter. 
2. To put in an urn. 

IN'u-tIl'i-ty, /x. Uselessness; un- 
profitableness. 

IN-VADE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
invader e, invasmn ; in and vadere, 
to go.] 1. To enter with hostile in- 
tentions; to attack. 2. To infringe ; 
to encroach on. 

In-vad'er, n. One who invades; 
an assailant. 

IN-VAL'ID, a. [Lat. invalidus; in, 
.not, and validus, strong.] 1. Of to 

; force, weight, or cogency ; weak. 2. 

^ Void ; null. 

IN'va-lid, a. Feeble; infirm. — n. 
A person who is weak and infirm. — 
v. t. To enroll on the list of inva- 
lids in the military or naval service. 

IN-VAL'I-DATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

To render invalid ; to destroy the 

validity of. 
In-val/i-da'tion, n. Act or process 

of rendering invalid. 
In'va-lid'i-ty, n. Want of cogency ; 

want of legal force or efficacy. 
IN-VAL'U-A-BLE, a. [Prefix in, used 



intensively, and valuable.] Inesti- 
mable, [being invariable. 
In-va'rj-a-BII/i-ty, n. Quality of 
IN-V A'RI-A-BLE , a. Not given to va- 
riation ; immutable ; unalterable ; 
unchangeable. 
In-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. Constancy 
of state, or quality ; unchangeable- 
ness. [tion or change. 
iN-VA'Rr-A-BLY, adv. Without altera- 
Hj-VA/sioN, n. [See Invade.] 1. 
Encroachment. 2. Hostile entrance 
into the possessions of another. 3. 
Approach of any thing hurtful. 
Syn. — Incursion ; irruption; inroad. 

— Invasion is generic, denoting a forci- 
ble entrance into a foreign country. In- 
cursion signifies a hasty and sudden in- 
vasion; irruption denotes a particularly 
violent invasion; inroad includes the 
idea of invasion with a design to occupy. 

In-va'sive, a. Tending to invade. 
In-ve€'tive, n. A harsh or re- 
proachful accusation. 
Syn. — Abuse; censure; reproach. 

— a. [Lat. invec.tivus. See IN- 
VEIGH.] Satirical ; abusive ; railing. 

IN-VEIGH' (-vaV), «;■ i- [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. invehere ; in and vehere, to 

carry.] To exclaim or rail against. 
IN-VEIGH'ER (-va/-), n. One who 

rails ; a railer. 
In-vei'gle, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Norm. 

Fr. enveogler, to inveigle, to blind ; 

Lat. oculus, eye.] To persuade to 

something evil by flattery ; to entice ; 

to wheedle. [gling. 

In-vei'gle-ment, n. Act of invei- 
In-vei'gler, n. One who inveigles. 
IN-VENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

invnire, -ventum, to come upon, to 

find.] 1. To discover by study or 

inquiry ; to find out. 2. To make ; 

to fabricate. 

Syn. — To contrive ; devise ; frame. 

See Discover. 
In-vent'FUL, a. Full of invention. 
IN-VEN'TION, n. 1. Act of finding 

out ; contrivance of something new. 

2. That which is invented. 3. Power 

of inventing. 
In-vent'ive, a. Able to invent; 

quick at contrivance. 
In-vent'or, n. One who finds out 

something new. / 
lN'VEN-TO-RY(50),,n. [See Invent.] 

Any catalogue of/ movables, as the 

goods of a merchant, &c. 

Syn. — List; register; roll; schedule. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ing, 142.] To make 
an inventory of. [vents. 

In-vent'ress, n. A woman who in- 

In- verse' (14), a. [See Invert.] 
Opposite in order or relation, or in 
nature and effect; reciprocal. 

In-verse'ly, adv. In an inverted 
order or manner. 

In-v£r'sion, ». 1. Act of inverting. 
2. A complete change of order. 

IN- VERT', v. t. [-ed ; -ITVG.J [Lat. 
invertere, inversitm; in and vertere, 
to turn.] To turn upside down ; to 
place in a contrary order ; to reverse. 

In-ver'te-bral, a. Destitute of a 
vertebral column ; invertebrate. 



In-ver'te-brate, n. An animal 
having no vertebral column. — a. 
Having no back-bone ; invertebral. 

IN-VEST', v: t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 

inveetire; in and vestire, to c\othe.) 
1. To clothe; to dress. 2. To en- 
dow ; hence, to confer. 3. To clothe, 
as with office or authority ; to grace. 
4. (Mil.) To surround; to lay siege 
to. 5. To place, as property, so that 
it will yield a profit. 

In-ves'ti-ga-ble, a. Admittingof 
being investigated. 

IN-VES'TI-GATE, V. 1. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. investigare, -gaium ; in and 
vestigare, to track.] To follow up ; 
to pursue ;_to search into. 

In-vks'ti-ga'tion, n. Act of inves- 
tigating ; research ; study ; inquiry. 

In-ves'ti-ga'tive, a. Given to in- 
vestigation j inquisitive. 

In-ves'ti-ga'TOR, n. One who 
searches diligently into a subject. 

IN-VEST'I-TURE (53), n. 1. Act or 
right of investing or giving posses- 
sion. 2. That with which any one 
is invested. 

IN-vest'ment, n. 1. Action of in- 
vesting. 2. That with which one is 
invested; a vestment. 3. Act of be- 
sieging by an armed force. 4. The 
laying out of money in the purchase 
of property. 

In-vet'er-a-cy, n. Deep-rooted ob- 

' stinacy of any quality or state ac- 
quired by time. 

In-vet'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. invete- 
rare, -ratum, to render old; in and 
vetus, old.] 1. Firmly established; 
deep-rooted. 2. Confirmed ; habitual. 

In-vet'er-ate-ly, adv. With ob- 
stinacy ; violently. 

In-vid'i-ous (77), a. [Lat. invidiosvs ; 
invidia, envy.] Likely to incur ill- 
will or hatred, or to provoke envy ; 
hateful. [manner. 

In-vid'1-ous-ly, adv. In an invidious 

lN-viD'l-ofJS-NESS,?K Quality of pro- 
voking envy or hatred. 

IN-VIG'OR-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and vigor, strength, vigor.] 
To give vigor to ; to strengthen. 

In-vig/or-a'tion, n. Act of invig- 
orating, or state of being invigorated. 

In-vin'ci-bil'I-ty, n. Quality of 
being invincible. 

In-vin'CI-ble, a. Incapable of being 
conquered or overcome ; unconquer- 
able ; insuperable. 

In-vIn'ci-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being unconquerable. 

In-vin'ci-bly, adv. Unconquerably. 

In-vi'o-la-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being inviolable. 

In-vi'o-la-ble, a. 1. Not violable^ 
not to be profaned ; sacred. 2. Not 
susceptible of injury. [lation. 

In-vi'o-la-bly, adv. Without vio- 

In-vi'o-late, ) a. [Lat. inviola- 

In-vi'o-la'ted, ) tus ; in, not, and 
violatux, violated.] Unhurt ; unin- 
jured ; unprofaned ; unpolluted. 

In-vis/i-bil'I-ty, n. State of being 
invisible. [seen. 

In-vis'i-ble, a. Incapable of being 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y 



long; A, £, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE , FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE , VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON ; 



IN VISIBLY 



iN-vls'l-BLY, adv. in a, manner to i 
escapethe sight 

IN'VI-TA'TION, n. Act of inviting; 
request of a person's company. 

In-vI'ta-to-ry (50), a. Usiug or con- 
taining invitations. 

In-vite', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
in vi tare.] 1. To ask ; especially, to 
ask to an entertainment or visit. 2. 
To allure ; to tempt to come. 

Syn. — To solicit; bid; call; summon; 
attract; entice. 

— v. i. To ask or call to any thing 
pleasing. 
In'VO-OATE, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
invocare, -catum; in and vocare, to 
call.] _To invoke. 
In'vo-€A'tion, n. 1. Act of address- 
ing in prayer. 2. Form or act of 
calling upon some divinity. 3. (Law.) 
•A. judicial call or order. 
IN'VOICE, n. [Fr. envois, things sent. 
See ENVOY.] ( Com.) A written ac- 
count or bill of the particulars of 
merchandise sent to a purchaser, 
consignee, &c. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING] 
To make a written account of, as 
goods ; to insert in a priced list. 
In-v5ke', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
call for or ask earnestly. 2. To ad- 
dress in prayer. 
IN'VO-LU'CRE, n. [Lat., fr. involvere, 
to wrap up.] A whorl or set of bracts 
around a flower, umbel, or head. 
In-vol'un-ta-ri-ly, adv. Not by 

choice; not spontaneously. 
In-vol'un-ta-ry, a. 1. Independent 
of will or choice. 2. Not proceeding 
from choice. 
In'vo-lute, n. A curve traced by 
the end of a string wound upon an- 
other curve, or unwound from it. 
IN'vo-lute, ) a. TLat. involutus. 
In'vo-lu'ted, J See Involve.] 

Rolled rawar 1 from the edges. 
In'VO-LU'TION, n. [Lat. involutio.] 
1, Act of involving. 2. State of 
being involved. 3. Envelope. 4. Act 
of raising a quantity to any power 
assigned. 
IN-VOLVE', V. t. [imp. & p. p. IN- 
VOLVED ; p. pr. & vb. n INVOLV- 
ING.] [Lat. involvere, involutum, 
to roll about, wrap up.] 1. To roll 
up ; to. wind round. 2. To envelop. 
3. To complicate. 4. To connect by 
way of natural consequence or effect. 
5. To comprise ; to contain. 6. To 
raise to any assigned power. 

Syn. — To imply. — Imply is opposed 
to express, or set forth; thus, an implied 
engagement is one fairly to be under- 
stood from the words used or the circum- 
stances of the case, though not set forth 
in form. Involve goes beyond the mere 
interpretation of things into their neces- 
sary relations; and hence, if one thing 
involves another, it so contains it that the 
two must go together by an indissoluble 
connection. 

In-volv'ed-ness, «. State of being 
involved. 

In- vol ve 'me NT, n. Act of involving. 

In-vul'ner-a-bil'I-ty, n. Quality 
or state of being invulnerable. 

In-vDl'ner-a-ble, a. Incapable of 



2. In the heart : 

[imp. INWOVE ; 
INWOVE ; p. pr. 



2b3 

being wounded, or of receiving in- 
jury, [nerability. 
lN-VtJL']NER-A-BLE-NESS, ft. lnvul- 
In-wall', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To in- 
close with a wall. 
!N'WARD,a. Placed or being within ; 
interior. — n. That which is within ; 
especially in the pl.,the intestines; 
the entrails. 
JN'WARD, ) adv. 1. Toward the in- 
In'wards, J side or interior. 2. Into 

the mind or thoughts. 
IN'ward-ly, adv. 1. In the inner 
parts ; internally, 
secretly. 
IN-WEAVE', V. t. 
p. p. INWOVEN, 

& vb. n. INWEAVING.] To weave to- 
gether; to intermix by weaving. 
iN-WRAP^-rap/),'^- L 1-ped; -ping.] 
1. To cover by wrapping. 2. To in- 
volve in difficulty or perplexity. 
IN-WREAT-HE' (-reeth), v. t. To 

surround as with a wreath. 
In-wrought' (-rawt'), a. Wrought 

or workedin among other things. 
I'O, n. ; pi. I'Sg. [Lat., oh ! huzza!] 
An exclamation of joy or triumph ; 
— often used interjectionally. 
I'O-dide (49), 11. A non-acid com- 
pound of iodine with a metal or 
other substance. 
I'0-DINE,». [Gr. Iw8n?, violet-like, 
fr. 101/ , a violet, and elo"os, form.] A 
grayish or bluish-black solid from 
the ashes of sea-weed. At 347° Fah- 
renheit, it becomes a beautiful violet 
vapor. 
I-6n'IG, a. Pertaining to 
Ionia, in Greece, or to a 
dialect of the Greek lan- 
guage, used in Ionia, or 
to an order of architect- 
ure. 
I-O'TA, n. [Gr. 'Lira, the 
smallest letter of the 
Greek alphabet (i).] A Ionic Order, 
tittle ; a very small quantity ; a jot. 
iP'E-oXe, )n. [Braz.] A 

ip/E-OA^u-AN'HA, | plant, the root 

of (which is used as an emetic. 
I-ras'CI-BIL'i-ty, ii. Irritability of 

temper. 
I-RAS'CI-BLE , a. [Lat. irascibilis ; ira, 
anger.] Easily provoked ; irritable. 
I-RAS'91-BLE-NESS, 11. Irascibility. 
I-rate', a. [Lat. iratus.] Angry ; 

enraged. [Recent.] 
Ire,m. [Lat. ira.] Anger ; wrath. 
Ire'ful, a. Angry ; wroth- 
IR'I-DES'CENCE, n. . Exhibition of 

colors like those of the rainbow. 
IR'I-DES'CENT, a. [Lat. iris, the 
rainbow.] Having colors like the 
rainbow. 
I-rid'i-Dm, n. [Lat. iris, iridis, the 
rainbow, in allusion to the irides- 
cence of some of its solutions.] A 
metallic element, the heaviest of 
known substances. 
I'Ris(89),n. [Lat. Ms, Gr. Tpis, the 
rainbow.] 1. The rainbow. 2. A 
colored membrane at the anterior 
part of the eye. 3. A genus of plants, 
I'rish (89), a. Pertaining to Ireland 




IRRECLAIMABLE 

— n. 1. pi. The natives of Ireland 
2. The language of the Irish. 

1'RISH-is.M, 11. An Irish idiom. 

IRK, i). t. [A.-S. carg, lazy, timid, evil.] 
To weary ; — used impersonally. 

Irk'SOME (18), a. Wearisome; tire- 
some ; giving uneasiness. 

Syn. — Tedious. — A task is irksome 
from the kind or severity of the labor it 
involves; it is rendered tedious by the 
length of time occupied in its perform- 
ance. 

Irk'some-ly, adv. In a wearisome 
manner. 

Irk'some-ness, n. Wearisomeness. 

I'RON (1'urn), n. [A.-S. iren, isen.] 

1. One of the most common and the 
most useful of all the metals. 2. An 
instrument made of iron. 3. pi. 
Fetters ; manacles — a. Made of or 
like iron. —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To smooth with a heated flat-iron. 

2. To fetter or handcuff. 3. To fur- 
nish or arm with iron. 

I'RON-BOUND (i/urn-), a. 1. Bound 
with iron 2. Surrounded with rocks. 

I'RON-eLAD (I'urn-), a. Protected or 
covered with iron, as a vessel. — n. A 
war- vessel having the parts above 
water plated with iron. 

I-RON're-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
containing, irony. 2. Expressing 
one thing and meaning the opposite. 

I-ron'io-al-ly, adv. By way of irony. 

I'ron-m6n/ger (l'urn-), n. A dealer 
in iron wares, or hardware. 

I'ron-wood (Vurn-), n. A tree of 
species belonging to different genera. 

I'ron-work (I'urn-wurk), 11. 1. Any 
thing made of iron. 2. pi. A furnace 
where iron is smelted, or a forge, 
rolling-mill, or foundery. 

I'ron-y (I'urn-y), a. 1. Consisting or 
partaking of iron. 2. Resembling 
iron. 

I'RON-Y (I'run-y',) n. [Gr. cipuveia, 
dissimulation.] A kind of ridicule 
which exposes the faults of others 
by seeming to adopt or approve them. 

Ir-ra/di-ance, )n. 1. Emission of 

1r-ra'di-an-CY, j rays of light. 2. 
Luster ; splendor. 

IR-RA'DI-ATE (77), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. irradiare, -atum ; in, and radi- 
are, to shine.] 1. To illuminate. 2. 
To enlighten intellectually. 3. To 
animate by heat or light. 

Ir-ra'di-ate, a. Adorned with 
brightness, or any thing shining. 

Ir-ra'di-A'tion, n. 1. Act of emit- 
ting beams of light. 2. That which 
is irradiated ; illumination. 

IR-RA'TION-AL (-rSsh'un-), a. L 
Void of reason. 2. Contrary to rea* 
son. 3. Not capable of being exact* 
ly expressed by an integral number, 
or by a vulgar fraction. 

Syk. — Absurd ; foolish ; preposterous,- 
unreasonable. 

IR-RA'TION-AL'I-TY (-rSsh'un-), ft. 
Want of reason or understanding. 

Ir-ra'TION-AL-LY (-r&Wun-), adv. 
Without reason ; absurdly. 

LR/RE-eLAiM'A-BLE, a. incapable oi 
being reclaimed. 



or, do, wole, too, TOOK 5 URN,RTJE,pyLL; e, I, o, silent j c, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag; exist 5 N as KG! this 



IRRECLAIMABLY 



234 



ISOMERIC 



Ik/re-€L,A1M'a-bly, adv. In an ir- 
reclaimable uiauner. 

Ir-rec'on-cil'a-ble, a. Incapable 
of being reconciled, appeased, or 
made to harmonize. 

Syn.— Incongruous ; incompatible ; 
inconsistent. 

Ir-rec'on-cIl'a-BLE-ness, n. Qual- 
ity of beingirreconcilable. 

Jll-REe'ON-^iL'A-BLY. adv. In a 
manner that precludes reconciliation. 

lR/RE-€OV'ER-A-BLE (-kuv'er-), a. 
Not capable of being recovered, re- 
stored, or remedied. 

Syn. — Irreparable ; irretrievable ; ir- 
remediable ; incurable. 

iR/RE-edv'ER-A-BLY, adv. Beyond 
recovery. [able. 

IR'RE-DEEM'A-BLE, a. Not redeem- 

Ir/re-du'ci-ble, a. Incapable of 
being reduced. 

Ir-ref'RA-ga-ble, a. Not refraga- 
ble ; not to be refuted. 

IR-REF'U-TA-BLE, Or IR'RE-FUT'A- 
BLE , a. Incapable of being refuted. 

IR-REF'U-TA-BLY, Or IR'RE-FUT'A- 
BLY, adv. Beyond the possibility of 
refutation. 

Ir-reg'u-lar, a 1. Not regular; 
not according to common form or 
rules, or established principles. 2. 
Not straight. 3. Not uniform. 

Syn. — Unsystematic; eccentric ; un- 
settled ; changeable ; wild. 

IR-reg'u-lar'i-ty, n. 1. Deviation 
from established form, custom, or 
ruie. 2. An act of vice. 

Ir-REG'u-lar-ly, adv. Without 
rule, method, or order. 

Ir-rel'a-tive, a. Net relative; 
without mutual relations. 

Ir-rel'e-van-cy, n. Quality of not 
b( Ing applicable. 

iR-rtf. i/'e-vant, a. Not relevant; 
not applicable or pertinent. 

Ir-REL'e-vant-ly, adv. In an ir- 
relevant manner. 

iR/RE-LiG'iON, n. Want of religion, 
or contempt of it. 

Syn. — Ungodliness ; worldliness ; 
■wickedness ; impiety. 

Ir/re-lig'ioOs (-l!j''us), a. 1. Impi- 
ous ; ungodly. 2. Profane; wicked. 

Ir're-lig'ioijS-ly, adv. With im- 
piety ; wickedly. 

Ir/re-me'di-a-ble, a. Not to be 
remedied, cured, or corrected. 

IR're-me'di-a-bly, adv. In a man- 
ner or degree that precludes remedy. 

Ir're-mis'si-ble, a. Not remissible ; 
unpardonable. [be remitted. 

Jr're-mis'si-bly, adv. So as not to 

IR're-mov'A-ble, a. Not remova- 
ble ; immovable. 

Ir-rep'a-ra-ble , a. Not reparable ; 
not capable of being recovered or re- 
gained. 

Ir-rep'a-ra-bl y, adv. In an irrep- 
arable manner. 

Ir're-peal'a-ble, a. Not capable 
of being repealed. 

Ir-REP're-hen'si-ble, a. Not rep- 
rehensible ; not to be blamed. 

LR'RE-PRESS'l-BLE.a. Not capable 
of being repressed. 



iR'RE-PROAcr.'A-BLE, a. Incapable 
of being justly reproached ; free from 
blame ; jupright. 

IR'RE-PROACH'A-BLY, adv. So as 
not to deserve reproach ; blamelessly . 

IR'RE-PROV'A-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being justly reproved ; blameless. 

iR/RE-PROV'A-BIiY, adv. So as not 
to be liable to reproof or blame. 

iR'RE-glST'ANCE, n. Forbearance to 
resist ; passive submission. 

IR're-sIst/i-bil'I-ty, n. Quality of 
being irresistible. 

IR'RE-SIST'I-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being successfully resisted. 

lR/RE-s.IsT'1-BLE-NESS, n. Quality 
of being irresistible. 

IR'RE-SIST'I-BLY, adv. In a manner 
not to be successfully resisted. 

iR-REs/O-LU-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being dissolved. 

Ir-res/c-lOte, a. Not resolute ; not 
decided ; given to doubt. 

Syn. - Wavering; vacillating; unde- 
termined ; undecided ; unsettled ; un- 
stable; unsteady. 

Ir-res/o-lute-ly, adv. Without 
resolution. 

Ir-res'o-lute-ness, n. Want of 
resolution : irresolution. 

Ir-res/o-l€'tion, n. Want of reso- 
lution ; fluctuation of mind. 

Ir/re-solv'A-ble, a. Incapable of 
being" resolved. 

Ir're-spect'ive, a. Not having re- 
spect or regard. 

Ir/re-spE€T'ive-ly, adv. Without 
regard to circumstaucts. [piration. 

IR-RES'PI-RA-BLE. a. Unfit for res- 

1r / re-spon / si-bil'i-ty, n. Want of 
responsibility. 

Ir're-spon'si-ble, a. Not respon- 
sible ; not liable or able to answer for 
consequences. [apt to retain. 

IR'RE-TEN'TI VE , n . Not retentive or 

Ir/re-triev'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
recovery or repair. 

Syn. — Irremediable; incurable; ir- 
reparable; irrecoverable. 

Ir're-TRIEV'A-BLY, adv. So as not 
to be retrieved ; irreparably. 

Ir-rev'er-ence, n. Absence or de- 
fect of reverence. 

Ir-REV'ER-ENT, a. 1. Not reverent ; 
wanting in a due regard to the Su- 
preme Being or in respect to superi- 
ors. 2. Proceeding from irreverence. 

IR-REV'ER-ENT-LY, adv. In an ir- 
reverent manner. [ing reversed. 

IR'RE-VERS'I-BLE, a. Incapable of be- 
Syn.— Irrevocable; irrepealable ; un- 
changeable. 

LR/RE-VERS'l-BLE-NESS,??. State or 
quality of being irreversible. 

Ir're-vers'I-bly. adv. In a man- 
ner to preclude reversal. 

iR-REV'o-eA-BiL'l-TY, n. . State or 
quality of being irrevocable. 

Ir-rev'o-€A-ble, a. Incapable of 
being revoked. 

IR-REV'0-€A-BLE-NESS, W. State of 
being irrevocable. 

IR-REV'O-CA-BLY, adv. Beyond re- 
call ; in a manner precluding recall 
or reversion. 



Ir'RI-GATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat 

irrigare, -gatvm ; in and rigare, t< 

water.] 1. To water ; to wet. 2. T( 

water, as land, by causing a strean 

to flow over it. 
IR/ri-ga'tion, n. Act of watering, 

especially , of w«,*~ring lands by arti 

ficial means. 
Ir-rig'tj-ous, a. [Lat. irriguus.] Wa. 

tered ; watery. 
1R'RI-ta-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 

ing easily irritated ; susceptibility U 

excitement. 
Ir'ri-ta-BLE, a. 1. Capable of be 

ing irritated. 2. Easily inhan.ed oi 

exasperated. 
iR'Rl-TANT.a. Irritating. — n. That 

which irritates, or in any way causes. 

pain, heat, or tension. 
IR'RI-TATE,^. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

irritare, -latum.] 1. To excite beat 

and redness in, as the skin ; to fret. 

2. To increase the action or violence 

of. 3. To excite anger in. 

Syn. —To provoke; exasperate.— 
Whatever comes across our feelings irri- 
tates; whatever excites anger provokes ; 
whatever raises anger to a high point 
exasperates. 

Ir'ri-ta'tion, n. Act of irritat- 
ing; excitement of anger or passion ; 
provocation ; exasperation ; anger. 

Ir'ri-ta'tive, a. Serving to excite 
or irritate. 

Ir-rDp'TION, n. [Lat. irrvptio ; ir- 
rumpere, to break in.] 1. A sudden, 
violent rushing into a place. 2. A 
sudden invasion. 

Is, v. i. [A.-S. ; Lat. esse, to be.] The 
"third person singular of the verb To 
be, indicative mode, present tense. 

I'SA-GON, n. [Gr. iaos, equal, and 
yovCa, angle.] A figure whose angles 
are equal. 

PsIn-glAss, n. [That is, iceglass, fr. 
icing, ice, and glass.] 1. A kind of 
gelatine prepared from the air-blad- 
ders of sturgeons. 2. Sheets of mica ; 
— popularly so called. 

Is'LAM, n. [At. islam, obedience to 
"the will of God.] The religion of 
Mohammed ; also, the whole body of 
its professors. 

Is/EAM-igM. n. Mohammedanism. 

IS'EAM-lTVie, a. Pertaining to Islam. 

Isi/AND (Il'and), n. [A.-S. i aland ; ed, 
ea.li, water, and land. The s is cor- 
ruptly inserted.] 1. Land wholly sur- 
rounded by water. 2. Any large, 
floating mass. 

Isl'and-er (TFand-er), n. An inhab- 
itant of an island. 

Isle (Tl), n. [0. Ft. isle, Lat. insula.] 
An island. [little isle. 

Tsi/ET (Il'et), n. [Dim. of isle.] A 

I-SOCH'RO-NAE, ) a. [Gr. icroxpovos ■• 

I-SO€H'RO-no0s, ) itros, equal, and 
Xpovos, time.] Uniform in time; 
performed in equal times. 

Is'O-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Jt. 
isolare , fr. Lat. insula, island.] To 
placeby itself; to insulate. 

is'o-LA'TlON, n. State of being iso- 
lated. 

Pso-MER'ie, a. [Gr. uros, equal, and 



A, E,I,0,U, Y,long; A,!:,!, 6, U,Y, sAor*; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£EMj PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



ISOMERISM 



235 



JACOBINICAL 



/uepos, part.] Having the quality of 
isomerism. 

I-SOitt'ER-iSM, n. (Chern.) An iden- 
tity of elements and of atomic pro- 
portions, with a difference in the 
amount combined iu the compound 
molecule, and of its essential quali- 
ties. 

I'SO-MEt'ric,. I a. [Gr. io-os, equal, 

I'SO-MET'RIC-AL, ( and per pop, meas- 
ure.] Pertaining to, or characterized 
by, equality of measure. 

I'SOS'CE-les, a. [Gr. io-oo-/ceA>j? ; uros, 
equal, and o-Ke'Ao?,leg.] Having only 
two sides that are equal ; — said of a 
triangle. 

I'SO-THERM, n. [Gr. tcro?, equal, and 
flepju-rj, heat.] An imagmary line over 
the earth's surface passing through 
points having the same mean annual 
temperature. 

I'so-therm'al, a. Having the na- 
ture of an isotherm ; illustrating the 
distribution of temperature by means 
of isotherms. 

I§'ra-el-ite (44), n. A descendant 
of Israel or Jacob; a Jew. 

IS/RA-EL-'fT'IC, 1 a. Pertaining to 

II'ra-el-It'ish, j Israel; Jewish; 
Hebrew. 

IS'su-a-ble (Ish'shi]-), a. Leading to, 
producing, or relating to, an issue. 

Is'SUE (ish/shn), n. [El., from 0. Fr. 
issir, to go out, from Lat. exire.] 1. 
Act of passing or flowing out ; egress. 
2. Act of sending out ; delivery. 3. 
That which passes, flows, or is sent 
out ; ultimate result or end ; off- 
spring ; produce ; profit. 4. A flux 



or running. 5. An artificial ulcer. 
6. (Law.) A single material point 
presented for determination. 7. Any 
point made in debate or controversy. 
— v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To pass, 
flow, or rush out. 2. To proceed, as 
from a source ; to spring. 3. To end ; 
to result ; to terminate. — v. t. 1. To 
put into circulation. 2. To deliver 
for use. 

Isth'mus (Is'mus or ist'mus, 100), n. 
[Lat. isthmus, Gr. io-0|uos.] A nar- 
row strip of land by which a penin- 
sula is united to the main land. 

IT, pron. [0/ Eng. hit ,A.-S, hit, Skr. 
it.] An impersonal Or neuter demon- 
strative pronoun, corresponding to 
the masculine he j,nd the feminine 
she, and having the same plural. 

I-TAL'IAN (i-tal'yan), a. Pertaining 
to Italy, its inhabitants, or their lan- 
guage. — n. 1. A native of Italy. 2. 
The language used by the Italians. 

I-TAL/IAN-IZE, V. t.' [-ED; -ING.] 
To make Italian. 

I-TAL'I€ (110), a. Relating to Italy, 
or to a kind of type in which the 
letters do not stand upright but slope 
from right to left. — n. A letter or 
character such as the letters in which 
this clause is printed. 

I-t.Xl'i-cize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
write or print in Italic characters. 

ITCH, n. [A.-S. gictha.] 1. A cuta- 
neous disease attended with severe 
itching. 2. The sensation occasioned 
by the disease. 3. A constant irri- 
tating desire. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To feel uneasiness in the skin, 



which inclines one to scratch the 
part. 2. To have a constant desire. 

I'tem, adv. [Lat.] Also ; at the 
same time. — n. An article ; a sep- 
arate particular in an account. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make a 
memorandum of. 

IT'ER-ATE, t;. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat 
iterare, -ratum ; iterum, again.] IV 
do a second time ; to repeat. 

It'er-a'tion, n. Repetition. 

It'er-a-tive, a. Repeating, [ating. 

I-tin'ER-a-cy, n. Practice of itiner- 

I-TlN'ER-ArfT, a. [L. Lat. itinerant, p. 
pr. of itinerare, to make a journey.] 
Traveling about a country ; wander- 
ing. — n. One who travels from place 
to place, particularly a preacher; 
one who is unsettled. 

I-tin'er-a-ry, n. An account of 
travels, or a register of places and 
distances. — a. Traveling. 

I-TIN'ER-ATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[See Itinerant.] To travel from 
place to place, for the purpose of 
preaching, lecturing. &c. 

It-self', pron. The neuter recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

I'VO-RY, n. [Lat. ebur, eboris, ivory, 
Skr. ibha, elephant.] 1. The sub- 
stance constituting the tusks of the 
elephant. 2. The tusks themselves. 
3. Any substance resembling ivory. 

I'vo-ry-black, n. A black powder, 
made by charring bones. 

I'vo-ry-type/w. A photographic 
picture taken upon a surface like 
that of ivory. 

I'VY-n. [A.-S. ifig.] A climbing plant. 



J(jl) is the tenth letter, and seventh 
consonaut of the English alphabet. 
The letter i was written formerly in 
words where j is now used. See 
Prin. of Pron. §77. 

Jab'ber, f. (. [-eb; -ING.] [Allied 
to gibbrr and gabble.] To talk rap- 
idly or indistinctly. — n. Rapid and 
indistinct talk. 

Jab'ber-er, n. One who jabbers. 

Ja'cinth, n. Same as Hyacinth. 

Jack, n. [Of. Fr. Jacques, James.] 1. 
A nickname of John. 2. A playing- 
card bearing the figure 
of a servant. 3. A sea- 
faring man. 4. An in- 
strument that supplies 
the place of a boy. 5. 
A portable machine, va- 
riously constructed, for 
raising great weights 
through a small space. 
6. Any appendage to a 
machiue, rendering con- 
venient service. 7- The 
male of certain animals. 
8. A small flag containing only the 
union. 






American Jack. English Jack. 

Jack-at-all-trades, one who can turn 
his hand to any kind of business. — Jack- 
at-a-pinch, one who receives unexpected 
calls to do any thing. — Jack-ivith-a- 
lantern, a meteor that appears in low, 
moist lands. 

Jack/-A-dan'DY, n. A foppish, im- 
pertinent fellow. 

Jack'al,h. [Per. 
shagal, ski gal.] 
A nocturnal car- 
nivorous animal 
of Iudia and Per- 
sia, allied to the 
wolf. Jackal. 

Jack'A-LENT, n. [For Jack of Lent.] 
1. A sort of puppet, formerly thrown 
at in Lent. 2. Hence, a boy, in ridi- 
cule. 

Jack'a-napes, n. [Eng. jack and 





Jackdaw. 



ape.] 1. A monkey ; an ape. 2. A 
coxcomb. [2. A blockhead. 

jACK'Ass^ro. 1. The male of the ass. 

Jack'-boots, 11. pi. Large boots 
reaching above th< 

Jack/daw, n. A 
small bird allied 
to the crows. 

Jack/et, n. [Fr. 
jaquette.] A short, 
close garment, 
extending down- 
ward tothe hips. 

Jack'knife (-nif), n. A large clasp- 
knife for the pocket, [work. 

Jack'-plane, n. A plane for coarse 

Jack'-screw (-skru), n. A machine 
for raising heavy weights through a 
small distance. 

JXc'o-BiN, n. [From the place of 
meeting, a monastery of the monks 
called Jacobines.] One of a society 
of violent revolutionists in France, 
during the revolution of 1789. Hence, 
a factious demagogue. 

JXc'o-bin'ic, ) a. Relating to. or 

Jac'o-bIn'ic-al, I like, the Jacobins; 
holding revolutionary principles. 



or, do, wolf, too, to"ok 5 URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; -e, g, herd; A£ ; e^ist ; % asNG ; this 



JACOBINISM 



236 



JEST 



k-xO'O-BIN-Ism, n. Violent and fac- 
tious opposition to legitimate gov- 
ernment. 

CXe'O-BlTE, n. [Lat. Jacobus, James.] 
(Eng. Hist.) A partisan or adherent 
of James the Second. 

Jac'o-bit-ism, n. The principles of 
the adherents of James the Second. 

jA€'o-NET,n. A thin cotton fabric. 

JX«'U-LATE,V. t. [-ED;-1NG.] [Lat. 
jaculari, -latus ; jaculum, dart, jave- 
lin.] To throw out ; to dart. 

J.ve'u-LA'TION, n. Action of darting. 

JXe'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Throwing out 
suddenly ; suddenly thrown out. 

JAde, n. 1. A mean or poor horse. 
2. A mean woman ; a wench. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To tire out; to ex- 
haust by excessive labor. 

Syn. — To fatigue; tire; weary. — Fa- 
tigue is the generic term ; tire, denotes 
fatigue which wastes the strength ; 
weary implies that a person is worn out 
by exertion ; jade refers to the weariness 
created by a long and steady repetition 
_of the same act or effort. 

Jad'ish, a. 1. Vicious. 2. Unchaste. 

Jag, n. 1. A small load, as of hay. 2. 
[W. gag, cleft, chink.] A notch ; a 
ragged protuberance. — v. t. [-GED ; 
-GING, 136.] To cut into notches; 
to notch. [or teeth. 

Jag'ged (60), p. a. Having notches 

JXg'ged-ness, n. State of being 
jagged ; unevenness. 

Jag'u-ar', n. 
[Braz. jagoara.] 
A carnivorous 
animal often 
called the Amer- 
ican tiger. 

Jail, n. [Fr. 
geole.] A prison : a place for the con- 
Jinement of debtors and criminals. 

Jail'-bIrd, n. A prisoner ; one who 
has been confined in prison. 

Jall'er j n. The keeper of a jail. 

Jail'-fe'ver, n. A dangerous fever 
of the typhoid character, generated 
in jails. 

JXl'AP, n. [From Jalapa, in Mexico.] 
The root of a certain plant, used in 
powder as a cathartic. 

Jam, n. [Cf. Ar. jamad, ice, jelly.] 
1. A crowd, or the pressure from a 
crowd. 2. A conserve of fruit boiled 
with sugar and water. — v. t. 
J -MED ; -MING.] To press ; to crowd. 

Jamb (jam), n. [0. Fr. gambe, from 
Celt, cam, bent, crooked.] Side- 
piece of a door, a fire-place, &c. 

JXn'gle, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [L. Ger. 
& D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, 
ohide, quarrel.] 1. To sound harsh- 
ly or discordantly. 2. To wrangle. 

— v. t. To cause to sound harshly. 

— n. Discordant sound; conten- 
tion. 

Jan'I-tor, n. [Lat., from janua, a 
door. ] A door-keeper ; a porter. 

Jan'i-zA-RY, n. [Turk, yeni-tsheri, 
new troops.] A soldier of a privileged 
military class in Turkey. [senists. 

TAN'SEN-lisM, n. Doctrine of the Jan- 

jAN'SEN-IST,n. A follower of Jansen, 
a Roman Catholic bishop who re- 




Jaguar. 



ceived certain views of grace similar 
to those taught by Calvin. 

JXn'u-a-ry, n. [Lat. Januarius, fr. 
Janus, an old Italian deity.] The 
first month of the year. 

Ja-pXn', n. 1. Work varnished and 
figured in the manner of the natives 
of Japan. 2. The peculiar varnish 
used in japanning. — v. t. [-NED ; 
-ning.] To cover with a hard brill- 
iant varnish. 

Jap'a-nese' (91), a. Pertaining to 
Japan. — n. ; pi. JAP'A-NEgE'. 1. 
A native, or the people, of Japan. 2. 
The language of the people. 

Jar, v. i. [-red ; -ring.] [Allied to 

0. H. Ger. kerran, to chatter, croak.] 

1. To vibrate harshly or discordant- 
ly. 2. To clash ; to interfere. — v. t. 
To cause to tremble; to shake. — n. 

1. A vibration or shaking. 2. Clash 
of interest or opinion ; discord. 3. 
[Ar. jarrahjar, ewer.] A vessel with 
a large belly and broad mouth. 

Jar'gon, n. [Fr.] 1. Confused talk; 
gibberish. 2. Slang. 

JXs/mine, or JXs'MiNE, n. [Fr. Ar. 
jasaman, jasmin.] A climbing plant, 
bearing fragrant flowers. 

JXs'PER, n. [Gr. uxo-Tris, from Ileb. 
yashpheh.] An impure variety of 
quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull 
colors. 

Jaun^dice (jan'dis), n. [Yr.jaunisse, 
fr. jaune, yellow.] A disease, char- 
acterized by yellowness of the eyes, 
skin, and urine. 

Jaun'diced (jan'dist), n. 1. Affected 
with the jaundice. 2. Prejudiced. 

Jaunt, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.J To ram- 
ble here and there; to stroll. — n. 
An excursion ; a short journey 

jAUNT'I-LY,arf't'. In a jaunty manner. 

Jaun'ty, a. [-er ; -est, 147.] Airy ; 
showy ; finical ; fantastical. 

J AVE 'LIN (jav'lin), n. [M. H. Ger. 
gabilOt, Ir. gab/da, 
spear, lance.] A 
sort of spear. 

Jaw, n. [A modif. of chaw.] 1. The 
bone in which the teeth are fixed. 

2. Scolding. [Low.] — v.i. [-ed; 
-ING.] To scold; to clamor. — v. t. 

_To abuse by scolding. 

JAY, n. [0. Fr. gai,jaie.] 1. A Eu- 
ropean bird, of red -brown color 
above, and a faint yellow below. 2. 
A common American bird, having 
the feathers of a brilliant sky-blue. 

JEAL'oOs, a. [Gr. £VjA.og, zeal, jeal- 
ousy.] 1. Filled with anxious appre- 
hension. 2. Suspiciously vigilant. 

3. Pained by suspicions of preference 
given to another. 

Syn.— Suspicious.— Suspicious is the 
wider term. We suspect a person when 
we distrust his honesty and imagine he 
has some bad design. We nre jealous 
when we suspect him of aiming to de- 
prive us of what is our own, and what 
we dearly prize. Iago began by awak- 
ening the suspicions of Othello, and con- 
verted them at last into the deadliest 
jealousy. 

jEAL'otts-LY, adv. With jealousy. 
JEAL'oDs-Y, n. Quality of being jeal- 



Javelin. 



ous ; painful apprehension of rival- 
ship. 

Jean (jan) ; n. A twilled cotton cloth. 

Jeer, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Perh. a 
modif. of cheer, in an ironical senr3.] 
To make a mock of some thing or 
person. 

Syn. — To sneer; scoff; gibe; mock. 
— v. t. To treat with scoffs or ("erfl- 
ion ; to deride ; to flout. — n. A 
scoff; taunt; gibe; mockery. 

JE-HO'VAH, n. [Heb. hawah, to '. e.] 
A Scripture name of God. 

JE-JUNE', a. [L&t.jejunus.] 1. Hi n- 
gry ; starving. 2. Empty ; void of 
interest ; barren. [ren manner. 

Je-june'ly, adv. In a jejune, bar- 

Je-june'ness (109), n. Quality of 
being jejune ; want of interest. 

JEL'LI£D (jel'lid), a. Brought to the 
consistence of jelly. 

JEL'LY, n. [Fr. gelce, from geler, to 
freeze.] 1. A stiffened solution of 
gelatine or gum, &c. 2. Inspissated 
juice of fruits. 

Jen'net, n. A small Spanish horse. 
See Genet. 

Jen'ny, n. [A corruption of gin, for 
engine.] A machine for spinning. 

JEOP'ARD, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
put in danger. 
Syn.— To hazard; risk; peril; endanger 

JEOP'ARD-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING] 
To jeopard. [Illegitimate.] 

Jeop'ard-oBs, a. Exposed to dan- 
ger; perilous; hazardous. 

JEOP'ARD-y, n. [Fr. jeu parti, an 
even game ; afterward confounded 
with jeu perdu, a lost game.] Ex- 
posure to death, loss, or injury. 

Syn.— Danger ; peril ; hazard 
See Danger. 

J£r'bo-a, or 
Jer-bo'a, n. 
A small, jump- 
ing, rodent ani- 
mal. 

jer'e-mi'ad, 

Jer'e-mpade, 
n. [From Jere- 
miah, author of the book of " Lam- 
entations."] A doleful story or 
complaint. 

Jerk (14), r. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
give a sudden pull, twitch, thrust, 
or push. 2. To cut into thin slices, 
and dry in the sun. — n. 1. A short, 
sudden thrust, or twitch. 2. Un- 
steady motion. 

JEr'kin, n. [Dim. of D. jmk, a frock.] 
A jacket ; a kind of short coat. 

JERSEY, n. [From the island of the 
same name.] Finest part of wool. 

JE-RU'SA-LEM AR'TI-CHOKE. [Je- 
rusalem is here a corruption of It. 
girasole, sunflower.] A plant, the 
roots of which are used as food, and 
the leaves given to cattle. 

Jess, n. [L. Lat. jactus, a jess.] A 
short strap tied round the legs of a 
hawk, to fasten it to the wrist. 

JES'sa-mYne, n. A plant ; jasmine. 

JEST, n. [0- Eng. jest and grst, deed, 
tale.] 1. Something done or said in 



ri6k. 




Jerboa. 



i, I, 5,U, \,^ng; A^fijIjOjtJjYjSAort; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, E£E!I j P^QUE, FIRM; SON, 



JESTER 



237 



JOLT 



order to amuse. 2. Object of sport ; 
a laughing-stock. 

Syn. — Joke; fun; sport; raillery. 
— v. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] To make 
merriment, by word or actions. 

Syn. — To joke ; sport ; rally. — One 
jests in order to make others laugh; one 
jokes to please himself. A jest is always 
at the expense of another, and is often 
ill-natured; a, joke is a sportive sally de- 
signed to promote good humor without 
wounding the feelings of its object. 

Jest'er, n. One given to jesting. 

JEJ'U-IT, n. 1. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
One of a religious order founded by 
Loyola, under the title of The Socie- 
ty "of Jesus. 2. A crafty person ; — 
an opprobrious use of the word. 

Jesuits' - bark, Peruvian bark ; — so 
called because its medicinal properties 
were first made known by Jesuit mis- 
sionaries. 

Jes'u-It'I€, la. 1 Pertaining to 

jEs'u-iT're-AL. 1 the Jesuits. 2. De- 
signing ; cunning ; — an offensive 
sense. * [ical manner. 

Jes'U-IT'I€-Xl-LY, adv. Inajesuit- 

Jes'u-it-Tsm, n. 1. Principles and 
practices of the Jesuits. 2 Cunning; 
deceit; an offensive ?/se of the word. 

JET, n. 1. [Or. TreVpa ■ya.yyrJTis, fr. 
Tayai, or Tayycu, a town and river 
in Lycia.] A variety of lignite, of a 
black color. 2. [Lat. jactus, a throw- 
ing.] A sudden rush, as of water 
from a pipe ; that which issues in a 
jet.— v. i. [-ted ; -ting.] To shoot 
or stand out ; to project ; to jut. 

JET-D'EAU' (zha'dS'). 7i. [Fr., a 
throw of water.] A stream of water 
spouting from a fountain. 

JET'SAM, I n. [Fr. jeter, jetter, to 

jET'SOx, j throw.] 1. A throwing 
of goods overboard , in order toiight- 
en a ship and preserve her. 2. The 
goods thus thrown away, which re- 
main under water. 

Jet'ty, n. [0. Fr. jettc, from jeter, 
jetter, to throw.] A kind of pier, 
mostly constructed of timber. — a. 
Madeof jet, or black as jet. 

JEW (ju or ju), n. [From Judea.] A 
Hebrew, or Israelite. 

JEWEL (ju'el or ju'el), n. [L. Lat. 
jocale, for gaudiale, as if from Lat. 
jocare, to jest, play.] 1. A precious 
etone ; a gem. 2. Any precious 
thing. — v. t. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] 1. To adorn with 
jewels. 2. To provide with a jewel. 

Jew'el-er, \n. One who deals in 

Jew'el-ler, j jewels. 

Jew'el-ler-y, n. See Jewelry. 

JEW'EL-RY, n. Jewels in general. 

Jewess, n. A Hebrew woman. 
JEWISH (ju'ish or ju/ish), a. Per- 
taining to the Jews. 

JEWRY (ya'rf or ju/r^), n. Judea; 
also, a district inhabited by Jews. 

JEWS'-HARP (juz'- or juz'-), n. A 
small musical instrument, held be- 
tween the teeth. 
jEZ'E-BEL,n. [From Jezebel, wife of 
Ahab.] An impudent, vicious woman. 

Jib, n. 1. Foremost sail of a ship. 2. 
Projecting beam of a crane. 



JfB'-BOOM, n. A spar ruu out from 
the end of the bowsprit, and serving 
as a continuation of it. 

Jibe, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.j To shift 
from one side of a vessel to the other, 
as a sail. — v. i. To agree : to har- 
monize. [Low.] 

JlF'FY,7i. A moment ; an instant. 

JIG, n. [0. Fr. gigue,gige,& string- 
instrument. See Gig.] 1. A light, 
brisk musical movtmtnt. 2. A frol- 
icsome, quick dauce. 3. A trick. 

JIg'ger, n. 1. A troublesome insect. 
2. A small tackle, consisting of a 
double and single block and the fall. 

Jill, n. [Equiv. to Gill.] A young 
woman ; — in contempt. 

Jilt, n [Contr. from Scot, jillet, a 
giddy girl, dim. of jilt.] A coquette ; 
a flirt. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To en- 
courage, and then frustrate the hopes 
of, as of a lover. [glars. 

JiM'MY, n. A short bar used by bur- 

JlMP, a. Neat ; elegant of shape. 

Ji'N'GLE (jlng'gl), v. i. [See CHINK.] 
To sound with a fine, sharp rattle ; 
to clink —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cause to give a sharp sound, as 
pieces of metal. — n. 1. A rattling 
or clinking sound. 2. Correspond- 
ence of sound in rhymes. 

JOB, n. [A modif. of chop, to cut in- 
to small pieces.] 1. Any piece of 
work. 2. An undertaking with a 
view to profit. — v.t. [-bed ; -BING.] 

1. To hire by the job. 2. To do by 
separate portions. 3. To buy and 
sell as a broker. 

Job'BER, n. 1. A worker by the job. 

2. One who purchases goods from 
importers and sells to retailers. 3. 
One who turns official actions to pri- 
vate advantage. 

Job'bing-house, n. A mercantile 
establishment which purchases from 
importers and sells to retailers. 

Jock'ey, n. [Dim. of Jock, Scot, 
dim. of John.] 1. A man who rides 
horses in a race. 2. A dealer in 
horses. 3. One who cheats in trade. 
— 4>. t. [-ed;-ing.] To trick. 

JocK'EY-lgM, n. Practice of jockeys. 

JO-COSE', a. [Lat. jocosus, fr. jocus, 
joke.] 1. Given to jokes and jestings. 
2. Containing a joke. 

Syn.— Jocular; facetious; witty; mer- 
ry; pleasant; waggish; sportive. 

Jo-€OSE'LY, adv. In jest ; for sport. 

J6CU-LAR, a. [Lat. j ocularis ; from 
joculus, dim. of jocus, joke.] 1. 
Given to jesting ; jocose. 2. Con- 
taining jokes ; sportive. [ing. 

Joc'u-lar'1-ty, n. Merriment ; jest- 

Jo€'U-,LAR-LY,arf«. In jest; for sport. 

Joe'UND, a. [Lat. jocundus ; jocus, a 
jest.] Merry; gay; airy; lively; 
sportive. 

Jo-€tJN'Di-TY, n. State of being 
merry ; gayety. 

Joc'UND-LY, adv. Merrily; gayly. 

Joe'UND -NESS. n. Jocundity. 

Jog, v. t. [-ged ; -ging.] [Allied to 
shock.] To push or shake with the 
elbow or hand. — v.i. 1. To move 
by jogs, as on a slow trot. 2. To 



travel heavily or slowly. — n. A 

shake ; a push to awaken attention. 

Jog-trot, a slow, regular pace. 

Jog'gle, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Dim. 

of jog.] To shake slightly ; to jostle. 

— v. i. To shake or totter. 
JO-Han'ne§, n. A Portuguese gold 

coin worth eight dollars. 

John Do'ry. [From Fv.jaune dorce, 
golden yellow.] A small golden-col- 
ored sea-fis_h. 

John'ny-cake, n. A cake made of 
the meal of Indian corn, mixed with 
water. [A?ner.] 

Join (38), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
jvngere, to yoke.] 1. To bring to- 
gether literally or figuratively. 2. To 
be or become connected with. 

Syn. — To add ; annex : unite ; con- 
nect ; combine ; consociate. 

— v. i. To be contiguous, close, or 
in contact ; to unite. [junction. 

Join'der, n. Act of joining ; con- 
Jo in'er, n. A mechanic who does 

the nicer wood-work in buildings. 

Join'er-y, n. Art or work of a joiner. 

Joint, n. 1. Place or part in which 

two things are joined ; junction. 2. 

Space between two joints. — a. 1. 

Joined; united. 2. Shared among 

more than one. — v. t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] 1. To unite by a joint oi 

joints. 2. To provide with a joint oi 

joints. 3. To separate the joints of 

to disjoint. [by a joiner. 

Joint'er, n. The longest plane used 

JOINT'LY, adv. Together ; unitedly. 

Joint'ress, n. A woman who has a 

jointure. [pany. 

Joint'-stock, n. Stock held in com- 

Joint'-stool, n. A stool consisting 

of parts inserted in each other. 
JOINT'URE (53), n. [Lat. junctura.] 
An estate settled on a wife, which she 
is to enjoy after her husband's de- 
cease, and. in satisfaction of dower. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To settle a 
jointure on. 

Joist, n. [L. Lat. gistum. equiv. to 
Lat. jacitum, p. p. of jacere, to lie.] 
A small piece of timber used in build 
ing. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To fit or 
furnish with joists. 

Joke, n. [Lat. jocus.] 1. A jest; a 
witticism. 2. What is not actually 
meant, — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make merry with ; to banter. — v. i. 
To do something for sport. 

JOK'ER, n. A jester ; a merry fellow. 

Jol'li-fi-CA'TION, n. [Eng. jolly-, 
and Lat. facer e, to make.] Noisy fes- 
tivity and merriment. 

J6l'li-ly, adv. With noisy mirth. 

Jol'li-ness, ) n. Noisy mirth; fes- 

J6l'li-TY, J tivity; hilarity. 

Jol'ly, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [0. 
Fr. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, from 
Goth. jiuleis,_ Eng. yule. See YULE.] 
1. Full of life and mirth ; jovial ; 
joyous ; merry. 2. Expressing mirth, 
or inspiring it. 3. Handsome ; plump. 

Jol'ly-boat, n. [A corruption ol 
yawl boat.] A small boat belonging 
to a ship. 

Jolt (20), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 0. 



or, do, wolf, too, to"ok; URN, RUE, PULL ; £, i, o,silent ; C, G, soft; €,5, hard; As; exist; gosNG; THIS 



JOLT-HEAD 



238 



JUJUBE 



Eng. jolle, to beat.] To shake with 
short, abrupt risings and fallings. 
t. To shake with sudden jerks. 
— n. A shake by a sudden jerk. 

:6lt'-HEAI>, n. A great head; a 
dunce ; a blockhead. 

Jon'QUIL, i *i. [Lat. junrus, a 

Jd^'QUlLLE. j rush, because it has 
rush-like leaves.] A bulbous plant, 
allied to the daffodil. 

Joss'-stIck (109), n. [Chinese joss, 
deity.] A small cylinder of gum 
mixed with the dust of odoriferous 
woods. 

JOS'TLE (JOS'1), V. t. [-ED; -INS.] 
To run against and shake. 

JOT, n. [Gr. koto., the letter i, Heb. 
yoci.] An iota ; least, quantity as- 
signable. — v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] To 
set down ; to make a memorandum of. 

Jounce, v. t. [-ed;-ing] To jolt; 
to shake ; especially, by rough rid- 
ing. — n. A jolt ; a shake. 

JO0R'NAL,n. [L. Lat. journale, from 
Lat. diurnalis, diurnal, from dies, a 
day.] 1. An account of daily trans- 
actions and events; specifically, (a.) 
An account book for daily entries. 
(b.) A paper published daily ; also, a 
periodical publication giving the pro- 
ceedings of societies, &c. 2. Por- 
tion of a shaft which turns in some 
other piece, or in a journal-box. 

Jour'nal-box, n. Part of a ma- 
chine in which the journal of a shaft 
or- axle bears and moves. 

Jo.u :'NAL-I§M, n. 1. The keeping of 
urual. 2. The profession of ed- 
iting, i >r writing for, journals. 

.OUR'J* / L-IST, n. 1. Writer of a di- 
ary. 2. Conductor of, or contrib- 
utor to, a public journal 



oOr'nal-Ize, 



[-ED; -ING.] 



To enter in a journal an account of. 
JoUR'NEY, n. [Fr. journee, a day, a 
day's work or journey.] Travel from 
one place to another ; passage ; voy- 
age. 

Syn. — Tour ; excursion ; pilgrimage. 
— The word journey suggests the idea of 
a somewhat prolonged traveling for a 



specific object, leading a persoR to pass 
directly from one point to another. In 
a tour, we take a round-about course 
from place to place, more commonly for 
pleasure, though sometimes on business. 
An excursion is never on business, but 
always for pleasure, health, &c. In a 
pilgrimage : we travel to a place hallowed 
by our religious affections, or by some 
train of sacred or tender associations. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To travel from 

place to place. 
Jour'ney-man (150), n. Amechan- 

ic hired to work for another. 
Jour'ney-work (-wflrk), n. Work 

done for hire by a mechanic. 
Joust, n. A mock fight on horseback. 
Jd'VI-AL, a. [Lat. Jovialis, because 

the planet Jupiter was thought to 

make those who were born under it 

joyful.] Gay ; merry ; joyous ; jolly. 
JO'VI-AL'I-TY, n. Quality of being 

jovial ; jovialness. 
J5'VI-AL-LY, adv. Merrily ; gayly. 
JO'vi-AL-ness, n. Noisy mirth ; gay- 

ety. 



J6'VI-AL-TY, n. Merriment ; joviality. 

JOWL, n. [Fr. gueute, mouth, jaws ; 
Lat. gula, throat.] The cheek. 

Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close 
_together. 

Jowi/er, or Jowi/ER, n. A hunt- 
ing-dog, or other dog. 

Jov, n. [0. Vv.joye, fr. Lat. gaudi- 
um.] 1. Emotion excited by the ac- 
quisition or expectation of good. 2. 
Cause of happiness. 

Syn. — Gladness ; pleasure ; delight ; 
happiness; exultation; transport; felici- 
ty ; ecstasy ; rapture ; bliss ; gayety. 
— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To rejoice; to 
be glad ; to exult. 

JOY'FUL, a. Full of joy ; very glad ; 
gay ; exulting ; joyous. 

Joy'ful-ly, adv. With jov ; gladly. 

Joy'ful-NESS, n. Great giadness. 

Joy'less, a. 1. Wanting joy. 2. Giv- 
ing no joy. 

JOY'LESS-LY, adv. Without joy. 

J y'less-ness, n. State of being 
JO,) ess. 

JOY'ous, a. Full of joy ; joyful. 

Syn. — Merry; li"ely; blithe ; gleeful; 
gay; glad ; mirthful ; sportive ; festive ; 
happy; blissful; charming; delightful. 

JOY'ous-LY,ac/t\ With joy or glad- 
ness. ' [ous. 

JOy'oOs-NEss, n. State of being joy - 

Ju'bi-lant, «. [Lat. jubilatis.] Re- 
joicing ; shouting with joy. 

Ju'bi-la'TION, n. Act of declaring 
triumph. 

Ju'Bi-LEE, n. [Heb. ydbel, blast of a 
trumpet, and the grand sabbatical 
year, announced by sound of trum- 
pet.] 1. A church solemnity cele- 
brated at stated intervals. 2. A sea- 
sonof great public festivity and joy. 

Ju-i»A'l€, \a. [See Jew.] Per- 

Ju-DA'i€-AL, ) taining to the Jews. 

Ju'da-ism (44), n. 1. Religious doc- 
trines and rites of the Jews. 2. 
Conformity to Jewish rites and cer- 
emonies. 

JU'DA-IZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
conform to the religious doctrines 
and rites of the Jews. 

JUDGE, n. [Lat. judex, fr. jus, law,' 
right.] 1. A civil officer authorized 
to hear and determine causes. 2. The 
Supreme Being. 3. One who has 
skill to decide on the merits of a 
question. 4. (Jewish Hist.) A chief 
magistrate. 

Judge-Advocate (Mil.), a person ap- 
pointed to act as public prosecutor at a 
court-martial. 

Syn. — Umpire; arbitrator; referee. — 
A judge, in the legal sense, is a magis- 
trate appointed to determine questions 
of law. An umpire is a person selected 
to decide between two or more who con- 
tend for a prize. An arbitrator is one 
chosen to allot to two contestants their 
portion of a claim, usually on grounds 
of equity and common sense. A referee 
is one to whom a cast is referred for final 
adjustment. 

— v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To hear 
and determine, as in causes on trial ; 
to pass sentence. 2. To assume au- 
thority to try any thing and pass 
judgment on it. 3. To form an opin- 
ion ; to determine ; to distinguish. — 



v. t. 1. To hear and determine, n» 
a case before a court. 2. To exam - 
ine and pass sentence on. 3. To 
think ; to reckon. 

Jubge'ship, n. The office of a judge. 

JUDG'ment, n. 1. Act of judging. 
2. Opinion ; notion. 3. Facility in 
judging; taste. 4. Faculty of com- 
.paring objects of any kind, and dis- 
cerning their relations, &c. ; result 
of the act thus performed. 6. Sen- 
tence of the law, pronounced b) a 
court or judge. 6. A calamity re- 
garded as sent by God. 7. Final 
punishment of the wicked. 

Judg'MENT-seat, n. Seat on which 
judges sit in court. [judge. 

Ju'di-ca'tive, a. Having power to 

Ju'di-ca-to-ry (50), a. Dispensing 
justice. — n. A court of justice; a 
tribunal. 

Ju'di-ca-ture (53), n. 1. Power of 
distributing justice. 2. A court of 
justice. 

Ju-Dl'ciAL ( -dish'al), a. [Lat. judi- 
cialis.] 1. Pertaining to courts of 
justice. 2. Proceeding from a court 
of justice. 3. Established by statute. 

Ju-DI'CIAL-LY (-dish'al-), adv. 1. In 
the forms of legal justice. 2. By 
way of penalty. 

Ju-dPci-a-ry (-dish'T-,44,95), a. Per- 
taining to the courts of justice. — n. 
Judges taken collectively. 

JU-dPcious (-dlsh'us), a. Possessed 
of, or according to, sound judgment. 
Syn. — Prudent; rational: wise; skill- 
ful; discerning; sagacious. 

Ju-dI'cious-ly (-dish'us-), adv. In 
a judicious manner ; with good judg- 
ment. 

Ju-dPcioOs-jjess ( -dlsh'us-), n . Qual- 
ity of being judicious. 

JUG, n. [A.-S. ceac, basin, cup, pitch- 
er.] 1. A large earthen or stone 
bottle. 2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.] 
— v. t. To commit to jail ; to impris- 
on. [Low.] 

JUG'GLE.-u.i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat.^'oc- 
ulari, to jest.] 1. To play tricks by 
sleight of hand. 2. To practice arti- 
fice. — v. t. To deceive by trick or 
artifice. — n. 1. A trick of legerde- 
main. 2. An imposture. 

JUG'GLER,n. One who practices or 
exhibits tricks by sleight of hand ; a 
cheat ; a deceiver. [ery. 

JtiG'GLER-Y, n. Legerdemain ; trick- 

Ju'gu-LAR, a. [Lat. jugulum, coHar- 
bone, throat.] Pertaining to the 
neck or throat. — n. One of the 
large veins by which the blood is re- 
turned from the head to the heart. 

JUICE, n. [Lat. jus.] Watery part 
of vegetables ; also, the fluid part 
of animal substances. [dry. 

JUICE'LESS, a. Destitute of juice; 

Jui'ci-ness, n. State of being juicy; 
succulence • 

Jui'c Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Abounding 
with juice ; moist ; succulent. 

JU'JUBE, n. [Gr. £i£v(]>ov, Ar. zivzhf, 
zufayzaf.] Fruit of a plant, having 
a sweet, granular pulp. 
Jujube paste, gum arahic sweetened. 



A, E" , I, 6, 0, Y long; X.,^,1, 6,tJ,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ERE, V^IL, TERM; PIQUE, fIrm; s6n. 



JULEP 



239 



JUXTAPOSITION 



JU'LEP, n. [Per. julab, jullab, fr. gu- 
Idb, rose-water and julep.] 1. A 
sweet drink. 2. A spirituous bever- 
age, with sugar, ice, and sprigs of 
mint. 

JUL'IAN (juRyan), a. Belonging to, 
or derived from, Julius Caesar. 

Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 
hours. 

JU-LY', n. The seventh month of the 
year ; — named from Julius Caesar. 

J0M'BLE,r. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Prob.fr. 
Lat. cumulare, to heap.] To mix in 
a confused mass. —v. i. To mix or 
unite in a confused manner. — n. 1. 
Confused mixture ; orderless mass or 
collection. 2. A small, sweet cake. 

JtfMP, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To skip; 
to spring ; to bound. — v. t. To pass 
by a leap ; to skip over. — n. Act 
of jumping ; a leap ; a spring. 

JUMP'ER, n. 1. One who jumps. 2. 
A rudekind of sleigh. 

Jump'-seat, n. A carriage with a 
movable seat. 

JUNCTION, n. [Lat. junctio.] 1. Act 
of joining, or state of being joined ; 
union. 2. Place or point of union, 
especially of two lines of railway. 

JCn€T'ure (53), n. [Lat. junctura.] 
1. Joint or articulation. 2. A point 
of time ; an exigency ; an emergency. 

JUNE, n. [Lat. Junius, fr. Juno.] The 
sixth month of the year. 

JUN'GLE (jung'gl), n. [Hind, jangal.] 
Land mostly covered with forest- 
trees, brush-wood, &c. 

Jun'ior, a. [Lat., fr.jitvenis, young.] 
1. Younger. 2. Belonging to a youn- 
ger p^r«on, or to a junior. — n. 1- A 
younger person. 2. One of a lower 
standing; esp.,one in the third year 
of his course in an American college. 

Ju'NI-PER, n. [Lat. juniperus. See 
Geneva.] An evergreen coniferous 
shrub or tree. 

JOnk, n. 
[Lat. jun- 
cus, a bul- 
rush, of 
w h i c h 
ropes were 
made in 
early 
ages.] 1. 
Pieces of 
old cable 
or cord- 
age. 2. A Junk - 
ship used in China. 3. A thick 
piece. [See Chunk.] 4. Hard salted 
beef supplied to ships. 
JtJNK'ET, n. [Lat. juncata, cream- 
cheese.] 1. A sweetmeat. 2. A stolen 
entertainment. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 




1. To make a private entertainment. 

2. T^ least ; to banquet. 
JtfNK'ET-lNG, n. A private feast. 
JtJN'TA,n. [Sp., from Lat. junctus, 

joined.] A grand council of state in 
Spain . 

Jun'to, n. ; pi. JUN'TOg. [See supra.] 
A faction ; a cabal. 

JU'PI-TER, n. [Lat.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) 
The supreme deity. 2. The largest 
of the planets. 

Ju-r1d'I€, ) a. [Lat. juridicus, fr. 

JU-Riu'l-e-AL, ) jus, juris, right, 
law, and dicare, to pronounce.] 1. 
Pertaining to a judge. 2. Used in 
courts of law. 

Ju-Ri'D're-AL-LY, adv. According to 
forms of law. 

Ju'Ris-eoN'sULT (110), n. [Lat. ju- 
risconsultus.] A man learned in the 
law ; a jurist ; a counselor. 

Ju'RIS-dKi'tion, n. [Lat. jurisdic- 
tio ; jus, right, law, and dicare, to 
pronounce.] 1. Legal power or au- 
thority. 2. Power of governing or 
legislating. 3. Limit within which 
power may be exercised. 

JU'RIS-PRy/DENCE, n. [Lat. juris- 
prudential jus, right, law, and pru- 
dentia, a foreseeing, knowledge.] 
Science of law ; knowledge of the 
laws, customs, &c. [law. 

Ju/ris-pru'bent, n. One skilled in 

Ju'ris-pru-den'tial, a. Pertaining 
to jurisprudence. 

Ju'rist (89), n. One versed in the law. 

Ju'ROR, n. [Lat. jurator, a sworn 
witness or magistrate.] One who 
se-'ves on a jury. 

Ju'Rjr(89),n. 1- (Law.) A body of 
men, selected and sworn to inquire 
into any matter of fact, and to de- 
clare the truth of it on the evidence 
given them. 2. A committee for ad- 
judging prizes at a public exhibition. 

Ju'ry-man (150), n. One who serves 
as a juror. 

Ju'ry-mast, n. [Probably for in- 
jury-mast.] A temporary mast. 

Just, a. [Lat. justug; jus, right, 
law.] 1. Rendering to each one his 
due'. 2. Conformed to fact, to a 
proper standard, to reasonable ex- 
pectations, &c. 

Syn. —Equitable ; upright ; honest ; 
true; fair; impartial ; proper; exact ; 
normal; orderly; regular; tasteful. 

— adv. Precisely; exactly; nearly. 

— n. A mock encounter on horse- 
back ; a tilt. — ij. i. [0. Fr. juster, 
jouster, fr. Lat. juxta, near to, L. 
Lat. juxtare, to approach.] To en- 
gage in a mock fight on horseback. 

JUS'TlCE,rc. [L&t. justitia.] 1. Qual- 
ity of being just ; the rendering to 



every one his due. 2. Conformity to 
truth and reality. 3. Just treat- 
ment. 4. Equity ; justness. 5. A 
person commissioned to hold courts. 

Syn. — Equity ; la w.— Justice and equi- 
ty are the same ; but human laws, though 
designed to secure justice, are of neces- 
sity imperfect, and hence what is strictly 
legal is at times far from being equitable 
or just. 

Jus'tice-ship, n. Office or dignity 
of a justice. [or justice. 

Jus-tPci-a-ry (-tish'T-), n. A judge 

Jus'ti-fPa-ble, a. Capable of being 
proved to be just. 

Jus'ti-fPa-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being justifiable. [justified. 

Jus'ti-fPa-bly, adv. So as to be 

JtJS'TI-Fl-€A'TlON, n. 1. Act of jus- 
tifying ; vindication ; defense. 2. 
State of being justified. 3. ( Theol.) 
The treating of sinful man as though 
he were just. [defensory. 

Jus'Tl-Fl-eA'TO-RY, a. Vindicatory ; 

Jus'TI-fPer, n. One who justifies. 

JtJS'TI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. justificare ; Justus, just, and 
facer e, to make.] 1. To prove or 
show to be just. 2. To pronounce 
free from guilt or blame. 3. ( Theol.) 
To treat as just, though guilty and 
deserving punishment 

Syn. — To defend ; maintain ; vindi- 
cate ; excuse ; exculpate ; absolve. 

JUS'TLE (jus'l), v. i. [Dim. of just, 
v. i.] To run or strike against ; to 
encounter. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
piioh ; h .o force by rushing against. 

JtiST'LY, adv. Fairly; exactly. 

JUST'ness, n. Quality of being just ; 
justice ; reasonableness ; equity. 

JUT, v. i. [-TED ; -TING.] [A different 
spelling of jet.] To shoot forward; 
to project beyond the main body. — 
n. A shooting forward ; a projection. 

JUTE, n. A substance resembling 
hemp, used in the manufacture of 
mats, coarse carpets, &c. 

JtJT'TY, n. [See Jettee.] A pier 
or mole. [young. 

JU've-nes'CENCE, n. A growing 

JfPVE-NEs'^ENT, a- [Lat. juvenes- 
cens; juvenis, young.] Becoming 
young. 

JU'VE-NILE, a. [Lat. juvenilis. 1. 
Young ; youthful. 2. Pertaining or 
suited to youth. — n. A young per- 
son or youth. 

JU'VE-NILE-NESS, ) n. Youthfulness ; 

JU'VE-Nfl/i-TY, ) youthful age. 

JtJX'TA-p6s/iT, v. t. [Lat. juxta, near, 
and Eng. posit.] [-ED ; -ING.] To 
place in close connection. 

Jux'ta-po-sJ'tion ( -zTsh'un), n. A 
placing or being placed in nearness. 



or, do, w<?lf, too, TOTorj URN, RUE, pull ; JS, 7, O, silent ; q,&,soft; €,S,faweJ; A§} EpsT ; nosks; this. 



K 



240 



KEY 



K 



Kangaroo. 



K(ka) is the eleventh letter and 
eighth consonant of the English 
alphabet. See Prin. of Pron., § 78. 

RALE,n. [A.-S. cal. See COLE.] A 
kind of cabbage. 

KA-LEI'DO-S€OPE, n. [Gr. /caAds, 
beautiful, etSos, form, and o-Konelv, 
to look carefully.] An optical instru- 
ment which exhibits an endless va- 
riety of beautiful colors and sym- 
metrical forms. 

KXi/ENDs,n. See Calends. 

Ka'li, n." [Ar. qali.] A plant, the 
ashes of which are used in making 
glass. 

KAl'MI-a, n. [Named in honor of 
Peter Kalm.] An evergreen shrub, 
having showy flowers ; — sometimes 
called laurel. 

KXM'SIN, n. [Ar. khamsin; khams&n, 
fifty, because it blows for about fifty 
days.] A hot southerly wind in 
Egypt. 

KAN'GA-ROO',n. 
An animal 
found in Aus- 
tralia and the 
neighboring isl- 
ands. The long 
hind legs ena- 
ble it to make 
enormous bounds 

KX'O-LIN, )n. [Chin.] A kind of 

Ka'o-line,) clay for making por- 
celain. 

Ka'ty-dTd, n. [From the noise it 
makes.] An insect of a pale -green 
color, allied to the grasshoppers. 

KEB'LAH,n. [Ar. kiblah, any thing 
opposite.] The point toward which 
Mohammedans turn in prayer, being 
the direction of the temple at Mecca. 

Keck, v. i. [-eb ; -ing.] To heave 
the stomach ; to retch. — n. A heav- 
ing of the stomach. 

KECK/LE (kek'l), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To wind old rope round, as a cable, 
to preserve its surface. 

KECK'SY, n. [Allied to Lat. cicuta.] 
Dry stalk of the hemlock, &c. 

KED&E,n. A small anchor to keep 
a ship steady. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Scot, hedge, cadge, to toss about, to 
move quickly.] To warp, as a ship ; 
to move by means of a kedge. 

Keel,™. [A.-S. ceol.] 1. 
Principal timber in a 
ship, extending from 
stem to stern at the 
bottom. 2. The two 
lowest petals of the 
corolla of a papiliona- 
ceous flower inclosing the 'Stamens 
and pistil. — v. i. [ -ED; -ING.] 1. 
To plow with a keel ; to navigate. 2. 
To turn up the keel ; to show the 
bottom. 

Keel'-boat, n. A large, covered 
boat, with a keel, but no sails. 




Keel (2). 



Keel'ER, n. A shallow tub for va- 
rious uses. 

Keel'haul, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
haul under the keel of a ship, as a 
punishment. 

Keel'son (kel'sun), n. [From keel.] 
A piece of timber laid on the middle 
of the floor timbers over the keel. 

Keen, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. cene, 
ccn.] 1. Eager ; vehement. 2. Sharp ; 
having a fine edge. 3. Piercing; pen- 
etrating. 4. Bitter ; acrimonious. 
5. Acute of mind. 

Keen'ly, adv. In a keen manner ; 
sharply ; eagerly. 

Keen'ness (109), n. Quality of being 
keen ; eagerness ; sharpness. 

Keep, v. t. [kept ; keeping.] [A.- 
S. cepan, to intercept.] 1. To cause 
to remain within one's control. 2. 
To maintain unchanged. 3. To take 
care of. 4. To conduct ; to manage. 
5. To entertain. 6. To have and 
maintain, as an assistant or a serv- 
ant. 7- To adhere to ; to practice or 
perform. 8. To remain in ; hence, to 
haunt ; to frequent. 9. To celebrate. 
Syn. — To retain ; preserve. — Keep is 
the generic term, and is often used where 
retain or preserve would too much 
restrict the meaning; as, to keep silence, 
&c. Retain denotes that we keep or hold 
things, as against influences which might 
deprive us of them, or reasons which 
might lead us to give them up; as, to re- 
tain vivacity in old age; to retain coun- 
sel in a lawsuit; to retain one's servant 
after a reverse of fortune. Preserve de- 
notes that we keep a thing against agen- 
cies which might lead to its being de- 
stroyed or broken in upon ; as, to preserve 
one's health amid many exposures, to 
preserve appearances, &c. 

— v. i. 1. To remain in any state ; 

2. To last ; to endure. 3. To dwell. 

— n. The strongest and securest 
part of a castle ; the donjon. 

Keep'er, n. One who keeps, pre- 
serves, or guards ; one who remains. 

Keep'ING,w. 1. A holding ; restraint ; 
custody. 2. Maintenance : support. 

3. Just proportion ; congruity. 
Keep'ing-room, n. A common par- 
lor or fitting-room. 

KEEP'SAKE,a. A token of friendship. 

KEEVE,n. [A.-S. cyf, fr. Lat. cupa, 
tub, cask.] A large vessel for fer- 
menting liquors. — v. t. To set in a 
keeve for fermentation. 

Keg, n. [See Cag.] A small cask. 

Kelp, n. The calcined ashes of sea- 
weed, or the sea-weed itself. 

KelP'Te, ) n. An imaginary spirit of 

Kelp'y, J the waters, in the form 
of a horse. [Scot.) 

KELT, n. Same as CELT. 

Kel'ter, n. [Written also kilter.] 
[Gael, cealtair, clothes, cause or 
matter.] Regular order or condition. 

Ken, v. t. [-ned ; -ning.] [A.-S. 
cunnan, Goth, kunnan, kannjan.] 
1. To know ; to understand. 2. To 



recognize ; to descry. — n. View ; espe- 
cially, reach of sight or knowledge. 

Ken'nel, n. [Fr. chenil, fr. Lat. ca- 
nis, dog.] 1. A house for dogs. 2. 
A pack, of hounds. 3. Hole of a fox 
or otner beast, —v. i. [-ED, -ING ; 
or -led, -ling, 137.] To lodge ; to 
lie ; — as a dog or a fox. — v. t. To 
keep or confirm in a kennel. 

KEN'TLE, n. [Eng. quintal.] A hun- 
dred pounds ; a quintal. 

KENT'LEDGE, n. [D. kant, edge, 
corner, and the termination ledge.] 
Pigs of iron for ballast laid on the 
floor of a ship. 

Kept, imp. & p. p. of Keep. 

Ker'chIef, n. [0. Fr. couvrechitf. 
couvrechef; couvrir, to cover, and 
chief, chef, the head.] A square of 
fine linen used by women to cover 
the head. 

Kerf (14), n. [A.-S. cyrf, a cutting 
off.] The notch or slit made in wood 
by cutting or sawing. 

KER'MEg, n. [Ar., fr. Skr. krimidja, 
engendered by a worm.] The dried 
bodies of a species of insect ■, a red 
coloring matter. , 

Kermes mineral, a brilliant red sul' 
phuret of mercury, in the state of fine 
powder. 

Kern, n. 1. [Ir. cearn, a man.] An 
idle person or vagabond. 2. [A.-S. 
cweorn.] A hand-mill. 3. That part 
of a type which hangs over the body 

KfR'NEL, n. [A.-S. cyrnel, a little 
corn, allied to Eng. corn.] 1. Any 
thing included in a shell, husk, or 
integument. 2. A nucleus ; central 
part of any thing. 

Ker'o-sene, n. [Gr. *«7p6s, wax, with 
termination ene, as in camphene.] 
An oil from bituminous coal, used 
for illumination. 

Ker'sey, n. [D. karsai.] A coarse, 
woolen cloth, usually ribbed. 

Ker'§ey-MERE, n. A thin woolen 
cloth, woven from the finest wool; 
cassimere. 

Ketch, n. [Fr caiche, quaiche, D. 
kits.] A two -masted vessel from one 
hundred to two hundred and fifty 
tons burden. [UP. 

KETCH'UF,n. A sauce. SeeCATCH- 

KET'TLE, n. [A.-S. cetel, cytel ; Lat. 
catillus, dim. of catinus, bowl.] A 
metallic vessel for heating water, &c. 

KET'TLE-DRtJM, n. A 
drum made of a cop- 
per vessel, usually 
hemispherical, cov- 
ered with parchment. 

KEY, n. [A.-S. cag, 
edge.] 1. That which 
fastens, as a piece of Kettle-drum, 
wood in the frame of 
a building. 2. An instrument which 
serves to shut or open a lock. 3. An 
instrument used by being inserted 




A, E, 1, 5,U, Y, long] &,£,}', 6, tj,Y, short; CkKK, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, X£RMj PIO.UE, FIRM ; S6N, 



KEYAGE 



241 



KNAP 



and turned. 4. That which servos 
to unlock a secret ; a solution ; aj 
explanation. 5. That which serves 
to lock up and make fast. 6. (Mus. ) 
(a.) A lever in an instrument struclc 
or pressed by the fingers in playing 
(&.) Key-note. 7. [Er. quay, qua\, 
of Celtic origin.] An island rising 
little above the surface. 8. A quai . 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To fast* a 
with keys. 

Key'age (45), n. Money paid for the 

use of a key or quay. 
Key'-board, n. The whole range of 

the keys of an organ or piano-forte. 
KEYED (keed), a. 1. Furnisiie 1 with 

keys. 2. Set to a key, as a tuue. 
Key'-hole, n. A hole in a door or 

lock, for receiving a key. 
KEY'-NOTE,n. The first tone of the 

scale inwhich a piece is written. 
Key'-STONE, n. The wedge-shaped 

stone on the top of an arch which 

binds the work. 
KHAN (kawn or kitn), n. [Turk, khan.] 

A prince or king ; — so called among 

the Tartars, &c. 
KhXn, n. [Per., house, teut, inn.] An 

Eastern inn or caravansary. 
KlBE, n. [W. cib, a vessel, shell, 

husk.] An ulcerated chilblain, as in 

the heels. 
KtCK,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [AY. ciciaWffr. 

cic, foot.] To strike, thrust, or hit 

violently with the foot. — v. i. 1. To 

practice striking with the foot. 2. 

To thrust out the foot with violence ; 

to manifest opposition. 3. To recoil. 

— n. A blow with the foot or feet. 
KlD, n. [Icel. kidk, 0. II. Ger. Iriz, 

kizzi.] 1. A young goat. 2. A bun- 
dle of furze. 

KId'nap, V. t. [-ED, -ING : or -PED, 
-PING, 137.] [Prov. Eng. k '/^child, 
and nap, to seize.] To steai a nd carry 
away or secrete, as a human being. 

Kid'nXp-er, \ n. One who steals a 

KId'nap-per, J human being. 

KlD'NEY, n. [Prob. from A.-S. quidh, 
Goth, qvithus, belly, womb, and 
Eng. nigh.] 1. One of two oblong, 
flattened glands, constituting the se- 
cretory organs of the urine. 2. Hab- 
it ; disposition ; sort ; kind. 

KIl'DER-kin, n. A small barrel. 

KILL, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 
rwellen, cwelian. See Quell.] To 
deprive of life, in any manner ; to 
put to death. 

Stn. — To murder; assassinate ; slay. 

— To kill does not necessarily mean any 
more than to deprive of life. A man may 
kill another by accident or in self-de- 
fense, without the imputation of guilt. 
To murder is to kill with malicious fore- 
thought and intention. To assassinate 
is to murder suddenly and by stealth. 

KIll'er, n. One who kills. 
KIl'li-ki-nick , .:. See Kinni- 

kinic. 
KlLN(kil), n. [A.-S. cyln, W cyl.] 1. 

A large stove or oven, for hardening, 

burning, or drying any thing. 2. A 

pile of brick for burning. 
KlLN'-DRY (kTF-), V. t. [-DRIED ; 

-drying.] To dry in a kiln. 



KILT, n. [It. cealt, clothes, kilt.] A 
kind of short petticoat. [Scotland.] 

KlM'BO, a. [Celt, cam, crooked, and 
Eng. bow, to bend.] Crooked. 

KIN, n. [A.-S. cyn, cynd.] 1. Rela- 
tionship ; consanguinity. 2. Rela- 
tives ; kindred. — a. Of the same 
nature ; kindred ; akin 

Kind (72), n. 1. Race ; genus ; generic 
class. 2. Sort ; manner ; character. 
— a. [-ER;-EST.] [A.-S. cynde, 
gecynde, natural. See Kind and 
KIN, n.] Disposed to do good to 
others. 

Syn. — Obliging: benevolent; benign; 
gracious: generous; indulgent; humane. 

KIN'DER-GAR'TEN. n. [Ger. kinder, 
children, and garten, garden ; — 
children's garden.] A school for 
young children, in which play or 
active exercise is combined with 
study, and especial attention is paid 
to object-teaching. 

kKlN'DLE (km'dl), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Icel. kinda, to kindle.] 1 To set 
on fire ; to light. 2. To exasperate ; 
to rouse ; to provoke. — v. i. 1. To 
take fire. 2. To begin to be excited. 

KIn'dler, n. One that kindles. 

KIND'LI-NESS, ». Quality of being 
kindly ; benignity. 

KlND'LY, a. [-ER: -EST, 142.] 1. 
Sympathetic ; congenial ; hence, be- 
nevolent ; gracious. 2. Favorable; 
gentle. — adv. With good will. 

Kind'ness, n. 1. Good will ; benevo- 
lence. 2. A kind act. 

KIN'DRED, n. [0. Eng. kinrede, from 
A.-S. cynn, offspring, and term, ne- 
den, orig. a state or condition.] 1. 
Consanguinity; kin. 2. Relatives by 
blood. — a. Related; congenial. 

KlNE, n.; pi. of Cow. 
I KING, n. [A.-S. cyng, cynig.] 1. A 
sovereign. 2. Chief piece in chess. 

KlNG'DOM, n. [Eng. king, and the 
termi a ation dom.] 1. Royal author- 
ity. 2. Territory or dominion of a 
king. 3. An extensive scientific di- 
vision ; a department. 

KlNG'FlSH-ER, n. ^ 

A bird that lives 
on fish , which it 
takes by darting 
down on its prey 
in the water. 

KlNG'LY,a. [-ER: 
-EST, 142.] 1. 
Monarchical; 
royal. 2. Relat- 
ing to, or becoming, a king. 

Stn. — Regal. — Kingly is Saxon, and 
refers especially to the character of a 
king; regal is Latin, and now relates 
more to his office. 

KlNG'-POST, n. A beam in a roof, 
rising from the tie-beam to the ridge. 

King's' e'vil (e/vl), n. A disease of 
the scrofulous kind, which was for- 
merly thought to be healed by the 
touch of a king. 

Kink, n. [D. kink, a bend.] A self- 
formed twist in a rope or thread. — 
v.i. [-ED ; -WG.] To twist spon- 
taneously. 




Kingfisher. 



KlN'Nl-KI-NIC', n. [Indian] Bark 
and leaves of red sumac or the red 
willow, prepared for smoking. 

Ki'no, n. An astringent vegetable ex- 
tract^ 

Kins/folk (-fok), n. Kindred; per. 
sons of the same family. 

Kin'ship, n. Relationship ; consam 
guinity. 

Kins/man (150), n. A man of thj 
same race or family. 

KIns'wom-an (150), n. A woman o/ 
the same race or family ; a female re- 
lation. 

KlP'PER, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] Tocure, 
as fish, by means of salt and pepper, 
and by hanging up. — n. 1. A salm- 
on in the state of spawning. 2. A 
salmon split open, salted, and dried 
or smoked. 

Kip'-skIn, n. Leather prepared from 
the skin of young cattle. 

Kirk (18), n. [A.-S. circe.] 1. A 
church. [Scot.] 2. The established 
church in Scotland. 

Kir'tle, n. [A.-S. cyrtel.] An upper 
garment ; a short jacket. 

Kiss, v. t. or i. [-ed ;'-ing.] [A.-S. 
cyssan.] To salute with the lips. — 
n. 1. A salute with the lips. 2. A 
small piece of confectionery. 

KIT, n. [D. kit. a large bottle.] 1. A 
vessel of various kinds and uses. 2. 
That which contains a necessary out 
fit ; hence, a whole outfit. 3. A 
small violin. 

KITCH'EN (58), n. [Lat. coquina, fr. 
coquere, to cook.] A room or plac$ 
for cooking. 

KlTCH'EN-GAR'D.EN (-ga^dn), n. A 
garden for raising vegetables for thj 
_table. 

Kite, n. [A.-S. cita, 
cyta.] 1. A rapa- 
cious bird of the 
hawk kind. 2. 
A light wooden 
frame covered 
with paper, for Kite, 

flying. — v. i. To 

raise money, or sustain one's credit, 
by the use of mercantile paper which 
is fictitious. 

Kith, n. [A.-S. cydh.] Acquaint- 
ance. 

Kith and kin, intimate acquaintance 
and relationship. 

KlT'T^N, n. [Dim. of cat.] A young 
cat ; the young of the cat. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To bring forth young, 
as a cat. 

Knab (nab), v. t. [-BED ; -BING ] To 
seize with the teeth ; to lay hold of; 
to nab. [ Vulgar.] 

KnSck (nak), n. 1. A toy. 2. Dexter. 
ity; adroitness. 

Knag (nag), n. [Ir. cnag, peg, knob.] 
1. A knot in wood. 2. A peg. 3. A 
shoot of a deer's horn. 

Knag'gy (nag'gy), a. Knotty; rough 
with knots. 

Knap (nap), n. [A.-S. endp.] A pro- 
tuberance : a knob or button. — v. t. 
[-PED ; -PING.] 1. To bite off. 2. 
To snap. 




OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK; URN, RUE, PULL : 
16 



E, /, o, silent ; c, G, soft; e, 5, hard; Ag; Exist ; n as ng ; this. 



KNAPSACK 



f 



Knap'sack (nap/flak), n 
[D. knapzak, fr. knappen 
to eat.] A leather bag, 
for food and clothing, 
borne on the back by 
diers, &c. 

KNAR (nar), ) n. [0. D. Knapsack. 

KNARL (narl), ) knorre ,Ger. knorre, 
knorren.] A knot in wood. 

KNARLED(narld), a. See Gnarled. 

Knave (nav), n. [A.-S. cnafa, a boy, 
young man, servant, rogue.] 1. A 
dishonest person ; a rascal ; a villain. 
2. A playing-card with the figure of 
a^ervant or soldier. 

Knav'er-y (nav'er-y), n. Petty vil- 
lainy ; fraud ; trickery. 

Knav'ish (nav'ish), a. Like a knave ; 
villainous. [bonestly 

Knav'ish-ly (nav'ish-ly), adv. Dis- 

Knav'ISH-ness (nav'ish-nes), n. 
Quality or habit of knavery; 'dis- 
honesty. 

Knead (need), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. cnedan.] To work and press 
into a mass, as bread or paste. 

KNEE (nee), n. [A.-S. kneo, kneow.] 
1. Joint connecting the two princi- 
pal parts of the leg. 2. A piece of 
timber somewhat in the shape of the 
knee when bent. 

Knee'-deep (nee'deep), a. Rising or 
sunk to the knees. 

Rnee'-hIgh (nee'hl), of.. Reaching 
upward to the knees. 

Kneel (neel), v. i. [knelt or 

KNEELED ; KNEELING.] To bend 
the knee ; to fall on the knees. 

KNEE'-PAN (nee'-), n. A flattened 
round bone on the front of the knee- 
joint. 

Knell (nel), n. [A.-S. cnyll.] Stroke 
of a bell, rung at a funeral, &c. ; 
hence, a death-signal. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To sound as a knell. 

Knew (nu), imp. of Know. 

KnIck'knack (nik'nak), n. A trifle 
or toy ; a gewgaw. 

KnIfe (nif), n. [A.-S. cnif.] An 
edged instrument for cutting. 

KnIght (nit), n [A.-S. cniht, cneoht.] 
1. A military attendant. 2. One ad- 
mitted, in feudal times, to a certain 
military rank. 3. One on whom 
knighthood is conferred, entitling 
him to be addressed as Sir. 4. A 
piece used in chess. — v. ?'. [-ed; 
-ING.] To dub or create a knight. 

KNIGHT'-ER'RANT (nlt-),n. A knight 
who traveled in search of adventure. 

Knight'-er'rant-ry (nit-),n. Prac- 
tice of wandering iu quest of adven- 
tures. 



242 

KnIgiit'hood (nit-'-), n. Character, 
dignity, or condition of a knight. 

Knight'lv (nuViy), a. Pertaiuing to, 
or becoming, a knight — adv. In a 
manner becoming a knight. 

Knit (nit), v. t. [knit or knitted ; 
KNITTING.] [A.-S. cnytan, cnyttav.] 

1. To form, by continued interloop- 
ing (if yarn or thread, by means of 
needles. 2. To join ; to unite ; to 
connect. 3. To draw together ; to 
contract. — v. i. 1. To unite any 
thing by making knots. 2. To be 
united closely. [knits. 

KnIt'ter (nlt'ter), n. One who 

Knit'ting (nit'ting), n. The work 
of a knitter. 

Knit'ting-nee'dle (nit'ting-), n. 
Along needle used for knitting. 

KNIVE§ (nlvz), n. ; pi. of Knife. 

Knob (nob), n. [A modif. of knop.] 
A hard protuberance ; a bunch ; 
a round ball at the end of any thing. 

KNOB'BI-NESS (nob'bi-), n. Quality 
of having knobs or protuberances. 

Knob'by (nob'by), a. Full of knobs. 

Knock (nok), v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.- 
S. cnocian.] 1. To strike with some- 
thing hard or heavy. 2. To clash. 
— v. t. 1. To strike; to drive against. 

2. To strike for admittance, as a 
door. — n. A stroke with something 
thick or heavy ; a rap. 

Knock'er (nok'er), n. One who 
knocks ; specifically, a kind of ham- 
mer to rap on a door. 

Knock'-kneed (nok'need), a. Hav- 
ing the legs bent inward, so that the 
knees touch. 

Knoll (nol), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cnyllan, cnellan. See KNELL.] To 
ring, as a bell ; to knell. — v. i. To 
sound, as a bell ; to knell. — n . [A.- 
S. cnoll.] A little round hill or ele- 
vation of earth. 

Knop (nop), n. [A.-S. cnxp, cnzepp.] 

1. A knob; a button. 2. {Arch.) A 
bunch of flowers or leaves. 

Knot (not), n. [A.-S. cnot, allied to 
Lat. nodus.] 1. A complication of 
cords, formed by tjing or knitting. 

2. Bond of union. 3. A difficulty ; a 
perplexit}'. 4. Joint of a plant. 5. 
(Naut.) A division of the log -line, 
serving to measure the rate of the 
vessel's motion. — v. t. [-TED; 
-TING.] 1. To form a knot. 2. To 
unite closely. 3. To entangle ; to per- 
plex. — v.i. To form knots or joints. 

Knot'ted (n5t'ted), a. Full of knots 
Knot'TI-ness (not'tl-nes), n. 1. 
Quality of being knotty. 2. Difficul- 
ty of solution ; intricacy. 



LABEL 

Knot'ty (not'-), a. [-ER ; -EST, H2.\ 
1. Having many knots. 2. Hard ; 
rugged. 3. Difficult; intricate. 

KNOUT (nowt or nobt), n. [Russ. 
knut.] An instrument of punish- 
ment in Russia, with which stripes 
are inflicted on the bareback. — ». 
t._ To punish with the knout. 

Know (no), v. t. [knew; known-, 
knowing.] [A.-S. cnauan. allied 
to Lat. gnoscere. noscere.] 1. To per- 
ceive or apprehend clearly. 2. To 
possess experience of. 3. To recog- 
nize. 4. To countenance ; to ap- 
prove. 5. To have sexual commerce 
with. — v. i. To have knowledge ; 
to possess information. 

Know'a-ble (no'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being known. 

Knowing (no'ing), p. a. Skillful; 
well-informed ; intelligent. 

Know'ing-ly (no'ing-ly), adv. In- 
telligently. 

Knowledge (noPej, 39), n. [Knoic 
and the termination ledge.] 1. Act 
of knowing. 2. That which is 
known; a cognition. 3. Learning; 
scholarship. 4. Practical skill. 5. 
Information ; cognizance. 6. Sexu- 
alintereourse. 

Known (non). p.p. from Know. 

KNficK'LE (nOk'l), a. [A.-S. cnucl.] 
1. Joint of a finger. 2. Knee-joint 
of a calf. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
submit in contest. 

JB3~ This use is derived from the old 
custom of striking the under *ide of a 
table when defeated in argument. 

Knurl (nurl), n. A knot; a haid 
substance. 

Knurl'y (nurPt),o. [-er;-est,I42. 
[Of. Gnarly.] Full of knots : 
hard. 

Ko'ran (89), n. [See ALCORAN.] 
The sacred writings of the Moham- 
medans. 

Kraal, or Kraal (kra.1 or krawl), n. 
[D.] A collection of huts; sometimes 
a jingle hut. [South Africa.] 

Kra'KEN. n. [0. Sw. krake, trunk oi 
stem of a tree.] A fabled sea animal 
of enormous size. 

Kre'o-sote, n. See Creosote. 

Ky'an-ize, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
Kyan, the inventor.] To render 
proof against decay, as wood, by the 
use of corrosive sublimate, &e. 

Kyr/i-o-loG'ic, I a. [Gr. Kvpio- 

Kyr'i-o-log'ic-al, ) Aoyixos, speak- 
ing or describing literally or proper- 
ly.] Denoting objects by means of 
conventional signs or alphabet''*™ t 
characters. 



L. 



L(el}, the twelfth letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet, has only one sound, 
as in loll See Prin. ofPron., §79. 
Lof a house, & wing, or part attached 



to the main building, giving the build- 
ing the shape of the letter L. 

X^, interj. [See Lo.] Look ; behold. 

UjA'bel, n. [Lat. labellum, dim. of la- 



brum, lip, margin.] A slip of paper, 
&c, affixed to any thing, denoting 
its contents, ownership, &c. — v t. 
(137). To affix a label to. 



A, E, I, 5, V,Y,long; A,ii, I, 6, C, Y, short : CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE. VEIL, TvtfclVr; Pi'QlTJ , rlRM ; s6n. 



LABIAL 



243 



LAKE 



La'BI-AL. a. [Lat. labium, lip.] Per- 
taining to, or uttered with, the lips. 

— n. A letter representing a sound 
formed chiefly with the lips. 

La'BI-o-dent'al, a. [Lat. labium, 
lip, and dens, tooth.] Pronounced 
by the co-operation of the lips and 
teeth, as/ and v. 

La'bor, n. [Lat.] 1. Physical toil : 
bodily exertion. 2. Intellectual ex- 
ertion. 3. That which requires hard 
work for its accomplishment. 4. 
Pangs and efforts of childbirth. 

t>YX. — Work ; toil ; task ; exertion ; 
pains; travail. 

— v. i. [-ed:-ing.] 1. To work: 
to toil. 2. To exert ones powers of 
mind. 3. To be in travail. 4. To 
pitch and roll heavily, as a ship. — 
v. t. To work at ; to form with toil, 
exertion, or care. 

Lab'O-RA-TO-RY (50). n. [Lat. labo- 
rure, to labor.] 1. A place for oper- 
ations and experiments in chemistry, 
pyroteehny, &c. 2. A workshop. 

La'BORED, a. Bearing marks of con- 
straint in execution. 

La/bor-er, n. One who labors in a 
toilsome occupation. 

LA-BO'Rl-oDs (89), a. 1. Requiring 
or employing labor ; toilsome ; tire- 
some. 2. Diligent ; industrious. 

LA-BO'RI-Ot'S-LY, adv. With labor or 
difficulty. 

La-bo 'rt-ous-ness, n. 1. Quality of 
being laborious ; toilsomeness. 2. 
Diligence ; assiduity. 

Lab'Y-rinth, n. [Gr. Aa/Bvpivflo?.] 

1. A place full of winding passages. 

2 . Any thing extremely intricate. 

Syn. — Maze. — A labyrinth among the 
ancients was a building constructed with 
a multitude of winding passages, so that 
a person could hardly avoid being lost. 
Hence, figuratively, 'the word denotes 
any thing extremely intricate, as the 
labyrinth of the human heart. Maze {lit., 
whirlpool) denotes the perplexity and 
confusion in which the mind is thrown 
by unexpected or inexplicable events; 
as, a maze of thought. 

LXb'y-RINTH'I-an, a. Winding ; in- 
tricate. 

Lab/Y-RIXTH'INE, a. Pertaining to, 
or like, a labyrinth. 

LX-e, n. 1. [Per. lak, Skr. lakscha.] A 
resinous substance produced by an 
insect, mainly upon the banyan tree. 
2. [Hind, lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. lak- 
s/ia.] One hundred thousand ; — as, 
a, lac of rupees. [East Indies.] 

Lace, n. [Lat. laqueus, noose.] 1. 
A string or cord, 2. A fabric of fine 
threads interwoven in a net. — v. t. 
[•ED; -ING.] 1. To fasten with a 
lace or string. 2. To adorn or deck 
with lace. 

LAC'ER-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING] 

[Lat. lacerare, -ratum: lacer, man- 
gled.] To tear ; to rend ; to injure. 

Lac'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of tearing. 
2. Breach made by tearing, [erate. 

Lac'er-A'TIVE, a. Tending to lic- 

La^h'es, n. [0. & Norm. Fr. lach- 
esse, ff. Lat. laxus, loose.] {Law.) 
Negligence ; remissness. 



LX€H'RY-MAL,a. 1. Secreting tears. 

2. Pertaining to, or conveying, tears. 
Laoh'ry-ma-to-RY, n. [Lat. lacry- 

»?za,atear.] A vessel found in sep- 

ulc hers of the ancients, supposed to 

have held the tears of a deceased 

person's friends. 
Lach'ry-jhose', a. Generating or 

^hedding tears. 
La'cing, n. 1. A fastening with a 

string or chord through eyelet-holes. 

2. A chord used in drawing tight or 

fastening. 
Lack, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Sw. 

lacka, to fail, lack.] To be destitute 

of; to be in need of; to want. — v. i. 

1. To be in want. 2. To be wanting. 

— n. Want ; failure. — n. See Lac. 
Lack/a-dai'sic-ae, I a. Affectedly 
Lack'A-dai'Iv, ) pensive. 
Lack'a-day', interj. [Abbrev. from 

alack-a-day.] Alas! — an expres- 
sion of sorrow and regret. 

Lack'er, n. See Lacquer. 

Lack'EY, n. [Goth, laikan, to run, 
jump.] An attending servant; a 
footman. — v. t. To attend as a 
lackey. [or brightness. 

Lack'lus-ter, a. Wanting luster 

La-con'tc, a. Expressing much in 
few words. 

Stn. — Concise. — The term laconic 
is derived from the Lncones, or Spartans, 
who affected to give short, pithy answers. 
Laconi'-, then, implies few words; con- 
cise, only i;ne necessary words. A work 
may be a long one, and yet the language 
be concise ; a reply can not he long and 
yet laconic. Laconic carries with it the 
idea of incivility or affectation; concise 
is a term of unmixed praise. 

— n. 1. A concise, sententious meth- 
od of speaking : laconicism. 2. A con- 
cise phrase or expression. [cisely. 

La-c6n'I-€AT,-ey. adv. Briefly ; con- 

LA-e6N'I-CISM, ) n. 1. A laconic 

L&e'O-NigaC J c tyle. 2. A brief, 
sententious phrase. 

Lac'quer (lak'er),n. [See Lac] A 
yellowish varnish, made of shell-lac 
and alcohol. - v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
varnish with lacquer. 

LA-e.-TA/TION, n. Act of giving suck, 
or time of suckling. 

LAC'TE-AL, a. [See infra.] 1. Per- 
taining to milk ; milky. 2. Convey- 
ing chyle. — n. An absorbent ves- 
sel, that conveys chyle from the in- 
testines to the thoracic duct. 

Lao'TE-AN, ) a. [Lat. lacteus, from 

Lac'te-ous, I lac, milk.] 1. Milky : 
consisting of milk. 2. Conveying 
chyle. 

Lac-tes'CENCE, n. 1. Tendency to 
milk ; milkiness. 2. Milky juice of 
a plant., 

Lac-tes'CENT, a. [Lat. lactescens, 
turning to milk.] 1. Producing milk 
or white juice. 2. Abounding with 
a thick, colored juice. 

Lac'tio, a. Pertaining to milk ; pro- 
cured from sour milk. 

Lac-tom'e-ter, n. [Lat. lac, lactis, 
milk, and Gr. /ae'rpov, measure.] 1. 
An instrument for ascertaining the 
proportion of cream in milk. 2. A 



kind cf hydrometer for ascertaining 
the specific gravity of milk. 

La-cus'tral, la. [Lat. laacs, lake.] 

LA-eiJS'TRlNE, ) Pertaining to lakes 
or swamps. 

Lad, n. [A.-S. leod.] A young man, 
or boy ; a stripling. 

LXD'DER, n. [A.-S. hlsedder.] A 
frame of wood, rope, &c. with rouudo 
Jbrming steps. 

Lade, v. t. [imp. laded ; p. ~\ 
LADED or LADEN; p. pr. & vb. iu 
LADING.] [A.-S. hladan. Cf. LOAD.] 
1. To load ; to freight. 2. To throw 
in or out with a ladle. 

Lad'ing, n. That which lades; a 
load or cargo ; freight ; burden. 

LA'DLE,n. [A.-S. hlddle, fr. hladan, 
to load.] 1. A cup with a long han- 
dle. 2. Float of a mill-wheel. 3. 
An instrument for drawing the 
charge of a cannon. 

La-drone', n. [Sp., fr. Lat. latro, 
servant, robber.] A pirate; hence, 
a rascal. 

La'dy, n. [A.-S. hlsefdige ; i. e. hlaf- 
iceardige, bread-keeper.] 1. A woman 
of social distinction or position, or 
of gentle or refined manners. 2. A 
wife. 

Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. 

La'dy-day, n. Day of the annunci- 
ation to the Virgin Mary, March 25- 

La'dy-LOVE, n. A sweetheart. 

LA'DY-SHlP, n. Rank or position of a 
lady ; — given as a title. 

Lag. a. [Ir. lag, weak, feeble, faint. 
Cf. LOW.] Slow; tardy.— n. 1. One 
who lags. 2. Fag-end ; rump ; low- 
est class. — v. i. [-GED; -GING.] 
To walk or move slowly ; to stay be- 
hind. 

Syx. — To loiter; linger; saunter; de- 
lay. See Loiter. 

La'ger-beer, n. [Ger. lager, bed, 
storehouse, and bier, beer.] A Ger- 
man beer ; — stored for some months 
before use. 

Lag'GARD, a. [Eng lag.] Sluggish: 
backward. — n. One who lags; a 
loiterer. 

LXG'GER, n. A loiterer ; an idler. 

LA-GOON', n. [Lat. laguna, from Gr. 
Acikos, hole, pit.] A marsh, shallow 
pond, or lake ; especially, a lake in a 
coral island. 

LA'IC. a. [Gr. Aoukos, from Aa6s, the 
people.] Belonging to a layman or 
the laity. — n. A layman. 

LA'ie-AL, n. Same as laic. See Laic. 

LAID, imp. & p. p. of Lay. 

Laid paver, writing paper having 3 
ribbed surface, as if inlaid with lines. 

Lain, p. p. of Lie. 

LAlR,n. [Ger. lager, couch, lair.] L 
Bed or couch of a wild beast. 2. 
Any resting-place. 

Laird, a. [Contr. from A -S. hlaford. 
See Lord.] 1. A lord. [Scot.] 2. 
A landholder under the degree of a 

. knight or squire. [Seot.] 

La'i-ty, n. [See Lay, a.] The peo- 
ple, as distinguished from the clergy. 

LAKE, n. 1. [Lat. lacus, A.-S. lac] A 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; 



c, g, soft ; -e, G, hard ; AS ; EXIST ; NasNG; this. 



LAKELET 



244 



LANGUIDNLSS 



large collection of water contained 
in a cavity or hollow. 2. [See Lac] 
A deep-red coloring matter. 

Lake'let, n. A little lake. 

LA'ma, n. [Thibetan llama, chief, 
high priest.] A superior ; the name 
of a Buddhist priest in Thibet, &c. 

LAMB (lam), n. [A.-S.] The young 
of the sheep kind. 

Lamb of God {Script.), Jesua Christ, 
who was typified by the paschul lamb. 

LXM'BENT,a. [Lat. lambens, licking.] 
1. Playing on the surface. 2. Twink- 
ling or gleaming. 

Lamb'kin (lam / kin), n. A small lamb. 

LAMB'g'-WOOL, (lamz'-), n. 1. Wool 
of lambs. 2. [From the resemblance 
of the pulp to the wool of a laynb.} 
Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted 
apples. 

Lame, a. [-ER;-EST.] [A.-S. lam.] 
1. Disabled in a limb, or otherwise 
injured. 2. Imperfect. 3. Hobbling ; 
not smooth, —v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
make lame ; to cripple ; to render 
imperfect and unsound. 

LXm'EL-LAR, a. [Lat. lamella, dim. 
of lamina, plate, layer.] Composed 
of, or disposed in, thin plates, lay- 
ers, or scales. 

LXm'el-late, ) a. Composed of, 

LAM'EL-LA'TED, ) or covered with, 
thin plates or scales. 

LAME'LY, adv. 1. In a lame or dis- 
abled manner. 2. Weakly ; unstead- 
ily, [lame. 

LAME'NESS, n. Condition of being 

LA-MENT', v. i. [Lat. lamentari.} 1. 
To weep ; to mourn. 2. To feel deep 
sorrow. — v.t. [-ED; -ing-.] To 
mourn for ; to deplore ; to bewaih — 
«. Grief expressed in complaints or 
cries ; lamentation. 

LXm'ent-a-3ee, a. 1. Fitted to 
awaken lament ; pitiable. 2. Miser- 
able ; pitiful ; low. 

Lam'ent-a-bly, adv. 1. With sor- 
row. 2. Pitifully ; despicably. 

LXm'en-ta'tion, n. Act of bewail- 
ing ; expression of sorrow. 

La-MENT'ER, n. One who laments. 

LlM'l-NA , n. : pi. LAM'I-NJE.. [Lat. ] 
1. A thin plate or scale. 2. {Anal.) 
A bone, or part of a bone, resem- 
bling a thin plate. 3. (Bot.) The 
blade of a leaf. 

LXm'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being 
formed into laminae. [layers. 

LXm'i-nar, a. Consisting of thin 

Lam'i-nate, )a. Consisting of 

LIm'i-na'ted, ) plates, scales, or 
layers, one over another. 

LAM'MAS, n. [A.-S. hlammesse, hlaf- 
msesse, loaf-mass, bread-feast.] First 
day of August. 

LXm'mer-geir, )n. [Ger. Vdm- 

LAm'mer-gey'er, ) mergeier ; Idm- 
mer, lambs, and geier, vulture.] A 
vulture of the Eastern hemisphere, 
having the neck covered with feath- 
ers. 
LXMP, n. [Gr. Xa^tvaq, torch, from 
Ad/ouretv, to shine.] A vessel for the 
combustion of inflammable liquids, 
for producing artificial light. 



LXmp'-blXck, n. A fine soot from 
the smoke of resinous substances. 

LXm'peji-eel,7i. Same as Lamprey. 

LAM-POON', n. [0. Ft. lampon, a 
drinking song, fr. tampons, let us 
drink.] A personal satire in writing. 

Syn. — Satire. — The appropriate ob- 
ject of satire is found in the vices and 
follies of the times. It is usually general, 
and designed to expose and reform. A 
lampoon is a bitter personal satire, dicta- 
ted by malignant feelings, and intended 
only to distress and degrade. Most of 
the pieces published by Pope under the 
name of satires were a svi.ng of lam- 
poons. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To abuse in 
written satire. 

Syn. — Tolibel; defame; slander. 

Lam-poon'er,m. Writer of a lampoon 

LAM'PREY, n. [Lat. lampelra ; lam- 
bere, to lick, and petra, rock.] An 
eel-like fish, having a round, suck- 
ing mouth. 

La'NA-ry, n. [Lat lanaria ; lana, 
wool.] A store-place for wool. 

La'nate, ) a. 1. Woolly. 2. Cov- 

La'na-ted, ) ered with a substance 
like curled hairs. 

LAN^E, n. [Lat. lancea, of 
Celtic origin.] 1. A spear. 
2. A soldier armed with a 
spear ; a lancer. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To pierce with 
a lance. 2. To open with a 
lancet. 3. To throw, as a 
lance 

LXn'ce-o-late, \a. [Lat. 

LXn'ce-o-la'ted, I lan- 
ceolatus ; lanceola, a little 
lance.] Oblong and gradu- 
ally tapering toward the outer ex- 
tremity. 

Lan'cer, n. One who carries a lance. 

LXn'^ET, n. [Dim. of lance.) 1. A 
surgical instrument, sharp -pointed 
and two-edged. 2. A high and u ar- 
row window. 

LANCH,r.«. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. Zan- 
ceare, to wiejd the lance.] 1. To 
throw, as a lance ; to dart. 2. To 
pierce with, or as with, a lance. 

LXn'ci-nate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
lancinare, -natum.] To tear; to 
lacerate. 

Land, n. [A.-S.] 1. Earth, or the 
solid matter which constitutes the 
globe. 2. Any portion of the solid 
surface of the globe. 3. Ground ; 
soil. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To set 
on shore; to disembark. — v. i. To 
go on shore ; to disembark. 

LAn'dam-mAn, n. [Ger. landamt- 
mann, land-bailiff.] A chief magis- 
trate in some of the Swiss cantons. 

LAn'dau, n. A kind of coach or 
carriage whose top may be thrown 
back ; — from Landau, in Germany. 

LXnd'ed, a. 1. Having an estate in 
land. 2. Consisting in real estate. 

LAnd'fall, n. 1. A sudden trans- 
ference of property in land by the 
death of its owner. 2. First land 
discovered after a voyage. 

LXnd'-for^e, n. A military force 
serving on land. 



> 



Lances. 



LXnd'grave, n. [Ger. landgra/ , 
land, land, and graf, earl.] A Ger- 
man nobleirian of a rank correspond- 
ing to that of an earl in England 

LAnd'-hold'er, a. A holder or own- 
er of land. 

LAnd'ing, n. 1. Act of, or place for 
goiug or setting on shore. 2. Broad, 
level part of a staircas-e. 

LXnd'la-dy, n. 1. A woman who 
has tenants holdii.g from her. 2. 
Mistress of an inn or lodging-house. 

LAnd'lock, v. t. To inclose by land. 

Land'lord, n. 1. An owner of land 
or houses having tenants under him. 
2. Master of an inn or lodging- 
house. 

LXND'EfJB-BER, n. One who passes 
his life on land ; — so called by sea- 
men in contempt. 

LAnd'man (150), n. A man who lives 
or serves on land, 

LAnd'mark, n. 1. A mark to desig- 
nate the boundary of land. 2. Any 
elevated object on land serving as a 
guide to Feamen. 

LXnd'-of'fI^e, n. A government 
office in which business respecting 
the public land is transacted. 

LXnd'SCAPE, n. [A.-S. lavdscipe; 
land, land, and scipe, equiv. to Eng. 
ship.] 1. A portion of land which 
the eye can take in at once. 2. A 
picture exhibiting such a view. 

LXnd'-slide, I n. A portion of land 

LXnd'-slIp, J sliding down from 
a mountain. 

LXnds'man (150), n. One who lives 
on the land ; — opposed to seaman. 

LXnd'-tXx, n. A tax on land and 
buildings. 

LXnd'ward, adv. Toward the land 

Lane, n. [D. laan.] 1. A narrow or 
private passage. 2. A passage be- 
tween lines of people on each side. 

LXn'GRAGE, ) n. Shot used at sea for 

Lan'grel, \ tearing sails and rig- 
ging. It consists of pieces of old iron 
fastened together. 

LAn'guage (45), n. [L. Lat. langa- 
gium, fr. Lat. lingva, tongue.] 1. 
Human speech. 2. Expression of 
ideas by signs, writing, &c. 3. Forms 
of speech peculiar to a nation. 4. 
Ideas associated with inanimate ob- 
jects. 

Syn.— Speech ; tongue ; idiom ; dia- 
lect. —Language is generic, denoting any 
mode of conveying ideas, as the language 
of the deaf and dumb, &c ; speech is the 
language of articulate sounds; tongue is 
the Saxon ter foi the language of a par- 
ticular people; as, the English tongue. 
Idiom denotes the forms of construction 
peculiar to a language; dialects are va- 
rieties of expression which spring up in 
different parts of a country, or in differ- 
ent professions, &c. 

LXn'guid, a. [Lat. languidus.] 1. 
Indisposed to exertion. 2. Promot- 
ing or indicating weakness. 

Syn. — Feeble ; weak; faint ; weary. 

LXn'guid-ly, adv. Weakly ; feebly. 

LXn'guid-ness, n. 1. Weakness from 
exhaustion of strength. 2. Slug- 
gishness ; languor. 



S., E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A,!, I, 5, C, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, £LL, WHAT; ERE, VIJIE, TfiEM; PIQUE, fIrm; s6n. 



LANGUISH 



245 



LASTING 



LAN'GUISH, V. i. [-ED ; -I^G.] 1. 

To become languid or weak. 2. To 
suffer, as from heat or drought. 3. 
To grow dull. 4. To look with soft- 
ness or tenderness. 

Syx. — Topine; wither; fade; droop. 

Lan'GUISH-MENT, n. 1. State of lan- 
guishing. 2. Softness of mien. 

L.O'GIOR i ;iang / gwur), n. [Lat.] 1. 
Lassitude of body. 2. Dullness of 
the intellectual faculty. 

Syx. — Feebleness : weakness; faint- 
ness; weariness; heaviness; lassitude. 

Lan'iard (lan'yard), n. See Lan- 
yard. 

La'ni-a-ry. « . [Lat. laninrius ; lanhcs, 
butcher.] Lacerating or tearing. 

LA-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. lanifcr ; 
lana, wool, suidferre, to bear.] Pro- 
ducing wool. 

LA-NiG'ER-otJS, a. [Lat. laniger ; 
lana, wool, and gerere, to bear.] 
Bearing wool. 

Lank, a. [ ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. hlanc] 

1. Loose, and easily yielding to press- 
ure. 2. U'eak and slender ; slim. 

Laxk'ness, n. Condition of being 
lank : liabbiness. [slim. 

Lank'y, a. Somewhat lank ; slender ; 

Lan'TERN, n. [Lat. lanterna.] 1. 
Something inclosing and protecting 
a light. 2. A little dome over the 
roof of a building to give light. 

Dark lantern, a lantern Which may be 
closed so as to conceal the light. 

La-nu'gi-n5se/, ) a. [Lat. lanugi- 

La-nu'GI-NoOs, J nosus, fr. lana, 
wool.] Covered with fine, soft hair ; 
downy. 

Lan'yard, n. [Fr. lanicre, thong.] 
A short piece of rope or line for fas- 
tening something in ships. 

Lap.tj. [A.-S. leeppa, lappa.] 1. The 
loose part of a coat. 2. Part of the 
clothing that lies on the knees when 
one sits down ; that part of the body 
thus covered. 3. Tliat part of one 
body which lies upon another ; an 
edge: a border or hem. — v. t. 
[-PED ; -PING.] 1. To bend and lay 
over or on. 2. To lick up. — v. i. 1. 
To be spread or laid on or over. 2. 
[A.-S. lapian, lappian.] To drink by 
licking. [the lap. 

Lap'-dog, n. A small dog fondled in 

La-PEL', n. [Eng. lap.} That part of 
a coat which laps over the facing. 

Lap'ful, ii. As much as the lap can 
contain. 

Lap'I-da-RY (44), n. [Lat. lapidarius, 
fr. lapis, scone.] 1. An artificer who 
cuts and polishes precious stones. 

2. A dealer in precious stones. — a. 
Belating to the art of cutting stones. 

LaP'I-des'CENCE,??. 1. A harden- 
ing into a stony substance. 2. A 
stony concretion. 

LXp'i-DES'CENT,rt. [Lat. lapidescens, 
becoming stone.] Growing or turn- 
ing to stone. 

Lxp'I-dif'IC, ) a. [Lat. lapis, la- 

Lap'1-dIf'IC-al, } pidis, stone, and 
facers, to make.] Converting into 
stone. 



La-PiD'1-fi-ca'tion, n. Operation 
of converting into a &tony substance. 

LA-PID'I-FY, v. t. [-ed : -1st, 142.] 
To form iuto stone. — v. i. To be- 
come stone or stony . 

Lap'i-dist, n. A lapidary. 

Lap'per, n. 1. One who wraps or 
folds. 2. One who takes up with his 
tongue. 

Lap'pet, n. [Dim. of lap.] Part of a 
garment that hangs loose, [falling. 

Laps'a-BLE, a. Capable of lapsing or 

Lapse, n. [Lat. lapsus.] 1. A glid- 
ing, slipping, or gradual falling. 2. 
An error ; a failing in duty. 3. 
Omission of a patron to present a 
clerk to a benefice within six mouths 
after it becomes void. — r. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To pass slowly or silently. 
2. To commit a fault by inadvert- 
ence or mistake. 3. To pass from 
one proprietor to another, by the 
negligence or failure of some one. 

Lap'sid-ed (Hp'sld-ed), a. Having 
one side heavier thau the other, as a 
ship. 

Lap'stone, n. A stone on which 
shoemakers beat leather. 

Lap'-streak, a. Made with boards 
whose edges lap one over another. 

Lar, n.; pi. la'RE£. [Lat.] A 
household deity among the ancient 
Romans. 

Lar'board (-burd), n. [Lar seems 
to be contracted from lower, i. e., 
humbler in rank.] Left-hand side of 
a ship facing the head ; port. 

Lar'CE-ny, n. [From obs. latrociny, 
from Lat. latro, a robber.] Unlaw- 
ful taking of things with intent to 
deprive the owner of the same ; theft. 

Larch, n. [Gr. 
A<£pi£.] A conif- 
erous tree, hav- 
ing deciduous 
leaves. 

Lard, h. [Lat. lar- 
dum.] The fat 
of swine. — r. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To smear or mix 
with lard ; to 
grease. 2. To fat- 
ten ; to enrich. 3; 
To interlard. 

Lard'er, n. A room where meat, 
&c, is kept; a pantry. 

La're^, n. pi. See Lar. 

Large, a. [-er:-est.] [Lat. largus.] 
Having great size; specifically, (a.) 
Wide, extensive, broad, (b.) Abun- 
dant; plentiful; numerous; popu- 
lous, (c.) Bulky: huge, (d.) Dif- 
fuse, (e.) Liberal: comprehensive. 
(/.) Generous; noble. 

Syx. — Gig ; capacious ; ample ; co- 
pious; diffusive. 

Large'ly, adv. In a large, abun- 
dant, or copious manner ; amply. 

LarGe'ness, n. State or quality of 
being large. 

Syx. — Biyness ; magnitude ; bulk ; 
greatness; extent; generosity; liberality. 

Lar'gess, n. [Fr. largesse, fr. large.] 
A present ; a gift. 




Larch. 



Larghetto (lar-get'to), a. [It., 
dim. of largo, large.] {Mus.) Some- 
what slowly. 

Lar' GO, a. [It., broad, large.] (Mus.\ 
Slowly. 

LAR'I-AT, w. [Sp. lariata.] The lasso. 

LARK, n. [A.-S. lawtrce, lawerc] 1. 
A small singing-bird. 2. A frolic ; a 
jolly time. [Colloq.] — v.i. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To catch larks. 2. To 
make sport ; to frolic. [Colloq.] 

LXrk'spur, n. A plant with showy 



Lar'rup, v. t. To beat or flog. 

Lar'um,m. [Abbrev. of alarum.] Any 
thing used for giving an alarm. 

Lar'va, n. ; pi. lar'VjE. [Lat. ghost, 
mask.] An insect in the first stage 
after leaving the egg; a caterpillar, 
grub, or maggot. [LARVA. 

Larve, n.; pi. LARVES. Same as 

Lar'yn-Ge'al, or LA-RYN'GE-AL, ) 

LaR'YN-Ge'AN, or LA-RYN'GE-AN, j 
a. Pertaining to the larynx. 

Lar'YNX, n. [Gr. Aapuyf.] Upper 
part of the windpipe, constituting 
the organ of voice. 

Las'car, or Las-car', n. [Hind. 
laslikar.} A native sailor, employed 
in European vessels. [East Indies.] 

LAS-CIV'I OL'S, a. [Lat. lasciv ia, wan- 
tonness.] 1. Loose ; lewd ; lustful. 

2. Tending to produce lewd emotions. 
LAS-civ'i-dus LY, adv. In a lasciv- 
ious manner. 

LAs-civ'i-ous-NESs,n. State or qual- 
ity of being lascivious. 

Lash, n. [Ger. lasche, latchet ; Icel. 
laska, to tear.] 1. Thong of a whip ; 
a cord. 2. A stroke with a whip or 
any thing similar. 3. A stroke of 
satire. — v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
strike with a lash ; to scourge. 2- 
To satirize. 3. To tie or bind with a 
cord. — v. i. To ply the whip ; to 
make a severe attack. 

Lass, n. [Contracted for laddess, f. 
of lad A A young woman ; a girl. 

Las'SI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. lassitudo, 
fr. lassus, faint.] Languor of body 
or mind ; weakness : weariness. 

Las'so, n. ; pi. las'sos. [Sp. lazo, 
fr. Lat. laqueus.] A rope or cord 
with a noose, used for catching wild 
horses, &c. 

Last (6), a. [Contr. fr. latest.] 1. 
Following all the rest ; final : hind- 
most. 2. Next before the present. 

3. Utmost. 4. Most unlikely. — adv. 
1. The last time. 2. In conclusion. 
3. After all others. — v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] [A.-S. l&stav, to perform, 
follow.] 1. To continue: to endure. 

. 2. To remain unimpaired; to hold 
out. — n. 1. [A.-S. hlsrst, fr. hla- 
dan, to lade.] A certain weight or 
measure, generally estimated at 4006 
lbs. 2. Burden of a ship. 3. [A.-S. 
last, lasst. See Last. t\ r\] A mold 
made of wood, on which shoes are 
formed. 
Last'ing, p. a. Of !nng continuance. 

Syx. — Durable ; permanent. — Last- 
ing is more commonly applied to things 
abstract, which from their very nature 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL : E, I, o. silent ; C,G, so/*,- c, G, hard; As; EXIST; NasNG; THIS 



LASTINGLY 



246 



LAWLESSLY 



endure ; as, a lasting remembrance, ef- 
fect, &c. Permanent applies chiefly to 
things established, and designed to re- 
main unchanged; as, a permanent situa- 
tion, a permanent change, &c. Durable 
is applied to material substances or fab- 
rics, so far as they resist agencies which 
tend to destroy them ; as, a durable foun- 
dation, &c. 

— n. A species of Tery durable 
woolen stuff. 

LAst'ing-ly, adv. Durably. 

Last'ly, adv. 1. In couclusion. 2. 
At last ; finally. 

Latch,?i. [Cf. Latchet.] A small 
catch to fasten a door. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ing.] To catch or fasteu by means 
of a latch. 

Latch'et, n. [Dim. of latch.] The 
string that fastens a shoe. 

Late, a. [compare, later, or lat- 
ter ; superl. LATTER, or LAST.] 
[A.-S. liit.] 1. Coming after others ; 
slow; tardy. 2. Far advanced. 3. 
Deceased ; out of office 4. Recent. 

— adv. 1. After the usual or ap- 
pointed time. 2. Not long ago. 3. 
_Far in the night, day, week, &c. 

LATE'LY, adv. Not long ago ; re- 
cently. 

Late 'ness, w. 1. State of being late 
or tardy. 2. Time far advanced. 

LA'TENT, a. [Lat. latens, lying bid.] 
Not visible or apparent ; hid ; con- 
cealed ; secret. 

Lat'ER-AL, a. [Lat. lateralis ; latus, 
side.] Proceeding from, attached to, 
or directed to, the side. 

Lat'er-al-ly, adv. 1. By the side; 
sidewise. 2. In the direction of the 
side. 

Lath, n. ; pi. laths (lathz). [A.-S. 
lattu.] A narrow "slip of wood to 
support plastering, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover or line with laths. 

Lathe, n. [Allied to lath.] A ma- 
chine-tool for turning or shaping ar- 
ticles. 

Lath'er (99), v. i. [-ED;-ING.] To 
form a foam with water and soap. — 
v. t. To spread over with lather. — 
n. [A.-S. kadhor, leadhur, niter.] ]. 
Foam made by soap and water. 2. 
Froth from profuse sweat, as of a 
horse. [slender. 

Lath'y, a. Thin as a lath ; long and 

Lat'IN, a. Pertaining to the Latins, 
a people in Italy, or to their lan- 
guage ; Roman. — n. The language 
of the ancient Romans. 

Lat'in-ism, n. A Latin idiom. 

Lat'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin. 

LA-T1N'I-TY, n. The Latin tongue, 
style, or idiom, or the use thereof. 

LX.T'IN-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
turn or translate into Latin. 

Lat'ish, a. Somewhat late. 

Lat'i-tat, n. [Lat., he lies hid.] 
A writ by which a person was sum- 
moned into the King's Bench, to an- 
swer, as supposing he lay concealed. 

LXt'i-tOde (53), n. [Lat. latitudo ; 
latus, broad.] 1. Extent from side 
to side ; breadth ; width. 2. Room ; 
space. 3. Extent of signification, ap- 
plication, deviation, &c. 4. Angular 



distance of a heavenly body from the 
ecliptic. 5. Distance of any place 
from the equator. 

Lat'i-tud'i-nal, a. In the direc- 
tion of_ latitude. 

L5t'I-tud'i-na'ri-an, a. Lax in re- 
ligious principles or views. — n. One 
who indulges freedom in thinking ; 
one who departs from strict ortho- 
doxy. 

Lat'i-tud'i-na'ri-an-ism, n. Free- 
dom of opinion in mutters pertain- 
ing to religious belief. 

La'tri-a, or La-tri'a, n. [Gr. Aa- 
Tpeta, from Xarpeveiv, to serve.] The 
highest kind of worship, or that paid 
to God. 

Lat'ten, n. [It. latta, tin-plate.] 
Sheet tin ; also, iron plate, covered 
with tin. 

Lat'ter, a. 1. More late or recent. 
2. Mentioned the last of two. 3. 
Modern. 4. Last ; latest ; final. 

Lat'ter-LY, adv. In time not long 
past ; lately. 

Lat'TIC'e, n. [Fr. lattis, lath-work, 
fr. latte, lath.] Net-work made by 
crossing laths, rods, or bars. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To form into, or fur- 
nish with, a lattice. 

LAUD,- n. [Lat. laus, laudis.] 1. 
Praise; commendation. 2. Music or 
singing in honor of any one. — v. I 
[-ED ; -ING.] To praise in words 
alone, or with words and singing. 

Latd'A-BLE, a. Praiseworthy ; com- 
mendable, [ness. 

Laud'a-ble-ness, n. Praiseworthi- 

Laud'a bly, adv. In a manner de- 
serving praise. 

Lau'da-num, n. [Lat. ladanum, a 
certain resinous juice.] Tincture of 
opium. [dation. 

Lau-da'tion, n. Praise; commen- 

Laud'a-to-RY, a. Containing or ex- 
pressing praise. — n. That which 
contains praise. 

Laugh (laf), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hltahhan.] 1. To express merriment 
visibly and audibly. 2. To appear 
gay. — v.t. 1. To express by laugh- 
ing. 2. To ridicule. — n. An ex- 
pression of mirth peculiar to the 
human species. 

LXuGH'A-BLE(laf/a-bl), a. Fitted to 
excite laughter. 

Syn. — Droll; ludicrous; comical. See 
Ludickous. 

Laugh'a-bly (laf-), adv. In a man- 
ner to excite laughter. 

Laugh'er (laf'er),?!. One who laughs. 

LAUGH'lNG-GAS (laf ing-), rc. Nitrous 
oxide ; — so called from the laughter 
it often produces when inhaled. 

Laugh'ing-stock (laf ing-), n. An 
object of ridicule. 

Laugh'ter (lafter), n. A peculiar 
movement of the musclesof the face, 
usually attended by a sonorous and 
interrupted expulsion of air. 

Launch (66), v.t. [-ed;-ing.[ [Cf. 
Lanch.] 1. To cause to slide from 
the land into the water. 2. To throw, 

. as a spear. — v. i. 1. To go forth, as 
a ship into the water. 2. To expati- 



ate in language. — n. 1. The slid 
ing of a ship from the land into the 
water. 2. Largest boat belonging to 
a ship. 

Laun'der-er (lan'der-er), «. A man 
who follows the business of washing 
clothes. [woman. 

Laun'dress (lan'dres), n. A washer- 

LAUN'DRY (lanMry), n. [0. Eng. lav- 
endry, from Lat. lavare, to wash.] 
A place where clothes are washed. 

Lau're-ATE, a. [Lat. lavrealus ; lav- 
rea, laurel-tree.] Decked or invested 
with laurel. 

Poet laureate, an officer of the king's 
household; a royal poet. [Eng.] 

Lau're-ate-ship, n. Office of a lau- 
reate. 

Lau'rel, n. [Lat. laurvs.] An ever- 
green shrub, having aromatic leaves. 
Academic honors were formerly indi- 
cated by a crown of laurel. 

La'va, or La'va, n. [It., fr. lavare, to 
wash.] Melted rock ejected by a vol-' 
cano. 

Lav'a-to-ry, n. [Lat. lavatorium .] 
1. A place for washing. 2. A wash 
or lotion for a diseased part. 

LAVE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. la- 
vare.] To wash; to bathe. — v.i. 
To wash one's self. 

Lav'en-der, n. [L. Lat. lavendida.] 
An aromatic plant. 

La'ver, »k [Lat. lavare, to wash.] A 
vessel for washing. 

Lavish, n. [Eng. lave (obs.), to throw 
out, from Lat. levare, to raise.] 1 
Expending or bestowing profusely cr 
excessively. 2. Wild ; unrestrained. 
Syn. — Profuse ; prodigal ; wasteful; 
extravagant. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To expend 
with profusion. 2. To expend prod- 
igally ; to squander. [pense. 

LXv'ISH-LY, adv. With profuse ex- 

Lav'ish-ment, ) n. Profusion ; prodi- 

Lav'ish-ness, J gality. 

Law, n. [A.-S. legu, lag, lah, fr. the 
root of lay.] 1. A rule of order or 
conduct. 2s The appointed rules of 
a community or state. 3. {Nature.) 
The regular method by which cer- 
tain phenomena or effects follow cer- 
tain conditions or causes, &c. ; hence, 
any force, tendency, propension, or 
instinct. 4. Established usage; a 
principle or maxim of science or art. 
5. The Jewish or Mosaic code ; hence, 
the Old Testament. 6. Litigation. 
7. Legal science ; jurisprudence. 

Syn.— Statute; common law; regula- 
tion; edict; decree. 

Lawful, a. 1. Agreeable to law; 
conformable to law ; competent ; le- 
gal. 2. Constituted by law. 

Law'ful-ly, adv. In accordance 
with law ; legally. 

Law'ful-ness, n. Quality of being 
conformable to law ; legality. 

Law'Siv-er, n. One who makes a 
"law ; a legislator. 

Lawless, a. 1. Not restrained by 
law. 2. Contrary to, or unauthorized 
by, law. [manner. 

LaWless-ly, adv. In a lawless 



E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A, £, I, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TEKMj PIQUE, FIRM J SOS, 



LAWLESSNESS 



247 



LEARNING 



tiA vV'jl.ess NESS, n. Quality or state 
of being lawless. 

Lawn, n. 1. [»V. llan, an open, clear 
"place.] An open space covered with 
grass, generally in trout of or around 
a mansion. 2. [Prom Pr. Imoii, lawn.] 
A sort of fine linen or cambric. 

LAW.V'Y, a. 1. Level, as a piain ; like 
a liwu 2. Mide of lawn. 

LAWSUIT, it. A process in law to re- 
cover a suppjsei right ; an action. 

LAWYER, n- One versed in the laws, 
or a practitioner of law. 

Lax, a. [-eb; -EST.] [Lit laxus.] 
1. Not tense; flabby; soft. 2. Of 
loose texture. 3. Easy or iudulgent 
in principle * or discipline. 4. Hav- 
ing too requent discharges. 

Lvx'A-TfVE, a. Hiving rhe quality 
of loosening the intestiaes. — n. A 
gentle purgitiva. 

Lvx'l-TV, n. Quility of being lax; 
slackness; lo^s^ness; openness. 

L VX'NESS, n. same as Uixity. 

Lay, imp', of Lie. 

LAY, V. t. [laid ; LAYING.] [A -S. he- 
xan.] 1. To c-tuse to lie flat ; to put 
d >wn: to establish. 2 To place in or- 
der. 3. To prepare ; to make ready. 
4. To spread on a surface. 5. To 
calm ; to allay. 6. To wager ; to 
stake ; to hazard. 7. To bring forth, 
as eggs. 8. To apply. 9. To impose, 
a* a burden. — o i. To bring or 
produce eggs. — ». 1 A stratum : a 
layer. 2. [A.-S. try, leg'i, fr. W. llais, 
sound, voice.] A sou*. 3. A species of 
narrative poetr/. — a. [See Laic] 
Pertaining to the laity ; not clerical. 

Lay figure, a figure made of wood or 
cork, in imitation of the human body, 
used by artists. 

Lay'er. (4), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, lays. 2. Th it which is laid ; 
as, (a.) A stratum ; a course., as of 
bricks, &c. (b.) A shoot of a planr, 
laid under ground for growth. 

LAY'MAN (15)), a. One of the people, 
in distinction from the clergy ; some- 
times, a man who does not belong to 
one of the other learned professions. 

LA'ZAR,;i. [From L'iza>us. See Luke 
xvi.] A person infected witn a pes- 
tilential disease. 

Laz'a-ret', In. A pest-house for 

LXz'A-RET'TO, ( diseased persons. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSE . n. A lazaretto ; also, 
a hospital for quarantine. 

Laze, v. t. [See Lazy.] To live in 
idleuess- 

Li'ZI-LY, adv. In a lazv manner. 

La'zi-ness, ii. State or quality of 
being lazy ; habitual sloth. 

La'zy, a. [-ER; -est, 112.] [0 H. 
Ger. laz, weary, lazy, fr. lazan, to 
leave, cease.] 1. Naturally or habit- 
ually slothful. 2. Moving slowly ; 
sluggish. 
Srw. — Idle ; indolent ; slothful. 

LAZ'ZA-RO'Ni, n. pi. [It.] ( Naples. ) 
The poor who live by begging, or 
who have no permanent habitation. 

LEA, n. [A.-S. leag, Uah.] A mea- 
dow ; a field. 



LfACH, v. t. [-ED; -IN6.] [See in- 
fra.] To wash, as ashes, by causing 
water to pass through them. — v. i. 
To pass through by percolation. — 
n. [k-S.leati. See LYE.] Wood- 
ashes, through which water passes, 
and thus imbibes the alkali 

LEAD (led), n. [A.-S.] 1. A well- 
known metal. 2. An article made 
of lead; as, (a.) A plummet, (b.) 
A thin plate of type-metal, to sepa- 
rate lines in printing (e.) A small 
cylinder of plumbago in pencils (<l. ) 
(pk.) Sheets of lead used as a cover- 
ing for roofs; hence, a roof so cov- 
ered. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
cover with lead. 2. To widen, as the 
space between lines, by inserting 
Jeads. 

Lead, r t. [led; leading.] [A.- 
S. lieilan ] 1. To show the way to ; 
to conduct or guide 2. '1 o guide by 
the hand, as a child or animal. 3. 
To govern. 4. To precede. 5. To 
pass ; to spend. 6. To cause to 
spend — v. i. 1. To go before and 
show the way. 2. To conduct. 3. 
To put forth, or exercise, an influ- 
ence. — n Precedence ; guidance. 

LEXD'EDfled'ed),^. a 1. Pitted with 
lead, set in l j ad- 2. Separated by 
leads, as the lines of a page. 

Lead'en (lel'n), a. 1. Made of lead. 
2. Heavy; dull. 

LlaD'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
leads or conducts ; a guide ; a con- 
ductor; a chief; the principal edito- 
rial article in a newspaper. 

Lead'er-ship, n. Command; guid- 
ance ; lead. 

Lead'ing, p. a. Chief; principal; 
most influential. 

Lead'ing. n. Lead, or sheets or ar- 
ticles of lead collectively. 

LCad'ing-strings, n. -pi. Strings 
by., which children are supported 
when beginning to walk. 

Lead'-pen'cil, n. An instrument 
for drawing, made of black lead. 

Leaf (149), n. [A.-S. leaf, Icel. lavf, 
Goth, laufs.] 1 One of the princi- 
pal parts or organs of vegetation. 2. 
Something which folds, bends over, 
or otherwise resembles a leaf; as, (a.) 
A part of a book containing two 
pages, (b.) A side, or part, as of fold- 
ing-doors, a table, &c. (c.) Avery 
thin plate, as of gold. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To shoot out leaves. [Hage. 

Leaf'aGe, n. Leaves collectively ; fo- 

Leaf'-br'idge, n. A drawbridge 
jiaving a platform on each side. 

Leaf'-bDd, n. Rudiment of a young 
branch, or a growing point covered 
with rudimentary leaves. [leaves. 

Le af'i-ness, n. State of being full of 

Leaf'less, a. Destitute of leaves. 

LiAF'LET, v. 1. A little leaf. 2. 
One of the divisions of a compound 
Jeaf. [of leaves. 

LEAF'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Full 

League, n. [Lai. ligare, to bind.] 
1. A combination of two or more 
parties for promoting their mutual 
interest ; alliance ; coalition. 2. A 



national compact. 3. [Low Lat. lego, 
of Celtic origin.] A measure of dik 
tance, equal to three geographical 
miles, — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
unite in a confederacy ; to confed- 
erate, [ate. 

Leag'uer (leeg'er,) n. A confeder- 

Leak, n. 1. A crack or hole, that 
permits a fluid to -jnter or escape. 
2. The oozing of a fluid through r, 
crack, or hole. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Icel. leka, to drop ; A.-S. leccan, to 
wet.] To let any liquor in or out 
through a hole or crevice. 

Leak/age, n. 1. A leaking ; quan- 
tity that enters or issues by leaking. 
2. Allowance for the leaking of cask? 

Leak'i-ness, n. State of being leaky . 

LEAK'Y,a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Per- 
mitting a fluid to leak in or out. 2. 
Apt to disclose secrets ; tattling. 

Lean, v. i. [leaked, sometimes 
LEANT, LEANING.] [A.-S. hlinian, 
linian.'] 1. To deviate from a per- 
pendicular position. 2. To incline 
in opinion or desire. 3. To bend. — 
v. t. To cause to lean ; to support or 
rest. —a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. Isene.] 

1. Wanting in f.esh. 2. Deficient in 
good qualities ; bare ; barren. 3. 
Barren of thoughts. 

Syx. — Slender; spare; thin; meager; 
lank; {jaunt; jejune. 

— n. That part of flesh which con- 
sists of muscle alone. 

Lean'ness (109), n. Condition of 
being lean ; hence, poverty ; want. 

Lean'-TO, n. A building whose raft- 
ers lean against another building ) 
or against a wall. 

Leap, r. i. [leaped, rarely leapt ; 
LEAPING.] [A.-S. hleapan.] 1. To 
spring from the ground; to jump; 
to vault. 2. To make a sudden 
jump; to bound. 3. To manifest 
joy or vivacity. — v. t. 1. To pass 
over by leaping. 2. To copulate 
with. — n. 1. Act of leaping. 2- 
Space passed by leaping. 

LE AP'-FROG, n. A play among boys. 

LEAP'- YEAR, n. Bissextile; every 
fourth year, which gives to Pebruary 
29 days. 

LEARN (14). V. t. [LEARNED, or 
LEARNT ^LEARNING.] [A.-S. leor- 
niaii, liornian.] 1. To acquire new 
ideas from or concerning. 2. To 
acquire skill in any thing. 

Syn. — To teach ; instruct; inform.— 
Learn originally had the sense of teach. 
This I'.sage has now passed away. To 
learn is to receive, and to teach is to gire 
instruction. He who is taught learns, 
not he who teaches. 

— r. i. 1. To receive information. 

2. To gain or receive knowledge. 
LEARN'ED (60), a. 1. Versed in litera- 
ture and science. 2. Well acquaint- 
ed with arts ; skillful. 3. Containing 
or exhibiting learning. 

Learn'ed-ly, adv. With learning. 

LEarn'er, n. One who learns, or is 
disposed to learn. 

Learn'ING (lern'ing), n. 1. Knowl- 
edge received by instruction o* 



OR, do, wqlf, TOO, tcTok; urn, rue,pull; £,/, o, silent : c,g,aq/«; e, a, hard; As; exist; n as ng; this. 



LEASE 



248 



LEGITIMATE 



. study. 2. Knowledge acquired by 
experience or observation. 

Syn. — Literature ; erudition ; lore ; 
scholarship: science ; letters. See Lit- 
erature. 

Lease, n. 1. A letting of lands or 
tenements to another for hire. 2. 
Contract for such letting. 3. Any 
tenure by grant or permission. — v. 
t. [-ei>; -ING.] [Fr. laisser, to 
leave, transmit, from Lat. laxare, to 
loose.] To grant temporary posses- 
sion of to another, for rent ; to let. 

LEASE'HOLD, a. Held by lease. — n. 
A tenure held by lease. 

Leash, n. [Lat. laxa (sc. restis), a 
rope] 1. A thong of leather, or long 
line. 2. (Sporting.) A brace and a 
half; three creatures. 3. A band to 
tie any thing. 

Least, a. [A.-S. last, lasest, superl. 
of lassa, compar. of lijtel, little.] 1. 
Smallest ; little beyond others. 2. 
Of the smallest worth or importance. 

— adv. In the smallest or lowest 
degree. 

LEATH'ER.n. [A.-S. ledher.] 1. Skin 
of an animal dressed for use. 2. 
Dressed hides collectively. 

Leath'er-dress'er, n . One who 
dresses leather; one who prepares 
hides for use. [leather. 

Leath'ERN, a. Made or consisting of 

Leathk'er-y, a. Resembling leather ; 
tough. 

Leave, n. [A.-S. leaf.] 1. Liberty 
granted ; allowance. 2. A formal 
parting of friends ; farewell. 

Syn. — Liberty; permission; license. — 
Leave denotes that lie who obtains it 
may decide whether to use it or not; lib- 
erty, that all obstructions in the way of 
his using it are removed and set aside. 
Permission implies a formal consent 
given by one who had the right to refuse 
it. License denotes that this consent ex- 
tends to a mode of acting for which spe- 
cial permission is required. 

— V. t. [LEFT ; LEAVING.] 1. To 
depart from . 2. To forsake ; to aban- 
don ; to relinquish. 3. To suffer to 
remain. 4. To give by will ; to be- 
queath. 5. To intrust. 6. To refer. 
7. To cease from ; to forbear. 

Syn.— To quit; commit; give; desist. 

— v. i. 1. To cease; to desist. 2. 
[Eng. leaf.] To put forth leaves. 

Leav'-EN, n. [Fr. levain, fr. lever, to 
raise.] 1. A mass of sour dough for 
producing fermentation in a larger 
quantity. 2. Any thing which makes 
a general change in the mass. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To excite fermenta- 
tion in. 2. To taint ; to imbue. 

Leav'eiving, n. That which leav- 
ens or makes light. [offal. 

Leav'ing?., v. pi. Things left ; refuse ; 

LECH'ER, 11. [O. Fr. lecherre, leckeur.] 
A man given to lewdness. — v. i. 
[■ED; -ING.] To practice lewdness ; 
to indulge lust. 

LECH'ER-OUS, a. Lustful; lewd. 

Lech'er-ous-ly, aidv. Lustfully ; 
lewdly. [lust. 

LECH'ER-Y, n. Free indulgence of 

LECTION, n. [Lat. lectio, from legere 



to read.] A difference in copies of a 
manuscript or book. 

Lec'tion-a-ry, n. The Roman Cath- 
olic service-book. 

Legt'ure (lekt'yur, 53), n. [L. Lat. 
lectura, from legere, to read.] 1. A 
formal discourse on any subject. 2. 
A formal reproof, —v.- t. [-El>; 
-ING.] 1. To instruct by discourses. 
2. To instruct authoritatively ; to re- 
prove. — v. i. 1. To read or deliver 
a formal discourse. 2. To practice 
reading lectures for instruction. 

Legt'ur-er, n. One who reads or 
pronounces lectures. [urer. 

Lect'ure-shiP, v. Office of a lect- 

LEC'TURN, n. [Lat. lectrinum, lert- 
rum, fr. legere. to read.] A reading- 
desk, in churches. 

Led, imp. & p. p. of Lead. 

Ledge,?i. [A.-S. bicgan, liggan, to 
lie.] 1. A shelf, or that which re- 
sembles one. 2. A ridge of rocks 
near the surface of the sea. 3. A 
small molding. 

LedG'er, n. [A.-S. Ifgrr, a lying 
down, a couch.] A bock in which a 
summary of accounts is laid up or 
preserved. [LINE. 

Ledg'er-line, n. See Leger- 

Lee, n. 1. (pi. LEEfj.) [Lat. levare, 
to lift up, raise.] Sediment, dregs. 
2. [A.-S. hleo,ldeoiv, shelter, refuge.] 
A place defended from the wind; 
hence, side toward which the wind 
blows. — a. Pertaining to the side 
opposite to that against which the 
wind blows. 

LEECH, n. [A.-S. Isece, le.ee, physician, 
leech.] 1. A doctor of medicine; a 
physician. 2. An aquatic sucking 
worm ; a blood-sucker. — v. t. 1. To 
heal. 2. To bleed by the use of leeches. 

LEEK, n. [A.-S. ledc] A plant hav- 
ing succulent and edible leaves. 

Leer, v. ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] To look 
obliquely. — 11. [A.-S. hleor, /dear, 
cheek, face.] 1. An oblique view. 
2. An affected cast of countenance. 

Lees,}?. See Lee. 

Lee'Vard (or lu/ard), a. Pertaining 
to, or in the direction of, the part 
toward which the wind blows. — adv. 
Toward the lee. 

Lee'way, n. Lateral movement of a 
ship to the leeward of her course. 

Left, imp. & p. p. of Leave. — a. 
[Prob. allied to O. Sax. l?f, weak, in- 
firm.] On the side of the part opposed 
to the right of the body. — n. 1. Side 
opposite to the right. 2. (Ligis'a- 
live Bodies.) Left side of the speak- 
er's chair, where the opposition usu- 
ally sits. 

Left'-hand'ed, a. Having the left 
hand more strong and dexterous 
than the right. 

LEG, n. [Icel. leggr.] 1. Limb of an 
animal supporting the body. 2. 
That which resembles a leg in form 
or use. 

Leg'A-CY, n. [Lat. Ugatum : hgare, 
to bequeath as a legacy.] A gift, by 
will, of personal property ; a bequest. 

Le'GAL, a. [Lat. legalis ; lex, law " 



1. According to, or relating to, law 

2. Lawful, permitted by law. 3. Ac- 
cording to the Mosaic dispensation. 

LE-gXl'I-TY , n. State of being legal ■ 
conformity to law. 

LE'GAL-iZE v.t. [ED; -ING] To 
make lawful. [lawfully 

LE'GAL-LY, adv. According to law ; 

LEG'ATE. n. [Lat. legalus, fr. legare, 
to send with a commission.] An em- 
bassador or envoy. 

Leg'a-tee', n. One to whom a leg- 
acy is bequeathed. 

LEG'ATE-sniP, n. Office of a legate. 

LEG'A-TINE,«. Pertaining to a legate. 

LE-GA'TION,n. 1 'J he sending forth 
of a legate. 2. An euvoy, and the 
persous associated with him. 3. Of- 
ficial residence of a diplomatic min- 
i<ter Hta foreign court. [a legacy. 

LEG'A-TOR', n One who bequeathes 

LEG'- BAIL, n. Flight. [CoUoq.] 

To give leg-hail, to escape from cus- 
tody and run away. 

Le'gend. or LEg'end, v. [Fr. ; Lat. 
Ugtndus. to be read, fr. legere, to 
read.] 1. A register of the lives of 
saints. 2. Any remarkable story 
handed down from earl* times ; or, 
less exactly, any story. 3. A motto 
inscribed. 

Leg'end-a-ry (110), a. Consisting 
of legends; stranae ; fabulous. 

Leg'ER-de-MAIN', n. [Fr. leger, 
light, nimble, de, of, and main, 
hand.] A trick performed with 
adroituess ; sleight of hand. 

Leg'er Line. (Mus.) A line added 
above or below the staff to extend its 
compass. [in composition. 

LEGGjED (60), a. Having legs ; — used 

LEG'GIN, I n. A cover for the 

Leg'GING, J leg. [being legible. 

Leg'I-b!l'i-TY,h. Quality orstateof 

LEG'I-BLE, a. [Lat. hgibilis, from 
legtrt, to read.] Capable of being 
read, discovered, or understood. 

Leg'i-bly, adv. So as to be read. 

LE'GION (le'jun), n. [Lat. legio, fr. 
legere, to collect.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) 
A body of infantry, consisting of 
from three to five thousand men. 2. 
A military force. 3 A multitude. 

Le'gion-a-RY, a. Relating to, or 
cons-isiing of, a legion, or legions. 

Leg'is-late, v.i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
Ux, I'gis, law, and ferre, latvm, to 
bear, propose.] To enact laws. 

LeG'IS-la'tion, n. Act of legislat- 
ing, or enacting laws. 

LeG'is-la'Tive,**. Pertaining to the 
enactment of laws. 

Leg'is-la'tor, n. A lawgiver ; one 
who makes laws for a state. 

Leg'is-lat'ure (-lat'yur, 53),». The 
body of men in a state that make 
and repeal the laws. 

Le-git'I-MA-CY, 11. 1. Accordance 
with law. 2. Lawfulness of birth. 

3. Genuineness, or reality. 4. Log- 
ical validity. 

LE-GlT'l-MATE(45),a. 1. Accordant 
with law. 2. Lawfully begotten. 3. 
Genuine; real. 4. Following by 
logical or natural sequence. 



A., E, I, b,V,f, long; X,£,I, 6, U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, t£E1I ; PIQUE, FIRM 



£CI! 



LEGITIMATE 



249 



LEVEL 



£e-©It'i-mate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[L. Lat. legitimare , -matum, fr. Lat. 
lex, law] 1. To make lawful ; to 
legalize. 2. To render legitimate. 

L^-GIT'I-MATE-LY, adv. Lawfully; 
genuinely^ 

LE-git'i-jia'tion, n. Act of render- 
ing legitimate. 

Le-git'1-ma-tist, n. Same as Le- 
gitimist. 

Le-git'i-mi'st, n. An adherent of 
divine or hereditary rights. 

Leg'ume, or Le-gume', n. [Lat. 
Ugumen.) 1. A pod splitting into 
two valves. 2. pi. Fruit of plants 
of the pea kind ; pulse. 

LE-GU'MI-NOUS, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, pulse. 

LEI'SURE (le'zhurl.n. [Fr. ;Lat. licere, 
to be permitted.] 1. Freedom from 
occupation or business ; vacant time. 
2. Convenient opportunity. 

Lei'sure-ly (15'zhur-), a. Deliberate ; 
slow. — adv. In a deliberate man- 
ner ; slowly. 

LEM'mA. n.; Lat. pi. zem'ma-ta ,■ 
Eng.pl. leji'mas [Gr. Xiju.fj.a., any 
thing received, an assumption.] An 
auxiliary proposition demonstrated 
for use in the demonstration of some 
other proposition. 

LEM'ON, n. [Turk, limtin. Ar. laim- 
ftn.] 1. A roundish acid fruit re- 
sembling the orange. 2. The tree 
that, produces lemons. 

LEM'ON-ade', n. Lemon-juice and 
water sweetened. 

Lend, i\ t. [lent ; lending.] [A.- 
S. Iwnan.] 1. To grant for tempo- 
rary use ; to loan. 2. To afford ; to 
furnish. 3. To let for hire or com- 
pensation. 

Lend'er, n. One who lends; espe- 
cially, one who makes a business of 
lending money. 

Length, n. [A.-S. lengdh, fr. lang, 
long.] 1. Longest measure of any ob- 
ject. 2. A superficial measure. 3. A 
determined portion of time ; long con- 
tinuance. 4. Detail or amplification. 

Lengthen, t. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To extend in length ; to make longer. 
2. To protract. 3. To draw out in 
pronunciation. — v. i. To grow 
longer. [of the length. 

LENGTH'WISE, ad. v. In the direction 

Length'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Hav- 
ing length ; very long : prolix. 

Le'ni-ence, )n. Lenity; clemen- 

Le'ni-en-cy, / cy. 

LE'NI-ENT, a. [Lat. leniens, soften- 
ing, fr. lenis, soft.] 1. Softening; 
mitigating. 2. Mild : clement ; mer- 
ciful. — n. That which assuages; 
an emollient. 

Le'ni-ent-ly, adv. In a lenient 
manner. 

Len'i-tive, a. Softening or mitigat- 
ing pain ; emollient. — n. A medi- 
cine or application that eases pain. 

LEN'i-ty, n. [Lat. Imitas; lenis, soft, 
mild.] Mildness of temper; gentle- 
ness of treatment. 

Syn. — Gentleness: kindness: tender- 
ness ; softness ; humanity ; clemency. 




Lenses. 




Lens, n. [Lat. lens, 
lentil, on account 
of the resemblance 
of shape.] A glass 
with two opposite 
regular surfaces, 
used for magnifying 
objects, or other- 
wise modifying vis- 
ion. 

Lent, n. [A.-S. leng- 
ten, lencten, perh . fr. 
lencgan, to lengthen, 
because at this season the days 
lengthen.] A fast of forty days, be- 
ginning with Ash Wednesday and 
continuing tiL Easter. 

Llnt'jen, a. Pertaining to Lent; 
used in Lent : hence, spare, plain. 

Len-tic'U-LAR, a. [Lat. lenticularis. 
See Lens.] 1. Resembling a lentil 
in size or form 2. Having the form 
of a double convex lens. 

LEN'TIL, 7). [Lat. lenticula, dim. of 
lens, lentil.] A leguminous weed, 
the seed of which is used for food. 

Le'O-NINE, a. [Lat. leoninus ; leo, 
lion] Belonging to, or like, a lion. 

Leop'ard (hp / - 
ard), n. [Gr. 
A.eo7rap6o?, from 
AeW, lion, and 
irdpSos, pard.] A 
carnivorous 
mammal of a yel- Leopard, 

low color, with black spots along the 
back and sides. 

Lep'er, n. [Gr. AeVpa, leprosy, fr. 
Xenpos, scaly.] A person affected 
with leprosy. 

LEP'0-RlNE,or LEP'o-RlNE,a. [Lat. 
leporinus; lepus, hare.] Pertaining 
to, or like, a hare. 

Lkp'ro-sy, n. [See Leper.] A cu- 
taneous disease with scaly spots, 
usually of a white color. 

LEP'ROUS, a. Infected with leprosy. 

Le'sion, n. [Lat. Ixsio, fr. Ixdere, to 
hurt.] A hurt ; an injury ; a wound. 

LESS, a. [A.-S. lassa, m., Idsse, Land 
neut., for lasra, lasre.] Smaller; not 
so great. — adv. Not so much ; in 
a smaller degree. — n. 1. A smaller 
portion. 2. The inferior or younger. 

Les-see', n. One to whom a lease is 
given. 

Less'bn, v. t. 1. To make less or 
smaller in bulk, size, quantity, num- 
ber, &c. 2. To diminish in quality 
or degree. 3. To reduce iu diguity. 
Syn. — To abate ; decrease ; lower ; 
impair; degrade. 

— *.♦. [-ED ; -TNG.] To become! 
less; to be diminished ; to decrease. 

LESS/ER. a. [A.-S. lassa, Idsse, for 
lasra, lasre. See Less, a.] Less; 
smaller. 

LES'SON(les'n), n. [Fr. le$on,Lnt. lec- 
tio.] 1. Any thing read or recited to a 
teacher. 2. That which is learned. 
3. A portion of Scripture read in di- 
vine service. 4. Reproof; rebuke. 

LES'sor. n. One who leases. 

LEST, conj. [A.-S. last, leastly. See 
Least.1 That not ; for fear that. 



LET, V. t 1. [LET; LETTING.] [A.-S. 
Isetun.] To give leave; to withhold 
restraint ; to permit ; to allow ; to 
suffer. 2. To grant use for a com- 
pensation; to lease. 3. [A.-S. letian, 
lettan, fr. lat, late.] To retard ; to 
hinder. — n. A hindrance ; impedi- 
ment ; delay. 

Letch, v. t. See Leach. 

Le'THAL, a. [Lat. lethalis; lethun\ 
death.] Deadly : fatal. 

Le-THAR'GIC, I a. 1. Given c o 

Le-THar'GIC-AL, J lethargy ; drow- 
sy. 2. Pertaining to lethargy. 

LETH'AR-GY,n. [Gr. k-qOapyia ; Atj- 
flapyos, forgetful.] 1. Morbid drow- 
siness. 2. Dullness ; inaction. 

LE'THE, n. [Gr. Ar)6r), lorgetfulness.] 
1. ( Gr. Myth.) Ohe of the rivers of 
hell, which caused forgetfulness to 
those who drank of it. 2. Oblivion ; 
a draught of oblivion. [ness. 

LE-THE'AN, a. Inducing forgetful- 

LE-THIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. lellufer ; 
lethiirn, death, and ferre, to bear] 
Deadly ; briuging destruction. 

LET'TER, n. [Lat. littera, litem.] 1. 
An alphabetic character. 2. A writ- 
ten message ; an epistle. 3. The 
literal statement. 4. A printing 
type, or type collectively. 5. pi. 
Learning; erudition. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To impress or form letters on. 

Let'ter.ed, a. 1. Educated. 2. Be- 
longing to learning. 3. Furnished 
or marked with letters. 

LET'TER-ING, n. 1. Act of impress- 
ing ktters. 2. The letters impressed. 

Let'TER-PRESS, n. Print; reading 
matter, in distinction from plates or 
engravings. 

Let'tuce (let'tis), 77. [Lat. lactuca, 
fr. lar, milk, on account of its milky 
juice.] A plant, the leaves of which 
are used as salad. 

Le'vajnt, a. Eastern. 

Le-VANT', n. [Fr. levant, fromlever, 
to l-aise.] The countries which are 
washed by the eastern part of the 
Mediterranean. 

Le-vant'er, n. A strong easterly 
wind in the Mediterranean. 

Le-vant'Tne, or Lev'ant-ine, a. 
Pertaining or belonging to the Le- 
vant. — n. 1. A native of the Le- 
vant. 2. A kind of silk cloth. 

LEV'EE, n. [Fr. levee, from lever, to 
raise.] 1. A morning assembly of 
visitors ; also, a miscellaneous gath- 
ering of guests, usually in the even- 
ing. 2. A bauk along a river, to 
prevent inundation. 

LEVEL, a. 1 Even ; fiat. 2. Hori- 
zontal. 3. Even with anything else. 
4. Equal in rank or degree. — v. t. 
[-KD.-ING; or -LED, -LING, 137.] 1 
To make even. 2. To make horizon- 
tal. 3. To reduce or bring to the 
same height with something else ; to 
lay flat. 4. To reduce to equality of 
condition. 5. To point, in taking 
aim. — n. [A.-S. Lrfel, fr. Lat. li- 
bella, dim. of libra, balance, level.] 
1. A line or plane, everywhere par- 
allel to the surface of still water. 2. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK J URN, RUE, pyLL ; E, I, o, silent; c, G, soft; €,G,hard; AS] E£IST; n as NG ; THIS. 



LEVELER 



250 



L1BRATIOS 




A smooth or a horizontal line or sur- 
face. 3. Equal elevation with some- 
thing else. 4. Line of direction in 
which a weapon is aimed. 5. An in- 
fitrument by which to find a hori- 
zontal liue. 6. Rule ; plan ; scheme 

L£v'EL-ER, In. 1. One who levels. 2. 

Lev'el-ler, (One who would destroy 
distinctions, and reduce to equality. 

Iev'el-ING, In. 1. Reduction of 

LeVel-LING, ) uneven surfaces to a 
level. 2. Operation of ascertaining 
the differences of level between differ- 
ent points of the earth's surface in- 
cluded in a survey. 

Le'ver, or 

Lev'er, n. 
[Fr. levier, fr. 
lever, to raise ] 
A bar used to 
exert a press- 
ure, or sustain 
a weight, at one point of its length. 

LEV'er-age (110), n. Mechanical! 
advantage gained by the use of a 
lever. 

Le-vi'a-THAN, n. [Ileb. livyathan .] 
A large sea-animal, described in Job 
xli. and thought to be the whale. 

Lev'i-gate, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
levigare, -gatu?n ; lev is, smooth.] L. 
To grind to a fine powder. 2. To 
polish. [of levigating. 

LEv'I-GA'TION, n. Act or operation 

Le'VITE, n. (Jewish Hist.) One of 
the tribe of Levi employed in duties 
connected with the temple. [vitcs. 

LE-VIT'ie-AL, a. Relating to the Le- 
Lcritical degrees, degrees of relation- 
ship within which marriage is forbidden. 

Liiv'l-TY, n. [Lat. levitas; levis, 
light in weight. J 1. Want of weight 
in a body ; lightness. 2. Buoyancy ; 
hence, frivolity ; vanity. 3. Want 
of seriousness. 

Syn.— Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; 
unsteadiness ; inconsideration ; volatil- 
ity; flightiness. — Levity, volatility, and 
fightiness relate to outward conduct. 
Levity springs from a lightness of mind 
which produces a disregard of the pro- 
prieties of time and place. Volatility 
is a degree of levity which causes the 
thoughts to fly from one object to anoth- 
er, without resting on any for a moment. 
Flightiness is volatility carried to an ex- 
treme which often betrays its subject 
into gross impropriety or weakness. 

Lev'y, r. t. [-ed : -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
fewr.] 1. To raise; to collect; — 
said of troops. 2. To raise or collect 
by assessment. — n. 1. Act of levy- 
ing or taking by authority or force 
for public service, as troops, taxes, 
&c. 2. That which is levied. 3. A 
small coin, or its value, being 12£ 
cents. [Local. Awr.] 

liEWD (lud), a. [-er:-est.] [A.-S. 
tewed, lewd, belonging to the laity.] 
1. Eager for sexual indulgence. 2. 
Proceeding from unlawful lust. 

Syn. — T/Ustful ; libidinous ; licen- 
tious : profligate : dissolute ; sensual; 
unchaste ; lascivious ; lecherous. 

Lewd'ly (lud'ly), adv. Lustfully. 
Lewd'ness (lud'nes), n. Unlawful 
indulgence of lust ; lasciviousnese. 




Lewis (lu'is), ) n. An 
LEWIS-SON, ) iron 

clamp dove-tailed into 

a large stone to lift it 

by- 

LEx'l€-AL,a. Pertain- 
ing to a lexicon, or to 
lexicogrnphy. 

LEX'l-GOG'RA-PHER, 

n. [Ul-.Aefi/coypc^osj Lewis - 

\e£t<6v, dictioun.ry, and ypa</>eiv, to 
write ] Autaor or compiler of a dic- 
tionary. 

Lex'I-co-graph'ic, ) a. Pertain- 

Lex'i-co-graph'ic-al, ) ing to lex- 
icography. 

Lex'i-cog'ra phy, n. Art of com- 
posing dictionaries. 

Lex'i-^ol'o-gy, v. [Gr. Ae£uc6s, re- 
lating to words, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Science of the derivation and signifi- 
cation of words. 

LEX'I-€ON, n. [Gr. Ae£ucoi/ (sc. /3./3Ai- 
6v), fr. Ae£is, speech.] A dictionary ; 
a word-book. 

Ley'D£N-JAR I (li'dn- or la'dn-), 

Ley'djbn-phi'AL ] n. A glass jar 
used to accumulate electricity ; — in- 
vented in Li-y ten. 

Ll'A-BlL'I-TY, n. 1. State of being 
liable or bound ; responsibility. 2. 
Tendency. 3. pi. That which one is 
under obligation to pay ; debts. 

Ll'A-BLE, a. [From Lat. ligare, to 
bind.] 1 Obd^ed in law or equity ; 
answerable. 2. Exposed ; — used 
with reference to evils. 

Syn.— Subject.— Liable denotes some- 
thing external which may befall us : sub- 
ject refers to evils which arise chiefly 
from internal necessity, and are likely to 
do so. Hence the former applies more 
to what is accidental, the latter to things 
from which we often or inevitably suffer. 

Liaison (le'a zong'), n. [Fr., from 
Lat. ligare, to bind.] A Sfcret, illicit, 
intimacy between a man and woman. 

Ll'AR, n. [Eng. lie.] One who know- 
ingly utters falsehoo I ; one who lies. 

Ll-BA'TION, n. [Lat. libatio ; libare, to 
pour out as an offering.] An offer- 
ing of wine in honor of some deity. 

LI'3EL, n. [Lat. libellus ; dim. of liber, 
a book ; libellus famosus. a defama- 
tory book or pamphlet.] 1. A pub- 
lished defamation. 2. A written 
dtclaration by a plaintiff of his cause 
of action, and of the relief he seeks. 
— v.l. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED. -LING, 
13f ] 1 To defame, or expose to pub- 
lic contempt. 2. To proceed against by 
filing a libel, as against a ship oi 
goods. 

LI'bel-ant, \ n. One who insti- 

LI'BEL-LANT, J tutes a suit in an ec- 
clesiastical or admiralty court. , 

Li'bel-er, I ii. One who libels or 

Ll'BEL LER, j defames. 

Ll'BEL-oBs, {a. Relating to a libel: 

Ll'BEL-LOfJS. 1 defamatory 

LlB'ER-AL, a. [Lat. liberalis ; liber, 
free 1 1. Bestowing with a free 
hand. 2. Not narrow or contracted 
in mind ; catholic. 3. Bestowed 
with a free hand ; not confined or re- 
stricted. 4. Not bound by established 



tenets in politics or religion ; evine- 
ing, or caused by , such a spirit. 

Syn. — Generous. — Liberal is free- 
born, and generous is high-born. The 
former is opposed to the ordinary feel- 
ings of a servile state, and implies large- 
ness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, 
&c. The latter expresses that nobleness 
of soul which is peculiarly appropriate 
to those of high rank — a spirit that goes 
out of self, and finds its enjoyment in 
consulting the feelings and happiness of 
others. Generosity is measured by the 
extent of the sacrifices it makes ; liheral- 
ity, by the warmth of feeling which it 
manifests. 

— n. One who advocates greater free- 
dom, especially in politics or religion. 

LlB'ER-AL-TgM, n. Liberal principles 
or feelings. 

LhVer-al'1-ty, n. 1. Munificence; 
bounty. 2. A donation ; a gratuity. 
3. Largeness of mind ; candor ; im- 
partiality^ 

LTb'er-al-ize, t-. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To render liberal ; to free from nar- 
row views or prejudices. 

L'lB'ER-AL-LY, adv. In a liberal man- 
' ner : generously ; freely . 

LlR'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ] -ING.] [Lat. 
liberare, -ratum ; liber, free.] To re- 
lease from restraint or bondage. 

LTb'er-a'tion, n. Act cf delivering, 
or state of being delivered, from re- 
straint. 

LTb'er-a'tor, n. One who liberates. 

LiB'ER-TlNE, ii. [Lat. libertinus ; li- 
ber, free.] One who leads a disso- 
lute, licentious life ; a rake ; a deb- 
auchee. — a. Dissolute; licentious. 

LlB'ER-TIN-i^M, n . Conduct of a lib- 
ertine : debauchery ; licentiousness. 

L'lB'ER-TY r , n. [Lat. libertas; liber, 
free.] 1. Ability to do as one pleases ; 
freedom from restraint. 2. Per- 
mission granted : leave. 3. Privilege ; 
immunity. 4. Place within which 
certain privileges areenjojed. [Eng.] 

Syn. — Freedom. — Liberty and free- 
dom, though often interchanged, are dis- 
tinct in some oftheir application s. Liberty 
has reference to previous restraint, free- 
dom to the simple, spontaneous exercise 
of our powers. A slave is set at liberty; 
his master had always been in a state of 
freedom. A prisoner under trial may 
ask liberty (exemption from restraint; 
to speak his sentiments with freedom 
(the spontaneous and bold utterance of 
his feelings). 

Li-bid'i-noC'S, a. [Lat. libidinosus ; 
libido, pleasure, lust.] Eager for 
sexual indulgence. 

Syn.— Lewd ; lustful ; lascivious ; li- 
centious ; lecherous. 

Ll'BRA,n. [Lat.] The balance ; the 
seventh ign in the zodiac. 

LI-BRA'RI-AN, n. [Lat. librarivs, 
bookseiier, liber, book.] One who 
has the care of a library. 

LI'BRA-RY, n. [Lat. I ibrarium, book- 
case.] 1. A collection of books. 2. 
An edifice or an apartment for a col- 
lection of books. 

Ll'BRATE, v. t. [-Ei>;-ING.] [Lat. 
librare, -brat um ; libra, a balance.] 
To poise ; to balance. — v. i. To os- 
cillate ; to be poised. 

Ll-BRA'TION, n. 1. Act of balancing ; 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y,long; X,E,I,0,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, S£S1£; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



LIBKATORY 



251 



LIGHT-INFANTRY 



equipoise. 2. (Astron.) A real or ap- 
parent Ubratory motion, like that of 
fi balance. 

Li'BRA-TO-RY (50), a. Balancing ; 
moving like a balance. 

LI-BRET'TO, n. ; pi. LI-BRET'TOS. 
[It.] A book containing the words 
of an opera, or the words themselves. 

Zk'E, n. ; pi. of Louse. 

Li' t 'ENSE, n. [Lat. Ucentia, fr. licere, 
to be permitted.] 1. Authority 
given to do or forbear any act. 2. 
Document by which a permission is 
conferred. 3. Excess of liberty ; ex- 
orbitant freedom. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING:] 1. To permit by grant of au- 
thority. 2. To tolerate; to permit. 

Ll'^EN-SEE', n. One to whom a li- 
cense is given, [mission. 

Ll'CEXS-ER, n. One who grants per- 

Ll-£EN'TI-ATE (95), n. One who has 
_a Ucense to exercise a profession. 

Ll-CEN'Tlotfs, a. 1. Using license ; in- 
dulging excessive freedom. 2. Unre- 
strained by law or morality ; disso- 
lute. 

Ll-CEN'TIOUS-LY, adv. In a licen- 
tious manner : dissolutely. 

Li-cen'tious-ness, n. State of be- 
ing licentious ; dissoluteness. 

Ll'CHEN (li'ken or lichen), n. [Gr. 
\eixrjv.] 1. A cellular, flowerless 
plant. 2. A cutaneous eruption. 

LICK, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. lic- 
cian.] 1. To draw the tongue over. 

2. To lop : to take in by the tongue. 

3. To flog; to beat; to whip. — n. 
1. A blow ; a stroke. (Coltoq.) 2. 
A place where salt is deposited from 
springs, resorted to by animals. 
[Western States.] 

Lick'er-ish a. [Cf. Lecher.] 1. 
Dainty. 2. Eager to swallow or 
taste. 3. Tempting the appetite. 

LfCK'lNG, n. A flogging or castiga- 
tion. [Low.] [site. [Low.] 

Lie K'-SPIT'TLE ,n. An abject para- 

LYe'o-RiCE, n. [Gr.y\vKvppi£a; y\v- 
Kvs, sweet, and pi£a, root.] A plant 
the root of which abounds with a 
sweet juice, from which a dark-col- 
ored extract is obtained. 

Ll'e'TOR, n. [Lat.] (Rom. Ant iq.) An 
officer who bore an ax and fasces. 

LID, n. [A.-S. /did, hlidan, to cover.] 
1. A cover of a vessel or box. 2. 
Cover of the e e ; e\ elid. 

Lie, n. 1. An intentional violation of 
truth. 2. Any thing which mis- 
leads or disappoints. 

Stx. — Untruth; falsehood. —A man 
may state what is untrue from ignorance 
or misconception; but to say he lirs is 
to charge him with the highest dishonor, j 
Hence, the word tmtruth is sometimes 
used as a softened expression when we 
do not wish to make the charge of lying 
in the grossest form. 

—v. i. 1. [lied; lying.] [0. 
Eng. lee, A.-S. leogan.] To utter 
falsehood with an intention to de- 
ceive. 2. [lay; lain; lying.] 
lA.-S. licgan, ligean, liggan, Goth. 
Ugan, Icel. liggia.] To be in a hori. 
zontal position, or nearly so. 3. To 
be situated, 4. To remain. 5. To 



belong ; to consist. 6. To lodge ; to 
sleep. 7- To be capable of being 
maintained. 

Syn. — To lay. — Lay is a transitive 
verb, and has for its preterit laid ; as, he 
told me to lay it down, and I laid it 
down. Lie is intransitive, and has for 
its preterit lay; as, he told me to lie 
down, and I lay down. Some persons 
blunder by using laid for the preterit of 
lie ; as, he told me to lie down, and I laid 
down. So persons often say, the ship 
laid at anchor; they laid by during the 
storm ; the book laid on the shelf, &c. 
It is only necessary to remember, in all 
such cases, that laid is the preterit of lay, 
and not of lie. 

Lief, adv. [A.-S. leof, dear. See 
Love.] Gladly; willingly; freely; 
— used in the phrase, " had as lief." 

Liege, a. [Prob. fr. Ger. ledig, free 
from bonds.] 1. Bound by a feudal 
tenure ; subject. 2. Sovereign. — n. 
1. One who owes allegiance ; a vas- 
sal. 2. A lord or superior. 

Ll'EN (13'en or li'en), n. [Lat. liga- 
mtn; ligare, to bind.] A legal 
claim ; a charge on property to satis- 
fy some debt. 

LlEU(lu),«. [Fr.,fr.Lat. locus, place.] 
Room; stead. 

Lieu-ten'an-CY (la- or lef-), n. Of- 
fice or commission of a lieutenant. 

Lieu-ten'ant (lu- or lef-), n. [Fr., 
fr. lieu, place, and tenant, holding.] 
1. An officer who supplies the place 
of a superior in his absence. 2. (a.) 
A commissioned officer in the army, 
next below a captain. (b.) A com- 
missioned officer in the nav)-, next 
below a commander. 

LlEU-TfiN'ANT-SHlP (15- or lef-), n. 
The same as LrEUTENANCY. 

Lieve, a. Same as Lief. 

Life, n. ; pi. lives. [A.-S. I'.f. See 
LIVE.] 1. Animate existence; vi- 
tality. 2. Present state of existence. 
3. Manner of living ; conduct. 4. 
Animation : vivacity. 5. A human 
being. 6. Biographical narration. 
7. Happiness in the favor of God. 

LlFE'-BLOOD (-blUd), n. 1. The 
blood necessary to life. 2. That which 
gives strength and energy. 

LlFEf-BOAT, n. A boat constructed 
lor preserving lives i:i cases of ship- 
wreck or other disaster. 

LIFE'-es-tate', n. An estate dur- 
ing the life of the possessor. 

Life '-guard, n. A body-guard. 

LlFE'LESS, a. 1. Dead ; deprived or 
destitute of life. 2. Destitute of 
power, vigor, or spirit. 

Syn.— Dead ; inanimate : dull. — In 
a moral sense, lifeless denotes a want of 
vital energy ; inanimate, a want of ex- 
pression as to any feeling that may be 
possessed; dull impVcs a torpor of soul 
which cheeks s-11 mental activity; dead 
supposes a destitution of feeling. 

Life'less-LY, adv. In a lifeless 
manner. 

Life'-pre-serv'er, n. An appara- 
tus for preserving life in cases of 
shipwreck. 

Life '-time, n. ' Duration of life. 

LIFT, v. 1. '[-ED; -ING.] [0. H. 
Ger. btjlan, fr. Goth, luftus, air.] 1. 



To raise; to elevate. 2. To exalt; 
to improve in estimation or rank. 
3. To elate. 4. To remove by steal- 
ing. — v. i. 1. To try to raise some- 
thing heavy. 2. To rise; to seem to 
rise. — n. 1. Act of lifting. 2. That 
which is to be lifted. 3. Assistance 
in lifting. 4. An elevator ; a lifter. 

LlG'A-MENT, n. [Lat. ligamentum ; 
ligare, to bind.] 1. Any thing that 
ties or unites ; a bond. 2. A strong 
substance, serving to bind one bone 
to another. 

Lig'A-ment'al, ) a. Of the nature 

Lig'a-ment'ous, j of, or compos- 
ing, a ligament. 

Li-ga'tion, n. [Lat. ligatio.] 1. 
Act of binding, or state of being 
bound. 2. Bond; ligature. 

LlG'A-TURE (53), n. [Lat. ligatura ; 
ligare, to bind.] 1. A band or band- 
age. 2. Act of binding. 3. State of 
being bound. 4. A line connecting 
notes. 5. A type consisting of two 
_or more letters united. 

LIGHT (lit), n. [A.-S. leoht, lyht.] 1. 
That agent or force by the action of 
which objects are rendered visible. 
2. That which gives light, or renders 
objects distinct, as the sun, a candle, 
' &c. 3. Enlightenment ; instruction ; 
information. 4- Point of view, or 
position in which any thing is seen. 
5. One who is noteworthy. — a. 1. 
[-ER ; -EST.] Not dark or obscure ; 
bright. 2. White or whitish. 3. [A.- 
S. liht, leoht, Wit.] Having little 
weight ; not heavy. 4. Easy to be 
lifted or performed, &c. 5. Active ; 
nimble. 6. Slight ; trifling. 7. Not 
violent; moderate. 8. Inconsiderate; 
volatile. 9. Trifling; gay; airy. 10. 
AVanton ; uuchaste. — v. t. [-ED 
(sometimes, but less properly, LIT) ; 
-ING.] 1. To set fire to ; to kindle. 
2. To give light to 3. To attend or 
conduct with a light. — v. i. [A.-S. 
llhtan, to raise, lighten, alihtan, to 
leap out.] 1. To happen to find ; to 
fall. 2. To stoop from flight. 3. To 
alight. 

Lighten (lit'n), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To burst forth or dart, as light- 
ning ; to flash. 2. To grow lighter. 
— v. t. 1. To make light or clear: 
to illuminate ; to enlighten. 2. To 
illuminate with knowledge. 3. To free 
from trouble and fill with joy. 4. [A.- 
S. Vikta-ii, to lift, geUhtan, to allevi- 
ate.] To make lighter, or less heavy. 
5. To make less burdensome or afflict- 
ive. 6. To cheer ; to exhilarate. 

Light'er (llt'er), n. 1. One who 
lights. 2. A large, open boat or 
barge, used in lightening or unload- 
ing ships. 

Light'er-man (lit-'- 150), n. A mai 
who manages a lighter ; a boatman . 

Light'-head'ed (lit'-), a. 1. Dizzy; 
delirious. 2. Thoughtless ; volatile. 

Light'-HOUSE (lit''-), n. A tower 
with a powerful light at top, to serve 
as a guide to mariners at night. 

Light'-in'fant-ry (lit'-),-/*. Troops 
trained for rapid evolutio»is. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK.; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, O- silent ; 9, g, soft; €,5,hard; As; exist; n. as NG ; T-His 



LIGHTLY 



252 



LINIMENT 



Light'EY (llt'ly), adv. 1. With little 
weight. 2. Without deep impression. 
3. Without reason, or for reasons of 
little weight. 4. Nimbly ; with agil- 
ity. 5 With levity; without heed. 

LIght'ness (llt'nes), n. 1. Want of 
weight. 2. Inconstancy ; unsteadi- 
ness.. 3. Levity ; lewdness. 4. Agil- 
ity ; nimbleness. 

Lightening (llt'ning), n. [For light- 
ening, fr. lighten.] A discharge of 
atmospheric electricity, accompanied 
by a flash of light. 

LlGHT'NING-ROD(lhV-),M. A metallic 
rod erected to protect buildings from 
lightning. 

LIGHTS (Hts), n. pi. [From their light- 
ness.] Lungs of brute animals. 

LiGHT'soME (llt'sum), a. Luminous. 

LlG'NE-OUS, a. [Lat. ligneus, from lig- 
num, wood.] Made of, orresembling, 
wood ; woody. 

LYg'ni-form, a. [Lat. lignum, wood, 
and forma, form.] Resembling wood. 

LlG'NI-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. lignum, wood, and facere, to 
make.] To change into wood. — v. i. 
To become wood. 

Lig'n'ine, n. An essential constit- 
uent of the woody fiber in plants. 

LYg'NITE, n. Mineral coal retaining 
the texture of the original wood. 

LIg'num- Vi> tje, n. [Lat. , wood of 
life] A tree and its very hard wood, 
which is used for various purposes. 

Like, a. [-er ; -est.] [A. -3. lie, 
gellc, fr. Vic, body, kind, form.] 1. 
Equal in quantity , quality , or degree. 
2. Nearly equal ; similar. — Had like, 
had nearly ; came little short of. — 
n. 1. A counterpart ; an exact copy. 
2. A liking; inclination. — adv. 1. 
In a like manner. 2. In a manner 
becoming. 3. Likely ; probably. — 
v. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To be pleased 
with in a moderate degree ; to enjoy . 
— v i. 1. To be pleased; to choose. 
2. To come near. 

LlKE'Ll-ndoD, n. Appearance of 
truth or reality ; probability. 

LiKE'LY,a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [That 
is, like-like.) 1. Worthy of belief; 
probable. 2. Having or giving rea- 
son to expect. 3. Of honorable or 
excellent, qualities. 

LIk'EN; v. t. [-ed; -ing] To rep- 
resent as similar ; to compare. 

LlKE'NESS, a. 1. State of being like ; 
resemblance. 2. A portrait of a per- 
son ; a copy or counterpart. 

Like'wise, conj. In like manner; 
also ; moreover ; too. 

Lix/ING, n. 1. Inclination; pleas- 
ure. 2. Appetency. 

Ll'IiAC, n. [Turk, leilak.] A well- 
known flowering shrub. 

LllVl-PU'TlAN, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the imaginary island of Liliput de- 
scribed by Swift, or to its pigmy in- 
habitants. 2. Hence, diminutive ; 
dwarfed. [plant and its flower. 

LIl/Y, n. [Lat. lilimn.] A bulbous 

LlMB(lIm). n. [A.-S. lim ] 1. An ex- 
tremity of the bodv. 2. Branch of 
a tree. 3. Any thing regarded as a 




Limber. 



part or member of something else. 
4. Border or edge of the disk of the 
sun or moon. 

Syjjc . — Member. — A member of the 
body is any part capable of performing 
a distinct office, as the eye, ear, &c; a 
limb (as shown above) is one of the ex- 
tremities; hence the term is restricted 
to the legs and arms. So, in reference to 
public bodies, we speak of their wnfters, 
though an attorney is sometimes sport- 
ively called a " limb of the law." 

— v.t. 1. To supply with limbs. 2. 
To tear off the limbs of. 

Lim'ber, a. [Eng. limp, a.] Easily 
bent; flexible; pliant. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To attach to a limber. — n. 
Forward part of a 
gun-carriage, to ,' 
which the horses 
are attached. 

Lim'bo, n. [Lat. 
limbus, border, 
edge.] 1. {Scho- 
lastic Theol.) A region bordering on 
hell. 2. Any place of restraint or 
confinement. 

Lime, n. 1. [A -S. Vim.] A viscous 
substance for catching birds. 2. The 
white substance obtained from lime- 
stone, &c, by heat. 3. The linden- 
tree. [See Linden.] 4. [Per. ilmft.] 
A fruit allied to the lemon. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To smear with a 
viscous substance. 2. To entangle ; 
to insnare. 3. To manure with lime. 

4. To cement. 

LlME'KlLN (lTm'kTI), n. A kiln in 
which limestone or shells are burnt 
to make lime. 

Lime 'stone, n. A kind of stone 
from which lime is obtained. 

LlM'IT, n. [Lat. limes, limitis.] 1. 
Bound, border, or edge. 2. A dis- 
tinguishing characteristic. 3. A de- 
terminate quantity , to which a varia- 
ble one continually approaches, but 
can never go beyond it. 

Syn. — Boundary. — A limit is a pre- 
scribed termination ; a boundary is some- 
thing which faW.sorhemsusin. "Prov- 
idence," says Johnson, "lias fixed the 
limits of human enjoyment by immova- 
ble boundaries." 

— i\ t. [-ED; -ING.] 1 To set 
bounds to. 2. To confine vithin 
certain bounds. 3. To define exactlv. 

LiM'I.T-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
limited. 

LlM'IT-A-RY, a. 1. Placed at the 
limit or boundary, as a guard. 2. 
Confined within limits. 

LjlM'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act of bound- 
ing. 2. Condition of being limited. 
3. Hence, restraining conditions ; de- 
fining circumstances. 

LiM'IT-ED, a. Narrow; circumscribed. 

LiM'iT-LESs, a. Having no limits ; 
boundless. 

LlMN (lim), v t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. en- 
luminer, to illuminate.] To draw or 
paint; especially, to paint in water- 
colors. 

LIm'ner, n. One who limns; a por- 
trait or miniature painter. 

LlMP, v. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] [Allied to A.- 

5. lam, lame.] To halt; to walk 



lamely. — n. A halt; act of limp, 
ing. — a. Lacking stiffness ; flexible. 

LiM'PET, n. [Gr. Aewas, AeTraSos.] 
A certain univalve shell ; also, a cer- 
tain fresh-water mollusk. 

LlM'PID, a. [Lat. limpidus.] Clear 
and transparent, or nearly so. 

LlM-PlD'l-TY, 1 n. State or quality 

LIm'pid-ness, ) of being limpid. 

LlM'Y, a. Covered with, containing, 
or resembling, lime. 

LINCII'PIN, n. [A.-S. lynis, axle-tree.] 
A pin to keep a wheel from sliding 
off the axle-tree. 

LiN'DEN, n. [A.-S. lind.] 1. A hand- 
some tree, common in Europe. 2. In 
America, the bass-wood. 

LINE, n. [Lat. linea, a linen thread, 
string, line.] 1. A slender cord. 2. 
An extended stroke. 3. Exterior 
limit of a figure: contour; outline. 
4. A row ; a continued series. 5. A 
short letter ; a note. 6. Course of 
conduct, thought, or occupation. 7. 
An established arrangement for for- 
warding merchandise. 8. The equa- 
tor. 9. Regular infantry of an army. 
10. Twelfth of an inch. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To mark out or cover with 
line*. 2. To cover the inside of. 

LI'n'e-age, n. [Lat. Imea, line.] 
Race ; progeny ; descendants. 

LIN'E-AL (124), a. [Lat. linealis ; linen, 
line.] 1. Composed of lines. 2. De- 
scending in a direct line from an an- 
cestor; hereditary. 

LIn'e-al-ly, adv. In a direct line. 

LlN'E-A-MENT, n. [Lat. lintamen- 
turn; linea, line.] The outline; 
feature; form. 

LiN'E-AR, a. [Lat. linearis.] Per- 
taining to a line ; consisting of lines; 
in a straight direction. 

Ljn'en,7?. [A.-S. Vtn, flax, linen, made 
of flax.] 1. Thread or cloth made 
of .lax or hemp. 2. Under-clothing. 
— a. Made of, or resembling, linen. 

LlN'ER, n. A vessel belonging to a 
regular line of packets. 

Ling,??. [From A.-S. lang, long.] A 
marine fish, something like the ccd. 

LlN'&ER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-fe. 
lengra, compar. of lang, long.] 1. 
To " delay ; to loiter. 2. To be in 
suspense ; to hesitate. 3. To remain 
long in any state. 

Syn. — To lag; saunter; tarry; stop. 

Li'N/ciER-ING, n. Tardiness ; protrac- 
tion. — a. Protracted. 

Lin'go, n. [Lat. lingua, tongue, 
speech.] Language; speech. 

Lin/gua-DENT'AE, a. [Lat. lingua, 
tongue, and dens, tooth.] Formed 
by the tongue and the teeth or gum. 

LiN'GUAl, (Hng'gwal), a. [Lat. lingua, 
tongue.] Pertaining to the tongue. 

Lin'guist (ling'gwist), n. One skilled 
in languages. 

Lin-guist'I€, a. Relating to Unguis, 
tics, or to the affinities of languages. 

Lin-guist'I€S, n. sing. The science 
of languages. 

LlN'l-MENT, n. [Lat. linimentvm ,■ 
linire, to besmear.] A species of soft 
ointment. 



A, E, l, o,v, Y,long; Ajliji', 6, tt, Y, short; cAre, far. ask; ael, what; ere, veil,, TERM;; PIQUE, fTrm; son, 



LINING 



253 



LITTER 



LINING, ». Inner covering of any 
thing. 

Unk, n. [Icel. kleckr, chain, Ger. 
ten ken, to bend.] 1. A single ring 
of a chain. 2. Any thing like a link. 
3 Any constituent part of a con- 
nected series. 4. Length of one 
joint of Gunter's chain, being 7.92 
inches. 5. [Allied to Gr. Au^os, light, 
lamp.] A torch made of tow and 
pitch. — v.t. [-ED ; -INS.] 1. To 
complicate. 2. To connect by means 
of something intervening. 

Link'boy, n. A boy who carried a 
link or torch to light passengers. 

LlN-N^'AN, I a. Relating to Linnse- 

LlN-NE'AN, J us, the celebrated nat- 
uralist, or to his system of botany. 

Lin'net, ?i. [Lat. linum, flax, on the 
seeds of which it feeds.] A small 
European singing-bird. 

Lin'seed, n. [Eng. line, lint, flax, 
and,<e«c/.] Flax-seed. 

LlN'SEY-WOOL/SEY, n. 1. Made of 
linen and wool. 2. Stuff made of 
linen and wool mixed. 

LlN'STO-GK, n. [Ger. luntenstock.] A 
staff to hold a lighted match in fir- 
ing cannon. 

Lint, n. [A.-S. llnet, flax, hemp.] 1. 
Flax. 2. Linen raveled, or scraped 
for dressing wounds and sores. 

LlN'TEL, n. [Lat. lintellus, from Lat. 
limen, threshold.] A horizontal 
piece over a door, window, &c. 

Ll'ON, n. [Gr. AeW.] 

1. A carnivorous 
mammal found in 
Asia, and all over 
Africa. 2. A sign 
in the zodiac. 3. 
An object of inter- 
est and curiosity. Lion. 

Li'on-ess, n. A female lion. 
Ll'ON-iZE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

treart as a lion, or object of interest. 
LIP, n. [A.-S. lippa, allied to Lat. 

labium.] 1. The exterior of the 

mouth. 2. The edge of any thing. 
-v. I. [-PED ; -PING.] To touch 

with the lips ; hence, to kiss. 
LiP'0-GR*AlYI,n. [Gr. AeiVeiv, to omit, 

and ypap-pa, letter.] A writing in 

which a particular letter is wholly 

omitted. 
Ll-POTH'Y-MY, n. [Gr. Kntpdv^ia.] 

A fainting ; a swoon. 
Lip'pi-tude (53), n. [Lat. lippitudo.] 

_Soreness of eyes. 
Ll-QUA'TION, ». 1. Act of melting. 

2. Capacity of being melted. 3. Pro- 
cess of separating an easily fusible 
metal from one less fusible. 

Liq/ue-fag'tion, n. 1. Operation 
of melting or dissolving, &c. 2. 
State of_ being melted 

LIq'ue-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing melted. 

LlQ'UE-FY (-we-), v. t. [-ED; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. liquefacere ; liquere, to 
be liquid, and fucere, to make.] To 
melt ; to dissolve ; to melt by heat 
alone. — v. i. To become liquid. 

Li-ques'cen-cy, n. Aptness to melt. 

LI-QUEs'9ENT, a. [Lat. liquescens, 




becoming liquid.] Tending to be- 
come liquid. 

LlQ'UID (lik'wid), a. [Lat. liquidus ; 
liquere, to be fluid.] 1. Having liq- 
uidity. 2. Flowing smoothly or 
easily . 3. Pronounced without jar 
or harshness. — n. 1. A fluid not 
aeriform. 2. A letter which has a 
smooth, flowing sound, as I, m, n, r. 

LlQ'Ul-DATE, y. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Low 
Lat. liquidate, -datum.] 1. To make 
liquid. _ 2. To settle; to pay. 

Liq'UI-da'TION, n. Act of liquidat- 
ing, or settling and adjusting debts. 

Li-quid'i-ty, n. State of being liquid ; 
fluidity ; agreeableness of sound. 

LlQ'UOR (luVur), n. [Lat.] 1. Any 
liquid substance. 2. Alcoholic or 
spirituous fluid. 

Liq'uor-ice (llk/ur-), n. See Licor- 
ice. 

Lisp, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. wlisp, 
stammering, lisping.] 1. To give s 
the sound of th. 2. To speak imper- 
fectly. — v. t. To pronounce with a 
lisp. — n. Habit or act of lisping. 

List, n. [A.-S. list, 0. H. Ger. lisia.] 
1. Outer edge or selvage of cloth. 2. 
A limit or boundary. 3. A roil or 
catalogue, that is, a row or line. 4. 
(Arch.) A little square molding. 5. 
[L. Lat. Utile, fr. Lat. licium, thread.] 
A line inclosing a field of combat. 
6. An inclination to one side. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To cover with a 
list. 2. To enroll; to enlist. 3. To 
listen to. — v.i. 1 To enlist. 2. 
[A.-S. lystan, lustan. See LUST.] 
To lean ; hence, to desire. 3. [See 
Listen.] To hearken ; to listen. 

LlST'i?N (lis'n), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. klystan.] 1. To ttend closely 
so as to hear ; to hearken. 2. To 
obey. [ens. 

LIST'£N-ER (lis'n-), n. One who list- 

List'less, a. Not listening or attend- 
ing ; indiiferent to what is passing. 

LlST'LESS-LY, adv. Without atten- 
tion ; heedlessly. [what is passing. 

LTst'less-ness, n. Indifference to 

LlT'A-NY, n. [Gr. Aircweia ; \cravev- 
eivjto pray.] A solemn form of sup- 
plications for mercy and deliverance. 

LlT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. literati s ; litera, 
a letter.] 1. According to the let- 
ter; not figurative. 2. Following 
the exact words ; not free. 3. Con- 
sisting of, or expressed by, letters. 

Lit'er-al-IsM, n. A mode of inter- 
preting literally. 

Lit'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres 
to the letter or exact word. 

Lit'er-al-ly, adv. 1. According to 
the primary import. 2. Word by 
word. 

LlT'ER-A-RY (44), a. [Lat. literarius.] 
Pertaining to, or acquainted with, 
literature. 

LlT'ER-ATE,_a. Learned; lettered. 

LiT'ER-A'Tl,n. pi. [Lat.] Learned 
men ; men of erudition. 

Lit' ER- a' TIM, adv. [Low Lat.] Let- 
ter for letter. 

LlT'ER-A-TURE (53), n. [Lat. litera- 
tura; litera, a letter.] 1. Learning; 



acquaintance with letters or books. 

2. Literary productions collectively. 

3. Writings distinguished tor beauty 
of style or expression, as poetry, es- 
says, or history. 

Syn. — Science; learning ; erudition; 
belles-lettres. See Science. —A man 
of literature is one who is versed in the 
belles-lettres ; a roan of learning excels 
in what is taught in the schools, and has 
a wide extent of knowledge, especially 
in respect to the past; a man of erudi- 
tion is one who is skilled in the more rec- 
ondite branches of learned inquiry. 

LlTH'ARGE,n. [Gr. \i0dpyvpos ; \.C- 
0os, stone, and apyvpos, silver.] Pro- 
toxide of lead, produced by exposing 
melted lead to a current of air. 

Lithe, o. [A.-S. lidhe.] Pliant ; flexi- 
ble ; limber. 

Lithe'ness, n. State of being lithe. 

LlTHE'SOME,a. Pliant ; limber. 

LITH'IC, a. [Gr. Ai0i/c6s ; Ai0os, stone.] 
Relating to the stone in the bladder. 

LlTH'O-GRAPH, V. t. [-ED ; -ING] 
[Gr. Ai'0os, stone, and ■ypa^eiv, to 
write ] To trace on stone, and trans- 
fer to paper by printing. — n. A 
print from a drawing on stone. 

Li-th6g'ra-pher, n. One who prac- 
tices lithography. 

Lith'o-graph'ic, ) a. Relating to 

Lith/o-graph'ic-al, j lithography. 

Li-thog'ra-phy, n. Art by which 
prints are obtained by a chemical 
process, from designs made on stone- 

Li-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Ai'0os, stone, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] 1. The science 
which treats of rocks. 2. A treatise 
on stones found in the body. 

Li-thot'o-mist, n. One who cuts 
for the stone in the bladder. 

Ll-THOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. Ai0oTo,oua ; 
Ai0os, stone, and rop-rj, a cutting.] 
Operation, art, or practice of cutting 
for the stone in the bladder. 

Lith'o-trip'sy, n. [Gr. Ai'0os, stone, 
Tpu|as, a rubbing.] Operation of tri- 
turating the stone in the bladder. 

Lt-THOT'RI-TY, n. [Gr. A.t'0os, stone, 
and Lat. terere, tritum, to grind.] 
Operation of breaking a stone in the 
bladder into small pieces. 

LIt'1-gant, a. Disposed to litigate ; 
engaged in a lawsuit. — n. One en- 
gaged in a lawsuit. 

LlT'I-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
litigare, -gatum; lis, contest, and 
agere, to carry on.] To contest in 
law. — v. t. To carry on a suit by 
judicial process. 

LnVi-GA'TiON, n. A suit at law. 

Li-TIG'IOUS (-tij/us), a. Contentious ; 
fond of litigation. 

Li-TIG'ious-ness (-tlj'us-), n. Dispo- 
sition to engage in lawsuits. 

Lit'mus, n. [H. Ger. lackmus; lack, 
lacker, and onus, pap.] A purple dye, 
which turns blue with alkalies and 
red with acids. 

Lit'ter, n. [Low. Lat. lectaria ; Lat. 
lectus, couch.] 1. A bed that may 
be easily carried about. 2. A coarse 
bed of straw or hay for animals ; al- 
*so, a covering of straw for plants. 3. 
A confused mass of objects little val- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK J URN, RVE, PULL ; JE, I, O, silent ; C,G,sq/*,- €,&,hard; Ag 5 E5IST ; N, as NG ; THIS- 



LITTERATEUR 



2o4 



LOCATION 



ued; rubbish. 4. The number of pigs 
or kittens, &c, born at ouce. — v. i. 
[-Ei> ; -ing.] 1. To put into a disor- 
dered condition. 2. To give birth to. 

Litterateur (ld-ta'ra-tur'), n. 
[Fr.] A literary man. 

LlT'TLE, a. [less; LEAST.] [A.-S. 
lytel, litel.] 1. Small in size or ex- 
tent ; diminutive. 2. Brief; short. 
3. Small in quantity or amount. 4. 
insignificant ; contemptible. 5. 
Slight ; inconsiderable. — n. A small 
quantity, amount, or space. — adv. 
In a small quantity or degree ; not 
much. 

LIt'tle-ness, n. State or quality of 
being little. 

LlT'TO-RAL, a. [Lat. littoralis, fr. lit- 
tus, the sea-shore.] Belonging to a 
shore, as of the sea. 

LT-tOr'gig, ) a. Pertaining to a 

Li-TUR'GIO-AL, ) liturgy. 

LlT'UR-GY, n. [Gr. \eirovpyia, public 
worship ; Aeiros, public, and epyeiv, 
to work.] Established formulas or 
entire ritual for public worship. 

Live (liv) v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
libban , hfian.] 1. To have life. 2. 
To pass one's life or time as to hab- 
its or constitution. 3. To abide ; to 
reside. 4. To remain ; to last. 5. 
To feed ; to subsist. 6. To acquire 
.a livelihood. — v.t. 1. To spend, as 
one's life. 2. To act habitually in 
conformity to. 

Live, a. 1. Having life. 2. Full of 
earnestness ; active ; wide awake. 3. 
Ignited. 

Live'li-hood, n. Means of living. 

LlVE'LI-NESS, n. State of being lively. 

2. Effervescence, as of liquors. 
Syn. — Sprightliness; gayety; anima- 
tion ; vivacity; smartness ; briskness ; 
activity. -~ Liveliness is an habitual feel- 
ing of life and interest ; gayety refers 
more to a temporary excitement of the 
animal spirits ; animation implies a 
warmth of emotion and a. corresponding 
vividness of expressing it, awakened by 
the presence of something which strong- 
ly affects the mind; vivacity is a feeling 
between liveliness and animation, hav- 
ing the permanency of the one^and, to 
some extent, the warmth of the other. 

LIve'long, a. Long in passing. 
Live'ly, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 

Endowed with or manifesting life ; 

living. 2. Brisk ; vivacious ; active. 

3. Gay ; animated. 4. Representing 
life ; life-like. 5. Bright ; vivid ; 
glowing. — adv. With strong re- 
semblance of life. 

Liv'ER, n. 1. One -vho lives. 2. A 
resident. 3. An eater or provider of 
food, &c. 4. [A.-S. 'ifer.] The larg- 
est gland of the body. It secretes 
the bile. 

LIVER-WORT (-wurt), n. A plant 
between the lichens and mosses, 
found in moist places, on rocks, &c. 

LIv'ER-Y, n. [0. Fr. livree, a thing 
delivered, a gift of clothes : livrer, to 
deliver.] 1. Act of delivering pos- 
session of lands or tenements. 2. 
That which is delivered out statedly 
or formally, as clothing, food, &C; 
esp. the peculiar dress of the serv- 



ants of a nobleman or gentleman ; 

also, tne whole body of those wear- 
ing such a dress. 
LlVER-Y-MAN (150), n. 1. One who 

wears a livery. 2. A freeman of the 

city in London. 
Liv'ER- Y-STA'BLEjtt.. A stable where 

horses are kept for. hire, and where 

stabling is provided. See LIVERY, 

No. 2. 
LlV'lD, a. [Lat. liv id us.] Black and 

blue ; discolored, as flesh , by a brui -e. 
LIVING, a. 1. Having life; active; 

lively. 2. Continually flowing. 3. 

Solid or unquarried, as rot k. 4. 

Producing action and vigor. — n. 

1. Means of subsistence ; livelihood. 

2. Benefice of a clergyman. 3. One 
who is alive, or those who are alive. 

Li'vre (ll'ver or le'vr), n. [Fr.] A 
French money equal to 18£ cents ; — 
not now in use. 

Lix-iv'i-AL, a. [Lat. lixtvius ; lix, 
ashes, lye.] 1. Obtained from, or 
resembling lye. 2. Containing, or 
having the qualities of, the alkaline 
salts from the ashes of wood. 

Lix-Tv'l-ATE, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
leach . 

Llx-iv'l-ATE, a. Pertaining to 1< e. 

Llx-iv'l-tJM, n. [Lat.] Water im- 
pregnated with 
alkaline salts 
from wood ash- 
es ; lye. 

Liz'ard, n. [Lat. 
larerta.] A four- 
footed reptile, 
having an elon- Lizard, 

gate, round body, 

a very long, round tail, and a free 
tongue. 

Llama (la'ina or W- 
ma),n. [Peruv.] A 
ruminating mam- 
mal found in 
South America, 
and allied to the 
camel. 

LO interj. [A.-S. Llama. 

la.] Look; see; behold. 

Load, n. [See Lade.] 1. A burden ; 
a weight. 2. Quantity which one 
can carry ; contents of a cart, vessel, 
&c. ; hence, a heavy burden. 3. That 
which oppresses or grieves the mind 
or spirits. 

Syn.— Burden; lading; weight; cargo. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To lay a 
burden on ; to lade ; to freight. 2. 
To encumber ; to bestow in abun- 
dance. 3. To charge, as a gun. 

Load'stXr, n. [A.-S. ladu, lad, 
course, a leading.] The star that 
leads ; the polestar. [Written also 
lodestar^ 

Load'stone, n. A piece of magnetic 
iron ore possessing polarity. [Writ- 
ten also lodestone.] 

LOAF (149), n. [A.-S. hl&f, l&f.] A 
large regularly-shaped mass, as of 
bread or sugar. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To spend time in idleness ; to loiter. 

— v.t. To waste lazily. 
Loaf'er, n. [Ger. laufer, fr. laufen, 





lo/en, to run.] An idle man ; a va- 
grant. 

Loam, n. [A.-S. lam.] A rich friable 
soil. — v. t [-ED;-ING.] To cover 
with loam. 

Loam'y, a. Consisting of, or like, 
loam. 

LOAN, n. [A.-S. Iscn, fr. Mien, to lend.] 

1. Act of lending. 2. That which io 
lent. 3. A permission to use. — v.\i 
[-EDJ-ING.] To lend. ' 

Loath, a. [A.-S. ladh, hostile, odi- 
ous.] Unwilling ; reluctant. Sco 
Loth. 

Loathe, v.t. [-ed:-ing] 1. To 
have a great disgust of the appetite 
for. 2. To dislike greatly. 

Syn. — To abhor; detest; abominate. 
See Detest. 

Loath'ful, a. 1. Full of loathing. 

2. Exciting loathing ; disgusting. 

LOATH'ING, n. Extreme disgust. 

LOATH'SOME (loth'sum), a. 1. Excit- 
ing great disgust. 2. Exciting ha- 
tred or abhorrence ; odious. 

Loath/sOme'ness, n. Quality of ex- 
citing great disgust or abhorrence. 

LOAVE§ (lovz), n. ; pi. of Loaf. 

Lob'BY, n. [Low Lat. lobia, lobbia, a 
covered portico ; Ger. lavbe, arbor, 
bower.] 1. An inclosed place com- 
municating with an apartment ; also, 
a small waiting-room. 2. The men 
who frequent such a place in a hall 
of legislation for the sake of business 
with the legislators. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING, 142.] To solicit members of a 
legislature in the lobby or elsewhere, 
_with a view to influence their votes. 

Lobe, n. [Gr. AojSos-] Any division 
j)f a somewhat rounded form. 

Lob ed, a. Having lobes. 

Lo-be'li-A, n. [From Lobel, botan- 
ist to James I.] A plant used in 
medicine as an emetic, &c. 

L6b'lol-ly, n. Water-gruel, or 
spoon-meat ; — so called by seamen. 

Lob'LOL-ly-BOY, n. A surgeon's at- 
tendant on shipboard. 

tLob'ster, n. [Prob. corrupted from 
Lat. locusta, locusta marina, a ma- 
rine shell-fish.] A large, long-tailed 
crustacean, used for food. 

LdB'ULE,n. A small lobe. 

Lo'€AL,a. [Lat. localis; locus, place.] 
Pertaining or confined to a particu- 
lar spot, place, or district. 

L6'€AL-ism, n. State of being local. 

Lo-€al'i-ty, n. 1. Existence in a 
place. 2. Position ; situation. 3. 
limitation to a place. 

LO'€AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To 
Jix in, or assign to, a definite place. 

LO'€AL-LY, adv. As to place. 

Locate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat 
locare, -catum ; locus, place ] 1. To 
place ; to set in a particular spot. 2. 
To designate the place of. 3. To .se- 
lect or determine the bounds of. 

Lo-€A'tion (110), n. 1. The act of 
placing. 2. Place where something is 
located. 3. A tract of land designated 
in place. 4. Identification of a place 
or site, according to the description 
given in a plan, map, &c. 



A, E, I, O, V,Y,long; 1 } K, 1,6,0 ,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VgIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



LOCATIVE 



255 



LONG-PR1MEK 



Lo'€A-tTve , a. (Gram.) Indicating 
place, or the place where, or wherein. 

L6€H (16k), n. [Gael. See Lake.] A , 
lake ; a bay. [Scof.] 

Lock, n. [A.-S. loc, inclosure, fasten- 
ing of a door.] 1. A fastening, as 
for a door, a* lid, &c. 2. A state of 
being fixed. 3. A place which is 
locked up. 4. Works which confine 
the water in a canal. 5. Part of a 
fire-arm. 6. A tuft of hair ; a flock. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To fasten 
with a lock. 2. To fasten so as to 
impede motion. 3. To shut up or 
confine. 4. To close fast. 5. To en- 
circle or inclose. 6. To furnish with 
locks, as a canal. — v. i. 1. To be- 
come fast. 2. To unite closely by 
mutual insertion. 

Lock/age, n. 1. Materials for locks 
in a canal. 2. Toll for passing locks. 
3. Amount of elevation and descent 
made by locks. 

LocK£D'-JAW (lokt'-), n. A violent 
contraction of the muscles of the 
jaw, suspending its motion. 

Lock'er, n. A close place, that may 
be closed with a lock. 

Lock'et, n. [Dim. of lock.] 1. A catch 
to fasten a necklace, &c. 2. A little 
gold case worn as an ornament. 

Lock'-jaw, n. See Locked-jaw. 

Lock'-smith, n. A maker or mend- 
er of locks. 

Lock'-up, n. A place where arrested 
j>ersons_are temporarily confined. 

Lo'CO-MO'TION, n. [Lat. locus, place, 
and motio, motion.] Act or power 
of moving from place to place. 

Lo'co-MO'TXVE (110), a. 1. Chang- 
ing place, or able to change place. 
2. Occupied in producing motion. 

Lo'co-mo'tIve, 1 n. A 

Lo'co-mo'tive-en'gTne, ) wheel- 
carriage supporting and driven by a 
j?team -engine. 

Lo'€UST,n.[Lat. 
locusta.] A 

jumping insect, 
closely resem- 
bling the grass- 
hopper. 

LO'€UST-TREE, 
n. A large 
North American 
white, fragrant flowers. 

Lode, n. [A.-S. lad, ladu, course, 
Ixdan, to lead.] 1. A metallic vein, 
or any regular vein or course. 2. A 
j;ut or reach of water. 

Lode'star, n. See Loadstar. 

Lode'stone, n. See Loadstone. 

Lodge, v. t. [-ED; -ING ] [See in- 
fra.] 1. To lay or deposit for keep- 
ing. 2. To throw in; to place. 3. 
To fix in the memory. 4. To furnish 
with a temporary habitation; to 
harbor. — v. i. 1. To reside; to 
dwell. 2. To dwell for a time. — n. 
[0. H. Ger. lauba, N. H. Ger. laube, 
arbor, bower.] 1. A place in which 
one may find shelter. 2. House of 
the gate-keeper on a gentleman's es- 
tate. 3. A secret association ; also, 
the place in which they assemble. I 




Locust, 
tree 



producing 




Lodg'ER, n. One who lives at board, 
or in a hired room . 

LoDG'lNG. n. 1. A place of rest for 
a night, or of re?>ideuce for a time. 
2. Harbor ; cover. 

Lodg'ment I 139),n. l.Actoflodg- 

Lodge'MENT jing, or state of being 
lodged. 2. A lodging-place; room. 3. 
Occupation and intrenchment of a 
position, by a besieging party. 

Loft (21), n. [Allied to lift.] 1. Floor 
or space under a roof. 2. A gallery 
in a church, hall, &c. 3. A room 
placed above another. 

L6ft'i-l,y, adv. In a lofty manner 
or position. 

Loft'I-ness,ji. 1. Elevation; height. 
2. Grandeur ; sublimity. 3- Haugh- 
tiness ; arrogance. 

Loft'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
loften, airy, high.] 1. Lifted high 
up ; towering. 2. Elevated in char- 
acter, rank, or style. 3. Character- 
ized by pride. 

Log, n. [Cf. clog and 
D. log, heavy.] 1. A 
bulky piece or stick of 
wood. 2. An appa-_ 
ratus for measuring T -.., , 

the rate of a ship'! ^^ass.' 
motion. 3. The record 
of the rate of a ship's velocity. 

Log'a-rithm, n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, 
account, proportion, and apuOfj-og, 
number ] The exponent of a power 
to which another given invariable 
number must be raised in order to 
produce that gi ren number. 

LdG'A-RlTH'ivnc, ) a. Pertaining 

Log'a-rith'mic-al, J to, or con- 
sisting of, logarithms. 

L6g'-bo"ok, n. A book in which is 
tntered the daily progress of a ship 
*t sea, as indicated by the log, with 
notes on the weather, &c. 

Log'-cAb'in, n. A log-house. 

Log'ger-head, n. [From log and 
head.] 1. A blockhead ; a dunce. 
2. A spherical mass of iron used to 
heat tar. 

To be at loggerheads, to be at strife. 

LoG'I€, n. [Gr. koyLK-q (sc. Te'xvrj) ; 
fr. Aoyo?, speech, reason.] Science 
of the laws according to which the 
process of pure thinking should be 
conducted. 

LoG'ic-al, a. 1. Pertaining to logic ; 
used in logic. 2. According to the 
rules of logic. 3. Skilled in logic. 

L6g'I€-al-LY, adv. In a logical 
manner. [in logic. 

Lo-gi'cian (-jish'an), n. One skilled 

Log'-line, n. A line about 150 fath- 
oms in length, used for ascertaining 
the speed of a vessel. 

Log'man (150), n. One who cuts and 
conveys logs to a mill. [Amer.] 

Lo-GOM'A-€HY, n. [Gr. \oyofiax(a, 
fr. Aoyos, word, and p*xq, fight.] A 
war of words. 

LSg'o-type, n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, 
and two?, type.] A type, containing 
two ormore letters ; as, a?, Ji, ffl. 

Log'-roll, t\ i. 1. To assist in roll- 
ing and collecting logs for burning. 



2. To help another in consideration 
of help from him in return, especially 
in matters of legislative action. 

Log'wood, n. [*'rom being imported 
in logs ] The heart-wood of a South 
American tree, used in red dyes. 

LOIN, n. [Lat. lumbus ] 1. Part of 
an animal just above the hip-bone, 
on either side. 2. pi. A correspond' 
ing part of the human body ; reins. 

Loi'TER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING ] [0. IL 
Ger. lotar.] To be slow in moving; 
to be dilatory. 

Stn. — To linger; lag; saunter. — Loi- 
ter and lag have a bad sense, denoting 
that a person is c/ilatori/ through lazi- 
ness, or remains behind while others are 
advancing. One may linger or lengthen 
out his time or stay from a regret to leave 
scenes which had been dear to him. To 
saunter is the act of a mere idler, who 
moves about carelessly with no definite 
end or object. 

Loi'ter-er, n. One who loiters. 

Lole, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. lolla.] 
1. To act lazily ; hence, to lie at 
ease. 2. To hang extended from the 
mouth, as the tongue. — v. t. To 
_thrust out, as the tongue. 

LONE, a. [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Hav- 
ing no company ; solitary; single. 2. 
Unmarried, or in widowhood. 

Lone'li-ness, n. 1. Condition of 
_being lonely. 2. Love of retirement. 

Lone'ly, «. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. Se- 
questered from company or neigh- 
bors. 2. Alone, or in want of com- 
pany. 

Syn. — Solitary; lone; lonesome ; re- 
tired ; unfrequented ; secluded. 

LONE's6ME,a. [-er; -est.] 1. Se- 
cluded from society ; solitary. 2. 
Depressed by solitude ; lonely. 

Long (21), a. [-er ; -est (82).] [A.-S.] 

1. Drawn out in a line ; protracted. 

2. Extended in time. 3. Far away ; 
distant. 4. Dilatory. 5. Continued 
through a considerable time, or to a 
great length. — adv. 1. To a great 
extent in space or time. 2. At a point 
of duration far distant. 3. Through 
the whole extent. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. langian, to stretch out the 
mind after, to crave.] 1. To desire 
earnestly. 2. To have an eager or 
craving appetite. 

L6nge, n. [Abbreviated from al- 
longe.] A thrust. See LUNGE. 

Lon-Gev'I-TY, n. Length or dura- 
tion of life ; esp., great length of life. 

Long'ing, n. Eager desire; craving. 

LoNG'isH^a. Somewhat long. 

Lon'GI-tude (53), n. [Lat. longitu- 
do, fr. longus, long.] 1. Length. 2. 
Portion of the equator between the 
meridian of a given place, and the 
meridian of some other given place. 

LON'GI-TUD'I-NAL, a. 1. RelatingtO 
longitude. 2. Running lengthwise. 

LON/GI-TUD'I-NAL-LY, adv. In tho 
direction of length. 

L6ng'-mea§/ure (-mezh'ur), n. A 
measure of length. 

Long'-prIm'ER, n. A kind of type 
between small pica and bourgeois. 

This type is long-primer. 



OR, D0 3 wpLF,TOO J TO"bK; Orn, RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent; c,G,so/S:,- €,5,hard; A<? ; EXIST; NasNG; THIS. 



LONGSHORE-MAN 



256 



LOVE 



Long'shore-man, n. [Abbrev. fr. 
along shore man.] A laborer em- 
ployed about the wharves of a sea- 
port in loading vessels, &c. 

LoNG'-siGHT'EDf-sIt'-), «. 1. Able to 
see to a great distance ; hence, saga- 
cious. 2. Able to see objects distinct- 
ly at a distance, but not close at haud. 

Long'-sDf'fer-ance, n. Forbear- 
ance to punish. 

Long'-suf'fer-ing, a. Patient; 
not easily provoked. — n. Long en- 
durance ; patience of offense. 

LoNG'-wtND'ED, a. Tedious in argu- 
ment, or narration; prolix. 

Lob, n. [Prob. fr. Fr. lot (pronounced 
Id), lot, prize.] A game at cards. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To beat by 
winning every trick in the game. 

LobF,orLoOF, n. [Also written luff,] 
[Allied to A.-S. lyft, Goth, luftus, 
the air.] After-part of a ship's bow. 

Look (27), v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
IQcian.] 1. To direct the eye toward 
an object. 2. To consider. 3. To wait 
for expectantly. 4. To penetrate ; to 
solve. 5. To watch ; to observe nar- 
rowly ; to scrutinize. 6. To seem ; to 
appear. 7. To face ; to front. — v. t. 

1. To subdue or influence by looks 
or presence. 2. To manifest by a look. 

— n. 1. Oast of countenance; aspect. 

2. Act of looking. 3. View ; watch. 
Look'ING-glAss, n. A glass which 

reflects images ; a mirror. 

Lo"bK'OUT, n. 1. A careful looking 
for any object or event. 2. Place 
from which observation is made. 3. 
One engaged in watching. 

Lo~OM, n. [A.-S. ICma.] A frame or 
machine in which a weaver forms 
cloth, — v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
ledmian, to shine.] To appear above 
the surface, or to appear indistinctly 
and larger than the reality, as a dis- 
tant object. 

Loon, n. 1. [A.-S. lun, poor, needy.] 
A sorry fellow ; a rascal. 2. [Icel. 
Idmr, Ger. lomme.] A swimming 
and diving bird, of the arctic regions. 

LOOP, n. [It. & Gael, lub, luba, loop, 
noose, fold.] 1. A doubling of a 
string. 2. A small, narrow opening. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To fasten or 
ornament, by means of loops. 

Loop'-hole, n. 1. A small opening 
in the walls of a fortification, or in 
the bulk-head of a ship. 2. A hole 
that gives the means of escape. 

Loose, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
Icsan , lysan.] 1. To untie or un- 
bind ; to relieve. 2. To release from 
any thing obligatory ; to absolve. 3. 
To relax ; to loosen. 4. To undo ; to 
unlock. — v. i. To set sail. — a. 
[-ER ; -EST.] [Allied to lose.] 1. 
Unbound; untied. 2. Not tight or 
close. 3. Not close or compact. 4. 
Not concise or precise; vague. 5. 
Not strict or rigid. 6. Having lax 
bowels. 7. Dissolute; unchaste. 

Lcose'ly, adv. 1. In a loose man- 
ner ; not firmly. 2. Wantonly ; un- 
chastely ; negligently 

Loos'^n, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 



Idsan, lysun. See Loose, v. t.] To 
make loose ; to tree from restraint ; 
to relax. — v. i. To become loo.-<e. 

Loose'ness, n. State of being loose. 

Lo'bT, n. [Hind.] Act of plundering 
in a conquered city ; also, plunder. 

LOP, v. t. I-PED:-PING.) [D. lubben, 
to cut, geld.] 1. To cut off, as the 
top of any thing. 2. To cut partly 
off and bend down. — n. That which 
is cut off, as from trees. 

LOP'PER, r. i. [-ED; -ING.] [0. II. 
Ger. liberen, to curdle.] To turn 
sour and coagulate, as milk. 

Lop'sid-ed, a. Heavier on one side 
than the other, as a ship. 

Lo-QUA'ciOUS, a. [Lat. loquax, lo- 
quacis, fr. loqui,' to speak.] 1. Given 
to continual tal ing. 2. SpeakiDg ; 
noisy. 
SYN.r- See Garrulous. 

Lo-qu3o'i-ty, n. Habit or practice 
of talking continually or excessively. 
Syn.— Talkativeness; garrulity. 

LORD, n. [A.-S. hlaford, l&ford, i. e., 
bread-keeper ; hlaf, bread, loaf, and 
weardian, to take care of.] 1. A mas- 
ter ; a ruler ; a governor. 2. A no- 
bleman of any rank above that of a 
baronet ; also a bishop, if a member 
of Parliament. [Eng.] 3. A title be- 
stowed on the persons above named. 
4. A husband. 5. The Supreme Being. 
— v.i. [-ed; -ING.] To play the 
lord ; to domineer. 

Lord'li-ness. a. 1. Dignity ; high 
station. 2. Pride; haughtiness. 

LORD'LING, n. A little or petty lord. 

LORD'LY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Becoming a lord ; relating to a lord. 
2. Proud ; haughty ; imperious. 

Syn. — Overbearing; tyrannical; des- 
potic; domineering; arrogant; insolent. 

Lord'shIp, n. 1. State of being a 
lord ; hence, a title applied to a lord. 

2. Territory of a lord ; a manor. 3. 
Dominion ; power ; authority. 

LORE, n. [A.-S. lar ; Iseran, to teach.] 
Knowledge gained from reading or 
study ; learning. 

Lorgnette (lorn-yef), n. [Fr.] 
An opera-glass. 

LOR'I-CATE,*. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
loricare, -catum ; lorica, a leather 
cuirass.] 1. To plate over. 2. To 
cover with a fire-proof coating, as a 
chemical vessel. 

LORN, a. [A.-S. loren, p.p. of ledsan, 
to lose.] Forsaken; lonely. 

Lo§E (looz), v. t. [lost; losing.] 
"[A..-S. ledsan.] 1. To part with or to 
be deprived of; to forfeit. 2. To 
throw away ; to waste ; to squander. 

3. To miss, so as not to be able to 
find. 4. To perplex or bewilder. 5. 
To ruin ; to destroy. 6. To fail to 
obtain. — v. i. 1. To forfeit any 
thing in contest. 2. To suffer loss 
by comparison. 

Los'ER, n. One who loses. 

Loss (21), n. [A.-S. los. See Lose.] 
1. Act of losing ; failure; destruc- 
tion ; privation. 2. State of having 
lost. 3. That which i3 lost ; waste. 



I Syn. — Detriment; injury; damage. 

Lost (21), a. 1. Unintentionally rid 
of; missing. 2. forfeited. ' 3. No 
longer held or posses.-ed. 4. Thrown 
away ; wasted: squandered. 5. Be- 
wildered ; perplexed. (5. Ruined or 
destroyed. 7. Hardened bejond re- 
covery. 8. Not visible. 

Lot, n. [A.-S. Mo*, lot.] 1. Chance,- 
accident ; hazard ; fortune. 2. A 
contrivance to determine a question 
by chance. 3. That which falls to 
one by chance. 4. A distinct parcel ; 
a separate part. 5. A quantity or 
large number. [Colloq.] Q. Any 
distinct portion of land. [Amer.] — 
v.t. | -TED; -TING] 1 To allot; to 
assign. 2. To separate ; to assort. 

Loth, a. [See Loathe.] 1. Hating; 
jletesting. 2. Unwilling ; reluctant. 

LO'TION, n. [Lat. lotto, fr. lavare, lo- 
tum, to wash.] 1. A washing, es- 
pecially of the skin. 2. A liquid 
preparation for the skin. 

Lot'ter-y, n. [See Lot.] A distri- 
bution of prizes by lot or chance. 

LO'TUS, n. [Lat. lotus, Or. Acoto?.] 1. 
A plant of several genera. 2. An or- 
nament in the form of the Egyptian 
water-lily. 

Loud, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. hldd.] 
1. Making a great sound. 2. Clam- 
orous ; boisterous. 3. Emphatical ; 
impressive. — adv. With loudness ; 
loudly. [noisily. 

Loud'ly, adv. In a loud manner ; 

Loud'ness, n. Great sound or noise. 

Lough (16k), n. [Celt, loch, llwch.] 
A loch. See Loch. 

Louis-D'OR (lob'e-dor'), n. [Fr., a 
Louis of gold.] An old French gold 
coin, equal to about $4.84. 

Lounge, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
longe, for a long time ; hence, 0. 
Eng. lungis, a slow, heavy fellow.] 
1. To spend time lazily. 2. To re- 
cline at ease; to loll. — n. 1. An 
idle gait or stroll. 2. Act of reclin- 
ing at ease. 3. A place for lounging. 
4. A sort of couch. [loiters. 

Loun'Ger, n. An idler; one who 

Louse (150), n. [A.-S. Ids, fr. Goth. 
liusan, to devour.] A parasitic in- 
sect, having a sucking mouth. 

Lous/ Y, a. Swarming with lice ; in- 
fested with lice. 

Lout, n. A mean, awkward fellow. 

Lou'VER ) (looker), n. [Fr. Pouvert, 

Lou'vre ) the opening.] An open- 
ing in the roof of ancient buildings 
for the escape of smoke, &c. 

Louver window, an opening in a Btee- 
ple, crossed by a series of sloping boards. 

L6v'A-BLE, a. Worthy of love ; ami- 
able. 

L6v'aGe, n. [From Fr. livicke, fr 
Lat. Hgusticum, a plant of Liguria.] 
A plant, sometimes used in medicine. 

LOVE (IHv), n. [A.-S. lufe, lufu.] L 
Devotion or attachment to another, 
esp., to one of the opposite sex ; af- 
fection. 2. Courtship. 3. Object of 
affection. 4. Benevolence ; kindness-, 
charity, —v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
lufian.] 1. To be pleased or delighted 



A, E, 1,6, U, Y,long; A,E,I,6,U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£R»I ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



LOVE-FEAST 



257 



LUMINOSITY 



with : to be fond of; to like. 2. To 
have benevo.ence or good-will toward. 
8. To delight in witn pre-eminent af- 
fection. — v. i. To delight; to take 
pleasure ; to be in love. 

LOVE'-FEAST, n. A religious festival 
of the Methodists, &c. 

Love'-knot (luv'not), n. An intri- 
cate kind of knot ; — ' emblematical 
of love. [ing love. 

i6vE'-LET'TER, n. A letter profess- 

Love'LI-ness, n. State of being 
lovely ; amiableness. [love. 

Love'-LORN, a. Forsaken by one's 

Love'ly, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Fit- 
ted to excite, or worthy of, love. 

Syn. — Amiable ; pleasirnr: charming; 
delectable; delightful; ench .nting. 

Lov'ER, n. 1. One who loves. 2. One 
in love with a person of the opposite 
sex. 3. One who likes. [love. 

LOVE'-SICK, a. Languishing with 

Lov'ING-kInd'ness, n. Tender re- 
gard ; mercy ; favor. 

Low (15), a. [-ER; -EST.] [Allied to 
lie.] 1. Occupying an inferior posi- 
tion. 2. Not rising to the usual 
height. 3. Deep. 4. Eelow the usu- 
al rate, amount, or value. 5. De- 
pressed in the scale of sounds ; grave. 

6. Not very distant from the equator. 

7. Depressed ; dejected. 8. Humble 
in rank. 9. Vulgar ; base ; dishon- 
orable. 10. Feeble ; weak. 11. Im- 
poverished. 12. Moderate ; reason- 
able. — adv. 1. In a low position or 
manner. 2. Cheaply. 3. Humbly ; 
meanly. 4. With a depressed voice. 5. 
In a state of subjection, poverty, or 
disgrace. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hldwan.] To bellow as an ox or cow. 

Lower, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Eng. 
lower, compar. of low.} 1. To cause 
to descend ; to let down. 2. To bring 
down ; to humble. 3. To reduce in 
value, amount, &c. — v.i. To fall ; 
to grow less ; to diminish. 

Lower, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [N. H. 
Ger. lauern, to lurk.] 1. To be 
clouded ; to threaten a storm. 2. 
To look sullen. 

Lower-case, a. (Print.) Pertain- 
ing to the lower case ; — used to de- 
note the small letters in distinction 
Jrom capitals. 

Lower-most, a. Lowest, [gloomy. 

LoWER-Y (lou'er-y), a. Cloudy ; 

Lowland, n. A low or level coun- 
try, [ly ; humility. 

Low'LI-NESS, n. State of being low- 

LOW'LY, a. " [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Not high or elevated. 2. Mean ; low. 
3. Humble. 4. Meek ; free from 
pride. — adv. 1. Humbly ; meekly. 
2. Meanly. [ing low. 

Iow'ness, n._ State or quality of be- 

IoW-press'ure, a. Exerting a press- 
ure of less than fifty pounds to the 
square inch. [pressed. 

LdW-SPlR'lT-ED, a. Dejected ; de- 

Lox'o-drom/ios, n. sing. [Gr. Ao£6s, 
slanting, and 6p6|uo?, course.] Art 
or method of oblique sailing by the 
rhumb line. 

Loy'al, a. [Lat. legalis ; lex, legis, 



law.] 1. Faithful to the sovereign 
or the lawful government. 2. Faith- 
ful to a lover or friend. 

LOY'AL-isT, n. One who is loyal. 

LOY'AL-LY, adv. In a loyal manner. 

Loy'al-ty, n. State or quality of 
being loyal ; fidelity to a superior, or 
to duty, love, &c. 

Loz'enge, n. [Prob. from ^■'v. 
Gr. Ao|6s, oblique, and < C^_^' 
Lat. angulus.] 1. A rhomb. j iOZ . 

2. A small cake of sugar, en^'o (1.). 
&c, often medicated. 

Lub'ber, n. A heavy, clumsy fellow ; 
a clown. [sy . 

LDb'ber-ly, a. Like a lubber ; clum- 

LU'bri-oant, n. That which lubri- 
cates. 

Lu'BRl-€ATE, v. t. [Lat. lubricare, 
-catum.] To make smooth or slip- 
pery. ■ [eating. 

Lu'bri-oa'tion, n. Act of lubri- 

Lu-BRl^'I-TY, n. 1. Slipperiness. 2. 
Aptness to glide over any thing. 3. 
Instability. 4. Lasciviousness. 

Lu'BRl-€OUS, a. 1. Smooth; slip- 
pery 2. Wavering. 

Lucent, a. [Lat. lucens, shining ; 
.lux, light.] Shining ; bright. 

Lu'CERN, n. [Fr. luzerne, of Celtic 
origin.] A leguminous plant culti- 
vated for fodder. 

Lu-^er'nal, a. [Lat. lucerna, lamp.] 
_Of, or pertaining to, a lamp. 

Lu'riD, a. [Lat. lucidus: lux, light.] 

1. Shining; bright. 2. Clear; trans- 
parent. 3. Easily understood. 

Svx. — Luminous; sane ; reasonable. 
See Luminous. 

Lu'cid-ness, n. State of being lucid. 

Lu\'I-fer, n. [Lat., light-bringing, 
the morning star.] 1. The planet 
Yenus,w.ien morning star. 2. Satan. 

3. A match tipped with a combusti- 
ble substance, and ignited by friction. 

LU'CI-FORM, a. [Lat. lux, lucis, light, 
&rxd forma, form.] Having the form 
of light; resembling light. 

LUCK, n. [Icel. lukka, N. H. Ger. 
gluck.] 1. That which happens to a 
person ; chance ; hap ; fate ; fortune. 

2. Good fortune. 
Luck'i-ly, adv. By good fortune. 
Luck'i-ness, n. 1. Quality of being 

fortunate. 2- A favorable issue or 
event. [fortunate. 

Luck/less, a. Without luck ; un- 

Luck'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Favored by luck ; fortunate. 2. Pro- 
ducing good by chance. 

Syn.— Successful; fortunate; pros- 
perous; auspicious. 

Lu'cra-tive, a. [Lat. lucrativus.] 
Gainful ; profitable. 

Lu'ORE (lu'ker), n. [Lat. lucrum.] 
QaAxv in money or goods ; profit. 

LU'CU-BRATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. lucubrare, -bratum, lux, light.] 
J'o study by candle-light or a lamp. 

Lu'€U-BRA'TlON, n. 1. Nocturnal 
study. 2. That which is composed 
_by night. 

Lu'€U-LENT, a. [Lat. luculentus, from 
lux, light.] 1. Clear; transparent. 2. 
Evident. 



Lu'Dl-€ROUS, a. [Lat. ludricus ; Indus, 
play, sport.] Adapted to raise laugh- 
ter, without scorn or contempt. 

Syn. — Laughable ; ridiculous. — We 
speak of a thing as ludicrous when it 
tends to produce laughter; as laughable 
when the impression is stronger, result- 
ing in ahearty laugh; as rid iculous when 
contempt is more or less mingled with 
the merriment created. 

Lu'Di-eROirs-LY, adv. In a ludicrous 
manner. 

Lu'Dl-CRotJs-NESS, n. Quality or 
state of being ludicrous. 

Luff, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [D. loeven.i 
To turn the head of a ship toward 
the wind ; to sail nearer the wind. — 
n. [See Loof.] 1. Side of a ship 
toward the wind. 2. Act of sailing 
close to the wind. 

LUG, v. t. [-GED ; -ging.] [A.-S. luo- 
can, to pluck out.] 1. To haul ; to 
drag. 2. To convey with labor. — n. 
Any thing drawn with difficulty ; 
also, the effort of drawing or carry- 
ing any thing heavy. 

Lug'gage, n. [From lug.] 1. A trav- 
eler's trunks, &c. 2. Something of 
more weight than value. 

Lug'ger, n. A small vessel with three 
masts and a runuing bowsprit. 

Lu-GU'BRl-oOs, a. [Lat. lugubris.] 
Mournful ; indicating sorrow. 

Luke'warm, a. [A.-S. wlsec, warm, 
remiss.] 1. Moderately warm ; tepid. 

2. Not zealous ; indifferent, [ence. 
Luke'warm-ly, adv. With indiffcr- 
Luke'warm-ness, n. State of being 

lukewarm ; indifference. 

Lull. v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. hdlen, 
to cry like a cat, sing badly.] To 
soothe to sleep ; to quiet. — v. i. To 
become gradually calm ; to subside. 
— n. 1. Power of soothing. 2. A 
season of temporary quiet after a 
storm. 

Lull'a-ey, n. [From lull.] A song 
to quiet babes. [bago. 

Lum-bAg'i-nous, a. Relating to lum- 

LUM-BA'GO, n. [0. Lat., from lum- 
bus, loin.] Rheumatic pain in the 
loins and small of the back. 

LUBI'bar, a. [Lat. lumbus, loin.] Per- 
taining to the loins. 

LUM'BER, n. [Prob. from Lombard, 
the Lombards being the pawnbrokers 
of the middle ages.] 1. Any thing 
useless and cumbrous ; things thrown 
aside as useless. 2. Timber sawed 
orsplitfor use. [Amer.] — v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To heap together in disor- 
der. 2. To fill with lumber.— v. i. 
1. To move heavily. 2. To rumble. 

3. To cut lumber in the forest, and 
prepare it for market. [Amer.] 

LUM-BRI€-AL, a. [Lat. htmbricus, a 
worm.] Resembling a worm. 

Lu'Ml-NA-RV, n. [Lat. luminar, hmi- 
naris, a light.] 1. Any orb or body 
that gives light. 2. One that illus- 
trates any subject, or enlightens 
mankind. 

Lu'mi-nif'er-ous, a. [Lat. lumen, 
light, and ferre, to produce.] Pro- 
ducing light. [luminous. 

Lu'MI-nos'i-TY, n. Quality of being 



OR. do, wolf v T0O,200K,' URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; £,G,so/it; €,5,Iiard; Ag; EXIST ; n as NG ; Tfiis* 



LUMINOUS 



258 



LYNCH-LAW 



LCmi-nol'S, a. [Lat. luminosus.] 1. 
Shining ; emitting light. 2. Bright. 
3. Clear, as if illuminated. 

Syn. — Lucid. — A thing is lucid when 
pervaded by light, as a lucid stream; it 
is luminous when it sends forth light to 
surrounding objects, as, a luminous body. 
Hence, we speak of tin argument as lu- 
cid, when it is remarkably clear, and as 
luminous, when it pours upon a subject 
the mingled light of reasoning and illus- 
tration. 

Lu'mi-nous-LY, adv. In a luminous 
manner. [clearness. 

Lu'Ml-NOtis-NESS, n. Brightness ; 

LtJMP, n. [Allied to clump.] 1. A 
small shapeless mass of matter. 2. 
A mass of things thrown together 
without order or distinction. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To throw into a 
mass. 2. To take in the gross. 

LiJMP'lSH, a. 1. Bulky ; gross. 2. 
Dull ; stupid. [of lumps. 

Lump'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Full 

Lu'na-cy, n. [See Lunatic] A spe- 
cies of insanity, formerly supposed 
to be influenced by the changes of 
the moon. 

Syx.— Insanity ; derangement; mania. 

Lu'NAR, a. [Lat. lunaris; luna, the 
moon.] 1. Pertaining to the moon. 

2. Resembling the moon ; orbed. 

3. Measured by the revolutions of 
the moon. 

Lunar caustic, fused nitrate of silver; — 
so named because silver was called luna 
by the old chemists. — Lunar month, the 
time in which the moon completes a rev- 
olution about the earth. — Lunar ytar, 
the period of twelve lunar months, or 
354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 84.28 
seconds. 

Lu'NATE, ) a. Having a form like 

Lu'NA-TE D, ) that of the half-moon. 

Lu'NA-TIC, a. [Lat. lu naticus ; luna, 
the moon.] Affected by lunacy ; 
moon-struck ; insane. — n. A per- 
sonaffected by lunacy ; a madman. 

Lu-na'tion, n. Time from one new 
moon to the next. 

LDnch (66), n. [Prov. Eng., a large 
lump of bread, nunc, a thick lump.] 

1. A slight repast between breakfast 
and dinner. 2. A place for taking 
a luncheon. — v. i. [-ED; -ing.] 
To take a lunch. 

Lunch'eon (lunch'un), n. [From 
lunch.] A portion of food taken at 
any time except at a regular meal. 

Lu-NETTE', n. [Fr., from Lat. luna, 
the moon.] 1. A detached bastion. 

2. An aperture for admitting light 
into a concave ceiling. 

LUNG, n. [A.-S. lunge.] One of the 
two organs of respiration in an air- 
breathing animal. 

LfJNGE,n. A sudden push or thrust. 

Lu'NI-FORM, a. [Lat. luna, moon, 
and forma, shape.] Resembling the 
moon in shape. 

LO'NI-SO'LAR, a. [Lat. luna, moon, 
and sol, sun.] Resulting from the 
united action of the sun and moon. 

Lu'NU-LAR, a. Crescent-shaped. 

Lu'pIne, n. [From Lat. lupus, wolf, 
because it eagerly penetrates into the 
soil.] A leguminous plant. 



LO'PU-LINE, n. [L. Lat. lupulus, dim. 
of Lat. lupus, hops.] Bitter princi- 
ple or fine yellow powder of hops. 

Lurch, n. [\V r . lltrch, a frisking, a 
lurking.] A sudden roll of a ship to 
one side. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To lie in ambush ; to lurk. 2. To 
roll suddenly to one side, as a ship. 

LUKE, n. [M. H. Ger. luoder, lure, de- 
coy.] 1. An object held out to call 
a hawk. 2. Any enticement. — v. t. 
J-ED ; -ING.] To entice ; to attract. 

Lu'rid (89), n. [Lat. luridus.] Ghast- 
ly pale ; gloomy. 

LURK,r. i. [-EB; -ING.] [See Lurch, 
n.] 1. To lie hid; to lie in wait. 2. 
To keep out of sight. 

Lurk'ing-place, n. A place in 
which one lurks. 

Lus'cioOs (lush'us), a. [Prob. a cor- 
ruption of luxurious.] 1. Sweet ; de- 
licious. 2. So sweet or rich as to cloy. 

Lus'cioiJS-LY (liish'us-), adv. In a 
luscious manner. 

Lush, a. [Prob. an abbrev. of lus- 
cious.] Full of juice or succulence. 

Lust, n. [A.-S. ; Icel. liosta, to strike, 
beat.] 1. Longing desire. 2. Car- 
nal appetite; concupiscence. — v.i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To desire eagerly ; 
to long, especially for the gratifica- 
tion of carnal appetite. 2. To have 
irregular desires. 

LOs'TER, 1 n. [Lat. lustrum, a puri- 

Lus'TRE, ) ficatory sacrifice, fr. lu- 
cere, to be light, to shine.] 1. Bril- 
liancy ; splendor; brightness. 2. 
ReuoM'n ; distinction. 3. A candle- 
stick with pendants of cut glass. 

LUST'FUL, a. 1. Having lust. 2. In- 
citing to lust. [ner. 

LDst'fujl-ly, adv. In a lustfrl man- 

Lust'fvl-ness, n. State of being 
lustful. 

Lus'TI-LY, adv. In a lusty manner. 

Lus'Tl-NESS, n. State of being lusty. 

Lus'tral, a. [See Luster.] Used 
in, or pertaining to, purification. 

Lus-tra'tion, n. Act of purifying. 

LUS'TRING, n. [Eng. luster, lustre, 
q. v.] A species of glossy silk cloth. 

LtJS'TROUS, a. Bright ; shining. 

Lus'TRUM, n. [Lat., a purification of 
the whole Roman people once in five 
years ] The space of five years. 

LiJS'TY,rt. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
lust.] 1. Exhibiting vigor ; able of 
body. 2. Bulky ; large. 

Lut'AN-ist, n. One who plays on the 
lute. 

Lu-TA'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. lutarius ; lu- 
lum , mud . ] Pertaining to , or of the 
color of, mud. 

Lu-ta'tion, n. Act or method of 
juting vessels. 

Lute, n. 1. [Ar. 
aPild; al, the, and 
'ftc/, wood, branch, 
staff, lute.] (Mms.) 
A stringed instru- 
ment formerly 
much in use. 2. 
[Lat. /«*>/«?, mud.] 
A composition of 
clay for making Lute. 




the joints air-tight when exposed to 
heat. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To coat 
with lute. 

LO'ther-an, a. Pertaining to Luther, 
the reformer. — n. A disciple or fol- 
Jower of Luther. 

Lu'thern, n. [From Lat. lucerna, 
lamp.] A kind of window in the roof 
of a building ; a dormer. 

Lut'ing, n. See Lute. 

LiJX'ATE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
luxare, -atum ; luxus, dislocated.f 
To put out of joint ; to dislocate. 

LUX-A'TION, v. 1. Act of luxating or 
putting out of joint. 2. That which 
is luxated. 

Lux-U'RI-ANCE ) (lugz- or luks-), n. 

Lux-u'ri-an-cy ) State of being lux- 
uriant ; rank growth ; exuberance. 

LUX-U'RI-ANT (lugz- or luks-), a. 

1. Exuberant in growth. 2. Being 
in great abundance. 

Lux-u'ri-ant-ly (lugz- or luks-), 
adv_ Very abundantly ; exuberantly. 

Lux-u'ri-ate (lugz- or luks-), v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To grow exuberant- 
ly. 2. To feed or live luxuriously. 3. 
To indulge to excess. 

LUX-U'RI-OUS (lugz- or luks-), a. 1. 
Given cr administering to luxury. 

2. Furnished with luxuries. 3. Soft- 
ening by pleasure. 

Lux-u'Ri-ous-LY (lugz or luks-), adv. 
In a luxurious manner. 

Lux-u'ri-oDs-ness (lugz- or luks-), n. 
State of being luxurious. 

Ltlx'u-RY (lak'shu-), n. [Lat. luxuria.] 
1. Excess in eating or drinking, or in 
costly dress and equipage. 2. Any 
thing delightful to the senses; a 
dainty. 

Syx. — Voluptuousness ; epicurism; 
effeminacy ; sensuality; delicacy. 

Ly-ce'um (118), n. [Lat., fr. Gr. \v- 
Keiov, so named after the temple of 
Apollo Av/ceios.] 1. A place in 
Greece, where Aristotle taught phi- 
losophy. 2. A house or apartment 
appropriated to instruction by lec- 
tures or disquisitions. 3. A higher 
school in Europe. 4. A literary as- 
sociation. 

Lyd'I-an, a. Pertaining to one of the 
ancient Greek modes or keys, the 
music in which was of a soft, pathet- 
_ic character. 

Lye. n. [A.-S. leak, Izeg.] Water im- 
pregnated with alkaline salt imbibed 
from wood-ashes. 

Lymph, n. [Lat. lympha.] 1. A pure, 
transparent fluid. 2. A colorless 
fluid in animal bodies. 

Lym-phXt'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
containing, or conveying lymph. 2. 
Frantic. — n. A vein-like vessel in 
vertebrate animals, containing s, 
transparent fluid. 

Lynch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To inflict 
punishment an without the forms of 
law. [Amer.] 

Lynch'-law, n. [Said to be derived 
fr. a Virginia farmer, named Lynch.] 
The practice of punishing men for 
crimes, by private unauthorized per- 
sons, without a legal trial. 



A, e, i, 6, 0, Y^or^/^iijSjO, 0, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



LYNX 



259 



MAGI 



,?yx, n. [Lat 
lynx, Gr. Avy£. 
An animal of sev- 
eral species, much 
resembling the 
common cat, but 
having longer 
ears and a shorter 




Lvns. 



tail. It prowls about at night, and 
is commonly thought to be very 
sharp-sighted. 



Lyre, n. [Lat. lyra, Gr. Avpa.] 
A stringed instrument ^ 
of music ; a kind of ^ 
harp much used by the 
ancients as an accom- 
paniment to poetry. 
2. One of the constel- 
lations. 

Lyre'-bTrd, n. An Aus- 
tralian bird. The male 
is remarkable for hav- Lyre. 




ing his sixteen tail-feathers arranged 
in the form of a lyre. 

Lyr'ic, la. 1. Pertaining to a 

Lyr'I€-al, j lyre. 2. Fitted to be 
sung to the lyre ; hence, also, appro- 
priate for song. 

Lyr'ic, n. 1. A lyric poem ; a song. 2. 
A verse of the kind usually employed 
in lyric poetry ; — chiefly in the plu> 
ral. [harp or lyre. 

Ly'rist, n. One who plays on th.c 



M. 



M(em), is the thirteenth letter of 
the English alphabet, and rep- 
resents a labial articulation. See 
Prin. of Pron., §80. — (Print.) A 
square quadrat, taken as the unit 
of measurement in ascertaining the 
amount of type in any work. [ Writ- 
ten also em.] 

MAC-Xd'AM-IZE. V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From Mac Adam, the inventor.] To 
cover, as a road, with small, broken 
stones. _ 

MXc'a-ro'ni, n. [Prov. It., from Gr. 
naKapta, bliss, also, a very dainty 
food.] 1. An edible paste, made into 
long, slender tubes. 2. A medley. 
3. A fop : an exquisite. 

MA€'a-r5n'I€, a. 1. Relating to, or 
like, a macaroni ; empty ; trifling ; 
vain ; affected. 2. Consisting of a 
medley of Latin and vernacular 
words. 

Ma-€aW, n. [The 
native name.] A 
tropical American 
large and very 
showy bird, allied 
to the parrots. 

M\€'€A-BOY, n. 

[Called after a dis- 
trict in the Island 
of Martinique.] 
Rose-flavored snuff. 

Mace, n. 1. [0. Fr.] A heavy staff 
or club. 2. A scepter. 3. A rod 
used in billiards. 4. [Gr. p.a/cep.] 
The aromatic second coat covering 
the nutmeg. 

MXc'ER-ATE,V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
macerare, -ratum, from macer, lean.] 
To soften and separate by steeping, 
or by digestion, so as almost to dis- 
solve. 

MXc'er-a'tion, n. Act of softening 
and almost_dissolving by steeping. 

MXch'i-a-vel'ian (-vel'yan), a. Po- 
litically cunning, like Machiavel, an 
Italian writer; crafty. 

MXCH'1-A-VEL'I-AN-ISM, 

MXCH'I-A-VEL-I§M, 
ning and artifice. 

M.\€H'i-nal (mak'-), a. 

chine. ]_ Pertaining to machines. 

MX€H'I-NATE, V. t. [-EC; -ING.] 

[See Machine.] To form, as a plot 
or a scheme. 




Mackerel. 



Macaw. 



n. Politi- 
cal cun- 



[See Ma- 



Ma^h'i-na'TION, n. A hostile or 
treacherous scheme formed with de- 
liberation and cunning. 

Ma-CHINE' (-sheen 7 ), n. [Lat. machi- 
na, machine, device.] 1. Any body 
or assemblage of bodies, esp. a com- 
plex construction, used to transmit 
and modify force and motion ; an 
engine. 2. Supernatural agency in 
a poem. 
i^MA-CHiN'ER-Y (ma-sheen'er-y>), n. 1. 
Machines collectively. 2. Working 
parts of a machine. 3. Means and 
appliances by which ;my thing is 
kept in action. 4. Extraordinary or 
supernatural agency in a poem or 
fictitious work. 

Ma-ciiin'ist (ma-sbeenlst), n. A con- 
structor of machines and engines. 

Mack'er-el, n. 
[0. Fr. maque- 
rel.] A marine 
fish, spotted with 
blue, and largely 
used for food. 

Mack'in-tosh, n. [From the invent- 
or.] A water-proof outer garment. 

Mack-le (mak 7 !), n. [Lat. macula, 
a spot, stain.] (Print.) A blur caus- 
ing a part of the impression to ap- 
pear double. 

Mac'ro-cosm, or MA'CRO-COgM,™. 
[Gr. ju.axp6s, great, and k6o>ios, the 
world.] The great world ; the uni- 
i verse; — opposed to microcosm, or 
the little world constituted by man. 
I Ma-crom'e-ter, n. [Gr. ju.a.Kp6?, 
long, and fxirpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring inaccessible 
objects by means of two reflectors 
on a common sextant. 

Ml€ f V-LA,n.; pi. MAe'TT-LJZ. [Lat.] 

A spot, as on the skin, or on the sun. 

iMXc'U-LATE, v. t. [Lat. maculare, 

macidatum. See supra.] To spot ; 

to stain_; to blur. 

MXc'u-LA'TlON, n. The act of spot- 
ting ; a spot ; a blemish ; a stain. 

Mad, a. [-der; -dest.] [A.-S. ge- 
rmed; Goth, gamdids, weak, brok- 
en.] 1. Disordered in intellect ; 
crazy. 2 Excited with passionate 
desire or with wrath ; enraged. 3. 
Proceeding from, or indicating, mad- 
ness. — v. t. [-DED ; -DING.] To 
make mad. 



Mad'am, n. The same as MADAME. 

Madame (ma-d'am / ), n.; pi. mes- 
dames (ma-dam'). [Fr. ma, my, 
and dame, dame.] A form of address 
to a lady , especially an elderly or a 
married lady. [son. 

MXd'cXp, n. A rash, hot-headed per- 

Mad'den, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make mad ; to craze ; to enrage. — 
v. i. To become mad. 

Mad'der, n. [A.-S. maddre.] A cer- 
tain plant, the root of which is much 
used in dying red. 

Mad'e-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. madere, to be wet, and facere, 
to make.] To make wet ; to moisten. 

Ma-dei'ra (-de 7 - or -da/-), n. A rich 
wine made in Madeira. 

Mademoiselle (mad'mwa-zel'), 

n. ,'pl. MESDEMOISELLES(mdiil'- 
mwa-zel'). [Fr., from ma, my, and 
demoiselle, young lady.] Young 
woman ; miss ; — used in address. 

Mad'-house, n. A house where in- 
sane persons are confined. 

MXd'LY, adv. 1. In a mad manner ; 
rashly ; wildly. 2. With extreme 
folly. [person. 

Mad'man (150), n. A lunatic or crazy 

Mad'ness, n. Condition of being 
mad ; disorder of intellect. 

Syx. —Insanity ; distraction; delir- 
ium; craziness; lunacy; rage; fury. 

Ma-don'na, n. [It., my lady.] 1. 
Madam ; my lady. 2. A picture of 
the Virgin Mary. 

Mad'ri-gal, n. [Gr. p.avSpa, stall, 
herd of cattle.] A little amorous 
poem, called also a, pastoral poem. 

MaG'A-zine' (mSg'a-zeen'), n. [Ar. 
makhzan, a storehouse, granary, or 
cellar.] 1. A storehouse ; esp. one for 
military stores. 2. Place where the 
powder is kept in a fortification or 
ship. 3. A miscellaneous pamphlet 
periodically published. 

Mag'da-len, n. [From Mary Mag- 
dalene. See Luke vii. 36] A re- 
formed prostitute. 

Mag'GOT, n. [Allied to A.-S. mad' 
ha, madhu, earth-worm.] 1. A grub; 
a worm. 2. A whim. 

Mag'GOT-y, a. 1. Full of maggots. 
2. Capricious ; whimsical. 

MX'GI, n. pi. [Lat., pi. of Magus.] 
Holy men or sages of the East. 



Oh, do, wqlf, too, TOOKj URN, rue, pull j s, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, S, hard; Ag; E£IST •,' n. as NG j 



MAGIAN 



260 



MAINTENANCE 



M.i/dU-AN, a. Pertaining to the Magi. 
— n. One of the Magi. 

MaG'I€, n. [Gr. ixayucq (sc. tc/cvij). 
See Magi.] Science or practice of 
evoking spirits or educing the occult 
powers of nature, and performing 
things wonderful by their aid. 

Syn.— Sorcery ; witchcraft; necro- 

1 mancy; conjuration; enchantment. 

USAG'ie, ( a. Relating, to magic ; 

Mag'I€-AL, ) done by euchantmeut. 

Mag'I€-al-ly, adv. By the arts of 
magic. 

Ma-gi'cian (-jish'an), n. One skilled 
in magic ; a necromancer. 

Mag'IS-te'RI-AL, a. [Lat. magiste- 
rius ; magisti-r, master.] Pertainiug 
or appropriate to a master; authori- 
tative ; imperious. 

Syn.— Dogmatical ; arrogant. — One 
who is magisterial, assumes the nir of a 
master toward his pupils ; one who is 
dogmatical lays down his positions in a 
tone of authority or dictation ; one who 
is arrogant insults others by an undue 
assumption of superiority. 

Mag'is-te'ri-aL-ly, adv. AVith the 
air of a master. 

Mag'is-tra-cy, n. 1. Office or dig- 
nity of a magistrate. 2. Cody of 
magistrates. 

Mag'is-trate, n. [Lat. magistra- 
tus ; magisler, master, chief.] A 
person clothed with power as a pub- 
lic civil power. 

Mag'nA-GhaR'TA fkar/ta), [Lat., 
great charter.] The great charter 
of English rights, obtained by the 
barons from King John, A. D. 1215. 

Mag'NA-NIM'I-TY, n. Greatness of 
mind ; elevation or dignity of soul. 

Syn. — Generosity. — In generosity 
there is more of heart ; in magnanimity 
more of soul. The former is the virtue 
of an individual, the latter of one who is 
elevated by station or influence Mag- 
nanimity is shown not only by giving, 
but by enduring. 

Mag-nan'i-mous, a. [Lat- magnan- 
imus ; magnus, great, and animus, 
mind.] 1. Great of mind ; of lofty 
spirit. 2. Liberal and honorable. 

Mag-nXn'i-moOs-ly, adv. In a 
magnanimous manner. 

Mag'nate, n. [From Lat. magnus, 
great.] A noble or grandee ; a per- 
son of distinction. 

Mag-ne'si-a (-n^zhi-a, or -ne^zha), n. 
[Gr. Ai'0os Mct-yi/^ios, the magnet, 
also a mineral that looked like sil- 
ver.] An earth ; the oxide of mag- 
nesium. 

Carbonate of magnesia, a white pul- 
verulent earth used as a mild cathartic. 

Mag-ne'sian, a. Pertaining to, con- 
taining, or resembling, magnesia. 

MAG-NE'§l-UM(-zhi-um), n. Theme- 
tallic base of magnesia. 

MAG'NET, n. [Gr. Ai'0o<r MayvrJ-n??, 
i. e., Magnesian stone, fr. Magnesia, 
inThessaly.] 1. The loadstone ; an 
iron ore, which attracts iron, and, 
when freely suspended, points to the 
poles. 2. Magnetized steel or iron. 

Mag-net'ig, 1 a. Relating to, or 

Mag-net'ig-al, ) possessing the 
properties of, the magnet. 



Mag-net'I€S, n. sing. Science of 
magnetism . 

Mag'net-IsM, n. 1. The force in na- 
ture whicn gives rise to the phenom- 
ena exhibited by the loadstone, &c. 
2. Science which treats of magnetic 
phenomena. 3. Power of attraction. 
Animal magnetism. See Mesmerism. 

MXg'NET-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To communicate magnetic proper- 
ties to. 2. To attract as if by a 
magnet. — v. i. To acquire mag- 
netic properties. 

Mag'net-o-e-leci-tric'i-ty, n. 
Electricity evolved by the action of 
magnets. 

MAG'NET-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ^.ayvr}- 
tt)s, magnet, and fxerpov, measure.] 
An instrument for measuring any of 
the terrestrial magnetic elements. 

MAG-NIF'I€, I a. [Lat. magnifi- 

MAG-NlF'i-e-AL, ) cus; magnus, great, 
and facere, to make.] Grand; splen- 
did ; illustrious. 

Ma g-nif' r-€A T, n. [Lat. , it magni- 
fies.] The song of the Yirgin Mary, 
Luke i. 46. 

Mag-nif'i-cence, n. Quality of be- 
ing magnificent ; pomp. 

MAG-NiF'l-9ENT,flr. 1. Grandin ap- 
pearance. 2. Exhibiting grandeur. 
Syn.— Splendid; pompous: gorgeous; 
brilliant; imposing. 

Mag-nif'i-£ENT-ly, adv. In a mag- 
nificent manner. 

MXg'ni-fFer, n. 1. One who mag- 
nifies. 2. An optical instrument, 
which increases the apparent magni- 
tude of bodies. 

Mag'ni-fy,-i\ t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. magnifir.are ; magnus, great, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To make 
great or greater. 2. To increase the 
power or glory of; to sound the 
praises of. 

Syn. — To enlarge; amplify; aug- 
ment; exaggerate; exalt; extol; praise. 

Mag-nIl'o-quen^e, n. Bombast. 

Mag-nil'o-quent, a. [Lat. mag- 
nus, great, and loquens, speaking.] 
Speakingloftily ; bombastic. 

Mag'ni-tude, n. [Lat. magniludo; 
magnus, great.] 1. Extent of di- 
mensions ; bulk ; size. 2. Greatness ; 
grandeur. 8. Importance. 

Mag-no'li-a, n. [Named after Pierre 
Magnol.] A tree having large fra- 
grant flowers, found in the southern 
States. 

Mag'pie, n. [From Mag, or Meg, 
equiv. to Margaret, and pie.] A 
noisy bird, allied to the crow, but 
smaller, and snowy white below. 

Ma-hog 'a-nv, n. [The native South 
American name] A tree of tropical 
America and its hard reddish-brown 
wood. 

Ma-hom'ed-an, ) n. See Moham- 

Ma-hom'et-an, j medan. 

Maid, n. [A.-S. mdgedh, mdgdh, 
magden, meeden.] 1. A virgin ; a 
maiden. 2. A female sei vant. 

Maid'.en (mad'n), n. [See supra.] 1. 
A maid. 2. An instrument for be- I 



heading criminals. — a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to ayoung unmarried woman. 2. 
Fresh ; new ; pure ; virgin 
Maid'£N-iieai>, I n. 1. State of be- 
JJaid'en-hood, ) ing a maid ; vir> 

giDity. 2. Freshness ; purity . 
MAid'£n-ly, a. Becoming a maid- 

gentle ; modest. 
Maid'-serv'ant, n. A female ser- 
Mai'iiem, n. See Maim. [vant. 

Mail, n. [Lat. macula, a spot, a 
mesh.] 1. De- 
fensive armor 
composed of steel 
rings or plates. 

2. Armor; de- j 
fensive covering, mail. mail. 

3. [0. II. Ger. 

malaha, malha, wallet.] A bag for 
letters and papers. 4. Contents of 
such a bag. 5. One who, or the car- 
riage which, conveys the mail. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To put a coat of 
mail upon. 2. To prepare for trans- 
mission by the mail ; to post. 

Maii/a-ble, a. Proper to be admit- 
ted into the mail. 

Mail'-coach, n. A coach that con- 
veys the public mails. 

Maim, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
mahamiarc , prob. of Celtic origin.] 

1. To deprive of the use of a limb. 

2. To deprive of a necessary part. 
Syn.— To mutilate; mangle; crip- 
ple; disabln. 

— n. 1. Privation of the use of a 
limb. 2. Any mutilation or injury. 

MAIN, n. [A.-S. m'dgen, mdgn, from 
magan, to be able. See MAY.] 1. 
Strength ; force ; might. 2. Chief 
or principal part; specifically, (a.) 
The ocean, as distinguished from a 
bay, gulf, &c. (b.) The continent, 
as distinguished from an island, (c.) 
A principal pipe leading from a reser- 
voir. — a. 1. Mighty : powerful ; vast. 
2. Firstin size, rank, importance, &c. 
Syn. — Principal; chief; leading; car- 
dinal; capital. 

Main'-deck, n. Deck next below 
the spar deck in frigates. 

Main'-land, n. The continent ; — 
opposed to island. 

MAIN'EY, adv. 1. Chiefly; princi- 
pally. 2. Greatly ; mightily. 

Main'MAST, n. The principal mast 
in a vessel. [a ship. 

Main'sail, n. The principal sail in 

Main'spring, n. The moving spring 
of a watch or clock ; hence, the 
most powerful motive. 

Main'-stay, n. Main support ; prin- 
cipal dependence. 

Main-tain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
maintenir; main, hand, and tenir, 
to hold.] 1. To hold in any partic- 
ular state ; to keep up. 2. To keep 
possession of. 3. To continue. 4. 
To bear the expense of. 5. To sup- 
port by assertion or argument. 

Main-tAin'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being maintained. 

Main'te-nan9E, n. 1. Sustenance : 
support; defense. 2- Means o* sus- 
tenance. 



A, e ; I, o, fj, f, long; &,£,!, o, ts,¥, short; cAre, far, ask, all,, what; ere, VEIL, TEEM; PIQUE, fIrm; s6n, 



MAINTOP 



261 



MALVERSATION 



Main'Top, n. Top of the mainmast 
of a ship or brig. 

Maize, n. [From mnhiz or mahis, 
the native name in Hayti.] A plant 
and its fruit, indigenous to America; 
Indian corn. 

Ma-JES'TI€, a. Possessing or exhibit- 
ing majesty : of imposing grandeur. 

Syx. — August; splendid: grand; sub- 
lime; magniricent; imperial; regal; roy- 
al; pompous; stately; lofty; dignified. 

MA-JES'Tie-AL-LY, adv. With maj- 
esty. 

MXJ'ES-TY, n. [Lat. majestas. fr. 0. 
Lat. majus, great.] 1. Grandeur; 
exalted dignity. 2. Title of a king or 
queen [in this sense taking a pi.]. 

MA'JOR, a. [Lat. conipar. of magnus, 
great.] 1. Greater in number, quan- 
tity, or extent. 2. More important. 

— n. 1. [Mil.) An officer next in 
rank above a captain. 2. A person 
of full age. 3. That premise which 
forms the predicate of the conclu- 
sion in a syllogism. 

MA'JOR-DO'MO, n. [Lat. major, 
greater, and clomus, house.] A stew- 
ard. [AL. 
Ma'jor-gex'er-al, n. See Gexer- 
MA-j6r'I-TY, n. [L. Lat. majoritas.] 
1. Rank of a major. 2. Condition of 
being of age to manage one's own 
concerns. 3. More thairhalf. 

Syx. — Plurality.' — In elections, he 
has a plurality who has more votes than 
any other candidate ; he has a majority 
wrio has more than half the votes given 
for all the candidates. 

Make, r. «. [made; making.] [A.- 
S. macian.] 1. To cause to exist ; 
to produce : to frame ; to fashion ; 
to create : hence, to construct : to 
effect; to do : to gain. 2. To cause 
to be or become. 3. To esteem, or 
represent. 4. To require; to com- 
pel. 5- To compose ; to constitute ; 
to form. 6. To reach or arrive at. 

— v. i. 1. To tend ; to proceed ; to 
move. 2. Hence, to contribute ; to 
have effect. 3. To increase ; to ac- 
crue. — n. Structure ; texture ; con- 
struction ; shape ; form. [tense. 

Make'-be-lieve', n. A mere pre- 

Mak'er, «. One who makes, forms, 
shapes, or molds ; a manufacturer ; 
often, specifically, the Creator. 

Make'-shift, n. A temporary ex- 
pedient. 

MAke'-weight (-wat), n. That 
which is thrown into a scale to make 
weight. 

MXl'A-CHITE (49), n. [Gr. fxaAdxy, 
a mallow ; — from its resembling the 
green color of the leaf.] Native car- 
bonate of copper. 

Mal'A-€6l'0-GV, n. [Gr. juaAaKo;, 
soft, and \6yos, discourse.] The 
science which relates to the struct- 
ure and habits of mollusks. 

Mal'ad-min-is-tra'tion, n. Bad 
management of business. 

Mal/a-droit', a. [Fr.] Clumsy ; 
awkward ; unskillful. 

Mal'a-dy, n. [Fr. maladie, fr. Lat. 
male aptus, ill-fitted, i. e., indis- 



posed.] 1. A lingering or deep-seat- 
ed disease or sickness. 2. A moral 
defect or disorder. 

Syx. — Disorder; distemper; sickness, 
ailment; disease; illness. See Disease. 

Mal/A-PERTV, a. [0. Fr. ill, bad, and 
apert, open, intelligent.] Saucy ; 
forward. — n. A pert, saucy person. 

Mae-.ap'RO-POS' (mal-ap'ro-po'), adv. 
[Fr. mal d propos.] Unseasonably ; 
unsuitably. 

MA-LA'RI-A, v. [It., fr. mala aria, 
bad air.] Air tainted by deleterious 
emanations from organic matter. 

Ma-la'ri-ous, a. Pertaining to, or 
infected by, malaria. 

Mal-con'for-ma'tion, n. Imper- 
fect formation ; ill form. 

Mal'€ON-tent', n. A discontented 
subject of government. — a. Discon- 
tented with the government 

Male, a. [Fr. male, fr. Lat. masculus, 
male, masculine.] Relating to the 
sex that begets young; masculine. 
— n. An animal of the male sex. 

Mal'e-dic'tion, ii. Denunciation 
of evil ; declaration of a wish of evil. 
Syx. — Curse ; imprecation ; execra- 
tion.— Malediction is the most general 
term, denoting bitter reproach or wishes 
and predictions of evil. Curse implies 
the desire or threat of evil, declared upon 
oath or in the most solemn manner. 
Imprecation is literally the praying 
down of evil upon a person. Execration 
is literally a putting under the ban of 
excommunication, a curse which ex- 
cludes from the kingdom of God. 

Mal'e-fac'TOR, n. [Lat., fr. male- 
facer e, to do evil.] One who com- 
mits a crime. 

Ma-lEv'o-lence, n. Quality of be- 
ing malevolent. See Malice. 

Ma-lev'O-lent, a. [Lat. malevo- 
lens ; male, ill, and volens, disposed.] 
Wishing evil ; disposed to injure 
others. 

Syx. — Evil-minded ; resentful; mali- 
cious; malignant; rancorous. 

Ma-lev'o-lent-ly, arfi), In a ma- 
levolent manner. 

MAL-FEA'gANCE, «. [Fr. malfais- 
ance. See Malefactor.] Evil 
conduct ; illegal deed. 

Mal'for-ma'tion, ii. Irregular for- 
mation or structure. 

Mal'ICE, n. [Lat. malitia; mains, 
bad, ill.] Unprovoked malignity or 
spite. 

Syx. — Malevolence ; malignity. — 
There is the same difference between 
malevolence and malice as between wish- 
es and intentions. A malevolent man de- 
sires to see others unhappy, and rejoices 
when they are so ; a malicious man is 
habitually bent upon injuring others 
without cause. Malignity goes further; 
it is not only bent on evil, but loves it 
for its own sake. 

Ma-lPcious (-l!sh/us), a. 1. Indulg- 
ing or exercising malice. 2. Pro- 
ceeding from hatred or malice. 

Ma-lPcious-ly (-lish'ns-), adv. With 
malice, enmity, or ill-will. 

MA-LIGN' (-lin'), a. [Lat. vialignus, 
for maligenus, of a bad kind or na- 
ture.] 1. Having a very evil dispo- 
sition ; malignant ; malicious. 2. 



Unfavorable; pernicious. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To traduce ; to vilify. 

Ma-lig'nan-^y, n. 1. Extreme ma- 
levolence ; malice. 2. Virulence ,' 
tendency to mortification. 

MA-lIg'NAJJT, a. [Lat. malignans, 
doing maliciously.] 1. Disposed to 
do harm, or cause distress. 2. Per- 
nicious ; heinous. 3. Tending to 
produce death. 

Syx.— Malicious ; malevolent; bitter; 
rancorous: spiteful; resentful; envious; 
malign. See Malicious. 

Ma-lig'nant-ly, adv. With extreme 
malevolence. 

Ma-lign'er (ma-lm'er), n. One who 
maligns ; a traducer ; a defamer. 

Ma-lig'ni-ty, ii. 1. Extreme malev- 
olence ; virulent enmity. 2. Deadly 
quality. 

Ma-lin'ger, v. i. [-ED ; -TNG.] [Fr. 
malingre, sickly, weakly.] To feign 
illness or to protract disease, in order 
to avoid duty. 

Mal'i-§on (-zn), n. [0. Fr., contract- 
ed fr. malediction.] Malediction. 

MA.LL (mawl), n. [Lat. malleus.] A 
large wooden beetle; a maul. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To beat with a mall ; 
to maul. 

Mall (mal), n. [Orig. a walk where 
they played with malls and balls.] 
A level, shaded public walk. 

Mal'LARD, ii. [Fr. malart, fr. male, 
male, and the termination art, ard.] 
The common duck in its wild state. 

Mal'le-a-BiL'I-ty, n. Quality of 
being malleable. 

Mal'le-a-ble, a. [From Low Lat. 
malleare.] Capable of being drawn 
out and extended by beating. 

MAL'LE-ATE,t'.t. [-ED;-ING.] [L. 
Lat. malleare, -atum ; Lat. malleus, 
a hammer.] To draw into a plate or 
leaf by _beating. 

Mal'le-a'tion, n. Act of beating 
into a plate or leaf. 

Mal'let, ii. [Vr.maillet. See Mall.] 
A wooden hammer for driving the 
chisel. 

MAL'LOW, )n. [A.-S.mealwe,malH, 

Mal'lows,) from Lat. malva.] A 
plant of the genus Malva. 

Malm'sey, (rnanPzy), n. [0. Eng. 
malvesie, from Malvasia, in the 
Morea.] A sort of grape; also, a 
kind of sweet wine. 

MAL PRACTICE, ii. Professional mis- 
conduct of a physician. 

MALT, n. [A.-S. meltan, to melt, 
cook.] Barley, or other grain, steeped 
in water till it germinates, and then 
dried in a kiln. It is used in brew- 
ing. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make 
into malt. — v. i. To become malt. 

Malt'MAN (149), n. A man whose 
occupation is to make malt. 

Mal-treat', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
treat ill ; to abuse. [abuse. 

Mal-treat'ment, ii. Ill treatment ; 

Malt'ster_, n. A maltman. 

Mal'VER sa'TION, n. [Lat. male, ill, 
and versatio, from versari, to move 
about, to occupy one's self] Cor- 
ruption or extortion in office. 



or, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pyLL ; £, /, o, silent : <},&,soft; €,Gr>hard; A§; e^ist; nqsng; this. 



MAMALUKE 



262 



MANKIND 



MXm'a-luke, I n. [Ar. mamlnk, a 

MaM'e-luke, I purchased slave or a 
captive.] One of the former mount- 
ed soldiery of Egypt. 

Mam-ma', n. Mother; — a word of 
tenderness and familiarity, used 
chiefly by young children. 

MAm'mal,w. [Lat. mammalis, belong- 
ing to the breast ; mamma, breast.] 
An animal of the highest class of 

' Tertebrates, characterized by the fe- 
male suckling its young. 

£flAM-MA'.Ll-A,n.pL [See supra.] A 
class of animals, comprehending the 
mammals. 

MXm'ma-ry, a. Pertaining to the 
breasts or paps. 

Mam'MI-f£r, n. [Lat. mamma, the 
breast, and fern, to bear.] A mam- 
mal. 

MAM-MlF'ER-C-iJ!;, a. Having breasts ; 
nourishing the young by suckling. 

Mam'mil-LA-RY, a. [Lat. mammilla, 
dim. of mamma, breast, pap.] Per- 
taining to the paps. 

Mam'mon, n. [Chald. mammCn, 
treasury.] Riches ; wealth ; also, the 
god of riches. 

Mam'MOTH, n. [Russ. marnont* from 
Tartar mamma, the earth, because 
it was thought that this animal 
worked its way in the earth like a 
mole.] An extinct elephant. — a. 
Very large ; gigantic. 

MXn,m. ; pi. MEN. [A..-S. mann, man; 
Skr. man, to think.] 1. A human 
being. 2. An adult male person. 3. 
The human race ; sometimes, the 
male part of the race. 4. One of 
manly strength or virtue. 5. A male 
attendant. 6. A husband. 7. A 
piece with which a game is played. — 
Man-of-war, a first-class ship of war. 

— v.t. [-ned; -ning.] 1. To sup- 
ply with men. 2. To furnish with 
strength for action ; to fortify. 

MXn'a-CLE, n. [Lat. manicula ; ma- 
nus, hand.] A handcuff ; a shackle. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To put hand- 
puffs on ; to shackle. 

Man'age, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
Lat. mansio, habitation.] 1. To have 
under control and direction. 2. To 
guide by careful or delicate treat- 
ment. 3. To train, as a horse. — v.i. 
To conduct affairs. 

MAN'AGE-A-BL,E,a. 1. Capable of be- 
ing managed. 2. Easily made sub- 
servient to one's views or designs. 

Man'age-ment, n. 1. Act or man- 
ner of treating, directing, or carry- 
ing on. 2. Cunning practice. 3. 
Board of managers. 

JsJJan'A-ger, n. 1. One who manages ; 
a conductor or director. 2. A good 
economist. 

MANCH'l-NEEL'fm&ntch'-), n. [From 
Lat. malum Matianum, a kind of 
apple, because its fruit resembles an 
apple.] A poisonous tree of the 
W'PBt Indies. 

Man-da' mus, n. [Lat., we com- 
mand.] A writ from asuperior court, 
commanding the performance of 
some specified duty. 



MXn'da-rYn', n. [Skr. manlrin, a 
counselor.] A Chinese public officer. 

Man'da-ta-ry, n. [Lat. mandata- 
rius ; mundatum , a charge.] Oue to 
whom a command or charge is given. 

Man'date, n. An official or author- 
itative command. [command. 

Man'da-to-ry (50), a. Containing a 

MAN'DI-BLE, n. [Lat. mandibulum; 
m and ere, to chew.] The lower jaw 
of vertebrates ; — also applied to des- 
ignate both jaws of birds, and the 
upper pair in invertebrates. 

Man-dib'u-lar, a. Belonging to the 
jaw, or mandible. 

MAn'DRAKE, n. [Gr. fj.avSpa.y6pa?.] 
A low plant, having a fleshy root, 
often forked. 

Man'drel, n. [Gr. fxdvSpa, an in- 
closed space] 1. A bar of metal in- 
serted in the work to hold it as in a 
lathe. 2. The spindle which carries 
the center-chuck of a lathe. 

Mane, n. [0. II. Ger. mana.] The 
long hair on the neck of some quad- 
rupeds. 

Ma-NEGE' (ma-nazh'), n. [Fr. manege, 
fr. L. Lat. managium , management.] 
1. Art of horsemanship, or of train- 
ing horses. 2. A school for teach- 
ing horsemanship, &c. 

Ma'ne$, n. pi. [Lat., fr. 0. Lat. ma- 
nus, good.] (Rom. Myth.) Souls of 
the departed. 

Ma-neu'ver, In. [Fr. manmuwe, 

Ma-N(EU'VRE, J L. Lat. manopera, 
lit. hand-work.] 1. An evolution, or 
change of position, among troops or 
ships. 2. Adroit proceeding ; strata- 
gem. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make 
an evolution. 2. To manage with 
address. — v. t. To change the posi- 
tions of, as troops or ships. 

Ma-neu_'ver-er, ) n. One who ma- 

Ma-nceu'vrer, ) neuvers. 

Maiv'ful, a. Showing manliness, or 
manly spirit. [ner. 

Man'ful-ly, adv. In a manful man- 

Man/GA-nese', n. [Corrupt, fr. Lat. 
magnes, magnet, because of its re- 
semblance to the magnet.] A very 
hard metal of a dusky white color. 

Mange, n. [Fr. manger, to eat.] The 
itch in cattle, dogs, &c. 

MAN'G-EL-wfJR / z.EL, (mang / gl-wQr / - 
zl), n. [From Ger. mangold, beet, 
mangoldwurzel , beet-root.] A plant 
of the ordinary beet kind. 

MAN'GER, n. [Fr. mangeoire, from 
manger, to eat.] A trough or box in 
which fodder is put for cattle. 

Man'GI-ness, n. Condition of being 
mangy ; scabbiness. 

Man'gle, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
be-mancian, to maim.] 1. To hack, 
as flesh ; to lacerate ; to mutilate. 2. 
To take by piecemeal. 3. To smooth 
with a mangle, as linen. — n. [Gr. 
ixdyyavov, axis of a pulley.] A roll- 
ing-press for smoothing linen. 

Man/go, n. [Malay, mangga.] 1. The 
fruit of a tree, of the East Indies, 
often pickled. 2. A green musk- 
melon pickled. 

Man'grove, n. [Malay, manggi- 



manggi.] A tropical tree, forming 
dense forests. 

MAN'GY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] In- 
fected with the mange ; scabby. 

Man'hood, n. [Eng. man, and suffix 
hood.] 1. State of being man. 2. 
Manlv quality ; courage ; resolution. 

MX'Nl-A, n. [Gr. fxavia.} 1. Violent 
derangement of mind ; madness. 2. 
Excessive or unreasonable desire. 

MA'NI-A€,a. Raving with madness; 
mad. — n. One raving with mad- 
ness ; a madman. [uess. 

Ma-nI'A€-al, a. Affected with mad- 

Man'i-che'ajn, a. Pertaining to the 
Manichees. 

Man/j-che'an, ) n. A follower of 

MAN'I-CHEE, J Manes, a Persian, 
who held that there are two supreme 
principles — light, author of all good, 
and darkness, author of all evil. 

Man'I-fest, a. [Lat. manifestus.] 
Clearly visible to the eye ; obvious to 
the understanding. 

S yn. — Clear; evident; plain ; obvious. 

— What is clear can be seen in all its 
bearings; what is plain can be seen by 
any man without study or reflection; 
what is obvious lies directly in our way, 
and must be seen by every one; what is 
evident, is seen forcib'y, and leaves no 
hesitation on the mind; what is manifest 
is evident in a very high decree, striking 
upon the mind at once with overpower- 
ing conviction. 

— n. An invoice of a ship's cargo, to 
be exhibited at the custom-house. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To show plainly. 
2. To exhibit prepared invoices of, at 
the custom-house. 

Man'I-fes-ta'tion, n. Act of man- 
ifesting or disclosing ; exhibition ; 
display; revelation. [dently. 

Man'i-fest-ly, adv. Clearly; evi- 

Man/I-fes'to, n. ; pi. man'I-fes'- 
TOE§. A public declaration, usually 
of a sovereign or ruler, showing his 
intentions. 

MAN'I-FOLD, a. [Eng. many and 
fold.] 1. Various in kind or qual- 
ity ; numerous. 2. Exhibited at di- 
vers times or in various ways. 

Man'I-kin, n. [Eng. man and dim. 
suffix kin.] An artificial jireparation 
exhibiting the different parts of the 
human body. 

Ma'NI-o€, n. [Braz. mandioca.] 1. The 
plant from which cassava and tapioca 
are prepared. 2. The cassava itself. 

Man'I-ple, n. [Lat. manipulus, 
maniplus, a handful.] 1. A hand- 
ful. 2. A small band of soldiers. 3. 
A kind of scarf worn by Roman 
Catholic priests. 

Ma-nip'tj-lar, a. Pertaining to the 
maniple, or company. 

MA-NIP'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. manipulare, -latum, to lead 
by the hand.] To treat, work, or op- 
erate with the hands. 

Ma-nip'u-la'tion, n. Act of manip- 
ulating ; use of the hands in an ar- 
tistic or skillful manner, [nipulates. 

MA-NIP'U-LA'TOR, n. One who ma- 

Man-kind' (72), n. 1. The human 
race ; man. 2. Men as distinguished 
from wdmen. 



A, E, I, O, U, \,long; A,Z,1, O, tJ, f, Short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T2RI.I-, ri'QUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



MANLINESS 



263 



MARINE 



Man'li-NESS, rc. Quality of being 
manly. 

JIAn'ly, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [From 
man and ly.] Having qualities be- 
coming a man ; firm ; brave ; un- 
daunted ; dignified ; noble ; stately. * 

Syn. — Manful. — Manful refers to vig- 
or and resolution as attributes of our 
race, and is opposed to weak or coward- 
ly; manhi has reference to maturity of 
years or elevation of spirit, and is op- 
posed to puerile or mean. Hence we 
*Deak of a manful endurance of evil, and 
■•nanlij conduct or deportment. 

DOn'-mid'wife, rc. A man who 
practices obstetrics. 

Jf AN'NA, rc. [neb. man, gift, manan, 
to bestow.] 1. A substance miracu- 
lously furnished as food for the Is- 
raelites in the wilderness. 2. A sweet- 
ish secretion from many trees. 

MAN'NER, n. [Lat. manarius, from 
manus, the hand.] 1. Mode of no- 
tion. 2. Characteristic mode cf act- 
ing : habitual style ; behavior ; de- 
portment ; habit 3. Certain degree 
or measure. 4. Sort ; kind ; style. 
Syjt. — See Method. 

Man'NER-isM, rc. Adherence to a pe- 
culiar style or manner, [mannerism. 

Man'NER-IST, n*. One addicted to 

Man'ner-LY, a. Showing good man- 
ners ; civil ; respectful. [lino. 

MAn'nish, a. Like, a man ; nnascu- 

Ma-nceu'vre, rc. See Maneuver. 

Man'-of-war', ii. A government 
vessel employed in war. 

Max'OR. rc. [0. Fr. manoir, maner, 
habitation, fr. Lat. mature, to stay, 
dwell.] The land belonging to a lord 
or nobleman. 

Man'or-house, n. The house be- 
longing to a manor [a manor. 

Ma-NO'RI-al _(89), a. Pertaining to 

Man'SARD-roof, n. [So called from 
its inventor.] A kind of roof formed 
with an upper and under set of raf- 
ters. SeellOOF. 

Manse, n. [Low Lat. mansa. Cf. 
Mansion.] 1. A house ; especially, 
a parsonage-house. 2. A firm. 

Man'SION, n. [Lat. mansio, a re- 
maining, a dwelling, from manere, 
mansion, to stay, dwell.] A house ; 
esp., one of some size or pretension. 

Man'slaugh-ter (-slaw-ter),7i. The 
unlawful killing of%, man without 
I/ malice. 

,'Man'T.EL (man'tl), rc. The work, or a 
narrow shelf, over the fire-place. 

Man'tel-et, ti. [Fr. mantelet, dim. 
ofO. Fr. mantel. See Mantle. J A 
small cloak worn by women. 

Man'tjsl-pieoe, \ 

Man'tel-she'lf, I n. See Mantel. 

MAN'T£L-TREE, ) 

Man-tii/lA, rc. [See Mantle] A 
lady's cloak of silk or velvet. 

Man'tle (nian'tl), rc. [Lat. mantel- 
lum t mantelum.] 1. A loose gar- 
ment to be worn over others ; hence, 
a concealing envelope. 2. A mantel. 
[See Mantel.] — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To cover or envelop ; to cloak ; to 
hide. — v- i. 1. To rise and spread ; 



. A mantel. See 
Mantel. 



] to expand. 2. To kiCome covered 
J on the surface. 

Man'tle-piece, 

Man'tle-shelf, 

Man'tle -tree. 

Man'TU-A (mun'tu-a or m:Wtu), rc. 
[Either fr. Fr. manteau, or fr. Man- 
tua, in Italy. See MANTLE.] A 
woman's gown or dress. 

Man'TUA-mak'ER (mSn'tu-mak'er), 
rc. A ladies' dressmaker. 

Man'u-AL , a. [Lat. manualis ; manus, 
the baud.] 1. Pertaining to, or per- 
formed by, the hand. 2. Used or 
made by hand. — n. 1. A small 
book, such as may be conveniently 
handled. 2. Service-book of the Ro- 
man Catholic church. 3. Key-board 
of an organ or harmonium. 

Man'u-fa€'to-ry, ». [Lat. manus, 
the hand, and factorium, a place 
where something is made, from far- 
tor, a maker, from facere, factum, to 
make.] A house or place where any 
thing is manufactured ; a factory. 

^VIan'u-fagt'ure (53), rc. [Lat. ma- 
rcws, the hand, and factura, a mak- 
ing.] 1. Operation of making any 
wares, by the hands, by art, or ma- 
chinery. 2. Any thing made from 
raw materials, —v. t. [-ed ; -ING]. 
1. To make or fabricate from raw 
materials. 2. To work into suitable 
forms for use. [manufactures. 

Man'u-fact'ur-er, rc. One who 

Man'u-m'is'sion (-ruish'un), n. Act 
of manumitting. 

MAN/U-MIT' (110), v. t. [-ted; 
-TING.] [Lat. manumittere ; manus, 
the hand, and mittere, to send off.] 
To release from slavery. 

Ma-NURE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Contr. 
fr. manamrre.] To enrich by appli- 
cation of a fertilizing substance. — 
n. Any fertilizing substance. 

Man'u-S€R'ipt, a. Written with the 
hand; not printed. — n. [Lat. ma- 
nus, the hand, and scribere, scrip- 
turn, to. write.] A book or paper 
written with the hand. 

MAN'Y (men'y), a. [MORE ; MOST.] 
[A.-S. manig, menig.] Comprising 
a great number of individuals. 

Syn.— Numerous ; frequent ; mani- 
fold; various; divers; sundry. 
— n. A great number ; a crowd. 

Map, rc. [Lat. mappa, napkin, signal- 
cloth.] A delineation of the surface 
of the earth, or of any part of it ; a 
chart, —v.t. [-ped ; -PING.] To 
delineate, as the figure of any por- 
tion of land. [species. 

Ma'ple , rc. A genus of tree of several 

Mar, v. t. [-red ; -ring.] [A.-S. 
merran, to obstruct, dissipate.] 1. 
To injure by making defective ; to 
damage ; to hurt. 2. To impair the 
good looks of; to disfigure. — rc. A 
blemish made by bruising, scratch- 
ing, &c. ; an injury. 

Mar'a-nath'a, or Mar-a-na'tha, 
rc. [Syriac] The Lord comes, or 
has come, — a word used in anathe- 
matizing persons. 

MAR'AS-eHl'NO (-ke'no), n. [It., 



marasca, a sour cherry.] A delicate 
spirit distilled from cherries. 

Ma-rXs'MUS, n. [Gr. ju.apao-ju.6i-i 
A wasting of fiesh without apparent 
disease; atrophy. 

Ma-raud', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. ma- 
rauder, fr. marau-i, rascal, Lat. male 
ruptus, badly broken, debauched.? 
To rove in quest of plunder. 

Ma-raud'er, n. A rover in ques': 
of booty or plunder. 

MAR'BLE , It. [Gr. juapjuapo?, fr. /u.ap- 
/uaipeii/, to sparkle ] 1. Calcareous 
stone, of a compact texture. 2. A 
thing made of, or resembling, mar- 
ble ; esp., a little ball useuas a play- 
thing by children. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To stain or vein like marble. 

Marc, rc. [Fr.] Refuse matter from 
the pressure of grapes, &c. 

Mar-ces'CENT, a. [Lat. marcescens, 
withering.] Drooping; fading. 

MARCH, rc. 1. [Fr. ; Lat. Martins, be- 
longing to Mars, the god of war.] 
Third month of the year. 2. Mili- 
tary progress. 3. Measured and reg- 
ular advance, as of soldiers. 4. A 
piece of music to march by. 5. Dis- 
tance passed over. 6. [A.-S. mearc f 
mark, boundary ; allied to Lat. mar- 
go, margin. See MARK.] Frontier 
of a territory ; a confine. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Orig., to go to the. 
boundary to defend it. See MARCH, 
rc.] 1. To move by steps and in or- 
der, as soldiers. 2. To walk in a de- 
liberate or stately manner. — v. t. 
To cause to move in military arrcjy. 

Mar'chion-ess (-shun-), rc. [L. Lat. 
marchionissa, fr. marchio, marquis ] 
Wife or widow of a marquis. 

Mar'CID, a. [Lat. marcidus.] Pin- 
ing ; wasted away ; lean. 

Mau-OID'i-ty, rc. Great leanness. 

Mare, n. [A.-S. mere, from mrar. 
mearh, horse.] Female of the horse. 
Hare's nest, any thing very absurd or 
ludicrous, or a hoax. 

Mare'sciial (mar'shal), rc. [0. Fr.] 
A marshal. 

Marge, rc. A margin. 

Mar'gin, rc. [Lat. margo, marginis.] 
1. Border ; edge ; verge. 2. The 
part of a page at the edge left un- 
covered in writing or printing. 3. 
Difference between the price and sale 
of an article, or between actual and 
estimated cost. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
i. To furnish with a margin ; to bor- 
der ; to leave room to be filled up by 
anticipated profits. 2. To enter in 
the margin of a page. 

Mar/GIN-AL. a. 1. Pertaining to a 
margin. 2. Inserted iu the margin. 

Mar'GRAVE, rc. [Ger. markgraf,\. c. 
lord chief justice of the march. Sco 
March.] A German nobleman of 
a rank equivalent to that of an En- 
glish marquis. [grave. 

Mar'gra-vine, n. Wife of a mar- 

Mar'i-gold, rc. [From Mary and 
gold.] A plant with a yellow flower. 

Ma-rine', a. [Lat. marinus ; mare, 
the sea.] Pertaining to the sea, or 
to naval affairs ; naval ; nautical. ■— 



or, do, wolf, too, TO'OK.; urn, rue, pull; E, I, o, silent; c, d,soft; v, g, hard; As; exist ; N as ng ; THI 



MARINER 



2G4 



MARTYROLOGY 



n. 1. A soldier serving on ship- 
board. 2. Naval economy ; the col- 
lective shipping of a country. 

MAr'I-NER, n. A seaman or sailor. 

Ma'ri-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. Mapia, Ma- 
ry, and \arpeia, worship.] Worship 
of the Virgin Mary. 

Mar'i-tal, a. [Lat. maritnlis ; ma- 
ritus, a married man.] Pertaining 
to a husband. 

Mar'i-time, a. [Lat. marithnus ; 
mare, the sea.] 1. Bordering on, or 
connected with, the sea. 2. Relat- 
ing to navigation. 

Srx. — Marine. — Maritime denotes 
primarily, " bordering on the sea," as a 
maritime town, coast, nation, &c., and 
secondarily, "belonging to those who 
border on the sea," as maritime laws, 
rights, pursuits, &c. Marine denotes, 
primarily, " of or pertaining to the sea," 
as a marine shell, marine productions, 
&c; and secondarily, "transacted at 
sea," as marine service; or " doing duty 
on the sea," as marine forces, &c. 

MarMo-RAM, n. [L. Lat. majoraca, 
fr. Gr. a,aapa.*<ov.] A plant of sev- 
eral species, one of which is very 
aromatic and fragrant. 

Mark, n. [A.-S. mearc] 1. A line, 
point, or figure, made on any thing ; 
a trace. 2. A significative token. 3. 
Distinguished pre-eminence. 4. A 
character made, instead of signature, 
by one who can not write. 5. A thing 
aimed at. 6. A characteristic or es- 
sential attribute. 

Svx. —Impress; impression ; stamp ; 
vestige; characteristic; token; badge. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make 
a visible sign upon. 2. To give at- 
tention to ; to remark. — v.t. To 
take particular notice ; to note. 

MARK'ER,n. One who marks. 

Mar'ket, n. [Lat. mercatus ; merx, 
mercis, merchandise.] 1. A public 
place where provisions or cattle are. 
exposed to sale. 2. A town, region, 
&c, where there is a demand for an 
article ; hence, demand and sale, or 
exchange. — v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
buy or sell • to make bargains. 

MAR'KET-A-BLE,a. Fit to be offered 
for sale ; salable. [weil. 

Marks'man (149), n. One who shoots 

Marl, n. [L. Lat. margila, W. marl.] 
A mixed earthy substance, consisting 
of carbonate of lime, clay, and shi- 
cious sand. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
overspread or manure with marl. 

Marl-a'CEOUS, a. Ilesemblingmarl, 
or partaking of its qualities. 

Mar'EINE, n. [Of uncertain deriva- 
tion.] A small line composed of two 
strands, a little twisted, used for 
■winding round cables, &c. — v. t. To 
wind marline around. 

MAR'lInE-SPIKE, 11. A tool to 
separate the strands of a 
rope, in splicing. 

Marl'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142. 
Consisting of, or resembling 
Or abounding with, marl. 

SlAR'MA-LADE, ». [Gr. fj.e\C- Mar- 
/aijAov, a sweet apple ; M e\i, hn £; 
honey, /ktjAov, apple.] A * 



pastry preserve made of the pulp of 
any of the firmer fruits, as the 
quince, pear, &c. 

Mar-mo're-al ( (124), a. [Lat. mar- 

MAR-MO'RE-AN ) vioreus; marmor, 
marble.] Of, or like, marble. 

Mar'mo-JET', n. [Fr. marmouset , an 
ugly little boy.] A small monkey, 
much resembling a squirrel. 

Mar'mot, n. [Lat. mus montanus, 
i. e., mountain-mouse.] A rodent, 
of about the size of the rabbit. 

Ma-roon', «• [From Sp. cimarron, 
wild, unruly.] A fugitive slave liv- 
ing on the mountains in the West 
Indies, —v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To put 
ashore on a desolate isle, for some 
crime. — a. [Fr. marron, chestnut- 
colored.] Brownish-crimson. — n. A 
brownish-crimson or claret color. 

Mar'PLOT, n. One who officiously 
interferes, and so mars or defeats a 
design. 

Marque (milrk), n. [See Mark.] A 
license to pasa the limits of a juris- 
diction, and make reprisals. 

Letters of marque, a license to make 
reprisals at sea on the subjects of another 
government. 

MAR-QUEE' (-kG'), n. A large field- 
tent. 

Mar'quess (-kwess), n. See Marquis. 

Mar'QUEt-ry (-ket-), 11. [Jfr.viar- 
quetrrie, fr. marque, mark, sign.] 
Work inlaid with different pieces of 
colored wood, shells, &c. 

MaR'QUIS (-kwis), n. [Fr., fr. Ger. 
mark, bound, march.] A nobleman, 
of a rank next below that of duke. 

Mar'quis-ate, n. Dignity or lord- 
ship of a marquis. 

Mar'riage (mar'rij), n. Act of mar- 
rying, or state of being married. 

Syx. — Matrimony; wedlock. — Mar- 
riage is properly the act which unitesthe 
two parties, and ■matrimonii the state in- 
to which they enter. Marriage is, how- 
ever, often used for the state as well as 
the act. 

Mar'riage-a-ble (-rij-), a. Of an 
age suitable for marriage. 

MAR'RruD, a. Formed by marriage ; 
conjugal; connubial.' 

Mar'row, n. [A.-S. mearg, mearh.] 

1. A soft substance in the cavities 
of bones. 2. Essence ; best part. 

Mar'row-bone, n. 1.- A bone con- 
taining marrow. 2. pi. [Marybones, 
in allusion to the genuflections made 
to the Virgin Mary.] The knees. 

M AR'RO w-F at , n . A rich kind of pea. 

Mar'row-y, a. Full of marrow. 

Mar'ry, i\i. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
maritare ; maritus, husband.] 1. 
To unite in matrimony. 2. To give 
away as wife. 3. To take for hus- 
band or wife. — v. i. To enter into 
the conjugal state. 

Marj. n. 1. (Myth.) The god of war. 

2. One of the planets. 

Marsh, n. [A.-S. mersc, fr. mere-. 
mire, sea, lake.] Low land, often 
covered with water ; fen ; morass. 

Mar'SHAL, n. [0. H. Ger. marah- 
scalc; m.arah, horse, and scale, serv- 
ant.] An officer of high rank, 



j charged with the arrangement oi 
ceremonies, the conduct of opera- 
tions, &c. ; specifically, (a.) (France.) 
The highest military officer (b.) A 
kind of sheriff, whose duty it is to 
execute the process of the courts of 
the United States. — v. t. [-ED, 
-ING; or -LED, -LING, 130.] 1. Tc 
dispose in order ; to arrange suitably, 
2. To lead as a harbinger. 

Mar'shal-SHIP, n. Office of a mar- 
shal, [mon in marshes. 

Marsh'-mal'low, ii. Aplantcom- 

Marsh'y, a. Resembling, or pertain- 
ing to, a marsh ; boggy ; fenny. 

MAR-SU'PI-AL, a. [Gr. fxapavmov, 
pouch, bag.] Having, or pertaining 
to, a pouch for carrying the imma- 
ture young, or to animals so fur- 
nished. — n. One of the marsupial 
animals. 

MAE-Sfj 'pi-ate, a. Related to the 
marsupial animals ; furnished with 
a pouch for the young. 

MART, n. [Contracted from market.] 
A market. 

Mar-tel'lo Tow'er. [It. martello, 
hammer.] A round tower on the 
sea-coast, with a gun on the sum- 
mit. 

Mar'ten (58), n. 1. See Martin. 
2. [A.-S. miardh.] A carnivorous 
animal allied to the weasel. 

Mar'tial (mLr'shal), a. [Lat. mar- 
tialis; Mars, god of war.] 1. Per- 
taining to war ; military. 2. Given 
to war ; brave. 3. Belonging to war 
or to an army and navy. 

Martial Jaw, an arbitrary kind of law, 
extending to matters of civil as well as 
of criminal jurisdiction. It is quite dis- 
tinct from military law. 

Syx.— Warlike. —Martial refers more 
to war in action, its array, its attendants, 
&c, as, martial music, tx martial appear- 
ance, martial array, courts-martial, &c. 
Warlike describes the feeling or temper 
which leads to war, and the adjuncts 
connected with it, as, a warlike nation, 
warlike preparations, a warlike attitude 
of things, &c. 

Mar'tin, n. A bird of the swallow 
kind. 

Mar'tin-et', «. [From an officer of 
that name in the Fr. army under 
Louis XIV.] A strict disciplinarian. 

Mar'tin-gal, )n. [Fr. martin- 

Mar'tix-gale, ) gale, It. martin- 
gala, a sort of hose.] A strap pass- 
ing between a horse"s fore legs, and 
ending in two rings, through which 
the reins pass. [Nov. II. 

Mar'tin-mas, n. Feast of St. Martin. 

Mar'tyr, n. [Lat. martyr, Gr. p.ap- 
Tvp, a witness who testifies with his 
blood.] 1. One who suffers death for 
the truth of the gospel. 2. One who 
sacrifices his life, or whatever is of 
great value to him, for the sake of 
any cause. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To put to death for adhering to what 
one believes to 1»e the truth. 2. To 
torment ; to torture. 

Mar'tyr-DOM, n. Condition or death 
of a martyr. [of martyrs. 

Mar'TYR-OL'o-gI'st, n. An historian 

MAR'TYR-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr^fjidprvp, 



A, E, I, O, C, Y 



long; ii 3 ^ 3 X, Ojtj, t, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, v^il, TJSRIIj pique, fIrm; son, 



M ARTEL 



265 



MATERIAL 



martyr, and Aoyos, discourse.] A his- 
tory of martyrs, with their suffer- 
ings ; a register of martyrs. 
MXr'VEL, n. [Lat. mirabilia, won- 
derful things.] That which arrests 
the attention, and causes surprise. 

Syx. — Wonder; admiration; aston- 
ishment; miracle; prodigy. 

— V.i. [-ED.-ING; or -LED, -LING, 
137.] To be struck with astonishment. 

Mar'vel-OUS, la. 1. Exciting won- 

Mar'vel-lous, | der or surpri e ; 
prodigious. 2. Surpassing belief. 

Syx.— Wonderful ; astonishing; sur- 
prising; incredible. — We speak of a 
thing us wonderful when it awakens our 
surprise and admiration; as marrclous 
when it is so much out of the ordinary 
course of things as to seem nearly or 
quite incredible. The victories of Napo- 
leon were wonderful; the sleight-of-hahd 
tricks which are sometimes exhibited are 
so marvelous that they would appear in- 
credible if not publicly performed. 

Mar'vel-ous-ly, ) adv. Tnamar- 

MAR'VEL-LOUS-LY, ) velous manner. 

Mas'GU-LIXE, a. [Lat. masr.tdin.us; 
masciilus, male, manly.] 1. Of the 
male sex. 2. Having the qualities 
of a man ; not feminine or effemi- 
nate. 3. Having inflections pertain- 
ing especially to male beings. 

Mash, v. t. [-ed; -in©.-] [Ger. 
meisclien, maischen.] To crush by 
beating or pressure. — n. 1. A mix- 
ture of ingredients, beaten together 
promiscuously. 2. {Brewing.) A 
mixture of ground malt and warm 
water. 

Mask, n. [At. maskharat. buffoon, 
pleasantry, any thing ridiculous.] 1. 
A cover or disguise for the c ace. 2. 
A pretext or subterfuge, j. A fes- 
tive entertainment in whion all wear 
masks. 4. A kind of dramatic per- 
formance in which the actors are 
.masked, —v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To conceal with a mask. 2. To dis- 
guise ; to hide. — v. i. 1. To revel. 
2. To be disguised in any way. 

Mask'er, n. One who wears a mask. 

Ma'son (m5/sn). n. [From Lat. ma- 
ceria, wall.] 1. A man who lavs 
hricks and stones in structures of 
any kind. 2. A Freemason. 

Ma-son'ig, a. Pertaining to Free- 



Ma'son-ry, n. 1. Art. occupation, or 
work, of a mason. 2. The craft or 
mysteries of i'reemasons. 

Masque (mask), n. A mask ; a mas- 
querade. 

Mas'quer-ADE' (mas'ker-ad'), n. 
[See Mask.] I. A festive assembly 
of persons wearing masks. 2. In- 
tentional disguise. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To assemble in masks. 2. 
To go in disguise. 

JIAss, n. [Lat. massa ,• Ger masse, 
allied to Gr. ju.a£a, a barley-cake.] 1. 
A great quantity collected.; a heap; 
an assemblage. 2. Bulk ; magni- 
tude. 3. Principal part ; main body. 
4. Quantity of matter which a body 
contains. 5. [L. Lat. missa, fr. Lat. 
mittere, to dismiss, because it was 



celebrated after the catechumens 
were dismissed.] The communion 
service in Roman Catholic churches. 

The masses, people in general. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form into 
a mass ; to assemble. 

Mas'sa-€RE (-ker), n. [Prov. Ger. 
meizgern, to kill cattle.] Cold- 
blooded destruction of life. 

Syx. — Butchery ; carnage. —Massa- 
cre denoted originally the killing of vic- 
tims for sacrifice, and now denotes the 
promiscuous slaughter of many without 
restraint or remorse. Butchery refers to 
cold-blooded cruelty in slaughtering, as 
if brute beasts. Carnage refers to the 
heaped-up bodies of the slain. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To murder 
with circumstances of cruelty ; to 
butcher ; to slaughter. 

Mass'i-ness, n. State of being massy. 

Mass'Ive, a. Forming a mass; 
weighty ; heavy ; mass} 7 , [massive. 

MAss'lVE-NESS, n. Quality of being 

MASS'-MEET'ING, v. A large assem- 
bly to be addressed on some public 
occasion. [Amer.] 

Mass'y, a. [-er; -EST, 142.] Con- 
sisting of a mass ; weighty ; ponder- 
ous ; bulky and heavy. 

Mast, n. 1. [A.-S. mast.] An upright 
pole or timber in a boat or vessel, to 
sustain the sails, rigging, &c. 2. [A.- 
S. mast, fr. Goth, mat an, to nourish. 
Cf. Meat.] Fruit of the oak, beech, 
&c. ;nuts; acorns. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To furnish with a mast or 
masts. [or masts. 

Mast 'ed, a. Furnished with a mast 

MAs'TER, n. [Lat. magister.] 1. A 
superior; a chief; — used as a title 
of respectful address ; also applied 
familiarly to an inferior or a boy. 2. 
A ruler, governor, director, manager, 
or possessor, specifically, (a.) A 
teacher; an instructor, (6.) An offi- 
cer on a ship of war, who takes rank 
immediately after the lieutenants. — 
v. t. [-ED; p. pr. & ib. n. MAS- 
TERING.] 1. To become the mas- 
ter of; to conquer. 2. To become 
an adept iu. 

MAs'ter-key, n. A key that opens 
many locks ; hence, a clew to lead 
out of many difficulties. 

MAs'TER-LY, a. 1. Indicating thor- 
ough knowledge or superior skill. 2. 
Imperious. [formance. 

MAs'ter-piece, n. A capital per- 

MAs'TER-STROKE, n. Capital per- 
formance ; a masterly achievement. 

MAs'TER-Y, n. 1. Act of mastering. 
2. Supremacy. 3. Superiority in 
competition ; pre-eminence. 4. Vic- 
tory in war. 5. Eminent skill. 

MAs'TI-e, n. [Gr. /u,ao-Tix>?. from /u.a- 
o-aa-0ai. to chew, because used for 
chewing.] 1. A low, shrubby tree, 
producing a valuable resin. 2. The 
resin itself. 3. A kind of cement for 
plastering walls, &c. 

MAS'TI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
masticare, -catum.] To grind with 
the teeth : to chew. 

Mas'ti-ca'tion, n. Act of masti- 
cating or chewing. 




Mastiff. 




Mastodon. 



Mas'ti-ca-to-ry 

(50), a. Adapted 
to perform the 
office of chewing 
food. — n. A sub- 
stance to be 
chewed. 

MAs'tiff. n. ; pi. mAs'tiffs. [Lot? 
Lat. mastivvs.] A large and strong 
variety of dog. 

Mas'to-don, n. 
[Gr. juacrros, the 
breast of a wom- 
an, and oSovs, 
6oov-ros,atooth ; 
— from conical „sg 
projections on 
its molar teeth.] 
An extinct mammal resembling the 
elephant, but larger. 

MXs'TOID, a. [Gr. jixourroeiSifc ; juao- 
tos, breast of a woman, and eTSos, 
form, shape.] Resembling the nip- 
ple or breast. 

Mas'tur-ba'tion, n. [Lat. manus, 
hand, and stuprare, to defile.] Self- 
pollution. 

Mat, n. [Lat. t.natta, a rush mat.] 1. 
A texture of rushes or husks, &c, to 
be laid on a floor. 2. Any similar 
fabric ; any thing growing thickly. — 
v. t. [-TED ; -ting.] 1. To cover, with 
mats. 2. To interweave like a mat. 

Mat'A-DORE', n. [Sp. matador, a 
murderer, fr. Lat. mactare, to kill.] 

1. One of the three principal cards in 
omber and quadrille. 2. A man ap- 
pointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. 

Match, n. 1. [From Lat. myxus, Gr. 
IAv£a, a lamp-nozzle.] A combusti- 
ble substance for lighting a fire, &c. 

2. [A.-S. maca. See Make.] An 
equal; a mate ; a companion. 3. A 
bringing together of two parties for 
a union, a trial of skill or force, or a 
contest ; specifically, a marriage. 4- 
A candidate for matrimony. — v. t 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To be a match for ; 
to rival successful^. 2. To bring a 
match, or equal, against. 3. To 
make equal or proportionate. — v. i. 
1. To be united in marriage. 2. To 
tally ; to correspond. 

Match'less, a. Having no equal. 

Match'lock, n. The lock of a mus- 
ket fired by a match ; hence, the 
musket itself. 

Match'-mak'er, n. One who con- 
trives a union by marriage. 

Mate, n. [Icel. mati.] 1. Compan- 
ion. 2. A husband or wife. 3. Sec- 
ond officer in a merchant-vessel. 4> 
A suitable companion; a match. -*» 
v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To match} 
to marry. 2. To compete with. 

Mate'less, a. Having no mate. 

Ma-te'ri-al (89), a. 1. Consisting 
of matter; physical. 2 Pertaining 
to, or affecting, the physical nature. 

3. Of solid or weighty character; of 
consequence. 4. Pertaining to the 
matter, as opposed to the form, of a 
thing. 

Svx. — Corporeal; bodily: important; 
weighty; momentous; essential. 



6r, do, wqlf, too, EOOE.; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o.silent; C,G,so/£; €,G,hard; A£j exist; TjasNG; this 



MATERIALISM 



266 



MAY-FLOWER 



— n. The substance or matter of 
which any thing is made. 

MA-TE'Rl-AL-i'gM, n. The doctrine 
of the materialists. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. One who main- 
tains that the soul is the resuit of a 
particular organization of matter. 

Ma-te'RI-al-ist'ig, ) a. Per- 

MA-TE'RI-AL-iST'I-G-AL, ) taining 
to materialism or materialists. 

Ma-te'ri-al'i-ty, n. 1. Material 
existence. 2. Importance. 

MA-TE'RI-AL-IZE, V. t. [-ID; -ING.] 
1. To reduce to a stateof matter ; to 
regard as matter. 2. To occupy with 
material interests solely. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 1. In the state 
of matter. 2. In its essence. 3. In 
an important manner or degree. 

Ma-te'ri-A Med'i-gA. [Lat.] 1. 
All substances used as curative 
agents in medicine. 2. That branch 
of medical science which treats of 
the nature and properties of the sub- 
stances used for the cure of diseases. 

Materiel (ma-ta're-el'), n. [Fr. 
See Matter.] That in a complex 
system which constitutes the -mate- 
rials, or instruments employed. 

MA-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. maternus ; ma- 
ter, mother.] Pertaining to, or be- 
coming, a mother ; motherly. 

Ma-ter'ni-ty, n. State or relation 
of a mother. 

MATH'E-B1AT'I€, ) a. [Gr. fxae-q- 

MATH'E-MAT'I€-AL, ) /aart/cos, be- 
longing to learning, esp. to mathe- 
matics, fr. p-avdaveiv , to learn.] 1. 
Pertaining to mathematics. 2. Theo- 
retically precise. 

Math'e-mat'I€-al-ly, adv. Accord- 
ing to the laws of mathematics. 

Math'e-ma-tPcian (-tush/au), n. 
One versed in mathematics. 

MATH'E-MAT'I€S, n. sing. [Gr. p.a9- 
rjfxaTi/cr} (sc. eT?i<7Tr)ixri), science.] That 
science, or class of sciences, which 
treats of quantities or magnitudes. 

Mat'in, a. Pertaining to, or used in, 
the morning. — n. [Lat. matutinum, 
the morning.] 1. Morning worship 
or service. 2. Time of morning service. 

MATlNEE(m&t'e-n&'),n. [Fr.,fr. ma- 
tin. See Matin.] A musical enter- 
tainmentin theearly partof theday. 

Mat'rass, n. [0. Fr. matras, large 
arrow ; — from its narrow, long neck.] 
A chemical vessel formerly in use. 

Ma'trice, or Mat'r'ice. n . Same as 
MATRIX. [matricide. 

Mat'ri-cPdal, c. Pertaining to 

Mat'RI-CIDE, n. [Lat. matr iridium 
and matric.ida ; mater, mother, and 
' aedere, to slay.] The killing or the 
killer of a mother. 

SHA-TR'l€'U-LATE,t>. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. matricula, a public register.] 
To admit to membership, especially 
in a college or university . 

Ma-trki'u-lA'tion, n." Act of reg- 
istering a name, and admitting to 
membership. 

Mat'ri-mo'ni-AL, a. Pertaining to, 
or derived from, marriage. 

Mat'ri-mo-ny, n. [Lat. matrimo- 



nium ; mater, mother.] Union of man 
and woman as husband and wife. 
Syn.— See Makkiage. 

Ma'trix, n. ; pi. mAt'ri-ce§. [Lat., 
fr. mater, mother.] 1. The womb. 
2. A moid. 3. The earthy sub- 
stance in which ores or crystalline 
minerals are found. 4. (Dyeing.) 
The five simple colors, black, white, 
blue, red, and yellow. 

Ma'TRON, n. [Lat. matrona; mater, 
mother.] 1. An elderly woman ; the 
female head of a household. 2. A 
nurse in a hospital. 

Mat'ron-age, n. State of a matron. 

Mat'ron-AL, orMA'TRON-AL, a. Re- 
lating to a matron ; grave ; motherly. 

Ma'tron-ly, a. Like, or befitting, a 
matron ; grave ; sedate. 

Mat'TER, n. [Lat. materia, fr. mater, 
mother.] 1. That of which all exist- 
ent bodies are composed ; body ; sub- 
stance. 2. Material ; also, material or 
substantial part of any thing. 3. 
That with regard to which any thing 
takes place. 4. Concern ; affair ; busi- 
ness. 5. Importance ; moment. 6. In- 
definite amount, quantity, or portion. 
7. Pus. 8. That which is permanent ; 
— opposed to form. — v.i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To be of importance. 2. 
To form pus ; to maturate. 

Mat'TER-of-FACT' (-ov-), a. Ad- 
hering to facts ; not imaginative. 

Mat'ting, n. 1. Mats collectively. 
2. Materials for mats. 

Mat'tock, n. [A.-S. 
mattoc] A kind of 
pick-ax, having the 
iron ends broad in- 
stead of poiDted. 

Mat'tress, n. [Ar. MaUoc k. 
mathrah, something 
thrown under, fr. tharaha, to throw.] 
A bed stuffed and quilted. 

Mat'u-rate, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
maturate, -atum ; maturus, ripe.] 1. 
To bring to ripeness or maturity. 2. 
To promote the perfect suppuration 
of. — v. i. To suppurate perfectly. 

MatOJ-ra'tion, n. 1. Process of 
coming to maturity. 2. Suppuration. 

MAT'U-RA / TIVE, a. 1. Ripening. 2. 
Conducing to perfect suppuration. 

Ma-ture', a. [-er; -es ; t.] [Lat. 
maturus.] 1. Brought no complete- 
ness or perfection of growth. 2. 
Completely worked out. 3. Come 
to suppuration. 

Syn. — Ripe. — Both mature and ripe 
describe fullness of growth. Hature 
brings to view the process ; ripe indicates 
the result. Wc speak of a thing as ma- 
ture when thinking of the successive 




stages through which it has passed ; as 

is di 
its ends or uses, 



ripe, when our attention is directed to 



— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To bring to 
perfection ; to ripen. 2. To make 
fit or ready for a special use. — v. i. 
1. To become ripe or perfect. 2. To 
become due, as a note. 

MA-ture'ly, adv. In a mature man- 
ner ; with ripeness ; completely. 

Mat'U-RES'CENT, a. [Lat. matures- 
cens.] Approaching to maturity. 



Ma-tu'ri-ty,w. 1. State of being ma- 
ture ; ripeness. 2. Termination ol 
the period a note has to run. 

MAt'U-TI'NAL, a. [Lat. matutinalis ] 
Pertaining to the morning : early 

MAUIVLIN, a. [Contr. fr. Magdalen, 
who is painted with eyes swelled and 
red with weeping.] i. Drunk ; fud- 
dled. 2. Sickly sentimental. 

MAU'GER, \ prep. (0. Fr. maugre, 

Mau'gre, ) Lat. male gratum, some- 
thing not agreeable.] In spite of; 
notwithstanding. 

Maul, n. [See Mall.] A heavy 
wooden hammer. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To beat with a heavy stick. 

MAUL'-ST'iCK, n. [Ger. maler-stock ; 
maler,si painter, and stock, stick.] 
The stick used by painters to keep 
the hand steady. 

Maund, or Maund, 1 v. i. [Ti. 

Maund'er, or Maund'er, | men- 
dier, to beg.] To mutter ; to mur- 
mur ; to beg 

Maun'dy-Thurs'day, n. [0. Eng. 
maund, a basket, because on that 
day alms were given by the king from 
baskets to poor persons.] The Thurs- 
day next_before Good Friday. 

Mau'so-el'an, a. Pertaining to a 
mausoleum. 

Mau'SO-LE'UM (124), n. [Lat. Mau- 
soleum, fr. the stately tomb of Mau 
solus, king of Caria.] A magnificent 
tomb or sepulchral monument. 

Maw, m. [A.-S. maga.] TIig stomach 
of a beast, or, in contempt, of a man. 

Mawk'ish, a. [See Maggot.] Apt 
to cause satiety or loathing. 

Ma w'-worm (-wQrm), n. An intes- 
tinal worm. 

Max'IL-LAR, 1 a. [Lat. maxillaris : 

Max'il-la-ry, ) maxilla, jawbone.] 
Pertaining to the upper jaw. 

Max'IM, n. [Lat. maxima (sc. senten- 
tia), greatest or most important sen- 
timent.] A condensed proposition 
of important practical truth. 

Syn.— Axiom ; aphorism ; apothegm; 
adage; proverb; saying. 

Max'i-mum, n. ; pi. mIx'i-ma. 
[Lat., from maximus, the greatest.] 
The greatest quantity or value at- 
tainable in a given case. 

May, v. [imp. might.] [A.-S. ma- 
gan, to be able.] An auxiliary verb 
expressing, (a.) Ability or competen- 
cy, (b.) Moral power, liberty, or per- 
mission, (c.) Contingency or liability. 
( d. ) Modesty , courtesy, or concession. 
(e.) Desire or wish. — n. 1 [A.-S. 
mag.] Early part of life. 2. Flowers 
of the hawthorn ; — because they 
bloom in the last of May, old style. 
3. [Named for the goddess Maia.] 
Fifth month of the j ear. — v. i. To 
gather flowers on May morning. 

May'-ap'fle, n. The fruit of the 
mandrake, a drastic American plant. 

May'-bTjg, n. A kind of beetle; a 
cockchafer. 

May'-day, n. The first day of May. 

May'-flow'er, n. A flower that ap- 
pears in May ; in Eng. the hawthorn ; 
in New Eng., the trailing arbutus. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, long,- A,K } I, 6, tj,Y, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, tUbmj pique, firm; son 



MAYHEM 



2G7 



MEDICINE 



May'iiem, n. (Law.) The maiming 
of a person by depriving him of the 
use of any of his members which are 
necessary for defense. 

May'OR (colloq. mar), n. [Lat. major, 
greater, higher.] Chief magistrate 
of a city or borough. 

May'or-al-ty (colloq. mar'al-ty), re. 
Office of a mayor. 

May'or-ess (colloq. mar'es), re. Wife 
of a mayor. [in May. 

May'-pole, re. A pole to dance round 

May'-queen, re. A young woman 
crowned with flowers as queen at 
the celebration of May-day. 

Maze, n. [A.-S. mase, whirlpool, gulf.] 

1. A confusing network of paths or 
passages. 2. Confusion of thought. 
— v.t. [-ED;-ING.] To confound 
with intricacy ; to bewilder. 

Ma'zy, a. Perplexed with turns and 
windings ; intricate ; perplexing. 

Me, pron.pers. [A.-S., allied to Lat. 
me, Gr. pe, Skr. ink.] Objective case 
ofi. 

Mead, n. [A.-S. medu, medo, allied 
to Skr. madliu, honey.] A drink 
made of honey and water ; also, of a 
sirup of sarsaparilla and water. 

Mead, I re. [A.-S. maid, mddu, 

Mead'ow, J meadu.] A tract of 
low or level grass land. 

MEAD'OW-Y, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, meadow. 

Mea'Ser, I a. [A.-S. mdger, Lat. ma- j 

Mea'GRE. j cer.] 1. Having little 
flesh ; thin ; lean. 2. Defective in 
quantity, or poor in quality. 

Mea'ger-ly, j adv. In a meager 

Mea'GRE-ly, j manner ; poorly. 

Mea'ger-ness, 1 re. Quality of being 

Mea'GRE-ness, ) meager; leanness; 
poorness; barrenness; scantiness. 

Meal, n. 1. [A.-S. mazel.] A portion 
of food taken at one time ; a repast. 

2. [A.-S. melu, from Goth, malan, to 
grind in a mill.] Flour, especially of 
a coarser kind, as of maize. 

Meal'-tTme, re. Usual time of eat- 
ing meals. [mealy. 

Meal'i-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Meal'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Hav- 
ing the qualities of meal ; soft ; 
smooth. 2. Like meal ; dry and fri- 
able. 3. Covered with meal, or with 
something like it. 

Meal'y-mouthed, a. Unwilling to 
tell the truth in plain language. 

Mean, a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. man, 
mxne, gernxne, allied to Lat. com- 
munis.] 1. Destitute of distinction. 
2. Wanting dignity of mind. 3. Of 
little value or account. 

Syn. — Base; ignoble; abject; vile. 
[Lat. medianus, fr. medius, middle.] 
4. Middle ; intervening. 5. Interme- 
diate in excellence of any kind ; aver- 
age. — n. 1. Middle point, place, rate, 
or degree ; medium. 2. A quantity ; 
having an intermediate value be- 
tween several others ; average. 3. 
Intermediate agency or measure ; in- 
strument. [See Means.] 4:. pi. Re- 
sources ; property, revenue, &c. — 
V. t. [MEANT ; MEANING.] [A.-S. 



mxnan.] 1. To have in view ; to in- 
tend. 2. To purpose ; to design. 3. 
To signify ; to denote. 
Me-Xn'DER, re. [From Mseander, a 
river in Phrygia, proverbial for its 
windings.] 1. A winding course. 2. 
An intricate or tortuous movement. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -1NG.] To wind or 
turn in a course or passage. — v. t. 
To wind, turn, or flow round. 

Mean'ing, n. 1. That which is 
meant; intent; purpose; aim. 2. 
Signification; sense. 

MEAN'LY, adv. In a mean manner ; 
dishonorably and unworthily. 

Mean'ness (109), n. Quality of be- 
ing mean ; poorness ; lowness ; hu- 
mility ; baseness ; sordidness. 

Means, re. pi. but usually employed 
•nith'a singular attribute or predi- 
cate. See Mean, re., 3. 

Meant (rnent), imp. & p. p. of Mean. 

Meantime, \ adv. In the inter- 

Meax'while, J vening time. 

Mea'sl£§ (me'zlz), re. pi. [D. maze- 
len, Ger. masern, pi., fr. mase, masel, 
maser, a speck, spot.] A contagious 
febrile and eruptive disorder. 

Mea'sly (me'zly), a. Infected with 
measles. 

MEAS/UR-A-BLE (rnezh'ynr-), a. 1. 
Capable of being measured. 2. Mod- 
erate. 

MEAs'UR-A-BLY(mezh / yi}r-), adv. To 
a limited extent ; moderately. 

Meas'ure (mezh'yur), n. [Lat. men- 
sura, fr. metiri, to measure.] 1. Di- 
mensions reckoned according to 
some standard. 2. Limit; allotted 
share. 3. Moderation ; due restraint. 
4. A rule by which any thing is ad- 
justed or judged. 5. An instrument 
to measure size or quantity. 6. A 
stated or limited quantity or amount. 
7. Undefined quantity or degree. 8. 
Regulated division or movement ; as, 
(a.) A grave, solemn style of dance. 
(b.) That division of "the time by 
which music is regulated. (c.) Me- 
ter/; rhythm. 9. An act or proceed- 
ing designed for the accomplishment 
of an object. 10. pi. Beds or strata. 

— v. t. [-ED;-1NG.] 1. To take the 
dimensions of; hence, to estimate. 
2. To pass through or over. 3. To 
adjust; to proportion. 4. To allot 
by measure. — v. i. To have a cer- 
tain length, breadth, or thickness. 

Meas'ure -less (mezh'yur-), a. With- 
out" measure ; boundless ; endless. 

Meas'ure-ment (mezlvyjjr-ment), 
re. 1. Act of measuring ; mensura- 
tion. 2. The area. [measures. 

MEAS'UR-ERjmeziyyur-),?!. One who 

Meat, n. [A.-S. mate, mete.] 1. Food 
in general. 2. The flesh of animals 
used as food. 

3lE--eHAN'I€, n. A workman or labor- 
er other than agricultural. 

Syx. — Artificer; artisan; operative. 

Me-€H.an'I€, \a. [Lat. median i- 

ME-€HANTe-AL, j CUS, fr. Gr. /urjxa- 
vr/, a machine.] 1. Pertaining to 
mechanics, mechanism, or machine- 
ry. 2. Done as if by a machine. 3. 



Relating to those who live by hand 
labor. 4. Made by mechanical means 

ME-€HAN're-AL-LY,. adv. In a me- 
chanical manner. 

Me€H'a-ni'cian (-nish'an), re. On« 
skilled in mechanics. 

ME-€HAN'I€S, n. sing. That science 
which treats of the action of forcer 
on bodies. 

Me€H'a-ni'§m, n. Construction of r. 
machine : parts of a machine. 

ME€H'a-nIst, n. A maker of ma- 
chines ; one skilled in mechanics. 

Med'al, re. [From Lat. metallum, 
metal.] A coin intended as a me- 
mento of any event or person, [als. 

Med'al-ist, )re. One skilled in 

Med'al-list, ) medals. 

Me-dall'ion, re. A large antique 
medal, or any thing resembling one. 

Med'dle,^. i. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
middelen, to mediate, from middel, 
means.] To interpose officiously. 

Med'dler, n. One who meddles. 

Med'dle-some, a. Given to med- 
dling ; officious. 

Me'DI-js'val (110), a. [Lat. medi- 
us, middle, and sevum, age.] Relate 
ing to the middle ages. 

Me'di-AL (110), a. [Lat. medialis ; 
medius, middle.] Pertaining to an 
average ; mean. 

Me'di-an, a. [Lat. medianus.] Run- 
ning through the middle. 

Me'di-ate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
interpose between parties, as the 
equal friend of each. — v. t. To ef- 
fect by mediation. 

Me'DT-ATE, a. [Lat. mediare, -atus, 
to halve.] 1. Middle; intervening. 
2. Acting by means. [cause. 

Me'di-ate-ly, adv. By a secondary 

Me'DI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of mediat- 
ing ; interposition ; intervention. 2. 
Agency between parties at variance, 
with a view to reconcile them. 

Me'di-a'tor, n. One who mediates 
or interposes to reconcile. Christ is 
called the Mediator. 

Syx.— Intercessor; advocate; propiti- 
ator; interceder; arbitrator; umpire. 

ME'DI-A-TO'RI-AL, a. Belonging to 
a mediator. [mediator. 

Me'di-a/tor-ship, re. Office of a 

Med'1-ca-BLE, a. [Lat. medicabilis ; 
medicari, to heal.] Capable of being 
cured. 

MED'l-e-AL, a. [Lat. medicus, fr. we- 
deri, to heal.] 1. Pertaining to med- 
icine or medical science. 'A. Tending 
to cure ; medicinal. 

Med'i-€A-ment, n. [Lat. medica- 
mentum.] A healing application. 

M£D'I-€ATE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To 'tincture with any thing medici- 
nal. 2^ To heal ; to cure. 

MEDa-eA'TlON,re. Act of medicating. 

MED'I-€A'TIVE, a. Tending to cure. 

ME-Dl£'l-NAL, a. Having the prop- 
erty of healing or of mitigating dis- 
ease. 

Me-dic'i-nal-ly, adv. With me- 
dicinal qualities. 

Med'i-cKne (colloq. mSd'sin or med'- 
sn), re. [Lat. medicinus, medical .j 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO a TOOK; URN, RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; AR'jEXISTJ NasNG; THIS 



MEDIEVAL 



268 



MEMORY 



1. Any substance administered in 
the treatment of disease. 2. The 
science which relates to the cure or 
alleviation of disease. 

Me'di-e'val, a. See Medieval. 

Me'di-6'CRE (-ker), a. [Lit. medio- 
cris ; inedius, middle.] Or' a middle 
quality ; indifferent. 

Me'di-oc'RI-ty, n. Quality of being 
mediocre ; moderate degree. 

Med'i-TATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. meditari, -tatus.] To dwell on 
any thing in thought. 

Syn.— To contemplate; to intend; to 
muse; to think; to cogitate; to study. 
— v. t. To plan ; to contrive. 

MEd'i-ta'tion, n. Close or contin- 
ued thought ; contemplation. 

Med'i-ta/tTve, a. Addicted to med- 
itation . 

Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an (124), a. [Lat. 
meditirraneus ; medius, middle, and 
terra, land.] Inclosed with land, or 
nearly so. 

Me'DI-um, n. ; Lat. pi. ME'DI-A,~&ng. 
pi. ME'DI-UM§. [Lat., the middle.] 
1. Intervening body or quantity ; 
specifically, (a.) Middle place or de- 
gree ; mean. (b. ) The mean or mid- 
dle term of a syllogism. 2. Instru- 
mentality of communication ; agen- 
cy of transmission. 

3l£D'LEY,n. [0 Fr. meslee, medlee, 
mellee, fr. L. Lat. misrulare, to mix.] 

1. A mixture ; a jumble. 2. A musi- 
cal miscellany. 

Me-dul'lak, ) a. [Lat. medulla- 

MEd'UL-LA-RY, ) ris ; medulla, mar- 
row.] Consisting of, or resembling, 
marrow. [recompense. 

Meed, n. [A.-S. med.] Reward; 

Meek, a. [-er;-est.] [Icel. miiihr, 
mild, soft.] 1. Not easily provoked 
or irritated. 2. Submissive to the 
divine will. 

Syn. — Gentle ; mild ; soft ; yielding; 
pacific; humble. See Gentle. 

Meek'LY, adii. In a meek manner ; 
mildly ; gently. [tleness. 

Meek'ness, n. Forbearance ; gen- 

MEER'SCHAUM (meer'shawm), n. 
[Ger., lit. sea-foam.] 1. A fine white 
clay, which when first taken out, 
makes lather like soap. 2. A tobac- 
co-pipe made of this mineral, or of 
some substance resembling it. 

Meet, t. «. [met; meeting.] [A.- 
S. m&lan.] 1. To come in contact 
with ; to fall in with. 2. To en- 
counter. 3. To light on; to find. — 
v. i. To come together ; to assem- 
ble ; to converge. — a. [A.-S. gemet, 
with prefix ge, from metan, to meet, 
find] Adapted; fit; suitable. 

Meet'ing, n. 1. A com iug together. 

2. A congregation ; a collection of 
people. 3- A religious assembly. 

Syn. — Conference ; company ; audi- 
tory ; junction; confluence. 

Meet'ing-house, n. A place of 
worship ; in Eug. , one for dissenters. 

MEET'LY, adv. Fitly ; suitably. 

Meet'ness, n. Fitness; propriety. 

Meg'a-lo-saur', ) n. [Gr. p-eyas, 

MEG'A-LO-SAU'RUS, ) p.eyd\y), great, 



and o-avpo?, lizard] A gigantic sau- 
rian or lizard, now extinct. 

Me&'A-THE'RI-UM, n. [Gr. fieyas, 
great, BripCov, beast.] An extinct and 
gigantic quadruped allied to the sloth. 

ME'GRIM, n. [Fr. migraine, for kemi- 
craine, Gr. epuicpavia, r)p.i, half, and 
icpavLov. skull.] 1. A vehement pain 
in one side of the head. 2. A whim ; 
a freak. [ancholy. 

Mel/an-€IIOI/I€, a. Depressed ; mel- 

MEL'AN-CHOL-Y, ». [Gr fxe\ayxo\M, 
fr. /ue'Aas, black, and xoA^, bile.] A 
gloomy state of n ind ; depression or 
dejection of spirits. — a. 1. Depressed 
in spirits. 2. Causing dejection. 

Syn. — Gloomy; sad ; dispirited; un- 
happy; disconsolate; doleful. 

Melange (ma-longzh'), n. [Fr., fr. 
mcler, to mix.] A mixture; medley. 

Melee (ma-ia'), n. [Fr.,fr. mcler, 
to mix.] _ A hand-to-hand conflict. 

MEL'IOR-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. meliorare, -ratum ; melior, bet- 
ter.] To make better; to improve. 
— v. i. To grow better. 

Mel'ior-a/tion, n. Act of melior- 
ating ; improvement. 

MEL-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. mellifer ; 
mel, mellis, honey, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing honey. 

MEL-LlF'EU-EN9E, n. A sweet, 
smooth flow. [lifluous. 

Mel-lif'lu-ect, a. Smooth; mel- 

Mel-lif'LU-OU3, a. [Lat. melliflu- 
us; mel, honey, ami /lucre, to flow.] 
Flowing as with honey ; smooth ; 
sweetly flowing. 

Mel/low, a. [-er ; -est.] [Cf. 
A.-S. mi Use, milsc, sweet, ripe.] 1. 
Soft ; not hard, harsh, tough, or un- 
yielding. 2. Well-matured ; genial; 
jovial. 3. Slightly intoxicating. — 
v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] To make mel- 
low ; to soften by ripeness or age. — 
v. i. _To become soft or ripened. 

Mel'low-ness, n. Quality of being 
mellow. 

Mel'o-go-ton' ) (-tcron'), n. [Sp. 

Mel'o-co-toon') melocoto?i;~Lat. 
malum cotonium, or cotoneum, or 
Cydonium, a quince or quince-ap- 
ple.^ A quince ; also, a large peach. 

Me-lo'de-on, n. [Gr. fxe'Aos, a song, 
and wSelov, odeou.] 1. A reed in- 
strument, furnished with a key- 
board, and bellows. 2. Amusichall. 

Me-lo'di-oOs (77), a. Containing 
melody ; agreeable to the ears. 

Me-lo'di-oCs-LY, adv. Musically. 

Mel'o-dist, n. A composer or singer 
of melodies. 

Mel'o-dIze, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make melodious. 

MEL/o-DRA'MA, n [Gr. /uieAo?, song, 
Spa/xa, drama.] A dramatic perform- 
ance in which songs are intermixed, 
and startling effects are sought. 

MEL/O-DRA-mXt'IC. a. Pertaining 
to melodrama ; done for effect merely • 

Mel'o-drame, n. Same as Melo- 
drama. 

MEL'O-DY, n. [Gr. ju.eAoj5ta, a sing- 
ing, a choral song, fr. /ae'Ao?, song, 
tune, and wit], do-.Sri, song.] 1. A 



rhythmical succession of single tonea 

so related as to form a musical w hole. 

2. Air or tune of a musical piece. 

See Harmony. 
MEl'ON, n. [Lat. mclo, for mvlopepo, 

an apple-shaped melon.] Aeucurbi. 

taceous plant and its edible fruit. 
Melt, v. t. [ed ; -ing.] [A.-S.' 

me/tan.] 1. To make liquid by heat. 

2. To soften by kindly influence. 
Syn. — To liquefy ; dissolve ; fuse ; 

thaw; mollify; soften; subdue. 

— v. i. 1. To become liquid ; to dis- 
solve. 2. To be softened to love, 
pity, or tenderness, &c. 

MEm'ber, n. [Lat. membrvm.] 1. A 
vital organ of an animal body ; a 
limb. 2. A part of a whole ; an in- 
dependent constituent of a body. 

Mem'ber-ship, n. State cf being a 
member. 

Mem'brane , n. [Lat. memlrana, fr. 
Lat. membrum, member.] A thin, 
extended tissue covering some part • 
of the body. 

Mem'bra-na'ceous, 1 a. Belonging 

MeM-dra'ne-ous, ) to, or like, 
a membrane ; consisting of mem- 
branes. 

MEM'BRA-NIF'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. 

membrana, membrane, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing membranes. 

Mem'brA-nous, a. Relating to, con- 
sisting of, or like, membranes. 

Me-men'to, n.; pi. me-men'tos. 
[Lat., remember.] A hint to awaken 
memory ; a souvenir. 

Mem'oir (mem'wor or me'mwor), n. 
[Lat. memoria, memory.] 1. A 
memorial account ; a kind of famil- 
iar history. 2. A biography. 3. Jour- 
nals and proceedings of a society. 

Mem'o-ra-bil'i-a, v. pi. [Lat.,fr. 
memorabilis, memorable.] Things 
worthy of remembrance or record. 

MEM'O-RA-BLE, a. [Lat. mtmorabi- 
lis, fr. memorare, to bring to remem- 
brance.] Worthy to be remembered. 
Syn. —Illustrious; celebrated; distin- 
guished; remarkable; famous. 

Mem'o-ra-bly, adv. In a memora- 
ble manner. 

Mem'o-ran'dum, n. ; Eng. pi. mem'- 

O-BAN'DUMS, Lat. pi. MEM'O- 
RAN'DA. [Lat.] A record of some- 
thing which it is desired to remem- 
ber. 
Me-m5'ri-al, n. 1. Preservative of 
memory. 2. Contained in memory. 

— a. 1. Any thing intended to pre- 
serve the memory of a person, an 
occurrence, &c. 2. A written repre- 
sentation of facts. 

Me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One who writes 
or presents a memorial. 

Me-mo'ri-al-Ize, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
To petition by memorial. 

MEM'O-RIZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To cause to be remembered; esp., to 
record. 2. To commit to memory. 

MEM'ORY,7i. [Lat. memoria, from 
memor, mindful.] 1 Faculty of the 
mind by .which it retains the knowl- 
edge of previous thoughts or events. 
2. Time' within which past events 



£,£,1,5,1/, Y,long; A,E,T,0,U, t, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT J ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM, SON, 



MEN 



269 



MERRIMENT 



can be remembered. 3. State of be- 
ing remembered. 

Syn. — Remembrance ; recollection ; 
reminiscence.— Memory is generic, de- 
noting the power by which we reproduce 
past impressions. Remembrance is an 
exercise of that power when things oc- 
cur spontaneously to our thoughts. In 
recollection, we make a distinct effort to 
collect again, or call back, what we know 
has been formerly in the mind. Remin- 
iscence is intermediate between remem- 
brance and recollection, being a con- 
scious process of recalling past occur- 
rences, but without that distinct refer- 
ence to particular things which charac- 
terizes recollection. 

MEN, n.; pi of Man. 

Men' ACE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
threaten. --n. [From Lat. mina- 
cix, for minx.] Show of a disposi- 
tion or intention to inflict an evil ; a 
threat. 

Men-Xg'e-rie (men-azh'e-r.v), n. [Fr. 
menagerie.] 1. A place where ani- 
mals are kept and traiued. 2. An 
exhibition of wild or exotic animals. 

Mend, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Abbrev. 
fr. amend.] 1. To repair. 2. To 
alter for the better ; to set right. 3. 
To quicken. 4. To help ; to further. 
— v. t. To become improved. 

Men-da'cious, a. [Lat. mendax, 
mendacis.] Lving ; false. 

Men--dac"i-ty,*n. 1. A habit of ly- 
ing. 2. A falsehood ; a lie. 

Men'di-can-cy, n. Beggary. 

Men'di-cant, a. [Lat. mendicans, 
begging.] 1. Beggiug ; poor. 2. 
Practicing beggary. — n. A beggar. 

Men-dic'i-TY, n. "State of begging; 
life of a beggar. 

Men-ha'den, n. A' salt-water fish. 

Me'ni-al, a. [0. Fr. meignial, from 
meignee, maisnie, family, house- 
hold.] 1. Performing servile offices. 
2. Servile; low; mean. — n. 1. A 
domestic servant. 2. One of a ser- 
vile disposition. 

Me-nis'€US, n. [Gr. n-qviaitos, dim. 
of /u.tji>t7, moon.] A ]ens convex on 
one side and concave on the other. 

llEN'I-VER, n. [0. Fr. menuver, a 
grayish fur, from menu, small, and 
vair, a kind of fur.] A small ani- 
mal in Russia, or its fine white fur. 

Men'sal, a. [Lat. tnensis, month.] 
monthly. 

MEN'SES,n.pl. [Lat., months.] A 
periodic flow of blood from the mu- 
cous coat of the uterus. 

Men'stru-al, a. Recurring once a 
month ; "monthly. 

Men'stru-ant, a. Subject to month- 
ly flowing. 

Men'stru-ate, v. i. [-EE ; -ing.] 
To discharge the menses. 

Men'stru-A'tion, n. 1. Discharge 
of the menses. 2. State or the pe- 
riod of menstruating. 

Men'stru-ous, a. [Lat. menstruus, 
fr. mensis, month.] Having or per- 
taining to the monthly flow. 

Men'stru-UM, n. ; Eng. pi. MEN'- 
stru-UMs ; Lat. pi. MEN'STRU-A. 
[See supra.] Any fluid which dis- 
solves a solid body ; a solvent. 



Men'su-ra-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being mensurable. 

Men'su-ra-ble (-shu-), a. [Lat. 
mensurubilts, fr mensurare, to meas- 
ure.] Capable of being measured. 

MEN'SU-RA'TION (-shy-), n. Act, 
process, or art, of measuring. 

Men'tal, a. [Lat. mentalis, from 
mens, the mind.] Pertaining to the 
mind ; intellectual. [tellectually. 

Men'tal-ly, adv. In the mind : in- 

Men'tion, n. [Lat. mentio, from 
meminisse, to remember.] A cur- 
sory speaking of any thing, — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To direct attention to 
by a simple reference ; to name. 

Men'tion-a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing mentioned. 

Men'tor,m. [From Mentor, coun- 
selor of Telemachus.] A wise and 
faithful counsellor. 

Me-PFiIT'ic, la. [Lat. mephiti- 

Me-PHIT'IC-al, ) cus.] Offensive 
to the smell ; foul ; noxious. 

Me-p H V Tis, ) n. [Lat. mephitis.] 

Meph'i-tism, I Offensive or nox- 
ious exhalations from decomposing 
substances. 

MER'€AN-TILE, a. [Lat. mercans, 
me.rcantis, trafficking.] Pertaining 
to merchants, or their business. 

Syn. — Commercial.— Commercial is 
the wider term, being sometimes used to 
embrace mercantile. In their stricter 
use, commercial relates to the shipping, 
freighting, forwarding, and other busi- 
ness connected with the commerce of a 
country (whether external or internal), 
that is, the exchange of commodities; 
while mercantile applies to the sale of 
merchandise and goods when brought 
to market. 

Mer'CE-NA-RY (44). a. [Lat. merce- 
nariits; merces, wages.] 1. Serving 
for pay. 2. Moved by considera- 
tions of profit. 

Syn. —Paid; hired ; hireling ; venal; 
sordid; selfish. 

— n. A hireling; especially, a sol- 
dier hired into foreign service. 

Mer'cer. n. [Lat merx, mercis, 
merchandise.] One who deals in 
silks and woolen cloths. [mercers. 

Mer'CER-y, n. Trade or goods of 

Mer'chan-dise, n. [See Mer- 
chant.] 1." Trade ; traffic ; com- 
merce. 2. "Wares; goods; commod- 
ities. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To trade; 
to carry on commerce. 

MER'CHANT, n. [Lat. mercans, p. 
pr. of mercari, to trade.] One who 
carries on trade, especially on a large 
scale ; a trader. — a. Pertaining to, 
or emploved in, trade. 

Mer'chant-a-ble, a. Fit for mar- 
ket, or to be bought and sold. 

Mer'chant-man (150), n. A -trad- 
ing vessel. 

MER'cl-FUL,a. 1. Having or exer- 
cising mercy. 2. Unwilling to give 
pain. [manuer. 

MER'cl-FUL-LY,«efo. In a merciful 

MER'91-FUL-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing merciful ; readiness to forgive. 

Mer'CI-LESS, a. Destitute of mercy. 

M£R'9I-LESS-LY, adv. In a merci- 
less manner. 



Mer-CU'RI-AL, a. 1. Active; spright 
ly : full of vigor. 2. Pertaining tc, 
containing, or consisting of, mercury 

MER-€U'RI-AL-IZE,f. I. [-ED;-ING ] 
To affect with mercury ; to expose to 
the vapor of mercury. 

MER'CU-RY, n. [Lat. Mercurius.] 1. 
(Rom. Myth.) The messenger and 
interpreter of the gods. 2. A silvery 
metal, liquid at common tempera- 
tures; quicksilver. 3. A prepara- 
tion of mercury, used in medicine. 
4 One of the planets. 5. A messen- 
ger; also, a newspaper. 6. A plant 
of several kinds. 

Mer'cy, n. [Lat. merces, merc.edis, 
pay, reward, L. Lat. pity.] 1. Dis- 
position to overlook injuries, or to 
treat an offender better than he de- 
serves. 2. Act or exercise of mercy. 
Syn. — Clemency; tenderness ; pity ; 
compassion. See Gkace. 

Mer'cy-seat, n. The covering of 
the ark, among the Jews.. 

Mere, a. [-est.] [A.-S. mazre, Lat 
merits.] 1. Pure ; absolute. 2. Only 
this, and nothing else ; simple. — n 
[A.-S. mere, mare.] 1. A pool or 
lake. 2. [A.-S. masre.] A boundary . 

Mere'ly, adv. 1. Purely; absolute- 
ly ; utterly. 2. Simply ; barely ; 
solely. 

Mer'e-trI'cious (-trish'us), a. [Lat- 
meretricius ; meretrix, a prostitute.] 
Resembling the arts of a harlot ; 
tawdry ; showy ; gaudy. 

Merge (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
mergere.] To immerse ; to sink. — 
v. i. To be sunk or swallowed up. 

Me-rid'i-an (77), n. 1. Noon. 2. 
The highest point, as of success ; 
culmination. 3. A great circle of 
the sphere passing through the poles 
of the heavens and the zenith of the 
spectator. 4. A great circle on the 
earth, passing through the poles and 
any given place. — a. [Lat. meridi- 
anus ; meridies, noon.] Pertaining 
to mid-day, or to the highest point. 

Me-RID'i-on-AL, a. Pertaining to the 
meridian. 

Me-RI'no (-re'-),n. [Sp. merino, mov- 
ing from pasture to pasture.] 1. A 
variety of sheep of very fine wool. 
2. A thin fabric, of merino wool. 

Mer'it, n. [Lat. meritum.] 1. Qual- 
ity of deserving well or ill ; desert, 
2. Excellence entitling to honor or 
reward ; worth. 3. Reward deserved. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To earn ; to be 
entitled to ; to deserve. 

Mer'i-to'ri-ous, a. Deserving of re- 
ward or honor ; valuable. 

MER'EON, n. [Lat. marus, for murus, 
wall, dim. marulus.] Part of a par- 
apet lying between two embrasures. 

Mer'MAID, n. [Fr. mer, Lat. mare, 
the sea, ana Eng. maid.] A fabled 
sea animal, the upper part like that 
of a woman, and the lower like a fish. 

Mer'man (150), n. A fabled sea-man, 
with the tail of a fish instead of legs. 

Mer'ri-ly, adv. la a merry manner. 

MER'RI-MENT,w. Gayety, with laugh- 
ter or noise ; noisy sport. 



or, do, wolf, too, iookj Crn, rue, pull; e,i, o, silent, c, G, soft; €,&,hard; A§j exist; n. osng; this- 



MERRY 



27C 



METHOD 



5lER'RY,a. [-ek; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
merh, mirig.] 1. Brisk ; lively. 2. 
Noisily gay. 3. Causing laughter or 
mirth. 

Syn. —Blithe; lively; sprightly; viva- 
cious; joyous; mirthful; jocund. 

MER'RY-AN'DREW, n. [From An- 
drew Borde, a physician in the time 
of Henry VIII.] A buffoon; a zany. 

Me r'ry-m ak/ing, n. A meeting for 
mirth. 

Mer'ry-thought (-thawt), n. The 
forked bone of a fowl's breast ; a 
wish-bone. 

ME-SEEMS/,i\/w7pers. [-ET).] It seems 
to me. [the mesentery. 

MES'EN-TER'IO, a. Pertaining to j 

Mes'en-ter'y, or Mes'en-te'ry, 
n. [Gr. /uecrevTepiov ," pecros, middle, 
and evrepov, intestine.] A membrane 
which keeps the intestines, &c, in a 
proper positiou. 

Mesh, ». [A.-S. masc] Space in- 
closed between the knots of a net. 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To catch in a 
mesh. 

Mes'lin, n. The same as maslin. 
SeeMASLiN. [merism. 

Mes-MER'ic, a. Pertaining to mes- 

MEs'MER-'l'gM, n. [From Mesmer, 
who first brought it into notice.] 
Art of inducing an abnormal state 
of the nervous system. 

MES/MER-IZE, v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
bring into a state of mesmeric sleep. 

Mes/mer-iz'er, n. One who prac- 
tices mesmerism. 

Mesne (meen), a. [Norm. Fr., mid- 
dle. Cf. Mean, a.] (Law.) Middle; 
intervening. 

Mess, n. [A.-S. mese, myse, Goth. 
mes, a table, mats, food.] 1. A dish, 
or quantity of food. 2. A number 
of persons who eat together. 3. A 
medley ; a mixed mass. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To eat in company. — v. t. 
To supply with a mess. 

Mes'sage, n. [L. Lat. messagium, 
fr. Lat. mittcre, to send.] 1. A no- 
tice or communication from one per- 
son to another. 2. An official com- 
munication delivered by a messenger. 

Mes'sen-gep ; n. [0. Eng. messa- 
ger.] One who bears a message. 
Syn. — Carrier ; courier ; harbinger. 

Mes-sT'ah, n. [Heb. mashiah, anoint- 
ed.] Christ, the anointed; the Sa- 
vior^ 

Mes-si'AH-ship, n. Character, or of- 
fice of the Savior. 

MES'si-AN'ie, a. Relating to the 
Messiah. 

Mes-si'as, n. The Messiah. 
Mes'sieurs (mesh'yerz), n. pi. 
[Fr. ; pi. of monsieur.] Sirs, gen- 
tlemen ; — abbrev. to Messrs., and 
used as the pi. of Mr. 

Mess'mate, n. One who eats ordi- 
narily at the same table. 

Mes'suaGe (meVswej), n. [Low Lat. 
messuagiurn, mansionaticum , from 
Lat. mansio, a dwelling.] A dwell- 
ing-house, with the adjacent build- 
ings and lands. 



Mes-tee', n. Offspring of a white 
person and a quadroon. 

Mes-t'i'zo, n. [Sp., fr. Lat. mixtus, 
mixed.] Child of a Spaniard or Cre- 
ole and a native Indian. 

MET, imp. & p. p. of Meet. 

MET/A-eAR'PUS, n. [Gr. p-tTaKapniov ; 
ixerd, beyond, between, and Kapn-os, 
wrist.] Part of the hand between 
the wrist and the fingers. 

MET'AL (met'al or met'l), n. [Lat. 
metallum, Gr. pe'raAAoi/.] A sub- 
stance having a peculiar luster, a 
good conductor of heat and electric- 
ity, and Ui-ually solid' at ordinary 
temperatures. 

Me-tXl'lic, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, metal. 

Met'al-lif'er-oOs, a. [Lat. metal- 
lier; metallum. metal, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing metals. 

Me-TAL'LI-FORM. a. Having the 
form of metals ; like metal. 

Met'al-LINE, a. Pertaining to, or 
censi.^tinjr of, metal. 

Met'al-lTst, n. A worker, or one 
skilled, in metals. 

MET'AL-LIZE, l\ t. [-EX); -ING.] To 
give its proper metallic properties to. 

Met'AL-LOID, n. [Gr. p.era\Kov, 
metal, and eTSos, form.] The metal- 
lic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline 
earth. — a. Like metal. 

Met/al-lOr'GI€, I a. Pertain- 

MET/AL-LOR'Gre-AL, j ing to met- 
allurgy, [metallurgy. 

Met'al-LUR'GIST, n. One skilled in 

MET'AL-LUR'GY, n. [Gr. peraAAovp- 
yos, working metals ; peTaAAoi/, met- 
al, and epyeiv, to work.] Operation 
of obtaining metals from their ores. 

MET'A-MOR'PHI€,a. [See METAMOR- 
PHOSIS.] 1. Changeable; variable. 
2. Pertaining to changes which min- 
erals or rocks may have undergone 
since their deposition. 

MET'A-MOR'PHlgM, n. State or qual- 
ity of being metamorphic. 

MEiVA-MOR'PHOSE,?.'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To change into a different form ; to 
transform. — n. Same as Meta- 
morphosis. 

Met/a-mor'pho-sIs, n. ; pi. met'a- 

MOR'PHO-SES. [Gr. perapop^uxris ; 
jxera, beyond, over, and pop<£>7, 
form.] Change of form or shape ; 
transformation. 
MET'A-PHOR, n. [Gr. peTatfcopa, fr. 
pera^epeiv, to carry over, to trans- 
fer.] A word expressing similitude 
without the signs of comparison. 
Met'a-phor'io, ) a. Pertaining 
Met'a-phor'io-ae, ) to, or com- 
prising, a metaphor ; figurative. 
Met'a-phor'I€-al-ly, adv. Not 

literally ; figuratively. 
MET'A-PHRASE, n. [Gr. p-era^pao-ts ; 
perd, beyond, and </>pa<rts, a speak- 
ing.] A literal or verbal translation. 
Met'a-phrXst'I€, ) a. Close, or 
Met'a-phrXst'ic-al, j literal, in 

translation. 
MET'A-PFYS/re, 1 a. Pertaining 
Met'a-phys'I€-al, j to, or accord- 
ing to, metaphysics. 



Met'a-phy-si'ciain (-zibn'an), n. 
One who is versed in metaphysics. 

MET'A-PHYS/ies, n. sing. [Gr. vera 
t<x (pvcriKa, after physics ; — so called 
by Aristotle, who considei-ed phi/sirs 
to be the first in the order of studies, 
and the science of mind to be the 
second.] 1. Science of being, as such ; 
philosophy in general. 2. Scientific 
knowledge of mental phenomena^ 
mental philosophy 

MET'A-PLXsM, n. [Gr. peTa7rAa<rp6?; 
p.eTa.nkdo~creiv , to transform.] A 
change in a word by augmentation, 
diminution, or insertion, of a sylla- 
ble or letfer. 

Met'a-tar'sus, n. [Gr. p.erd, be- 
yond, after, and rapoos, flat of the 
foot.] Part of the foot between the 
ankle and the toes. 

Me-tXth'e-s'is, n. ; pi. me-t.Xth'e 
SEg. [Gr. fterdBeais, fr. fxeraTiGcvai, 
to transpose.] Transposition of the 
letters or syllables of a word. 

Mete, v. t. *[-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. me- 
tan.] To measure. — n. Measure ; 
limit ; boundary ; — chiefly in the pi. 

ME-TEMP'SY-OHO'SIS, n. [Gr. pe- 
Tejun//vxw(rts ; peT«x, beyond, over, ev, 
in, and tyvxy, life, soul.] The pass- 
ing of the soul after death into some 
other body ; transmigration. 

Me'TE-OR, n. [Gr. pfrewpa, things in 
the air; p-erd, beyond, and etopa, 
aiwpa, a being suspended in the air.] 
1. Any phenomenon. 2. A transient 
fiery or luminous body, seen in the 
atmosphere. 

Me'te-6r'I€, a. Pertaining to, or 
proceeding from, a meteor. 

Me'te-or-Tte_(49), n. A meteorolite. 

ME'TE-OR'O-LITE (49), n. [Gr. pe- 
Te'wpos, high in air, and At0os, stone. ) 
A meteoric stone ; an aerolite. 

Me'te-or'o-log'io, ) a. Relat- 

Me'te-or'o-log'ic-al, ( ing to 
the atmosphere and its phenomena. 

Me'te-or-oi/o-gIst, n. One skilled 
in meteorology. 

Me'TE-OR-OL/O-GY, n. [Gr. juerecop- 
oAoyia ; p.eretopa, meteor, and A6yo<j, 
discourse.] Science which treats of 
the atmosphei-e and its phenomena. 

Me'ter, n. [Eng. mete.] One who, 
or that which, metes or measures; 
specifically, (a.) An instrument for 
measuring the consumption of gas. 
(b.) An instrument for measuring the 
consumption of water, (c.) A licensed 
measurer of coals before they are de- 
livered out for sale. 

Me'ter, I n. [Lat. metrum, fr. the 

ME'TRE, j root met in metiri, to 
measure.] Rhythmical arrangement 
of syllables into verses, stanzas, &c.j 
rhythm ; measure ; verse. 

ME-THEG'LIN, n. [W. meddyglyn; 
medd, mead, and llyn, liquor, juice.? 
A liquor made of honey and water 
boiled and fermented. 

ME-THiNKS', v. impers. [ME- 
thought.] It seems to me ; 1 
think- [Rare, except in poetry.] 

METH'OD, n. [Gr. pefloSos ; pera, 
after, 66os, way.] 1. Regular mode 



f , I, -0, U, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, tJ, i, short; cAre, far, ask; ALE, what ; ERE, VIIL, XfiRM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6n, 



METHODIC 



271 



MIGRATORY 



or manner of doing any thing. 2. Or- 
derly arrangement or classification. 

Stn. - Mode; manner. —Method im- 
plies arrangement; mode, mere action or 
existence. An instructor may adopt a 
good method of teaching to write ; the 
scholar may acquire a bad mode of hold- 
ing his pen; the manner in which he is 
corrected will greatly affect his success 
or failure. 

Me-thod'I-C, 1 a. Arranged in 

Me-thod'I€-AL, j convenient or- 
der ; regular. 

Me-th6d'I€-al-LY, adv. In a me- 
thodical manner. 

Meth'od-ism, n. Doctrines and wor- 
ship of the Methodists. 

MEth'od-ist, n. One of a sect of 
Christians, founded by John Wesley. 

Meth'od-ist'k:, a. Resembling the 
Methodists, or partaking of their 
strictness 

Meth'od-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To arrange in a convenient manner. 

Me-tiioughi' (me-thawf), imp. of 
Methinks. 

Met'O-nym'tc, ) a. Used by way 

MET'o-NYM'ie-AL, ( of metonymy. 

Me-ton'y-my, or Met'o-nym'y, n. 
[Gr. ixfTtxiwfjLia. ; pera, indicating 
change, and bvojx.a, name.] A trope 
in which one word is put for another, 
as table for provisions. 

MET'O-PE, n. [Gr. ixeioirq ; pera, with, 
between, and 07rrj,hole, open space.] 
The space between the triglyphs of 
the Doric frieze. 

Me'tre,m. See Meter, [volumes. 

Met'ric, a. Noting a measurement of 

MET'Rl-e-AL, a. [Gr. /uerpi/co?, from 
fjierpof, measure.] 1. Pertaining to 
measure. 2. Consisting of verses 
poetically measured. 8. Employed 
in, c. obtained by, measurement. 

MET'Rie Sys'tem. See Metric Sys- 
tem, p. 534. 

Me-TROP'O-LIS, ft. [Gr. /onvrpoVoAis ; 
/u.7Jn7p, mother, and 7rdAi?,city.] The 
mother city ; the chief city. 

Met'ro-pol'i-tan, a. Belonging to 
a metropolis. — n. 1. The bishop 
who presides over the other bishops 
of a province. 2. (Lat. Church.) An 
archbishop. 

MET'TLE (met'tl). n. [Eng. metal, 
used in a tropical sense.] 1. Ele- 
ment ; material. 2. Constitutional 
ardor. 

Met'tljsd, a. High-spirited; full of 
fire or vigor. 

Met'tle-some (met'tl-sum), a. Full 
of spirit; easily excited ; fiery. 

Met'tle-some-ness, n. State of 
being mettlesome. 

MEW, n. 1. [A.-S. mxw.} A 
fowl ; a gull. 2. [Fr. mue, change 
of feathers, scale3, &c, time when, 
or place where, the change occurs, 
fr. jmw, Lat. mutare, to change.] 
A cage for hawks while mewing ; 
hence, a place of confinement. 3. 
A stable. 4. The cry of a cat. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. [From Lat. 
mutare, to change.] To shed or 
cast ; to molt its feathers. 2. To 
shut up; to confine. — v. i. 1. To 



cast the feathers ; to molt. 2. [An 
onomatopoeia.] To cry as a cat. 
Mewl, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. miau- 
ler.] To cry from uneasiness, as a 
child ; to squall. 



Mews, 



pi. mews'e§. 1. sing. 



An inclosed space ; an inclosure. 2 
pi. See Mew. 

Mez'zo-tint ) (med'zo- or mtV- 

Mez'zo-tin'to ( zo-), n. [It., fr. 
mezzo, half, and tinto, tint.] A man- 
ner of engraving on copper, in imita- 
tion of painting in India ink. 

Ml'ASM, n. Same as MIASMA. 

Ml-As'MA, n. ; pi. MI-AS'MA-tA. [Gr. 
fxiao-fJia, defilement,] Infection float- 
ing in the air ; deadly exhalation. 

Ml-As/MAL, a. Containing miasma; 
miasmatic. 

MI'a§-mat'I€, )a. Pertaining to, 

Ml'Ag-MAT'I€-AL, ) or partaking of 
the qualities of, miasma. 

Ml'-eA, n. [Lat. mica, crumb, parti- 
cle.] A mineral capable of being 
cleaved into plates of extreme thin- 
ness, [like, mica. 

Mi-€a'ceous, a. Pertaining to, or 

MICE, n. ; pi. of Mouse. 

Mi€H'AEL-MAs (146), n. Feast of St. 
Michael, celebrated September 29th. 

MtCK'LE (mik'l), a. [A.-S. micel,my- 
cel. Cf. MUCH.] Much ; great. 

Ml'€RO~e6§M, n. [Gr. fouKpo/coer/xos ; 
/ai/cpos, little, and kootaos, trie world.] 
I. A little world. 2. Hence, man, as 
an epitome of the universe. 

MI/€RO-€6§'ivil€, la. Relating to 

Mi'€RO-€OS/Ml€-AL, j the micro- 
cosm. 

Mi-€Rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. fuxpos, 
little, and ypafaiv, to describe.] De- 
scription of microscopic objects. • 

Mi-€r6m'e-ter, n. [Gr. /ouicpos, 
small, and p-eVpov, measure.] An in- 
strument to measure very small dis- 
tances. 

Ml'GRO-PHONE, n. [Gr. p-iKpos, small, 
and <j>u>vr), sound.] An instrument 
.for intensifying feeble sounds. 

MI'€RO-S€OPE, n. [Gr. nucpo?, small, 
o-Konetv, to view.] An optical instru- 
ment for viewing minute objects 

Ml'eRO-seop're, ( a. Pertaining 

Ml'GRO-seop'ie-AL, j to the micro- 
scope ; very minute. 

Mi-€r6s'co-py, n. Use of the micro- 
scope. 

MlD, a. [MIDST or MIDMOST.] [A.-S. 
midd, Goth, midja, aided to Lat. 
medius.] Middle ; intervening. 

Mid'day, a. Pertaining to noon ; me- 
ridional . — n . Noon . 

dle (mld'dl), a. [A.-S. See Mid ] 
Equally distant from the ex- 
tremes ; mean ; mid. 2. Intermedi- 
ate ; intervening. — n. Point equal- 
ly distant from the extremities; 
midst; central portion. 
Syn. — See Midst. 

Mid'dle-aGjsd (-njd, 60), a. Being 
midway between youth and age. 

Mid'dle-MAN (150), n. An agent 
between two parties ; a broker. 

MId'dle-most, a. In, or nearest to, 
the middle. 



• J T 



Mid'dling, a. Of middle rark or 

quality ; moderate ; ordinary. 
Midge, n. [A.-S. mygge, my eg.'] A 

very delicate fly. 
Mid'land, a. 1. Being in the interior 

country. 2. Surrounded by the land. 
Mid'night (-nit), n. Twelve o'clocK 

at night. — a. Being in the middlo 

if the night ; hence, very dark. 
Mid'rib, n. A continuation of tho 

petiole, extending from the base to 

the apex of the lamiuas of a leaf. 
MlD'RIFF, n. [A.-S. midhrif; midd, 

mid, middle, and hrif, bowels.] The 

diaphragm . 
MId'ship-man (150), n. A naval cadet 

in a ship of war. [ship. 

Mid'ships, adv. In the middle of a 
Midst, n. [Contr. fr. middest, superl. 

of mid.] Interior or central part; 

the middle. 

Syn. — Middle. —Midst is the super- 
lative of mid (middle), denoting the very 
center, and hence implies surrounded 
by, involved in, in the thickest of; as, in 
the midst of a forest. Middle has no 
such intensive sense, and is often applied 
to extent in only one direction ; as, the 
middle of the street, &c. Midst is very 
frequently used abstractly or figurative- 
ly ; as, in the midst of afflictions ; middle 
is never thus used with propriety. We 
cannot say in the middle of my contem- 
plations on that subject, but in the 
midst. 

— adv. In the middle. [stice. 
MId'sum-mer, n. The summer soh 
Mid'way, n. The middle of the way. 

— adv. Hal f-way . 

Mid'wife (149), n. [A.-S. mid, with 
and wif, woman.] A woman that 
assists in childbirth. 

MlD'WIFE-RY, or MlD'WIFE-RY, n. 
Art or practice of assisting women in 
childbirth ; obstetrics. 

MId'win-TER, n. The middle of win- 
ter ; also, the middle of severe winter 
weather, — usually, much later. 

Mien, n. [Fr. mine.] External ap- 
pearance : carriage ; bearing. 

Miff, n. [Prov. Ger. muff, sulkiness.] 
A slight degree of resentment. 

Might (mit), imp. of May. — n. [A.- 
S. meaht, mi/it. See May.] Force 
or power of any kind, whether of 
body or mind. 

Might'I-ly (mTt'I-ly), adv. 1. Pow- 
erfully. 2. Greatly; very much. 

Might'i-ness (mlVi-nes), n. 1. Pow- 
er ; greatness. 2. Excellence ; — used 
as a title of dignity. 

Might'y (mTt'y), a. 1. Possessing 
might ; forcible ; strong. 2. Very 
great ; remarkable far size, effect, or 
qualities. 3. Very excellent ; great; 
fine. [Colioq.] — adv. In a greaA 
degree; very. [Colioq.] 

MlGN/ON-ETTE'fmin'yon-gtOn. [Fr.-, 
dim. of mignon, darling.] An aiv 
nual flowering plant. 

Mi'grate, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
migrare, -gralicm.] To change one's 
place of residence ; to pass to anoth- 
er climate, as birds. 

Mi-gra'tion, n. Act of migrating. 

Mi'GRA-to-RY (50), a. Removing 
from one state or country to another. 



or, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN, Ry.E, pull ; E, /, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, 5, hard,' Agj ejcist ; Nojng; this*. 



MILAGE 



272 



MINGLE 



MlL'AGE, n. Same as MILEAGE. 

Milch (66), a. [See Milk.] Giving 
milk; — applied only to beasts. 

Mild, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S.] 1. 
Gentle in temper or disposition. 2. 
Not showing severity or harshness. 
3. Not acrid, pungent, or corrosive, 
&c. 4. Not violent or intense. 

MlL'DEW(m:uVdu),n. [A.-S mildeaw.] 
A thin, whitish coating, consisting 
of minute fungi. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To taint with mildew. — v. i. To be- 
come tainted with mildew, [gently. 

Mild'ly, adv. In a mild manner ; 

Mild'ness, n. 1. Quality of being 
mild ; tenderness. 2. Temperate- 
ness ; pleasant condition. 

Mile, n. [Lat. millia, pi. of mille, a 
thousand (paces).] A measure of 
distance, being equivalent to 320 
rods, or 5280 feet. 

Mile'age, n. An allowance for trav- 
eling, as so much by the mile. 

MlLE'-POST, I n. A post or stone to 

MlLE'-STONE, J mark the distance 
of a mile. 

MIl'ia-ry (miVya-ry), a. [Lat. mil- 
iarius; milium, millet.] Resembling 
millet seeds. 

MIl'I-TANT, a. [Lat. militans, fight- 
ing.] Engaged in warfare ; serving as 
a soldier. [manner. 

MIl'I-TA-RI-LY, adv. In a military 

MlL'I-TA-RY, a. [Lat. militaris ; 
miles, soldier.] 1. Pertaining to sol- 
diers, to arms, or to war. 2. Warlike ; 
becoming a soldier. — n. Soldiery; 
militiaj the army. 

MlL'I-TATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
Btand opposed ; to contend. 

MI-Ll'TlA (mi-lish / a), n [Lat., from 
miles, soldier.] Body of soldiers en- 
rolled for discipline, but engaged in 
actual service only in emergencies. 

Mi-lI'ti4-man (mi-aWa-,!),/^ One 
who belongs to the militia. 

Milk, a. [A.-S. miluc, mile ] 1. A 
white fluid secreted by female mam- 
mals for the nourishment of their 
young. 2. White juice of certain 
plants.— v. t. [-EDj-lNG.] 1. To 
draw milk from. 2. To draw from 
the breasts. 3. To supply with milk. 

MIlk'ER, n. One who milks ; also, 
one who gives milk. [of milk. 

Milk'i-ness, n. Qualities like those 

Milk'maid, n. A woman that milks 
or is employed in the dairy. 

MlLK'soP, n. A soft, effeminate man. 

Milk'TOOTH (150), n. 1. The fore 
tooth of a foal. 2. One of the first 
set of teeth of a child. 

MIlk'y, a. Relating to, made of, or 
resembling, milk. 

Milky way (Astron.), a broad, irregu- 
lar, luminous zone in the heavens, sup- 
posed to be the blended light of innu- 
merable fixed stars; the galaxy. 

MILL, n. 1. [Lat. mille, a thousand.] 
An imaginary money, the tenth of a 
cent, or the thousandth of a dollar. 
2. [V. S.] [A.-S. mylen.] An en- 
gine or machine for grinding any 
substance. 3. A machine. 
03- In modern usage, the term mill 



includes various other machines or com- 
binations of machines, for transform- 
ing some raw material by mechanical 
processes into a state or condition for use. 

4. The building where grinding or 
some manufacture is carried on. 5. 
A pugilistic encounter. [Cant.] — v. 
t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To grind ; to com- 
minute. 2. To shape or finish by 
passing through a machine. 3. To 
full, as cloth. 4. To beat severely 
with the fists, as if in a fulling-mill. 

MIll'-dXm, n. A dam to raise run- 
ning water to a height sufficient to 
turn a mill-wheel. 

Mil'le-na'ri-an, a. Consisting of a 
thousand years ; pertaining to the 
millennium. — n. One who believes 
in a millennium. 

MIl'le-na-ry, n. [Lat. millenarius ; 
mille, a thousand.] The space of a 
thousand years, v [millenium. 

Mil-len'ni-al , a. Pertaining to the 

Mil-len'ni-AL-ist, n. One who be- 
lieves that Christ will reign person- 
ally on earth a thousand years. 

MlL-LEN'Nl-fJM, n. [Lat. mille, a 
thousand, and annus, a year.] The 
thousand years, during which period 
Satan will be bound, and holiness 
become triumphant throughout the 
world. See Rev. xx. 

MIl'le-pore, n. [Lat. mille, a thou- 
sand, porus, pore.] A species of coral, 
with very minute cells on the surface. 

Mill'ER, n. 1. One who attends a 
grist-mill. 2. A moth. 

Mil-les'i-mal, a. [Lat. millesimius.] 
Thousandth. 

Mil'let, n. [Lat. milium.] 1. An 
endogenous plant, and its grain. 2. 
A hardy grass. 

Mi'L'Ll-NER, n. [Orig. a Milaner, or 
inhabitant of Milan.] One who 
makes and sells head-dresses, bon- 
nets, &c, for women. 

MIl'li-ner'y, n. The articles made 
or sold by milliners. 

Mill'ion (mil'yun), n. [L. Lat. mill- 
io, fr. Lat. mille, a thousand.] The 
number of ten hundred thousand ; 
1,000,000. 

MIliVion-AIRE', n. One whose wealth 
is counted by millions ; a very rich 
person. [a million. 

MILLIONTH, a. Constituting one of 

MIll'-race, n. A canal to convey 
water to a mill-wheel. 

Mill'stone, n. A stone used for 
grinding grain. 

MIll'-tail, n. The current of water 
flowing from a water-wheel. 

MIlt, n. [A.-S. milte.] 1. The spleen. 
2. [See Milk.] The spermatic glands, 
or the sperm of the male fish. 

Mime, n. [Lat. mimus.] 1. A kind 
of farce, among the ancients. 2. An 
actor in such representations. 

Mi-met'I€, la. Apt to imitate; 

Mi-met'I€-al, ) given to aping or 
mimicry ; imitative. 

MlM'IC, ) a. [Gr. /iu/iuied?, fr. fii- 

MlM'I€-AL, ( fieicrOai., to imitate.] 
1. Inclined to imitate ; imitative. 2. 
Formed in imitation. 



MIm'ic, n. 1. One who mimics 2. 
A mean or servile imitator. — v c. 
[-ED; -ing, 135.] To imitate for 
sport ; to ridicule by imitation. 
Stn. — To ape s counterfeit ; mock. 

MYM'ICK-ER, n.. One who mimics. 

M1m'I€-ry, n. Act of one who mimics. 

Min'a-ret.h. [Ar. manarat, lamp, 
lantern, turret.] A slender, lofty 
turret on Mohammedan mosques. 

MI'N'A-TO-RY (50), a. [Lat. minato- 
rius.] Threatening; menacing. 

MlNCE ? v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
minsian, fr. minn, minor, weak.] 1. 
To cut into very small pieces; to 
hash. 2. To clip, as words, or ex- 
pressions. — v.i. 1. To walk with 
short steps, or affected nicety. 2. To 
speak softly, or with affected nicety. 

MInce'-pie, n. A pie made with 
minced meat, &c. [manner. 

MIn'cing-LY, adv. In a mincing 

Mind, n. [A.-S. mynd.] 1. The in- 
tellectual faculty in man; the under- 
standing ; also, the spiritual nature ; 
the soul. 2. Opinion ; sentiment ; 
judgment. 3. Choice ; inclination ; 
desire. 4. Memory ; remembrance. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To attend to ; 
to fix the thoughts on. 

Syn. — To notice; mark; note; regard; 
observe; obey. 

— v. i. To be inclined, or disposed; 
to incline. 

Mind'ed, a. Disposed; inclined. 
Mind'ful, a. Attentive; observant. 
Mind'ful-LY, adv. Attentively. 
Mine,«. [A.-S. min.] Belonging to 

me; my. — n. [See infra.] 1. A 

subterranean cavity or passage ; esp. 

one from which minerals are dug. 

2. A source of wealth or other good. 

— v. i. 1. To dig a mine. 2. To 
form a burrow or lodge in the ear' h. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. m inare, 
to drive.] To dig away the founda- 
tion of; to sap ; to undermine ; to 
ruin or destroy slowly. 

Min'er, n. One who mines ; a digger 
of mines. 

MlN'ER-AL, n. [L. Lat. minerale. See 
Mine, n.] Any inorganic substance 
having a definite chemical composi- 
tion. — a. 1. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, minerals. 2. Impregnated 
with minerals. [minerals. 

MlN'ER-AL-IsT i n. One versed in 

MIn'er-al-i-za'tion, n. Process of 
mineralizing. 

MlN'ER-AL-iZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To «make mineral ; to communicate 
the properties of a mineral to. — v i. 
To go on an excursion for minerals. 

MIn'er-al-iz'er, n. A substance 
which mineralizes another, or com- 
bines with it in an ore. 

Min/er-AL-6G'I€-al, a. Pertaining 
to mineralogy. [mineralogy. 

MIn'ER-al'o-GIST, n. One versed in 

Min'er-Xl'o-Gy, n. [Prom mineral, 
and Gr. Ao-yo?, discourse.] The sci- 
ence of mineral substances. 

Min'e-ver, n. See Meniver. 

MIn'gle, v. t.. [-ed: -ing.] [A.-S. 
mengan.] To unite in one body ; to 



A, E, I, b,\j } Y,long; A, £,3;, 6, U, ^, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



MINIATURE 



273 



MISCARRY 



blend ; to mix. — v. i. To be mixed ; 
to be united. 

MlN'I-A-TURE (min'T-at-yvjr or min'- 
it-yijr, 53), re. [From Lat. miniare, 
to tinge with vermilion.] A painting 
on a reduced scale ; hence, greatly 
diminished style or form. — a. On a 
small scale. 

Mi'N'I-KJN, a. Small; diminutive. — 
re. [Dim. of minion.] A darling. 

MiN'IM, re. [Lat. minimus, the least, 
smallest.] 1. Any thing very minute. 
2. A single drop. 3. A half note, 
equal to two quarter notes. 

MlN'I-MIZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
reduce to the smallest part or pro- 
portion possible. 

Min'i-mum, re. ;pl. min'i-ma. [Lat. 
See supra.] Least quantity assigna- 
ble in a given case ; hence, a trihe. 

MlN'lON(-yun), re. [0. II. Ger. minni, 
minnia, affection.] 1. A favori*. 3 ; 
particularly one who gains favors by 
mean adulation. 2. A small kind of 
printing type. 

g^p" This typo is minion. 

Min'is-ter, re. [Lat.,fr. minus, less.] 
1. A servant ; a subordinate. 2. One 
to whom i3 intrusted the direction 
cf affairs of state. 3. Representative 
of a government at a foreign court. 
4. One who serves at the altar ; pas- 
tor of a church. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To furnish-; to afford ; to supply. 

MLvis-te'ri-al (89), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to ministry, and executive offi- 
cers. 2. Pertaining to a minister. 

Syx. — Official; clerical ; priestly; sa- 
cerdotal; ecclesiastical. 

MlVlS-TRANT, a. Performing service 
as a miuister. 

Min'is-tra'tion, n. 1. Ministry ; 
agency. 2. Ecclesiastical function. 

MIn'is-try, «. [See Minister.] 1. 
Act of ministering ; ministration ; 
agency. 2. Onice or duties of a min- 
ister. 3. A body of ministers ; the 
clergy ; ministers of state. 

MlN'I-VER, re. . Same as ME NEVER. 

MINK, n. A carnivorous quadruped 
of the weasel tribe. 

Min'ne-sing'er, re. [0. H. Ger. 
minni, love, singcn i to sing.] One 
of a class of German poets and muii- 
cians_of the 12thand lith centuries. 

MlN'NOW(mIn / no), re. [Prob. from.Fr. 
menu, little, sniaii.] A very small 
fresh -water fish. 

Mi'nor, a. [Lat.] 1. Inferior in bulk, 
degree, importance, &c. ; less ; small- 
er. 2. Lower by a semitone. — re. 1. 
A person of either sex under age. 2. 
(Logic.) The minor term, that is, the 
subject of the conclusion ; also, the 
minor premise. 3. A Minorite. 

MI'NOR-ITE, re. A Franciscan friar. 

Mi-NOR'I-TY, re. 1. State of being a 
minor. 2. The smaller number. 

MlN'o-TAUR, re. [Gr. Mii/arravpos, fr. 
MiVws, Minos, and raupos, a bull.] 
A fabled monster, half man and half 
bull. 

Min'ster, re. [A.-S., fr. Lat. monas- 
terium.] A church to which a mon- 



astery is or has been attached ; some- 
times, a cathedral church. 

MlN'STREL, n. [L. Lat. ininisterialis, 
servant, workman. See Ministry.] 
A bard ; a singer and a harper. 

MlN'STREL-SY, ii. 1. A collective 
body of minstrels. 2. A collective 
body of songs. 

Mint, re. 1. [A.-S. mynet, coin, Lat. 
moneta, from Moneta, a surname of 
Juno, in whose temple at Home mon- 
ey was coined.] The place where 
money is coined. 2. [A.-S. minte, fr. 
Lat. mentha.] An aromatic plant 
of various species. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To make by stamping, as 
money ; to coin. 2. To invent ; to 
forge ; to fabricate ; to fashion. 

Mint'age, re. 1. That which is coined. 
2. Duty paid to the mint for coining. 

Min'U-end, re. [Lat. minuendus, to 
be diminished.] A number from 
which another is to be subtracted. 

Min'u-et, re. [Fr. mcnuet,fr. menu, 
small, on account of the small steps.] 
A slow, graceful dance. 

Mi'nus, a. [Lat.] Less ; also, requir- 
ing to be subtracted. 

Mi-nute', a. [Lat. minutus, p. p. of 
minuere, to lessen.] 1. Yery small ; 
slight. 2. Attentive to small things. 

Syx. — Little ; diminutive ; circum- 
stantial ; particular. A circumstantial 
account embraces all the leading'events; 
a particular account goes further, and 
includes each event and movement, 
though of but little importance ; a mi- 
nute account goes further still, and omits 
nothing as to person, time, place, ad- 
juncts, &c. 

MlN'UTE (mm/it), re. [Lat. minutum, 
i. e., a small portion. See supra.] 1. 
Sixty seconds. 2. Sixtieth part of a 
degree. 3. A note or memorandum 
in writing. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
To make a note of ; to jot down. 

MTn'ute-book (rmn'it-, 27), re. A 
book of short hints. 

MiN'UTE-GUN (rmn'it-), re. A gun 
discharged every minute, as a eignal. 

M'inI-UTE-iiand (mm/it-), re. The hand 
that points to the minutes on a clock 
or watch. 

Ml-NUTE'LY, adv. In a minute man- 
ner ; exactly. [minute. 

MlN'UTE-LY (min'St-ly), adv. Every 

MlN'UTE-MAN (min'it-, 150), re. A 
man ready to march at a moment's 
notice. 

Mi-nute'ness, re. 1. Quality of be- 
ing minute. 2. Critical exactness. 

Mi-NU'TI-M (-nQ'shl-, 95), re. pi. 
[Lat ] Minute particulars. 

MINX, ii. [Contr. fr. miniken.] A 
pert, wanton girl. 

MlR'A-CLE (nnr'a-kl), re. [Lat. mir- 
aculum ; mirari, to wonder.] 1. A 
wonder or wonderful thing. 2. A 
supernatural event. 

Ml-RAe'u-LOUS, a. 1. Performed Bii- 
pernaturally. 2. Extraordinarily 
wonderful. 

Mi-rXg'u-lous-ly, adv. In a mi- 
raculous manner ; wonderfully. 

Mi'-RAGE'fmi-razh'), re. [Fr. semirer, 
tcfreflect.] An optical illusion caus- 



ing remote objects to be seen double, 
or to appear as it* suspended in tho 
air. 

Mire, re. [A.-S. myre.] Earth wet 
and soft; deep mud. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To plunge and fix in mire. 
2. To soil with mud. 

Mir'I-ness, re. State of being miry. 

MiRK'Y, a. See MURKY. 

MiR'ROR, re. [Fr. miroir.] 1. A look- 
ing-glass. 2. A pattern ; an exem- 
plar. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To re- 
flect, as in a mirror. 

MIRTH, re. [A.-S. mirdh. See MERRY.] 
High excitement of pleasurable feel- 
ings in company ; noisy gayety. 

Syn. — Merriment; joyousness; glad- 
ness; fun; frolic ; glee; hilarity; festiv- 
ity; jollity. See Gladness. 

MiRTH'FUL, a. Full of mirth ; merry. 

MIRTH'FIjjl,-LY, adv. In a mirthful 
manner. 

MIrth'ful-ness, re. State of mirth. 

MIrtii'less, a. Without mirth. 

MlR'Y, a. Full cf, or consisting of, 
mire. 

MlS-AC'CEP-TA'TION, re. Under- 
standing ia a wrong sense. v [dent. 

Mis'AD-vent'ure, re. Unlucky acci- 

MhVAL-LEGE' (-al-lej'), v. t. To state 
erroneously. 

Mis'AL-Ll'ANCE, n. Improper asso- 
ciation ; a degrading connection by 
marriage. * 

MlS'AN-THROPE , ) re. [Gr. juuo-av- 

MlS-AN'THRO-PiST, ) 0pa>7ro? ; jou- 
creu>, to hate, and dv0pw7ros, a man.] 
A hater of mankind. 

Mls'AN-THRoP'ie, ) a. Hating 

MiS'AN-THROP'IG-AL, ) mankind. 

Mis-an'tiiro-py, re. Hatred or dis- 
like to mankind. [plication. 

Mls-AP/PLl-eA'TioN, re. Awrongap- 

MiS'AP-PLY', v. t. [-ed; -ING, 142.] 
To apply wrongly. 

MlS-AP'PRE-HEND', V. t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] To take in a wrong sense. 

Mis-ap/PRE-hen'sio'n, re. A wrong 
apprehension of one's meaning or of 
a fact. 

Syx. — Misconception ; misunder- 
standing; mistake. 

MiVAP-PRO'PRI-A'TION, re. "Wrong 
appropriation. [ill. 

MiVBE-eoME' (-kumO, « • t. To suit 

MlS'BE-GOT'TEN, p. a. Unlawfully 
or irregularly begotten. 

Mis'be-have', V. i, [-ED ; -ING.] To 
behave ill or improperly. 

Mis'BE-HAv'IOR, re. Improper, or un- 
civil behavior ; ill-conduct. 

Mls'EE-LIEF', re. Erroneous belief. 

Mis'BE-LIEV'ER, re. One who holds 
a false belief._ 

MlS-GAL'CU-LATE, V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To calculate erroneously. 

Mls-eAL/cu-LA'TlON, ii. Erroneous 
calculation. 

Mis-gall' (mis-kawP), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To call by a wrong name. 

Mis-CAR'RIAGE (nus-kar'rij, 45), ft. 
1. Unfortunate event of an under- 
taking ; failure. 2. Improper behav- 
ior. 3. Premature birth. 

MlS-GAR'RY, V. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 



OR, DO, wolf, too.took; urn, rtte, pull; E, I, 
13 



O, silent ; c, o, soft,- c, C, hard; As ; E^.IST ; N as NO ; THIS. 



MISCEGENATION 



274 



MISPRONOUNCE 



1. To fail of the intended effect. 2. 
To fail to reach its destination. 3. 
To bring forth young before the 
proper time._ 

MIs'ce-ge-na'tion, n. [Lat. mis- 
eere, to mix, and genere, to beget.] 
Amalgamation of races. 

Mis'cel-la'ne-ous, a. [Lat. mis- 
celianeus, from miscellus, mixed.] 
Mixed ; consisting of several kinds. 

Mis'CEL-la-ny(44), n. 1. A mixt- 
ure ; a medley. 2. A collection of 
compositions on various subjects. 

Mis-chance', n. Ill fortune. 

Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; misad- 
venture; mishap; infelicity; disaster. 

Mis-charge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
mistake in charging, as an account. 
— n. A mistake in charging. 

^Iis'chIef, n. [0. Fr. meschef; mes, 
and chef, properly, ill end.] 1. Evil 
produced or effected ; often, trivial 
evil or vexation. 2. Cause of trouble 
or vexation. 

Syn. — Damage; harm. — Damage is 
an injury which diminishes the value of 
a thing; harm is an injury which causes 
trouble or inconvenience ; mischief is an 
injury which disturbs the order and con- 
sistency of things. We often suffer dam- 
age or harm from accident, or from the 
course of Providence, but mischief al- 
ways springs from the perversity or 
folly of man. 

MIs'chIef-mak'er, n. One who 
makes mischief. 

Mis'CHlEV-ous, a. 1. Making mis- 
chief. 2. Inclined to do harm. 

Mis'CHlEV-otjs-LY, adv. In a mis- 
chievous manner. 

Mis'chiev-ous-ness, n. Quality of 
being mischievous. 

MIS-CHOOS.E', V. t. [-CHOSE ; -CHOS- 
EN ; -CHOOSING.] To choose wrong- 
ly, [tion. 

MIS'CI-TA'TION, n. Erroneous quota- 

MIS-9ITE', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
cite erroneously. 

Mis-cl,aim', n. A mistaken claim. 

Mis-com'PU-ta'TION, n. Erroneous 
computation. 

Mis'con-CEIT', n. Misconception. 

Misconceive', v. t. or i. [-ed; 
-ING'.] To conceive or interpret 
wrongly. 

Syn. — To misapprehend ; misunder- 
stand; misjudge; mistake.' 

J/hVcon-cep'TION, n. Erroneous 
conception ; wrong notion or under- 
standing of a thing. 

Mis-cSn'duct, n. Wrong conduct ; 
ill -behavior. 

MlS'CON-DUCT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To conduct amiss ; to mismanage. 

Mis'con-JECT'ure (53), n. A wrong 
conjecture. — v. t. or i. To guess 
wrongly. [terpretation. 

MIS'CON-STRUC'TION, n. Wrong in- 

MlS-CON'STRUE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To inter pre t~erroneously. 

Mis-count', v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To mistake in counting. — n. An 
erroneous counting. 
uls'CRE-ANT, n. [0. Fr. mescre'ant, 
lit., wrongly believing.] 1. An infi- 
del ; a misbeliever. 2. A vile wretch. 



MlS-DATE', n. A wrong date. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To date erroneously. 

Mis-deed', n. An evil deed ; a wick- 
ed action. 

Mis-deem', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
judge erroneously ; to misjudge. 

MlS'DE-MEAN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
behave ill . 

MIs'de-mean'OR, n. 1. Ill behav- 
ior. 2. Any crime less than a felony. 
Syn.— Misdeed; misconduct; misbe- 
havior; fault; trespass; transgression. 

Mfe'DI-RECT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To give a wrong direction to. 2. To 
direct to a wrong person or place. 

MIs'dI-rEC'tjon, n. Act of direct- 
ing wrongly. 

Mis-do', v.t. [-did; -done ; -do- 
ing.] To do wrongly 

Mis-do'er (-dob'er), n. One who 
misdoes ; a wrong-doer. 

Mis-do'ing (-denying), n. A wrong 
done ; a fault or crime ; an offense. 

MjEs'em-ploy', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
employ to no purpose, or to a bad 
purpose. [ment. 

MTs'em-ploy'ment, n. Ill employ- 

Mis-EN'try, 71. An erroneous entry 
or charge. 

Mi'ser, n. [Lat. miser, wretched.] 
An extremely covetous person; a 
niggard. 

Mis'ER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. miserabilis ; 
miser, wretched.] 1. Very unhappy ; 
wretch,ed. 2. Causing misery. 3. 
Worthless; despicable. 
Syn. — Abject ; forlorn ; pitiable. 

Mis'er-a-fly, adv. In a miserable 
manner. 

Mi&E-RE'RE, 11. [Lat., have mer- 
cy.] The 51st psalm, which com- 
mences with this word. 

Ml'§ER-LY,a. Very covetous. 

Mts/ER-Y, n. [Lat. miseria, from mi- 
ser, wretched.] 1. Great unhappi- 
ness ; extreme pain of body or mind. 
2. Natural evils which are the cause 
of misery. 

Syn. — Wretchedness ; anguish ; dis- 
tress; calamity; misfortune. 

Mis-FEA'gANCE, n. [0. Fr. mes, 
wrong, and fa isance, deed.] (Law.) 
A trespass ; a wrong done. 

Mis-fort'une, n. Ill fortune; ill 
luck ; an evil accident. 

Mis-give', v. t. [-.gave ; -given ; 
-giving.] To fill with doubt and 
apprehension. [dence ; distrust. 

Mis-gIv'ing, n. A failing of confi- 

Mis-GOT'T^N, a. Unjustly obtained. 

Mis-g6v'ern, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
govern ill. 

Mis-g6v'ern-ment, n. 1. Ill ad- 
ministration of public or private 
affairs. 2. Irregularity ; disorder. 

Mis-Guid'ance, n. Wrong direction 

or guidance. 
Mis-guide' (72), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To direct ill ; to lead into error. 
Mis-hap', n. Ill chance ; evil acci- 
dent ; ill luck. 
MlS'IM-PROVE ',<?>. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 
To use for a bad purpose ; to abuse ; 
to misuse. [employment. 

MIs'im-prove'MENT, n. Ill use or 



Mls'IN-FORM', V. t. 1-ED ; -ING.] To 
give erroneous information to. 

Mis-In'for-ma'tion, n. Wrong in- 
formation. 

MlS'IN-TER'PRET, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To iuterpret erroneously ; to under- 
stand or to explain amiss. 

MIs'lN-TER'PRE-TA'TlON,n. A mis- 
taken interpretation. 

Mis-judge', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
mistake in judging of. — v.i. To 
err in judgment ; to form false opin- 
ions or notions. 

Mis-judg'ment, n. A wrong or un- 
just ^determination. 

MlS-LAY', V. t. [-LAID; -LAYING.] 1. 
To lay in a wrong place. 2. To lay 
in a place not recollected ; to lose. 

M¥$'LE (nuz'l), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[From mist; prop, mistle.] To rain 
in very fine drops, like a thick mist. 
— n. A fine rain ; a thick '_iist. 

Mis-lead', v. t. [-led ; -lead- 
ing.] To lead astray ; to deceive. 

Syn. — To delude. — To mislead is to 
lead astray in any manner: to delude is 
to do it by exciting the imagination. 
The former does not of necessity imply , 
any bad design ; but the latter always ' 
supposes more or less of conscious in- 
tention. 

Mig'L£-TOE, n. See Mistletoe. 

M'Is'ly (miz'ly^, «• Raining in very 
small drops. 

MlS-MAN'AGE, V. 7. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
behave or manage ill. — v.t. To 
manage ill ; to administer improp- 
erly. 

Mis-mXn'age-ment, n. Ill or im- 
proper management. 

Mis-man'a-ger, n. One who man- 
ages ill. 

Mis-match', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
match unsuitably. 

Mis-name', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
call by the wrong name. 

Mis-NO'MER, 7i. [0. Fr. mes, amiss 
wrong, and nommer, to name.] 1 
A misnaming. 2. A wrong or inap 
plicable name or title. 

Ml-SOG'A-MIST, n. [Gr. juuc-o-yajLUK ; 
fi.ia'eiv, to hate, and -va/ao?, marriage.] 
A hater of marriage. 

Mf-soG'A-MY, n. Hatred of marriage. 

Ml-SOG'Y-NlST, 71. [Gr. juio-oywTjs ,- 
fuo-eiiA to hate, and yvvrj, woman.] 
A woman-hater. [sex. 

MTE-sog'y-ny, n. Hatred of the female 
Mfs'PER-SUADE' (-swad / ), v. t. To 

persuade amiss. 
MlS'PER-SUA'SION (-swa/zhun), n. A 

false persuasion. 
Mis-PICK'JEL' (-pTk'l), n. [Ger.] Ar- 
senical iron pyriies. 
MIS-PLACE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

put in a wrong place. 
MlS-PRINT', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
mistake in printing ; to print wrong. 
— 71. A mistake or error in printing. 
Mis-PRts'lON (mis-prlzh'un), n. [Low 
Lat. mtsprisio , Fr. mepris, contempt. | 
Neglect ; contempt ; as, misprision of 
treason or felony, a neglect of trea- 
son or felony, by not revealing it, 
when one has a bare knowledge of it. 
MIS/PRO-NOUNCE'j-U. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



\ E" , I, 6, U, Y, long; A P.. 1, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, XJEEX ', PIQUE, 'IRM ; S6N. 



MISPRONUNCIATION 



27£ 



MOAT 



To pronounce erroneously. — v. i. 
To pronounce incorrectly. 

MIs'PRO-NUN/CI-A'TION (-shi-a/- 

sbun), n. Wrong or improper pro- 
nunciation, [quotation. 

Mls'QUO-TA'TION, n. An erroneous 

MlS-QUOTE', v. t. [-ED;-ING] To 
quote erroneously. [cital. 

MIs'RE-^IT'AL, n. An inaccurate re- 

MIS'RE-MEM'BER, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
To mistake in remembering. 

MlS'RE-PORT', v. t. [-ed;-in&;] To 
report erroneously. — n. An errone- 
ous report. 

MlS-REP'RE-SENT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To represent falsely or incorrectly. 

MlS-REP'RE-SENT-A'TION, n. False 
or erroneous representation ; an in- 
correct account. 

Mis-rule', n. 1. Disorder; confusion; 
tumult from insubordination. 2. 
Unjust domination. 

Miss, n 1. [Contr. from mistress.] 
Young woman or girl ; — a title of 
address to an unmarried woman. 2. 
Loss ; want ; felt absence. 3. Mis- 
take'; error. — v. t. [-ed; -in G.J 
[A.-S. mission.] 1. To fail of hitting 
or reaching, or finding. 2. To do 
without ; to forego. 3. To omit ; to 
pass by. 4. To feel the want of. — 
v. i. 1. To fail to hit. 2. Not to 
succeed. 3. To mistake. 

Mis'sal, n. [L. Lat. missale, from 
missa, mass. See Mass.] The Ro- 
man Catholic mass-book. 

Mis-send', c. t. To send amiss. 

Mis-shape', v. t. [-ed {p. p. also 
-EN) ; -ING.] To shape ill ; to deform. 

MlS'SILE, a. [Lat. niissUis,fr.mitttre, 
missum, to send, throw.] Capable 
of being thrown. — n. A. weapon 
thrown, or intended to be thrown. 

MlS'SION (mTsh'uu), n. [Lat. missio, 
fr. mittere, to send.] 1. A sending, 
or being sent ; commission. 2. Duty 
on which one is sent. 3. Persons 
sent ; delegation. 4. A station of 
missionaries. 

Mis'sion-a-ry (misb/un-), n. One 
sent ; — especially to propagate relig- 
ion. — a. Pertaining to missions. 

Mis'SIVE, a. [Lat. mittere, missum, 
to send.] 1. Intended to be sent. 2. 
Intended to be thrown or hurled. — 
n. That which is sent ; a message. 

Mis-spell', v. t. [-ed (or mis- 
spelt); -ing.] To spell wrong; to 
write or utter with wrong letters. 

Mis-spend', v. t. [-spent; -spend- 
ing.^ To spend amiss ; to squander. 

Mis-state', t>. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
state wronglv ; to falsify. 

Mis-state 'ME NT, n. An incorrect 
statement. [step. 

Mis-step' (109), n. A wrong or false 

MIST, n. [A.-S. mist, Icel. mistr.] 1. 
Fog. 2. Coarse, watery vapor, ap- 
proaching the form of rain. 3. Auy 
thing which dims or darkens. — v. t. 
To cloud ; to cover with mist. — v.i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To rain in very fine 
drops. [taken. 

Mis-TAK'A-BLE, a. Liable to be mis- 

Mis-take', r. t. [-took; -taken; 



-TAKING] 1. To take wrongly ; to 
misunderstand. 2. To substitute 
erroneously, as a thought or thing. 

— v.i. To err in opinion or judg- 
ment. — n 1. A taking or appre- 
hending wrongly. 2. A fault in opin- 
ion, judgment, or conduct. 

Mis-TAK'£N (-tak'n),/). a. 1. Guilty 
of a mistake ; in error. 2. Errone- 
ous ;_incorrect ; wrong. 

Mis-teach', v. t. [-taught; 
-teaching.] To teach wrongly. 

Mis-tell', v. t. [-told; -tell- 
ing.] To tell erroneously. 

Mis'TER, >?. [Contr. fr. Lat. magister.] 
Sir ; master ; — abbreviated Mr. 

Mis-time', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
time wrongly ; not to adapt to the 
time. — v. i. To neglect the proper 
time. 

M'j'st'i-ness, n. State of being misty. 

Mh'tle (mtzT), v. i. [Eng. mist.] 
To fall in very fine drops, as raiu. 

Mis/TLE-TOE (miz'l-), n. [A.-S. mis- 
lelta.] A parasitic evergreen plant, 
bearing a glutinous fruit. 

MlS'TRANS-LATE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To translate erroneously. 

Mis'TRANS-LA'TlON, n. An erroneous 
translation. 

MTs'TRESS, n. [0. Eng. viaistress. 
See MASTER.] 1. The female head 
of a family, a school, &c. 2. A 
woman well skilled in any tiling. 3. 
A sweetheart. 4. A paramour. 5.J 
Madam ; — a title of address, now 
superseded by the abbreviated form 
Missis, written Mrs. 

Mis-trust', n. "Want of confidence. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To regard 
with jealousy or suspicion ; to sus- 
pect ; to doubt. 2. To surmise. 

Mls-TRUST'FUL,a. Suspicious ; want- 
ing confidence. [tune wrong. 

Mis-tune', r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

Mi'st'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Over- 
spread with mist. 2. Obscured as if 
by mist. 

MlS-tJN'DER-STAND', r. t. [-STOOD; 
^standing.] To misconceive; to 
take in a wrong sense. 

Mis-On'der-stand'ing, n. 1. Mis- 
take of meaning ; error ; misconcep- 
tion. 2. Disagreement; difference; 
slight quarrel. 

Mis-us'age, n. Ill usage; abuse. 

MlS-U£E', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
treat or use improperly. 2. To treat 
ill. 

Mis-use', n. 1. Wrong application or 
use ; misapplication. 2. Morally 
wrong use ; abuse. 

MlTE,n. [A.-S. mite.] 1. Anything 
very small. 2 A minute spider. 3. 
The smallest coin of the Hebrews. 

MI'ter, I ft. [Gr. 

Ml'TRE. I /uirpa, 
head-band.] 1. 
A head covering, 
worn by bishops, 
cardinals, &c. 2. 
The joint formed 
by the ends of 
two pieces, each 
cut off at an an- Mit« 




gle of 45°.— v. i. [-ed : -tng.] To 

meet and match together, as two 

pieces of molding, each cut at an 

angle of 45°. — c. t. 1. To adorn 

with a miter. 2. To unite at an angle 

of 45°. [alleviated. 

MYT'I-GA-BLE, a. Capable of being 

MIt'I-GANT, a. Tending to mitiga'e". 

MIT'I-GATE, 1>. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lf\ 

mitigare, -gatum. from mitis, mik j 

1. To alleviate, as suffering. 2. i'o 

soften in severity or harshness. 3. 

To reduce in amount, as a penalty. 

Syn. — To assuage. — He who miti- 
gates relaxes in lespect to harshness; lie 
who assuages actively lessens the pain 
of others. We mitigate by being less se- 
vere ; we assuage by being positively 
kind. A judge mitigates a sentence; 
friends assuage our afflictions. 

MlT'I-GA'TlON,n. Act of mitigating, 
or state of being mitigated. 

Syn. — Alleviation; abatement; relief. 

MlT'I-G ACTIVE, a. Tending to miti- 
gate. _ [which, mitigates. 

MlT'I-GA'TOR, n. One who, or that 

Mitrailleuse (me'tra'yuhz'), n. 
[Fr., from mitrailler, to fire grape- 
shot.] A machine-gun for rapid 
firing. 

Mi'tre, n. & v. See Miter. 

Mitt, n. [Abbrev. from mitten.] A 
mitten ; also, a thin , fiugerless cover 
for the wrist and hand. 

Mit'ten (5S), n. [Ir. & Gael, mutan, 
from math, the hand.] A cover for 
the hand, without fingers. 

MiT'Ti-MUS,n. [Lat., we send.] A 
warrant of commitment to prison. 

Mix, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. mis- 
can.] 1. To unite ; to blend. 2. To 
join ; to associate. 3. To produce 
by stirring ingredients together ; to 
mingle. — v. i. 1. To become blend- 
ed. 2. To be joined ; to associate. 

MIx'ti-lin'e-al, ) a. [Lat. mixtus, 

M'ix/ti-lin'e-ar, ) mixed, and Eng. 
lineal, linear.] Containing, or con- 
sisting of, straight and curved lines. 

MlXT'URE, n. [Lat. mixtvra; mis- 
cere, mixtum, to mix.] 1. Art of 
mixing, or state of being mixed. 2. 
That which is mixed. 3. An ingre- 
dient entering into a mixed mass. 

Sv\ T . — Union ; association ; admixt- 
ure; intermixture; medley. 

MTz'ZEN (miz'zn), a. [It. mezzana, 
fr. mezzo, middle.] Nearest the 
stern. — n. The hindmost of the 
fore and aft sails of a vessel. 

Miz'zle, v. i. See Misle. 

MNE-MON'IC I (ne-), a. [Gr. fivq- 

MNE-MON'I€-AL ( JU.OVIKOS, fr. (U.ti;- 
1X7), memory.] Assisting the memory. 

MNE-MON'ICS (ne-), n. sing. A sys- 
tem of rules to assist the memory. 

Moan, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
msenan.] To bewail ; to lament. — 
v. i. To make a low, dull sound of 
grief or pain. — n. 1. A low, dull 
sound, as of grief. 

Moat, n. [0 Fr. mote, hill, dike, 
bank J A deep trench round the 
rampart of a castle or other fortified 
place ; a ditch. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOoe; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft ; -e , G , hard ; As.; exist; $as ng; th.a 



MOB 



276 



MOLESTATION 



Mob, n. [Lat. mobile vulgus, the mov- 
able common people.] A disorderly 
and tumultuous crowd. 

Syn. — Populace. — Populace signifies 
the lower orders of the people taken col- 
lectively ; a iiiob is a riotous assembly of 
persons. A mu 1 ) may be gathered and 
disnersed in an hour; ihvpupulu.ee ia a 
permanent portion of society. 

— v. t. [-bed; -bjng.] To attack 
in a disorderly crowd. 

216b'-€AI\, n. A head-dress, tying un- 
der the chin by a very broad band. 

Mo'BiLE, a. [Lat. mobilis, fr. movers, 
to move.] Capable of being excited. 

Mo-BlL'i-TY, n. 1. Susceptibility of 
being moved. 2. Activity. 3. Fickle- 
ness. 

MoB'l-LlZE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
call into active service, as troops. 

MoB-oc'RA-^Y, n. [Eng. mob, and 

• Or. Kparelv, to rule.] Rule of the mob. 

Moc'-CA-S/N, n. [Indian.] 1. A shoe 
of soft leather, without a sole. 2. A 
poisonous water serpent. 

Mock, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Gr. /xw- 
Kav.] 1. To imitate in contempt or 
derision. 2. To treat with scorn. 3. 
To disappoint the hopes of. 

Syn.— To deride ; ridicule ; jeer. 

, — v. i. To make sport in contempt 
or in jest. — n. Ridicule ; derision ; 
mockery. — a. Imitating reality, 
bat not real ; false. 

Mock'er, n. One who mocks. 

Mock'er-Y, n. 1. Act of mocking or 
deriding. 2. Derision ; ridicule. 3. 
Subject of laughter ; sport. 4. Vain 
imitation or effort. 

MoCK'ING-BiRD, n. A singing-bird 
that imitates the notes of other birds 

Mo'dal, a. Pertaining to a mode or 
mood ; consisting in mode or form 
only. 

Mo-dal'1-ty, n. Quality of being 
modal, or being in form only; 

Mode , n . [Lat. modus, measure, man- 
ner.] 1. Manner of existing. 2. 
Prevailing popular custom. 3. Va- 
riety ; gradation ; degree. 4. Con- 
dition, or state of being. 5. A dif- 
ference of form in the inflection of a 
verb; mood. 6. (Mus.) Arrange- 
ment of the intervals in a scale. 

Syn. — Method; manner; form; fash- 
ion; way; style. 

Mod'el (61), n. [Lat. modulus, dim. 
of modus. See supra.] 1. Stand- 
ard. 2. Pattern ; example. 3. Some- 
thing to be copied. 4. A represen- 
tation; a fac-simile. — v. t. [-ED, 
-ING; or -led, -ling, 137.] To plan 
or form after a pattern. 

MoD'EL-ER, ) i\ x * , 

Mod'el-ler, I n - 0ae wb0 models - 
M6d'el-1NG, In. Act or art of mak- 
Mod'EL-LINg, j ing a model from 
which a work of art is to be executed. 
Mod'er-ATE (45), a. Kept within 

due bounds. 
V16d'er-Ate, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
moderare ; -ratum, fr. modus. See 
Mode.] To restrain from excess; 
to keep within bounds ; to allay ; to 
repress ; to temper ; to qualify. — 



v. 7. To become less violent, severe, 
rigorous, or intense. 

M6d'er-ate-ly, adv. In a moder- 
ate manner or degree. 

Mou'er-A'tion, ji. 1. Act of mod- 
erating. 2. State of being moder- 
ate ; freedom from excess. 3- Calm- 
ness of mind ; equanimity. 

Mod'ER-A'TOR, n. 1. One who mod- 
erates or restrains. 2. One who pre- 
sides over a meeting. 

Mod'ERN. a. [Lat. modernus ; modo, 
just now.] Relating to the present 
time, or time not long past. 

Syn. — Recent; new; novel; late.— 
Modern is opposed to ancient; recent, to 
what has been past for no considerable 
length of time; as, modern civilization, 
improvements, &c; recent advices, in- 
telligence, &c. 
— »., A person of modern times. 

Mod'ERN-ism, n. Modern practice; 
a thiug of recent date. 

Mod'ern-ize, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
cause to conform to recent or pres- 
ent usage *ov taste. 

MoD'EST,a. [Lat. modestus, fr. mo- 
dus, measure.] 1. Restrained with- 
in limits of propriety. 2. Free from 
familiarity orindecency 3. Evincing 
modesty in the actor or author. 

Syn. —Reserved; unobtrusive; bash- 
ful; bhy; chaste. * 

Mod'est-ly, adv. In a modest 
manner. 

M6d'est-Y, n. 1. Absence of self- 
confidence, arrogance, and presump- 
tion. 2. Purity of manners. 

MuJD'l-e&M, n. [Lat.] A small quan- 
tity, [being modified. 

Mod'i-FI'A-BLE, a. Admitting of 

MoD'l-Fl-eA'TiON, n. 1. Act of mod- 
ify ing. 2. Particular form or man- 
ner. 

M6d'i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. modijicare, fr. modus, meas- 
ure, and facere, to make.] To change 
the form or external qualities of; to 
vary. [fashionable. 

Mod'ISH, a. According to the mode ; 

Mod'ist, n. One who follows the 
mode. 

Mod'u-late (77), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. modulari ; -latus, fr. modulus, 
a small measure, melody.] To vary 
or inflect in a natural, customary, or 
musicalmanner. 

Mod'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of modu- 
lating. 2. Sound modulated ; mel- 
ody. 3. (Mus.) A change or pass- 
ing from one key to another. 

Mod'ule, n. [Lat. modulus.] A 
model or representation [lian race. 

Mo-GtJL', n. A person of the Mongo- 
Great Mogul, the former emperor of 
Delhi. 

Mo'HAlR, n. [Prob. of oriental ori- 
gin.] The long, silky hair of the 
Angora goat, or the fabric made 
from it. 

Mo-hasi'med-an, a. Pertaining to 
Mohammed or his religion. — n. A 
follower of Mohammed. 

Mo-ham'med-an-ism, 1 n. The re- 

Mo-hXm'med-i§m," I ligion or 
doctrines of Mohammed ; Islamism. 



Moi'DORE, n. [From Pg. moeda 
d'ouro, lit. coin of gold J A gold 
coin of Portugal, valued at about $6. 

Moi'E-TY (or maw'e-ty), n. [Fr. mou 
tie, Lat. medietas.] A half. 

Moil, r. i. [-ed ; -ing.j [Lat. molm\ 
to struggle.] To work with painful 

. effort ; to toil ; to drudge. 

ISloisT, a. [0. Fr. woiste, prob. from 
Lat. humertus.] Moderately wet; 
damp ; humid. 

MoisT'.EN(niois<'n),t\ t. [-ED :-lNG.] 
To make damp ; to wet slightly. 

MoiST'NESS,ri. Quality of being moist. 

Moist'Ore, n. 1. Moderate wetness. 
2. That which moistens. 

Mo'lar, n. A grinding or a double 
tooth. — a. [Lat. molaris, fr. mola, 
mill.] Having power to grind. 

Mo-lAs'SEs, n. sing. [Fr. mclasse, 
fr. Lat. mellaceus, honey-like.] The 
syrup which drains from sugar in 
manufacturing it. 

Mold, In. 1. [A.-S. molde.] Fine, 

Mould,) soft earth. 2. Matter of 
which any thing is formed. 3. A . 
substance like down on bodies that 
lie long in the damp. 4. [Lat. mod- 
ulus. See Model.] Matrix. 5. 
Any thing to regulate the size, form, 
&c. 6. Cast; form; shape. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To cause to con- 
tract mold. 2. To cover with mold 
or soil. 3. To shape : to model ; to 
fashion. — v. i. To gather mold. 

Mold'a-BLE, ) a. Capable of being 

Mould'A-ble, j molded or formed. 

Mold'er, ) n. One who, or that 

Mould'ER, ) which, molds, — v.i. 
[See Mold.] 1. To turn to dust ; 
to crumble ; to perish. 2. To waste 
away.— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To turn 
to dust ; to waste. 

Mold'i-ness, In. State of being 

Mould'I-ness, j moldy. 

MOLD'ING, ) n. 1. Any thing cast. 

MOULDING, \ 2. A projection be- 
yond a wall, column, &c. 

Mold'y, la. [-ER; -EST,' 142.] 

Mould'y, I Over-grown or filled 
with mold. 

MOLE,n. 1. [A.-S. mal.] A small 
permanent protuberance on the 
body. 2. [Lat. mola.] A mass of 
fleshy matter in the uterus. 3. [Lat. 
moles.] A massive work of stones 
to defend a port from the violence 
of the sea. 4. [From its burrowing 
into the mold, or ground.] A small, 
insect-eating mammal, with minute 
eyes and very soft fur. 

Mo-LE€'u-LAR, a. Belonging to, or 
consisting of, molecules. 

M6l'e-€ULE, n. [Dim. of Lat. moles, 
a mass.] One of the invisible par- 
ticles supposed to constitute matter. 

Mole '-HILL, n. A little elevation 
thrown up by moles under ground. 

Mo-LEST', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
molestare, fr. mole.stus, troublesome.] 
To trouble ; to render uneasy. 

Srir. — To disturb; incommode; in- 
convenience; annoy; vex; tease. 

Mol'ES-ta'tion, n. Act of molest- 
ing, or state of being molested. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; X, E, I, 6, U, Y, snort; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



MOLLIENT 



277 



MONOPTOTE 



MOL'LI-ENT [or mol'yent), a. [Lat. 
moUiensJ Assuaging ; emollient. 

Mol'li-fi'a-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing mollified. 

MoL'Li-Fi-eX'TlON, n. Act of molli- 
fying ; mitigation. 

M6l'li-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. mollificare ; mollis, soft, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To make soft. 
2. To assuage, as pain. 8. To ap- 
pease ; to pacify. 

Mol-lus'can, n. A mollusk. 

Mol-lOs'€AN, 1 a. Relating to, or re- 

MOL-LUS'GOUS, ( sembling, mollusks. 

Mol'LUSK, n. [Lat. molluscus, soft.] 
An invertebrate animal, having a 
soft, fleshy body. 

Molt (20),") v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] Prov. 

Moult, ] Ger. mutern, mutern, 
Fr. muer. See Mew.] To shed or 
cast the hair, feathers, skin. &c. 

Molt'-EN (molt'n, 20), p. a. Melted. 

MO-LYB'DATE, n. A compound of 
molybdic acid with a base. 

MOL'YB-DE'NA, ». [Gr. fJLO\vP&ai.va, 
fr. ju.oAv/36os, lead.] An ore of a dark 
lead color ; sulphuret of molybde- 
num. 

Mo-LYB'DE-NOUS, a. Pertaining to 
molybdena. 

Mol'yb-de'num, it. [See Molyb- 
dena.] A rare metal. 

Mo'MENT, n. [Lat. momentum.] 1. 
A minute portion of time ; an in- 
stant. 2. Impulsive power ; mo- 
mentum. 3. Importance in influ- 
ence or effect. 4. Essential element. 
Syn. — Instant. — A moment allows of 
a beginning aiuLenjJ.; an instant is indi- 
visible. The latter, therefore, expresses 
more brevity and urgency than the for- 
mer. "Do it this instant" requires the 
utmost haste; "Do it this moment" ad- 
mits of no hesitation or delay. 

M6'ment-A-ri-ly, adv. Every mo- 
ment. 

Mo'ment-a-RY (44), a. Done in a 
moment : continuing only a moment. 

M6'MENT-LY, adv. 1. Foramoment. 
2. Every moment. 

Mo-MENT'otJS, a. Of moment ; im- 
portant. 

Mo-ment'ous-ness, n. State of be- 
ing of great importance. 

MO-MEN'TUM, n. ; La', pi. MO-MgN'- 
TA ; Eng.pl. MO-MEN'TUMS. [Lat.] 
1. The quantity of motion iii amov- 
ing body ; velocity: impetus. 2. Es- 
sential or constituent element. 

*I6n'A-€HAL, a. [Gr. p-ovaxos, a 
monk.] Pertaining to monks or a 
monastic life. 

Mon'a-ghism, n. System and influ- 
ences of alnonastic life. 

Mon'ad, n. [Gr. novas, fj.ov6.8os, uni- 
ty, unit.] An ultimate atom, or 
simple, unextended point. 

Mo-N.\D'ie, ) a. Relating to mo- 

Mo-NAD'l€-AL. J nads; having the 
nature of a monad. 

MoN'AR€H, n. [Gr. ju.6vapxos , - ftovo?, 
alone, and apxeiv, to rule.] A sole 
ruler ; an autocrat ; a sovereign ; an 
emperor, king, prince, or chief. 

MO-naroh'AL, a. Pertaining to a 
monarch ; sovereign ; regal. 



Mo-naR€H'i-al, ) a. 1. Tested in 

Mo-NAR€H'l€, J a single ruler. 

Mo-nar€H'I€-al, ) 2. Pertaining to 
monarchy or a monarch. 

Mon'ARGH-ISM, n. Principles of 
monarchy ; preference of monarchy. 

MoN'AReti-isT, n. An advocate of 
monarchy. 

M6n'AR€H-y, n. 1. A government in 
which the supreme power is in the 
hands of a monarch. 2. Territory 
ruled over by a monarch. 

Mon'as-te'ri-AL, a. Pertaining to 
a monastery. 

MoN'AS-TER/Y [colloq. mon'as-try), 
n. [Gr. fjLovao"njpLov, fr. p.ovao-rrip, 
a solitary, a monk.] A house of re- 
ligious retirement for monks. 

Mo-nas'ti-g, n. A monk. 

Mo-N.\s'Tl€, la. 1. Pertaining to 

Mo-NAS'TI€-AL, J monasteries, or 
to monks and nuns. 2. Secluded 
from temporal concerns. 

Mo-NAS'Tl-oisM, ft. Monkish life. 

Mon'day, n. [A.-S. mOnanddg. day of 
the moon.] Second day of the week. 

M6n'e-TA-ry (mfin'e-ter-y),**- Per- 
taining to money ; pecuniary. 

MON'EY (mun'y, 148), n. [0. Fr. 
mone.ie, Lat. moneta. See MINT.] 
1. Coin ; cash. 2. Any currency 
employed in buying and selling. 

Mox'EY-BRO'KEK, n. A broker who 
deals in money. 

M6n'EY£D (man'id), a. 1. Rich in 
money. 2. Consisting in money. 

MON'EY-ER, n. An authorized man- 
ufacturer of coin, [ey. 

MON'EY-LESS, a. Destitute of mon- 

MOK'EY-OR'DER, n. An order for a 
sum :f money deposited at one post- 
offic.:, on some other office where the 
payment is to bemade. 

Mon'Ser (mangier), n. [A.-S. man- 
gere, fr. mangian, to trade.] A trad- 
er; a dealer. 

Mon'grel (mung'grel), a. [See Min- 
gle.] Of a mixed breed; hybrid. 
I — n. An animal of a mixed breed. 

Mo-Nl'TION (-msh'un), n. LLat. mo- 
nitio; monere, to warn.] 1. Admo- 
nition ; warning. 2. Information ; 
notice. [tion ; admonitory. 

Mon'I-tive, a. Conveying admoni- 

Mon'i-tor, n. [Lat.] 1. One who 
admonishes. 2. A pupil selected to 
look to the scholars in the absence 
of an instructor, or to instruct a di- 
vision or class. 3. A kind of turret- 
ed iron-clad war-vessel. 

Mon'i-TO'RI-al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
a monitor. 2. Conducted, taught, 
or communicated by monitors. 

M6n'I-to-RY, a. Giving admonition. 

MONK(munk), n. [Gr. (jlovclxos, from 
(xovos, alone.] One of a religious 
community inhabiting a monastery. 

M6nk'er-y, n. Monastic life. 

Monk'ey (munk'y, 148), n. [Cf. 0. 
It. monicc/iio,n, little ape,] 1. A four- 
footed mammal with a prehengile 
tail ; esp., a long-tailed individual r>f 
this sort. 2. Weight of a pile-driver. 

MbNK'EY-JACK'ET, n. A long, tail- 
less, close-fitting jacket. 



Monk'ey- wrench (-rench), n. A 

wrench or spanner having a movable 

jaw. [to monks. 

MONK'ISH, a. Like a monk ; relating 

M6n'0-€HRO-mat'I€, a. Consisting 

of oue color. 
MON'0-€HROME, 11. [Gr. fxovos, single, 
and xpeofta, color.] A painting with 
a single color. 
Mo-no«'u-lar, I a. [Gr. fxovos, sin- 
Mo-NOC'U-LOtJS, I gle, and Lat. oc.y 
idus, eye.] 1. Having one eye only. 

2. Adapted to be used with only one 
eye. 

Mon'o-dist, 11. One who writes a 
monody. 

M6n'o-dy, n. [Gr. fxovtoSCa, fr. fxovos, 
single, and wSr/, song.] A mourn- 
ful poem, by a single mourner. 

Mo-NOG'A-MIST, n. One who disal- 
lows second marriages. 

Mo-NOG'A-MY, n. [Gr. /oioi/os, single, 
and ycuios, marriage.] A marriage 
to one wife only. 

M3n'o-gram, n. [Gr. ju.6vo5, single, 
and ypajUjua, letter.] A character 
or cipher composed of two or more 
letters interwoven. 

M6n'o-gr\ph, ii. [Gr. fxovos, single, 
ypa4>ri, a writing.] A written account 
of a single thing, or class of things. 

Mon'o-grXph'IG, I a. Pertain- 

Mon'o-graph'ig-AL, f ing to a 
monograph. 

Mo-nog'ra-phy, n. 1. An outline 
drawing; a sketch. 2. A monograph. 

M6n'o-lith, ii. [Gr. ixovoKiOos ,• fxo- 
vos, single, and kiQos, stone.] A col- 
umn consisting of a single stone. 

Mon'o-LOGUE, ii. [Gr. jxovos, alone, 
and Aoyo?, speech.] A soliloquy. 

MON'O-MA'NI-A, ii. [Gr. |u.6i/o?, sifl- 
gle, ixavia, madness.] Derangement 
of a single faculty of the mind , or with 
regard to a particular subject only. 

Mon'O-ma'NI-ag. 7i. A person affect- 
ed by monomania. — a. Affected 
with monomania. 

Mo-no'mi-al, ii. [Gr. /u.ot/0?, alone, 
and vojutj, distribution.] A single al- 
gebraic expression. 

Mon'o-PET'A-lous, a. [Gr. fxovos, 
alone, and TtiraXov, flower-leaf.] 
Having only one petal, or the corol- 
la in one piece. 

Mon'oph-THONG (mon'of-thong or 
mo-n5p / thong), n. [Gr. p.6vos, alone, 
and </>0oyy6<j, sound.] A single un- 
compounded vowel sound. 

MON'OPH-THON'GAL (-of- or -op-), O, 
Consisting of a monophthong. 

MO-NOP'O-LIST, I n. One whfr 

Mo-nop'o-liz'er, ) monopolizes 

Mo-nop'o-lize, v. t. [-ed: -ing | 
1. To purchase or obtain possession 
of the whole of. 2. To obtain by 
any means the exclusive l'ight of, 
esp. the right of trading to any place. 

3. To engross or obtain the whole of. 
Mo-NOP'o-LY, n. [Gr.ju.oi/07rtoAiov; 

jmovos, alone, and iruikelp, to sell.] 
Sole permission and power of dealing 
in any goods, or with a particular 
country or place. 
Mon'op-tote, or Mo-nop't5te, iu 



Or, DO, WOLF, too> TOOKi t)EN. RUE. PULL: E, I, O, silent ; 9,G,5q/^; €,G,hard; Ag; E^STJ JjasNG; THIS 



MONOSTICH 



278 



MORE 



[Gr. ijlovotttuitos.] A noun having 
only one case. 

Mon'o-stich (-stik), n. [Gr. \x.ov6o- 
ti\ov ; fjiovos, single, and <ni\o%, 
verse.] A composition consisting of 
oue verse only. 

Mon'o-syl-labTc, a. Consisting of 
one syllable, or of words of one sylla- 
ble. 

3H5n'o-syl/la-ble, n. [Gr. fiovo- 

j c-vAAaj3os ; /aovos, single, avAAa/37j, 
syllable.] _ A word of one syllable. 

itfoN'o-THE'lSM, n. [Gr. juoVos, alone, 
only, and ©eos, God.] Doctrine that 
there is but one God. 

Mon'o-the'ist, n. One who believes 
there is but one God. 

Mon'o-tone, n. [See Monotony.] 
A single unvaried tone or sound. 

Mo-not'o-nous, a. Uttered in one 
unvarying tone ; continued with dull 
uniformity. 

Mo-NOT'O-NY, n. [Gr. /u.ovo-roi'ia,from 
/u.6Vos, alone, single, and tows, tone.], 
Absence of variety, as in speaking or 
singing. 

Monsieur (mo-seer' or mos-yur'), 
n.; pi. messieurs (mes-secr'). 
[Fr. mon, my, and sieur, lord.] 1. 
Sir, or mister. 2. A Frenchman ; — 
in contempt. 

Mon-soon', n. [Ar. mausim, a time, 
a season.] A periodical wind in the 
Indian Ocean. 

MoN'STER,n. [Lat. monstrum, from 
monstrare, to show, point out.] 
Something of unnatural size, shape, 
or quality : a prodigy. 

Mon-stros'i-ty, n. 1. State of be- 
ing monstrous. 2. An unnatural 
pi-oduction. 

Mon'stroCs; a. 1. Deviating great- 
ly from the natural form ; abnormal. 
2. Enormous : extraordinary ; mar- 
velous. 3. Horrible ; dreadful. 

Mon'strous-LY, adv. 1. Shocking- 
ly ; terribly. 2. To a great degree. 

Mon-tan'ic, a. [Lat. mons, mantis, 
mountain.] Pertaining to, or consist- 
ing in, mountains. 

Month (muntk), n. [A.-S. monadh, 
mondk, fr. muna, the moon.] One 
of the twelve portions into which the 
year is divided. 

SIonth'LY (munth'ly), a. 1. Con- 
tinued a month, or performed in a 
month. 2. Happening once a month. 
— n. A publication appearing once 
a month. — adv. Once a month. 

Mon'U-MENT, n. [Lat. monumentum, 
from monere, to remind.] 1. Any 
thing intended to remind or give no- 
tice. 2. A building, pillar, stone, or 
the like, erected to preserve the re- 
membrance of a person or thing. 

Syn. — Memorial; remembrance: 
cenotaph; tomb. 

QloN'u-MENT'AL,, a. 1. Pertaining 
to, or inscribed on, a monument. 2. 
Memorial. 

Jl00D,n. I. [Lat. modus.] Manner; 
style; mode; logical form; musical 
style ; grammatical form ; manner of 
action or being. 2. [A.-S. m5d.] 
Temper or temporary state of mind. 



Mood'i-ly, adv. In a moody man- 
ner, [moody. 

MooD'l-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Mdbu'y, a. [-er: -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
mudig.] 1. Indulging moods, or 
varying and capricious frame of mind. 
2. Out of humor; peevish; angry. 

Syn. — Gloomy. — Moody agrees with 
gloomy in being an unhappy state, but 
differs from itin expressing a wide range 
of fitful emotions, such a.s discontent, 
ill-humor, peevishness, anger, &c. 

MOON, n. [A.-S. mdna, allied to Gr. 
/xtji^j.] 1. The earth's satellite. 2. 
Any secondary planet or satellite. 3. 
A month ; a complete revolution of 
the moon. [the moon. 

Moon'beam, n A ray of light from 

MOON'-EVED (-Id), a. 1. Ilavingeyes 
affected by the moon. 2. Purblind. 

MOON'UGHT (-lit), n. The light af- 
forded by the moon. — a. Illumi- 
nated by the moon. 

Moon'shine, n. 1. Light of the 
moon. 2. Show without substance. 

Moon'-stiiuck, a. Affected by the 
moon ; lunatic. 

MOON'Y, a. 1. Relating to, or like, 
the moon. 2. Bearing a crescent. 

Moor, n. 1. [A.-S. mZr, waste land.] 
An extensive waste covered with 
heath ; a heath ; a fen. 2. [Gr. 
Maupos.J A native of the northern 
coast of Africa. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. merran, to hinder.] To secure, 
as a ship, by cables and anchors. 

MOOR'AGE, n. A place for mooring. 

MoOR'lNG, ii. 1. Act of securing a 
ship, by means of anchors, &c. 2. 
That which serves to confine a ship 
to a place. 3. pi Place or condition 
of a ship thus confined. 

MoOR'lSH,a. 1. Marshy ; fenny. 2. 
Pertaining to the Moors. 

Moor'-land, n. 1. A marsh. 2. A 
cold, hilly, boggy land. 

Moose, n. [In- 
dian.] An animal 
of the deer kind. 
The males have 
antlers. 

MO~OSE'-DEER, n. 

The elk. See Elk. 
Moot, v. t. [-ed; 
-ing. : [A.-S. mo- 
tian, to dispute, 
fr. mot, a meeting.] To debate ; to 
discuss, esp. in a mock court. — v. ?'. 
To argue or plead on a supposed 
cause. — a. Undecided; debatable. 
— 11 . A discussion or debate. 
Moot'-€ASE, n. A case, or question, 
to be debated. [mooted. 

Moot'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
Moot'- court, n. A court for the 
purpose of arguing or trying feigned 
cases. [case. 

Moot'-point, n. Same as Moot- 
Mop, n. [W. mop, mopa.] An in- 
strument made of cloth, &c. with a 
handle, — used for washing Moors. 
— v. t. [-PED; -PING.] To wipe 
with a mop. 
Mop'-board, n. A narrow board 
nailed against the wall of a room 
next to the floor. 




Moose. 



M5pe, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. D. 
moppen, to pout.] To be very stu- 
pid ; to be dull. — v. t. To make 
spiritless or stupid. — n. A dull, 
stupid person. 

Mop'ish. a. Dull ; spiritless ; dejected. 

Mop'ish-ness, n. Dullness ; stupid- 
ity ; dejection. 

Mop'pet, n. [Eng. mop.] A rag 
baby ; also, in fondness, a little girl. 

Mop'sey, n. 1. A moppet. 2. A 
slatternly woman. 

Mo-raine', n. [Fr.] A line of rocks 
and gravel along the sides of gla- 
ciers. 

MoR'AL,a. [Lat. moralls ; mos, ma- 
ris, manner, habit.] 1. Pertaining 
to those intentions and actions of 
which right and wrong are predica- 
ted. 2. Conformed to rules of right ; 
virtuous. 3. Subject to the moral 
law. 4. Probnble. — n. 1. Man- 
ners; conduct; behavior; — usually 
in the pi. 2. Meaning or significance 
of a fable, &c. 

Mor'al-ist, n. One who teaches or 
practices morality. 

Mo-RAL'I-TY, n. 1. Conformity to 
the true moral standard or rule. 2. 
Doctrine or system of moral duties : 
ethics. 3. Practice of the moral and 
social duties. 

MOR'AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

apply to a moral purpose ; to explain 
in a moial sense. — v. i. To make 
moral reflections. 

MoR'Af,-iz'ER,«. One who moralizes. 

M6r'al-ly, adv. 1. In a moral sense. 
2. Virtuously ; honestly. 3. Prob- 
ably. 

Mo-R ass', n. [0. Ger. morasz.] A 
tract of soft, wet ground ; a marsh. 

Mo-ra'vi-an, n. One of a religious 
sect called the United Brelhnn. 

Mor'BID, a. [Lat. morbidus. fr. mor- 
bus, disease.] Not sound and health- 
ful. 

Syn. — Diseased; sickty; sick.— Mor- 
bid is sometimes used interchangeably 
with diseased, but is commonly applied, 
in a somewhat technical sense, to catos 
of a prolonged nature; as, a morbid con- 
dition of the nervous system, a rnorbid 
sensibility, &c. 

Mor'bid-ly, adv. In a morbid or 
diseased manner. 

MOR-BIF'IC, ) a. [Lat. inorbtts. 

MoR-BlF'I€-AL, J disease, and facere. 
to make.] Tending to produce disease 

Mor-BOSE', a. Unsound; unhealthy. 

Morceau (mor-so'), n. [Fr. ; Lat 
morsvj:, a bite.] A bit : a morsel. 

Mor-DA'cioOs, a. [Lat. mordax, 
mordacis, fr. mordere, to bite.] 1. 
Given to biting. 2. Sarcastic ; se- 
vere, [quality. 

Mor-dXc'I-TY, v. Biting or sarcastic 

M6r'dant,o. [Fr., p. pr. of mordre, 
to bite.] 1. Biting ; caustic. 2. 
Serving to fix colors. — n. Any sub- 
stance serving to give fixity to d\es. 

More, v. Greater quantity, amount, 
or number.— a.,comp. [A.-S. warn.] 
Greater in any way ; superior. — adv. 
1. In a greater quantity or degree; 
rather. 2. In addition ; further. 



I, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, ii,i a 6, tj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, Tiir.J.IJ CIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 



MOREEN 



279 



MOTION 



Mo-reen', n. [Cf. Mohair.] A 
stoutwoolen stuff. 

MORE-O'VER, adv. Beyond what has 
oeen said ; further ; also ; likewise. 
Syn. — Besides. 

Mo-RESQUE ' ( -resk' ), n . [Fr. , from It. 
Mum. a Moor.] A species of orna- 
mentation used b> tlie Moors to en- 
rich flat surfaces ; aia e-que. 

JIOR'GA-NXT'ie, a. [>1<jiji L. Lat. 
morgnnalira, a nioruiug gift, dowry 
paid on the morning before or after 
marriage.] Pertaining to a marriage 
between a man of superior and a 
woman of inferior rank, in which 
neither the latter nor her children 
can enjoy the rank or inherit the 
possessions of her husband. 

M^R'I-bDnd, a. [Lat. moribund us ; 
moriri, to die.] At the point of 
death : dying. 

Mo'ri-on, n. [Fr.] An open helmet 
without visor or beaver. 

Mor'mon, n. One of a sect in the 
United States, followers of one Jo- 
seph Smith, who claim to have found 
an addition to the Bible, called the 
Book of Mormon. [Mormons. 

MOR'MON-'lSM, n. Doctrine of the 

Mor'MON-ITE, n. A Mormon. 

M6r.\, n. [A.-S. morn, morgen.] 1. 
Morning. 2. Following day ; morrow. 

Morn'ING, n. 1. Early part of the 
day. 2. First or early part. — a. 
Pertaining to, or being in, the early 
part of the day. 

Morn'ING-GLO'RY, n. A climbing 
plant, having funnel-shaped flowers. 

Mo-RO€'€0, n. A fine kind of leather, 
from goatskin, tanned with sumach ; 
— first prepared by the Moors. 

Mo-rose', a. [Lat. morosus, fr. mos, 

manner, habit ] Of a sour temper. 

Syn. — Sullen; gruff; severe; austere; 

gloomy ; splenetic ; crabbed ; crusty ; 

churlish; surly. 

Mo-r6se'l,y, adv. Sourly; with sul- 
leu austerity. 

Mo-rose'ness, n. Sourness of tem- 
per : sullenness. 

MOR'PHI-A, In. [Gr. Mopc/>ev?, god 

Mor'phine, j of dreams or sleep.] 
A vegetable alkaloid from opium. 

Mor'ris, n. [Fr. morrsque.] 1. A 
Moorish dance, usually performed 
with castanets, by a single person. 2. 
A game played on a board by two 
persons, with nine pieces each. 

MoR'ROW, n. [0. Eng. morive, mor- 
toening. See Morn] 1. Morning. 
2. The next following day. 3 The 
day following the present ; to-mor- 
row, [rus. 

Morse, n. [Lapp, morsk.] The wal- 

Morsel, n. [0. Fr. morsel. See 
MORCEAU.] 1. A bite ; a mouth- 
ful. 2. A small quantity ; a frag- 
ment. 

M6rt, n. [Fr. mort, death.] A noteor 
tune sounded at the death of game. 

Mor'tal, a. [Lat. mortalis; mors, 
death.] 1. Subject to death. 2. 
Causing death. 3. Affecting as if 
with power to kill ; extreme. 4. Hu- 
man. — n. A human being: man. 




One 



Mor-tXl'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing mortal. 2. Death ; destruction. 
3. Whole number of deaths in a 
given time or community. 4. The 
human race. 

Mor'tal-ly, adv. 1. In a mortal 
manner; irrecoverably. 2. In the 
highest possible degree. 

Mor'tar. n. 1. 
[L&t. mortarium.] 
A vessel in which 
substances are 
pounded. 2. A 
short piece of ord- Mortar, 

nance, for throwing bombs, shells, 
&c. 3. [Lat. mortarium.] A mixt- 
ure of lime and sand with water, 
used as a cement. _ 

MORT'GAGE (mor'gej), n. [Fr. mort- 
gage ; mort, dead, and gage, pledge.] 
1. A conveyance of property, on 
condition, as security for the pay- 
ment of a debt, and to become void 
upon payment. 2. State of being 
nledged. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To grant or convey, as property, for 
the security of a debt. 2. To 

MORT'GA-GEE' (nior'ga-jee'), n 
to whom a mortgage is given. 

MORT-GAGE-OR' (nior^ej-or'), ) n. 

MORT'GA-GER (rnor'ga-jer), j One 
who conveys property conditionally 
as security fr r debt. 

MoR'Tr-Fi-eA'TiON, n. 1. Act of 
mortifying, or the condition of being 
mortified. 2. That which mortifies. 

MOR'TI-FY.f. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. mortificare ; mors, death, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To destroy the 
organic texture and vital functions 
of. 2. To deaden by religious dis- 
cipline, as the carnal affections ; to 
abase. 3. To vex, chagrin, or hu- 
miliate. — v.i. 1 To lose vitality, 
as flesh. 2. To practice penance 
from religious motives. 3. To be 
subdued. 

Mor'tise (mortis), «. [Fr. 
mortaise.] A cavity cut 
to receive a tenon. — v. t 
[-ed ; -TNG.] 1. To make 
a mortise in. 2. To join 
by a tenon and mortise. 

MORT'MAIN, n. [Fr. mort, 

morte, dead, and ?nai?i, 

hand.] Possession of lands 

or tenemeuts in dead Mortise 

hands, or hands that can and Tenon. 

not alienate. 

\ MORT'U-A-Rt, a. [Lat. mortuarius; 

j mortuus, dead.] Belonging to buri- 

| als. — n. A customary gift to the 

j minister of a parish on the death of 

I a parishioner. . 

Mo-sa'IG, u. [Late Gr. fxovo-aiKov, fr. 
Mou'treios, belonging to the. Muses.] 
Inlaid work of pieces of colored stone, 
&c, to imitate painting. — a. 1. 
Yariegated ; tessellated : also, com- 
posed of various materials. 2. Per- 
taining to Moses. 

Mos'eem, n [Ar., e- true believer, 
! fr. salama, to submit to God.] An 
I orthodox Mohammedan. 
I Mosque (niosk), n. [Ar. masjid, fe. 




sajada, to bow, adore.] A Moham- 
medan place of worship. 

Mos-QUI'TO (mus-kG'to) n. ; pi. MOS- 
QUl'TOEg. [Sp., from Lat. mu*ea, 
fly.] A small blood-sucking insect. 

Moss (21), n. 1. [A.-S. meds, Icel 
most, allied to Lat. muscus.] A 
cryptogamous plant of a cellular 
structure, with leaves and a distinct 
root. 2. [0. H. Ger. mos.] A bog. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To cover with 
moss. [grown with moss. 

Moss'i-ness, n. State of being over- 

Moss'-troop'er, n. [From moss, a 

bog, and trooper.] A marauder of 

the border country between England 

and Scotland. [with moss. 

Moss'Y, a. [-ER ; -est.] Overgrown 

Most (20), a. ; superl. of More. [A.-S. 

nicest.] Consisting of the greatest 

number or quantity ; greatest. 

E@f- 3fo.it is used as a noun, the words 
part, quantity, &c, being omitted. 

— adv. In the greatest degree. 
Most'ly, adv. For the greatest part ; 

chiefly ; in the main. 

Mote, n. [A.-S. mot.] A small par- 
ticle ; a spot. — v. Old form of Musi. 

Mo-TET', n. [It. mottetto, dim. of 
motto, word, device.] A musical 
composition adapted to sacred words. 

Moth (21), n. : pi. Moths. [A.-S. 
modhdhe.] A lepidopterous insect of 
nocturnal habits. [does cloth. 

Moth'-eat, v. t. To eat, as a moth 

Moth'ER (niiith/er), n. 1. [A.-S. 
mudor.] A female parent ; esp. one 
of the human race. 2. Source of 
birth or origin. 3. [Allied to mud.] 
A thick, slimy substance in vinegar. 

— a. Received by birth ; native ; nat- 
ural. — v.i. To become concreted, 
as the thick matter of liquors. 

Moth'ek-hood, n. State of being 
a mother. 

Moth'er-in-law', n. Mother of 
one : s husband or wife. [mother. 

M6th'er-eess, a. Destitute of a 

MOTfl'ER-LY (muth'er-ly), a. Per- 
taining to, or becoming, a mother ; 
tender ; parental. 

Syn. — Maternal. — Motherly, being 
Saxon, is the more familiar word of the 
two when both have the same meaning. 
Besides this, maternal is confined to the 
feelings of a mother toward her own 
children , whereas motherly (mother-like) 
has a secondary sense, as in the expies- 
sion motherly care, &c, denoting a care 
like that of a mother for her offspring. 

Moth'er-of-peari/. n. Thehard, 
brilliant' lining of several kinds of 
shells ; nacre. [mon sense. 

MOTH'ER-wiT, n. Native wit ; com- 

Motfi'yv*. [ ; er; -est, 142.] Fuli 
y_f moths ; eaten by moths. 

MO'TION, n. [Lat motio,fv.movere, 
motiun, to move.] 1. Act or process 
of changing place. 2. Manner of 
moving: gait. 3. Power of moving. 
4. Movement of the mind, will, or 
passions. 5. A proposition made in 
a deliberative assembly. — v. i 
[-ed ; -ING.] 1. To make a signif- 
icant movement or gesture. 2. To 
offer a proposition. 



OR, Dc^wqlFjTOO, TO"Ol£ ; URN, rue, PULL ; JS, I, O, silent ; C,G,sq/*; <:,&, hard; As; EXIST; NasNG; TH^S 



MOTIONLESS 



280 



MULCH 



Mo'TION-LESS, a. Being at rest. 

Mo'TlVE,a. [Lat. movere, motum, to 
move.] Having power to move, or 
tendiug to move. — n. That which 
incites to action ; any thing moving 
the will. 

Syn. — Incentive ; inducement ; rea- 
son.— Motive is the word ordinarily 
used in speaking of that which deter- 
mines the choice. We call it an induce- 
ment when it is attractive in its nature, 
leading us forward by an appeal to our 
natural desires for good. We cnll it a 
reason when it is more immediately ad- 
dressed to the intellect in the form of 
argument. 

Mo-Tiv'1-TY, n. Power of producing 
motion. 

Mot'ley, a, [W. mudliiv, a chang- 
ing color.] 1. Variegated in color; 
dappled. 2. Heterogeneously made 
up. 

Mo'TOR, n. [Lnt., from movere, to 
move.] A source or originator of 
mechanical power, &c. 

Mot'tle, r. ;. [-ed;-ing.] [From 
motley. ] To mark with spots of dif- 
ferent color. 

MOT'TO, «.; pi. MOT'TOES. [It.] 
An apposite sentence or phrase pre- 
fixed to an essay, poein, &c. 

MOULD, Mould'ek, Mould'y, &c. 
See Mold, Molder, Moldy, &c. 

Moult, v. & n. See Molt. 

MOUND, n. [A.-S. mund, protection.] 
An artificial hill ; a raised bank ; a 
rampart, — v. t. [ -ED; -ING.] To 
fortify with a mound. 

MOUNT, v. .[A.-S. mant, Lat. mons.] 
A mass of earth or rock, rising above 
the surrounding land ; a mountain. 
— v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. Toriseon 
high; to go up. 2. To get on horse- 
back. 3. To amount. — v. t. 1. To 
get upon ; to ascend ; to climb. 2. 
To put on horseback. 3. To put on 
any thing that sustains and fits for 
use : also, to prepare for being worn . 

Mount'aIn (42), n. [Lat. mons,mon- 
tis.] A large mass of earth and rock, 
rising above the common level. — a. 
Pertaining to a mountain ; vast ; 
huge. 

Mount'ain-eer', n. An inhabitant 
of a mountain. [tains. 

Mount'a'in-ous, «. Full of moun- 

Mount'e-bank, n. [It. montimban- 
co ; montare, to mount, in, in, on, 
and banco, bench.] 1. An itinerant 
quack-doctor. 2. Any boastful and 
false pretender ; a charlatan. 

Mount'ing, n. 1. Act of preparing 
for use, or embellishing. 2. That by 
which any thing is prepared for use, 
or set off; embellishment. 

Mourn, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
murnan.] To express grief or sor- 
row. — v. t. 1. To grieve for. 2. To 
utter in a sorrowful manner. 

Syn. — To lament ; bewail ; deplore. 

MOURN'ER, n. One who mourns. 

Mourn'ful, a. 1. Full of sorrow ; 
expressing, or intended to express, 
sorrow. 2. Causing sorrow. 

Syn. — Sorrowful ; sad ; doleful ; afflic- 
tive; grievous; calamitous. 



MoURN'FUL-LY, adv. In a manner 
expressive of sorrow. 

Mourn'ful-ness, n. Sorrow ; grief . 

MOURN'ING, n. 1. Act of sorrowing 
2. Dress worn by mourners. 

Mouse (150), n. [A.-S. mus, pi. mys, 
Skr. mvs/uka, fr. mush, to steal.] A 
well-known small quadruped. 

Mouse (91), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
catch mice. 

Mous'ER, n. A cat that catches mice. 

Mouse'-trap, n. A trap for catch- 
ing mice. 

Mous-TAfHE r ,n. See Mustache. 

Mouth, n.; pi. Mouths. [A.-S. 
niudh.] 1. Aperture between the lips, 
or the cavity within them. 2 Any 
opening ; orifice ; aperture. 3. A prin- 
cipal speaker. 4. A wry face; a 
grimace. 

MOUTH, v. l. [-ED: -ING.] 1. To 
chew : to devour. 2. To utter with 
a voice affectedly big or swelling. — 
v. i. To vociferate ; to rant. 

Mouth-ful(155), n. As much as the 
moutn contains at once. 

M0UTH'-Pl£CE,n. 1. Piece of a wind 
instrument to which the mouth is ap- 
plied. 2. One who speaks for another. 

Mov'A-BLE, a. 1. Capable of being 
moved; susceptible of motion ; not 
fixed. 2. Changing from one time 
to another. — n. An article of goods ; 
generally, in the pi., goods ; wares. 

MpvE (nnJov), v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. movere.] 1. To alter the posi- 
tion of; to set in motion. 2. To affect, 
as the mind, will, or passions. 3. To 
excite to tenderness or compassion. 
4. To offer publicly for consideration 
and determination. — v. i. 1. To 
change place ; to go, in any manner. 
2. To change residence. 3. To bring 
forward a motion. — n. Act of mov- 
ing ; a movement. 

Move'ment, n. 1. Act of moving ; 
change of place. 2. Mental action ; 
emotion. 3. Manner of moving. 4. 
That which imparts motion. 

Mov'ing, p. a. 1. Changing place or 
posture ; causing motion. 2. Touch- 
ing ; pathetic. 

Mow(mou), n. [A.-S.muwa.] A pile 
of hay in a barn. — v. t. To pile and 
stow away in a barn. 

Mow(m5), v. t. [-ed; -ed or -N ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. mawan.] 1. To cut 
with a scythe. 2. To cut the grass 
from. 3. To cut down indiscriminate- 
ly. — v.i. To cut grass. 

Movv'er (mo'er), n. One who mows. 

M6x'A,n. [Prob. an oriental word.] 
A soft, woolly substance burnt on 
the skin to produce an ulcer. 

Much, a. [more ; most.] [0. Eng. 
moche, A.-S. mucel, mycel. See 
MlCKLE.] Great in quantity ; Jong 
induration, abundant. — n. 1. A 
great quantity. 2. A thing uncom- 
mon or wonderful. — adv. 1. To a 
great degree ; greatly. 2. Often, or 
long. 

Mu'CID, a. [Lat. mucidus.] Musty ; 
slimy. 

Mu'Cl-LAGE, n. [Lat. muccilago , fr ■. 



mucus, slime.] 1. One of the prox- 
imate elements of vegetables. 2. An 
aqueous solution of gum. 

Mu'ci-lXg'i-nous, a. 1. Moist, soft, 
and slimy. 2. Pertaining to, or se- 
creting, mucilage. 

Muck, n. [A.-S. mix, meox.\ I. 
Dupg in a moist state. 2. Decaying 
vegetable matter. 3. Something 
mean or filthy. — v. t. lo manure 
with muck. 

Muck'-worm (-wiirm), n. 1. A worm 
that lives in muck. 2. A n.iser. 

MO'COUS, a. [Lat. mucosas.] Per- 
taining to, or like, mucus ; slimy. 

Mu'cro-nate, I a. [Lat. mucrona- 

Mu'cro-na'ted, ) tus, fr. mvcro, a 
sharp point.] Terminating abrupt- 
ly, or in short, spinous processes. 

Mu'€U-LENT, a. [Lat. mvculentus.] 
Slimy ; moist and viscous. 

Mu'€US,n. [Lat.] A vise id fluid se- 
creted by the mucous membrane. 

MUD, n. [L. Ger. mudde.] Faith wet, 
soft, and adhesive. — v. t. To make 
foul with dirt ; to muddy. [mr. 

Mud'di-ly, adv. In a muddy m;.n- 

MDd'di-ness, v. Condition or qual- 
ity of being muddy. 

MOd'dle, n. A state of being tur- 
bid ; hence, intellectual dullness. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make tur- 
bid, or muddy. 2. To stupefy. 

Mud'dy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] "[From 
mud.] 1. Be.'mearcd with mud. 2. 
Containing, or consisting of, mud. 
3. Dull; stupid, —v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To Ol with mud ; to dirty. 

MOd'-sill, n. Lowest rill of a struct- 
ure, usually imbedded in the soil. 

Mu-ez'zin, n. [Ar., from azzana, to 
inform.] A Mohan. medan crier of 
the hour of prayer. 

Muff, n. [Icel. mvffa.] A warm 
cover for receiving the hands. 

Muf'fin, n. [From Fug. muff.] A 
light, spongy cake. 

Muf'fle, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Prov. 
Ger. muffeln, fr. muff, muff.] 1. To 
wrap up in something that conceals. 
2. To wrap with something that 
dulls or renders sound inaudible. — 
n. [L. Lat. muff'ula, muff, fr. the 
resemblance of its form.] A vessel 
for purifying gold and silver. 

Muf'fler, n. A wrapper for the face, 
head, or neck. 

Muf'tY (147), n. [Ar.] An official 
expounder of Mohammedan law in 
Turkey. 

MfJG,n. [Ir. mvgan.] A kind of cup. 

MUG'GY, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [Icel. 
mugga, mist.] Moist or damp and 
close. 

MU-LAT'TO, n.; pi. MU-LA"T'TOEffc 
[Sp. mulato, from Lat. mulus, mule. \ 
Offspring of a negress by a whiteman, 
or of a white woman by a negro. 

MfJL'BER-RY, n. [A -&.mur,murbe- 
rie, from Lat. morvm, mulberry.] 
Berry or fruit of a tree ; also, the tree 
itself. 

Mulch (66), n. [Allied to mull.] 
Half-rotten straw, &c, strown over 
the roots of plants to protect from 



A., E, J '>, U, Y,long; Aji^jfjOjUjY/sAGr*; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM j PIQUE, FIRM; SOJ^ 



MULCT 



281 



MUSEUM 



heat or cold. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To protect with mulch. 
Mulct, n. [Lat. mulcta.] A fine; a 

pecuuiary penalty. — v. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To punish by a fine ; to fine. 
Mule, n. [Lat. tnidus, A.-S. mill.] 

1. A quadruped of a mongrel breed. 

2. A plant of a mongrel kind ; a hy- 
brid, [mules. 

MC'le-teer', ii. One who drives 

Mul'ish, a. Like a mule; sullen. 

Mull, v. t. [-ed; -ing. J [Either 
from Lat. mollire, to soften, or from 
W. mwll, warm, or allied to Goth. 
milith, honey.] 1. To heat, sweeten, 
and enrich with spices. 2. To dispir- 
it or deaden. — n. [Perh. contr. fr. 
mossul, muslin.] A thin, soft kind 
of muslin. 

Mur/LEiv, I n. [Fr. moUne, fr. mo/, 

MOl/len, I soft.] A plaut growing 
in roads, &c. 

MHll'ER, n. [Cf. Lat. m.olere, to 
grind.] A stone to grind pigments. 

M&l'let, n. [Lat. mullus.] A fish 
which roots in the sand like a hog. 

Mull'JOX, n. [Perh: fr. Fr. mouler, 
to mold.] A slender bar between the 
lights of windows, screens, &c. 

Mult-an'gu-lar, a. [Lat. multus, 
many, and angulus, angle.] Having 
many angles; polygonal. 

Mul'ti-fa'ri-ous. a. [Lat. multifa- 
rius; multus, much, many.] Having 
multiplicity ; of various kinds. 

MUL/TI-FA'RI-OUS-LY, adv. With 
great multiplicity and diversity. 

MDl'ti-fold, a. [Lat multus, many, 
and Eng. fold.] Manifold. 

MfJL'Tl-FORM, a. [Lat. multiformis ; 
multus, much, many, and^/brma, 
shape.] Having many forms, shapes, 
or appearances. 

Mul'ti-form'i-ty, n. Diversity of 
forms or appearances. 

MlJL'TI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. multus, 
much, many, and latus,lateris, side.] 
Having many sides. 

MUL-TIL'O-QUENOE, v. [h:lt. mu'.tus, 
much, many, and lo'/uens, speaking.] 
Use of many words. 

Mul-tip'a-rous, a. [Lat. multus, 
much, many, and jiarere, to bear.] 
Producing many at a birth. 

MUL-TIP'AR-TITE, a. [Lat. midtipar- 
titus ; multus, much, many , and par- 
titus, divided.] Divided into many 
parts. 

MuL'Tl-PLE, n [L. Lat. multiplus.] 
A quantity containing another a cer- 
tain number of times without a re- 
mainder. _ 

Mul'ti-plua-ble, ) a. Capable of 

MOL'Tl-PLI-€A-BLE, ) being multi- 
plied. 

Mul'ti-pligXnd', n. [Lat. multi- 
plicandus, to be multiplied.] The 
number to be multiplied by another. 

MUL'TI-PLI-eATE, or MUL-TIP'LI- 
■e ATE , a. Consisting of many ; mul- 
tifold. 

MOl'ti-PLI-OA'tion, n. Act of mul- 
tiplying ; increasing number. « 

MOL'TI-PLI-OA'TOR, n. The number 
by which another is multiplied. 



MuL'Tr-PLlc'l-TY,?!. A state of being 
multiple, manifold, or various. 

Mul'ti-pli'er, n. One who, or that 
which, multiplies. 

MUL'TI-PLY (54), V. t. [-ED; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. multiplex ; multus, much, 
and plicare, to fold.] 1. To increase 
in number. 2. To add to itself any 
given number as many times as there 
are units in any other given num- 
ber. — «* i. To become numerous. 

MOl'ti-tude (53), n. [Lat. multitu- 
de) ; multus, much, many.] 1 State 
of being many. 2. A great number 
of individuals. 

MDl'ti-tu'di-na-ry, ) a. Consist- 

Mul'ti-tu'di-nous, ) ingofainul- 
titude ; manifold. 

Mul'TI-valve, n. A mollusk which 
has a shell of many valves. 

Mul'ti-valve, la. [La.t.mul- 

Mul'TI-vXlv'U-LAR, J tus, much, 
many, and valva, valve.] Having 
many valves. 

Mum, a. [Cf. Mumble.] Silent ; not 
speaking. — inter j. Be silent ; hush. 
— n. [From Chr. Mumme, who first 
brewed it.] A sort of strong beer. 

MUM'BLE, v. i. or t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[D. mompelen, mnmmelen. Cf. 
MUMP.] 1. To speak with the lips 
closed; to mutter. 2. To eat with 
the lips closed. 

Mum'bler, n. One who mumbles. 

MUMM, V. t. [-ed; -ING.] [N. II. 
Ger. mummen.] To sport in a mask 
or disguise ; to mask. 

MtJM'MER, n. A masker; a buffoon. 

MlJM'MER-Y, n. 1. Masking; diver- 
sion ; buffoonery. 2. Farcical show. 

MuM / M[-FI-€A'TlON, n. Act of mak- 
ing into a mummy. 

MUM'MI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. mummy, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To embalm as a mummy. 

MUM'MY, n. [Per. mtimiya, fr. mtim, 
mCm, wax.] A dead body embalmed 
and dried, or otherwise preserved. 

MUMP, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Icel. 
mumpa, to take into the mouth.] 1. 
To nibble. 2. To talk imperfectly. 

Mump'er, n. A beggar. 

Mjmp'isii, a. Dull; sullen; sour. 

Mumps, ii.pl. [Prov. Eng. mump, to 
be sulky.] A peculiar inflammation 
of the parotid glands. 

Munch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing] [Fr. 
manger, to eat.] To chew without 
opening the mouth. 

MtJN'DANE , a. [Lat. mundanus ; fr. 
mundus, the world.] Belonging to 
the world ; worldly. 

MUN'DI-FI-CA'TION, n. [Lat. mundi- 
Jicare, to make clean.] Act of cleans- 
ing from dross, &c. 

Mun'GO, n. A fibrous material ob- 
tained by deviling fine woolen rags. 

Mu-n'ic'i-pal, a. [Lat municipals; 
municipium, a free town.] 1. Per- 
taining to a corporation or city. 2. 
Pertaining to a state, kiugdom,or 
nation. [district. 

Mu-NKVl-pXr/I-TY, n. A municipal 

Mu-nif'i-ceisce, n. Quality of being 
munificent ; great liberality. 



MU-NIF'I-CENT, a. [Lat. munificus , 
munus, gift, and facere, to make.] 
Very liberal in giving or bestowiug. ' 
Syn. — Beneficent; bounteous; boun- 
tiful; liberal; generous. 

MU'Nl-MENT, n. [Lat. munimenium; 
munire, to fortify.] 1. A place or 
means of defense. 2. A record ; title- 
deeds, r 

Mu-n'i'tion (-nish'un), n. [Lat. m>£ 
nitio ; munire, to fortify.] Mateii» 
als used in war ; military stores. 

Mu'RAL, a. [Lat. muralis ; murus, 
wall] Pertaining to a wall. 

MOr'DER, n. [A.-S. mordhvr, allied 
to Lat. mors, death.] Act of killing 
a human being with malice afore- 
thought. — v. t. [-ED: -ING.] 1. 
To kill with premeditated malice. 2. 
To put an end to. fder. 

Mur'der-ER, n. One guilty of mur- 

Mur'der-ess, n. A woman who com- 
mits murder 

MUR'DER-Ofis, a. 1. Guilty of, con- 
sisting in, or accompanied with, mur- 
der. 2. Premeditating murder. 

Mur'der-ous-LY, adv. In a mur- 
derous manner. 

MU'RI-ATE, ,t. [From Lat. murin.] 
A compound formed by the union of 
muriatic acid with a base. 

Mu / RI-AT'I€, a. Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, sea-salt. 

Murk'y, a. [-ER: -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
myrc] Dark ; obscure ; gloomy. 

MUR'MUR, n. [Lat.] 1. A low, con- 
fused, and indistinct sound. 2. A 
half-suppressed complaint. — v. i. 
[-Ed; -ing.] 1. To make a low, 
continued noise, like the hum of 
bees, or a stream of water. 2. To 
utter complaints in a low, half-artic- 
ulated voice ; to grumble. 

Mur'mur-er, ii. One who murmurs. 

Mur'raIn (42), n. [Lat. mori, to die.] 
An infectious disease among cattle. 

Mus'ga-dine (or -dm), n. [Ar. mus- 
kat, nutmeg, fr. musk,misk, musk.] 
1. A rich, spicy grape, or a wine 
made from it 2. A fragrant pear. 

MOs'cle (nitis'sl), n. [Lat. musculus, 
dim. of mus, a mouse.] 1. A fleshy 
organ of motion in animal bodies. 2. 
A bivalvular shell -fish. 

Mus'co-VA'DO, a. [Sp. mascabado, 
fr. mascabar. to les en, impair.] Re- 
lating to unrefined or raw sugar. 

Mus'€U-LAR, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
muscle, or constituting a muscle or 
muscles. 2. Well furnished with 
muscles; brawny; powerful. 

Mtfs'eu-LXR'I-TY, n. Stato of being 
muscular. 

Muse, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. II. Ger. 
mozon, muozon, to be idle.] 1. To 
think closely, or in silence. 2 To 
be absent-minded. 

Syx. — To ponder; consider; medi- 
tate; ruminate. 

— v. t. To think on; to meditate 
on. — n. 1. Deep thought; hence, 
sometimes, absence of mind. 2. [Gr 
imoOo-a.] One of the nine goddesses 
who presided over the liberal arts. 

MU-se"DM (124), ii. [Lat. museum, Gr. 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; O, G, hard, AS j EJIST: Ecwng; THIS 



MUSH 



282 



MYSTERIOUS 



fiovtrelov, temple of the Muses.] A col- 
lection of curiosities, or works of art. 

Mush,//. [0. II. Ger. muos . muas, 
pap.] Indian meal boiled in water. 

Mush'room, n. [Fr. mousseron, fr. 
mousse, moss, because it grows in 
it.] 1. One of a large class of cry pto- 
gamic plants, esp. such species as 
are used as food 2. An upstart. 

£5u'SI€, n. [Gr. /uovo-i/crj, (sc. rex^), 
any art over which the Muses pre- 

' sided, esp. music. J 1. A succession 
of sounds so modulated as to please 
the ear. 2. Science of harmonical 
sounds. 3. Art of combining sounds 
in a manner to please the ear. 

M0'si€-AL, a. 1. Relating to music. 
2. "Producing music. 3. Pleasing to 
the ear ; melodious ; harmonious. 

Mu'si€-AL-LY, ado. lu a musical 
manner. [in music. 

Mu-sJ'cian (-zish'an), n. One skilled 

Musk, n. [Ar. musk, misk, fr. Skr. 
mushka, testicle.] A strong-scented 
substance from a bag behind the na- 
vel of a kind of deer. 

Mus'ket, n. [L. Lat. musc/uta, mus- 
chetta.] A kind of fire-arm. 

Mus'ket-eer', n. A soldier armed 
with a musket. 

Mus'icet-oon', n. A short musket. 

Mus'KET-RY, n. Muskets in general 
or collectively. [musky. 

Musk'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

MDsk'-mel'on, n. A species of mel- 
on of a musky fragrance. 

Musk'-ox, n. A 
bovine ruminant 
inhabiting the 
country about 
Hudson's Bay. 

Musk'-rXt, n. A 
rodent animal, 
allied to the bea- 
ver, but about Musk-ox. 
the size of a cat, 
having a strong, musky smell. 

Musk'y, a. Having the odor of musk ; 
fragrant. 

Mus'lin, n. [From Mossoul, where it 
was first manufactured.] A thin cot- 
ton cloth of any kind; especially, a 
kind of cotton gauze. 

Muslin de laihe [Fr. rvousseline de laiue, 
woolen muslin], a woolen fabric of light 
texture, also, a fabric of cotton and wool. 

Mus'QUASH, n. [Indian.] Same as 
Musk-rat. [quito. 

MUS-QUJ'TO (-kS'to), n. See Mos- 

MGs'ROLE, n. [Fr. muserolle, from 
museau, a muzzle.] The nose-band 
of a bridle. 

Muss, n. [0. Fr. mousche.] A con- 
fused struggle. 

Mus'sel, n. [Written also muscle.] 
A mariue bivalve shell-fish. 

Mjs'sul-man (150), n. - [Ar. mos- 
le&mna, pi. of moslem, muslim. See 

I Moslem.] A follower of Moham- 
med ; a Moslem. 

Mos'SUL-Man'ish, a. Mohammedan. 

Must, v. i. or auxiliary. [0. Sax. 
mCste.] 1. To be obliged. 2. To be 
necessary or essential. — n. [Lat. 
mustum (sc vinum); mustus, new, 




fresh.] New wine unfermented. — 
v. i. [Cf. MOIST.] lo grow muidy 
and sour. 

MDs-TACHE^-tash') ; pi. mus-tXch'- 
E§. [Gr. (jLvaTaj-, upper lip.] That 
part of the beard growing on the 
upper lip. [prairies. 

Mus'TANG; n. The wild horse of the 

Mus'tard, n. [b'rom Lat. mustum, 
must, because mixed with it] A 
plant and its pungent seeds. 

Mus-tee', n. [<Jf Mestizo.] Child 
of a white person and a quadroon. 

MOs'TER, V. t. [-EDJ-1MG.] [Lat. 
monstrare, to show.] 1. To assem- 
ble for parade, inspection, &c. 2. 
To get together. — V. i. To come to- 
gether as parts of a force or body. — 
n. 1. An assembling of troops. 2. 
Assemblage and display ; gathering. 

MOs'TER-ROLL, n. A register of 
troops. [musty. 

Must'i-ness, v. Quality of beintr 

Must'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Moldy ; sour ; fetid. 2. Spoiled by 
age. [inconstancy. 

Mu/TA-BIL'I-TY, n. Changeableness ; 

Mu'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. mutabilis ; mu- 
tare, to change.] 1. Subject to 
change. 2. Inconstant. 

Syn. — Changeable ; unstable ; un- 
steady ; unsettled ; wavering ; variable ; 
irresolute; fickle. 

Mu'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing mutable; mutability. 

Mu-TA'TION, n. 1. Act or process of 
changiug. 2. Change ; alteration. 

Mute, a. [Lat. minus.] 1. Uttering 
no sound. 2. Incapable of speaking. 
3. Unpronounced ; also, produced by 
complete closure of the mouth-or- 
gans. 

Syn. — Silent: dumb. — One is sdent 
Vfhodocs not speak; one is dumb who can 
not.for want of the proper organs, as a 
child born dumb, a dumb beast, &c.; one 
is mute who is In/ld back from speaking 
by some special cause, as, he was mute 
through fear, mute astonishment, &c. 

— n. 1. One who is silent or speech- 
less, from whatever cause ; specifical- 
ly, a dumb attendant of a seraglio. 
2. A silent letter. 3. An element 
of speech formed by a complete clos- 
ure of the mouth-organs ; asp, b, t. 

— v. i. [Fr. mittir.] To eject the 
contents of the bowels, as birds. 

MUTE'LY, adv. Without uttering 
words or sounds. [ing : silence. 

MfJTE'NESS, n. Forbearance of speak- 

Mu'TJ-LATE,r. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
mutilare, -latum, from mutilus, 
maimed.] 1. To cut off a limb or es- 
sential ptrtof ; to maim ; to cripple. 
2. To deform in any way. 

Mu'Ti-LA'TroN, n. Act of mutilating, 
or state of beinc; mutilated. 

Mii'Tl-LA'TOR, n. One who mutilates. 

MUTI-NEER', n. One guilty of mu- 
tiny, [turbulent. 

Mu'T i-nous, a. Disposed to mutiny ; 

MO'Tl-NY, n. [From L. Lat. moviia, 
fr. movere, to move.] Insurrection 
against constituted authority, esp. 
military or naval authority. — v. i. 
[-ed; -ing, 142.] To rise against 



lawful authority, especially in mill 
tary and naval service. 

MDT'TER,f. i. ort. [-ED, -ing.] [Lat. 
muttire.] To speak low and indis- 
tinctly ; to grumble ; to murmur. 

MUT'TON (mut'tn), n. [Fr. moutov, 
fr. Lat. mutilus, mutilated.] Fle&h 
of sheep, raw or dressed. 

MDt'ton-chop, v. A rib of mutton 
for broiling, having the bone chopped 
at the small end. 

Mut'u-al, a. [Lat. mutuus, fr. mu- 
tare, to change ] Reciprocally act- 
ing, related, or given and received. 

Syn. — Reeipiocal : common.— Com- 
mon is applied to that which belongs 
alike, or vn common, to the parties con- 
cerned: as, our common country, a com- 
mon friend. Mutual implies an inter- 
change of the thing spoken of between 
the parties: as, ?;(W/«f»/f'iiendship. Hence, 
to speak of " a mutual friend " (as if a 
friend eould be interchanged), is a gross 
error; while it is proper to speak of hav- 
ing a mutual desire to promote the inter- 
ests of a common friend. 

MUT'u-AL'I-TY.n. Reciprocation ; in- 
terchange, [ner. 

Mut'u-al-ly, adv. In a mutual inan- 

Mut'ule, n. [Lat. mu- 
tulus ] A projecting 
block, worked under 
the corona of the Doiic Mutule. 
cornice, in the same situation as the 
modillion of the Corinthian order. 

Muz'ZLE, n [L. Lat. muselius.] 1. 
Mouth and nose of an animaJL 2. 
Mouth of a thing. 3. A fasltting 
for the mouth to stop biting. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To bind the mouth of 
sous to prevent biting or eating. 

MY (35), a. [See Mine.] Belonging 
to me. 

Mynheer', n. [D., my lord or mas- 
ter.] Sir ; Mr. ; — among the Dutch ; 
hence, a Dutchman. 

My-ol'o-gy, v. [Gr. pG<r, muscle, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A description 
of the muscles. 

My'ope, n. [Gr. pv<£i/> ; pvW, to shut 
the eyes.] A short-sighted person. 

My'o-PY, n. Short-sightedness. 

M\'R'I-AD, n. [Gr. /uvpids, /avpidSos, 
fr. /uvpios, numberless.] 1. Number 
of ten thousand. 2. An immense 
number. 

Myr'i-a-pod, n. [Gr. p.vpioi, ten 
thousand, and novs, iroSos. foot.] 
An air-breathing, verr brni ani- 
iupI, having many jointed legs. 

M YR'I-O-RA'MA , or MYR'I-O-RA'ATA. 
n. [Gr. pvpios, numberless, and 
cp<x/u.a, a sight.] A picture made up 
of several smaller pictures, which 
admit of very many combinations. 

Myr'MI-DON (moV-), «. [Gr. Mvp/txi- 
SoVes, pi-] A soldier of a rough or 
desperate character. 

Myrrh (nur), n. [Lat. myrrha, Heb. 
mor, fr. mar, bitter.] A transparent 
aromatic gum-resin. 

Myr'tle (mor'tl), n. [Gr. ixvpros. 
fr. Per. murd.] A genus of plants 
of several species. [emphasis. 

My-SELE', pron. I or me ; — used for 

Mys-te'RI-OCS, a. Difficult or im- 
possible to understand. 



A, E, I, O.U, X,long; A 3 ii,I,6,U,Y,5/iOrt; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL } 'XEltMj PIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 



MYSTERIOUSLY 



283 



NASTINESS 



Mys-TE'ri-OUS-LY, adv. In a mys- 
terious manner. 
MYS'TER-Y, n. [Gr. fj.vcmjpi.ov, from 
fivetv, to shut the eyes.] 1. A pro- 
found secret ; that which is beyond 
human comprehension until ex- 
plained. 2. A trade ; any mechan- 
ical occupation. 3. A kind of rude 
religious drama. [ticism. 

Mvs'Tie, n. One who holds to mys- 
Mvs'Tl€, )a. [See supra.] 1. Re- 
Mvs'tI€-al, ) mote from human 
comprehension ; obscure. 2. Involv- 
ing some secret meaning ; allegorical. 



I MYS'TH3-AL-LY,ad«. With a secret 
I meaning. 

j Mys'ti-cIsm, n. 1. Obscurity of doc- 
trine. 2. Doctrine of the Mystics, 
who maintain that they have direct 
intercourse with the divine Spirit. 
Mys'ti-fi-ga'tion, n. Act of in- 
volving in mystery. 
Mys'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Gr. /u.u<mjs, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To involve in mystery ; to 
perplex purposely. 
Myth, n. [Gr. /uv0os.] A fabulous 
statement or narrative. 



MYTH'ie, ) a. Relating to myths; 
MvTH'ie-AL, I described in a myth; 

of the nature of a myth ; fabulous ; 

imaginary . 
MYTH'O-LOG're, la. Relating to 
Myth'o-l,6g'I€-AL , j mythology ; 

fabulous. 
My-thol/o-GIST, n. One versed in 

mythology. 
MY-THOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. ^vOokoyia; 

fj-vOos, fable, and Aoyos, discourse.] 

1. The science that treats of myths ; 

a treatise on myths, 2. A collect 

ive body of myths. 



N. 



^T (en) is the fourteenth letter of the 

J^| English alphabet, and the 
eleventh consonant. See Prin. of 
Pron., §§81-83. 

NAB, v. t. [-bed; -BING.] [Ger. 
hnapp'-n.] To catch suddenly. 

NA'BOB, n. [Hind, nawwab, fr. Ar. 
naba, to take one's turn.] 1. A dep- 
uty or viceroy in India. 2. A very 
rich man. 

Na'€RE (na'ker), n. [Sp. nacar, fr. 
Ar. naklr, hollowed.] Mother-of- 
pearl, [nacre. 

Na'€RE-OUS, a. Consisting of, or like, 

NA'DIR, n. [Ar. nadir, opposite.] 
That point of the heavens directly 
opposite to the zenith. 

Nag, n. [D. negge, allied to A.-S. 
hnsegan, to neigh.] A pony ; any 
horse. 

NA'IAD'Cnl'yad), n. [Gr. vat'ds, fr. vd- 
eiv, to how.] A female deity, fabled 
to preside over rivers and springs. 

NAIL, n. [A.-S. ndgel.] 1. Horn v scale 
at the end of the fingers and toes. 
2. Claw or talon of a bird, &c. 3 A 
metal pin to fasten boards, &c. 4. 
Two inches and a quarter. — v. t. 
[-ED; -1NG.] 1. To fasten with a 
nail or nails. 2. To fix; to catch. 

NXll/ER-Y, n A manufactory where 
nails are made. 

Naive (na/3v'), a. [Fr. naif, naive, 
fr. Lat. nativus, natural.] Having 
native or unaffected simplicity : in- 
genuous, [tive simplicity. 

Naivete (na/Sv'ta'), n. [Fr.] Na- 

NA'KED (60), a. [A.-S. naced.] 1. 
Having no clothes on ; uncovered ; 
bare : nude. 2. Open to view. 3. 
Without addition, exaggeration, ex- 
cuses, &c. 4. Destitute, unaided. 
5. Mere : simple. 

Na'iced-ly, ado. In a naked man- 
ner ; barely. [naked. 

Na'ked-ness, n. Condition of being 

Ka.YI'BY-PAM'BY, a. [From Ambrose 
Phillips, an English poet.] Weakly 
and affectedlv sentimental. 

Name,h. [A.-S. noma.] 1 Title by 
which any person or thing is known. 
2. Reputation ; exalted reputation. 
Syn. — Appellation; title; denomina- 



tion ; epithet. — Name is generic, denot- 
ing that combination of sounds or letters 
by which a person or thing is known 
and distinguished. Appellation denotes, 
properly, a descriptive term, used by way 
of marking some individual peculiarity 
or characteristic; as, Charles the Bold. 
A title is a term employed to point out 
one's rank, office, &c: as, the Duke of 
Bedford. D&nomination is to particular 
bodies what appellation is to individ- 
uals; thus, the church of Christ is di- 
vided into different denominations, as, 
Episcopalians, Presbyterians, &c. 

— v.t. [-EDj-lXG.] 1. To give an 
appellation to. 2. To mention by 
name. 3. To designate. 

Syx. — To denominate; style; term. 

Na.:me'less, a. Without a name. 

Name'ly, ado. To wit ; that i ; to say. 

Name 'sake, n. One that has the 
same name as another. 

Nan-keen', n. [Originally manufact- 
ured at Nankin.] A species of stout 
yellowish cotton cloth. 

Nap, v. i. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. 
hnappian.] To have a short sleep ; 
to doze. — n. [A.-S. hnoppa.] Wool- 
ly surface, as of felt, &c. 

Nape, n. [Cf. A.-S. cn'dp, a top.] 
Rack part of the neck. 

Naph'tha (nap'tha or naf'tha), n. 
[Syr. naphtha, Ar. nqflii, fr. nafa- 
tha^ to boil.] A volatile, bituminous 
liquid, very' inflammable, occurring 
in nature ; rock-oil. 

Nap'kin, n. [Dim. of Fr. nappe, a 
table-cloth, fr. Lat. mappa, napkin.] 
A cloth for wiping the mouth. 

Nap'pi-ness, n. Quality of being 
nappy. 

Nap'py, a. [From nap.] 1. Inclined 
to sleep ; sleepy. 2. Tending to 
cause sleepiness. 3. Dowuy ; shaggy. 

NAR-eoT-'l-e, \a. [Gr. vapKutTL- 

NAK-€OT're-AI,, ) kos, fr. vapKOVV, 
to benumb.] 1. Producing sleep. 2. 
Producing stupor and convulsions. 

NAR-€OT'IC, n. A medicine which 
relieves pain, and produces sleep, 
and sometimes stupor, or even death. 

Nar'€0-tine, n. An alkaloid ob- 
tained from opium. 

NARD, n. [Gr. vapSos, fr. Skr. nalada, 
fr. nala, perfume, and da, giving. 



An aromatic plant, or an unguent 
prepared from the plant. « 

Nar-kate', or Nar'rate, v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. narrare, narra- 
tum.] To tell, reheai'se, or recite. 

Nar-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of relating 
the pax ticulax-s of an event ; recital ; 
rehearsal. 2. That which is related. 

NAR'RA-TlVE,a. 1. Giving a partic- 
ular account. 2. Inclined to relate 
stox-ies. — n. The x-ecital of a story. 

Nar-ra'TOR, n. One who narrates. 

NAR'ROW, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. 
nearu, nearo.] 1. Of little breadth. 

2. Of little extent ; circumscribed. 

3. Contracted in mind, disposition, 
views, feelings, &c. 4. Within a 
small distance ; near; hence, involv- 
ing serious exposure. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To lessen the breadth of. 
2. To make less libex-al ; to limit. — - 
v. i. _To become less broad. 

Nar'row-ly, adv. With little 
breadth ; closely ; carefully ; barely ; 
merely. [mean-spirited. 

Nar'row-mino'ed, a. Illiberal ; 

Nar'row-ness, n. Quality of being 
narrow; penuriousness ; illiberality . 

Nar'rows,)!./;/. A narrow passage 
through a mountain, or a narrow 
channel between one body of water 
and another ; a strait. 

Nar'wal, 1 n. —j^s. t 

Nar'whal, j [Icel. -— ^p™*^- 
nahvalr, fr. Icel. 
h valr, Eng. whale, * arwhal. 
and Icel, nor, net, corpse, on account 
of its whitish skin.] A cetaceous 
mammal. The male has a long, 
twisted tusk, projecting from the 
upper jaw. 

Na'sal, a. [Lat. nasus, the nose.] 
Pertaining to, or spoken through, 
the nose. — n. An elementax-y sound 
uttex-ed through the nose, or through 
both the xiose and mouth. 

Na-sae'i-ty. n. State or quality of 
being nasal. 

Nas'^ENT, a. [Lat. nascens.] Begin- 
ning to exist or to grow. 

Nas'ti-ly, adv. Filthily ; dirtily. 

Nas'ti-ness, n. Quality of being 
nasty ; extreme filthiness ; obscenity, 



OR, do, wqlf, too, TOOK j fJRN, RUE, pi;ll ; JS,l, o, silent ; 9, G, so/*; €,G,hard; Agj exist; nqsng; this 



NASTURTIUM 



284 



NEBULA 



Nas-tur'tium, n. [Lat.] A genus 
of plants, with yellow flowers. 

Nas'ty, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [Prob. 
allied to Ger. nasz, Met.] 1. Offen- 
sively filthy. 2. Indecent; indeli- 
cate ; obscene. 

Syn. — Wet; filthy; foul; dirty .—Any 
thing nasty is wet or damp, and disgusts 
by its stickiness or odor. Not so with 
filthy and foul, which imply only that a 
thing is filled or covered with offensive 
matter, ns filthy clothing, foul vapors, 
&c. The English have a peculiar use of 
this word, calling a rain in fine drops a 
nasty rain, a day of such rain a nasty 
day, a sky which portends it a najy sky, 
thus retaining the original sense of wet 
as the leading idea. 

Na'tal, a. [Lat. natalis, from natus, 
p. p. of nasci, to be born.] Relating 
to one ; s birth. 

Na'TANT, a. [Lat. nutans, swimming.] 
Floating ou the surface of water, as 
the leaf of an aquatic plant. 

NA'TA-TO RY, a. [Lat. natatcrius ; 
natare, to swim.] Enabling to swim. 

Na'tion, n. [Lat. natio.] A body of 
people under the same government, 
and generally of the same origin and 
language. 
Syn. — See People. 

Na'tion-al (nasb/un-), a. 1. Per- 
taining to a nation ; public ; general. 
2. Attached to one's own country. 

Na'tion-al-ism (nash/un-), a. State 
of being national. 

Na'TION-al/1-TY (nash'un-), n. 1. 
Quality of being national. 2. Na- 
tional character. 3. A race or peo- 
ple ; a nation. 

Na'tion-al-Ize (nash'un-), v. t. 
[-ED \ -ING.] To make national. 

NA'TION-AL-LY (nash'un-), adv. In 
a national manner. 

Na'TIVE, a. [Lat. nativus ; nasci, na- 
tus, to be born.] 1. Pertaining to 
one : s birth. 2. Lorn with one ; indig- 
enous. 3. Produced by nature ; un- 
artificial. 

Syn. — Natural ; natal. — Natural re- 
fers to the nature of a thing; native to 
one's hirth or origin, as a native coun- 
try, language, &c; natal to the circum- 
Etances of one's birth, as a natal day or 
star. Native* talent is that which is in- 
horn ; natural talent is that which springs 
from the structure of the mind. 

— n . One born in a place or country. 

NA-TIV'I-TY, n. 1. Birth. 2. Time, 
place, or circumstances of birth. 

NAt'ty, a. [Allied to neat.] Neat; 
fine ; spruce. 

Nat'u-ual(66),<z. [See Nature.] 1. 
Pertaining to the constitution of a 
thing. 2. Conformed to the order 
or laws of nature ; regular. 3. Hav- 
ing to do with the existing system of 
things. 4. Conformed to truth or 
reality. 5. illegitimate. 6. Pertain- 
ing to the animal nature merely. 7. 
Pertaining to a kev which has nei- 
ther a fiat nor a sharp for ifs sitrna- 
ture. — n. 1. An idiot 2. (Mits.) 
A character [thus, ] used to re- 
move the effect of a preceding sharp 
or flat. 

NAt'u-RAL-Ism, n. 1. Mere state of 



nature. 2. Denial of a supernatural 
agency in the miracles and revela- 
tions of God. 

Nat'u-ral-Ist, n. One who studies 
natural history or physics. 

Nat'U-ral.-1-zA'tion, n. Invest- 
ment of an alien with the rights and 
privileges of a, citizen. 

Nat'u-ral-ize, t\ t. [-ed; -ING.] 

1. To make natural or easy and fa- 
miliar. 2. To confer the rights and 
privileges of a citizen on. 3. To ac- 
custom ; to habituate. 

NXt'U-RAL-LY, adv. 1. According to 
nature. 2. Without art or affecta- 
tion, [natural. 

Nat'u-ral-ness, n. State of being 

NAT'URE (53), n. [Lat. natura; natvs, 
born.] 1. Native character. 2. Kind; 
sort ; species. 3. Established course 
of things. 4. The creation ; the uni- 
verse. 5. The agencies which carry 
on the processes of the creation. 6. 
Adherence to what is natural. 7. 
Nakedness. 

Naught (nawt, 75), n. [A.-S. navht, 
fr. ne, not, and aitht, aught.] Noth- 
ing. — adv. In no degree. — a. 1. 
Worthless; bad. 2. Vile ; naughty. 

NAUGHT'I-LY (nawt'I-l.v), adv. In a 
naughty manner ; wickedly ; cor- 
ruptly. 

Naught'i-ness (nawt/]-) n. Quality 
of being naughty. 

NAUGHT'Y (nawt'y) a. [-ER; -EST, 
142.] 1. Corrupt; wicked. [Obs.] 

2. Mischievous. 

Nau'se-a (naw'she-a), n. [Lat., from 
Gr. vavs, ship.] Seasickness, or any 
similar sickness; qualm. 

Nau'se-ate (-she-), v. i. To become 
squeamish; to feel disgust. — v. t. 
[-ED : -ING.] To affect with nausea. 

NAU'SEOUS (naw'shus), a. Causing, 
or fitted to cause, nausea, [manner. 

Na.U'seous-ey, adv. In a loathsome 

NAU'SEOtts-NESS, n. Loathsomeness. 

NAU'Tie-AE, a. [Gr. vclvtikos, from 
vav%, ship.] Pertaining to seamen, 
or to navigation. 

Syn.— Naval; marine; maritime. See 
Naval. 

Nau'ti-lus, n. [Gr. 
vavTtAos, a seaman.] 
A small cephalopo- 
dous mollusk, having '/' 
the mouth surround- 
ed by numerous small 
tentacles. 

Na/val, a. [Lat. nava- 
lis ,- navis, ship, Gr. 
vivs.} Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, ships. 

Syn. — Nautical; marine; maritime. — 
Naval is applied to ships or a navy ; nau- 
tical, to seamen and the art of naviga- 
tion. Hence, we speak of a naval, as 
opposed to a military, engagement; na- 
val equipments or stores, a naval tri- 
umph, a 7>nr(d i flficer, &c, and of nauti- 
cal pursuits or instruction, &c. 

Nave, n. 1. [A.-S. </?a/w..] The hub 
or centre piece of timber or part of a 
wheel. 2. [From Lat. navis, ship.] 
Middle or body of a church. 

Na'V£E (na'vl), n. [A.-S. nafola, na- 




Nautilus. 



fela. Cf. supra.] A depression 
the center of the abdomen. 

NA-vl€'u-LAR, a. 1. Relating to small 
ships or boats. 2. Shaped like a 
boat. [being navigable. 

NAv'I-GA-BH/l-TY, n. Condition of 

Nav'I-ga-ble, a. Admitting of be- 
ing navigated. 

NXv'i-ga-ble-ness, n. Navigability. 

Nav'1-gate, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
navigare, -gatvm ; navis, ship, and 
agere, to move.] To go in a vessel or 
ship ; t6 sail. — v. t. 1. To pass over 
in ships. 2. To steer. 

NXVI-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of navi- 
gating. 2. Method of determining a 
ship's position, course, &c. 3. Ves- 
sels ; shipping. 

Nav'i-ga'tor, n. One who is skill- 
ful in the art of navigation. 

NXv'VY, n. [From navigator.] A la- 
borer on canals, docks, or railroads. 

Na'vy, n. [Lat. navis, ship.] 1. A 
fleet of ships. 2. Ships of war, col- 
lectively. 3. Officers and men of the 
war-vessels of a nation. 

Nay, adv. [A.-S. na.] 1. No. 2. Not 
only so. — n. Denial ; refusal. 

Naz'a-RENE', n. An inhabitant of 
Nazareth ; one of the early converts 
to Christianity. 

Naz'a-rite, n. A Jew bound by a 
vow to extraordinary devotion and 
purity of life. 

Neap, n. [Cf. Neb.] 1. Tongue or 
pole of a cart, &c. 2. A prop for 
the front of a cart, &c. — a. [A.-S. 
nep, neap. Cf. A.-S. hnipan, hn'ipian, 
to cast down, fall.] Low. 

NE'A-FOL'I-TAN, a. [Gr. Nea7roAts, 
{i. e., New-town), Naples.] Pertain- 
ing to Naples. 

NEAR, a. [-ER;-EST.] [A.-S. nearn, 
compar. of nedh, nigh.] 1. Not far 
distant, in place, time, or degree : 
closely connected. 2 Next to the 
driver of a team . 3. Immediate ; di- 
rect. 4. Parsimonious. — adv. 1. 
At a little distance only. 2. Almost. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To approach; 
to come nearer. — v. i. To draw 
near. — prep. Close by ; not far from. 

Near'LY, adv. 1. At no great dis- 
tance. 2. Closely. 3. Intimately. 
4. Almost. 

Near'ness, n. 1. Closeness. 2. Close 
alliance by blood. 3. Intimacy. 

Near'-sIght'ed (-sit'), a. Seeing at 
small distance only. 

Neat, n. [A.-S. neat.] Cattle of the 
bovine genus, as bulls, oxen, and 
cows. — a. 1. Belonging to the 1 o- 
vine genus. 2. [-ER : -EST.] [Lat. 
nitidus.] Free from that which soils 
or defiles ; clean. 3. Pleasing with 
simplicity. 4. Good in its kind. 5. 
Adroit. 6. With all deductions madej 
net. [care of cattle. 

Neat'-herd, n. One who has the 

NEAT'EY, adv. With neatness. 

Neat'ness, n. State of being neat. 

NEB, v. [A.-S. nebb, head, face : Icel. 
nebbi, beak : nose.] The nose : snout; 
beak of a bird ; nib, as of a pen. 

Neb'u-la , n. ; pi. NEB'U-L.E. [Lat. 



A, E, 1, C-,U, Y, long; AViiljOjO, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK: ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM j PIQUE, FlRM ; SO-N, 



NEBULAR 



285 



NEOLOGISTICAL 



mist, cloutf.] A faint, misty appear- 
ance among the stars, composed of 
innumerable stars. 

Neb'u-lar, a. Pertaining to nebulae. 

NEB'U-LOS'I-TY, n. State of being 
nebulous. [a nebula. 

Neb'u-loDs, a. Pertaining to, or like 

•Nec'es-sa-ri-ey, adv. Bynece.-sity ; 
unavoidably. 

3Sr£p'ES-s_A-KY (44), a. [Lat. necessa- 
rius, from necesse, unavoidable ] 1. 
Such as must be ; inevitable. 2. Req- 
uisite ; essential. 3. Involuntary. 
— n. 1. A thing indispensable; — 
chiefiv in the pi. 2. A privy. 

Ne-CES'SI-TA'RI-AN, n. One who 
maintains the doctrine of philo- 
sophical necessity in human voli- 
tions and all events. 

NE-CES'SI-TAtE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. ner.essitare, necessitatum, to 
force.] 1. To make necessary or in- 
dispensable. 2. To force ; to compel. 

Ne-ces'si-toOs, a. Very needy or in- 
digent. 

NE-CES'3I-TY, n. [Lat. necessitas. See 
Necessary.] 1. Quality of being 
necessary. 2. Indigence ; want. 3. 
That which is necessary : — chiefly 
in the pi. 4. Irresistible force ; fate. 

Neck, n. [A.-S. hnecca.] 1. Part of 
an animal's body, connecting the 
head and the trunk. 2. Any part 
corresponding to a neck: especially, 
a narrow connecting trart of 1 n 1. 

NECK'CLOTH, n. A piece of cloth 
worn on the neck. 

Neck'er-chief, n. [For nerk-ker- 
chief, 146.] A kerchief to be worn 
around the neck. . 

Neck'laCE (45), n. A string of beads, 
&c, worn upon the neck. 

NECK'-TlE,n. A neck-kerchief. 

Nec'ro-eoG'IC, ) a. Relating to 

NEC'RO-LoG'IC-AE, j an account 
of deaths. 

NE-€ROL'0-GY,n. [Gr. re/cpos, dead, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A register of 



NE€'ro-man / cer, n. One who prac- 
tices necromancy : a sorcerer. 

NeCRO-MAN'CY, n. [Gr. ve/epop.av- 
Teia; ve/cpos, a dead body, and p-av- 
Teia, divination.] Art of revealing 
future events by means of a pretend- 
ed communication with the dead ; 
conjuration. 

Nec'ro-man'tic, ) a. Pertaining 

Nec'ro-mAn'tic-ai,, I to, or per- 
formed by, necromancy. 

Ne-CROP'O-LIS, n. [Gr. venpoTtokis ; 
vtTcpos, dead, and 7roAts, city.] A 
city of the dead ; a cemetery. 

Nec'TAR,«. [Gr. veVrap.] The drink 
of the gods ; hence, any delicious 
beverage. 

Nec-ta're-al, ) a. Relating to, con- 

Nec-ta're-an, J sisting of, or re- 

Nec-ta're-ous, ) sembling, nectar. 

Nec'tar-ine, n. A kind of peach. 

Nec'tar-oCs, a. Sweet as nectar; 
nectareous. 

Nec'ta-ry, n. [Prom nectar.] The 
honey-gland of a flower. 

NEED,n. [A.-S. nedd, ned.] 1. State 



of urgent want. 2. Poverty ; indi- 
gence. 

Syn.— Necessity.— Necessity is strong- 
er than need; it places us under positive 
compulsion. We are frequently under 
the necessity of going without that of 
which we stand very greatly in need. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To be in want 
of; to lack. — v. i. To be wanted; 
to be necessary. 

Need'pul, a. 1. Needy. 2. Requisite. 

Need'ful-ly, adv. Necessarily. 

Need'i-ly, adv. In a needy condi- 
tion or manner. [digence. 

Need'i-ness, n. Want ; poverty ; in- 

Nee'dle, n. [A.-S. nsedl, nidi; 0. 
H. Ger. najan, to sew.] 1. A small 
instrument of steel ; — used in sew- 
ing. 2. A magnetized bar of steel 
in a compass, placed so as to turn 
freely toward the magnetic poles of 
the earth. ' 3. A pointed crystal, &c. 

Nee'dle-Ful (155), n. As much 
thread as is put at once into a 
r-eedle. 

Nee'dee-gun, n. A fire-arm loaded 
at the breech, and exploded by means 
of a slender pin, or needle. 

Need'eess, a. 1. Having no need. 
2. Unnecessary. 

Need'less-ly, adv. Unnecessarily. 

Nee'dle-wqm'an (150), n. A seam- 
stress. 

NEEDg, adv. [Orig. genitive of need, 
used as an adv.] Necessarily. 

Need'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Indi- 
gent ; necessitous. [never. 

Ne'er (uar), adv. A contraction of 

Ne-fa'ri-OUS, a. [Lat. nefarius ; 
nefas, impious.] Wicked in the ex- 
treme ; atrociously villainous. 
Syn.— See Iniquitous. 

Ne-fa'r r-ofis-L Y, adv . With extreme 
wickedness. 

Ne-ga'tion, n. [Lat. negatio ; ne- 
gare, to say no.] 1. Act of denying ; 
denial. 2. Statement of what a thing 
is not, or has not, &c. 

Neg'a-tive, a. 1. Implying denial 
or absence. 2. Having the power of 
stopping or restraining. — n. 1. A 
proposition by which something is 
denied or forbidden. 2. A word that 
denies. 3. Veto. 4. A photograph- 
ic picture upon glass which reverses 
the natural lights and shades. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To disprove. 2. To 
refuse to enact or sanction. 

Neg'a-tive-ly, adv. In a negative 
manner or form. 

Neg-lect', v. t. [-ed ; -ing ] [Lat. 
negligere, neglectum ; nee, not, and 
legere, to gather.] 1. To suffer to 
pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, 
&c. ; to omit. 2. To slight. 

Syn. — To overlook ; disregard; dises- 
teem; contemn. 

— n. 1. Omission of proper atten- 
tion. 2. State of being disregarded. 

Syn. — Negligence ; inattention ; dis- 
regard: disesteem; slight; indifference. 

NEG-LE€T'FUL, a. 1. Heedless ; care- 
less ; inattentive. 2. Treating with 
slight. [lectful manner. 

Neg-lect'ful-LY, adv. In a neg- 



Neg'li-gence, n. 1. Quality of be 
ing negligent ; habitual neglect. 2. 
A negligent act. 

Syn. — Neglect. — Negligence is the 
habit, and neglect the act of leaving 
things undone. The one naturally leads 
to the other. Negligent men are neglect- 
ful of their duties. 

Neg'li-gent, a. [Lat. negligens, 
neglecting.] Apt to neglect; cus- 
tomarily neglectful. 

Neg'LI-Gent-ly, adv. In a negli- 
gent^ manner. 

Ne-go'ti-a-bil'i-ty (-go'shi-), n. 
QuaHty of being negotiable. 

NE-go'TI-A-ble (-go'shi-), a. Capa- 
ble of being negotiated. 

Ne-go'ti-ate (-go'stn-, 95), v. i. 
[Lat. negotiari, -atus; negotium, 
business.] 1. To transact business. 
2. To treat with respecting peace or 
commerce. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To settle by dealing and manage- 
ment. 2._ To sell ; to pass. 

Ne-go'ti-a'tion (-sh!-a7shun), n. 
Act of negotiating ; transaction of 
business. _ [who negotiates. 

Ne-g5'TI-A'TOR (-shi-aVtor), n. One 

Ne'gress, n. A black woman ; a fe- 
male negro. 

Ne'gro, n.; pi. NE'GROES. [Sp., 
fr. Lat. niger, black.] A black man ; 
an African by birth, or the descend- 
ant of one. 

Ne'gus, n. A liquor made of wine, 
water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon- 
juice ; — named from Col. Negus. 

Neigh (na), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hnxgan.} To cry as a horse. — n 
The natural cry of a horse. 

Neigh'BOR (naVbur), n. [A.-S. neah 
bur; neah, nigh, and gebhr, a dwell- 
er.] 1. A person who lives near one. 
2. One of the human race ; a fellow- 
being. — a. Near to another ; ad 
joining; next. — ■ v I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To adjoin ; to be near to. 

Neigh'bor-hood (naVbur-), n. 1. 
Quality of being a neighbor. 2. An 
adjoining district or its inhabitants. 
Syn. —Vicinity. — These words differ 
in degree. Vicinity does not denote so 
close a connection as neighborhood. A 
neighborhood is a more immediate vi- 
cinity. 

Neigh'BOR-ING (naVbur-ing), a. Liv- 
ing or being near. 

Neigh'BOR-ly (naVbur-). a. 1. So- 
cial; friendly. 2. Cultivating fa- 
miliar intercourse. 

NEI'THER (nevther or nl'ther. The 
former mode is preferable, and more 
usual), pron. or pronominal adjec- 
tive. [A.-S. n&dher.] Not either; 
not the one or the other. — conj. 
Not either. [ology. 

NE'o-LOG'ie-A^a. Pertaining to ne- 

Ne-6i/o-GIsm, n. 1. Introduction 
of new words or new doctrines. 2. 
A new word, expression, or doctrine. 

Ne-ol'O-GIst, n. One who holds 
doctrines subversive of supernatural 
religion. 

NE-6i/o-GTsT'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

Ne-oe'o-Gist'ic-al, j to neology ; 
neological. 



OR, DO, WOLF j TOO, TOOK} URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, sq/2; €,&,hard; &H liglST; N. as NG ; THIS 



NEOLOGY 



286 



NICKNAME 



Ne-ol'O-GY, n. [Gr. ve'os, new, and 
Aoyos, word, discourse.] 1. Intro- 
duction of new words. 2. New doc- 
trines, especially in theology. 

NE'O-PHYTE, n. [Gr. veocpvros, lit. 
newly planted.] 1. A new convert. 
2. A novice ; a tyro. 

Ne'O-TER'TC, \ a. [Gr. vecorepi- 

NE'o-TER'lC-AL, 1 kos ] Recent in 
origin. 

Ne-pen'THE, In. [Gr. vqTrevflTjs, re- 

Ne-pen'the§, ) niovirjg all sorrow.] 
A drog used by the ancients to re- 
lieve pain. 

Neph'ew (nefyji, 85), n. [A.-S. nefa, 
allied to Lat. ne'pos.] Son of a 
brother or sister. 

B3f- The English pronounce this word 
ngv'yu. 

Ne-phrKt'ic, ) a. [Gr. ve<£piTi*6s ; 

NE-PHR1T'I€-AL, J ve<f>po<;, kidney.] 
Pertainiug to the kidneys. 

NE-PHRIT'I€, n. A medicine for cur- 
ing diseases of the kidneys. 

NEP'O-TtgM (110), n. [Lat. nepox, 
nephew.] Favoritism to nephews 
and other relations. 

Nept'une (30), n. 1. The god of the 
sea. 2. A large pkinet distant from 
the sun about 2,850,000,000 miles. 

NEP-TU'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to the 
ocean_. 

Nep-tu'ni-an, ) n. One who holds 

Nept'u-nist, ) that the solid parts 
of the globe were formed from aque- 
ous solution. 

Ne're-id n. (Myth.) A sea-nymph. 

Nerve (14), n. [Lat. nervus, Gr. 
vtvpov.] 1. Physical force or steadi- 
ness ; also, self-command. 2. One 
of the bundles of fibres whi'-h estab- 
lish a communication between the 
parts of the body and the brain. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To give strength 
or vigor to. 

Nerve'less, a. Destitute of strength ; 
wanting vigor. 

Nerv'ine, a. Quieting nervous ex- 
citement. — n. A medicine that acts 
upon the nerves. 

Nerv'ous, a. 1. Possessing nerve ; 
strong : vigorous. 2. Possessing or 
manifesting mental vigor. 3. Relat- 
ing to, or seated in, the nerves. 4. 
Having weak nerves ; easily agitated. 

N£rv'ous-ly, adv. In a nervous 
manner. 

Nerv'ous-ness,». Quality of being 
nervous. 

Nes'cience (nesh/ens, 95), n. [Lat. 
nescientia ; ne, not, and sevens, know- 
ing.] Want of knowledge ; ignorance. 

N£sT,n. [A.-S.] 1. Retreat of a bird 
for laying eggs. 2. Place where the 
eggs of other animals are laid. 3. A 
snug abode. 4. A collection of boxes, 
cases, or the like, of graduated size. 

N£st'-egg, n. An egg left in the 
nest, to prevent the hen from for- 
saking it. 

Nest'le (neVl), v.i. [-ED; -TNG.] 

1. To lie close and snug, as a bird. 

2. To move about in one's seat. — 
v. t. 1. To house. 2. To cherish. 

NEST'LING (nesting), n. A young 



bird in the nest, or just taken from 
the nest. 

NET, n. [A.-S. nett.] 1. An instru- 
ment of mesh-work for catching 
game. 2. A cunning device ; a 
snare, — v. t. [-TED; -TING] 1. 
To make into net-work. 2. To take 
in a net. 3. i'o produce as clear 
profit — v. ?'. To form net- work. — 
a. [Cf. NEAT.] Clear of all charges 
and deductions, &c. 

NETM'ER, a. [A.-S. nidhera.] Lower. 

Ne-fh'er-most, a. Lowest. 

Net'ting, n. A piece of net-work. 

Net'tle (net'tl), n. [A.-S. netele.] 
A plant covered with minute sharp 
and brittle hairs containing a poison. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To fret or 
sting ; to irritate or vex. [ease. 

Net'tle-rXsh, n. An eruptive dis- 

Net'-work (-wfirk), n. A fabric of 
threads, crossing each other at cer- 
tain intervals. 

Neu-rXl'GI-A. n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, 
and aA-yos, pain.] A painful disease 
which seems to be seated in a nerve. 

NEU-RXi/GI€,a. Pertaining to neu- 
ralgia. 

NEU-R6l/o-GY,n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Doctrine of 
the nerves. 

Neu-rot'ic, a. [Gr. vevpov, nerve.] 
1. Relating to, or seated in, the 
nerves. 2. Useful in disorders of 
the nerves. 

Neu'ter, a. [Lat.] 1 . Of neither 
side; neutral. 2. (Gram.) (a.) Of 
neither gender, (b ) Neither active 
nor passive. — n. 1. One who takes 
no part in a contest ; a neutral. 2. 
The working bee. 

Neu'tral, a. 1. Not engaged on 
either side. 2. Of medium quality. 

— n. One that takes no part in a 
contest between others. [neutral. 

Neu'trXl'1-ty, n. State of being 

Neu'tral-i-za'tion, n. 1. Act of 
neutralizing. 2. State of being neu- 
tralized. 

NEU'TRAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To render neutral. 2. To destroy 
the effect or peculiar properties of. 

Neu'tral-iz'er, a. One who, or 
that which, neutralizes. 

Neu'tral-ey, adv. In a neutral 
manner ; indifferently. 

Nev'er, adv. [A.-S. nsefre ; ne, not, 
and zefre, ever.] 1. Not ever ; not 
at any time. 2. In no degree. 3,. Not. 

Nev'er-the-less', adv. Not the 
less ; notwithstanding. 

NEW (nu), a. [-ER; -EST.l [A.-S. 
niwe,neoive.] 1. Of late origin. 2. 
Recently invented, discovered, or es- 
tablished as true. 3. Starting anew. 
4. Unaccustomed; unfamiliar. 5. 
Fresh from any thing. 

»/ Syn.- See Novel. 

]TeWel, n. [Lat. nucalis, like a nut.] 
The upright post about which the 
steps of a circular staircase wind. 

New-fXn/gled (nu-fang'gld), a. 
New made : uovel. 

New-fash'ioNjED (ou-faWund), a. 
Lately come into fashion. 



Newly, adv. Freshly; recently. 
New-mod'el, v. t. To give a new 

form to. [being new. 

Newness, n. State or quality of 
NEWg, n. [From new ; pi. in form, 

but united with a verb in the sing.] 

Recent account ; fresh information. 
Syn.— Tidings ; intelligence; intcr- 

mntion; advice. See Tidings. 

News'pa-PER (nuz'-), n. A publie 
print that circulates news, advertise- 
ments, &c. 

NEWT (nut), n. [0. Eng. ewt, evet. 
See Eft.] A small lizard. 

NEXT, a. ; superl. of nigh. [A.-S., 
nexta, nyxta, ncsta, nyhsta.] Near- 
est in place, time, degree, quality, or 
relation. — adv At the time or turn 
immediately succeeding. 

NYb, n. [See Neb.] Something small 
and pointed, as the bill of a bird, or 
the point of a pen. — v. t. To fur- 
nish with a nib. 

NIb'ble, v. t. [.-ed; -ING.] [From 
nib.] To eat slowh or in small bits. 

— v. i. To bite a little at a time. — 
n. A little bite, or seizing to bite. 

NlB'BLER. n. One that nibbles. 

Nice, a. [-er ; -est.] fLat. neserus, 
ignorant, A.-S. hnesce, yiesc, soft, ten- 
der.] 1. Pleasing to the senses. 2. 
Wrought or made by a skillful work- 
man ; refined 3. Showing delicacy 
or refinement. 4. Hard to please or 
satisfy. 5. Scrupulously cautious. 

Syn.— Pleasing.— Nice implies a union 
of delicacy and exactness. In ntcefood, 
cookery, taste, &c, delicacy predomi- 
nates ; in nice discrimination, manage- 
ment, workman ship, a nice point to man- 
age, &c, exactness predominates. Oflate 
a new sense h;is been introduced, which 
excludes them both, namely, pleasing; 
as, a nice girl, a nice excursion, &c. 

NlCE'LY, adv. 1. In a nice manner ; 

delicately ; accurately ; exactly. 2. 

Wejl ; cleverly. 
Ni'cene, or Ni-cene', a. Relating 

to Nice, in Asia Minor, where the 

Nicene creed was composed, A.D. 325. 
Nice 'ness, n. Quality of being nice. 
Ni^'E-TY, n. 1. Quality of being nice ; 

delicacy ; daintiness. 2. A delicacy ; 

— especially in the plural. 

NIche (nlch). n. []t. nicchia, fr. nic- 
chio, shell-fish.] A recess within the 
thickness of a wall, for a statue, &c. 

NICK, n. 1. [A modif. of nock.} A notch 
cut into something ; hence, a score 
for an account. 2. [Icel. hnickia, 
to seize and carry off.] A hit ; the 
exact point of time. — v. t. [-Ed; 
-ING.] 1. To cut in nicks or notches; 
to notch. 2. To suit or fit into, a,s 
one notch into another. 3. To hit; 
to strike at the precise point or time. 
4. Hence, to cozen ; to defeat. 

NlCK'EL, n. [Ger. nirkel, fr. ki/pf<r- 
nirk>l, copper nickel, copper of Nick 
or Nicholas.] A grayish-white met- 
al used in various alloys. 

Nick'nack, n. [See Knickknack./ 
A small thing ; a trifle ; — chiefly in 
the plural. 

NIck'name, n. [Perh. fr. O. Eng. 
neke-name, eke-name, surname.] A 



A, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A./ik,!, 6, 0, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ,' ERE. V^IL, 'XtUIuJ PIQUE, FIRM j S6N, 



NICOTIAN 



287 



NODULE 



name given in contempt or familiar- 
ity. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.J To give 
a name of reproach or familiarity to. 

Ni-eo'TIAN, a. [J?r. Nicot, who in- 
troduced it into France.] Pertaining 
to, or denoting, tobacco. 

NlO'TATE, v. i. [-ED ; -IN&.] [Lat. 
nictare. -totum.] To wink. 

Nic-ta'tjon, n. Act of winking. 

Nl€'Tl-TATE, v. i. [See NICTATE.] 
To wink. 

Nfe'Tl-TA'TlON, n. Act of winking 

NlD'1-FI-OATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. n dficare, -catum ; 7iidus,nest, 
and face re, to make.] To make a 
nest. 

NlD'l-FI-€A'TTON, n. Act of building 
a nest, aud hatching and feeding of 
young. [ing in the nest. 

Nid'u-la'tion, n. Time of remain- 

Nf'nas,n. [Lat.] A nest. 

Niece, n. [Lat. 7ieptis, a grand- 
daughter.] Daughter of a brother 
or sister. 

Nig'gard, n. [Icel. hnoggr, econom- 
ical.] A person meanly close and 
covetous ; a miser. — n. Meanly cov- 
etous ; miserly. [niggardly. 

NIg'gard-li-ness, n. State of being 

NlG'GARD-LY, a. Meanly covetous ; 
sordidly parsimonious. 

Nig'ger, n. A Tiegro ; — m derision. 

Nigh (nl), a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. 
neah, nih.] 1. Not distant ; near. 
2. Closely allied. — adv. 1. In a sit- 
uation near. 2. Almost; nearly. — 
prep. Near to. 

NIGHT (nit), n, [A.-S. neaht, niht, 
allied to Lat. nox.} 1. Time from 
sunset to sunrise. 2. In figurative 
uses, (a.) Obscurity, (b.) Ignorance. 
_(c.) Adversity, {d.) Death. 

NlGHT'-CAP (nit 7 -), n. A cap worn in 
bed. [day ; evening. 

NlGHT'-FALL (nit'-), n. Close of the 

NIght'-gown (nit'-), n. A loose 
gown used for undress. 

Night'in-gale (nlt'in-gal, 45), n. 
[A.-S. nihtegale, fr. 
niht, night, and ga- 
lan, to sing ] A 
small bird that sings 
^weetly at night. 

Night'ly (nifly), a. 
Done by night or 
every night. — adv. 
1. By night ; in the 
night. 2 Every 
night. 

NIGHT'mAre (nit'-), n. [See MARE .] 
A sensation in sleep as of a weight on 
the chest. 

NlGHT'-soiL (nit'-), n. The contents 
of privies, carried away by night. 

Night'yvaek-er (nit'wawk-er), n. 1. 
One who walks in his sleep. 2 A 
prostitute. 

Night'-watch (mt/wotch), n. 1. 
A period in the night. 2. A guard 
to afford protection in the night. 

NI-gres'cent, a. [Lat. nigrescens.] 
Changing to a black color. 

Xl'HiL-lgM, n. [Lat. nihil, nihilum, 
nothing.] 1. Nothingness. 2. Doc- 
trine that nothing can be known. 

6R^ 




Nightingale. 



Ni-hii/i-ty, n. Nothingness ; a state 
of being nothing. 

Nile, v. i. To be unwilling. 

NIm'ble, a. ''[-er ; -est.] [A.-S. 
nimol, numol, capable, catching-] 
Light and quick in motion. 

Syn. — Agile; quick; active; brisk. 

Nlftl'BLE-NESS, n. Quickness ; celer- 
ity ; speed ; agility. 

NT si'BLY, adv. With agility. 

Nijvi'BUS, n. [Lat.] 1. A circle of 
rays around the heads of saints, I 
&c. ; a halo. 2. A rain-cloud. 

NiJV'COM-PObP, n. [A corruption of I 
Lat. non compos.] A silly fool. j 

Nine, a. & n. [A.-S. nigon, nigan.] 
One more than eight. 

Niise'fence (152), n. A silver coin of 
the value of nine pence, or, in New 
England, 12J cents. 

Nine"'-pins, n. A play with nine 
pins, at which a ball is rolled. 

NlNE'TEEN, a. & n. Nine and ten. 

Nineteenth, a. & n. Noting nine- 
teen. 

Nine'ti-eth, a. & n. Ordinal of 
ninety. 

Nine'ty, a. & n. Nine times ten. 

NlN'NY, n. [Cf. It. ninno, ninna, a 
_baby.j A fool ; a simpleton. 

NINTH, a. Ordinal of nine. 

Nip, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. hnt- 
pan, to bend or cast down.] 1. To in- 
close and compress tightly ; to pinch. 
2. To remove by pinching, biting, 
&c. 3. To blast, as by frost. — n. 1. 
A seizing or closing in upon ; a pinch. 
2. A cutting off the end. 3. Destruc- 
tion by frost. 

NlP'PERg, n. pi. 
Small pincers for 
holding, break- 
ing, or cutting. 

Nip'ple, n. [Al- 
lied to nibble.} 1. A teat ; a pap. 2. 
Any small projection in which there 
is an orifice. 

Ni'SAN, n. [Heb. nls&n.] A month 
of the Jewish calendar, answering to 
the month of April. 

NT'sI Pni'us. [Lat., unless before.] 
A term of court, held generally by a 
single judge, with a jury. 

NlT,n. [A.-S. hnitu.] Egg of a louse, 
ot other small insect. 

Nl'TER, I n. [Gr. virpov.] A white, 

Ni'tre, ( crystalline salt; nitrate 
of potassa ; salt-peter. 

Ni'trate (45), n A salt formed by 
_the umon of nitric acid with a base. 

Nl'TRic, a. Containing nitrogen. 

Nl'TRI-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. nitrum, niter, and facer e, to 
make.] To convert into niter. 

Nl'TRO-GEN, n. [Gr. virpov, and 
yer-ecv, yevecrOai, to produce.] A gas- 
eous element, without taste, odor, or 
color, forming nearly four fifths of 
common air. 

Nl-TROG'E-NOtts, a. Pertaining to, 
or containing, nitrogen. 

NPtro-glyc'er-Tne, n. (Chem.) 
A powerful explosive compound 
formed of nitric and sulphuric 
acids mixed with glycerine 



Nippers. 



NT'TROUS, ) a. Pertaining to, contain 

Nl'TRY, j ing, or resembhng niter 

N'lT'TY, a. Abounding with nits. 

Niv'E-ous, a. [Lat. niveus.] Snowy ; 
resembling snow. 

No, adv. [A.-S. na.] Nay ; — a word 
of denial or refusal. — a. Not any , 
not one ; none. — n. (p/. NOES.) I, 
A denial. 2. A negative vote. ^ 

No-BIL'I-TY, n. [Lat. nobilitas.] L 
Quality of being noble ; as, [a. 
Dignity ; elevation ; superiority o{* 
mind, (b.) Noble birth ; distinction 
by rank. 2. Tbe peerage. 

No'BLE, a. [-ER ; -est.] [Lat no- 
bilis ; noscere. to know] 1. Possess- 
ing eminence, elevation, or dignity, 
&c. 2. Grand ; magnificent ; splendid. 
3. Of aristocratic or patrician family. 
i»Y»j. — Honorable; elevated; exalted; 
illustrious; renowned; generous; free. 
— n. I. A nobleman; a peer. 2. 
An old English gold coin, worth 
about $1.61. 

NOBLE-MAN (150), n. One of the 
nobility ; a peer. 

No'bee-ness, n. Nobility ; elevation 
of mind or of station . 

No-bless', or No'bless, ) n. [See 

NO-BLESSE', or NO'BLESSE, J NO- 
BLE.] The nobility. 

No'bly, arft. 1. Of noble extraction. 
2. With greatness of soul. 3. Mag- 
nificently. 

No'bod-y, n. No person ; no one. 

No'CENT. a. [Lat. nocens, hurting.] 
Doing hurt ; hurtful ; mischievous. 

NOC-TAM'BU-LIST, n. [Lat. nox, 
noctis, night, and ambulare, to walk.] 
One who walks in his sleep. 

NOO-TIV'A-GANT, a. [Lat. nox, noc- 
tis, night, and vagans, wandering.] 
Wandering in the night. 

Noc'TURN, n. [Lrt. nocturnus, be- 
longing to the night.] An act of re- 
ligious service by night. 

Noc-tur'nal, a. Pertaining to, or 
done or occurring at, night. 

Nod, v. i. [Prob. allied to Lat. nu- 
tare.] 1. To bend the upper part, 
with a quick motion. 2. To make a 
slight bow. 3. To be drowsy. — v. t. 
[-DED; -DING.] 1. To incline cr 
bend, as the head. 2. To signify by 
a nod. — n. 1. A bending forward 
of the top of any thing. 2. A quick, 
downward or forward bow. 

NOD'AL, a. Relating to a node. 

Nod'dle, n. [Prob. fr. nod, as it is 
the nodding part of the body.] The 
head ; — usei jocosely. 

Nod'dy, n. [Prob. from nod.] A 
simpleton ; a fool. 

Node, n. [Lat. nodus.] 
1. A knot ; a knob. 2. ' 
One of the two points 
where the orbit of a Node. 
planet intersects the ecliptic. ! 4 ' 
Joint of a stem. 4. The oval figu>.3 
formed by the folding of a cuivq 
upon itself. 

No-dose', a. Having knots or sweil 
ing joints. [a nodule 

N6d"u-lar, a. Being in the form oi 

Nod'ule (77), n. [Lat. nodulus, dim 



! vQy 



DO WOLF, TOO j TOO If, u"RN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G,5o/i; €,&,hard; AS; EXIST ; NasNG; THIS 



NOGGIN 



288 



"FORMAL 



of nodus, knot.] A rounded mass 
of irregular shape. [wooden cup. 

Nog'gin, n. [Ir. noigin.] A small 

NoigE, n. [0. Fr. noise, strife, noise, 
from Lat. noxa, hurt, injury.] 1. 
Sound of any kind. 2. Over-loud, 
confused, or senseless sound. 3. Fre- 
quent talk. — v. i. To sound loud. 
•— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To spread by 
rumor or report. 

Noise'less, a. Making no noise. 

Nois/i-ly, adv. With noise or clamor. 

Noig'l-NESS, n. State of being noisy. 

Noi'some (noi'sum), a. [Lat. noxa, 
injurious, and the Eng. termination 
some.] 1. Injurious to health ; un- 
wholesome. 2. Offensive to the smell 
or other senses. 

Syn. — Noxious. — A thing which is 
noxious inflicts evil directly, as a noxious 
plant, noxious practices, &c; £. thing 
which ia noisome operates with a remoter 
influence, as noisome vapors, a noisome 
pestilence, &c , and has the additional 
sense of disgusting. • 

Noi's6me-LY (noi'sum-), adv. With 
a fetid stench. 

Noi'SOME-NESS, n. Unwholesome- 
ness ; otfensiveness to the smell. 

Nois/Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Mak- 
ing a noise ; clamorous ; boisterous. 

Nol'le Pros'e-qvi. [Lat., to be 
unwilling to prosecute.] A formal 
discontinuance of a prosecution. 

NOM'AD, n. [Or. vofjid?, vo/u.aSos, pas- 
turing, roaming; vo(jl6s, a pasture.] 
One of a tribe that wanders from 
place to place for game or pasture. 

No-MAD'K, a. Wandering; moving 
from place to place. 

N6m'ble§ (num'blz), n. pi. [Ft., fr. 
Lat. lumbulus, dim. of lumbus, a 
loin.] Entrails of a deer. 

No'MEN-cla'tor, ». [Lat., fr. no- 
men, name, and calare, to call.] One 
who gives names to things. 

No'men-€LAT'ure (53), n. System 
of technical names in any branch of 
science ; terminology. 

Nom'I-nal, a. [Lat. nominalis ; no- 
men, a name.] 1. Pertaining to a 
name. 2. Existing in name only. 

N6m'i-nal-i§m, n. Principles of thd 
nominalists. 

Nom'I-NAL-Ist, n. One of a sect of 
philosophers who held that general 
conceptions exist in name only. 

Nom'i-nal-ly, adv. In name only. 

N6m/i-nate,i>. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
nominare, -natum.] 1. To name. 
2. To appoint; also, to propose by 
name, as a candidate. 

Nom'i-na'tion, n. Act or power 
of nominating ; state of being nom- 
inated. 

Nom'i-na-tive, a. Naming; desig- 
nating ; — said of the first case of a 
noun. — n. Case in which the sub- 
ject of a verb stands. [nates. 

Nom'I-na'tor, n. One who nomi- 

Nom'I-nee', n. One who, has been 
proposed for an office. 

Non'age, n. [Prefix non, not, and 
age.] Time of life before one be- 
comes of age : minority. 

Non'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. [Lat. nona- 



genarius ; nonageni, ninety each.] 

One who is ninety years old. 
N6n'a-GOn, n. [Lat. nonus, the ninth, 

and Or. yaWa, angle.] A polygon 

having nine sides and nine angles. 
Non'-at-tend'ance, h. A failure 

to attend. 
Nonce, n. [A corruption of then 

once.] The present occasion. 
Nonchalance (nong'sha/longss'), 

n. [Jbr.J Indifference; coolness. 
Nonchalant (nong'shii'long'), a. 

[Fr.] Indifferent ; careless ; cool. 
NoN-eoM-Mis'sioNjED (-mlsh'und), 

a. Not having a commit 



Non-commissioned officer {Mil. 8>- Xa- 
val), an officer of a grade below a war- 
rant officer, as a corporal, a gunner'* 
mate, &c. 

Non'-com-iyht'tal, n. A state of 
not being pledged to any course. 

Non -ebM'POS, I [Lat.] 

No N €bM' pos MP. iV Tis. \ Not of 
sound mind ; hence, an idiot ; a lu- 
natic. 

NoN'-eON-cfjR', v. i. To dissent or 
refuse to concur. [to concur. 

Non'-con-cur'rence, n. A refusal 

Non'-oon-dugt'or, n. A substance 
which transmits another substance 
or fluid with difficulty or not at all. 

Non'-con-form'ist, n. One who 
does not conform to- an established 
church. 

Non'-oon-form'i-ty, n. Neglect of 
conformity ; in England, refusal to 
unite with the established church. 

N&N'-€ON-TENT', n. {British Hovse 
of Lords.) One who gives a negative 
vote. 

Non'de -script, a. [Lat. non, not, 
and descriptus, described.] Not hith- 
erto described ; novel : odd. — n. A 
thing not yet described ; something 
abnormal. 

N6ne (nun or non, 20), a. & pron. 
[A.-S. nan ; ne, not, and an, one.] 1. 
No one ; not any thing ; — frequent- 
ly used as a pi. 2. No; not any. 

Non-en'ti-ty, n. 1. Non-existence. 
2. A thing not existing. 

Nones, n. pi. [Lat. nonse; nonus, 
the ninth.] (Roman Calendar.) The 
5th day of January , February , April, 
June, August, September, Novem- 
ber, and December, and the 7th of 
the other months. 

Non'-es-sen'TIAL, n. A thing not 
essential. [its equal. 

N6ne'such, n. A thing that has not 

NoN'-E.x-fsT'ENCE, n. Absence of 
existence; nonentity. 

Non'-ful-fill'ment, n. Neglect or 
failure to fulfill. 

No-NILL'ion (-niPyun), n. [Lat. no- 
nus, ninth, and Eng. million.] Ac- 
cording to the Fr. notation, a thou- 
sand octillions; according to the 
Eng. notation, a million octillions. 

Non-jO'ror, or Non'-ju-ror, n. 
One who refused to swear allegiance 
to William and Mary ; a Jacobite. 

Non'-ob-serv'ance, n. Neglect 
or failure to observe. 

Non'pa-reil' (-pa-rei'),a. [Fr.,from 



non, not, and pareil, equal.] Hav- 
ing no equal ; peerless. — n. 1. 
Something of unequaled excellence. 
2. A printing type like that here 
used. [ment. 

NON-PAY'MENT, n. Neglect of pay- 

Non'plus, n. [Lat. non, not, and 
plus, more.] Insuperable difficulty ; 
puzzle. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
puzzle ; to confound. 

Non-res/i-dence,w. Neglect of re- 
siding at the place where one is sta- 
tioned. 

Non-res/i-dent, a. Not residing in 
a particular place. — n . One who does 
not reside in a particular place : es- 
pecially , a clergy man who lives away 
from his cure. 

Non'-re-sTst'ance, n. Passive obe- 
dience. 

N&N'-RE-siST'ANT, a. Making no re- 
sistance. — n. One who maintains 
that no resistance should be made 
to constituted authority. 

Non'sense, n. 1. That which has 
no sense. 2. Trices ; things of no 
importance. 

Non-sens'I€-AL, a. Unmeaning; 
foolish. [meaning. 

Non-sens'I€-al-LY, adv. Without 

Non kEQ'ui-TUR (sek'wT-). [Lat,, 
it does not follow ] An inference 
not following from the premises. 

Non'suit, n. A neglect or failure by 
the plaintiff to follow up his suit. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To adjudge or 
record, as having dropped his suit. 

Non-us/er, n. 1. Failure to use. 2 
Neglect or omission to use an ease 
ment or other right. 

Noo'dle, n. [Of. Noddle and Nod- 
dy.] A simpleton. 

Nook (27), n. [Of. 0. Eng. nock, a 
notch.] A corner ; a recess ; a se- 
cluded retreat. 

Noon, n. [Lat. nona (sc. hora), the 
ninth hour (i. e., 3 o'clock, P. M.), 
which was the dinner -hour among 
the Romans ] The middle of the 
day ; twelve o'clock. 

Noo'n'day,». Midday ; twelve o'clock 
in the daj . — a. Pertaining to mid- 
day, [noon. 

Noon'ing, n. Repose, or a repast, at 

Noon'tide, n. Midday ; noon. — a. 
Pertaining to noon. 

No~OSE (or nobz), n. [Cf. Ir. nas, band 
or tie.] A running knot, which binds 
the closer the more it is drawn. 

Noose, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] To tie 
or catch in a noose. [dian fig. 

No'PAL, n. [Mexican nopalli.] In- 

Nor, conj. [Contr. fr. A.-S. nadhor. 
See OR] A negative connective or 
particle, following neither or not. 

N6r'MAL, a. [Lat. normalis; norma, 
rule, pattern.] According to an es- 
tablished rule, or principle; con- 
formed to a type or regular form. 

Normal school, one whose methods of 
instruction are designed to serve as a 
model for imitation. 

Syn. — Regular ; ordinary. — Regular 
and ordinary are popular terms of well- 
known signification ; normal has now a 
more soeciric sense, arising out of its use 



A, E, I, O, V, 'Zilong; iijiijlj O, G, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, I'SllJI \ PIQUE , FIRM; S6N, 



N OEM AN 



289 



NOVITIATE 



in science. A thing is nor,nal. or in its 
normal state, when strictly conformed to 
those principles of its constitution which 
make it what it is. It is abnormal when 
it departs from those principles. 

NOR/MAN, ?i. A native of Normandy. 
— a. Pertaining to Normandy, or to 
the Normans. 

Norse, a. Pertaining to ancient Scan- 
dinavia. — n. [Icel. Norvegr, Nor- 
way.] Language of ancient Scandi- 
navia. 

Norse 'max (150), n. An inhabitant 
of ancient Scandinavia. 

NORTH, n. [A. S. nord/i.] Direction 
opposite to the south. — a. Lying 
toward, or situated at, the north. 

North-east', n. A point between, 
and equally distant from, the north 
and east. — a. Pertaining to, or pro- 
ceeding from , the north-east. 

North-east'er-ly, a. Toward, or 
from, the north-east. 

N6rth-east'ERN,«. Pertaining to, 
or being in, the north-east. 

North'er, n. A wind or gale from 
the north. 

North'er-LY, a. 1. Being toward 
the north ; northern. 2. Prom the 
north. — adv. 1. Toward or from 
the north. 2. In a northern direc- 
tion. 

NORTfi'ERN, a. Being in, or near to, 
or toward, the north. 

North'ern-er, n. A native or resi- 
dent in the north. 

North'ing, n. Distance northward 
from any point of departure. 

North/man (150), n. One of the in- 
habitants of the north of Europe. 

NORTH'WARD, a. Being toward the 
north ; northern. 

North'ward, \ adv. Toward the 

North'wards, j north ; in a north- 
erly direction. 

North-west', n. Point between, 
and equally distant from, the north 
and west. — a. 1. Pertaining to, be- 
ing in the direction of, or being in, 
the north-west. 2. Proceeding from 
the north-west. 

N6rth-west'er-ly, a. Toward, or 
from, the north-west. 

North-west'ern, a. Pertaining to, 
or being in. the north-west. 

Nor-we'gi-an, a. Pertaining to Nor- 
way. — n. A native of Norway 

No§E, n. [A.-S. nosu, nasu.] 1. The 
prominent part of the face, which is 
the organ of smell. 2. Power of 
smelling; scent. 3. A projecting 
vent; a nozzle. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To smell ; to scent. 2. To oppose 
to the face. — v. i. To pry officiously 
into what does not concern one. 

Nose'gay, n. A bunch of flowers ; 
a'boquet. 

N5s'0-l5g'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to 
nosology. [in nosology. 

No-SOL'o-GfsT, n. One who is versed 

No-SCL'o-gy,m. [Gr. voctos, disease, 
and Aoycs, discourse.] 1. A. system- 
atic classification of diseases. 2. That 
branch of medical science which 
treats of the classification of diseases. 

Nos'TRIL, n. [0. Eng. nosethril, A.- 



S. nasthyrl, fr. nosu, nose, and thyrl, 
a hole.] One of the two channels 
through the nose. 

Nos'trum, n. [Lat., ours, our own.] 
A quack or patent medicine. 

Not, a(/f, [Contr. from naught.] A 
word that expresses negation, denial, 
or refusal. 

Not'A-bil'I-TY,«. 1. Quality of be- 
ing notable. 2. A notable person or 
thing. 

Not'a-ble, a. [Lat. notabilis ; no- 
tare, to mark.] 1. Plain ; evident. 
2. Worthy of notice ; noticed or dis- 
tinguished. — n. A person of dis- 
tinction. 

Not'a-ble, a. Distinguished for good 
management ; actively industrious. 

NOT'A-BLY, adv. In a notable man- 
ner ; memorably. 

N6t'a-bly, adv. With bustling ac- 
tivity, [done by, a notary. 

No-TA'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to, or 

No'TA-RY, n. [Lat. notarius ; nola, 
mark, letter.] A public officer who 
attests deeds and other writings. 

No-ta'tion, n. [hat.notatio.] Act, 
practice, or method of recording any 
thing, esp. numbers or quantities, 
by marks, figures, or characters. 

Notch, n. [0. Eng. nock.] 1. A 
nick ; an indentation. 2. A deep, 
narrow pass or defile. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cut in small hollows. 

NOTE, n. [Lat. nota; nosce.re,notum, 
to know.] 1. A mark or token ; a 
visible sign. 2. A mark, or sign, to 
call attention, to point out some- 
thing, &c. 3. A memorandum ; a 
minute. 4. pi. A writing intended 
to be spoken from. 5. An annota- 
tion ; a comment. 6. A short letter. 
7- A paper acknowledging a debt, and 
promising payment. 8. A musical 
sound, or a character representing it. 
9. Observation ; notice. 10. Repu- 
tation ; distinction. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To observe; to heed. 2. 
To record in writing. 3. To denote. 

Note'-book, n. A book in which 
memorandums or notes are written. 

NOT'ED, a. Well known by reputation . 

Not'ed-ly, adv. With observation. 

Note'wor-thy (-wur'tfiy), a. Wor- 
thy of observation or notice. 

NOTH'ING (nath'ing or nothing), n. 
[No and thing.] 1. Not any thing ; 
no thing. 2. Non-existence ; non- 
entity. 3. A trifle. — adv. In no 
degree ; not at all. 

NOTH'ING-NESS (nuth'ing- or noth- 
ing-), n. 1. Non-existence. 2. A 
thing of no value. 

No'tice, n. [Lat. notitia; noscere, 
notum, to know.] 1. Act of noting 
or observing. 2. Intelligence ; in- 
timation. 3. A writing containing 
information. 4. Respectful treat- 
ment. — V.t. [-ED; -ING.J 1. To 
pay attention to. 2. To remark up- 
on ; to make observations on. 3. To 
treat with attention and civilities. 
Syn. — To perceive; see; note; heed. 

No'tice- a-ble , a. Capable of being 
observed ; worthy of observation . 



NO'TI-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of noti- 
fying. 2. Notice given. 3. An ad- 
vertisement, citation, &c. 

No'Tl-FY,^. t. [-ed;-ing,142.] [Lat. 
notificare; notus, known, and facers 
to make.] 1. To declare ; to publish. 
2. To give notice to. 

NO'TION, n. [Lat. notio.] 1. Any 
mental apprehension ; idea ; concep- 
tion. 2. Judgment; opinion. 3. A 
small article ; — chiefly in the pi. 

No'TION-AL, a. 1. Existing in idea 
only ; visionary ; imaginary. 2. Given 
to visionary expectations. 

Nd'TlON-AL-LY, adv. In conception ; 
not in reality. 

No'to-ri'e-ty, n. 1. Condition of 
being notorious. 2. Knowledge by 
people in general 

No-TO'Rl-ous, a. [Lat. notorius; no- 
tare, to mark.] Generally known and 
talked of, — usually, to disadvantage. 

No-TO'Rl-otis-LY, adv. In a noto- 
rious manner ; publicly ; openly. 

No-to'ri-ous-ness, n. Notoriety. 

Not'with-stand'ing, prep. With- 
out opposition from ; in spite of. 
Q3f* Commonly classed as an adv. or 
conj.y hut really the p. pr. of withstand, 
with not prefixed. 

Nought (nawt), n. See Naught. 

Noun, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. nomen, 
name.] The name of a creature or 
thing, existing in fact or in thought. 

Nour'ish (nur'ish), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To feed and cause to grow. 2. To 
encourage. 3. To comfort. 

NoCr'ish-er (nur'ish-er), n. Ona 
who, or that which, nourishes. 

Nour'ish -me nt, n. 1. Act of nour- 
ishing, or state of being nourished. 

2. That which serves to nourish. 
Syx. —Nutriment; food; sustenance. 

Nov'EL, a. [Lat. novellus, dim. of 
novus, new.] Of recent origin or in- 
troduction ; hence, unusual ; strange. 
Syn. — New. — Every thing at its first 
occurrence is new; a thing is novel when 
it is so much out of the ordinary course 
of things as to strike us with surprise. 
We have daily new inventions, but a 
novel one supposes some very peculiar 
means of attaining its end. 
— n. A fictitious tale in prose. 

Nov'EL-ETTE', n. [Fr.] A small 
novel. [or of novels. 

Nov'el-Ist, n. A writer of a novel, 

Nov'EL-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
novel ; newness ; recentness. 2. A 
new or strange thing. 

No-VEM'BER, n. [Lat., from no vein, 
nine, it being the ninth month of 
the old Roman year.] The eleventh 
month of the year. 

Nov'E-NA-RY (110),a. [Lat. novena- 
rius; novem, nine.] Pertaining to 
the number nine. 

NO-VEN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. novennis, of 
nine years ; novem, nine, and annus, 
year] Done every ninth year. 

N6v'IcE,n. [Lat. ncvicius,novitius, 
new ; novus, new.] 1. A beginner. 
2. One newly received into a church. 

No-vPti-ate (-vish'I-, 95), n. 1. 
State of being a novice. 2. A pro- 
bationer ; a novice. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O , silent ; C, &,soft; €,&,Jiard; AS; E£IST ; ^asNG; THIS 



NOW 



290 



NUZZLE 



-S.nft.] 1. At the 
2. Things being as 



Now. adv. [A 
present time, 
they are. 
Now and then, occasionally; atintervals. 

Now'A-DAYg, adv. At the present 
period. 

No'WAY, ) adv. In no manner or 

No'WAYS., ) degree ; not at all. 

No'WHERE, adv. Not in any place 
or state. 

No'wigE , adv. Not in any manner. 

Nox'ious (nok'shus), a. [Lat. noxi- 
us; noxa, harm.] Productive of in- 
jury or eVil consequences ; baneful. 
Syn.— Hurtful; injurious; pernicious. 

NoxaoOs-LYttpok'shus-), adv. Hurt- 
fully ; pernifljwusly. 

Nox'IOUS-NESgnnok/shus-), n. Hurt- 
fulness ; pernimousness. [cordial. 

No'YAU (no^o), n. [Fr.] A rich 

Noz'ZLE (no^zl), n. [From nose.] 
Nose ; sjpout ; any projecting vent. 

Nu'CLE-ATE, v. t. [Lat. nucleate, 
-atum.] To gather, as about a nu- 
cleus. 

Nu-CLE'I-FORM, a. [Lat. nucleus, 
&a(i forma.] Formed like a kernel. 

Nu'CLE-us, n. ; Eng. pi. nu'cle-us- 
E§, Lat. pi. NU'€LE-I. [Lat., fr. 
nux, nitcis, nut.] 1. A kernel ; 
hence, a central mass or point about 
wnich matter is gathered. 2. Cen- 
tralpart of the body of a comet. 

Nu-DA'TION, n. [Lat. nudatio ; nudus, 
naked.] Act of making bare. 

Nude, a. [Lat. nudus.] 1. Bare; 
naked. 2. Of no force ; void. 

Nudge, v. t. [Cf. Prov. Germ, kntit- 
sc/ien, to squeeze, pinch.] To touch 
gently, as with the elbow, in order 
to call attention or convey intima- 
tion. — n. A gentle push, as with 
the elbow. 

Nu'di-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition 
of being nude ; nakedness. 2. Na- 
ked part ; undraped portion. 

Nu'GA-TO-RY (50), a. [Lat. nugato- 
rius ; nugse, jests, trifles.] Trifling; 
vain ; futile. 

Nug'Set, n. [Prob. fr. nigot, an old 
inversion of ingot.] A lump, espe- 
cially of a precious metal. 

Nui'SANCE (nutans), n. [O.'Eng. noy- 
sance, fr. Lat. nocere.] That which 
annoys or gives trouble and vexation. 

NULL, a. [Lat. nullus, not any; ne, 
not, and ullus, any.] Of no legal 
force ; invalid ; void ; nugatory. 

NUL/LI-FI-CA'TION, n. Act of nul- 
lifying ; a rendering void and of no 
• legal effect. 

NfJL'Ll-FKER, n. One who nullifies, 
or holdsto a right of doing so. 

NUL'LI-FY, V.t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. null if tear e ; nullus, none, and 
facer e, to make.] To make void ; to 
render invalid. 

Nul'l,i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
null or void. 2. Any thing void, or 
of no efficacy. 

Numb (nttm), a. [0. Eng. num, dull, 
stupid ; A.-S. numen, taken, seized.] 
Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the 
power of sensation and motion. 



SYS.— Torpid; paralyzed; benumbed. 
— v. t. [-ed;-ING.] To make tor- 
pid ; to benumb. 
NOm'BER, n. [Lat. numetus.] 1. A 
single unit, or two or more units. 2. 
A multitude. 3. Numerousness. 4. 
Poetry ; verse. 5. Distinction of ob- 
jects, as one, or more than one. 6. 
Numerical value. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 

1. To ascertain the units of. 2. To 
reckon as one of a multitude. 3. To 
amount to. 

Syx.— To count ; enumerate ; calcu 
late; tell. 

Num'ber-less, a. Not admitting of 
being counted ; innumerable. 

NOM'BERg, n. Fourth book of the 
Pentateuch. 

NDmb'ness (nQm'-), n. Condition of 
being numb. [numbered. 

Nu'mer-a-bee, a. Capable of being 

NO'MER-AL, a. Pertaining to, or ex- 
pressing, number. — n. A figure or 
character used to express a number. 

Nu'mer-al-LY, adv. According to 
number. [tain number. 

Nu'MER-A-RY, a. Belonging to a cer- 

NU'MER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[Lat. numerate, -atum.] To divide 
off and read according to the rules 
of numeration. 

Nu'MER-a'tion, n. 1. Act or art of 
numberirj. 2. Act or art of reading 
numbers, esp. by the Arabic method. 

Nu'mer-a/tor, n. The term in a 
fraction which shows how many 
parts are taken ; the number above 
the line in a vulgar fraction. 

Nu-m£r'I€, I a. Belonging to 

Nu-MER'I€-AL. 1 number; expressed 
by number. 

Nu-MER'I€-AL-LY, adv. With re- 
spect to numbers. 

Nu'MER-oOs, a. 1. Being many. 2. 
Rhythmical ; musical. 

Nu'MER-oiJs-LY, adv. In or with 
great number. 

Nu/mis-mat'ic, ) a. [Lat. nu- 

Nu'MI§-mXt'I€-AL, J w/5wa,acoin.] 
Pertaining to coins or medals. 

Nu'mis-mat'ics, n. sing. Science of 
coins and medals. 

Num/ma-RY, I a. Lat. nummulari- 

NtJM/MU-LAR, ) us;numrnus, a coin.] 
Pertaining to coin or money. 

NOm'skull (146), n. [From numb and 
skull.] A dunce ; a dolt. 

NUN, n. [Coptic nane, nanu, good, 
beautiful.] A woman devoted to a 
religious life, who lives in a cloister. 

NDn'ci-o (nun'shi-6, 95), n. [Lat. 
nunches, messenger.] An embassador 
from _the pope to an emperor or king. 

NUN-CU'PA-TlVE .or NOn'cu-pa'- 
tive, a. [From Lat. nuncupate, to 
dedicate.] 1. Publicly declaratory. 

2. Oral ; not written. 
NUN-€U'PA-TO-RY or NUN'€U-PA- 

TO-RY, a. Same as NUNCUPATIVE. 
NUN'DI-NAL, a. [Lat. nundinalis, fr. 

nundinse, market-day.] Pertaining 

to a fair, or to a market-day. 
NtJN'NER-Y, n. A cloister in which 

nuns reside. 
Syn\— See Cloister. 



NUP'TIAL, a. [L. nuplialis ; nubore. 
to marry.] 1. Pertaining to mar 
riage ; done at a wedding 2 Con- 
stituting marriage. — n. pi. Mar- 
riage ; wedding. 

Nurse, n. [A.-S. norice, rr. Lat. nx 
trix, nurse.] One who tends a child, 
or the sick ; one who suckles an in- 
fant not her own. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To nourish ; to foster ; to 
suckle ; to tend, as a sick person. 

NOrs'er-y, n. 1. An apartment ap- 
propriated to the care of children. 2 
A plantation of young trees. 3. That 
which forms and educates. 

NOrs'ling, n. [From num and ter- 
mination ling.] One who is nursed. 

NOrt'ure (53), n. [0. Eng. nouriture. 
See NOURISH.] 1. Act of nourish- 
ing ; education ; instruction. 2. 
Food; diet. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To feed. 2. To bring or train up. 

Syn.— To nourish; cherish; educate; 
tend.— Nourish denotes to supply with 
.Saod, or cause to grow ; as, to nourish a 
plant, to nourish rebellion. To nurture 
is to train up with a fostering care, like 
that of a mother ; as, to nurture into 
strength, to nurture in sound principles. 
To cherish is to hold and treat as dear ; 
as, to cherish hopes or affections. 

NUT, n. [A.-S. hnutu, hnut.] 1. Fruit 

consisting of a shell and ker- A v 

nel. 2. A small block con- %Bl\ 
taining a concave screw. — mfflttW 
v. i. [-TED ; -TING.] To Nut. 
gather nuts. 

Nu'tant, a. [Lat. nutans.] Nodding. 

Nu-TA'TION, n. [Lat. nutatio, a nod- 
ding.] A vibratory motion of the 
earth's axis. 

NtJT'-€RACK/ER, n. An instrument 
for cracking nuts. [the oak. 

Nut'-gall, n. An excrescence of 

NOt'MEG, n. [L. Lat. nux muscata, 
from Lat. muscus, musk.] The aro- 
matic kernel of the fruit of an East 
Indian tree. 

Nu'TRl-A, n. [Sp. nutria, luttia, lutta, 
otter, fr. Lat. lutta.] Fur of a rodent 
quadruped resembling the beaver. 

Nu'TRl-MENT, n. [Lat. nutrimen- 
turn.] 1. That -which nourishes ; 
food ; aliment. 2. That which pro- 
motes enlargement or improvement. 

Nu'tri-ment'al, a. Having the 
qualities of food ; alimental. 

Nu-TRp"TlON(-trIsh'un), n. [L. Lat. 
nutritio.] 1. Act or process of pro- 
moting the growth. 2. That which 
nourishes ; nutriment. 

Nu-trI'tioOs (-trismus), a. Nour- 
ishing ; promoting growth. 

Nu'tri-Tive, a. Having the quality 
of nourishing. 

Nu'tri-tIve-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing nutritive. 

Nut'shell, n. Shell in which th» 
kernel of a nut is inclosed. 

Nux v5m'i-€A. [N. Lat., fr. nux, % 
nut, and vomicus, from vomere, to 
vomit.] The poisonous seed of an 
East Indian tree. 

NtJZ'ZLE, v. t. [-ED; -TNG.] [Prob. 
a corruption of nestle.] To nestle. — 
v. i. [From nozzle.] 1. To work 



A, E, I,5,U, Y,long; I.fi.'X, 5,U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL; T£FvM} PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 




NYMPH 



with the nose. 2. To hide the head | NYMPH, 



in the mother's bosom ; to nestle. 
NYMPH, n. [Gr. vv^r).] 1. A god- 
dess of the mountains, forests, mead- 
ows, or waters. 2. A lovely girl. 



NVM'PHA, | 
a chrysalis. 

Nymph' al, a. 
nymphean. 



291 

[See supra.] An in- 
sect in the pupa state ; 

Relating to nymphs ; 



OBLITERATE 

NYMPH-E'AN, a 



appropriate 
by nymphs. 
Nymph'-like, 
Nymph'ly, 



Pertaining to, ©i 
nymphs ; inhabited 

t. Resembling or be- 
coming to nymphs 



0. 



0(5), is the fifteenth letter, and the 
fourth vowel, in the alphabet. 
See Prim, of Pron. §§ 19-25, 50, 51. 
— inter j. An exclamation used in 
calling or addressing a person ; — 
also as expressive of pain , grief, sur- 

_ prise, desire, &c. 

OAF, n. [0. Eng. auf, aulf, A.-S. self. 
See Elf.] 1. A changeling ; a fool- 
ish child left by fairies in place of 
another. 2. A blockhead. 

Oaf'ish, a. Like an oaf ; stupid ; dull. 

OAK,n. [A.-S. dc] A valuable tree, 

_ or its wood. 

Oak'-Xp'PLE, n. A spongy excres- 

_ cence on oak leaves. &c. 

OAK/.EN (58), a. Made of oak. 

Oak'ling, n. A young oak. 

OAK'UM, n. [A.-S. acumba, cumba, 
tow.] Old ropes untwisted and pulled 
into loose hemp. 

OAR, n. [A.-S. ar.] An instrument 
for rowing boats. — v. i. To row. — 
v.t. To impel by rowing. 

OARS'MAN (150), n. One who rows. 

Oar'"y, a. Having the form or use of 

_ an oar. 

O'a-sis, or O-A'sis, n.; pi. g'a-ses, 
or o-A'SE§. [Lat. oasis, Copt, ouahe, 

_ ouahsoi.] A fertile place in a desert. 

Oast, n. [Cf. Gael, ath.l A kiln to 
dry hops or malt. 

Oat, n. ; chiefly in pi. [A.-S. ata, ate.] 

_ A well-known plant and its seed. 

Oat'.EN (ot'n). a. 1. Pertaining to 

_ oats. 2. Made of oat-meal. 

Oath, n., pi. Oaths. [A.-S adh.] A 
solemn or a blasphemous affirmation, 

_ with an appeal to God for its truth. 

Oat'-meal, n. Meal made of oats. 

5b'du-ra-cy, or Ob-du'ra-^y, n. 
Invincible hardness ofheart. 

Ob'du-rate, or Ob-du'rate (117), 
a. [Lat. obduratus.] 1. Harsh; rug- 
ged. 2. Hardened in feelings. 

Syn. —Hardened; callous. — Callous 
denotes a deadening of the sensibilities; 
as, a callous conscience. Hardened im- 
plies a general and settled disregard for 
the claims of interest, duty, and sympa- 
thy; as, hardened in vice. Obdurate 
rises still higher, and implies an active 
resistance of the heart and will against 
the pleadings of compassion and hu- 
manity. 

Ob'du-rate -ly, orOB-DU'RATE-LY, 
_ adv. With obstinate impenitence. 
O'BE-AH, n. A species of negro witch- 
craft, [what is required. 
O-be'di-ence, n. Compliance with 
0-be'di-ent,«. [Lat. obedi ens, obey- 
ing.] Submissive to authority ; will- 
ing to obey- 




O-BE'di-ent-ly, adv. In an obe- 
dient manner. 

O-BEI'SANCE, or O-BEI'SANCE, n. A 
bow ; a courtesy. 

O-BEI'SANT, or 6-BEl'SANT, a. [Fr. 
obeissant, obeying.] Reverent ; sub- 
missive. 

Ob'e-lisk, n. [Gr. 6/3e- 
Atovcos, dim. of 6/3eAo?, 
a spit.] 1. A four-sided 
pillar. 2. A reference- 
mark [thus, f], called 
also a dagger. 

O-Bese', a. [Lat. obesus, 
fr. prefix ob, and edere, 
esum, to eat.] Excess- 
ively corpulent ; fat. 

0-BESE'NESS, ) n. Ex- Obelisk. 

O-bes'1-TY, J cessive fatness. 

O-BEY' (o-ba'), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. obedire.] 1. To comply with 
the orders of. 2. To yield to the 
impulse^ power, or operation of. 

OB-FUS'€ATE,r. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
obfuscare, -calitm ; prefix ob and/w5- 
care, to make dark.] To darken ; to 
obscure^ to confuse. [confusing. 

OB'FUS-eA'TlON, n. A darkening or 

O'BTT, or Ob'it, n. [Lat. obitus.] 1. 
Death. 2. Funeral solemnities. 

0-bit'u-al, a. Pertaining to the days 
of funeral solemnities. 

O-BIT'U-A-RY (44), a. Relating to the 
decease of a person. — n. A brief bi- 
ographical notice of the death of a 
person. 

Ob'ject, n. 1. That with which the 
mind is occupied in the act of know- 
ing. 2. End ; aim ; motive ; final 
cause. 8. That toward which an 
activity is directed. 

Ob-ject', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
objicere, -jectvtn ; prefix ob and ja- 
cere, to throw.] To present or offer 
in opposition. — v. i. To make op- 
position in words or argument. 

0b-JEC'TION,m. 1. Act of objecting. 
2. Adverse reason or argument. 

Ob-jeg'tion-a-ble, a. Justly liable 
to objections. 

0b-JE€T'ive, a. 1. Pertaining to an 
object. 2. Outward ; external ; ex- 
trinsic. 3. Designating the case which 
follows a transitive verb or a preposi- 
tion. 

Syn. — Subjective. — Objective is ap- 
plied to things which are exterior to the 
mind, and objects of its attention; sub- 
jective, to the operations of the mind 
itself. Hence, an objective motive is 
some outward thing awakening desire; a 
subjective moflve is some internal feel- 
ing or propensity. 



— n. 1. The objective case. 2. Ob. 
ject-glass of a microscope. 

Ob-JE€T'ive-ly, adv. 1. In an ob- 
jective manner. 2. In the state of 
an object. 

Ob-JE€T'or, n. One who objects. 

OB-jfjR'GATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. objurgare, -gatum ; prefix ob 
and jurgare, to quarrel.] To chide. 

Ob'JUR-ga'tion, n. Reproof; chid- 
ing._ 

OB-LATE', a. [Lat. offerre, oblatus, to 
bring forward.] Flattened at the poles. 

Ob-la'tion, n. [Lat. oblatio.] An 
offering ; a sacrifice. 

Ob'LI-GATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
obligare, -gatum; prefix ob and li- 
gare, to bind.] 1. To bring under 
obligation. 2. To bind to an act of 
duty or courtesy. 

Ob'li-ga'tion, n. 1. Binding power 
of a vow, promise, oath, or law, &c. 
2. Any act by which one becomes 
bound to do something to or for an- 
other, or to forbear something. 3. 
A bond with a condition annexed. 

Ob'li-ga-to-RY (50), a. Binding in 
law_or conscience. 

0-BLIGE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
constrain by physical, moral, or le- 
gal force. 2. To do a favor to ; to 
accommodate. 

Ob'li-gee', n. The one to whom 
another is bound. 

O-BLI'GING, a. Having the disposi- 
tion to oblige. 

Syn.— Civil; complaisant; courteous; 
kind. — One is kind who desires to see 
others happy; one is complaisant who 
endeavors to make them so in social in- 
tercourse by p Mentions calculated to 
please;' one who is obliging performs 
some actual service, or has the disposi- 
tion to do so. 

O-blI'ging-ly, a<f«. With civility. 

Ob'li-gor', n. One who binds him- 
self, or gives his bond to another. 

0b-lique' (ob-leek' or ob-Mk'), a. 
[Lat. obliqnus.] 1. Not perpendicu- 
lar ; slanting. 2. Indirect; obscure; 
underhand. 

Oblique case (Gram.), any case exc*pj> 
the nominative. 

Ob-lique'ly (ob-leek'- or ob-l!k / -) 9 
adv. Not directly. 

Ob-lique'ness (ob-leek'- or ob-llk'-), 
n. Obliquity. 

Ob-liq'ui-ty (-1uVwI-),». 1. Devia- 
tion from a right line. 2. Deviation 
from moral rectitude. 

Ob-lIt'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. obliterare, -ratum ; prefix ob 
and litera, letter.] 1. To erase or 



OR, do, wqlf, TOO,TO0&; &RN, RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; <?,&,soft: G,hardj A§; exist; n as ng ; this 



OBLITERATION 



292 



OBVERSE 



blot out ; to efface. 2. To destroy 
by time. _ [extinction. 

Db-lit'ER-a'TION, n. Act of effacing ; 

OB-LIV'I-ON, n. [Lat. oblivio.] 1. 
Forgetfulness. 2. An amnesty, or 
general pardon. 

Ob-liv'I-ous, a. 1. Causing forget- 
fulness. 2. Forgetful. 

Cb'LONG, a. [Lat. oblongus; ob, 
against, and longus, long.] Longer 
than broad. — n. A figure which is 
longer than it is broad. 

tJB'LONG-LY, adv. In an oblong form. 

Ob'lo-QUY, n. [Lat. cbloquium ; ob- 
loqui, to speak against.] Censorious 
speech ; reproachful language. 

Syn.— Censure ; contumely; calum- 
ny; slander; detraction. 

OB-Nox'iofis j-nok'shus), a. [Lat. 
obnoxius.] 1. Reprehensible ; blame- 
worthy. 2. Odious ; hateful. 3. 
Liable ; exposed. 

Ob-nox'ious-ly (-nok'shus-), adv 
In an obnoxious manner. 

0'bo-e,«. [It. See Hautboy.] A 
wind instrument sounded by means 
of a reed ; a hautboy. 

0B'OLE,n. A weight of 10 or 12 grains. 

Ob'O-lOs, n. [Gr. 6/3o\6?.] An an- 
cient silver coin worth about 3 cents. 

0B-O'VATE,a. [Lat. oh and ovatus, 
egg-shaped.] Ovate with the narrow 
end downward. 

OB-SCENE', a. [Lat. obscenusi] 1. 
Grossly indelicate and disgusting. 

2. Inauspicious. [A Latinism.] 
Syn. — Impure; immodest; indecent. 

Ob-scene'ly, adv. Impurely ; un- 
chastely. 

Ob-scen'i-TY, n. The quality of 
presenting what is offensive to chas- 
tity or purity of mind. 

Qb'S€U-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of ob- 
scuring. 2. State of being obscured. 

Ob-S€URE', a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. 
obscurus.] 1. Imperfectly illumi- 
nated. 2. Remote from observation. 

3. Unknown ; humble. 4. Not easily 
understood.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To render obscure ; to darken ; to 
make less intelligible, [ly ; darkly. 

Rb-SCURE'LY, adv. Imperfectly ; dim- 

OB-S€U'RI-TY, it. State or quality of 
being obscure; unintelligibleness. 
Syn. — See Dakkness. 

Ob'se-€RATE,v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
obsecrare, -cratum ; pref. ob and sa- 
crare, to declare sacred.] To beseech. 

OB-SE'QTJI-OUS, a. [Lat. obseqitiosus.] 
Servilely or meanly condescending ; 
compliant to excess. 

Syn. — Yielding: attentive.— In many 
cases, a man may be attentive or yielding 
in a high degree without any sacrifice of 
his dignity; but he who is obsequious 
Beeks to curry favor by excessive and 
mean compliance for some selfish end. 

Ob-se'QUI-ous-ly, adv. With prompt 
corn plia nee. 

Ob-se'qui-ous-ness, n. Ready obe- 
dience ; servile submission. 

5b'se-quy, n. ; pi. 6b'se-quTe§. 
[Lat. obsequium, compliance.] A 
funeral rite or solemnity .• — chiefly 
in the plural. 



Ob-§eRV'A-BLE, a. Worthy or ca- 
pable of being observed ; remark- 
able, [able manner. 
Ob-serv'a-bly, adv. In an observ- 
Ob-serv'anc;e, n. 1. Act of observ- 
ing. 2. That which is to be observed ; 
rule of practice. 3. Performance of 
religious ceremonies, &c. 

Syn. — Observation. — Observance and 
observation branch out from two distinct 
senses of obsei~ve. 1. To observe means 
to keep strictly; as, to observe the Sab- 
bath; and hence, observance denotes the 
keeping of a rule or lnw with strictness; 
as, the obseri'ance of the Sabbath, &c. 2. 
To observe means to consider attentively, 
or remark; and hence, observation de- 
notes either the act of observing, or 
some remark made as the result thereof. 

OB-gERV'ANT, a. 1. Taking notice ; 
attentively viewing. 2. Adhering in 
practice. 

OB/gER-VA'TlON, n. 1. Act or power 
ofobserving. 2. That which is ob- 
served. 3. A remark. 4. Observ- 
ance. 5. Act of noting some fact or 
occurrence in nature. 
Syn.— See Observance. 

Ob-sErv'a-to-ry (50), n. 1. A place 
from which a view may be observed. 
2. A place for making astronomical 
or other observations. 

Ob-serve' (-ztrv', 14), v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. observare; prefix ob 
and servare, to preserve, heed.] 1. To 
pay attention to. 2. To regard with 
religious care ; to celebrate. 3. To 
utter as a remark. 4. To comply 
with; to obey. — v.i. 1. To take 
notice. 2. To make a remark. 

Ob-SERV'er, 11. One who observes. 

Ob-§erv'ing, a. Giving particular 
attention. 

OB-SES'SION (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. ob- 
sessio.] A besieging. [glass. 

Ob-sid'i-an, n. A kind of volcanic 

Ob-s1d'i-o-nal, a. [Lat. obsidiona- 
lis ; obsidio, a siege.] Pertaining to 
a siege. /[coming obsolete. 

O'b'so-les'cence, n. State of be- 

OB'SO-LES'^ENT, a. [Lat. obsoles- 
cense _Going out of use. 

5b'SO-lete, a. [Lat. obsoletus.) No 
longer common ; disused, [obsolete. 

Ob'so-lete'ness, n. State of being 

OB'STA-CLE, n. [Lat. obstaculum, fr. 
obstare, to stand before or against ] 
Any thing that hinders progress ; ob- 
struction. 

Ob-stet'RI€, ) a. [Lat. obstetri- 

OB-STET'RIC-AL, J cius; obstetrix, 
obstetricis, a midwife.] Pertaining to 
midwifery. [midwifery 

Ob-stet'RI€S, n. sing. Science of 

Ob'sti-na-cy, n. 1. Unyielding fixed- 
ness in opinion or resolution. 2. Fix- 
edness that will not yield to appli- 
cation or that yields with difficulty. 

Syn. — Pertinacity. — Pertinacity de- 
notes great firmness in holding ori to a 
thing ; as, pertinacity of opinion, &c. 
Obstinacy is great firmness in holding 
out against persuasion, attack, &c; as, 
obstinacy of will. The former consists 
in adherence, the latter in resistance. 

5b'STI-NATE, a. [lift., obstinatus.] 
1. Pertinaciously adhering to an 



opinion or purpose. 2. Not easily 
subdued or removed. 

Ob'sti-nate-ly, adv. Stubbornly. 

Ob'STI-PA'TION, n. [Lat. obstipare, 
to lean to one side.] A stopping up, 
as of a passage. 

Ob-STREP'er-oDs, a. [Lat. obstrep* 
erus.] Loud ; clamorous ; noisy. 

Ob-strep'er-oOs-ly, adv. With 
tumultuous noise. 

OB-STRI€'TION, n. [Lat. obstrivgere. 
strictum, to bind to or about.] Ob- 
ligation ; bond. 

Ob-strU€T', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
obslruere, obstructvm, fr. o6and strtk 
ere, to pile up.] 1. To stop up or 
close, as a passage. 2. To hinder 
from passing. 3. To render slow. 

Syn.— To bar; stop; check; inter- 
rupt; impede; retard. 

Ob-stru€'tion, n. 1. Act of ob- 
structing, or state of being obstruct- 
ed. 2. That which obstructs. 

Syn. — Obstacle. — Obstacle is strong- 
er than obstruction ; the latter serves tc 
impede or hinder; the former acts with 
direct resistance. We remove obstj-uc- 
tions; we surmount obstacles. 

Ob-strU€T'ive, a. Hindering ; caus- 
ing impediment. 

Ob'stru-ent, a. Blocking up ; hin- 
dering. — n. [Lat. obstrverts, ob- 
structing.] Any thing that obstructs 
a passage. 

Ob-tain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat 

oblinere ; prefix ob and tenere, to 

hold.] To get hold of by effort ; to 

gain possession of ; to win ; to earn. 

Syn. — To attain ; procure ; acquire. 

— v. i. To become prevalent or gen- 
eral, [obtained- 

OB-TAIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Ob-test', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
obtestari ; prefix, ob and testari, to 
witness.] 1. To call to witness. 2. 
To beseech. 

Ob'tes-ta'tion, n. Supplication. 

Ob-trude', i'. /. [-ed ; -ikg.] (Lat. 
obtrudere ; prefix ob and trvdere, to 
thrust.] To thrust or force in or upon. 
Syn. — To intrude. — To intrude is to 
thrust one's self into a place, society, &c, 
without right, or uninvited ; to obtrude 
is to force one's self, remarks, opinions, 
&c, upon persons with whom one has 
no such intimacy as to justify such bold- 
ness. 

— v. i. To enter without right. 
Ob-trud'er, n. One who obtrudes. 
Ob-tru'§ion (-zhun), n. A thrusting 

upon"others by force or unsolicited. 

Ob-tru'sIve, a. Disposed to obtrude. 

OB-TUSE',a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. ob- 
tusus.] 1. Not pointed or acute; ap- 
plied to angles greater than a right 
angle. 2. Not having acute sensibil - 
ity. 3. Not sharp or shrill. [ner. 

OB-TUSE'LY, adv. In an obtuse man- 

Ob-tuse'ness, n. State or quality oi 
being obtuse. 

OB-VERSE' (14), a. [Lat. obversus. 
See OBVERT.] Having the base 
narrower than the top, as a leaf. 

Ob'VERSE, n. The face of a coin, 
having the principal image or in- 
scription upon it. 



£., e, i, o, fj, Y,long; £j£j 1, 6, u, $, short; care, far, A%k, all, what ; ere , veil, sERBX-' pique, fIrm ; s6n. 



OBVERT 



293 



OFFEND 



9B VERT', V.t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
obvertere ; prefix ob and vertere , to 
turn.] To turn toward or downward. 

OB'VI-ATE, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
o'jviare, -aturn ; ob, against, and vi- 
are, to go.] To prevent by intercep- 
tion ; to clear the way of. 

Ob'VI-a'tion, n. Act of obviating. 

Ob'vi-oOs, a. Easily discovered, seen, 
or understood. 

Syx. — See Manifest. 

(3b'VI-ous-ly, adv. In a manner 
that is obvious. 

0€-€A'siON, n. [Lat. occasio ; prefix 
ob, and cade.re, to fall.] 1. An oc- 
currence, casualty, or incident. 2. 
A favorable opportunity. 3. Acci- 
dental cause. 4. Incidental need; 
requirement. 

Syk. — See Opportunity. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To give oc- 
casion to ; to cause incidentally. 

0€-€A'SION-AL, a. 1. Occurring at 
times, but not regular or systematic ; 
casual ; incidental. 2. Produced or 
made on some special event. 

Oc-ca'sion-al-ly, adv. On occa- 
sion ; at times. 

Oc'CI-DENT,n. [Lat. occidens ; occi- 
dere, to fall or go down.] The west. 

dVci-DENT'AL, a. Western. 

0€-CIP'I-TAL, a. Pertaining to the 

^ back part of the head. 

OVci-pOt, n. [Lat.,fr. prefix ob and 
caput, head] Part of the skull form- 
ing the hind part of the head. /> ^ 

Oe-CLU'siON, n. [From Lat. occh'isus, 
to shut up.] Act of shutting up ; 
state of being shut up. 

OC-CULT', a. [Lat. ocrultus, covered 
up.] Hidden from the eye or under- 
standing ; invisible ; secret ; un- 
known. 

OVcul-TA'TION, n. The hiding of a 
heavenly body from sight by the in- 
tervention of some other heavenly 
body. 

OVcu-PAN-CY, n. Actof taking or 
holding possession. [occupies. 

<3€'€U-PANT, n. [See infra.] One who 

OVcu-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of occupy- 
ing. 2. State of being occupied. 3. 
The principal business of one's life. 

Oc'CU-PY (54), V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.J 
[Lat. occupare, fr. ob and capere, to 
take.] 1. To take or hold in posses- 
sion. 2. To cover or fill. 3. To em- 
ploy ; to use. 4. To busy; — re- 
flexively. 5. To follow as a busi- 
ness. — v. i. To follow business ; to 
negotiate. 

Oc-cOr', v. i. [-red ; -RING.] [Lat. 
occurrere ; ob, against, and currere, to 
run.] 1. To be found here and 
there : to appear. 2. To meet or 
come to the mind. 

0€-€UR'RENCE, n. Any incident or 
_ accidental event : any single event. 
O'CEAN (5'shun), n. " [Gr. w<ceai/6s.] 
The vast body of water surrounding 
the land or one of the smaller bodies 
into which it is divided. 
D'ce-an'ic (-she-), a. Relating to the 
ocean. 




Having eight 
[Gr. bttrdeSpov, 




Octahedron. 



0'€HER Ho/ker),n. [Gr. u>xpa, from 

O'CHRE J wxpos, pale, pale yellow.] 

_ A variety of fine clay containing iron. 

O'cher-ous, I a. Consisting of, or 

O'GHRE-oDs, J like, ocher. 

0'€HER-Y, I a. Relating to, contain- 

O'chrey, } ing, or like, ocher. 

Og'ta-gon, n. [Gr. oKTa- 
yu>vos, eight-cornered.] A 
plane figure of eight sides 
and eight angles. 

Oc-tag'o-nal, «. Hav- 
ing eight sides and eight Octuo . ou _ 
angles. _ 

OVta-he'dral, a 
equal faces. 

Ut'TA-HE'DRON, rt. 
fr. o/craeSpos, 
eight - sided.] 
A solid con- 
tained by eight 
equal and equi- 
lateral trian- 
gles. 

Oc-tan'gu-lar, a. [Lat. octangulus ; 
octo, eight, and angulus, angle.] 

w Having eight angles. 

OCtave, n. [Lat. octavus, eighth.] 
1. Eighth day after a church festi- 
val. 2. (Mus.) (a.) The eighth tone 
in the scale, (b.) The scaleitself. 

0€-TA'VO, n. ; pi. oc-TA'vos. [See 
supra.] 1. A book composed of 
sheets each folded so as to make 
eight leaves. 2. Size of a book thus 
composed, 

Oc-TEN'iNI-AL, a. [Lat. octennis ; 
octo, eight, and annus, year.] 1. 
Happening every eightn? year. 2. 
Lasting eight years. , 

0€-TO'BER, n. [Lat., fr. octo, eight, 
the eighth month of the old Roman 
year.] The tenth month. ^ 

OVto-dec'1-mo, n.; pi. oc'to- 
DEC'l-MOS. [Lat. octodecim, eight- 
een.'] A book composed of sheets, 

^ eadh fot5ed_to make eighteen leaves. 

OVto-ge-na'ri-an, n. A person 
eighty years old. 

0g-t6G'e-na-ry, or OCto-ge-na- 
RY, a. [Lat. octogtnarius.) Of eighty 
years of _age. 

OVto-ROON', n. [Lat. octo, eight.] 
The offspring of a quadroon and a 
white person. 

0€'TO-SYL-LAB'I€, \ a. [Lat. oc- 

Oc'TO-SYL-LAB'IC-AL, [ tosyllabus ; 

OC'TO-SYL'LA-BLE, ) octo, eight, 

and syllaba, syllable.] Consisting 

^ of eight syllables, [eight syllables. 

OC'TO-SYL'LA-BLE. n. A word of 

OC'TU-PLE, a. [Gr. oKTaw\ovs ; oktu>, 
eight, and ojtAoOs, single.] Eight- 
„ fold. 

0€'u-LAR, a. [Lat. ocularis, oculus, 
eye.] Depending on, or perceived 
^ by, the eye. [diseases of the eyes. 
(JC'U-LIST, n. One skilled in treating 
ODD, a. [-ER; -est.] [W. od.] 1. 
Not paired with another ; alone. 2. 
Left over; remaining ; hence, insig- 
nificant. 3. Not divisible by two 
without a remainder. 4. Peculiar ; 
unique. 5. Unsuitable or inappropri- 
ate. 



Syn. — Quaint; unmatched; unusuak 
strange; queer; droll; comical. 

uDD'-fel'low, n. A member of a 

certain secret society. 
(3dd'I-TY, n. 1. Singularity; queer- 

ness. 2. One who, or that which, is 

odd. 
6dd'ly, adv. Unevenly ; strangely. 
0dd'ness,7i. State of being odd. 
Odds, n. sing. & pi. [See Odd, a.] L 

Difference ; inequality ; superiority 
_ 2. Variance ; disagreement. 
Ode, n. [Gr. o>6tj, fr. aelSeiv, to sing.] 

A poem, proper to be sung ; a lyric 

poem. 
O-DE'ON, n. [Gr. wSelov.] A hall or 

chamber for musical or dramatic per- 
_ formances. 
O'Dl-oGs, a. [Lat. odiosus ; odium, 

hatred.] 1. Deserving hatred. 2. 

Causing disgust. 3. Causing hate. 
_ 4. Exposed to hatred. 
O'DI-OIJS-LY, adv. Hatefully. 
O'di-ous-ness, n. Quality of being 
_ odious ; hatefulness. 
O'di-um, n. [Lat., from odi, to hate.] 

1. Hatred ; dislike. 2. Quality that 

provokes hatred ; offensiveness. 

Syn. — Hatred. — Hatred is a thing we 
exercise; odium is a thing we endure; in 
this sense, the former is active and the 
latter passive. We speak of having a 
hatred for a man, but not of having an 
odium toward him. A tyrant incurs the 
hatred of all good men, and, by his ac- 
tions, brings upon himself the public 
odium. 

O-DOM/E-TER, n. [Gr. 6665, way, and 
IJLerpov, measure.] An instrument 
to measure distance in traveling. 

O'DON-TAL'GI-A, n. [Gr. bSovraX- 
yia. ; qSovs, oSoi^tos, tooth, and aX- 

_yos,pain.] Toothache. 

O'DON-TAL'GVC, 01' OD'ON-T AL'GIC 

_ (110), a. Relating tojhe toothache. 

O'DON-TOL'O-GY, Or OD'ON-TOI/O- 
GY, n. [Gr. oSov's, oSoVtos, a tooth, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] That branch 

_ of anatomy which treats of the teeth. 

O'DOR, n. [Lat.] Any smell ; scent. 

O'DOR-IF'ER-OIJS. a. [Lat. odorifer ; 
odor, odor, im&'ferre, to bear.] Giv- 
ing scent; fragrant; usually, sweet 

_ of scent. 

O'DOR-oBs, a. [Lat. odorus.] Hav- 
ing a sweet odor ; fragrant. 

(EG'u-MEN're-AL,, n. See Ecumen- 
ical. [Over. 

O'ER, prep. & adv. A contraction for 

(E-s6PH'A-GUS,rc. See Esophagus. 

OF (ov), prep. [A.-S.] From : proceed' 
ing from ; belonging to ; concei-ning. 

OFF. a. Most distant. — adv. [From 
of.) From ; away from. — prep. Nod 
on. — inter j. Away; begone; — ?' 
command to depart. 

OF'FAL, n. [From off and fall.] 1. 
Waste meat; parts rejected as unfit 
for use. 2. Carrion. 3. Refuse ; rub- 
bish. 

Of-fence', n. See Offense. 

Of-fend', f. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
offendere, offensum ; prefix ob, and 
fender e, to thrust.] 1. To displease ; 
to make angry. 2. To pain ; to an- 
noy. 3. To hinder in obedience. — 



6r, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK 5 fJRN, rue, pull ; B, I. o, silent ; c, G, soft ; €, G, hard; AS 5 E£tST ; NoslfG; this. 



OFFENDER 



294 



OMNIPARITY 



v. i. 1. To commit a crime. 2. To 
cause dislike or auger. 

Dr-FEND'ER, n. One who offends. 

Of-fense' )<156),n. 1. Actofoffend- 

OF-FENCE' J ing. 2. An open violation 
of law. 3. That which offends. 4. 
State of being offended. 

Qf-fen'sIve, a. 1. Causing displeas- 
ure or anger. 2. Giving pain or un- 
pleasant sensations. 3. Used in at- 
tack. 4. Making the first attack. 

Syn. — Displeasing ; disagreeable; as- 
sailant; invading. 

— n. State or posture of one who 
makes attack. [sive manner. 

Of-fen's'ive-LY, adv. In an offen- 

Of-FEN'sIve-ness, n. Quality or 
condition of being offensive. 

Of'fer, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. of- 
ferre ; prefix ob unilferre, to bring.] 

1. To present for acceptance or re- 
jection. 2. To make a proposal to. 

3. To attempt ; to undertake. 4. To 
present in prayer. 5 To bid, as a 
price. — v.i. 1. To present itself. 

2. To declare a willinguess. 3. To 
make an attempt. — ft. That which 
is offered ; a proposal. 

OF'FER-ING, n. That which is offered. 

OVfer-to-RY, n. 1. An anthem 
chanted, during the offering of the 
mass. 2. Verses of Scripture, read 
while alms are collecting. 

6ff'-hand, a. & adv. Without study 
or preparation. 

OVfi'CE, n. [Lat. officium.] 1. Du- 
ty ; esp. customary duty. 2. A spe- 
cial duty, trust, or charge, conferred 
for a public purpose. 3. That which 
is performed by a particular thing. 

4. Place in which officers transact 
business. 5. pi. Apartments in 
which domestics discharge their sev- 
eral duties. 6. (Eccl.) The service ap- 
pointed for a particular occasion. 

Of'fi-o;er, n. One who holds an of- 
fice ; a magistrate. — v. t. To fur- 
nish with officers. 

OF-Fi'ciAH-iish'al), a. [See Office.] 
Pertaining to, or derived from, the 
proper office, officer', or authority. — 
ft. An officer. 

Of-FI'CIAL-LY (-fisb/al-), adv. By 
the proper officer or authority. 

OF-Fl'CI-ATE (-fish/i-), v. i.' [-ED; 
-ING.] To perform the duties of an 
office. 

Of-fic'i-nal, or OVfi-ci'nal, a. 
[Lat. officina, a workshop.] 1. Used 
in a shop, or belonging to it. 2. Ap- 
proved by a college of medicine. 

Of-FI'CIOOs (-fish/us), a. [See Of- 
FICE.] 1. Excessively forward in 

* kindness. 2. Intermeddling in af- 
fairs in which one has no concern. 
Syn. —Impertinent; meddlesome. 

■Df-fI'cioOs-ly (-fisb/us-lj?-), adv. In 
an officious manner. 

©f-fi'cio&s-ness (-fTsh'us-), ». 
Kindness ; undue forwardness. 

Off'ing, n. [From off.] The sea at 
a good distance from the shore, or 
where there is deep water, [matter. 

5ff'S€OUR-ing, n. Refuse; rejected 

Off'SET, n. 1. A sprout or a shoot. 



often. 




2. A short distance measured at right 
angles from a line actually run. 3. 
A sum, account, or value set off 
against another ; a set-off. 

Off-set', or off'set, v. t. [-set ; 
-setting.] To place over against ; 

^ to balance. [off or separates. 

OFF'shoot, ft. That which shoots 

Off'sprTng, n. A child or children ; 
descendants ; posterity. 

OFT (21), adv. [A.-S.] Often. 

OFT'£N (Of'n, 21, 58), adv. [-Er 

^ -EST.] Frequently ; many times. 

OFT'EN-TIMES_ (of'n-), adv. Fre- 
quently ; often ; many times. 

0-ft'TIME§. adv. Frequei 

O-GEE' (o-je'), n. A niold- 

_ ing, somewhat like an S- 

O'GLE (o'gl), V. t. [-ED: 
-ING.] [Fr. ; Lat. ocvlus, 
the eye.] To view with 
side glances. — n. A side 

_ glance or look. 

O'GLER, n. One who ogles. 

O'GRE (o'ger), n. [Fr., hell, fr. Lat. 
Orcus.] An imaginary monster, who 

_ lived on human beings. 

O/gress, n. A female ogre. 

Oh, inter j. An exclamation expressing 
various emotions. 

OIL, ft. [Lat. oleum.'] An unctuous 
substance, animal or vegetable. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To smear or anoint 
with oil. 

Oil'-CLOTH, n. Cloth oiled or painted 
for covering floors, &c. 

Oii/i-ness, n. Quality of being oily. 

Olt/Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or containing, oil ; unctu- 
ous. 2. Like oil. 3. Fatty ; greasy. 

OlNT'MENT, m. That which serves to 
anoint ; an unguent. 

O'KER, ». See OCHER. 

O'KRA, ) ft. A plant, whose pods are 

O'KRO, } used for soups or pickles. 

Old, a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. aid, eald, 
fr. Goth, alan, to grow up.] 1. Ad- 
vanced far in years or life. 2. Not 
new or fresh. 3. Formerly existing. 
4. Skilled ; experienced. 5. Long ex- 
isting ; hence, worn out ; decayed. 6. 
Aged ; antiquated ; hence, bad ; mean. 

Old'.en (old'n), a Old; ancient. 

Old'-FASh'ioNjED. a. Formed ac- 
cording to obsolete fashion or custom. 

Old'ISH, a. Somewhat old. 

Old'NESS, ft. State of being old. 

O'LE-AG'I-NOtrs, a. [Lat. oleaginus; 
olea, olive.] Oily ; unctuous 

0'LE-XN'DER,n. [L. Lat. lorandrum, 
corrupted, from Gr. poSoSevSpov, lit., 
rose-tree.] A beautiful evergreen 
flowering shrub. 

O'le-as'ter, ft. [Lat. olea, olive- 
tree.^ A shrub resembling the olive. 

O'le-fi'ANT, a. [Lat. oleum, oil, and 
facere, to make.] Forming or pro- 
ducing oil ; — applied to a gas. 

O'LE-O-MAR'GA-kine, n. [Lat. oleum, 
oil, and Eng margarine, the pearly 
solid portion of oils and fats.] Ar- 
tificial butter made chiefly from an- 
imal fat. 

Ol-fac'tO-ry, a. [Lat. olfacere, 
-factum, from olere, to smell.] Per- 



taining to, or having the sense oV 
smelling. — n. An organ of smelling. 

O-lIb'a-nDm, ft. [L. Lat., from Ar. 
luban, frankincense, with the Ar. ar- 
ticle al, the, changed into ol, o.] Au 
inspissated aromatic sap. 

Ol'1-ga.rch, ft. One of an oligarchy. 

Ol'i-garch'al, V Pertainin „ 

OL'I-GAR€H'I€, S a \ n lt ! talD ' n g 

Ol'i-garchMc-al,) t0 oligarchy. 
Ol'1-GA.RGH'Y, ft. [Gr. oAiyapx"*; 

oAtyos, few, and apx«»', to rule.] 
_ Government by a few persons. 
O'LI-O, or Ol'io, n. [Sp. olla, a dish 

of boiled or stewed meat.] 1. A dish 

of stewed meat. 2. A medley. 3. 

A collection of various pieces. 
OL'i-va'ceoCs, a. Of the color of 

the olive; olive-green. 
OL'IVE, ft. [Lat. oliva.] 

1. A tree cultivated in 
the south of Europe, 
and its fruit. It is 
the emblem of peace. 

2. A color composed of 
^ violet and green. j**''* 
OL< LA-PO-DRl>DA,n. fi 

[Sp., lit. a rotten pot. 
See Olio.1 1. A mixt- 




ure of all kinds of 



Olive-tree. 



meat chopped fine and stewed with 
vegetables. [Spain.] 2. Any incon- 
gruous mixture. [years. 

O-LYM'PI-AD, ft. A period of four 

O-LYM'PI-AN, ) a. Pertaining to 

O-LYM'Pic, j Olympus ; also, to 
Olympia in Greece, and to the 
games there celebrated. 

OM'BER, ) n. [Fr. ombre, fr. Lat. ho- 

OM'BRE, ) mo, man.] A game at cards, 
usually played by three persons. 

O-me'ga, or O-MEG'A, ft. [Gr. St 
fxe'ya, great or long o.] The last 

^ letter of the Greek alphabet. 

(JM'E-LET (colloq. om'let), «. [Fr. 
omelette ; ceufs meles, mixed eggs.] 
A fritter made chiefly of eggs. 

O'MEN, ft. [Lat.] Sign of some fu- 
ture event ; a prognostic ; a presage. 

O-MEN'TUM, n. [Lat.] A meinbrana- 

^ ceous covering of the bowels ; caul. 

Om'I-noOs, a. 1. Pertaining to an 
omen. 2. Containing an omen ; aus- 
picious ; also, inauspicious. 

0-M'l-Noris-LY, adv. In an ominous 
manner. 

O-MIS'SION (-mlsh/un), n. [Lat. omis- 
sio.] 1. Neglect or failure to do some- 
thing required. 2. That which is 
omitted. 

0-MlT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. omit- 
tere, omissum.] 1. To leave out ; tc 
drop. 2. To neglect. 

OM'ni-bus, ft. [Lat., for all.] A large 
four-wheeled carriage, for carrying 

^ many people. 

Cm/ni-FA/RI-oGs, a. [Lat. omnifari- 
us; omnis, all.] Of all varietiee, 
forms, or kinds. 

Om-nif'I€, a. [Lat. o mn is, all, and 
facere, to make.] All-creating. 

Oivi'Nl-FORM, a. [Lat. omnrformis: 
omnis, all, and forma, form.] Hav- 
ing every form. 

Om'ni-par'i-ty, »i. [Lat. , fr. omnis. 



A, e, I, o,v,Y, long; A, £,l',o,tJ, 1t,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, T^EMj pique, fIrm; s6n. 



OMNIPOTENCE 



295 



OPPORTUNITY 



all, and paritas, equality.] General 
equality. 

Om-nip'O-tence, n. State of being 
omnipotent ; hence, one who is om- 
nipotent. 

Om-nip'o-tent, a. [Lat. omnipo- 
tens; omnis, all, and poiens, potent.] 
Possessing unlimited power; all- 
powerful. 

Om'ni-pres'ence, n. Presence in 
every place at the same time. 

Ojvp'ni-pres'ent, a. [Lat. omnis, a\\, 
and prsesens, present.] Present in all 
places at the same time. 

Om-nis'cience (-nish'ens), n. Qual- 
ity of being omniscient. 

Om-nis'cient (-nlsb/ent), a. [Lat. 
omnis, all, and sciens, knowing.] 
Having knowledge of all things. 

Syw. — All-knowing ; all-discerning; 
all-searching; all-seeing; all-beholding. 

Om'ni-Dm, n. [Lat., of all.] Average 
value of the different stocks in which 
a loan to government is funded. 

Om-niv'o-roBs, a. [Lat. omnivorus; 
omnis, all, and vorare, to devour.] 
Eating every thing indiscriminately. 

On, prep. [A.-S.] 1. In contact with 
the^ upper part of a thing, and sup- 
ported by it. 2. To the upper sur- 
face of. 3. Upon; by means of; 
with. 4. Besides. 5. At or near. 6. 
In dependence upon. 7. At the time 
of. 8.. To the account of. 9. In conse- 
quence of. 10. In relation to. — adv. 
1. Forward. 2. In succession. 3. With- 
out interruption. 4. With adherence. 

O'NAN-ISM, n. Self-pollution. 

ONCE (wunss), adv. [0. Eng. ones, fr. 
one.} 1. On one occasion. 2. Former- 
ly ; in time past. 

ONE (wlin), a. [A.-S. an, din.] 1. 
Single ; individual. 2. Denoting a 
person indefinitely. 3. Pointing out 
a contrast. 4. Undivided ; united. 
5. The same ; a common. 

O-NET'RO-CRIT'ie, 1 a. [Gr. 6vei- 

O-NEI'RO-eRIT'ie-AL, ) poKpiruco?, 
fr. oveipos, dream, and Kptrt/cos, crit- 
ical.] Pertaining to the interpreta- 
tion of dreams. 

One'ness (wuu'nes, 109), n. Single- 
ness ; individuality ; unity. 

CN'ER-A-RY,'t. [Lat. onerarius; onus, 
oneris, load.] Fitted or intended for 
burdens. [densome; oppressive. 

Cn'er-OL'S. a. [Lat. onerosus.] Bur- 

One'-sId'ed (wan 7 -), a. Limited to 
one side ; partial; unfair. 

ON'IO.V (Gn'yun), n. [Lat. unio, a 
kind of single onion, fr. units, one.] 
A plant, and its edible bulbous root. 

On'ly (20), a. [0. Eng. oneli/, i. e., 
one-like ] 1. One alone ; single. 2. 
Alone in its class. 3. Pre-eminent. 
— adv. Solely; singlv ; merely. 

On'o-mat'o-Pce'ia (-p3'ya), n. [Gr. 
ovoixaronoua, fr. 6i/0|ua, o^o/aa/ros, a 
name, and 7ro<.eii/, to make.] Corre- 
spondence of the sound of a word to 
the thing signified. 

On'set, n. [From on and set.'] A 
violent attack ; esp., the assault of a 
body of troops on an enemy or a fort. 

5n'slaught (on'slawt), n. [A.-S. 



onslagan, to strike or dash against.] 
Attack ; onset ; assault. 

ON-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. bvra, things 
which exist, and Aoyo?, discourse.] 
Science which explains the nature 

_and relations of all beings, as such. 

O'NUS, n. [Lat.] The burden. 

ON'WARD, a. 1. Advanced ; advancing. 
2. Increased; improved. — adv. For- 

_ ward ; progressively ; in advance. 

O'NYX, a. [Gr. 6w£, lit., a finger-nail.] 
Chalcedony consisting of parallel lay- 
ers of different shades. 

Ooze, im'. [-ed ; -ing.] To flow 

"gently; to percolate. — n. [A.-S. 
wos, juice, ooze, broth.] 1. Soft 
mud or slime. 2. Soft flow ; spring. 

Ooz'Y, a. Miry ; soft and muddy. 

6-PAC'l-T Y, n. State of being opaque ; 
want of transparency. 

O-pake', a. See Opaque. 

O'PAL, n. [Lat. opalus, fr. Skr. upula, 
a stone.] A silicious mineral of 

_ changeable colors. 

O/PAL-ES'CENCE, n. A milky reflec- 

_ tion from the interior of a mineral. 

O/pal-es'cent, a. Reflecting a milky 

_ or pearly light. [opal. 

O'PAJL-iNE, a. Pertaining to, or like, 

0-PAQUE' (-pf.k/), a.. [Lat. opacus.] 
Impervious to light ; not transpa- 
rent, [being opaque. 

O-PAQUE 'ness (-pak'-), n. Quality of 

OPE,v.Z. &t. To open. [Poet.] 

O'P-EN (5'pn, 20), a. [A.-S.] 1. Not 
shut up; not closed. 2. Not pri- 
vate ; public. 3. Expanded. 4. With- 
out reserve. 5. Not concealed or 
secret. 6. Not frozen up ; not cold 
or frosty. 7. Not settled or adjusted. 
8. Not deaf; listening. 9. Spoken 
without closing the mouth. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make open ; to 
unclose ; to unlock. 2. To bring to 
view ; to exhibit ; to explain ; to dis- 
close. 3. To speak without reserve. 
4. To begin; to commence. — v. i. 

J. To unclose. 2. To begin to ap- 
ear. 3. To commence ; to begin. 

O'P-EN-HANlVEDja. Generous ; lib- 

_ eral. [generous. 

0'P-EN-heart'ed, a. Candid ; frank ; 

0'P£N-iNG(o / pn-ing),n. 1. A breach ; 
an aperture. 2. Beginning ; com- 

_ mencement. 

0'P.EN-L,Y (o'pn-ly), adv. 1. Public- 

w ly ; without secrecy. 2. Plainly. 

OP'ER-A, n. [Lat. opera, pains, work.] 
A musical drama consisting of airs, 
choruses, recitations, &c. 

OP'ER-ATE, V. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
operari, -ratus, from opus, work.] 1. 
To exert power or strength. 2. To 
produce an appropriate physical ef- 
fect. 3. To exert an influence. 4. 
To perform some manual act upon a 
human body. — v.t. 1. To cause; 
to occasion. 2. To put into or to con- 
tinue in operation. 

fip'ER-AT'ie, ( a. Pertaining to, 

OP'ER-XtM€-al, I or appropriate to, 
the opera. 

OVer-a'tion, n. 1. Act or process 

of operating : exertion of power. 2. 

I Method of working. 3. An effect 



brought about by a definite plan. 4. 
Action of the hand, or with instru- 
ments, on the human body. 

Syx. — Agency; work; process; effort. 

Op'er-A-tive, n. 1. Having the pow- 
er of acting. 2. Efficient in work ; 

^ efficacious. — a. A laboring man. 

OP'ER-A/TOR, n. One who operates. 

OP'ER-OSE' (125), a. [Lat. operosus , 

^ opus, work.] Laborious ; tedious. 

5ph'I-€LEIDE, n. [Gr. 60ts, a ser- 
pent, and /cAeis, a key.] A large 
brass wind instrument. 

O-PHID'I-AN. n. [Gr. cxJu'Siov, dim. of 
6$is, serpent.] An animal of the 

_ group of snakes. 

O'PHI-Sl'o-gy, n. [Gr. Sc/uv, serpent, 
and Aoyos. discourse.] That part of 
natural history which treats of ser- 
pents. [Ophthalmv. 

Oph-thal'MI-a (of- or op-), n. See 

Oph-thal'mI€ (of- or op-), a. Pertaiu- 
ing to the eye. 

(3PH/THAL-MY (of- or op'-), n. [Gr. 
b(j)9aKfj.ia , fr. 6(p0a.\p.6s , the eye.] An 

_ inflammation of the coats of the eye. 

0'PI-ATE,n. [See OPIUM.] Any medi- 
cine that contains opium ; a nar- 
cotic. — a. 1. Inducing sleep. 2. 
Hence, causing rest or inaction. 
Syn". — Soporific; somniferous. 

O-pine', v. i. [-id; -ing.] [Lat. 
opinari.] To think ; to suppose. 

O-PIN'ION (-yun), n. [Lat. opinio.] 
1. A conviction of the truth of some 
statement founded on a low degree 
of probable evidence. 2. Formal de- 
cision of a judge, &c. 
Syk. — Notion; persuasion; idea; view; 



Obstinate 



estimate. 

O-pI'n'ion-a/ted, 
opinion. 

O-pin'ion-a-tIve, a. Unduly at- 
tached to one's own opinions. 

O-PIN'ION-'IST, n. One unduly at- 
tached to his own opinions. 

O'PI-UM, n. [Lat.] Inspissated juice 
of the poppy. 

O/po-DEL'Doe, n. [An unmeaning 
word.] A saponaceous camphorated 
liniment. 

O-POS'SUM, n. [Indian. 
A marsupial quadru- 
pedfound in America. 

Op-po'nent, a. [Lat. 
opponens, opposing.] 
1. Adverse ; antago- 
nistic. 2. Situated in 
front; opposite. — n. 
One who opposes, es- 
pecially in a disputation, 
verbal controversy. 

OP'POR-TUNE' (53'), a. [Lat. oppor- 
tunus, lit. at or before the port.] 
Recurring or furnished at a needed 
or suitable occasion. 

Syk. — Timely ; seasonable ; well- 
timed. 

Op/poR-TUNE'LY, adv. Seasonably. 

OP/POR-TUNE'NESS (109), n. Quality 
or condition of being opportune. 

OP/POR-TU'NI-TY, n. Fit or conve- 
nient time. 

Syx. — Occasion ; convenience ; oc- 
currence. — An occasion is that which 




OK, Dp, WOLF, TOO, SOOIi.} URN, rue, PULL; E, I, O, silent; 9, G,soft; c,g, hard; Ag) Exist ; N as NO ; this 



OPPOSE 



296 



ORDERLY 



Calls in our way, or presents itself in the 
course of events; an opportunity is a con- 
venience or fitness of time, place, &c, 
for the doing of a thing. Hence, oppor- 
tunities often spring out of occasions. 
"We may have occasion to meet a person 
frequently without getting an opportu- 
nity to converse with him. 

0p-PO§e', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
opponere, opposition, 'ir. ob, against, 
and ponere, to put.] 1. To set op- 
posite. 2. To put in opposition, with 
a view to hinder or defeat, &c. 3. 
To resist. 4. To compete with. 

Syn. — To combat; withstand; con- 
travene; check; obstruct. 

Op-pos'er, n. One who opposes. 

(JP'PO-giTE, a. [Lat. oppositus.] 1. 
Situated in front; facing. 2. Hos- 
tile; adverse. 3. Inconsistent. — n. 

1. One who opposes. 2. That which 
is contrary. 

0p'PO-2'iTE-LY(-zit-), adv. 1. In a 
situation to face each other. 2. Ad- 
versely. 

OVpo-s-i'tion (-zTsh'un), n. 1. Situ- 
ation so as to front something else. 

2. Act of opposing ; resistance. 3. 
That which opposes ; an obstacle. 4. 
The party that opposes the existing 
administration. 5. Situation of two 
heavenly bodies 180° apart. 

OVpo-sY'tion-ist (-zlsh'un-), n. One 
of an^opposing party. 

OP-Pos'l-T'iVE, a. Capable of being 
put in opposition. 

OP-rRESS', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
opprimere, oppression; prefix ob, 
against, and premere, to press.] 1. 
To press or treat severely, cruelly, or 
unjustly. 2. To sit or lie heavy on. 

OP-PRES'siONf-preWun), n. 1. Act 
of oppressing. 2. State of being op- 
pressed. 3. That which oppresses. 
4. A sense of heaviness or weight. 

Op-PRESS'XVE, a. 1. Unreasonably 
burdensome. 2. Proceeding from a 
design to oppress. 3. Overwhelming. 
Syn.— Cruel; severe; tyrannical. 

OP-PRESS'lvE-T,Y,«'/r. In a manner 
to oppress. [being oppressive. 

Op-press'ive-ness, n. Quality of 

Op-PR,ess'or, n. One who oppresses. 

Op-PRO'bki-ous, a. 1. Reproachful 
and contemptuous ; scurrilous. 2. 
Rendered hateful. 

Op-PRO'bri-ous-ly, adv. In an op- 
probious manner. 

Op-PRO'bri-um, n. [Lat. , fr. pref. ob 
imdprobrum, reproach.] Reproach 
mingled with contempt or disdain. 

OP-PUGN' (-pan'), v. t. [-ED ', -ING.] 
[Lat. oppugnare, fr. ob, against, and 
pugnare, to fight.] To fight against. 

Op-pug'nan-cy, n. Act of oppugn- 
ing; opposition; resistance, [poses. 

OP-PUGN'ER (-pun 7 ), n. One who op- 

Op'ta-tIve,o. [Lat. optativus.] Ex- 
pressing desire or wish. 

Op'TI€, n. An eye. 

Op'TI€, I a. [Gr. otttikos, fr. the 

OVtio-AL, \ root 07T, to see.] 1. 
Pertaining to sight, or the organ of 
sight. 2. Relating to optics. 

Op-t'i'cian (-tish'an), n. One who 
deals in optical instruments. 



OP'TI€S, n. sing. Science which treats 

of the nature and properties of light. 
Op'ti-ma-cy, n. Nobility ; peerage. 
OP'TI-MATE, n. [Lat. optirnas, opti- 

matis, fr. optimus, the best.] A no- 
^ blemanj a chief man. 
CVp'ti-me, n. [Lat. optimus, the best.] 

One who stands fn the second rank 

of honors, in Cambridge. Eng. 
Op'TI-mIsm, n. [Lat. optimus, the 

best.] The doctrine that everything 

is for the best. 
OP'TI-MIST, n. One who holds that 

all events are ordered for the best. 
OP'TION, n. [Lat. optio, from optare, 

to choose.] Power, or right of choice, 

or exercise of the power ; election ; 

preference. 

Syn. — Choice. —We speak of option 
in respect to freedom or opportunity of 
choosing, while choice is an actof the will 
itself. We leave a thing to a man's op- 
tion, and he makes his choice. 

OP'TION-AL, a. Left to one's choice ; 

^ depending on choice. 

OP'U-LENCE, n. Wealth; riches. 

OP'U-LENT, a. [Lat. optdentus, from 
ops, opis, power, wealth.] Wealthy ; 

^ rich; affluent. 

6r, conj. [Contr. fr. A.-S. adher, txdh- 
or, one of two.] A connective that 
marks an alternative. 

Or'a-cle, n. [Lat. oracuhtm, from 
orare, to speak.] 1. Answer of a pa- 
gan god, to an inquiry ; also, the 
deity who was supposed to give the 
answer, and also the place where it 
was given. 2. An angel ; a prophet ; 
hence, also, any very wise person. 3. 
A wise sentence or decision. 

0-RA€'u-lar, a. 1. Uttering oracles. 
2. Resembling an oracle ; authorita- 

_ tive; ambiguous. 

O'RAL (87), a. [Lat. os, oris, the 
mouth.] Pertaining to the mouth ; 
spoken, not written. 

O'RAL-LY, adv. By mouth. 

OR'ANGE (oVenj), n. 
[Ar. & Per. narandj 
or narang.] A tree, 
and its yellow fruit. 

OR'ANGE-ADE' (5V- 
enj-), n. A drink 

^ made of orange-juice. 

OR'AN-GER-Y, 72. A 
plantation of orange- 
trees. 

O-RANG'-OU-TANG', 
orang titan, i. e., 
man of the woods.] 
A large monkey, in 
many respects close- 
ly resembling man. 

O-RA'TION, n. [Lat. 
oratio, fr. orare, to 
speak, pray.] An 
elaborate discourse, 
delivered in public. 
Syn.— Harangue; 
address; speech; dis- 
course. 

5R'A-TOR,n. 1. One 
who delivers an o- 
ration. 2. One dis- Orang-outang 
tinguished for eloquent speech. 




Or'A-TO'RI-al, la. Belonging or 

Or'a-tor'ic-AL, J pertaining to an 
orator, or to oratory ; oratorical. 
Syn. — Rhetorical; eloquent; flowery. 

5r'a-t6r'ic-al-ly, a(/r. In a rhe- 
torical manner. 

OVa-TO'RI-O, n . [It., from Lat. ora- 
torius, belonging to praying.] A kind 
of sacred drama set to music. 

OR'A-TO-RY, n. [Lat. oratoria {no. 
ars), the oratorical art.] 1. Art of 
effective public speaking. 2. Achapei 

^ for private devotions. [sphere. 

ORB, n. [Lat. orbis.] A round body ; a 

0rB£D (orbd), a. Having the form 
of an orb ; round ; circular. 

Or-BI€'u-LAR, a. [Lat. orbicularis ; or- 
bis, orb.] Having the form of an orb. 

Syn. — Round ; circular; orbicular; 
spherical; globular. 

OR-Bl'€'u-EATE, a. Being in the form 

A of an orb. 

ORB'IT, n. [Lat. orbita, a track made 
by a wheel, circuit.] 1. The path 
described by a heavenly body. 2. 

^ Cavity in which the eye is situated. 

ORB'IT-AL, a. Pertaiuing to an orbit. 

OR'CllARD, n. [A.-S. ortgeard,u-yrt- 
geard, i. e., wortyard.] An inclosure 
for, or an assemblage of, fruit trees. 

Or'chard-ist, n. One who cultivates 

A orchards. 

OR'€HES-TRA, or OR-€HES'TRA« n. 
[Gr. bpxrio-Tpa, orig. the place for the 
chorus of dancers.] 1. Space in a 
theatre for the musicians. 2. A band 
of instrumental musicians. 

OR'GHES-TRAL (or'kes-tral), a. Per- 
taining to an orchestra, [ing plant. 

OR'€His (or'kis), n. [Lat.] A flower- 

OR-DAIN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. or- 
dinare, fr. ordo, order.] 1. To regu- 
late ; to establish. 2. To appoint ; to 

^ decree. 3. To pet apart for an office. 

UR'DE-AL, n. [A.-S. ordal, ordsel, a 
judgment, just judgment.] 1. An 
ancient form of trial to determine 
guilt or innocence. 2. Severe scru- 

OR'der, v. [Lat. ordo.] 1. Regular 
or methodical arrangement. 2. 
Proper condition ; normal state. 3. 
Customary mode of procedure. 4. 
Regular government : general tran- 
quillity. 5. A regulation ; a stand- 
ing rule. 6. Injunction ; command. 
7. A direction, in writing, to pay 
money. 8. A number of things or 
persons arranged in a fixed or suita- 
ble place or position. 9. Rank of 
deacon, priest, or bishop; — often in 
the pi. 10. A method of construct- 
ing and ornamenting the columns of 
an edifice. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
put in order ; to systematize. 2. To 
manage; to conduct. 3. To command. 
Syn.— To regulate ; adjust; direct. 
— v.i. To give command ordirec- 

^ tion. 

Or'der-less, a. Without order or 

^ regularity : disorderly. 

OR'DER-EI-NESS, n. Regularity. 

6r'der-ly, a. 1. Methodical; reg- 
ular; systematic. 2. Observant of 



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ORDINAL 



297 



ORTHOEPICAL 



order ; quiet ; peaceable. 3. 'Well- 
regulated. 4. Being on duty. — adv. 
According to due order.- n. A non- 
commissioned officer who attends a 

^ superior officer. 

UR'DI-NAL, a. [Lat. ordinalis ; ordo, 
ordrnis, order.] Indicating the es- 
tablished order. — to. 1. A number 
noting order. 2. A book containing 
a service for the ordination of dea- 

s cons, &c. 

or'di-nance, to. [See Ordain.] 1. 
An ordaining by authority ; appoint- 
ment. 2. A rule established by au- 

^ thority. 3. An established rite. 

OR'DI-NA-RI-LY, adv. According to 

^ established rules ; hence, usually. 

OR'di-na-ry (44), a. [Lat. ordina- 
rius.] 1. According to established 
order. 2. t)f common rank. 3. Com- 
mon ; usual. 4. Plain ; not handsome. 
S-TK. — Normal ; common ; usual ; 
customary. — A thing is common in 
which many persons share or partake; 
as, a common practice. A thing is ordi- 
naii/when it is apt to come round in the 
orderly or regular succession of events; 
as, the ordinary course. 
— to. 1. A judicial officer. 2. A 
diuing-room where there is a fixed 
price; also, the meal at such a din- 
ing-room. 3. A place where ships 
are in actual service, but laid up un- 
der the charge of officers. 4. A por- 

^ tion of an escutcheon between lines. 

6r'di-nate, a. [Lat. ordinatus.] 
Regular ; methodical. — n. Distance 
of any point in a curve measured on 
a line called the aids of ordinate*, 
from another line called the axis of 

^ abscissas. 

OR'DI-NA'TION, n. [Lat. ordinatio.] 
1. Act of ordaining. 2. State of 

^ being ordained or appointed. 

ORD'NANCE, to. [From ordinance.] 

^ Heavy weapons of warfare ; artillery. 

UR'don-nasce, to. [Fr.] (Fine Arts.) 

^ Disposition of the parts. 

ORD'ure, n. [From Lat. h^rridus, 

_ horrid.] Dung ; excrements. 

ORE, to. [A.-S. Or, ore.] Compound 
of a metal and some other substance 
by which its properties are disguised. 

O're-ad (87), n: [Gr. 'Opeuis, fr. opos, 

^ mountain.] A mountain nymph. 

6r'GAN, n. [Gr. bpyavov.] 1. An in- 
strument of action or motion. 2. A 
medium of communication. 3. (Mus.) 
An instrument filled with wind from 

fc a bellows, and played upon by keys. 

OR'GAN-DIE, I to. A light muslin or 

6r'gan-d?, j cotton fabric. 

OR-GAN'l€. ) a. 1. Pertaining to, 

OR-GAN're-Ali, | or consisting of, 
organs, or containing them. 2. Pro- 
duced by the organs. 3. Instru- 

^ mental. 

OR'gan-Tsm, n. An organic struct- 

^ ure; an organized being. [organ. 

OR'gan-Ist, to. One who plays on the 

OR'GAN-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. Act of or- 
ganizing. 2. State of being organ- 
ized ; the relations included in such 

A a state. 3. An organism. 

Or'gan-ize, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. 
To furnish with organs. 2. To ar- 



range or constitute in parts, each 

^ having a special function. [stands. 

5r'gan-loft, n. Loft where an organ 

Or'gan-og'ra-phy, to. [Gr. opya- 
vov, an organ, and ypafaiv, to de- 
scribe.] A description of the organs 
of plants or animals. 

OR'GAN-zi'NE' (110), n. Silk of very 

^ fine texture, twisted like a rope. 

OR'GASM, n. [Gr. 6pyao>i6s,fr. opyai/, 
to swell.] Immoderate excitement. 

Or gea t (or'zhat or or'zha), to. [Fr. ; 
orge, barley.] A liquor extracted 

^ from barley and sweet almonds. 

OR'GIES (or'jiz), n. pi. [Gr. opyta.] 
Drunken revelry ; nocturnal carou- 

_ sals. 

O'RI-EL,, n. [L. Lat. oriolum, portico, 
hall.] A large bay or recessed win- 

_ dow. 

O'RI-ENT, a. [Lat. oriens.] 1. Rising, 
as the sun. 2. Eastern. 3. Bright; 

_ shining. — n. The East. 

O'RI-ENT'AL, a. Pertaining to, pro- 
ceeding from, or situated in, the east. 

_ — n. A native of the East. 

O'ri-ent'al-ism, n. Any system or 

_ doctrine peculiar to orientalists. 

O'RI-ENT'AL-IST, n. 1. An inhabi- 
tant of the East. 2. One versed in 

w eastern literature. 

OR'I-FI^E, n. [Lat. orificium; os, 
oris, a mouth , and facere, to make.] 
Mouth of a tube, &c. 

OR'I-GIN, n. [Lat. origo, originis, fr. 
oriri, to rise.] 1. Beginning of any 
thing. 2. That from which any 
thing primarily proceeds. 

Syn. — Source. — Origin denotes the 
rise or commencementof a thing; source 
presents itself under the image of a foun- 
tain flowing forth in a continuous stream 
of influences. The origin of .moral evil 
has been much disputed, but no one can 
doubt that it is the source of most of the 
calamities of our race. 

O-RIG'I-NAIi, n. 1. Origin; source. 

2. The first of its class ; archetype. 

3. The precise language employed by 
a writer. 4. A person of marked 
peculiarity. [Cotton.] 5. Also, one 
who has new and striking ideas. — a. 
1. Pertaining to the origin. 2. Pre- 
ceding all others. 3. Not translated. 

4. Having the power to suggest new 
thoughts or combinations of thought. 

Syn. — First; primitive; pristine; in- 
ventive; peculiar. 

O-RlG'i-NAL'l-TY, n. Quality or state 
of being original. [first. 

O-RIG'J-NAL-LY, adv. Primarily ; at 

O-RIG'I-NATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
give an origin to ; to bring into exist- 
ence. — v. i. To begin to exist or act. 

O-RIG'I-jNTA'TION, to. 1. Abringingor 
coming into existence. 2. Mode of 
production. [nates. 

0-RIG_T-NA'TOR, n. One who origi- 

O'RI-OLE, n. [0. Fr. oriol, from Lat. 
aureolus, golden.] A bird of several 
species, allied to the thrushes. 

O-Rl'ON, n. A large and bright con- 
stellation. 

5r'I-son,to. [0. Fr., fr. Lat. orare, 

^ to pray.] A prayer or supplication. 

Or'LOP, n. [D. overloop. upper deck, 



from overloopen, to run over.] The 

a deck on which the cables are stowed. 

OR'MO-LU', n. [Fr. or moulu, fr. or, 
gold, and moulu, ground.] A va- 

^ riety of brass made to resemble gold. 

OR'NA-MENT, n. [Lat. ornamentum; 
ornare, to adorn.] Embellishment; 
decoration. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To make beautiful or furnish with 
embellishments. 

Syn. — To adorn ; embellish ; decks 
decorate; beautify. See Adom. 

OR'na-ment'AL, a. Serving to or- 

A nam en t ; embellishing. 

OR'NA-MEN-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
ornamenting, or state of being orna- 

^ mented. 2. That which ornaments. 

OR'NATE,a. [Lat. ornatus.] Adorned; 

^ decorated. [ner. 

6r'nate-ly, adv. In an ornate man- 

Or-nlth'ich-nite (49), n. [Gr. op- 
vis, 6pi/i0os, bird, and tx^os, track.] 
The foot-mark of a bird, occurring 

^ in strata of stone. 

OE'Nl-THO-LOG'ie, j a. Pertain- 

OR'Ni-THO-LoG're-AL, j ing to or- 

^ nithology. [in ornithology. 

Or'ni-thol/o-gist, to. One skilled 

Or'ni-thol'o-gy, to. [Gr. opvts, 6p- 
vi0os, bird, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
That branch of natural science which 
treats of the form, structure, and 
habits of birds. 

O-ROl/O-GY, to. [Gr. opos, mountain, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Science or 

_ description of mountains. 

O'RO-TUND' (HO), a. [Lat. os, oris, 
mouth, and rotundus, round.] Char- 
acterized by fullness, clearness, 

^ strength, and smoothness. 

OR'PHAN, n. [Gr. 6p<£avos.] A child 

^ bereaved of both father and mother. 

ur'phan-age, ( to. State of being an 

6r'phan-i§m, j^ orphan. 

Or-phe'an, or Or'phe-an (124), a. 
Pertaining to Orpheus, a poet, who is 
said to have moved inanimate bodies 

A by the music of his lyre. 

Or'phic, a. Pertaining to Orpheus. 

Sr'PI-MENT, n. [Lat. auripigmen- 
lum; aurum, gold, and pigmentum, 
pigment.] Trisulphide of arsenic, 
occurring in crystals of a lemon- 

^ yellow color. 

OR'RE-RY, to. [Named in compliment 
to the Earl of Orrery.] An appara- 
tus to illustrate the relative size, 

^ orbits, &c, of the planets. 

OR'Ris, to. [Prob. corrupted fr. Iris.] 

A A plant ; flower-de-luce. 

Or'THO-Dox, a. [Gr. op066o|o? ; 6p- 
06s, right, and Sofa, opinion.] 1. 
Sound in the Christian faith; — op* 
posed to heretical. 2. According with 
the doctrines of Scripture. 

OR'tho-dox'LY, adv. With sound- 

A ness of faith. 

OR'THO-DOX'Y, n. 1. Soundness of 
faith. 2. Consonance to genuine 
scriptural doctrines. 

Sr'tho-drom'ics, to. sing. [Gr. 6p- 
BoSponos, running straight forward.] 

^ Art of sailing in a direct course. 

OR'THO-EP'ie, ia. Pertaining to 

Or'tho-ep'IG-al, ) orthoepy. 



OR.DQjWQLF, TOO, TOT&K; fJRN, rjje, PULL; JB, /, o. silent ; c, G, soft; v,&,hard; Asj EglST ; ^ as ng; this 



ORTHOEPIST 



298 



OUTGENERAL 



OR'THO-E-PlST, n. One skilled in or- 

A thoepy. 

OR'THO-E-PY, n. [Gr. bpQoeneia ; 6p- 
66s, right, and eVos, a word.] A cor- 
rect pronunciation of words. 

Or-thog'ra-pher, n. One who 

A spells words correctly. 

C)R'THO-GRAPH'I€, (a. Pertain- 

CJR/THO-GRAPH'IC-AL, j ing to or- 
thography. 

Or'THO-GRAPH'IC-AL-LY, ac/u. In 
an orthographical manner. 

OR-thog'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. bpGoypa- 
fyla. ; 6p06s, right, and ypafyeiv, to 
write.] 1. The writing of words 
with the proper letters ; spelling. 2. 
The part of grammar which treats of 
this subject. 3. Delineation of an 
object by lines and angles corre- 
sponding to those of the object. 

Or-thop'e-dy, n. [Gr. 6p06s, 
straight, and 7rais, iraiSos, child.] 
Art of curing the deformities of chil 
dreu. 

Or-thop'ter-oDs, a. [Gr. 6p06s, 
straight, and nrepov, feather, wing.] 

' Having wing-covers of a uniform 
texture, that generally overlap at the 
top when shut. 

OR'TIVE, a. [Lat. ortivus, fr. oriri, 
ortus, to rise.] Relating to the rising, 
as of a star ; eastern. 

Or'to-lan, n. [Lat. hortulanus, fr. 
hortulus, dim. of /tortus, garden.] A 
small singing bird, with black wings. 

Os'CIL-LATE,^. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

oscillare, -latum ; oscillum, a swing.] 

To move backward and forward ; to 

vibrate ;_to swing ; to sway. 
OS'CIL-LA'TION, n. Vibration. 
Os'CIL-LA-TO-RY, a. Moving like a 

pendulum. . - [drowsiness. 

Os'ci-tan-cy, n. Act of gaping; 
Os'CI-TANT,a. [Lat osritans, p. pr. 

of oscitare, to yawn.] 1. Yawning; 

gaping. 2. Sleepy ; drowsy. 
OVci-ta'tion, n. Act of yawning 

from sleepiness. 
Os'CU-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat.] 

1. To kiss. 2. ( Geom.) To touch, as 
two curves. 

OVcu^la'tion, n. [Lat. osoulari, 
-latum, to kiss, fr. osculum, a little 
mouth, a kiss.] 1. Act of kissing. 2. 
Contact of one curve with another. 

Os'CU-LA-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Of, or 
pertaining to, kissing. 2. Capable 
of osculation. 

O'SIER (o'zher), n. [Gr. dlcro<;,oi<rua..] 
A species of willow, or a twig of it ; — 
used in making baskets. 

Os/NA-BURG, h. A coarse linen, orig- 
inally from Osnaburg, in Germany. 

Os'SE-LET, n. [Fr. osseUt, lit. a lit- 
tle bone.] A hard substance on the 
inside of a horse's knee. 

Os'SE-oDs (colloq. osh/us), a. [Lat. 
osseus, fr. os, ossis, bone.] Composed, 
of, or resembling, bone ; bony. 

OVsi-cle, n. [Lat. ossiculum.} A 
small bone. 

0s-sTF'ER-OUS,a. [Lat. os,ossis, bone, 
and ferre, to bear.] Containing or 
yielding bone. 

Os-sif'ic, a. [Lat. os, ossis, a bone, 



and facere, to make.] Ilaving power 
to ossify. 

5s'Sl-Fl-€A'TlON, n. Change into a 
bony substance. 

Os'si-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
os, ossis, bone, and facere, to make.] 
To change from a soft animal sub- 
stance into bone. — v. i. To become 
bone or bony. 

Os-siv'o-ROUS, a. [Lat. os, ossis, 
bone, and voraie, to devour.] Feed- 

^ ing on bones. 

OS'SU-A-RY (-sh)j-a-, 95), n. [Lat. os- 
suarium ; os. ossis, bone.] A place 
where the bones of the dead are de- 
posited. 

Os-TEN'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. ostendere, 
-tentum, to show.] Shown, declared, 
or avowed ; apparent. 

Os-TEN'si-BLY, adv. In an ostensi- 
ble manner. [iug- 

Os-TEN'siVE, a. Showing; exhibit- 

OS'TEN-TA'TION, 11. Act of making 
an ambitious display ; pretentious 
parade. 

Syn. — Parade; pomp; pompousness; 
vaunting ; boasting. See Pakaue. 

OVten-ta'tious, a. 1. Fond of ex- 
cessive or offensive display. 2. Pre- 

^ tentious._ [vain airplay. 

OS'TEN-TA'TIOUS-LY, adf. With 

OS'TE-ol'o-Ger. In. One who de- 

OVte-oe'o-gIst, J scribes the bones 
of animals. 

Os'TE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. 6cn-eW,bone, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] That part of 

^ anatomy which treats of the bones. 

OsT'LER, n. The same as Hostler. 

OS'TRA-CISM, 11. [Gr. ba-TpaKio-fxos; 
fr. b(TTpa.Kov, a tile, a voting tablet.] 
Banishment; expulsion ; separation. 

Os'TRA-ClZE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
exile ; to banish ; to exclude from so- 
ciety ; to put under ban. 

Os'trich, n. [Fr. 
autruche, fr. Lat. 
avis struthio ; 
struthio, an os- 
trich.] A large 
bird, having long 
legs and short 
wings. It is re- 
markable for its 
speed. 

OT'a-gous'tic, a. 
[Gr. ovs, wtos, an 
ear, and a/covo-rt- 
kos, belonging to hearing.] Assisting 
the sense of hearing. . 

OTH'ER (ilth/er) pron. & a. [A.-S. 
Cdher.] 1. Additional ; secohd of 

. two. 2. Not this, but the contrary. 

Oth'ER-WIse, adv. In a different 
manner; indifferent respects. 

Ot'tar, n. [See Attar.] A highly 
fragrant oil obtained from the rose. 

OT'TER, n. [A.-S. 
otor, oler.] An 
amphibious car- 
nivorous animal 
of several species. 

OT'TO, 11. Same as 
Ottar. 

OT'to-man, a. [From the Sultan 
Othoman or Othman.] Pertaining 




Ostrich. 




to Turkey. — n. (150) 1. A Turk. 
2. A stuffed seat without a back. 

OUCH, n. [L. Lat. nusca, nochia, 
clasp, necklace.] A bezel, or socket, 

a in wfhich a gem is set. 

Ought (awt), n See AUGHT. — f. 
imperfect. [Orig. the preterit tense 
of the verb to owe. It is used in all 
persons, both in the present and past 
tenses.] Is fit, proper, or necessary ; 

— used impersonally. 

Syn. — Should. — Both ovght and 
should imply obligation, but ovght is the 
stronger. Should denotes an obligation 
of propriety, expedieney, &e. ; oufffit de- 
notes an obligation of duty. We' should 
be neat in our persons ; we should avoid 
giving offense. We ouaht. to speak truth; 
we ourjht to obey the laws. 

Ounce, n. [Lat. uncia,a twelfth of a 
pound and of a foot.] 1. The twelfth 
part of a pound troy, and the six- 
teenth of a pound avoirdupois. 2. A 
carnivorous animal. 

Our, possessive pron. [A.-S. ure, fr. 
v.s.] Pertaining to us. See I. 

D2f When the noun is not expressed, 
ours (not our) is used. 

Our-self' (149), pron. 1. We; us; 

— by way of emphasis, chiefly in the 
pi. 2. Myself; used reciprocally, 
chiefly in the regal or formal style, 
and generally in the singular. 

Oust (owstj, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. oster.] 1. To take away. 2. To 
eject; to turn out. [ejection. 

OUST'ER (owst'er), n. Dispossession ; 

Out, adv. [A.-S. di.] Without; on 
the outside; not within : on the ex- 
terior, or beyond the limits of any 
inclosed place or given line ; — op- 
posed to in or within ; used in a 
variety of special senses. — inter j. 
Away ; off; begone. 

OUT-ACT', v. t. To do or go beyond. 

Out-bid', v. t. To bid more than. 

Out'bound, a. Destined to a distant 
country or port. [eruption. 

OUT'BREAK, n. A bursting forth ; 

OUT'-BUiLDaNG, n. A building sep- 
arate from the main building; an 
outhouse. 

Out'burst, n. A bursting out. 

Out'cast, n. One who is cast out; 
an exile ; a vagabond. 

Out'come, n. Issue; result. 

Out'crop, n. The coming out of a 
stratum to the surface of the ground. 

OUT-€ROP', v. i. To come out to the 
surface of the ground, as strata. 

Out'cry, n. 1. A loud cry ; a cry of 
distress. 2. Noisy opposition. 

Out-do', r. t. [-did; -done; -do- 
ing.]] To excel ; to surpass. 

Out-doors', adv. Abroad; out of 
the house. 

Out'ER, a. [compar. of out.] Being 
on the outside ; external. 

OUT'ER- MOST, a. [snperl.,fv. outer.] 
Being on the extreme external part. 

Out-face', v. t. To look out of coun- 
tenance. 

Out'fit, n. A fitting out, as of a 
ship for a voyage ; hence, an allow- 
ance for paying special expenses. 

Out-Gen'er-al, v. t. To gain ad- 



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OUTGO 



299 



OVERCOME 



vantage over by superior military 
8kiU,_&c. 

JUT-GO', V. t. [-WENT ; -GONE ; 
-going.] 1. To go faster than. 2. 
lo surpass ; to excel. 3. To circum- 
vent. 

Out'go, n. Outlaj ; expenditure. 

OUT'GO-ING, n. 1. Act or state of 

) going out. 2. Expense; outlay. 3. 
Limit :_ border ; end. 

Out-grow',^, t. [-grew: -grown; 
-growing.] 1. To surpass in 
growth. 2. To become too large, or 
too old_ for use or exhibition. 

Out'growtii, n. That which has 
grown out from any thiog ; result. 

OUT'GUARD, n. A guard at a distance 
from the main body of an army. 

Out-IIer'od, v. t. To surpass in vi- 
olence or cruelty. 

Out'-house, n. A small building a 
little way from the main house. 

Out-land'ish, a. Not according with 
usage ; strange ; rude ; barbarous. 

Out-last', v. t. To last longer than. 

OUT'LAW, n. One excluded from the 
benefit of the law. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To deprive of the benefit and 
protection of law. 

Out'law-ry. n. Act of putting a 
man out of the protection of law. 

OUT'LAY, n. 1. A laying out or ex- 
pending. 2. That which is laid out. 

Out'let, ;;. Place or means by which 
any thing is let out ; exit. 

Out'line, n. 1. Exterior line of a 
figure ; contour. 2. A sketch ; de- 
lineation of a figure without shad- 
ing. 3. A preliminary or general in- 
dication. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
draw in outline ; to sketch. 

Out-live', v. t. To live longer than ; 
to survive. 

Out'look, n. 1. Act of looking out, 
or place from which one looks out. 
2. Prospect ; sight ; -view. 

Out'ly-ing, a. 1. Being at a dis- 
tance from the main body or design. 
2. Being on the exterior or frontier. 

OUT-MARCH', v. t. To march faster 
than ; to march so as to leave be- 
hind. 

Out-meas'ure (-nigzh'ur), v. t. To 
exceed iu measure or extent. 

Out-nDm'ber, v. t. To exceed iu 
number. 

OUT'-OF-THE-WAY'.a, Different or 
remote from the ordinary way ; un- 
common ; unusual ; singular. 

Out'post, n. 1. A station at a dis- 
tance from the main body of an 
army. 2. Troops at such a station. 

OUT-POUR', v. t. To pour out; to 
send forth in a stream. 

OUT'RAGE (126), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[See the n.] To treat with violence 
and wrong. — n. [L. Lat. ultraghim, 
from Lat. ultra, beyond.] Injurious 
violence ; gross injury. 

Syn. — Affront; insult; abuse. 

Out-ra'geoOs, a. Involving or per- 
forming an outrage ; exceeding all 
bounds. 

Syn. — Violent; furious; exorbitant. 



Out-ra'geous-ly, adv. In an out- 
rageous manner. 
Out-ride', v. t. To ride faster than. 

— v. J. To travel about. 
Out'rid-er, n. A servant on horse- 
back who attends a carriage. 

OUT'RIG-GER, n. A projecting spar or 
piecefor extending ropes or sails, &c. 

Out'right (outfit), adv. 1. Imme- 
diately ; at once ; instantly. 2. Com- 
pletely : utterly. 

OUT-RUN', V. t. [-RAN ; -RUN ; -RUN- 
NING.] 1. To exceed in running. 2. 
To exceed in degree, quality, &c. 

Out-sell', v. t. [-sold; -sell- 
ing.] To exceed in amount of sales 
or in prices. [ning. 

Out'set, n. First attempt or begin- 

Out'side, n. 1. External part ; exte- 
rior. 2. Furthest limit ; the utmost. 
3. One who, or that which, is with- 
out.— a. On the outside ; external. 

OUT'SID-ER, n. One not belonging to 
the concern, party, &c, spoken of. 

Out'skirt,?i. Border; suburb. 

Out-spread', v. t. To extend ; to 
spread. 

Out-stand', v. i. [-stood ; -stand- 
ing.] 1. To project outward. 2. 
To remain unpaid, as a debt, &c. 

Out-stretch', v. t. To stretch or 
spread out ; to expand. 

Out-strip', v. t. To outrun ; to ad- 
vance beyond. 

Out-talk' (-tawk'), v. t. To over- 
power by talking. 

Out-vie', v.t. To exceed ; to surpass. 

Out-vote', v. t. To exceed in the 
number of votes given. 

OuT-WALK'(-wawk'), t. t. To walk 
faster than ; to leave behind in walk- 
ing. 

Out'WALL, n. Exterior wall. 

OUT'WARD, a. 1. Forming the su- 
perficial part; exterior. 2. Extrin- 
sic ; adventitious. 3. Tending to 
the exterior part. 

Syn. — Outer; visible; external ; for- 
eign; public; carnal; corporeal. 

— adv. 1. To the outer parts. 2. 
To some foreign region. 

OUT'WARD-LY, adv Externally. 

OuT'WARb§,ae/i\ See Outward. 

Out-watch' (-wotch'), v. t. To sur- 
pass in watching. 

Out-wear', v. t. [-wore ; -worn ; 
-WEARING.] To wear longer than. 

Out-weigh' (-wa'). v. t. To exceed 
in weight or in importance. 

OUT-WIT', v. t. To surpass in design 
or cunning ; to overreach. 

Out'work (-wfirk), 71. A part of a 
fortress without the principal wall. 

0'VAL,a. [Lat. ovum, egg.] 

1. Resembling the longi- 
tudinal section of an egg. 

2. Elliptical. — n. A body 
in the shape of an egg, or 
of an ellipse. 

O- VA'RI- t'M, n. ; pi. O- YA f - 
Rl-A. [Lat.] An ovary. Oval. 

O'VA-RY, n. [From Lat. ovum, egg. 
1. That part of the pistil which con- 
tains the seed. 2. Organ of a female 
animal in which the eggs are formed. 




O'vate, a. Egg-shaped, with th 
lower extremities broadcot. 

0-VA'TlON, n. [Lat. ovatio, fr. ovare 
to exult.] 1. (Rom. Ant iq.) A lessei 
triumph allowed to a commander. 

. 2. An expression of popular homage. 

OVEN, n. [A.-S. ofen.] An arched 

_ place, for baking, heating, &c. 

0'VER,prep. [A.-S. of er.] 1. Across; 
from side to side. 2. Above, iu place. 
3. Above, denoting superiority in ex- 
cellence, &c. 4. Upon the surface ; 
through the whole extent. 6. Dur- 
ing the whole time. 

Syn.— Under. —It has always been 
English usage to say "under one's sig- 
nature," as we say "wider one's hand," 
"under one's seal." Some, in this coun- 
try, have imagined "over one's cigna- 
ture" to be more correct, not considering 
thatthe reference is to the paper con- 
taining the instrument or mass of 
thought to be verified. This is under 
the hand in signing, as it is under the 
seal when affixed, though, in either case, 
the written words may be above. Thus 
the three phrases all stand on the same 
footing, and if one is changed, all must 
be changed. 

— adv. 1. From side to side. 2 
On the opposite side. 3. From one 
to another by passing. 4. From one 
country to another, by passing. 5- 
Above the top. 6. More than the 
quantity assigned. 7. Throughout. 

— a. Upper ; covering. 
O'ver-Xct', v. t. To act or perform 

to excess. — v. i. To act more than 
_ is necessary. 

0'ver-a.lls, n. pi. A kind of loose 
_ trowsers worn over others. 
O'ver-awe', v. t. To restrain by awe. 
O'VER-BAL'ANCE, v. t. To exceed iu 
_ weight or value. 

O'ver-bal'ance (119), n. Excess 
_ of weight or value. 
0'VER-BEA.R', V. t. [-BORE ; -BORNE : 

-bearing.] To bear down ; to re- 
_ press ; to subdue. 
O'VER-BEAR'ING, p. a. Haughty and 

dogmatical ; tending to repress by 

insolence or effrontery. 
Over-bid', v. i. [-bade ; -BID or 

-bidden ; -bidding.] To offer 

more than an equivalent. 
O'VEK-BOARD', adv. Out of a ship 
_ or from on board. 
O'VER-BUR'DEN (-bftr'dn), v. t. To 

load with too great weight. 
O'VER-CAST', V. t. [-CAST; -CAST- 
ING.] 1. To cloud; to darken. 2. 

To rate too high. 3. To sew over 

and over. 
O'ver-charge', v. t. 1. To load 

with too heavy a charge ; to burden. 

2. To make too great a charge of, or 

against. 
Over-charge', a. 1. An excessive 

load. 2. A charge of more than is 

just. [clouds. 

O'ver-cloud', v. t. To cover with 
O'VER-coat, n. A coat worn over 

the other clothing. 
O'ver-come' (-kum'), v. t. [-came ; 

-COME ; -COMING.] To get the bet- 
ter of. 
Syk. — To conquer. — To overcome is 



6r 5 do,W9LF,too j TOOK; urn,rue,pull; E, I, o, silent ; c, g, soft; €,G,hard; A£; exist; n as NG ; Tfiis. 



OVERDO 



300 



OVULE 



to gain the superiority or mastery in any 
trial of strength; to conquer is to over- 
power and bring under our control. 

— v. i. To gain the superiority. 
O'VER-DO', V. t. [-DID ; -DONE ; 

-doing.] 1. To do too much. 2. 
To harass; to fatigue. 3. To cook 

_ too much. — v. i. To labor too hard. 

(TVER-DOSE 7 , n. Too great a dose. 

O'ver-dbaW, v. t. [-drew; 
-drawn"; -DRAWING.] To draw 

_ upon for a sum beyond one's credit. 

Over-drive', v. t. & ?'. To drive 
too hard or beyond strength. 

Over-due', a. Past the time of 

_ payment. 

O'VEE-FEED', r. «. [-FED; -FEED- 
ING.] To feed to excess. 

Over-flow', v. t. To flow over ; to 
inundate; to overwhelm. — v. i. 1. 
To run over. 2 To be abundant. 

O'yer-floW (119), n. An inunda- 
tion ; also, superabundance. 

O'ver-flow'ing, n. Exuberance ; 
copiousness. 

O'VER-GROW', V. t. [-GREW ; 

-GROWN ; -GROWING.] 1. To cover 
with herbage. 2. To grow beyond. 

— v. i. To grow beyond the fit or 
natural size. 

OvER-HANG', V. t. [-HUNG ; -HANG- 
ING.] To hang or project over. 

Over-haul', v. t. 1. To examine 
thoroughly with a yiew to repairs. 
2. To gain upon in a chase ; to over- 

_ take. 

Over-head', adv. Aloft ; above. 

Over-hear', v. t. [-heard ; -hear- 
ing.] To hear by accident. 

O'ver-joy', v. t. To make excess- 

_ ively joyful. 

O'ver-land', a. Made or performed 
on or across the land. 

Over-lay', v. t. [-laid ; -lay- 
ing.] To lay over; to spread over ; 
to co ver_ completely. 

Over-leap', v. t. To leap over. 

Over-leather, n. Upper-leather 
of a shoe. 

Over-lie', v. t. [-lay; -lain; 
-LYING.] To lie over or upon. [ily. 

Over-load', v. t. To load too heav- 

O'VER-LOOK', v. t. To look over or 
beyond as from an elevated position ; 
specifically, (a.) To inspect; hence, 
to review. (b.) To neglect; to pass 
by. (c.) To excuse ; to pardon. (d.) 
To look over the shoulder of. 

O'ver-Mas'ter, v. t. Tooverpower; 
to subdue. 

O'ver-Match', v. t. To be too pow- 

_ erful for ; to conquer ; to subdue. 

O'VER-MATCH', n. One superior in 

_ power ; one able to overcome. 

Over-much', adv. In too great a 

_ degree.^- n. More than sufficient. 

O'VER-NIGHTV (-nit'), n. The night 

following yesterday. — adv. During 

the night previous ; last night. 

I'ver-pay', t\ t. [-paid; -paying.] 

To pay too much or more than is due. 

O'Ver-plus, n. [over and Lat. plus.] 

re.] That which remains after a 

supply ; surplus 

je', v. t. To out-weigh. 




O'ver-pow'er, v. t. 1. To affect 
with a power that cannot be borne. 

2. To vanquish by force, [overwhelm. 
Over-press', v . t. To crush ; to 
Over-prize', v. t. To prize at too 

high a rate. [ly. 

Over-rate', v. t. To rate too high- 
O'yer-reach',1'. t. 1. To reach or 
extend beyond. 2. To get the better 
of; to cheat. 
Over-ride', v. t. [-rode ; -rid- 
den, -RODE, Or -RID ; -RiDING.] 1. 
To ride beyond the strength of the 
horse. 2. To ride too far, or beyond. 

3. To set aside or annul. 
Over-rule', v. t. 1. To influence or 

control by predominant power. 2. 
To set aside, reject, annul, or rule 
against 
Over-rul'ing, p. a. Exerting su- 
perior and controlling posver. 

Syn.— Prevailing; predominant; prev- 
alent. 

O'VER-RUN', V. t. [-RAN ; -RUN ; -RUN- 
NING.] 1. To run or spread over; 
to grow all over. 2. To overcome by 
an invasion. 3. To subdue; to op- 
press. 4. Tochange the arrangement 
of, as of type, and carry those of one 
line into another. — v. i. 1. To run 
over; to overflow. 2. (Print.) To 
extend beyond its due or desired 
length. 

Over-see', v. t. [-saw; -seen; 
-SEEING.] To superintend ; to over- 
look, [supervisor. 

OvER-SEER', n. A superintendent ; a 

Over-set', v. t. or?, [-set ; -set- 
ting.] To turn on the side, or bot- 

_ torn upward. [shade. 

Over-shade_', v. t. To cover with 

O'VER-SHAD'OW, v. t. 1. To throw 
a shadow over ; to overshade. 2. To 
shelter ; to protect. 

Over-shoe (-shoo), n. A water- 

_ proof shoe, worn over another. 

O'VER-SHOOT'.rJ. [-SHOT; -SHOOT- 
ING.] 1. To shoot beyond, as a 
mark. 2. To pass swiftly over. 

Overshot wheel, one -which is turned by 
water which shoots over, or flows upon 
the top of it. 

Over-sight (6'ver-sTt), n. 1. Watch- 
ful care. 2. An overlooking ; omis- 
sion, [or by. 

Over-sleep', v. t. To sleep beyond 

Over-spread', v. t. [-spread; 
-spreading.] 1. To spread, or 
to cover over. 2. To scatter over. 

(Tver-state', v. t. To state in too 
strong terms ; to exaggerate. 

O'ver-step', v. t. To step over or 
beyond. 

O'VER-STRAIN', v. i. To strain to ex- 
cess ; to make too violent efforts. 

O'vert, a. [0. Fr. overt, p. p. of 
ovrir, to open.] 1. Open to view; 
public; apparent. 2. (Law.) Not 
covert ; open ; manifest. 

O'VER-TAKE', r. «. [-TOOK; -TAK- 
EN; -TAKING.] 1. To come up 
with ; to catch. 2. To come upon 
by surprise. [heavy a task on. 

Over-task', v. t. To impose too 

Over-throw', v. t. [-threw; 



-THROWN ; -THROWING.] 1. To 
throw over ; to turn upside down. 2 
To ruin ; to defeat utterly. 
Syn. —See Demolish. 

O'ver-throw' (119), n. State of be- 
ing overturned. 

Syn.— Subversion; ruin; destruction; 
defeat; downfall. 

O'vert-ly, adv. Publicly; openly. 

Over-top', r. t. To exceed in 
height ; to transcend ; to excel. 

O've r-tra.de', v. i. To purchase 

_ goods bevond the means of payment. 

O'vert-ure (53), n. [0. Fr. See 
Overt.] 1. A proposal ; an offer. 
2. A topic or resolution proposed for 
consideration by a proper person or 
committee. 3. (Mus. ) An introduc- 
tory composition, for a full instru- 

_ mental band. 

Over-turn', v. t. 1. To turn or 
throw from a foundation. 2. To 
ruin ; to destroy. 

Syn. — See Demolish. 

O'ver-tOrn' (119), n State of being 
overturned : overthrow. 

Over-val'ue, v. t. To value ex- 
cessively . 

O'ver-ween', v. i. [See Ween.] 1. 
To be too favorable or flattering in 
one's judgment. 2. To be arrogant 

_ in one's claims. 

O'ver-weigh' (-wa'), v. t. To exceed 

_ in weight: to outweigh. 

Over- weight' (-wat'), n. 1. Weight 
above what is required. 2. Prepon- 
derance. 

O'VER-WHELM', v. t. 1. To over- 
spread and crush. 2. To immerse 

_ and bear down. 

O'ver-whelm'ing-ly, adv. In a 
manner to overwhelm. 

OvER-WORK' (-wurk'), v. i. & t. 
[-WORKED, or --WROUGHT; 

-working.] To work beyond the 

strength ; to tire. 
0-vi€'u-lar, a. [Lat. ovum, an egg.] 

Pertaining to an egg. 
0'vi-DU€T, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and 

ductus, duct.] A passage for the egg 
_ from the ovary. 
Ovi-form, a. [Lat. ovum, «gg, and 

forma, form.] Having the form of 

an egg. 
O'vine, a. [Lat. ovinus ; ovis, sheep.] 

Pertaining to, or consisting of, sheep. 
0-v'lP'A-ROUS, a. [Lat. oviparus ; 

ovum, egg, and parere, to bring 

forth.] Producing eggs, from which 
_ young are hatched. 
Ovi-PO-sI'TlON (-po-zlsh'un), n. 

[Lat. ovum, an egg, and ponere, posi- 

turn, to lay.] The laying of eggs, 

especially by insects. 
0'VI-SA€, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and 

snecus, a sack.] The cavity in aa 

ovary which contains the egg. 
O'void, I «. [Lat. ovum, 
0-voiD'AL, ( egg, and Gr. 

elSos, shape.] Having thej 

shape of an egg. 
Ovo-LO,rc. [Lat. ovum,au\ 

egg.] A round molding, 

the quarter of a circle. 
Ovule, n. [Dim. of Lat. Ovoid. 




i, E,l, o,u, Y.long; AjE,J,6, \J,t, short; care. FAR, ask; ALL, what; ere, veil, x£km; pique, firm; s6n, 



OYUM 



301 



PAD 



ovum, an egg.] Rudimentary state 
of a seed. 

G'vum, n. ; pi. o'va. [Lat.] An egg. 

Owe (5), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
agan, to have or possess.] 1. To be 
obliged or bound to pay. 2. To be 
obliged to ascribe to. — v. i. To be 
due to ; to be the result of. 

Owl, n. [A.-S. Ule 
A well-known noc- 
turnal carnivorous 
bird. 

OwL'ER, n. One who 
conveys contraband 
goods. 

Owl'et, n. [Dim. of 
owl.] A little owl; 
also, an owl. Owl. 

Owl'ing, n. The offense of trans- 
porting wool or sheep out of England 
contrary to the statute. 

Owi/ish, a. Resembling an owl. 

Own, a. [0. Eng. owen, A.-S. agen, 
p. pr. of agan, to possess.] Lelong- 
ing to; peculiar. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 
1. To have a legal or rightful title 
to. 2. To acknowledge the possession 
of. 3. To avow as one's own. 

Syn.— To have; possess; recognize; 
confess. 

Own'er, n. A rightful proprietor. 

Own'er-ship, n. State of being an 
owner; proprietorship. 




5x, n. ; pi. 6x'.EN(5ks'n). [A.-S. oxa, 
ohsa.] A castrated male of the bo- 
vine genus of quadrupeds. 

0x-Xl'I€, a. [Gr. 6|aAt's, a <=ort of 
sori-el, from 6£vs, sharp.] Pertaining 
to sorrel. 

5x'i-date, I", t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
convert into an oxide, as metals, &c. 

Ox'i-da'tion, n. Operation of con- 
verting into an oxide. 

Ox'ide, n. [See p. xx, § 161.] A com- 
pound of oxygen and a base desti- 
tute of acid and salifying proper- 
ties. 

SS~ This word has been variously writ- 
ten oxide, oxyd, oxyde, and oxid. It was 
at first spelled oxide, the first syllable of 
Fr. oxygene, being prefixed to the last 
syllable of ucide, to denote a substance, 
not acid, formed by the combination of 
some simple body with oxygen. 

5x'ID-IZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
convert into an oxide ; to oxidate. 

Ox'Y-GEN, n. [Gr. 6£v5, sharp, acid, 
and yeVeiv, to generate; — as it was 
orig. supposed to be an essential part 
of every acid.] A gaseous element, 
which forms about 22 per cent, of the 
atmosphere. By composition with 
hydrogen L it forms water. 

Ox'Y-GEN-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cause to combine with oxygen. 

Ox'Y-GEN-A'TlON.n. Act or process 
of combining with oxygen, 



OX'YGEN-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To convert into an oxide. 
Ox-YG'EN-OUS, a. Pertaining to ox- 

ygen. 
Ox'y-hy'dro-gen, a. Relating *o a 

combination of oxygen and hydro- 

OX'Y-MEL, n. tGr. o£v>eAi, 6£vs, 
acid, and /u.e'A.i, honey.] A mixture 
of vinegar and honey. 

Ox'Y-TONE, a. [Gr. 6|v7Wos; 6£u?, 
sharp, and tows, tone.] Having an 
acute sound. — n. 1. An acute sound. 
2. ( Gr. Gram.) A word having the 

_ acute accent on the last syllable. 

O'yer, n. [Norm. Fr., hearing.] The 

_ hearing, as of a deed, bond, &c. 

O'YEZ (c^yes), inter j. [0. Fr. oyez, 
hear ye.] Hear ; attend ; — a term 
/used by criers of courts to secure 
silence and attention before making 
a proclamation. 

Oys'TER,«. [Lat. ostrea, Gr. otrrpeov, 
allied to birreov, bone.] A mollusk 
having a bivalve shell, much used for 
food. 

Oys'ter-plant, n. A plant, the 
root of which, wben cooked, resem- 
bles the oyster in taste ; salsify. 

O'zone, n. [Gr. 6£eiv, to smell, be- 
cause it is attended by a peculiar 
smell.] Oxygen in an active or elec- 
tro-negative state. 



P. 



P(pe) is the twelfth consonant, and 
the sixteenth letter of the alpha- 
bet. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 84, 85. 

Pab'u-lar, a. [Lat. pabularis.] Per- 
taining to, or affording, food. 

Pab'u-lum, n. [Lat., fr pascere, to 
feed.] 1. Food. 2. Fuel. 

Pace, n. [Lat. passus, orig. a stretch- 
ing out of the feet in walking.] 1. 
A step ; esp., the space between the 
two feet in walking, about 2| feet. 2. 
Manner of walking ; gait. 3. A mode 
of stepping among horses, in which 
the legs on the same side are lifted 
together, — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To go ; to walk. 2. To walk slowly. 
3. To move by lifting the legs on the 
same side together, as a horse ; to 
amble. — v. t. 1. To walk over with 
measured steps. 2. To measure by 
paces. 

Pa'cer, n. One who, or a horse that, 
paces. 

Pa-cha', or PX'CHA, n. [Fr.] See 
Pasha. [shalic. 

pA-CHA'Ll€(-shaw / -),n. Same as Pa- 

PX€H'Y-DERM, n. [Gr. 7mxvSepju.os, 
thick-skinned.] A non-ruminant 
hoofed animal, having a thick skin, 
as the elephant, &c. 

PXch'y-derm'a-tous, c. Pertaining 
to a pachyderm. 

Pa-c?F'IC, a. [Lat. patificus; pax, 
pads, peace, and facere, to make.] 



1. Suited to make peace. 2. Charac- 
terized by peace. 

PA-CIF'T-CA'TION, or PXc'l-FI-CA'- 
TION, n. Act of pacifying; reduc- 
tion to a peaceful state. 

PA-CIF'I-CA'TOR, or PXC'I-FI-CA'- 
TOR, n. A peace-maker. 

Pa-Cif'i-ca-to-ry (50), a. Tending 
to make peace. 

PXc'l-FPER,»i. One who pacifies. 

PX^'I-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. pacificare. See PACIFIC] 1. 
To appease, as wrath or any violent 
passion. 2. To restore peace to. 

PXck, n. [Of. BAG.] 1. A bundle or 
bale. 2. A number of connected or 
similar things ; as, (a.) A set of play- 
ing cards, (b.) A number of dogs 
kept for hunting. 3. A large area of 
floating pieces of ice driven together. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To make 
up into a bundle. 2. To fill or load. 
3. To bring together unfairly, so as 
to attain some unjust end. 4. To 
send off; to dispatch. — v.i. 1. To 
form things into packs. 2. To admit 
of stowage. 3. To unite in bad meas- 
ures. 4. To depart in haste. 

PXck'AGE, n 1. A bundle ; a pack- 
et ; a bale. 2. A charge for packing 
goods. 

PXck'et, n. [See Pack.] 1. A small 
pack. 2. A vessel for convex ing dis- 
patches and passengers or goods. — 



V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To ply in a pack 
et. 

PXck'et-ship, n. A ship that sails 
regularly between distant countries 
for the conveyance of dispatches, 
letters, passengers, &c. 

PXck'-horse, n. A horse to carry 
packs or burdens. 

PXCK/-MAN (150), n. A peddler. 

PXCK'-sXD'DLE, n. A saddle on 
which packs are borne. 

PXck'-staff, n. A staff on which a 
traveler supports his pack, [parcels. 

PXck'-THREAD, n. Twine to tie up 

PXck'wXx, n. A large tendon in the 
neck of an animal. 

PXcT, n. [Lat. pactum.] An agree- 
ment ; a compact ; a covenant. 

PXc'TION-AL, a. By way of agree- 
ment. 

PAC-Ti'TIOUS (-tish/us), a. [See 
Pact.] Settled by agreement. 

PXd, n. [A.-S. pad, padh. See 
PATH.] 1, A foot-path. 2. An 
easy ^aced horse. 3. A highway- 
man. 4. [Prob. allied to Eng. toad.] 
Any thing flattened or laid flat. 5. 
A package of blotting paper. 6. A 
soft, stuffed saddle, cushion, or bol- 
liter. — v.t. [-BED; -DING.] 1. To 
travel ; to tread. 2. To tread or 
teat smooth or level. 3. To stuff 
with padding. — v. i. 1. To travel 
slowly. 2. To rob on foot. 



t, DO.WCIEjTOOjTOOKs CRN, RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent ; c,G,so/*; €,G,hard; Ag; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS- 



PADDING 



302 



PALINDROME 



PXd'ding, n. 1. Act of making a 
pad. 2. Material with which a sad- 
dle, &c, is stuffed. 

Pad'dle, v. i. [Dim. of pari, to go.] 
1. To beat water with the hands or 
feet. 2. To propel a boat with a 
paddle, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
propel by an oar or paddle. — n. [See 
supra.] 1. A sort of short oar. 2. 
Blade of an oar cr weapon. 3. One 
of the broad boards at the circum- 
ference of a water-wheel. 

Pad'dle-wheel, n. A water-wheel 
used in propelling steamboats. 

Pad'dock, n. 1. [Augm. of A.-S. 
padde, frog, toad.] A large toad or 
frog. 2. [Corrupt, fr. parrock.] A 
small inclosure under pasture. 

PAD'DY, n. [From St. Patrick, the 
tutelar saint of Ireland.] An Irish- 
man ; — in joke or contempt. 

PAd'lock, n. [Prob. because it was 
originally a lock for a gate opening to 
a pad or path .] A lock having a sem- 
icircular link jointed at one end. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To fasten with 
a padlock ; to shut ; to confine. 

PXd'u-a-soy'(o7- pad'u-soi), n. [Prob. 
from Padua, in Italy, and Fr. sole, 
silk.] A kind of silk stuff. 

PjE'an, n. [Lat., from Gr. ira.iav, a 
hymn, orig. in honor of Tiaiav, or 
Apollo.] A loud and joyous song ; 
a song of triumph. 

P^2'o-NY, n. See PEONY. 

PA'GAN, n. [Lat. paganus, a coun- 
tryman, villager.] One who wor- 
ships false gods. 

Syn. — Gentile ; heathen ; idolater. — 

— Gentile was applied to the other na- 
tions of the earth as opposed to the Jews. 
Pagan was the name given to idolaters 
in the early Christian church, because 
the villagers, being most remote from the 
centers of instruction, remained for a 
long time unconverted. Heathen has 
the same origin. Pagan is now more 
properly applied tc rude and uncivilized 
idolaters, while heathen embraces all 
who practice idolatry. 

— a. Pertaining to the worship or 
worshipers of false gods ; heathen ; 
heathenish. 

PA'GAN-tgM, n. Heathenism. 

PA'GAN-IZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
render pagan or heathenish. 

Page, n. 1. [L. Lat. pagius, fr. Gr. 
naiSCov, dim. of 7rats, a boy, servant. ] 
A youthful attendant on a great 
person, or a legislative body. 2. A 
contrivance to hold up the skirt of a 
lady's dress. 3. [Lat. pagina, from 
Lat. pagere, to fasten, compose.] 
One side of a leaf. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To number the pages of. 

PXG'EANT (paj / ant or pa'jant), n. 
[Prob. fr. A.-S. pxceand, deceiving, 
as by false appearances.] JL. Some- 
thing showy, without stability. 2. 
A spectacle or pompous exhibition. 

PAg'eant-ry (paj'ant- or pa'jant-), 
n. Pompous exhibition or specta- 
cle ; show. 

PXG'i-NAL.a. [See Page.] Consist- 
ing of pages. 

Pa'ging, n. The marking of the pages 
of a book. 




Pagoda. 



PA-GO'DA, n. [Hind. 
butkadah, a house 
of idols.] An East- 
ern temple in 
which idols are 
worshiped. 

Pail, n. [L. Ger. 
balje,~D.balie.] An 
open vessel for wa- 
ter, milk, &c. 

Pain, n. [Lat. ple- 
na, Gr. iroivr).] ]. Punishment suf- 
fered or denounced. 2. Sensation of 
uneasiness ; bodily distress ; suffer- 
ing. 3. Mental distress. 4. Labor ; 
toilsome effort ; chiefly in the plural. 
ra^~ Pains, as used in this sense, al- 
though really in the plural, is commonly 
used as a singular noun. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To afflict or 
render uneasy in body or mind. 

Syn. — To trouble; distress; torment. 

PAin'ful, a . 1. Full of pain ; occa- 
sioning distress. 2. Requiring labor; 
difficult. [ner. 

Pain'ful-ly, adv. In a painful man- 

Pain'ful-ness, n. Uneasiness or 
distress. 

Pai'nim (pa'nim), n. [Norm. Fr. pay- 
nim, fr. Lat. paganus. See Pagan.] 
A pagan ; an infidel. 

Pain'less, a. Free from pain or 
Jxouble. [n. 4. 

Pains., n._ Care; trouble. See Pain, 

Pains/TAK-ING, a. Sparing no pains. 

— n. Careful and conscientious ex- 
ertion. 

Paint, n. 1. Coloring matter used in 
painting; pigment. 2. A cosmetic. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. peindre, 
peint, fr. Lat. pingere, pictum.] 1. 
To apply paint to ; to color. 2. To 
represent by means of colors. 3. To 
describe vividly ; to delineate. 
Syn.— To color; picture; portray. 

— v. i. 1. To practice painting. 2. 
To color one's face. 

Paint'er, n. 1. One whose occupa- 
tion is to paint. 2. [Cf. Ir. painteir, 
a net, snare, painte, a lace, cord.] A 
rope to fasten a boat. 

Paint'ing, n. 1. Act of laying on 
colors. 2. Art of representing ob- 
jects by means of colors ; also, vivid 
description. 3. A painted picture. 

PAIR (4), n. [Lat. par, from par a., 
equal.] Two things of a kind, simi- 
lar in form, suited to each other, or 
used together; a couple; a brace. 

— v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. Tobe joined 
in pairs ; to couple. 2. To suit. 

To pair off, to make an arrangement 
with one of an opposite opinion by 
which votes, &c, of both are withheld. 

Pai/ACE, n. [Lat. palatium,fv. Pala- 
tium, a hill in Rome, on which Au- 
gustus had his residence.] A mag- 
nificent house for an emperor, a 
king, &c. 

PAl'a-din, n. [L. "L&t. palatinus; pal- 
atium, palace.] An eminent knight. 

PAl'AN-keen' \ (-ken'), n. [Javan. 

PAL/AN-QUIN' | palangki, Hind 
p&M.] A covered carriage used in 
the East, borne on men's shoulders. 



PXl'a-ta-ble, a. Agreeable to the 
palate or taste ; savory. 

Pal'a-tal, a. Pertaining to, or ut- 
tered by the aid of, the palate. — n. 
A letter pronounced by the aid of 
the palate. 

PAl'ate, w. [Lat. palatum.] 1. The 
roof of the mouth. 2. Relish ; taste. 
3. Mental relish. 

Pa-la'tial, a. Pertaining to, or b©= 
coming, a palace. [atine. 

Pa-lAt'I-nate, n. Province of a pal- 

Pai/a-tIne, a. 1. [Lat. palatinus, fr. 
palatium, palace.] Pertaining to a 
palace, or to a high officer of a palace. 
2. Pertaining to the palate. — n. A 
count possessing rojal jurisdiction. 

Pa-la'ver, n. [Sp. patabra, a word, 
from Gr. 7rapa/3oArj. a comparison, a 
parable.] 1. Idle talk ; flattery. 2. 
A conference. — v. t. or v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To use idle, deceitful talk. 

PAle, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [Fr. pale, 
Lat. pallidum.] Not ruddy or fresh 
of color ; dusky white. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To turn pale, —n [A.-S., 
fr. Lat. palus.] 1. A pointed stake ; 
a picket. 2. An inclosing boundary ; 
a fence. 3. An inclosure ; a limited 
territory. 4. One of the greater or- 
dinaries. — v. t. To inclose with 
pales or stakes. [freshly. 

Pale'ly (109), adv. Wanly ; not 

Pale'ness, n. Quality or state of be- 
ing pale ; defect of color ; wanness. 

PA'LE-OG'RA-PHY,»l. [Gr. 7raAaio?, 
ancient, and ypd^eiv, to write.] 1. 
An ancient manner of writing. 2. 
The deciphering of ancient docu- 
ments, [with paleology. 

PA'le-ol'o-gist, n. One conversant 

PA'LE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. 7raAaios, an- 
cient, and Aoyos, discourse.] A dis- 
course or treatise on antiquities. 

PA'LE-ON-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. TrctAacos, 
ancient, ovtci, beings, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The science of fossil or- 
ganic remains. 

PA-LES'TRA, n. [Gr. traXaia-ipa, from 
iraXaUiv, to wrestle.] (Antiq.) (a.) 
A wrestling, (b.) Place of wrestling. 

Pa-LES'tri-AN, ) a. Relating to the 

Pa-les'tri€, J exercise of wrest- 
ling. 

Pal'ette, n. [Fr.] 
A thin oval tablet, 
on which a paint- 
er mixes his pig- 
ments. 

PAL'FREY (pawl'- 
'fry), n. [Lat. par- 
aver edus, a horse 
for extraordinary occasions, from Gr. 
irapd, along, beside, and Lat, veredus, 
a post-horse.] 1. A saddle-horse for 
the road. 2. A small horse for ladies. 

Pa-LiL'O-GY, n. [Gr. naXiWoyCa; 
irdkiv, again, and Aoyos, speech.] 
Repetition of a word, &c, for greatel 
energy. 

PAl'IMP-SEST (84), n. [Gr. ira\(fi\j/ri- 
oros, scratched or scraped again.] A 
manuscript written upon twice, the 
first writing having been erased. 

PAl/IN-DROME , n. [Gr. TraAtVopo/uos, 




a,e, i.o,v,Y, long; &,£,!, 6, 0, y, sAorf; cAre, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veiLjXEBM; pique, firm; s6n, 



PALING 



303 



PANIC 



running back again.] A -word, verse, 
or sentence, that is the same when 
read backward or forward. 

Pal'ING, n. Pales in general ; a fence 
of pales. 

Pal'i-sade', n. [L. Lat. palissata ; 
Lat. palus, a stake, pale.] A strong, 
sharp stake, one end of which is set 
firmly in the ground; also, a fence 
formed of such stakes. 

Pai/ish, a. Somewhat pale. 

Pall (pawl), n. [Lat. pallium.} 1. 
A cloak ; a mantle. 2. A consecrated 
vestment in the form of a scarf. 3. 
A large, black cloth thrown over a 
coffin. — v. t. To cloak ; to cover or 
invest. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
pale, palle, pale, wan.] To become 
vapid or insipid. 

Pal-la'di-Cm, n. [Lat. ; Gr. TlaAAa- 
Siov, fr. HaAAas, Pallas.] 1. A statue 
of Pallas, on the -"preservation of 
which depended the safety of Troy. 
2. Something that affords effectual 
defense. 3. A certain metal. 

PXl'LET, n. [Dim. of Lat. pain, a 
shovel.] 1. A palette. 2. A wooden 
instrument used by potters, &c. 3. 
A lever connected with the pendulum 
of a clock, or the balance of a watch, 
&c. 4. [From Lat. palea, chaff.] A 
small, rude bed. 

PXl'li-ate, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. 
Lat. palliare, -aticm, to clothe, cover ; 
pallium, a cloak, mantle.] To cover 
with excuse ; to soften by favorable 
representations. 

Syn. — To extenuate. —We extenuate 
a crime when wc endeavor to show that 
it is leas than has been supposed; we pal- 
liate a crime when we endeavor to cover 
or conceal its enormity, at least in part. 

PWlt A'TION, n. Concealment or 
extenuation of the most flagrant cir- 
cuni-a;inces of an offense. . 

P\l.'h-a-tive, a. 1. Serving to ex- 
tenuate; palliating. 2. Relieving, as 
pain. — n. That which extenuates.. 

PXl'LID, a. [Lat. pallidus.] Pale ; 
wan [ness. 

P\L'LiD-NESS, n. Paleness; wan- 

P ALL-MALL' (pel-mel / ), n. [0. Fr. 
palemail, from It. palla, a "ball, and 
mail, fr. Lat. malleus, a mallet.] An 
old game in which a baP was driven 
with a mallet through an arch. 

PXl'LOR, n. [Lat] Paleness. 

Palm (pam), n. [Lat. palma, Gr. 
iraXa.jj.-r).] 1. Inner part of the hand. 
2. A hand's breadth ; a measure of 
length equal to 4 or sometimes to 3 
inches. 3 Broad part of the horns 
of a deer. <.-. An instrument to force 
a needle through canvas. 5. A per- 
ennial endogenous tree. 6. A token 
of success or triumph. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING. J 1. To conceal in the hand. 
2. To impose by fraud. 

PXl'MAR, » a. [Lat. palmaris, from 

Pal'MA-ry, ) palma, palm of the 
hand.] Having tb« r^adth of a palm. 

PXl'ma-ry. a. Worthy of the palm ; 
palmy ; chief. 

PXL'MATE, \u. [Lat. palmatus, fr. 

PXL'MA-TED, ) palma, palm of the 




Palmetto. 



hand.] Having the shape of the 
hand, with the fingers spread. 

Palm'er (pam'er), n. One who bore 
a branch of palm in token of having 
visited the Holy Land. 

Pal-met'TO, n. [Dim. 
of Lat. palma, a 
palm.] A species of 
palm-tree. 

Pal-mif'er-oOs, a. 
[Lat. palmifer ; pal- 
ma, a palm, and/er- 
re, to bear.] Bearing 
palms. 

PXl'mi-ped, a. [Lat. 
palmipes, -pedis, 
broad-footed ; palma, 
palm of the hand, 
and pes, a foot.] Web-footed. 

PXl'mis-ter, n. [Lat. palma, palm 
of the hand.] One who practices 
palmistry. 

PXl'mis-TRY, n. [See supra.] Art of 
telling fortunes by the lines in the 
palm of the hand. 

Palm'-SBn'day (pam'sun'dy^n. The 
Suuday next before Easter. See Mat- 
thew, xxi. 8. 

Palm'y (pam'y), a. Worthy of the 
palm ; flourishing ; prosperous. 

PXl'pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
palpable. 

PXL'PA-BLE,a. [Lat. palpabilis, fr. 
palpare, to stroke.] 1. Capable of 
being felt. 2. Plain ; obvious. 

PXl'PA-ble-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing palpable. [ner ; plainly. 

Pal'pa-bly, adv. In a palpable man- 

Pal-pa'tion, n. [See Palpable.] 
Act of touching or feeling. 

Pal'PE-braL, a. [Lat. palpebrals ; 
palpebra, an eyelid.] Pertaining to 
the eyebrow. [brows. 

PXL'PE-B_ROUS,a. Having large eye- 

PXl'pi-tate, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
palpitare, -tatum, intensive form of 
palpare. See Palpable.] To beat 
rapidly and excitedly, as the heart ; 
to throbj to flutter. 

PXl'pi-ta'tion, n. A violent, irreg- 
ular beating of the heart. 

Pals'grave (pawlz'-Jn. [Ger. pfalz- 
graf, from pfalz, palace, and graf, a 
count.] A count who has the super- 
intendence of the king's palace. 

Pals/gra-v'ine', n. Consort of a 
palsgrave. [paralytic. 

PAL'§re-AL, a. Affected with palsy ; 

Pal'§IED (pawPzid), p. a. Affected 
with palsy. 

PAL'§Y, n. [Contr. fr. paralysis.] Par- 
alysis, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] To 
paralyze. 

Pal'TER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [See 
Paltry.] To act insincerely; to 
trifle ; to haggle. [try. 

PalTri-ness, n. State of being pal- 

Pal'try,«. [-er ; -est, 142.] [L. 
Ger. paltrig, ragged.] Destitute of 
worth ; characterized by meanness. 
Syn.— See Contemptible. 

PA-Lfj'DAL, a. [Lat. palus, paludis, 
a marsh.] Pertaining to marshes; 
marshy. 

PAL'Y,a. [From pale, a.] Pale. [Poet.] 



PXM'PER, v. t. [-EP . -ING.] [0. Fr 
pamprer, to cover with vine-leave^ ; 
hence, to nur&e into luxuriant 
growth.] To feed to the full ; to glut. 

PXm'PHLET, n. [0. Fr. palme, palm 
of the hand, and fueillet, a, leaf; or 
from Lat. pagina Jilala, a threaded 
page.] A sheet, or a few sheets, of 
paper, stitched together, but not 
bound. [pamphlets. 

Pam'PHLET-EER', n. A writer of 

PXn, n. [A.-S. panne.} 1. A shallow^ 
open dish or vessel. 2. Part of a 
flint-lock to hold the priming. 3. 
Hard stratum of earth below the soil. 

PXn'A-^E'A, n. [Gr.Trava.KeLa.; irava- 
kijs, all -healing.] A remedy for all 



Pa-na/da,) n. [Lat. panis^ bread.] 

Pa-nade', \ Bread boiled in water 

Pa-na'do, ) and sweetened. 

Pan'cake, n. A thin cake fried in a 
pan or baked on a griddle. 

PXn'€RE-as, or Pan'€RE-as, n. [Gr. 
Trdyicpeas ; irciv, all, and /cpe'as, flesh.] 
A gland in the abdomen, beneath 
the stomach ; the sweetbread. 

PXn'gre-Xt'IC, a. Pertaining to the 
pancreas. [ing to PaD. 

Pan-de'an, a. [From Pan.] Relat- 

PXN'DE€T, n. [Gr. TravSe/cTTjs , all- 
receiving, all-containing.] 1. A trea- 
tise containing the whole of any 
science. 2. pi. The digested code of 
Roman civil law of Justinian. 

PXN'DE-mS'NI-UM, n. [Gr. Tras, nav, 
all, and SaCfxow, demon.] Council- 
chamber of demons or evil spirits. 

PXn'der, n. [From Pandarus, who 
procured for Troilus the love of Chry- 
se'i's.] 1. A pimp ; a procurer. 2. 
"A minister to the evil passions of an- 
other. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To pro- 
cure the gratification of the lust of. 
— v.i. To minister to the lusts or 
passions of others. 

Pan-dore', or PXn'dore,ti. [See 
Bandore.] An instrument of mu- 
sic of the lute kind. 

Pane, n. [Lat. pannus, a cloth, fil- 
let.] 1. Distinct patch or compart- 
ment. 2. Square plate of glass. 

PXN'E-GYR'I€, n. [Gr. 7ra.Kr/yupiKos, 
sc. \6yos] An oration in praise of 
some person or achievement ; en- 
comium ; eulogy. 
Syn.— See Eulogy. 

PXn'e-GYR'I€, ) a. Containing 

PXN'E-GYR'I€-AL, ) praise; enco- 
miastic. [To praise highly. 

PXN'E-GY-RIZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

Pan'el, n. [0. Fr., dim. of pan, 
skirt, side. See Pane.] 1. A com- 
partment, as in doors, &c. 2. A. 
thin board on which a picture ia 
painted. 3. A schedule of the names 
of persons summoned as jurors; 
hence, the whole jury. — v. t. [-E l\ 
-ING; or -LED, -LING, 137.] To 
form with panels. 

PXNG,n [Cf. A.-S. pyngan, to prick 
A momentary and violent pain. 

PXN'I€, a. [Gr. rraviKos, belonging to 
Pan, because a sudden fright was 
ascribed to Pan.] Extreme, sudden, 



OR, do, wolf, XOU^QOK j URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, §, hard; A£J E£IST,- N as NG ; THIS 



PANIC-GRASS 



;04 



PARAFFINE 



and causeless ; — said of fright. — n. 
A sudden fright without real or 
sufficient cause. 

PXn'I€-(xRass, n. A plant ; oatmeal. 

Pan'i-€LE, n. [Lat. panicula, a tuft 
on plants.] A form of inflorescence, 
as in oats. 

Pan-nade', n. [0. Fr., fr. pannader, 
to prance.] The curvet of a horse. 

Pan'nier (pan'yer or pan'ni-er), n. 
[Lat. panarium, a bread basket.] A 
wicker-basket for carrying fruit, &c, 
on a horse. 

PXN'O-PLY, n. [Gr. iravonkU; Tras, 
irav, all, and bnAov, tool, arms.] A 
full suit of defensive armor L 

PXn'o-ra'ma, or PXn'o-ra'mA, n. 
[Gr. 7ra?, 7rav, all. and bpa/xa, a view.] 
1. A complete view. 2. A picture 
unrolled and made to pass contin- 
uously before the spectator. 

PXn'O-rXm'io, ) a. Pertaining to, 

PXN'o-RAM'ie-AL, ) or resembling, 
a panorama. 

PXn'sy, n. [Fr. pensee, thought, 
pansy.] A plant and flower; the 
garden violet. 

PANT, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. W. 
pantu, to depress, pant, a depres- 
sion.] 1. To breathe quickly ; to 
gasp. 2. To be overpowered with 
eagerness or longing. 3. To throb, 
as the heart, in terror, &c. — n. 1. 
A quick breathing. 2. A violent 
palpitation. 

PXn'TA-lets', n. pi. [Dim. of panta- 
loons.} Loose drawers worn by chil- 
dren and women ; or the lower part 
of such a garment, often made in 
separate pieces. 

PXN'TA-LOONS',n.pZ. [Fromlt. Pan- 
talone, a masked character in the 
Italian comedy, who wore breeches 
and stockings that were all of one 
piece.] Long, loose coverings for the 
legs reaching from the waist to the 
heel ; trousers. 

PXN'THE-IsM, n. [Gr. 7ras, nav, all, 
and 0eo5, ""god.] The doctrine that 
the universe is God. [pantheism. 

PXn'THE-IST, n One who holds to 

PXn'THE-IST'IO, I a. Pertaining 

PXn'the-Ist'io-al, J to, or found- 
ed in, pantheism. 

Pan-the'on, or PXn'the-on, n. 
[Gr. ndvdeiov, also travQeov, fr. 7ra?, 
irav, all, and 0e6s, a god.] A temple 
dedicated to all the gods. 

1'Xn'THER, n. [Gr. 
iravdvp. Cf. Skr. 
pundarlka, a 

leopard.] 1. A 
fierce, dark-col- 
ored variety of Panther, 
the leopard." 2. The American tiger, 
a feline mammal of several species. 

Ean-to'fle (-ttfb'fl), n. [Upper Ger. 
band-tafel, a wooden sole (ta/el) with 

I a leather string (band) to put the 
foot through.] A slipper for the foot. 

PXn'TO-GRAph, n. [Gr. tj-ols, Trai'TO?, 
all, and ypcupeii/, to write.] An in- 
strument for copying on the same, 
or a different scale. 

PXN-TO-MIME, n. [Gr. 7rai/T6>ip.os, 




lit. all-imitating.] 1. One who acts 
his part by mute gesticulation. 2. 
.A theatrical entertainment given in 
dumb show. 

PXN"ro-Mi'M'l€, 1 a. Representing 

PAN'TO-Miivi'ie-AL, ) characters and 
actions by dumb show. 

PXn'try, n. [From Lat. panis, bread.] 
An apartment in which provisions 
are kept. 

PXP, n. 1. [Cf. Lat. papilla.] A nip- 
ple ; a teat 2. [D. pap, Lat. papa, 
pappa.] Soft food for infants ; hence, 
nourishment; support. [children. 

Pa-pX', n. Father ; — a word used by 

PA'PA-CY, n. [L. Lat. papatia, from 
Lat. papa, a father, a bishop, the 
pope.] Office of the pope ; papal 
authority or jurisdiction. [ish. 

PA/PAL,,_a. Relating to the pope ; pop- 

PA'PAL-IZE, v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To conform to popery. 

PA-pXv'ER-otJS, a. [Lat. papavereus ; 
papaver, the poppy.] Resembling 
the poppy. 

PA-PA.W, n. [Malay, papaya.] A tree 
and its fruit, of warm countries. 

PA'PER, n. [From papyrus. See PA- 
PYRUS.] 1. A substance to be writ- 
ten or printed on, to be used in wrap- 
ping, &c. 2. A single sheet or piece 
of such substance. 3. A printed or 
written instrument. 4. A newspa- 
per; a journal. 5. Notes; bills of 
exchange. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To cover with paper. 2. To inclose 
m paper. 

Pa'per-hXng'ings, n. pi. Paper 
ornamented with figures for covering 
walls. [pap. 

Pa-pes'CENT, a. Containing, or like, 

Papier-ma che (pap'ya-ma/sha ). 
n. [Fr. ; lit., chewed or mashed pa- 
per.] A hard substance made of a 
pulp from rags or paper. 

PA-Pfi/IO-NA'CEoiJS, a. [Lat. pa- 
pilio, a butterfly.] Resembling the 
butterfly. 

Pa-pil'la, n. ',• pi. pa-pYz'zje. 
[Lat.] A minute elevation of the 
surface of the skin or tongue, &c. 

PXp'IL-LA-ry, \ a. Pertaining 

Pap'IL-lose' (125), ] to, or resem- 
bling, the nipples or the papillae. 

PXP'IL-LOTE, n. [Fr., either fr. pa- 
pier, paper, or fr. papillon, butterfly. 
on account of their resemblance to a 
butterfly.] A paper on which ladies 
roll up their hair. 

PA'PisT,n. [See Pope.] A Roman 
Catholic ; — an opprobrious term. 

Pa-P?st'I€, ) a. Pertaining to 

PA-pTst'I€ AL, j popery ; popish. 

PA'PIST-RY, n. Popery. 

Pa-poose', \ n. An Indian babe or 

PAP-POOSE', ) young child. 

Pap-pose', ) a. [Lat. pappus, a woolly 

PXp'poOs, J or hairy seed.] Downy, 
as the seeds of certain plants. 

Pa-PY'RUS, n. ; pi. PA-PY'RI. [Lat. ; 
Gr. 7rarrvpo?.] A reed from which 
the ancients made a sort of paper. 

PXr, n. [Lat. par, equal.] 1. State 
of equality ; value expressed in the 
words of any certificate of value. 2. 



Equality of condition or circum- 
stances. 

PXr'A-BLE, 7i. [Gr. 7rapa)3oA»j, a com- 
parison.] An allegory from which a 
moral is drawn. 

Pa-rXb'O-la, n. ; pi. pa- 
rXb'0-LA§. [N. Lat.; — 
because its axis is parallel 
to the side of the cone. See 
supra.] The section of a 
cone »iade by cutting it 
with a plane parallel to one Parabo- 
of its sides. la. 

PXr'a-bol'io, la. 1. Expressed 

PXr'a-BOL/IC-AL, J by parable. 2. 
Having the form or nature of a par- 
abola. 

Pa-rXb'O-LOID, n. [Gr. napafio\rj, 
parabola, aud elSos, form.] The solid 
generated by the rotation of a para- 
bola about its axis. 

PXR'A-CEN'TRIC, ) a. [Gr. napd, 

PXr'a-cen'tric-al, 1 beside, be- 
yond, and Ktvrpov, center.] Deviat- 
ing from circularity. 

Pa-ra€H'ro-nLsm, 7i. [Gr. Trapa, be- 
yond, and xpoi'os, time.] An error 
in chronology, by which a date is 
made later than it really was. 

Par'a-chute (-shut, 
110), 7i." [Fr.,from 
parer, to ward off, 
and chute, a fall.] A 
contrivance some- 
what like an um- 
brella, to prevent a 
too rapid descent 
from a balloon. 

PXR'A-eLETE,7j. [Gr. 
7rapd/cArjTOS, fr. rrap- 
anakeiv, to exhort, encourage.] The 
Comforter or Intercessor ; — applied 
to the Holy Spirit. 

PA-RADE', n. [Lat. parare, paratum, 
to provide.] 1. Pompous exhibition. 
2. Military display ; also, the place 
where such display is held. 

Srrr. — Ostentation. — Parade is a 
pompous exhibition of things for the 
purpose of display; ostentation now gen- 
erally indicates a parade of virtues or 
other qualities for which one expects to 
be honored. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To show 
off. 2. To assemble and array in 
military order. 

PXr'A-dKgm (-dim), n. [Gr. Trapa- 
fieiyjma, fr- rrapaSeiKvi'vai, to set up 
as an example.] An example of a 
word, as a verb, noun. &c. , conju- 
gated, declined, compared, &c. 

PXR'A-DISE, n. [Gr. Trapao'eicros, fr. 
Skr. paradesa, a foreign land, the 
most beautiful land.] 1. The gar- 
den of Eden. 2. A place of bliss. 3. 
Heaven. 

PXr'a-di-si'A€-ae, a. Pertaining to 
paradise, or to a place of felicity. 

PAR'A-DOX,n. [Gr. Trapd8o£ov ; Trapa, 
beside, contrary to, and S6£a, opin- 
ion.] A proposition seemingly ab- 
surd, yet true in fact. 

PXr' a-dox'ic-al , a. Having the na 
ture of a paradox, [doxical manner. 

PXr'a-DOX'ic-AL-EY, adv. In a para- 

PXr'af-fIne, 7i. [Lat. parum, too 




Parachute. 



I, £, I, 6 5 C,y, Jong; A, £, I, 6, U, y, short; cAre, far, Ask, ajll, what •, ere, V£«j, xJiHEt \ pique , fIrm ; s6n. 



PARAGOGE 



305 



PARIAN 



little, and affinis, akin.] A white, 
translucent substance used for mak- 
ing candles. It has its name from its 
resistance to chemical action. 

PAR'A-GO'GE, n. [Gr. Trapaya>y>7,fr. 
irapdyeiv, to protract.] Addition of 
a letter or syllable to the end of a 
•word. 

PAr'a-gog'IC, ) a. Pertaining to, 

PAR'A-GOG'l€-AL, J or constituting, 
a paragoge. 

*Ar'a-gon, n. [Sp. paragon, from 
para con, in comparison with.] A 
model or pattern by way of distinc- 
tion, implying superior excellence. 

PAR'A-GRAPH, 71. [Gr. 7rap<£ypa<po?, 
(sc.ypap./LiTJ),. a stroke drawn in the 
margin.] 1. A character [IF], used 
as a reference, or tc mark a division. 
2. A portion of a writing relating to 
a particular point. 3. A notice or 
brief remark, as in a newspaper. 

PAr'A-gr \PH'I€, a. Consisting of 
paragraphs. 

PAR'AL-LAe'Tre, ) a. Pertaining 

PAR'AL-LAe'Tic-AL, ) to the paral- 
lax of a heavenly body. 

PAR'AL-LAX, n. [Gr. 7rapaAAa£<.s, fr. 
irapaXKaa-creiv , to alter a little.] Dif- 
ference between the position of a 
body as seen from the earth's sur- 
face, and its position as seen from 
some other conventional point. 

PAr'AL-LEL, a. [Gr. 7rapaAAi]Aos ; 

wapd, beside, 

and iAAjj/Udi^of ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ 
one another.] Parallel lines. 

1. Equally distant in all parts. 2. 
Having the same direction or tenden- 
cy. 3- Continuing a resemblance 
through many particulars. — n. 1. 
A line equidistant in all its parts 
from anotner. 2. A circle on a globe, 
marking latitude. 3. Resemblance ; 
likeness. 4. A comparison made. 5. 
Counterpart. 6. A wide trench be- 
tween batteries and approaches. 7. 
A sign of reference (thus, ||). — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing, 137.] 1- To cause to 
be parallel. 2. To resemble in all 
essential points. 

PAr'al-lei-i'^m, n. State of being 
parallel ; comparison : resemblance. 

PAR'AL-LEL'o-GRvM, n. [Gr. napaX- 

Xi)\6ypafXfj.ov , fr. / -j 

irapaAAijAos, paral- / / 

lei, and ypafj.fj.Tq, a / / 

stroke, line.] A ^r — 
right-lined quadri- Parallelogram, 
lateral figure, whose opposite sides 
are parallel. 

PAr'al-lei/o-pi'ped, 

n. [Gr. TrapaAArjXeTri- 
ireSov, fr. TrapaAAr/Aos, 
parallel, and iirineooi/ , 
a plane ■surface.] A reg- 
ular solid, the faces of 
which are six parallelograms. 

fAR'AL-LEL'O-PtP'E-DON (110), n. A 
pavallelopiped. 

PA-RAl/O-GLpI, n. [Gr. irapa\oy«r- 
fios; irapaXoyi^ea-QaL , to reason false- 
ly.] A reasoning which is false in 
point of form. 

Pa-rAl'o-gy, n. False reasoning. 



Parallelo- 
piped. 



PA-RAL'Y-sIs, n. [Gr. rrapaAvcri? ; 
napakveiv, to loosen, disable at the 
side.] Loss of voluntary motion, 
with or without that of sensation, in 
any part of the body ; palsy. 

PAR'A-LYT're, a. Affected with pa- 
ralysis^ — n. One who has the palsy. 

PAr'a-lvze, v. t.' [-ed; -ing.] To 
affect with paralysis ; to palsy. 

PAr'a-MOUNT (110), a. [0. Fr. para- 
biont, above, fr. par, through, thor- 
oughly, and amont, upward.] Supe- 
rior to all others ; of highest rank. 

Stn. — Principal; pre-eminent; chief. 
— n. Highest in rank or order ; chief. 

PAr'a-MOUR, n. [Fr. par amour, i. e., 
by or with love.] A lover of either 
sex; a wooer or a mistress; — in a 
bad sense. 

PAr'A-NYMPH, n. [Gr. 7rapawjac£o? ; 
trapd, beside, and vvfxfyr], a bride.] A 
brideman or bridemaid. 

PAr'a-pet, n. [It. parapetlo, from 
parare, to ward off, and petto, the 
breast.] A wall or rampart for de- 
fense ; a breas_t-work. 

PAr'a-pher-na'li-a, n. pi. [Gr. 
napdfapva. ; irapd, beyond, and <pep- 
V7), dowry.] 1. Goods of a wife be- 
yond her dowry. 2. Ornaments ; 
trappings. 

PAr'A-PHRASE, n. [Gr. irapd^pacr^, 
from uapa, "beside, and <ppa<*etv, to 
speak.] A re-statement of a text, or 
passage in other words. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To explain, interpret, or 
translate with latitude. — v. i. To 
interpret or explain amply. 

PAr'a-phrAst, n. One who para- 
phrases. 

PAr/a-PHrAst'K*, ) a. Not verb- 

PAr'a phrAst'I€-a:l, J al or liter- 
al ; diffuse ; free. 

PAr'A-PLE'gi-A, 1 n. [Ionic Gr. Trap- 

PAr'A-PLE'GY, ) arrArj-yta.] Pal- 
sy (of the lower half of the body. 

PAr'a-quet' (-kef), n. A small spe- 
cies of parrot. 

PAr'a-se-le'ne, n.; pi. pAr'a- 
SE-LE'NJE. [Gr. irapd, beside, and 
o-ek-qw), moon. J A luminous circle 
encompassing the moon. 

PAR'A-SiTE, n. [Gr. Trapao-iTO?, lit., 
eating beside, or at the table of, an- 
other.] 1. A hanger-on ; a depend- 
ent companion and flatterer. 2. A 
plant or animal that grows and lives 
on another. 

PAr'a-sit'I€, la. Of the nature 

PAr-A-sit'ic-al, j of a parasite; 
fawning ; wheedling. 

PAr'a-sol/ (110), n. [Fr., fr.parer, 
to ward off, and Lat. 50/, the sun.] 
A small umbrella to defend the face 
from the sun. [sol. 

PAr'a-sol-ETTE', n. A small para- 

Par'boil, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Prob. 
from Eng. part and boil.] To cook 
partially by boiling. 

PaR'CEL (colloq. p'ar'sl), n. [Fr. par- 
celle, dim. of pari, a part.] 1. Any 
mass or quantity. 2. A bundle ; a 
package. 3. {Law.) Apart; a por- 
tion. — v.t. [-ED, -ing; or -LED) 
-LING, 137.] To distribute by parts. 



Par'CE-na-RY, n. Coheirship. 

Par'ce-ner, n. [Norm. & O. Ft. 
pargonnier, fr. parzon, pargun, por- 
tion.] A co-heir; a joint-heir. 

Parch, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Perh. 
fr. Lat. perarescere, to grow very dry.] 
To burn the surface of; to scorch. 

— v.i. To be scorched. 
PARCH'MENT,w. [Gr. Trepyap.r}VTj, fr. 

nepyap.ei'ds, of Pergamus, where it 
was invented.] Skin of a sheep or 
goat prepared for writing on. 

Pard,«. [Gr. TrapSos.] The leopard; 
any spotted beast. 

Par'don, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
perdonare, from Lat. per, through, 
thoroughly, and donare, to give.] 1. 
To refrain from exacting as a penal- 
ty. 2. To suffer to pass without 
punishment. 

Syit.— To forgive ; absolve ; excuse ; 
remit; acquit. 

— n. 1. Remission of a penalty. 2. 
Release of an offense. 

Syn.— See Forgiveness. 

Par'don-a-ble, a. Admitting of 
pardon; excusable. 

Par'don-A-bly, adv. So as to ad- 
mit of pardon. 

Par'don-er, n. One who forgives. 

Pare (4), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. To cut 
or shave off the surface of. 2. To di- 
minish by little and little. 

Pae'E-GOR'IC, a. [Gr. Trapr\yopiKo<; ; 
Trapy\yopelv , to console.] Mitigating; 
assuaging pain. — n. A medicine 
that mitigates pain ; an anodyne. 

PAR'ENT (improperly pron. parent), 
n. [Lat. parens, parentis, for pari- 
ens, begetting.] 1. A father or moth- 
er. 2. That which produces. 

Syit. — Cause ; source ; origin ; produ- 
cer; creator. 

PAr'ent-age, n. Extraction; stock. 

Pa-rent'al, a. Relating to, or be- 
coming, parents ; tender ; affectionate. 

Pa-ren'the-sis, n. ; pi. PA-REN'- 
THE-SE§. [Gr. irapivBe<7L<; , fr. irapev- 
TiOevai, tq insert.] 1. A word or sen- 
tence, in the midst of another, in- 
closed within curved lines or dashes. 
2. Sign of a parenthesis, thus ( ). 

PAr'en-thet'ig, )a. 1. Pertain- 

PAr/en-THET'I€-AL,'j ing to a pa- 
renthesis. 2. Using or containing 
parentheses. 

PAr'get, n. [Lat. paries, parietis, a 
wall.] Plaster for covering the walls, 
ceilings, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To plaster, as walls. 

PAR-HE'LI-ON [or par-hel'yun), n.; 
pi. PAR-HE'LI-A [or par-heFya). 
[Gr. TrapjjAtoi/; Trapd, beside, and 
■>jAio?, the sun.] A mock sun. 

Pa'ri-ah, or Pa'ri-ah, n. [Hind. 
pahariya, a mountaineer, as tho 
primitive inhabitants, vanquished 
and degraded, were driven into the 
mountains.] One belonging to the 
lowest class in parts of India t hence, 
an outcast. 

Pa'ri-an (89), n. 1. A native of Pa- 
ros. 2. A fine quality of porcelain 
clay, resembling Parian marble. 



6r,do, WQLF.TOOjTCfoK; 0rn,rtje,pvll; e, I, o, silent; c, 6, soft; €,&,kard; as; Exist; Jf^NG; this. 
20 



PARIETAL 



306 



PARTICULARITY 



Pa-rT'E-TAL, a. [Ln,t. parieialis ; pa- . 
ries, a wall.] 1. Pertaining to a wall. 
2. Pertaining to buildings or the ' 
care of them. 

PAr'ing, n. That which is pared off. i 

PXr'ISH, to. [Lat. parochia, Gr. na- ! 
poacia, fr. Trapa, beside, and oIkos, a 
house.] 1. Precinct of a secular 
priest or ecclesiastical society. 2. 
Any religious society. [Amer.] — a. 
Relating to a parish. 

Pa-rIsh'ION-er, to. One who belongs 
to a parish. 

PXr'1-syl-lAB'IC, ) a. [Lat. par, 

PAR'I-SYL-LAB'IG-AL, { pan's, equal, 
and syllaba, syllable.] Having the 
same number of syllables. 

PXr'I-TY, to. [Lat. paritas.] Equal- 
ity or equivalence ; close corre- 
spondence ; analogy. 

PARK, to. [A.-S. pearruc, from Goth. 
bairgan, to save, keep.] 1. A tract 
of ground for the preservation of 
game, or for walking, riding, &c. 2. 
A group of cannon or of wagons. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To inclose in a 
park. 

PaR'LANCE, n. [0. Fr. parlance, fr. 
parler, to speak.] Discourse ; talk ; 
phrase. 

PXR'LEY, v. i. [-ED; -ING] [Fr. 
parler, fr. parabola, a comparison, L. 
Lat., a sentence, a word. See Par- 
able.] To confer with another; 
specifically, with an enemy. — »?. 
Mutual discourse ; specifically, a con- 
ference between antagonists. 

PAR'LIA-MENT, n. [Fr. parlernent, 
fr. parler. See supra.] The legis- 
lative assembly of the United King- 
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, or 
of some of the dependencies of the 
British crown. 

PXr/lIa-ment-a'ri-an, n. One who 
adhered to the parliament in the 
time of Charles I. 

Par'lia-ment'a-ry, a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to, or done by, parliament. 2. 
According to the usage of legislative 
bodies. 

PXR'LOR, n. [Fr. parloir, fr. parler, 
to speak.] A room for society and 
conversation, or for family use. 

PA-RO'€HI-AL, a. [Lat. parochia. 
See Parish.] Belonging to a parish. 

Par'O-dist, to. One who writes a 
parody. 

PXr'O-DY, to. [Gr. irapw&Ca ; trapa., 
beside, and wStj, a song.] A bur- 
lesque poetical composition, in which 
what is written on one subject is 
applied to another. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To burlesque in verse. 

Pa-roe', I to. [Fr. parole. See Par- 

Pa-r5le' J LEY.] 1. Oral decla- 
ration. 2. Word of honor ; plighted 
faith. 3 A kind of countersign. — 
a. Oral ; not written. 

PAR' o-no-ma'si-a (-ma/zhl-a), to. 
[Gr. ira.povop.ao La ; vapovofid^eiv, to 
form a word by a slight change.] A 
play upon words ; punning. 

PAR'O-NYM, ) n, A paronymous 

PAR'O-NYME.j word. 

PA-RON'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. 7TapwW/tiOS ; 



'.rapa near, and bvop.a, a name.] 
Having a similar sound, but of dif- 
ferent spelling and meaning. 

Par'o-quet (11 ), n. [See Parrot.] 
A small bird, allied to the macaw. 

PA-ROT'ID, n. [Gr. 7rapa)Ti's, -rtfios, 
fr. rvapd. near, and ovs, wtos, the 
ear.] The salivary gland nearest the 
ear. — a. Pertaining to the parotid. 

PAR'OX-Y*SM, n. [Gr. irapo^vap.6<; , 
fr. napo£vveiv, to irritate.] 1. The 
fit or exacerbation of a disease that 
has decided remissions. 2. Any sud- 
den and violent action. 

Pa r'ox-ys'mal, a. Pertaining to, or 
caused by, paroxysms. 

PAR-QUET' (par-ka/ or par-kSt'), to. 
[Fr. See PARQUETRY.] Seats, or 
the whole lower floor of a theater, 
behind the orchestra. 

Par'QUET-RY, to. [Fr. parqueteria, 
fr. parquet, French inlaid floor, floor- 
ing ] Joinery, consisting of inlaid 
work, used especially for floors. 

Par-QUEtte' (-kef), n. Same as 
Parquet. 

PXr'ra-keet'.to. See Paroquet. 

Par'ri-cid'al, a. Pertaining to, or 
committing, parricide. 

PAR'RI-CIDE, n. [Lat. parricida and 
parriciclium, from pater, father, and 
csedere, to kill.] 1. One who mur- 
ders his father or mother. 2. Mur- 
der of a parent. 

Par'rot, to. [Contr. fr. Fr. perroquet, 
prob. fr. Pierrot, dim. of Pierre, Pe- 
ter.] A tropical climbing bird of 
brilliant color, having a short, 
hooked bill. 

PAR'RY,-y. t. [-ED; -ING, 142] [From 
Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. To ward 
off ; to prevent. 2. To avoid ; to 
evade. — v. i. To ward off, or turn 
aside something. 

Parse, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L&t. pars, 
a part (of speech).] To analyze and 
describe grammatically, as a sen- 
tence. 

PXr'see, or Par-see', to. [Hind. 
parsi, a Persian.] One of the Indian 
adherents of the Zoroastrian or an- 
cient Persian religion ; a fire-wor- 
shiper, [cess. 

Par'si-mo'ni-ous, a. Frugal to ex- 
Syn.— See Avaricious. 

Par'si-mo'ni-oOs-ly, adv. Sparing- 
ly : covetously. 

Par>si-m5'ni-ous-ness, n. A very 
sparing use of money. 

Par'si-mo-ny (50), to. [Lat. parsimo- 
nia, from purcere, to spare.] Close- 
ness in the expenditure of money or 
means ; excessive economy. 
Si r. — See Economy. 

Pars'LEY, to. [Gr. nerpoo-ekivov, rock- 
parsley, fr. irerpos, a rock, and <re'At- 
vov, parsley.] A plant, the leaves of 
which are used in cookery. 

Pars'nip, to. [Corrupt, fr. Lat. pas- 
tinaca.] A plant and its root, which 
is much used for food. 

PAR'S ON (par'sn), to. [L. Lat. persona 
(sc. ecclesize).] 1. Priest of a parish. 
2. A clergyman. 

PXr'son-age, to. House and glebe 



appropriated for the use of the min- 
ister of a church. [Artier.] 
PART,n. [Lat. pars, partis.] 1. One 
of the portions into which any thing 
is divided, or regarded as divided , 
specifically, (a.) pi. Qualities; fac- 
ulties; talents, (b.) pi. Quarters; 
regions. 2. Share ; lot. 3. Con- 
cern ; interest. 4. Side : party. 5. 
Allotted duty. 6. Character appro 
priated to one in a play, &c. 
Syn. — See Portion. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To divide; 
to separate. 2. To distribute; to 
allot. 3. To sunder. 4. To stand or 
intervene between. — v. i. 1. To be 
divided into parts. 2. To separate ; 
to leave. 

Par-take', v. i. [-took; -taken; 
-TAKING.] [From part and take.] 
To take a part with others ; to par- 
ticipate, [takes a part. 

Par-tak'er, to. One who has or 

Par-terre' (-tar'), to. [Fr., fr. par, 
on, and terre , earth.] An ornamental 
arrangement of beds in a flower- 
garden . 

Par'tial, a. [L. Lat. partialis; Lat. 
pars, a part.] 1. Affecting a part 
only. 2. Biased to one party. 3- 
Inclined to favor unreasonably. 

Par'TI-al'I-ty (par'shl-, 95), n. 1. 
Quality of being partial. 2. Special 
fondness. 

Par'tial-ly, adv. 1. In part only. 

2. With undue bias of mind. 
Part'i-bIl'i-ty, to. Susceptibility 

of division or severance. 

Part'I-BLE, a. [Lat. partibilis, fr. 
partire, to part.] Admitting of being 
parted ; divisible ; separable. 

Par-tTc'i-pant, a. [Lat. partici- 
pant.] Sharing ; having a pait. — 
to. A partaker. 

Par-tic'i-pate, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. participare, -patum, fr. pars, 
partis, a part, and capere, to take.] 
To have a share with others. 

Par-ti^i-pa'tion, to. 1. Act of 
sharing in common with others. 2. 
Division into shares. 

Par-tj^'I-PA'tor, n. One who par- 
takes. 

Par'ti-cIp'i-AL, a. Having the na- 
ture and use of a participle. 

Par'TI-^i-ple, to. [Lat. participium, 
fr. parttceps, sharing.] A word hav- 
ing the nature of an adjective, de- 
rived from a verb. 

Par'ti-€LE, to. [Lat. particula, dim. 
of pars, a part.] 1. A minute por- 
tion of matter. 2. A word chat is 
never inflected. 

Par-TI€'U-lar, a. 1. Relating to ■$ 
part of any thing, or to a single per- 
son or thing. 2. Clearly distin- 
guishable from others of its kind. 

3. Worthy of special attention or rev 
gard. 4. Entering into details. 5. 
Hard to suit ; difficult. 

Syn.— See Minute. 

— n. A single point, or circum- 
stance ; a detail. 

Par-tic'u-lXr'i-ty, n. 
minuteness in 



1. Distinct- 
detail. 2. 



A, E, I,0,U, Y,long; A, &,l..6,Xl,t, short.- CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TfRM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



PARTICULARIZE 



307 



PASTURE 



That which is particular ; peculiar- 
ity ; minute detail. 

Par-tig'u-lar-Ize, v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To mention in particulars; 
to enumerate in detail. — v.i. To 
he attentive to particulars. 

Par-tig'u-lar-ly, adv. Distinctly ; 
siugly ; especially. 

Part'ing, n. Act of dividing ; di- 
vision made ; any thing divided. 

PAR'TI-SAN' (110), n. [Fr., fr. parti, 
a party.] 1. An adherent to a party. 

2. Commander or member of a corps 
of light troops designed to carry on 
a desultory warfare. 3. [Fr. pertut- 
sane, fr. 0. Fr. pertuiscr^to pierce] 
A kind of halberd. — a. 1. Adherent 
to a party. 2. Engaged in irregular 
warfare on outposts. [partisan. 

Par'ti-san'ship, n. State of being a 

PAR-TI'TION (-tish'un), n. [Lat. par- 
tition 1. Act of dividing, or state 
of being divided. 2. That which di- 
vides or separates ; an interior divid- 
ing wall. — v. t. [-ET>; -ING.] 1. 
To divide into shares. 2. To divide 
into distinct parts by walls. 

PAR'TI-TiVE,a. [Lat. partitivus,fr. 
partire, to divide.] Denoting a part 
of any thing ; distributive. [gree. 

PART'LY, adv. In part ; in some de- 

PART'NER, ?i. [From part.] 1. An 
associate, esp. in business. 2. One 
who dances with another. 3. A hus- 
band or wife. 

Part'ner-shif, n. 1. State of being 
a partner. 2. Association in busi- 
ness ; a firm or house. 

Par'tridge, n. [0. Eng. partrich, 
Gr. irepSi.£.] A grayish bird, having 
the feet bare, found in Europe, Si- 
beria, and North Africa. 

G®** In America the name is applied 
to the American quail and the ruffed 
grouse. 

Par-TU'ri-ent, a. [Lat. parturiens, 
desiring to bring forth.] Bringing 
forth, or about to bring forth, young. 

PXr'TU-rI'TION (-rTsh'un), n. Act 
of bringing forth ; delivery. 

PAR'TY, n. [From Lat. partire, par- 
tiri, to divide.] 1. A number of per- 
sons, united by some tie; as, (a.) A 
faction, (b.) A social assembly; a 
company, (c.) A small number of 
troops dispatched upon some special 
service. 2. Partaker or participator. 

3. One who takes part in a lawsuit, 

4. A person ; an individual. 
Par'ty-col/ored, a. Colored with 

different tints ; variegated. 

PXs'GHAL, a. [Lat. paschalis, fr. Keb. 
pesach,fr. pasac/i, to pass over.] Per- 
taining to the Passover. 

Pa-sha', or Pa'sha, a. A Turkish 
viceroy or governor. [sha. 

Pa-sha. 'Ei€, n. Jurisdiction of a pa- 

Pas'QUIN-ade' (-kwin-), n. A lam- 
poon or satirical writiug ; — so called 
from a statue at Rome named Pas- 
quin, on which satiric papers are 
pasted. 

PAss (6), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
passus, step. See PACE.] 1. Togo; 
to move. 2. To undergo transition. 



3. To circulate; to be current. 4. 
To be regarded. 5. To go by ; to 
cross one's path, &c. 6. To hap- 
pen ; to take place. 7. To disappear ; 
to vanish ; to die. 8. To be enacted. 

9. To do well enough ; to answer. 

10. To proceed without hindrance. 

11. To go beyond bounds ; to sur- 
pass. 12. To make a lunge ; to 
thrust. — v. t. 1. To go by, beyond, 
over, through, &c. 2. To spend ; to 
live through ; hence, to undergo. 3. 
To omit ; to disregard. 4. To trans- 
cend ; to surpass. 5. To receive the 
legislative or official sanction of. 6. 
To cause to move or go ; to send ; to 
deliver. 7. To utter; to pronounce. 
8. To accomplish. 9. To give legal 
or official sanction to ; to enact. 10. 
To give currency to. 11. To cause 
to obtain admission or conveyance. 

12. To pay regard to ; to take notice 
of. — ii. [Lat. passus, step.] 1. A 
passage ; a way. 2. A passport ; a 
ticket of free transit or admission. 
3. A thrust ; a push. 4. A move- 
ment of the hand over or along any 
thing. 5. State of things ; condi- 
tion. 

PAss'A-BLE, a. 1. Capable of being 
passed. 2. Tolerable ; moderate. 

PAss'a-bly, adv. Tolerably. 

Pas-sa'do, or Pas-sa'do, n. [See 
PASS.] (Fencing.) A push or thrust. 
JPas'sage, n. 1. Act of passing; a 
i going by, over, or through. 2. Way 
by which one passes. 3. A room 
giving access toothers; a hall. 4. 
Event ; incident ; occurrence. 5. Part 
of a book or text; extract. 6. Enact- 
ment. 7. A pass or encounter. 

Pass'-book, n. A book in which a 
trader enters articles bought on cred- 
it, and then passes or sends it to the 
purchaser. 

Pas'sen-ger, n. [0. Eng. passager.] 
A passer or passer-by ; a traveler. 

Passe-partout (pas'-par'too'). 
[Fr., fr. passer, to pass, and partout, 
every where.] 1. A master-key ; a 
latch-key. 2. Alight picture-frame 
serving for several pictures. 

PAss'ER, n. One who passes. 

Pis' SIM, adv. [Lat.] Here and there ; 
every where. 

Pass'ing, adv. Exceedingly. 

PAss'ing-bell, n. A bell that rings 
at the time of death or interment. 

PAs'SION (pash'un), n. [Lat. passio ; 
pati, passus, to suffer.] 1. A suffer- 
ing; the suffering or crucifixion of 
the Savior. 2. A capacity for emotion. 

3. Strong feeling prompting to action. 

4. Object of love or fondness, &c. 

Syn. — Feeling; emotion.— When any 
feeling or emotion completely masters the 
mind, we call it a passion ; as, a passion 
for music, dress, &c. ; especially is anger 
(when thus extreme) called passion. The 
mind, in such cases, is considered as hav- 
ing lost its self-control, and become the 
passive instrument of the feeling in 
question. 

Pas'SION-ATE (pash'un-), a. 1. Easily 
moved to anger. 2. Moved to strong 
feeling, love, desire, &c. 



Pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. In a passion* 
ate manner. [ing passionate. 

Pas'sion-ate-ness, n. State of be- 

Pas'sion-i.ess, a. Void of passion. 

PAS'siON-WEEK,n. The week preced- 
ing Easter ; — in which week our Sa- 
vior's passion took place. 

PXs'SiVE, a. [Lat. passivus ; pati, 
passus, to suffer.] 1. Not active, bub 
acted upon. 2. Incapable of the ex- 
citement or emotion which is apprw* 
priate. 

Syn. — Inactive ; inert; unresisting* 
suffering; submissive; patient. 

Pas'sive-ly, adv. In a passive man- 
ner, [passive. 

Pas'sive-ness, n. Quality of being 

PAss'5-VER, n. [From ;?ass and over.] 
A feast of the Jews, commemorating 
the time when God, smiting the first- 
born of the Egyptians, passed over 
the houses of tbe Israelites. 

PAss'p5rt,«. [Fr. passeport, orig. a 
permission to leave a port or to sail 
into it.] 1. A document, permitting a 
person to pass from place to place by 
land or water. 2. A safe-conduct. 
3. That which enables one to pass 
with safety, certainty, or general ac- 
ceptance. 

PAss'-word (-wQrd), n. A word to 
be given before one is allowed to 
pass ; a watch-word. 

PAst (6), p. a. Gone by ; elapsed ; 
ended. — prep. 1. Further than ; be- 
yond the reach of. 2. Beyond in 
time. 

Paste, n. [Lat. pastus, pasture, food, 
fr. pascere, to feed.] 1. A composi- 
tion of flour moistened as with water. 
2. Dough for pies, &c. 3. A fine 
kind of glass for gems. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cement or fasten with 
paste. [of paper board. 

Paste'bSard, n. A stiff, thick kind 

Pas'TERN, n. [0. Fr. pasturon.] Part 
of a horse's leg between the fetlock 
joint and the hoof. 

Pas'til, In. [Lat. pastillus, a 

Pas-tille', ) Utile loaf, a lozenge.] 
1. A small aromatic cone to be burned 
for cleansing the air of a room. 2. 
An aromatic or medicated lozenge of 
confectionery. 

PAs'TlME, n. [From pass and time.] 
That which serves to make time pass 
agreeably. 

PAs'tor (6), n. [Lat., fr. pascere, to 
pasture.] 1. A shepherd. 2. A set- 
tled minister of the gospel. 

PAs'TOR-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to shep- 
herds. 2. Relating to the care of souls, 
or to the pastor of a church. — n. A 
poem describing the life of shepherds; 
an idyl ; a bucolic. 

PAs'tor-ate 1(45), a. Office C; 

Pas'tor-ship J state of a pastor. 

PAS'TRY,n. [See Paste.] Food made 
of paste, as pies, tarts, &c. 

Pas'try-gook, n. One who makes 
and sells articles of food made of 
paste. 

PAst'ur-AGE, n. 1. Land appropri- 
ated te grazing. 2. Grass for feed. 

PAst'URE (53), n. [Lat. pastura, pas- 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, to"ok j fJKN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag; E£IST ; N as NG ; THJS. 



PASTY 



308 



PAVONINE 



cere, to pasture, feed.] 1. Grass for 
cattle. 2. Land used for grassing. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To feed on grow- 
ing grass, or to supply grass or food. 
— v. i. To feed on growing grass ; 
_to graze. 

Pas'ty, n. [0. Fr. paste. See Paste.] 
A pie made of paste, and baked with- 
out a dish. 

J?at, a. [Of. Scot, pat, imp. of put. 
See pat, to tap.] Exactly suitable ; 
fit ; convenient. — adv. Seasonably ; 
fi.tly.-v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Cf. 
BAT.] To strike gently with the 
hand ; to tap. — n. 1. A light, quick 
blow with the hand. 2. A small mass 
l beat into shape by pats. 
fPATCH, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. 
Botch.] 1. To mend with pieces ; 
to repair clumsily. 2. To put to- 
gether of ill-sorted parts. — n. 1. A 
piece of cloth sewed on a garment to 
repair it. 2. A small piece of ground ; 
a plot. 

PAtch'work (-wftrk), n. Work com- 
posed of pieces sewed together. 

Pate, n. Top of the head. 

PXt'E-fAc'TION, n. [Lat. patefactio ; 
patere, to lie or be open, aud facere, 
to make.] Act of laying open. 

Pa-tel'la, n.; pi. pa-tel'lje; 
Eng.pl. PA-TEL'LAS. [Lat., a small 
pan, the knee-pan.] The knee»pan. 

PXt'en, n. [Lat. patina, patena.] The 
plate for the consecrated bread in the 
eucharist. 

Pa'tent, or Pat'ent, a. [Lat. pa- 
tens, being open.] 1. Open ; evident; 
public ; apparent. 2. Open to pub- 
lic perusal ; as, letters patent. 3. 
Appropriated by letters patent. — n. 
A grant, for a term of years, of the 
exclusive right to an invention. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To secure the ex- 
clusive right of to a person. 

Pa'tent-ee', or PXt'ent-ee', n. 
One to whom a patent is granted. 

PA-t£r'NAL (14), a. [Lat. paternus ; 
pater, a father.] 1. Pertaining to a 
father ; fatherly. 2. Derived from a 
father; hereditary. 

Pa-TER'ni-ty, n. Relation of a father 
to his offspring ; fatherhood ; hence, 
authorship. 

Path (99), n. [A.-S. padh, padh, Skr. 
patha, from path, to go.] 1. A way, 
course, or track ; road ; passage. 2. 
A narrow way beaten by the foot. 3. 
Course of action. 

PA-THET'IG, a. [Gr. 7ra0i7Ti.K:6s ; ira- 
6elv, to suffer.] Affecting or moving 
the tender emotions. 

Syn.— Affecting; moving; touching. 

Pa-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. In a pa- 
thetic manner. 

Path'less, a. Destitute of paths. 

PA-THOG'NO-MON'IC, a. [Gl\ 7ra0oy- 
vw/uoi'iKo?, skilled in judging of dis- 
eases.] Characteristic of a disease. 

Pa-thog'no-my, n. [Gr. iraflos, pas- 
sion, and yviiju/rj, judgment.] Science 
of the signs by which the passions 
are indicated. 

PATH/o-LOG're, ) a. Pertaining 

Path'o-log'I€-al, J to pathology. 



PA-THOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. 7rd0os, a suf- 
fering, and Aoyos, speech, discourse.] 
The science which has for its object 
the knowledge of disease. 

PA'THOS, n. [Gr. 7rd0os, suffering, 
passion.] That which excites emo- 
tions, especially tender emotions. 

Patu'way, n. A path ; usually, a 
narrow one. 

Pa'tience (pu'shenss), n. 1. Quality 
of being patient ; calmness under 
toil or trials. 2. Act of waiting long 
for justice or expected good without 
discontent. 3. Perseverance. 

Syn.— Resignation. —Patience refers 
to the quietness or self-possession of one's 
own spirit under sufferings, provoca- 
tions, &e.; resignation, to his submission 
to the will of another. 

PA'TIENT (pa'shent),a. [Lat. patiens, 
suffering.] 1. Suffering with meek 
ness and submission ; persevering. 
2. Expectant without discontent ; 
not hasty. — n. A diseased person 
under medical treatment. 

PA'TlENT-LY,flf/u. In a patient man- 
ner ; with calmness. 

PXt'in, n . See PATEN. 

Pa to is (pilt-wa'), n. [Fr., from Lat. 
pagus, the country.] A provincial 
form of speech. 

PA'TRI-ARCH, n. [Gr. iraTpi.apxr}S ; 
irarrjp, father, and ap^os, a leader, 
chief.] 1. The father and ruler of a 
family. 2. An ecclesiastical dignitary 
^superior to archbishops. 

Pa'tri-arch'al, a. Relating to, or 
possessed by, patriarchs. 

Pa'tri-arch'ate, n. Office, dignity, 
or jurisdiction of a patriarch. 

Pa'tri-arch'y, n. A patriarchate. 

Pa-tri'cian (-trlsb/an), a. [Lat. pa- 
tricius, fr. patres, fathers, senators.] 
Pertaining to a person of high birth ; 
noble. — n. One of high birth ; a 
nobleman. [ancestors. 

Pat'ri-mo'ni-al, a. Inherited from 

PAT'ri-MO-ny (50), n. [Lat. patri- 
monium ; pater, father.] An estate 
mherited from one's ancestors. 

Pa'tri-ot, n. [Gr. narpnoTv?, a fel- 
low-countryman.] One who loves 
and defends his country. 

Pa'tri-ot'ig, a. Full of patriotism. 

Pa'tri-ot-ism, n. Love of country. 

PA-TRls'Tie"^ a. [Lat. pater, patris, a 
father.] Pertaining to the ancient 
fathers of the Christian church. 

Pa-trol/, n. A guard who goes the 
rounds in a camp or garrison for ob- 
servation. — v.i. [-LED; -LING.] 
[Fr. palrouiller, 0. Fr. patouiller, to 
paddle, to paw about, to patrol, fr. 
patte, a paw.] To go the rounds in 
a camp or garrison. 

Pa'TRON, n. [Lat. patronus ; pater, 
a father.] 1. One who countenances, 
supports, or protects ; an advocate. 
2. One who has the gift of a benefice. 

PXt'RON-AGE, n. 1. Countenance or 
support. 2. Guardianship as of a 
saint. 3. Right of presentation to a 
_benefice. 

Pa/tron-ess, n. A female patron. 

Pat'ron-Tze, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. 



To act A,s patron toward. 2. To as- 
sume the air of a superior toward. 

Pat'ron-) Z'ER, n. One who patron- 
izes. 

PAT'RO-NYM'IC, n. [Gr. TraTpww/jn.- 
kov ; naTrip, father, and 6wp.a, 
name.] A modification of a father's 
name borne by the son. 

PXt'ro-nym'ic, I a. Derived from 

Pat'ro-nym/ic-al, ) ancestors, as 
a name. 

PAT'TEN, n. [Fr. putin, a high- 
heeled shoe.] 1. A clog of wood worn 
to elevate the feet from the wet. 2. 

" Base of a column. 

Pat'Ter, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A 
frequentative of pat, to strike gently.] 
To strike, as falling drops of water. 

Pat'tern, n. [Fr. patron, patron 
and pattern.] 1. A model for imita- 
tion. 2. A specimen ; a sample ; an 
example. 3. A quantity of cloth 
sufficient for a garment. 4. Figure 
or style of ornamental execution. — 
v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To copy. 2. 
To serve as an example to be fol- 
lowed. 

To pattern after, to imitate; to follow. 

Pat'ty, n. [Fr. pate. See Pasty. 1 
A little pie. 

Pau'CI-ty, n. [Lat. paucitas; paitcus, 
few, little.] 1. Fewness ; smallness of 
number. 2. Smallness of quantity. 

Paunch, or Paunch, n. [Lat. pan- 
"tex, panticis.] The belly and its con- 
tents ; the abdomen. 

PAU'PER, n. [Lat.] A poor person ; 
especially, one supported by public 
provision. 

Pau'per-ism, n. State of being a 
pauper, or destitute of the means of 
support. [reduce to pauperism. 

PAU'PER-IZE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

PAUgE, n. [Gr. reavcri.?, fr. 7raveiv, to 
make to cease, to cease.] 1. A tem- 
porary stop or rest. 2. Suspense ; 
hesitation. 3. A mark of cessation 
or intermission. — v. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To cease for a time. 2. To be 
intermitted. 

Syn. - To intermit; stop; stay; wait; 
delay ; tarry ; hesitate ; demur. 

PAVE,t\ t. [-ed; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
pavare, from Lat. pavire, to beat or 
tread down.] 1. To lay or cover with 
stone or brick. 2. To prepare the 
way for. [of solid material. 

Pave 'me NT, n. A floor or covering 

Pav'er, n. One who lays stones for 
a pavement. 

Pav'ier (pav'yer), n. A paver. 

Pa-vil'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. papilio, 
a butterfly and a tent.] 1. A tent. 

2. A building, usually insulated and 
having a roof sometimes square and 
sometimes in the form of a dome. 3. 
A tent on posts. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To furnish or cover with 
pavilions. [stones or bricks. 

Pav'ing, n. Pavement ; a floor oi 
Pav'IOR (pav'yur), n. One who 

paves :_a paver. 
Pav'o-NINE, a. [Lat. pavoninus, 

pavo, peacock.] Resembling the tail 

of a peacock. 



A,E, I, 0,U,Y,Z<mg7 A,E 3 L, 6,U,Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEILjTEKM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



PAW 



309 



PEDDLER 



Paw, n. [W. pawrn.] 1. The foot of 
beasts of prey having claws. 2. The 
hand; — in contempt. — v. i. To 
scrape with the fore foot. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To handle with the 
paws, or awkwardly. 2. To scrape 
with the fore foot. 

Pawl, n. [W. pawl, a pole, stake.] A 
catch to check the backward revolu- 
tion of a wheel, windlass, &c. 

Pawn, n. [0. Fr. pan, pledge, assur- 
ance, Icel. panlr.] 1. Goods, chattels, 
or money deposited as security for 
payment of a loan. 2. [0. Fr. peon, 
a walker.] A common man, in chess. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. To deposit 
as security. 2. To stake ; to wager. 

Pawn'bro-ker, n. One who lends 
money on pledge, or the deposit of 
goods. 

Pawn'er, n. One who pawns. 

Paw-paw', n. See Pap aw. 

Pax, n. [Lat., peace.] A small plate, 
with the image of Christ on the cross 
on it. 

Pay, v. t. [paid ; paying.] [Lat." 
pacare, to pacify, appease.] 1. To 
discharge one's obligations to ; to re- 
quite. 2. To revenge upon; to pun- 
ish. 3. To discharge, as a debt or ob- 
ligation. 4. To cover, as the bottom 
of a vessel, with tallow, resin, &c. — 
v. i. To recompense : to be remuner- 
ative. — n. An equivalent given for 
money due, or services performed ; 
compensation ; recompense. 

Pay'A-ble, a. Capable of being paid ; 
justly due. [ment is to be made. 

Pay'-day, n. A day on which pay - 

Pay-ee', n. One to whom money is 
to be paid. 

Pav'er (4), n. One who pays. 

Pay'-m.vs'ter, n. An officer whose 
duty it is to pay wages. 

Pay'ment, n. 1. Act of paying. 2. 
That which is paid ; reward ; recom- 
pense ; requital. 

Pay'nim, n. & a. See Painim. 

Pea, n. ; pi. peas, or pease (152). 
[Gr. 7uow.] A plant and Its fruit, 
cultivated for food. 

PEACE, n. [Lat. pax, pads, A.-S. 
pais.] 1. A state of quiet or tran- 
quillity ; calm ; repose. 2. Freedom 
from war. 3. Public tranquillity. 
4. Quietness of mind or conscience. 

PEACE'A-BLE, a. 1. Free from war, 
tumult, &c. 2. Disposed to peace. 

Syjt.— Peaceful ; pacific ; tranquil ; 
quiet; undisturbed ; serene; mild; still. 
— Peaceable describes the stite of an in- 
dividual, nation, &c, in reference to ex- 
ternal hostility, attack, &c; peaceful, in 
"respect to internal disturbance. 

Pea^e'a-bly, adv. In a peaceable 
manner; quietly. 

Peace'ful, a. 1. Not disturbed by 
war, tumult, or commotion. 2. Pa- 
cific; mild. 

Stn. — See Peaceable. 

PEACE'FUL-LY, adv. Quietly ; calmly. 

PeA9E'ful-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being peaceful. [peace. 

Peace'-mak/er,m. One who restores 

Pea<Je'-6f'fer-ING,ti. An offering 
to procure peace or to express thanks. 



Peace'-OF'FI-CER, n. A civil officer 
whose duty it is to preserve the pub- 
jic peace. 

PEACH, n. [Lat. persicum (sc. ma- 
lum), a Persian apple, peach.] A tree 
and its fruit, of many varieties. — 
v. i. To turn informer. [Low.] 

Peacock, n. [Pea- is from A.-S. 
pawa, Lat. pavo.] The male of a 
fowl, about the size of the turkey, 
with a brilliant tail. 

Pea'hen, n. The hen or female of 
the peacock. [jacket. 

Pea'-JACK'ET, ii. A thick woolen 

Peak, n. [A.-S. peac. Cf. Beak.] 
A point ; end of any thing ; the sharp 
top of a hill. 

Peak'ed (pGk'ed or peekt, 60), a. 
Pointed ; ending in a point. 

PEAL, n. [An abbrev. of Fr. appel, 
a call, appeal, fr. Lat. appellare. Cf. 
Appeal.] 1. A succession of loud 
sounds. 2. A set of bells tuoed to 
each other. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To utter loud and solemn sounds. 

Pe'an, n. [See PjEAN.] A song of 
praise and triumph. [nut. 

Pea'-nut, n. A plant ; the earth- 

PEAR (par, 4), n. [A.-S. peru.] A 
tree of many varieties, and its fruit. 

Pearl (14), n. [L. ha,t.perla, as if fr. 
Lat. pirum, a pear.] 1. A white, 
hard, smooth, lustrous substance, 
found in a species of oyster. 2. 
Something very precious. 3. A va- 
riety of printing-type, 

I83f~ This line is printed in pearl. 

Pearl'ash, n. Impure carbonate of 
potassa. 

Pearl'-oys'ter, n. The oyster 
which yields pearls. 

Pearl'y, a. 1. Containing pearls. 
2. Resembling pearls. 

Syx. — Clear; pure; transparent. 

Pea§'ant. n. [N. Fr. paysan, fr. Lat. 
pagus, the country.] One of the low- 
est class of tillers of the soil in Euro- 
pean countries. 

Syn. — Countryman ; rustic ; swain. 

Pea§'ant-ry, n. Lowest class of till- 
ers of the soil ; peasants. 

Peas'-god, n. The legume or peri- 
carp of the pea. [used as food. 

Pease, n. pi. Pease collectively, or 

Peat, n. [Allied to pit.] A substance 
coasisting of vegetable matter, used 
for fuel. 

Pe at'-moss, n. A fen producing peat. 

PEB'BLE, n. [A.-S.paboL] 1. A small, 
roundish stone worn by the action of 
water. 2. Transparent and color- 
less rock-crystal. 

PEB'BLY,a. Abounding with pebbles. 

Pe-GAN' (pe-kan / or pe-kawn'), n. [Sp. 
pacana.] A kind of hickory, and its 
fruit. 

Pec'ca-bil'i-ty, n. Liability to sin. 

PE€'€A-BLE, a. [From Lat. peccare, 
to sin.] Liable to sin. 

Pecca-dil'lo, n. [Sp., dim. of pe- 
cado, a sin.] A slight offense ; a petty 
crime or fault. 

PE€'€ANT, a. [Lat. peccans, sinning.] 
1. Sinning; criminal. 2. Morbid; 
corrupt. 



PE€'€A-RY, n. [The native name.} 
A South American animal of about 
the size and shape of a small hog. 

Peck, n. [Prob. a modif. of pack.] 1. 
Fourth part of a bushel ; eight 
quarts. 2. A great deal. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [A modif. of pick.] 1. 
To strike with the beak. 2. To dig 
with any thing pointed. 3. To strike 
with small and repeated blows. 

Peck'er, n. One who pecks. 

PE€'TI-NAL, a. [Lat. pe.cten, pectinis^ 
a comb.] Resembling a comb. 

Pec'ti-nate, ) a [Lat. pectina- 

Pec'ti-na'ted, ) tus, combed.] Re- 
sembling the teeth of a comb. 

PEC'TO-RAL, a. [Lat. pectoralis : pec- 
tus, the breast.] Pertaining to the 
breast. — n . 1. A breastplate. 2. 
A medicine for complaints of the 
breast and lungs. 

PEC'U-LATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. peculari, latus, fr. peculium, 
private property.] To steal public 
moneys committed to one's care ; to 
embezzle. 

PEC'U-LA'TION, n. Embezzlement of 
public money. [the public. 

Pec'u-la'tor, n. One who defrauds 

Pe-cul'iar (-kul'yar), a. [Lat. pecu- 
liars ; peculium, private property.] 

1. Belonging to an individual ; not 
general. 2. Particular. 

Syn. — Special; especial. 

— n_. Exclusive property. 
Pe-cul-iar'i-ty (-kul-yfir'i-), n. 1. 

Quality of being peculiar. 2. That 

which is peculiar; individuality. 
Pe-cul'iar-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To appropriate ; to make peculiar. 
Pe-cul'iar-ly (pe-kuFyar-ly), adv. 

In a peculiar manner ; particularly. 
PE-CUN'IA-RY (-kun'ya-), a. [Lat. 

pecuniarius, fr. pecunia, money.] 1. 

Relating to money, or to property. 

2. Consisting of money. 
Ped'a-gog'ic, ) a. Suiting, or 
Ped'a-gog'ic-AL, ) belonging to, a 

pedagogue. 

Ped'a-gog/ISM, n. Business or char- 
acter of a pedagogue. 

PED'A-GOGUE, n. [Gr. naiSaywyos, 
from rrais, a boy, and ayeiv, to lead.] 
1. A teacher of children : a school- 
master. 2. A formal, positive, or pe- 
dantic teacher; a pedant. 

Pe'DAL, a. [Lat. pedalis ; pes, foot.] 
Pertaining to a foot. 

Ped'al, n. Foot-key of a musical hr 
strument. 

Ped'ant, n. [It. pedante, orig. a ped- 
agogue, contr. fr. pedagogante, Lat. 
piedagogans, teaching children.] A 
pretender to superior knowledge. 

Pe-dant'ic, ) a. Ostentatious of 

Pe-dant'ic-al, I learning. 

Pe-dant'ic-al-LY adv. In a pedau- 
tical manner. 

Ped'ant-ry, n. Vain ostentation of 
learning. 

Ped'dle, v.i. or t. [A modif. of pad- 
dle, dim. of pad, to go.] 1. To go 
from place to place and retail goods ; 
to ha<vk. 2. To be busy about trifles. 

Ped'dler, n. One who peddles 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fJRN, rue, PULL ; E,l, O, silent; C,G,sq/*; €,&,hard; As; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS 






PEDESTAL 



310 



PENITENCE 




Pedestal. 



Act of walk- 



[-ED: 




Pediment. 



[Gr. 71 cu?, 7rat- 



PED'ES-TAL,n. [Lat. 
pes, pedis, foot, and 
0. H. Ger. stcl. sta- 
tion, place.] Base 
of a column, stat- 
ue, vase, &c. 

Pe-des'tri-an. a. 
Going on foot ; per- 
formed on foot. — n. 
One who goes on 
foot. 

i?E-DES'TRI-AN-I§M, 7 
ing or going on foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-ize, V. i. 
-ING.] To practice walking. 

Ped'i-gree, n. [Contr. fr. Fr. par 
degres, by degrees, or fr. pied-de-grue 
(crane's foot), from the form of an 
heraldic genealogical tree.] Line of 
ancestors ; lineage ; register of a line 
of ancestors. 

PED'i-MENT,n. [Lat 
pes, pedis, a foot.] 
The triangular or 
arched decoration 
over doors, win- 
dows, &c. 

PED'LAR, ) n. See 

PED'LER, j PED- 
DLER. 

Pe'do-bXp'tism. n 
6os,achild, and /3d7rTio-|ua, baptism.] 
The baptism of infants or of children. 

Pe-dun'cle (-dunk/1), n. [Lat. pe- 
dunculus, dim. of pes, a foot.] The 
stem that supports the flower and 
fruit of a plant. 

Peek, v. i. To peep ; to look with 
the eyes half closed. 

Peel,, v.*. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. pilare, 
to deprive of hair, to plunder, pil- 
lage, fr. pilus, a hair.] 1. To strip 
off the skin , bark , or rind of; to flay. 
2. To plunder ; to pillage. — v. i. To 
come off, as the skin, bark, or rind. 
— n. 1. Skin or rind of any thing. 
2. [Lat. pala.] Any large fire-shovel. 

Peei/er, n. One who peels ; a pilla- 
ger. 

Peep, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [D.piepen, 
Ger. pipen, Lat. pipire, to peep, pip, 
chirp.] 1. To crj', as a chicken 
newly hatched ; to chirp. 2. To 
look out slyly, through a crevice, or 
with the eyes half closed. — n. 1. 
Cry of a young chicken ; chirp. 2. 
First outlook or appearance. 

Peep'er, n. 1. A chicken. 2. One 
who peeps. 3. The eye. [Cant.] 

Peer, n. [Lat. par, equal.] 1. An 
equal ; a match ; a mate. 2. A 
comrade ; an associate. 3. A noble- 
man. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Norm. 
Fr. perer, equiv. to Fr. paraltre, Lat. 
parere.] To look curiously or sharp- 
ly ; to peep. 

Peer'age, n. 1. Rank or dignity of 
a peer. 2. Body of peers. 

Peer'ess, n. Consort of a peer. 

Peer'less, a. Having no peer ; un- 
equaled ; matchless. 

Peer'less-ly, adv. In a peerless 
manner. 

Pee'vish, a. [Prob. corrupt, fr. per- 
verse, the letter r being omitted.] 1. 




Pelican. 



Easily vexed or fretted. 2. Express- 
ing discontent and fretfuluess. 

Svn. — Fretful; cross; testy; irritable. 

PEE'visil-LY, udv. In a peevish 
manner. 

Pee'vish-ness, n. Quality of being 
peevish ; fretfuluess ; petulance. 

Peg, n. [Cf. A.-S. pie, a little needle 
or piu.] A wooden nail or pin. — v. t. 
[-GED; -GING.] 1. To fasten with 
pegs. 2. To confine, or restrain. 

P£'KOE,or PEK'OE, n. [Ghin. pik- 
haou.] A kind oi black tea. 

Pe-la'gi-an, n. A follower of Pela- 
g-tus, who denied the received doc- 
trines in respect to original sin, free 
will, grace, and the merit of good 
works. 

PELF, n. [Abbrev. fr. 0. Eng. pelfry, 
booty. Cf. PILFER.] Money ; rich- 
es ; wealth ; — esp. when ill-gotten. 

PEL'I-CAN, n. 
[Gr. neAtKav, 
Trekenas-] A 
large web- 
footed water- 
fowl with an 
enormous bill 
to which a 
pouch is at- 
tached. 

Pe-lisse' (-lees'), n. [Lat. pellicea, 
made of skins ; peliis, a skin.] A silk 
habit worn by ladies. 

PELL, ji. [Lat. peliis, a skin.] 1. A 
skin or hide. 2. A roll of parch- 
ment. 

PEL'LET, n. [L. Lat. pelota, fr. Lat. 
pila, a ball.] A little ball. 

PEL'LI-CLE, n. [Lat. pellicula, dim. 
of peliis, skin.] A thin skin or film. 

Pell-mell', adv. [Fr. pele-mele, 
prob. fr. pelle, a shovel, and meter, to 
mix.] In utter confusion. 

PEL-LU'CID, a. [Lat. pellucidus; per, 
very, and lucidus, clear.] Translu- 
cent; clear. 

PELT, n. 1. [Ger. pelz, a pelt, fur.] 
Skin of a beast with the hair on. 2. 
A blow from something thrown. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. peloter, fr. 
petole, a ball ; or contracted from pel- 
let.] To strike with missiles. 

PELT'RY, n. [Fr. pelleterie. See 
Pelt.] Skins with the fur on; 
furs. 

Pel'VIC, a. Pertaining to the pelvis. 

Pel'vis, n. [Lat.peZr/s,abasin.] The 
open, bony structure at the lower 
extremity of the body. 

Pem'MI-can. n. Meat dried, pound- 
ed, mixed with fat and dried fruit, 
and compressed into bags. 

PfiN, n. 1. [Lat. penn a.] An instru- 
ment used for writing ; hence, a 
writer. 2. [See infra.] A small in- 
closure for beasts. — v. t. 1. [-ned : 
-NING.] To write ; to compose. 2. 
[-NED or -T; -NING.] [0. Eng. pinne, 
to bolt a door.J To confine in a 
small inclosure- 

PE'NAL, a. [Lat. ptenalis ; piena, pun- 
ishment.] Relating to, threatening, 
incurring, or inflicting, punishment. 

Pen'AL-ty, n. [Contracted fr. pen- 



ality.] 1. Punishment for crime or 
offense. 2. Forfeiture; fine. 

Pen'anoe, n. [0. Fr. penance. See 
PAIN.] Suffering imposed or sub- 
mitted to as a punishment for faults. 

Pe-na'te$<v. pi. [Lat.] House- 
hold gods of the ancient Italians. 

Pence, n. ; pi. of Penny. 

Penchant (pong'shong'), n. [Fr., 
fr. pencher, to incline.] Inclination, - 
decided taste. 

PEN'CIL, n. [Lat. penicillum and 
penicillus, from penis, a tail.] 1. A 
small brush used by painters. 2. 
An instrument for writing and draw- 
ing. 3. Art of painting, drawing, or 
describing. 4. A collection cf rays of 
light, —v.t [-ED, -ING; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] To paint or draw; to 
mark with a pencil. 

Pen'dant, n. [Fr., from pendre, to 
hang.] 1. A hanging appendage, 
esp. an ornamental one ; also, an 
appendix or addition. 2. A pennant. 
See Pennant. [cided ; suspense. 

Pen'den-cy,«. State of being unde- 

PEN'DENT, a. [Lat. pendens, hang- 
ing.] 1. Suspended; hanging. 2. 
Projecting ; overhanging. 

PEND'ING, p. a. Remaining unde- 
cided ; 5d suspense. — prep. During. 

Pend'u-LOUS (77), a. [Lat. pen dulus, 
from pendere, to hang.] Hanging ; 
swinging. 

Pend'u-lum (147), n. [See supra.] 
A body so suspended from a fixed 
point as to swing freely to and fro. 

Pen'e-tra-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality oi 
being penetrable. 

Pen'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being penetrated. 2. Susceptible of 
moral or intellectual impression. 

Pen'e-tra'li-a, n.pl. [Lat.] Re- 
cesses of a temple or palace, &c., - 
hence, hidden things or secrets. 

PEN'E-TRATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. pene trare, -tratum.] 1. To en- 
ter into ; to pierce. 2. To touch 
with feeling; to affect. 3. To com- 
prehend. — v. i. To pass; to make 
way. 

PEN'E-TRA'TION, n. 1. Act of pen- 
etrating; entrance into the interior 
of any thing. 2. Acnteness. 
Syx.— See Discebjjmekt. 

Pen'e-tra'TIVE, a. 
Tending to penetrate ; 
pierciDg. 

Pen'guin (pen'gwin), 
n. [From Lat. pin- 
guis, far.] A web- 
footed marine bird. 

PEN-iN'su-LA (-su- or 
-shtj-), n. [Lat. pen- 
insula ; psene, almost, 
and insula, island. 
A portion of land 
nearly surrounded by 
water. 




Pen-in'su-lar (-su- 



Penguin. 



hu-), a. In the form of a pen- 
insula : pertaining to a peninsula. 
PEn'i-tence, n. Condition of being 
penitent ; repentance. 

Syn. — Contrition; compunction. 



I, E, I, 0,fj, Y,long; A.,% I, 6,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TEXM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



PENITENT 



311 



PERCHANCE 




PEN'I-TENT, a. (Lat. psenitens, re- \ 
penting.] Sincerely affected by a : 
sense of guilt, and resolved on 
amendment of life. — n. One who 
repents of sin. 

PE.VI-TEN'TTAL, a. Pertaining to, j 
proceeding from, or expressing, pen- ■ 
iteuce. 

Pe.VI-ten'tia-RY (-sha-ry), a. Re- 
lating to penance, or to a penitentia- 
ry. — n. 1. One who prescribes rules 
of penance. 2. One who does pen- 
ance. 3. A house of correction. 

Pen'i-tent-ly, adv. With penitence. 

Pen'knife (pen'If, 149), n. A small 
knife for making pens. 

P£M?HAir(150},n. 1. One who writes 
a good hand. 2. An author or com- 
poser. 

Pen'iman-ship, n. Art or manner of 
writing; chirography. 

Pen'vant, n. [Either fr. Lat. penna, 
feather, or from 
pannus, a cloth.] 
A small flag- 1 
long, narrow Lai.- 
ner ; a stream- 
er. 

Pen'nate, a. 

Winged; plume- 
shaped. 

Pen'ni-less(142), 
a. [From pen- 
ny.] Destitute of 
money. 

Pen'NON, n. 1. Awing; 
A pennant ; a streamer. 

PEN'NY, n. ; pi. PEN'NIES, or PENCE 
(152). [A.-S. penig.] The twelfth of 
a shilling, worth 4 farthings, or about ( 
2 cents. 

Pen'ny-a-lin'er, n. One who 
writes for a public journal at so much 
a line ; a writer for pay. 

Pen'ny-post, n. One who carries 
letters from the post-office. 

Pen'ni-roy'al, n. An aromatic 
herb. 

PEN'NY-WEIGHT (-wat), n. A troy , 
weight of 24 grains. It was ancient- I 
ly the weight of a silver penny. 

Pen'NY-wIse', a. Saving small sums ! 
at the risk of larger. 

PEN'NY- worth ( -w Qrth, c.ulloq. pgn'- 
nurth), n. 1. As much as is bought 
for a penny. 2. A small quantity. I 

PEN'siLE,a. [Lat. pensiliSjfr.penclere, 
to hang.] Hanging; pendent. 

PEN'SION,n. [Lat. pen.\io, payment.] i 
A stated allowance to a person in 
consideration of past services, --v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING ] To grant a pension to. I 

Pen'SION-A-ry, a. Maintained Tby I 
a pension. — n. One who receives a j 
pension for past services. 

pEN'SION-ER, n. 1. One who receives 
an annual allowance for services. 2. 
[Fr. pensionnaire , one who pays for 
his board. See PENSION.] A stu- 
dent at Cambridge (Eng.) and at 
Dublin, who is not dependent on 
the foundation for support. 

PEN'SIYE, a. [It. pensare, to reflect, | 
from pen. sar e, to weigh, ponder.] 1. 
Thoughtful, sober, or sad. 2 




pressing thoughtfulness with sad- 
ness, [ner. 

Pen's! v e-ly, adv. In a pensive man- 

Pen'-stock, n. 1. [Prob. from pen, 
i. e., quill (or small pipe) and stock.] 
A tube for conducting water, as to a 
water-wheel. 2. Barrel of a wooden 
pump. 3. Handle of a pen 

Pent, p. p. or a. [From pen.] Shut 
up ; closely confined. 

PEN'TA-CHORD, n. [Gr. nevTaxopSos, 
five-stringed.] 1. An instrument of 
music with five strings. 2. A sys- 
tem of five sounds. 

Pen'ta-gon, n. [Gr. 
TvevTa.y<i>vov; nevre, five, 
and ycovia, angle.] A 
plane figure having five 
equal angles. \ 

PEN-TAG'0-NAL,a. Hav- V 

ing five angles. Pentagon. 

Pen'ta-grapii, n. Same as Panto- 
graph. _ 

PEN'TA-HE'DRON, n. [Gr. TreVre, 
five, and eSpa, seat, base.] A solid 
figure haviug five equal sides. 

PEN-TAM'E-TER, n. [Gr. TrevTa.p.e- 
rpos; irevre, five, and /ueTpov, meas- 
ure.] A peculiar verse of five feet. 

PEN-TAN'GU-LAR, a. [Gr. 7reVTe, five, 
and Lat. angulus, angle.] Having 
five angles. 

PEN'TA-STYLE, n. [Gr. ireVre, five, 
and oruAos, pillar.] An edifice with 
five columns in front. 

PEN'TA-TEO€H,«. [Gr. 7revTaTevxos; 
irevre, five, and rev^os, book.] The 
first five books of the Bible. 

PEN'TE-€OST. n. [Gr. TrevrnKOo-rr) (sc. 
r)fj.epa), fiftieth day.] 1. A festival 
of the Jews, on the 50th day after 
the Passover. 2. Whitsuntide. See 
Acts, ii. [Pentecost. 

Pen'te-COST'AL, a. Pertaining to 

PENT'-HOUSE, n. [From Lat. pen- 
dere, to hang down, and Eng. house.] 
A shed standing aslope from the 
rnain wall. 

Pe'nult, or Pe-nult', n. [Abbrev. 
from pemdtima.] Last syllable but 
one of a word. 

PE-Ni/LT'I-MA.n. [Lat. (sc. syllaba), 
from psene, almost, and ultimus, the 
last.] Same as PENULT. 

Pe-nult'i-mate (45), a. Next be- 
fore the last. — n. Last syllable but 
one of a word; penult. 

Pe-NUM'BRA, n. [Lat. panne, almost, 
and umbra, shade.] A partial shadow 
in an eclipse. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous (89), a. Excessively- 
saving in the use of money ; parsi- 
monious to a fault. 
Syx. — See Avakicious. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a penuri- 
ous manner. 

Pe-nC'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality or 
state of being penurious. 

Pen'u-RY, n. [Lat. penuria.] Want ; 
hidigence ; poverty. 

Pe'on, n. [Sp., a foot-traveler, foot- 
soldier, a pawn. See Pawn.] InMex- 
ico, a debtor held by his creditor in a 
form of servitude, to work out a debt. 

PE'O-NY, n. [Gr. Traunvia, fr. Ilaioj/ta 



a country north of Macedonia.] A 
plant having beautiful flowers. 

PEO'PLE (pe'pl), n. [0. Eng. peple 
popl, Lat. populus.] 1. The body of 
persons composing a community, 
tribe, nation, or race. 2. Persons 
generally ■ ^olks. 3. The populace ; 
the vulgar. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] To 
stock with inhabitants ; to populate. 

PEP'PER, n. [Gr. 7re7repc] A climb- 
ing plant and its pungent seed. — 
v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To sprinkle 
with pepper. 2. To pelt with shot. 

Pep'per-gorn, n. The berry of the 
pepper-plant. 

Pep'per-grAss, 7i. A kind of cress. 

PEP'PER-MINT, n. [pepper and mint.] 
An aromatic and pungent plant. 

PEp'PER-SAUCE, n. A condiment of 
small red peppers in vinegar. 

Pep'per-y, a. 1. Relating to pepper; 
hot; pungent. 2. Irritable. 

PEP'SIN, n. [Gr. 7rei//is, a cooking, 
digestion ] A substance secreted by 
the stomach of animals, and present 
in the gastric juice. [digestion. 

Pep'tig, a. Relating to, or promoting, 

PER'AD-VENT'URE, adv. [Prefix 
per, by, and adventure.] By chance; 
perhaps. 

Per-am'bu-late, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. perambulare, -latum, from per, 
through, and ambulare, to walk.] To 
walk through, over, or round. 

Per-^m/bu-la'tion, n. Passing or 
walkiig through or over. 

Per-am'bu-la'tor, n. 1. One who 
perambulates. 2. An instrument to 
measure distances. 

Per-ceiv'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing perceived. [perceived. 

Per-ceiv'a-bly, adv. So as to be 

Per-ceive', v. t. [-El>; -ing.] [Lat. 
percipere, fr. per and capere, to take, 
receive.] 1. To obtain knowledge of 
through the senses. 2. To see to be 
true. 

S yn. — To discern.— We may perceive 
a man and a woman afar off, without 
being able to discern which is the one 
and which the other. 

Per-cent'age, n. [From per cent. 

See Cent.] Allowance, duty, or 

commission, on a hundred. 
Per-cep'ti-ble, a. Capable of being 

perceived. [perceived. 

Per-cep'ti-bly, adv. So as to be 
Per-cep'tion, n. [Lat. perceptio. 

See Perceive.] Act or faculty of 

perceiving ; cognizance by the sense3 

or intellect ; discernment ; cognition. 
Syn. — Idea; conception; sentiment} 

sensation ; observation. 

Per-cep'tive, a. Having the fac- 
ulty of perceiving. 

Perch (14), n. 1. [Gr. iripun, from 
its dusky color.] A fish of several 
species, inhabiting both fresh and 
salt water. 2. [Lat. pertica.] A pole ; 
a long staff ; a rod. 3. A measure of 
five yards and a half; a rod. 4. A 
roost for fowls. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To light on a fixed body, as a bird.— 
v.t. To place on a perch. [haps. 

Per-chance', adv. By chance ; per- 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TO~OK. ; URN, RUE, pull ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; AS ; Ejist ; ^ as NG , THIS. 



PERCIPIENCE 



312 



PERIOSTEUM 



Per-c*P'i-ence, n. Perception. 

Per-cIp'I-ENT, a. [Lat. percipiens, 
perceiving.] Having the faculty of 
perception ; perceiving. 

PER'€0-LATE,t>. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
percolare, -latum, from per, through, 
and colare, to strain.] To cause to 
pass through small interstices. — v. i. 
To pass through small interstices ; 
to filter. 

Per'co-LA'TION, n. Act of perco- 
lating orfiltering. 

Per'co-la'tor, n. A filtering ma- 
chine. 

pER~e0s'siON (-kfish'un), n. [Lat. 
percussio, fr. per, through, and qua- 
tere, to shake, strike.] 1. Act of 
striking one body against another ; 
forcible collision. 2. Vibratory shock. 

Permission cap, a small copper cap, 
containing fulminating powder, used to 
explode gunpowder. — Percussion-lock, 
a lock of a gun in which fulminating 
powder is exploded. 

PER-eu'TlENT (-shent), n. [Lat. per- 
cutiens, striking.] That which strikes. 

Per-DI'tiojj (-dlsh'un), «. [Lat. per- 
ditio, fr. perdere, to ruin, lose.] 1. 
Utter destruction ; ruin. 2. Future 
misery or eternal death. 

PER-DU', or PER'DU, I a. [Fr. per- 

Per-due', or PeR'due, J du, from 
perdue, lost.] Lost to view ; being 
in concealment. 

PER'E-GRI-NATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. peregrinari, -natus, fr. peregri- 
nus, foreign.] To travel fr. place to 
place ; to live in a foreign country. 

PER'E-GRl-NA'TION, n. A traveling 
from one country to another ; abode 
in foreign countries. 

PEr'emp-to-ri-ly,^. Absolute- 
ly; positively. 

TfiR'EMP-TO-RI-NESS, n. Positive- 
ness ; absolute decision. 

PER'EMP-TO-RY, a. [Lat. perempto- 
rius, decisive, final, fr. perimere, to 
take away entirely.] 1. Precluding 
debate or expostulation. 2. Positive 
in opinion or judgment. 

PER-EN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. perennis ; 
per, through, and annus, year.] 1. 
Lasting through the year. 2. Con- 
tinuing without stop 3. Continu- 
ing more than two years. 

pER-EN'NI-AL-LY, adv. Continually. 

Per-en'ni-ty, n. Quality of being 
perennial. 

P£r'FE€T (14,115), a. [Lat. perfec- 
lus, performed, finished.]' 1. Com- 
pleted ; filled up. 2. Not defective ; 
having all that is requisite to its na- 
ture and kind. 

Syn. — Consummate; complete. 

Per'fegt, or Per-fegt' (115), v. t. 
[-ed : -ing.] To finish or complete, 
so as to leave nothing wanting. 

PER-FE€T'l-BiL'l-TY,n. Quality of 
being perfectible. 

Per-f£€T'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
coming or of being made perfect. 

Per-fE€'tion, n. State of being per- 
fect or complete. 

Per-fE€'tion-Tst, n. One who be- 
lieves that some persons actually at- 



tain to moral perfection in the pres 
ent life. [tending to perfect 

Per-FE€T'Tve, a. Calculated or 

PER'FE€T-LY,atff . In a perfect man 
ner or degree ; completely. 

Per'fe€T-ness, n. Quality of being 
perfect; perfection. 

PER-Fi'ciENT (-flsh'ent), n. [Lat. 
perficiens, performing.] One who 
endows a charity. 

Per-FI'd'i-OUS, a. False to trust or 
confidence reposed ; treacherous ; 
faithless. [ious manner. 

PER-FID'l-ofts-LY, adv. In a perfid- 

Per-fId'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of 
being perfidious. 

PJ5R'FI-DY, n. [Lat. perfidia; perfi- 
dus, faithless.] Act of violating 
faith, a promise, or allegiance ; faith- 
lessness ;_treachery. 

Per'fo-rate, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. perforare,-atum ; per, through, 
and forare, to bore, pierce.] To bore 
through ; to pierce. 

PCr'fo-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of per- 
forating. *2. A hole or aperture. 

Per'FO-RA-tive, a. Having power 
to perforate. [that perforates. 

PLR'FO-RA'TOR, n. An instrument 

Per-force', adv. [Lat. per, through, 
by, and Eng. force.] By force ; vio- 
lently. 

Per-f'orm', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
performare, to form thoroughly. See 
Furnish.] 1. To carry through; 
to bring to completion. 2. To exe- 
cute; to discharge. 

Syn. — To accomplish; fulfill; effect. 
— *. i. To acquit one's self in any 
work. 

PER-FORM'A-ELE, a. Admitting of 
being performed ; practicable. 

Per-f6rm'an<;e, n. 1. Act of per- 
forming. 2. That which is performed ; 
esp. an act of an elaborate or public 
character; an exhibition. 

Per-form'ER, n. One who performs ; 
an actor. 

Per'fume, or Per-fume' (115), n. 
[Lat. per, through, thoroughly, and 
fumus, smoke.] A sweet scent, or 
the substance emitting it. 

Per-fume', V t. [-ED : -TNG.] To 
impregnate with a grateful odor ; to 
scent. 

Per-fum'ER, n. One who perfumes, 
or who sells perfumes. [eral. 

Per-fum'er-y, n. Perfumes in gen- 

Per-fDivg'to-ry, a. [Lat. perfunc- 
torius, fr. perfungi, to discharge, dis- 
patch.] Done merely to get rid of a 
duty ; hence, indifferent ; careless. 

Per-fuse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
per fund ere, perfusum ; per, through, 
and fundere, to pour.] To sprinkle, 
or spread over. 

Per-fu'sive, a. Sprinkling; adapt- 
ed to spread or sprinkle. 

PER-HAPS', adv. [Lat. per, through, 
by, and Eng. hap.] By chance ; per- 
adventure ; possibly. 

Pe'rI, n. ; pi. PE'Ris. [Per. perl, a 
female genius, a fairy.] (Per. Myth.) 
An imaginary being of the female 




PEr/I-car'DI-an, ) a. Relating to 
PER/l-€AR'Dl€, J the pericardium. 
Pf:R'i-€AR'Di-UM,n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. 

nepiKapSiov , fr. Trept,about, and Kap- 

Sia, heart.] 

The mem- 
branous 

sac which 

incloses the 

heart. " ' / ir ^ mm ^ r i 

Per'i-cXrp, 

n. [Or. Trept- 
KapTTcov, fr. 
Trept, about, 
and /caprros, 
fruit.] The 
ripened ova- 
ry of a plant. 
P&R'I-eRA'- 

jvi- vm, n. 

[Gr. Trept, 

around, and 

KpavCov, the 

skull.] The 

membrane Pericarps. 

that immedi- h drupe of peach c 

ately invests nut, filbert; </,strobile 

the skull. of pine ; e,f, capsule 

PER'I-GEE, n. °Pi PP/, 5 fi^. ca P sule 
rr . ' , of Anstolochia. 

[tir. wept, 

about, near, and yrj, earth.] That 

point in the moon's orbit which ia 

nearest to the earth. 

PER'I-GRAPH, n. [Gr. irepiypn^ri , fr. 
wept, round about, and ypa.$r\, a 
writing.] An inaccurate delineation. 

PEr'I-hel'ion (or -hC'li-on), n.;pl. 
PER'1-HE'LI-A. [Gr. Trept, about, 
near, and rjAios, the sun.] That 
point in a planet's or a comet's orbit 
which is nearest the sun. 

PER'IL, n. [Lat. pericidum , periehim, 
from periri, to attempt.] Exposure 
to injury, loss, or destruction. 

Syn. — See Danger. 
— V. t. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, 
137.] To expose to danger. [ous. 

Per'il-oCs, a. Full of peril; danger- 

Per'il-ous-ly, adv. With hazard. 

PE-RlM'E-TER, 77. [Gr. Trepi>eTpo<r ; 
Trept, around, and jue'rpov, measure.] 
Outer boundary of a body or figure. 

Pe'ri-od (89), n. [Gr. TrepioSos, a go- 
ing round, a period of time.] 1. A 
stated and recurring interval of time. 
2. A certain series of years, months, 
or days, &c, or the termination of 
such a series. 3. A complete sen- 
tence. 4. A point [thus .] that marks 
the end of a complete sentence. 
Syn. — Time; date ; epoch; era: age. 

Pe'RI-od'IG, I a. 1. Returning 

Pe/ri-od'ig-AL, ) regularly, after a 
certain period of time. 2. Pertain- 
ing to, or, constituting, a period. 

Pe'RI-od'I^-AL, n. A magazine or 
other publication appearing at stated 
intervals. fperiods. 

PE'RI-od'IC-AL-LY, adv. At stated 

Pe'ri-o-di'^'i-ty, n. State of having 
regular periods. 

PER'i-bn' TE- um (124). n. [N. Lat. ; 
Gr. Treptoerreof, fr. Trept, around, and 
oo-Te'of, a bone.] A fibrous mem- 
brane investing the bones. 



£, e, 1,0,0, Y,long,- a,£,I,6, ti } ?, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; son, 



PERIPATETIC 



313 



PERSEVERE 



Per'1-PA-TET'IG, a. [Gr. TrepiiraT^Ti- 
»cos, from nepuTaTeiv, to walk about.] 
Pertaining to the philosophy of Aris- 
totle, who gave his instructions while 
walking. — n. 1. A follower of Ar- 
istotle. 2. One who is obliged to walk. 

PE-RIPH'ER-Y, n. [Gr. nepupepia ; 
irepi, around, and #e'peiv, to bear.] 
The circumference of any regular 
curvilinear figure. 

Per'I-PHRASE, n. [Gr. 7repi<|>pao-is, 
from irepi, about, and <£pd£eiv, to 
speak.] A roundabout mode of 
expression; circumlocution. — v. t. 
[-ED : -ING.] To express by cir- 
cumlocution. [RIPHRASE. 

Pe-RIPH'ra-sis, n. Same as Pe- 

PER'l-PHRXs'Tie, ) a. Expressing 

Per'I-phras'tic-al, ) ' or expressed 
in more words than are necessary. 

P2R/IP-NEU'MO-TrY,7l. [Gr. nepiiri'ev- 
fxovia ; irepi, around, and irvevp.wv, a 
lung.] Inflammation of the lungs. 

PE-RiP'TER-AL, a. [Gr. 7rept7rrepos ; 
irept, around, about, and nrepov, 
wing, row.] Having a range of col- 
umns all around. 

Per'I-S€6p'I€, a. [Gr. wept, around, 
and a-Konelv, to view.] Viewed on 
all sides ; — applied to a kind of spec- 
tacles having concavo-convex glasses. 

PER'ISH, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
perire, from per, through, and ire, to 
go.] 1. To be destroyed; to go to 
destruction. 2. To die. 3. To de- 
cay gradually, as a limb. 

PErMsh-A-ble, a. Liable to perish. 

Per'ish-a-bee-ness, ii. Liableness 
to perish. 

PER'l-sPHER'K^a. [Gr. 7rept, around, 
and o-^aipa, sphere.] Having the 
form of a ball ; globular. 

PER'I-STAL'TI€, a. [Gr. Trepio-raATi- 
#cos, fr. irepia-TaAAeiv, to surround, 
wrap up.] Contracting in successive 
circles; — applied to the vermicular 
motion of the alimentary canal. 

PER'I-STYLE, n. [Gr. irepia-ruXov ; 
irepi, about, and orvAos, a column.] 
A range of columns round a build- 
ing or square. 

Per'i-to-ne'UM, 7i. [Lat., from Gr. 
7repiTei'veiv, to stretch all round cr 
over.] A thin membrane, investing 
the whole internal surface of the ab- 
domen and its viscera. 

Per'I-WIG, n. [0. Eng. perwicke, 
corrupt, from Fr. perruque.] A small 
wig; a peruke. — v. t. [-ged ; -GING, 
137.] To dress with a periwig, or with 
false hair. 

Per'i-wink/le (-1), n. [A corrupt, 
of petty, and A.-S. winkle, a shell- 
fish.] 1. A mollusk having a fleshy 
ventral disk instead of feet, and a tur- 
binated shell. 2. [0. Eng. pervinke, 
Lat. pervinca.] A flowering plant. 

PER'JURElpeVjgr),!-. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. perjurnre ; per, through, over, 
and jurare, to swear.] 1. To cause 
to take a false oath. 2. To make a 
false oath to. 

Syn. — To forswear. — Forsivear, ap- 
plies to all kinds of oaths; perjure, to 
those administered by a civil magistrate. | 



Per'JUR-er (per/jur-er), n. One who | Per/PEN-dIc'u-lar, 



willfully takes a false oath lawfully 
administered. 

Perju-ry, n. [See supra.] Act or 
crime of willfully making a false 
oath, when lawfully administered. 

Perk (14), a. Pert; smart •, trim; 
vain. — v.i. [-ED;-ING.] [W.percu, 
to make smart.] To hold up the head 
with affected smartness. — v. t. To 
dress up ; to make trim. 

PEr'ma-nence, )n. Continuance 

Per'aia-nen-cy, J in the same state 
or piace ; fixedness. 

PtR'MA-NENT, a. [Lat. permanens, 
staging to the end, fr. per, through, 
and manere, to remain.] Continu- 
ing in the same state, or without 
change. 
Syn. — See Lasting. 

Per'ma-nent-ly, adv. In a perma- 
nent manner. 

P£r'ME-A-BLE, a. [See PERMEATE.] 
Admitting of being permeated. 

P£r'me-ate, v. l. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
permeate, -atum, from per, through, 
and meare, to go.] To pass through 
the pores or interstices of; — said of 
fluids. 

Per'me-a'tion, n. Act of permeat- 
ing ; state of being permeated. 

Per-mI's'CI-BLE, a. [Lat. perm iscere, 
to mix.] Capable of being mixed. 

Per-mis'si-BLE, a. Proper to be per- 
mitted. 

PER-Mis'SION (-mish/un),n. [Lat. per- 
missio.] Act of permitting ; formal 
consent. 

PER-Mis'si'vE, a. 1. Granting liber- 
ty ; allowing. 2. Suffered without 
hindrance. 

PER-Mis'sivE-LY,a'/i\ By allowance. 

Per-mIt', v. t. [-TED; -TING.] [Lat. 
permittere, fr. per, through, and mit- 
tere, to let go, send.] 1. To put up 
with ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 2. To 
grant leave to. 

Syn. — To allow. — To permit is more 
positive, denoting a decided assent, ei- 
thelr directly or by implication; to allow 
is more negative, and hnpoits only ac- 
quiescence or an abstinence from pre- 
vention. We may be compelled by cir- 
cumstances to allow some things which 
we would by no means directly permit. 

Per'mit, or Per-mit' (115), n. War- 
rant ; leave ; a written permission or 
license. 

Per-aiit'tance, n. Permission. 

PEr'MU-ta'TION, n. [Lat. permuta- 
tio, fr. per, through, and mutare, to 
change.] 1. Mutual transference. 2. 
Arrangement of any number of 
things in all possible orders. 

PER-Ni'CIotJS (-nlsh'us), a. [Lat. per- 
niciosus, from per, thoroughly, and 
nex, a violent death.] Having the 
quality of destroying or injuring. 

Syn. — Destructive; noxious; injuri- 
ous; ruinous; hurtful. 

Per-ni'cious-ly (-msh'us-), ado. In 
a pernicious manner. 

PER'O-RA'TION, n. [Lat. peroratio, 
fr. per, through, and orare, to speak.] 
Concluding part of a discourse. 



i. [Lat. perpendicu- 
lars, from per, thor- 
oughly, andpendere, 
to hang down.] 1. 
At right angles to a 
the plane of the ho-~ 
rizon. 2. At right a d, perpendicu- 
angles to a given line lar : ° c < kori- 
or surface. — n. A 



zontal. 



line or plane at right angles to an- 
other ; a vertical line or plane. 

PER/PEN-DKyU-LAR'I-TY, n. State 
of being perpendicular. 

Per'pen-dic'u-ear-ly, ado. So as 
to be perpendicular. 

PER'PE-TRATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. perpetrare , -tratum, from per, 
through, axidpatrare, to perform.] To 
commit ; to be guilty of. 

PER'PE-TRA'TION, n. 1. Act of per- 
petrating^ 2. An evil action. 

Per'pe-tra'tor, n. One who per- 
petrates. 

Per-p£t'u-al, a. [Lat. perpetualis, 
fr. perpetuus, continuous.] Contin- 
uing indefinitely or infinitely. 
Syn. — See Continual. 

Per-pet'u-al-ey, adv. Constantly ; 
continually. 

PER-PET'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. perpetuare, -atum.} To make 
perpetual ; to preserve from extinc- 
tion, [ing perpetual. 

Per-PET'tj-a'tion, n. Act of mak- 

PfiR/PE-TU'l-TY, n. State or quality 
of being perpetual ; endless duration. 

Per-plex', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
per, through, thoroughly, and plec- 
tere, plexum, to plait, braid.] 1. To 
make intricate or difficult to be un- 
derstood. 2. To tease with suspense 
or ambiguity. 
Syn. — See Embarrass. 

Per-plex'ed-ly (60), adv. In a per- 
plexed manner. 

Per-plex'i-ty, n. State of being 
perplexed ; intricacy. 

Per'QUI-§ite (per'kwl-zit, 14), n. 
[Lat. perguisitum, fr. perguirere, to 
ask for diligently.] An allowance 
beyond the ordinary salary or fixed 
wages. [curate inquiry. 

Per/qui-2I'TION (-zish'un), n. Anac- 

Per'ry, n. Expressed juice of pears, 
usually fermented. 

PER'SE-€TJTE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. persegui, -secutus, from per, 
through, and sequi, to follow, pur- 
sue.] To pursue in a manner to 
injure, vex, or afflict, especially for 
adherence to a particular creed or to 
a mode o_f worship. 

Per'se-cu'tion, n. Act of persecut- 
ing, or state of being persecuted. 

PLr'se-^u'tor, n. One who perse- 
cutes. 

PER'SE-VER'ANCE.n. A persisting in 
any thing undertaken; constancy. 

Per'se-vere', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. perseverare , fr. per, thoroughly, 
very, and severus, strict.] To persist 
in any business or enterprise. 

Syn. — To continue ; persist. — The 
idea of not laying aside is common to 



or, do, wqlf, TOO, TOOK.; fJRN, rue, PVLL ; E, I, o, silent ; C,G, so/i; €,a,/tard; A§ ; exist; n as ng; this 



PERSIFLAGE 



314 



PEST-HOUSE 



these words. Continue is the generic term, 
denoting simply to do as one has done 
hitherto. To persevere is to continue in 
a given course in spite of discourage- 
ments, &c, from a desire to obtain our 
end. To persist is to continue from a de- 
termination of will not to give up. 

Persifla ge (per'se-flazh/), ft. [Fr., 
from persijier, to quiz.] Frivolous or 
1 bantering talk. 

Per-sim/mon, ft. [Indian.] A tree 
and its fruit, which is like a plum. 

£er-sist', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
persistere ; per, through, and sistere, 
to stand.] To continue fixed in a 
course of conduct. 

Syn.— See Peeseveee. 

Per-sist'ence, In. State of being 

Per-sist'en-cy, J persistent ; steady 
pursuit of what is undertaken. 

PER-SIST'ENT, a. [Lat. persistens.] 
Inclined to persist; tenacious; fixed. 

PiR'SON (per'sn, 14), ft. [Lat. per- 
sona, a mask, a personage.] 1. Out- 
ward appearance, expression, &c. 2. 
A living human being ; a man, wom- 
an, or child; — also, among Trini- 
tarians, one of the three subjects 
constituting the godhead. 3. One 
of the three relations which a noun 
or pronoun may hold to the verb. 

PER'SON-A-BLE'(per'sun-), a. Hav- 
ing a well-formed body or person ; 
graceful. 

Per'son-age (45), n. 1. A distin- 
guished person. 2. Exterior appear- 
ance or stature, &c. 

Per'son-al, a. Pertaining to, or de- 
noting, a person. 

Per'son-al'i-ty, n. 1. That which 
constitutes, or pertains to, a person. 
2. A disparaging remark about an- 
other. 

Per'son-al-ly, adv. 1. In a per- 
sonal or direct manner. 2. "With 
respect to an individual. 

Per'son-ate, v. «. [-Er>; -ing.] To 
assume the character of; to coun- 
terfeit. 

Per'son-a'tion, «. The act of per- 
sonating, or of counterfeiting the 
person of another. [ates. 

PER'SON-A'TOR, ft. One who person- 

PER-SON'I-Fl-CA'TION, ft. 1. Act of 
personifying. 2. A representation of 
an inanimate being as animated. 

PER-SON'I-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. persona, person, and fa- 
cere, to make.] To regard or treat as 
a person. 

Personnel (per'so-ncl'), n. [Fr. 
See Personal.] Body of persons 
employed in some public service. 

PER-SPE€'TIVE, a. [From Lat. per- 
spicere, perspectum , to look through.] 
Pertaining to the art of perspective, 
—-ft. 1. A view; a vista. 2. Art 
of representing on a plane surface 
objects as they appear, relatively, to 
the eye in nature. 

Per-spE€'tive-ly, adv. According 
to the rules of perspective. 

PER'SPI-eA'CIoOs, a. [Lat. perspicax, 
-cacis, fr. perspicere, to look through. ] 
1. Quick-sighted. 2. Of acute dis- 
cernment; keen. 



Per'spi-€ac'i-ty, ft. Acuteness of 
sight or discernment. 

Per'spi-cu'i-ty, ft. Clearness, espe- 
cially of statement. 

PER-SPie'u-oOs, a. [Lat. perspicuus, 
from perspicere, to look through.] 
Clear to the understanding ; not ob- 
scure, [spicuous manner. 

Per-spic'u-ous-ly, adv. In a per- 

Per-spir'A-BIL'I-ty, ft. Quality of 
being perspirable. [ing perspired. 

Per-spir'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 

Per'spi-ra'tion, ft. 1. Act of per- 
spiring. 2. That which is perspired ; 
sweat. 

Per-spire', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
perspirare , to breathe through.] 1. 
To evacuate fluid matter through 
the pores ; to sweat. 2. To be ex- 
creted in sensibly . 

Per-suad'a-ble (-swad'-), a. Capa- 
ble of _being persuaded. 

PER-SUADE' (-swad'), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. persuadcre, -suasum, 
fr. per, through, and suadere, to ad- 
vise.] 1. To influence by argument, 
advice, or entreaty, &c. 2. To con- 
vince by argument, or reasons offered. 
Syn. — See Convince. 

Per-suad'er, ii. One who persuades. 

Per-sua'si-bil'i-ty, h. Capability 
of being persuaded. 

Per-sua'si-ble (-swa'si-bl), a. Ca- 
pable of being persuaded. 

Per-sua'sion, n. 1. Act of persuad- 
ing. 2." State of being persuaded. 
3. A creed, or a sect adhering to a 
certain creed. 

PER-sUA'si'vE, a. Tending to per- 
suade ; having the power of persuad- 
ing. — ». An incitement; an ex- 
hortation, [suasive manner. 

Per-sua/sive-ly, adv. In a per- 

Per-sua'sive-ness, ». Quality of 
being persuasive. 

Per-sua'so-ry(50), a. Having power 
or tendency to persuade. 

PERT (14), a. [Abbrev. fr. 0. Fr. apert, 
open, known, free.] Indecorously 
free or presuming ; forward ; bold. 

Per-TAIN', v. i, [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ptrtinere ; per, through, and tenere, 
to hold.] 1. To belong. 2. To relate. 

PEr'ti-na'cious, a. [Lat. pertinax, 
-nacis, fr. per, through, and tenax, 
tenacious.] 1. Holding to any opin- 
ion, purpose, or design, with obsti- 
nacy. 2. Resolute; firm. 

Syn. — Obstinate ; stubborn ; inflexi- 
ble; constant. 

Per'ti-na'cious-ly, adv. In a per- 
tinacious manner. 

Per'ti-nac'i-ty, ft. State or quality 
of being pertinacious. 
Syx. — See Obstinacy. 

PEr'ti-nence, ) ft. State of being 

PEr'ti-nen-'cy. j pertinent ; fitness ; 
appositeness. 

PER'Tl-NENT, a. [Lat. pertinens. 
See Pertain.] Related to the sub- 
ject or matter in hand ; apposite. 
Syn. — Relevant; appropriate. 

Per'ti-nent-ly, adv. In a perti- 
nent manner. 



Pert'ly, adv. In a pert manner 
6martly; saucily. 

Pert'ness, «. State of being pert. 

Per-turb', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
perturbare, fr. per, through, thor- 
oughly, and turbare, to disturb.] To 
disturb ; to agitate ; to confuse. 

Per'tur-ba'tion, n. Act of perturb- 
ing, or state of being perturbed. 

PER-TU's_lON, m. [Lat. pertusus, p. 
p. of pertundere, to beat, push, or 
thrust through.] Act of punching 
or piercing. 

Per'uke (peVijk, 53), ft. [Fr. per- 
ruque, fr. Lat. pilvs, hair.] An arti- 
ficial cap of hair ; a periwig. 

Pe-ru'§al, n. Act of perusing. 

Pe-ru§e', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A cor- 
ruption of pervise, formerly written 
peruise, fr. Lat. pervisus, looked over, 
considered.] To read, or to read with 
attention. 

Per-vade', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
pervadere, fr. per, through, and va- 
dtre, to go.] 1. To pass through, as 
an aperture, pore, or interstice. 2. 
To be in all parts of. 

Per-va'sion, ft. Act of pervading. 

PER-VA'siVE, a. Tending, or able, 
to pervade. 

Per-verse' (14), a. [Lat. perversus, 
turned the wrong way.] 1. Turned 
aside from the right. 2. Obstinate 
in the wrong. 3. Disposed to cross 
and vex. 

Syn. — Froward. — One is froward 
who is capricious, and reluctant to obey. 
One who is perverse has a settled obsti- 
nacy of will, and likes or dislikes by the 
rule of contradiction to the will of others. 

Per-verse 'ly, adv. In a perverse 
manner. [perverse. 

Per-vErse'ness, ft. State of being 

Per-ver'sion, «. Act of perverting ; 
change to something worse. 

Per-ver'si-ty, ft. State of being 
perverse : perverseness. 

Per-vEr'sive, a. Tending to pervert. 

Per- vert' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. pervertere ; per, thoroughly , and 
vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn from 
truth, propriety, or from its proper 
purpose. 2. To misinterpret. 3. To 
turn from the right ; to corrupt. 

Per'vert, ft. One who has turned 
from a right way to a wrong one. 

Per-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
in:r perverted. 

Per'vi-OOs, a. [Lat. pervius, fr. per, 
through, and via, a way.] Capable 
of being penetrated ; permeable ; 
penetrable. [pervious. 

PEr'vi-ous-ness, ft. Quality of being 

PESK'Y,a. Mischievous; troublesome. 
[Colloq.] 

Pest, ft. [Lat. pestis.] 1. A fatal 
epidemic disease ; plague ; pestilenoe. 
2. Any thing resembling a pest. 

Pes'ter, v. t. [-ED : -ing.] [Ab- 
brev. from impester, fr. L. Lat. pas 
torium, a fetter by which horses are 
prevented from wandering in the 
■pastures.} To harass with little vexa- 
tions ; to annoy. [fected persons. 

PEST'-HOUSE,ft. A hospital for in- 



A- E I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I. 6, tJ, Y, Short; CARE, EAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TE.RM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



PESTIFEROUS 



315 



PHENIX 



Pes-tif'er-oOs, a. [Lat, pestiferus ; 
pest i s, pest, and ferre, to bear.] 1. 
Pestilential ; noxious to health ; in- 
fectious; contagious. 2. Mischiev- 
ous; destructive. 

Pes'ti-lence, n. 1. Any contagious 
or infectious disease that is epidem- 
ic. 2. That which breeds disturb- 
ance or vice. 

PES'ti-lent, a. [Lat. pestilens, fr. 
pestis, pest.] Pestilential ; noxious ; 
mischievous. 

PEs'TI-LEN'TlAL, a. 1. Producing, 
or tending to produce, a pest. 2. 
Noxious ; seriously troublesome. 

Pes'ti-lent-ey, adv. In a pestijent 
manner. 

Pes'tle (pes'l), n. [L. Lat. pestel- 
lum, fr. Lat. pistare, to pound.] An 
instrument for pounding substances 
in a mortar. 

PET, n. 1. [A modif. of pout.] A 
slight fit of peevishness. 2. [Prob. 
contr. fr. Fr. petit, small.] A lamb 
brought up by hand. 3. A child 
or any little animal fondled and 
indulged. — v.t. [-TED; -TING-.] 
To treat as a_pet ; to fondle. 

PET'AL, or PE'TAL, n. [Gr. nerakov, 
a leaf.] One of the colored leaves of 
a flower. 

PET'AL-OID, a. [Gr. TreVaAov, a leaf, 
and etSos, shape.] Having the form 
of a petal. 

Pe-TARD', n. [Fr. petard, fr. peter, 
to explode.] An engine of war, for- 
merly used to blow up gates, barri- 
cades, &c. 

PE-TE€'€HI-AE,orPE-TE'€HI-AE, a. 
[From Lat. petigo, a scab, an erup- 
tion.] Having livid spots ; spotted. 

Pe'TER-PENCE, n. An annual tax, 
formerly paid by the English to the 
pope, being a penny for ever / house. 

Pet'I-o-lae, a. Pertaining to, or 
/rowing on, a petiole. 

PET'I-O-LATE, a. Having a petiole. 

PET'1-OLE, n. [Lat. peiiolus, a little 
foot, stem. dim. of pes, pedis, a foot.] 
The footstalk of a leaf. 

PET'IT (pet'y ; Fr. pron. ptd), a. [Fr. 

petit, small, little.] Small; little; 

-same as Petty. 



Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, in 
distinction from the grand iury. — Petit 
larceny, the stealing of goods of compar- 
atively small value. 

PE-TI'TION (-tTsh'un), n. [Lat. peti- 
tio, fr. petere, to beg.] A pi-ayer ; a 
request ; an entreaty, esp. of a for- 
mal kind. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make a request to ; to solicit, espe- 
cially for some favor or right. 

Pe-TI'TION-A-ry (-tish'un-), a. Com- 
ing with, or containing, a petition. 

Pe-ti'tion-er (-tlsh'un-), n. One 
who presents a petition. 

Petit-maitre (pet'te-ma'tr), n. 
[Fr., a little master.] A spruce fel- 
low that dangles about ladies ; a 
coxcomb. 

PET'REL, n. [Dim. of Peter ; proba- 
bly in allusion to Peter's walking on 
the sea.] A long-winged, web-footed 



Pe-tres'^ence, n. Process of chang- 
ing into stone. 

PE-TRES'CENT, a. [Gr. nerpa, rock, 
stone.] Converting into stone. 

Pet'ri-fac'tion, n. 1. Conversion 
of organic matter into stone. 2. 
Turned into, or incrustedwith, stony 
matter. 

PET'Ri-FA/e'TivE, a. Having power 
to change into stone. 

Pet'ri-fi-ca'tion, ii. Petrifaction. 

PET'RI-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. petra, rock, stone, and fa cere, 
to make.] 1. To convert to stone or 
stony substance. 2. To make obdu- 
rate. — v. i. To become stone. 

PE-TRO'LE-&M (124), n. [Lat. petra, 
rock, and oleum, oil.] An inflam- 
mable, bituminous liquid exuding 
from the earth. 

Pe'troDs, a. [Lat. petrosus.] Like 
stone ; stouy. 

PET'ti-coat, n. [From petty, small, 
little, and coat.] A loose undergar- 
ment worn by women. 

PET'tI-FOG'Ser, n. [From petty, 
small, little, and fog, to have power, 
to practice.] A lawyer who deals in 
petty cases. 

Pet'ti-fog'ger-y, n. The practice, 
or the acts, of a pettifogger. 

PET'TI-LY, adv. In a petty manner. 

PET'TI-NESS,«. Smallness; littleness. 

Pet'tish, a. Subject to freaks of ill- 
temper ; fretful ; peevish. 

Pet'tish-ly, adv. In a pet ; with a 
freak of ill-temper. [pettish. 

Pet'tish-ness, n. State of being 

Pet'ti-toes, n.pl. [From petty and 
toes.] Toes or feet of a pig, often 
used as food. 

PET'TY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [Fr. 
petit.] 1. Small; little; inconsider- 
able. 2. Inferior; unimportant. 

PET'U-LANCE, ) ii. [Lat. petulantia.] 

PET'U-LAN-C Y, ) State of being pet- 
ulant; freakish passion ; pettishness. 

PET'U-LANT, a. Inclined to complain. 
J3yn\ — See Captious. 

Pet'u-lant-ly, adv. In a petulant 
manner. 

Pe-tu'ni-A, n. [Braz. petun.] A plant 
bearing beautiful flowers. 

Pew (pa), n. [Lat. podium, an ele- 
vated place, balcony.] An inclosed 
seat in a church. 

PEWTER (pu'ter), n. [0. Fr. peut're, 
piautre, N. Fr. s'piautre. Cf. SPEL- 
TER.] An alloy consisting chiefly 
of tin and lead. 

Pew'ter-er (pu'terS, n\ One who 
works in pewter. 

PlIA'E-TON, n. [Gr. $ae6*>v, fr. fyae- 
Oetv, fyaiveiv, to shine.] 1. A son of 
Phoebus, fabled to have begged of his 
father that he would permit him to 
guide the chariot of the sun. 2. An 
open four-wheeled carriage drawn by 
two horses. [phalansteries. 

Phai/an-ste'RT-AN, a. Relating to 

PHAL'AN-STER'Y, n. [Gr. fydkay^, fr. 
phalanx, and crepeo?, firm.] 1. The 
common dwelling of the Fourierites. 
2. An association organized on the 
plan of Fourier. 



Pha'lanx, or Phal'anx, n. [Gr. 
fyd\ay£.] 1. A square body of sol- 
diers formed in ranks and files close 
and deep. 2. Any firm combination 
of people. 

Phan'tas_m,«. [See infra.] 1. Mental 
image of a real object. 2. An imag- 
inary existence which seems to bu 
real ; sometimes, an optical illusion. 

Phan-tas/ma-go'ri-a (89), n. [Gr. 
fydvTao~(ia, a phantasm, and ayopa, 
an assembly.] Figures thrown on a 
flat surface by a magic lantern ; 
hence, illusive images. 

Phan'tom, n. [Lat. phantasma. See 
supra.] An apparition; a specter; 
an airy spirit. 

PHARa-SA'l€, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

PHAR'i-sA're-AL, ) to, or resem- 
bling, the Pharisees. 2. Making a 
mere show of religion ; hypocritical. 

Phar'i-sa-Ism, n. 1. Doctrines and 
conduct of the Pharisees. 2. Hy- 
pocrisy in i-eligion. 

Phar'i-see,«. [Lat. Pharisseus, Heb. 
Parush, fr. par ash, to separate.] One 
of a sect among the Jews, noted for 
strictness in regard to the externals 
of religion. 

PHAR'MA-CEU'TI-e, ) a. [Gr. <pap- 

PHAR'MA-9EU'TI€-AL, ) jaa/cevrt/cos, 
fr. fyapfxaitov, medicine, drug.] Per- 
taining to pharmacy, or the prepara- 
tion of medicines. 

Phar'ma-ceu'tics, n. sing. Science 
of preparing medicines- 

Phar'ma-ceu'tist, 11 One skilled 
in pharmacy. 

Phar'ma-cI'st, n. A pharmaceutist. 

Phar'ma-col'o-gIst, n. One skilled 
in the composition of medicines. 

PHAR'MA-COL'O-GY, n. [Gr. fydpfj-a- 
kov, drug, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Science of drugs, or art of preparing 
medicines. 

Phar']yia-€o-pce'ia (-pe'ya), n. [Gr. 
fydptxaKonoda, preparation of medi- 
cines.] A book describing the prep- 
arations of medicines ; a dispensatory. 

PHAR'MA-£Y, n. [Gr. <pap(u.a(cet'a, fr. 
fydptx.aK.ov, medicine.] Art of pre- 
paring or compounding medicines. 

PllA'ROS, n. [From <£dpos, near Alex- 
andria, where there was a famous 
lighthouse.] A lighthouse ; a beacon. 

Pha-ryn'ge-al, or Phar'yn-ge'- 
AE, a. Belonging to the pharynx. 

Phar'ynx (far/inks), n. [Gr. fydpvy£, 
fydpvyyos.] Cavity into which the 
nose and mouth open. 

Phase, n. ,• pi. pha'ses. [Gr. fydo-i<;, 
fr.'fyaiveiv, to appear.] A transient 
appearance which any thing mani- 
fests. [Phase. 

Pita' s rs, n. ; pi. P HA'SEg. Same &z 

Pheas'ant, n. [Gr. 
<£>acna.i'6s (sc. op- 
ins), from <E>ao-is,a 
river in Colchis or 
Pontus.] A bird 
found wild in Eu- 
rope. 

Phe'nix, n. [Gr. ^ 
fyoCvi^.] A bird 
fabled to exist sin- 




Pheasant. 



OR, do, wolf. TO Oj TOOK; fJRN, RUE, PyLL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,6, soft; €,5,hard; A£; E^ISTj tfausNG; THIS. 



PHENOMENAL 



316 



PHRYGIAN 



gle, and to rise again from its own 
ashes. [a phenomenon. 

PHE-NOM'E-NAL, a. Pertaining to 

Phe-nom'e-non, n. ; pi. phe-nom'- 
E-NA. [Gr. <f>aivoixevov , fr. <f>aive<r- 
Oat., to appear.] An appearance, esp. 
aremarkable or unusual appearance. 

Pm'AL, n. [Gr. <$>i6.kf), a broad, shal- 
low cup or bowl.] A very small 
glass bottle for liquids ; a vial. 

Phi-lan'der, v. i. [Gr. <f>C\avSpo?, 
fond of men.] To flirt ; to coquet. 

PhIl/an-thr6p'I€, I a. Pertain- 

Phil'an-throp'ic-al, J ing to, or 
exhibiting, philanthropy. 

PhT-lan'thro-pist, n. [Gr. <pi\dv- 
Opconos; <£i'Aos, loving, and dvGpojnos , 
man.] One who shows philanthropy. 

Phi-lan'thro-py, n. Love of man- 
kind ; universal good will. 

Phil'har-mon'ic, a. [Gr. <£iAo?, 
loving, and dpfiovia, harmony.] Lov- 
ing harmony or music. 

PHl-LiP'pie, n. 1. A severe oration 
of Demosthenes, against Philip of 
Macedon. 2. Any discourse abound- 
ing in acrimonious invective. 

PHi-LOL'O-GER, n. [Gr. ^lAoAoyo? , 
fond of literature; </>i'Aos, fond, aud 
Aoyos, speech, discourse.] A philolo- 
gist. 

Phil / o-l6g'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to 
philology. [philology. 

Phi-lol'o-gist, n. One versed in 

PhT-lol'o-gy, n. The study of lan- 
guage, especially in a philosophical 
manner. 

Phjl'O-MATH, n. [Gr. 4>ikop.a6y<; ; 
cfk'Aos, loving, and ju.a07j, learning.] A 
lover of learning. 

Phi-lom'a-thy, n. Love of learning. 

Phil'o-MEL, \n. [ from Philomela 

PhIl'O-me'la, j of Athens, changed 
into a nightingale.] Tae nightingale. 

PhTl'O-PE'NA, n. [Prob. fr. Gr. </u'Aos, 
a friend, and Lat. poena, penalty.] A 
email present or forfeit of one friend 
to another, arising out of their par- 
taking together of a double-kerueled 
almond. 

PhPLO-pro-gen'i-tIve-ness, n. 
[Gr. <t>i\os, loving, and Lat. proge- 
nies, offspring.] Love of offspring or 
of young children. 

PhI-los'o-pher, n. [Gr. <£iA6o-o- 
$os ; cfk'Aos, a lover, and cr6(/>os, 
wise.] One versed in, or devoted to, 
philosophy. 

PhDl/o-soph'ic, I a. 1. Pertain- 

PHlL/O-SOPH'ie-AL, | iug to, or pro- 
ceeding from, philosophy. 2. Skilled 
in philosophy ; rational ; wise. 

Phll'o-soph'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
philosophical manner. 

Phi-los'o-phism, n. Love or use of 
fallacious arguments. 

Phi-los'o-phxst, n. A lover of 
sophistry. 

Phi-los'o-phize, v. ?'. [-ED : -ING.j 
To reason like a philosopher ; to 
search into the reason and nature of 
things. 

Phi-los'o-phy, n. 1. Knowledge of 
phenomena as explained by, and re- 
solved into, causes and reasons, pow- 



ers, and laws. 2. A particular philo- 
sophical system. 

PHnyo-TECH'Nic, )a. [Gr. 4>i- 

PHIL'O-TECH'NIC-AL, ) Ao?, loving, 
and TexvTj, an art.] Devoted to the 
arts. 

Phil'ter, n. [Gr. <pL\.Tpov, from <Ju- 
Aeiv, to love.] A potion or charm to 
excite love. 

Phiz, n. [A contraction of physiog- 
nomy.] The face ; visage. [Colloq.] 

Phle-bot'o-mi'st, n. One who prac- 
tices phlebotomy. 

PHLE-BOT'0-MY,n. [Gr. (jiXefiorOfxia; 
<tjAe'<//, a vein, and to/utj, a cutting.] 
The act of opening a vein for the pur- 
pose of letting blood. 

Phlegm (i'lfcm), n. [Gr. Qkeyixa, 
flame, inflammation, phlegm.] 1. One 
of the four humors of which the an- 
cients supposed the blood to be com- 
posed. 2. Mucus of the respiratory 
and digestive passages. 3. Dullness ; 
coldness ; sluggishness. 

PHLEG-MAT'l€, a. 1. Abounding in 
phlegm. 2. Cold ; dull; heavy. 

Phlo-gis'TIC, a. 1. Partaking of 
phlogiston. 2. Inflammatory. 

PHLO-Gis'TON, n. [Gr. 4>Koy«no<;, 
burnt, fr. <j)\oyi£eiv, to set on fire, to 
burn.] The supposed principle of 
inflammability ; caloric. 

Phlox,??. [Gr. <£>A6£, flame.] A genus 
of flowering plants. 

Phce'nix, n. See Phenix. 

Pho-net'I€, a. [Gr. <£wvt/tikos ; 
<f><nvrj, a sound.] 1. Pertaining to 
the voice, or its use. 2. Represent- 
ing sounds. 

Pho-net''^s : r> .«*«£•. Science of the 
sounds of the human voice. 

PHON'E-TIST, n. One versed in pho- 
netics ; a phonologist. 

PHON'I€, a. Same as PHONETIC. 

Pho'no-graph, «. 1. A mark indi- 
cating a distinct spoken sound. 2. 
An instrument for registering and 
re-producing sounds. 

Pho-nog'ra-pher, n. One skilled 
in phonography. 

PHO'NO-GRAPH're, ) a. Pertain- 

Pho'ko-graph'I€-al, J ing to, or 
based upon, phonography. 

Pho-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. $wi/?j. 
sound, and ypd<j>tcv, to write.] A 
representation of sounds by distinct- 
ive characters ; a system of short- 
hand. 

PHO'NO-LOG'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

Pho/no-LOG'I€-AL, I to phonology. 

Pho'nol'o-g:st, n. One versed in 
phonology. 

Pho-nol'o-GY, n. [Gr. <fW??., sound, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A science of 
the elementary sounds uttered by the 
human voice in speech ; phonetics. 

Pho-not'y-py, n. [Gr. <?Wr?, sound, 
and tvttos, tvpe.J Art of represent- 
ing sounds by distinct characters. 

Phos'phate,ji. A salt of phosphoric 
acid. 

PHOS'PHOR-ATE, V. t. [-EB ; -ING.] 
To combine with phosphorus. 

PlIOS'PHOR-EsCE', v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To shine, as phosphorus does. 



Phos'phor-es'cence, n. State of 
being phosphorescent. 

Phos'phor-es'cent, a. Shining 
with a faint light. 

Phos-phor'ic, a. Pertaining to 
phosphorus. 

Phos'phor-oOs, a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, phosphorus. 

Phos'PHOR-us, n. [Gr. fyixtafyopos, 
i. e., light-bringer.] 1. The morning 
star. 2. A combustible substance, of a 
yellowish color, resembling fine wax. 

Phos'phu-ret, ?t. A combination of 
phosphorus with another substance. 

Phos'phu-ret'ed (137), a. Com- 
bined with phosphorus. 

Pho'to-gen'ic, a. [Gr. <pa><;, <?Wr6?, 
light, and •yeVeiv, to produce.] J'er- 
taining to photogeny ; producing 
light. 

Pho-tog'e-ny, n. Art of taking pic- 
tures by the action of light on a 
chemically prepared ground. 

Pho'to-grXph, ??. A picture pro- 
duced by photography. 

Pho-tog'ra-pher, I n. One who 

Pho-tog'ra-phist, ) practices pho- 
tography. 

PHO'TO-GRAPH're, la. Pertain- 

Pho'to-graph'ic-al, J ing to, or 
obtained by, photography. 

Pho-tog'ra-phy, ??. [Gr. <££><;, <p<a- 
to5, light, and ypafyeiv, to write.] 
Art of producing pictures of objects 
by the action of light on chemically 
prepared surfaces, esp. on paper. 

Plio-TOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. <£a>s, (fWros, 
light, and fj-erpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for mensuring the relative 
intensities of light. 

Pho-tom'e-try, n. Science which 
treats of the measurement of the in- 
tensity of light. 

Phrase, n. [Gr. <fjpd<xis, fr. (£pd£eiV, 
to speak.] 1. A brief expression, or 
part of a sentence. 2. A short, pithy, 
and familiar expression. 3. Style of 
expression; diction. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ing.] To express in words, or in 
peculiar words. 

Phra'se-o-log'ic, la. Pertain- 

Phra'se-o-log'I€-AL, ) ing to phra- 
seology. 

PHRA^E-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. <f>pd(ri<;, 
phrase, and Aoyo?, speech, discourse.] 
1. Manner of expression ; peculiar 
words u^ed in a sentence. 2. A col- 
lection of phrases in a language. 
Syx. — See Diction. 

Phre-net'ic, a. Frantic ; mad- See 
Frantic. 

PlIRE-NI'TIS, n. [Gr. <f>pevtTi<s; (ppijv, 
midriff, mind.] 1. Inflammation of 
the brain. 2. Madness. See FRENZY. 

Phren'o-log'ic, I a. Pertaining 

PhrEN'o-log'ic-al, ) to phren- 
ology. 

Phre-nol'o-gist, n. One versed iu 
phrenology. 

Phre-ivol'o-GY, n. [Gr. <J>p7j?', 4> pf - 
vos, mind, and Aoyos, discourse ] The 
theory that the mental faculties are 
shown on the surface of the skull. 

Phren'§y, n. Same as Frenzy. 

PHRYG'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Phryg- 



I, E, I, O, fj, Y,long; Ajli^l', 6, D, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£B,JI; PIQUE, FIRM; B^xV 



PHTHISIC 



317 



PIED 



ia ; — applied to a sprightly kind of 
music among the ancients. 
Phthis/ic ( tiz'ik), re. Same as PHTHI- 
SIS. 

EST* This term is sometimes popular- 
ly, but erroneously, applied to any diffi- 
culty of breathing. 

Phthis'ic-al (tlz'ik-al), ) a. Hav- 

Phthis'?ck-y (tiz'ik-y), ) ing, or 

: belonging to, the phthisic. 

FhthI'SIS (thi'sis), re. [Gr. 4>0L<n$, 
fr. <f>6ieiv, to waste away.] Pulmon- 
ary consumption. 

PhY-LA€'TER-Y, re. [Gr. <f>v\aKTrjpLov, 
from <pv\cucTT)p, a guard.] 1. Any 
charm or spell. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) 
A slip of parchment on which were 
written certain passages of the Pen- 
tateuch. 

Phys/ic, re. [See Physical.] 1. 
Theory or practice of medicine. 2. 
Internal application for the cure of 
sickness. 3. A purge ; a cathartic. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 135.] 1. To treat 
with physic ; to purge. 2. To cure. 

Ph$s'I€-al, a. [Gr. 4>v<n»c6s, from 
<pvai<s, nature.] 1. Pertaining to na- 
ture, as including all created exist- 
ences , also, relating to natural or 
material things. 2. Pertaining- to 
physics, or the science of nature. 3. 
Corporeal ; external. [manner. 

Phys'ic-al-LY, adv. In a physical 

Phy-si'cian (-zish'an), n. One skilled 
in ptiysic ; a doctor of medicine. 

Phys'1-cist, n. One versed in physics. 

PHYS'ICS, re. sing. [Gr. <^v<riicrj (sc. 
6ewpia). See PHYSICAL.] Science 
of nature or of natural objects ; es- 
pecially, natural philosophy. 

PHfs'i-OG-NOM'ie, 1 a. Pertain- 

PHYga-OG-NOM'IC-AL, j ing to 

physiognomy. 

Phys/i-og-nom'ics, re. sing. Same 
as Physiognomy. 

Phys'i-og'no-mist, re. One skilled 
in physiognomy. 

Phy§'i-6g'no-my, re. [Gr. <£>v(noyv«- 
fjLOvia. ; <f>va-is, nature, and •yvio/u.wv, 
a judge.] 1. Art or science of dis- 
cerning the character of the mind 
from the features of the face. 2. 
particular expression of countenance. 

Phys/i-o-log'ic, I a. Relating to 

Phys'i-o-log'ic-al, J physiology. 

PHYsa-OL'O-GlST, n. One who is 
versed in physiology. 

PHYS/I-OL'0-GY,re. [Gr. $vcrio\oyCa ; 
<f>v<ri<;, nature, and Aoyo?, discourse.] 
That department of natural science 
which treats of she organs and their 
functions. 

Physique (fe/z5k'), n. [Fr.] Phys- 
ical structure of a person. 

Phy-tog'ra-phy, re. [Gr. <pvTov, a 
plant, and ypd^etv, to write.] A de- 
scription of plants. 

Phy-tol'o-gy, re. [Gr. 4>vtcv, plant, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A discourse 
or treatise on plants ; botany. 

Pi, re. Type confusedly mixed. 

PI-AG'U-LAR, a. [Lat. piacularis, fr. 
piaculum, a propitiatory sacrifice.] 

1. Expiatory ; having power to atone. 

2. Criminal ; atrociously bad. 



PT'A MA'TER. [Lat., a tender moth- 
er.] The vascular membrane invest- 
ing the brain. [piano-forte. 

PI-A'nist, re. A performer on the 

Pi-A'NO, a. [It.] (Mus.) Soft;— a 
direction to the performer. 

Pi-A'NO, )re. [It. piano, soft, 

PI-A'NO-FOR'TIJ, ) and forte, strong.] 
A keyed musical instrument. 

Pi-az'za (147), re. [It. See Place.] 
1. A kind of portico, supported by 
columns. 2. A square open space 
surrounded by buildings. [Italy.] 

Pl'BROCH, re. [Gael, piobaireachd ', 
pipe-music] A wild, irregular spe- 
cies of music played on the bagpipe. 

Pi'cA, re. [Lat. pica, a pie, magpie.] 
1. The magpie. 2. (R. Cath. Church.) 
A directory for devotional services. 
3. A kind of type of two sizes. 

This type is pica. 
This type is small pica. 

Pi'€A-dor', re. [Sp.] A horseman 
armed with a lance in a bull-fight. 

PlC / A-RO"ON', re. [Sp. picaron, augm. 
of picaro, a rogue.] A plunderer of 
wrecks ; a pirate. 

Pie'A-YtJNE', re. [Indian.] A small 
coin of the value of 6| cents. 

Pic'CA-LlL'Lljre. A pungent East In- 
dian pickle. 

Pick, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. py- 
can,pecca?i. Cf. Peck.] 1. To strike 
at with any thing pointed ; to open, 
as a lock ; to separate, as wool, oak- 
um, &c. 2. To pull apart or away ; 
to pluck. 3. To cleanse, by remov- 
ing with a pointed instrument. 4. 
To take up suddenly. 5. To choose ; 
to select ; hence, to desire. 6. To 
bring together. — v.i. 1. To eat 
slowly. 2. To do any thing nicely. 
3. To steal. — re. 1. A sharp-pointed 
tool ; a pickax. 2. Choice. 

PIck'a-nin'ny, re. [Prop. fr. Sp. pi- 
aade nirio.] A negro or mulatto in- 
fant. [Southern Stales.] 

Pick'ax, ) re. A pick 

Pick' axe, J with a point 
at one end or at each { 
end. 

Pic k'e d T60) , a. Point- 
ed; sharp. Flckax - 

PiCK'ED-NESS. re. State of being 
picked, or pointed. 

Pick'er-EL, re. [Dim. of pike.] A 
fresh-water fish ; a kind of pike. 

Pic K'E T, re. [Fr. piquet, prop. dim. 
of pique, pike.] 1. A stake or nar- 
row board sharpened. 2. (Mil.) A 
guard posted in front of an army, so 
as to form a chain of outposts. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To fortify with 
pickets. 2. To fasten to a picket. 

Pick'ET-GUARD, re. A guard of horse 
and foot always in readiness in case 
of alarm. 

PlCK'ING, re. 1. Act of plucking. 2. 
That which is left to be picked. 3. 
Act of stealing. 

PICK'LE (plk'l), re. [H. Ger. pdkel; 
so called, some say, after one Wm. 






Pdkel, who invented the art of pick- 
ling herrings.] 1. A solution of salt 
and water for preserving fish and 
meat ; brine. 2. Vinegar, sometimes 
spiced, in which vegetables, &c, may 
be preserved. 3. Article of food pre- 
served in vinegar. 4. A disagreeable 
position. — v. t [-ed; -ing.] To 
preserve in brine or pickle. 

Pick'lock, re. A person or tool to 
open locks without the key. 

PIck'pock-et, re. One who stealc 
from the pocket of another. 

Pick'wick, re. A pointed instrument 
for picking up the wick of a lamp. 

PIC'NIC, re. [From Fr. piquer, to prick, 
to lard, and nique, a small coin.] An 
entertainment carried by a party on 
an excursion of pleasure into the 
country ; also the party itself, —v.i. 
To go on a picnic. 

Pl€T, re. One of a tribe of Scythians 
who_settled in Scotland. 

Pic-to'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to- 
or illustrated by, pictures. 

Pic-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In a picto 
rial manner. 

Pict'ure (53), re. [Lat. pictura, from 
pingere, to paint.] 1. A likeness 
drawn in colors ; any graphic repre- 
sentation. 2. Art or representation 
by drawing or painting. 3. That 
which, by its likeness, brings vividly 
to mind some other thing. 

Syn\ — Painting. — Every kind of 
drawing is a picture, whether in pencil, 
crayons, or India ink, &c; a, painting ia 
a representation by means of color. This 
holds good in a figurative sense; the his- 
torian draws a lively picture, the poet 
paints in glowing colors. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To draw or 
paint a resemblance of ; to represent. 

Pict'ur-esque', a. Fitted to form a 
good or pleasing picture. 

Pid'dle, t<. i. [A different spelling 
of peddle.] 1. To spend time in tri- 
fling objects. 2. To eat or drink 
squeamishly. 3. To urinate. 

Pie (pi), re. 1. [Cbntr. fr. Eng. pasty.] 
Paste baked with something in it or 
under it, as apple, &c. 2. [Lat. pica.] 
A magpie. [See PICA.] 3. The old 
Roman Catholic service-book. 4. 
Same as Pi. 

PlE'BALD, a. [For pie-balled, fr. pie > 
the magpie.] Of various colors. 

Piece, re. [Fr. piece, of Celtic origin.) 
1. A fragment or part of any thing; 
portion. 2. An individual article; 
single effort ; definite performance. 

Syn\ — Distance. — Some, among our 
common people, use piece for distance in 
phrases like this: " He went forward a 
piece" meaning, over a piece or portion 
of the road. This has no sanction in 
good usage, and ought to be avoided ae a 
gross vulgarism. 

— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] Toenlargeor 
mend by adding a piece ; to patch. 

— v.i. To be compacted, as parts 
into a whole. 

Piece'meal, adv. [See Meal.] In 
or by pieces ; by little and little. — a. 
Single ; separate. 

Pied, a. [Eng. pie, the party-colored 
bird . ] Variegated with spots . 



OR, DO, WOLF, TO"b, TOOK j ©RN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent , C,G,so/*; €,&,hard; Ag; EXIST; N, as NG ; THIS 



PIER 



318 



PINEAL 



PIER, n. [Fr. pierre, a stone.] 1. A 
mass of stone-work for supporting 
an arch, &c. 2. Part of the wall of 
a house between the windows or 
doors. 3. Stone-work, projecting 
into the sea ; a mole. 4. A project- 
ing wharf. 

Pierce, t<.{. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr.per- 
cer, contr. fr. pertuisier, fr. Lat. per- 
tundere, per tu sum, to beat, push, 
bore through.] 1. To thrust into or 
transfix with a pointed instrument. 
2. To force a way into. 3. To touch, 
as the affections. 4. To dire into, as 
a secret. — v. i. 1. To enter, as a 
pointed instrument. 2. To force a 
way into or through. 3. To pene- 
trate, as into a secret. 

Pierce 'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
pierced. [between windows. 

PlER'-GLASS, n. A mirror hanging 

Pi-e'ri-an (89), a. [From Mt. Pierus, 
in Thessaly.] Pertaining to the 
Muses._ [between windows. 

PlER'-TA'BLE, re. A table standing 

Pl'E-TlgM, re. Religion of the Pietists. 

Pi'e-tist, n. One of a class of relig- 
ious reformers in Germany who have 
sought to restore piety to the Protes- 
tant churches. 

Pl'E-TY, n. [Lat. pietas, piety ; pivs, 
pious.] 1. Affectionate reverence of 
parents, friends, &c. 2. Zealous de- 
votion to the service of God. 
Syn. — See Religion. 

PIg, re. [D. big, bigge.] 1. The young 
of swine. 2. An oblong mass of 
metal, —v. t. or?, [-ged; -ging.] 
1. To bring forth pigs. 2. To lie 
together like pigs. 

Pig'eon (pij'un), n. [From Lat. pipio, 
a young chirping bird.] A gallina- 
ceous birdj of several species. 

PlG'EON-HOLE, re. A little division 
in a case for papers. [are kept. 

Pig'ger-y, re. A place where swine 

PlG'GIN, n. [Gael, pigean, dim. of 
pigeacfh, an earthen jar or pot.] A 
small wooden dipper with an erect 
handle. 

PIg'ment, re. [Lat pigmentum, fr. 
the root of pingere, to paint.] A 
color for painting ; paint. 

Pig'my, n. See Pygmy. 

Pig'no-ra'tion, re. [L. Lat. pigno- 
ratio, fr. pignorare, to pledge.] Act 
of pledging or pawning. 

Pig'tail, re. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. 
Hair tied in the form of a pig's tail ; 
a cue. 3. A roll of twisted tobacco. 

Pike, re. [Fr. pique, H. Ger. pieke. 
Cf. Lick and Leak.] 1. A long 
staff, with a pointed steel head ; a 
spear. 2. A voracious fresh-water 
fish. 3. A turnpike road. 

PXk'ed (60), a. Ending in a 
point. 

Pike'staff (149), re. Staff 
or shaft of a pike. 

P!f-L*s'TER, re. [L. Lat. pi- 
lastrum, fr. Lat. pila, a pil- 
lar.] A square column, 
usually set within a wall. 

Pfi/CHARD, re. A fish resem- 
bling the herring. 



Pilas- 
ter. 



PILE, m. [Lat. pila, a ball, globe, pila, 
a pier of stone.] 1. A roundish 
mass of things ; a heap. 2. A mass 
regularly formed by lasers, and de- 
signed for a special use. 3. A large 
building, or mass of buildings. 4. 
[A.-S. pil, stake, Lat. pila, a pillar.] 
A pointed piece of timber, driven 
into the earth. 5. [Lat. pilus, hair.] 
The nap, as of velvet. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile. 
2. To fill above the brim or top. 

Piles, 71.pl. [Lat. pila, a ball.] A 
disease consisting of tumors of blood 
about the anus. 

PIl'fer, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [See 
Pelf.] To practice petty theft. 

PlL'FER-ER, re. One who pilfers. 

Pil-gXr'li€, re. [See Pill, to rob, 
to pillage.] One who has lost his 
hair by disease; a poor, forsaken 
wretch. 

Pil'grim, re. [From Lat. peregrinus, 
a foreigner.] A traveler ; especially 
one who travels to a distance to visit 
a holy place. 

PIl'grim-age, re. A journey to a 
shrine or other sacred place. 
Syn.— See Journey. 

PIll, m. [Lat. pila, a ball, pilula, a 
little ball, a pill.] 1. A little ball of 
medicine. 2. Any thing nauseous. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. piller. 
See Peel.] To rob ; to pillage. 

PtL'LAGE (45), re. [Fr. See supra.] 
1. Act of plundering. 2. That which 
is taken from another by open force, 
especially in war. 

Syn. — Plunder. — Pillage refers par- 
ticularly to the act of stripping the suf- 
ferers of their poods, while plunder refers 
to the removal of the things thus taken. 
Under these aspects the words are freely 
interchanged. 

— v. I. [-ED; -ING.] To strip of 
money or goods by open violence ; to 
plunder. 

PlL'LA-GER, re. One who pillages. 

PlL'LAR, re. [Lat. pila.] 1. A column 
to support an arch, a roof, &c. 2. 
That which resembles such a pillar. 

Pill'ION (-yun), re. [Lat. pilus, hair. 
Cf. Pillow.] A cushion attached 
to the hinder part of a saddle, as a 
second seat. 

Pil'lo-ry, re. [L. Lat. pili orium., fr. 
Lat. pila, a pillar.] A frame through 
which the head and hands of a crim- 
inal were put, to punish him. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To punish with the 
pillory. 

PTl'low, re. [0. Eng. pilewe ,peloive , 
from Lat. pulvinus.] A cushion to 
support the head. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To rest or lay for support. 

Pil'low-bier, 1 re. [L. Ger. bine or 

PlL'LOW-CASE, ) buhre^ a pillow- 
case.] A covering for a pillow. 

Pi-lose', a. [Lat. pilosus, fr. pilus, 
hrir.] Hairy ; covered with long, 
distinct hairs. 

Pi-los'I-ty, n. Hairiness. 

Pl'LOT. re. [Prob. fr. L. Ger. pilen,pei- 
len, to measure, and Ger. loth, plum- 
met.] 1. One who steers ships, par- 



ticularly where navigation is danger- 
ous. 2. A guide. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To direct the course of, as a ship. 

2. To guide through difficulties. 
Pl'LOT-AGE (45), n. 1. Compensation 

to a pilot. 2. The guidance of a pilot. 

Pl'LOT-BREAD, n. Hard bread or 
ship biscuit. 

Pi'lot-€L6th, n. A coarse, stout 
kind of cloth. , 

Pl'LOtJS. a. [See PILOSE.] nairyj 
abounding with hair. 

PI-men'ta, )n. [From Lat. pigmen- 

Pi-MEN'TO, ) turn, a paint, juice of 
plants.] Aromatic fruit of a certain 
tree; allspice. 

Pimp, n. [Cf. Fr. pimpant, smart, 
sparkish.] A procurer ; a pander. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To procure lewd 
women for the gratification of others. 

PlM'PER-NEL, n. [N.Lat.pimpinella, 
L. Lat. bipinnella, for bipinnula, two- 
winged.] A plant of several species. 

PlM'PLE (pTm'pl), n. [A.-S. pinpel, 
pustule, pipelian, to blister.] A 
small pointed elevation of the cuticle, 
differing from a pustule in not con- 
taining pus or a fluid. 

Pim'plbd (pim'pld), a. Full of, or 
abounding in, pimples. 

Pin, n. [Icel. pinni, W. pin.] 1. A 
pointed instrument of wood or met- 
al. 2. A thing of trifling value ; a 
trifle. 3. That which resembles a 
pin in its form or use. — v. t. [-NED ; 
-NING ] 1. To fasten, as with a pin. 
2. To inclose ; to pen. 

Pin'a-fore', n. An apron to cover 
the front part of the l>ody ; a tier. 

PiN'-eASE, n. A case for holding pins. 

PIn'CERS, n. pi. [Fr.pivcc, pincers, 
from ptncer, to pinch.] Pinchers. 

PINCH (66), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
pincer, from 0. D. pitsen, to pinch, 
cut.] 1. To squeeze as between the 
fingers. 2. To squeeze between any 
two hard bodies. 3. To oppress with 
want. — v. ?'. 1. To act with press- 
ing force ; to bear hard. 2. To be 
covetous. — n. 1. A squeezing with 
the ends of the fingers ; also, that 
which is taken between them. 

PInch'BECK, a. [From the name of 
the inventor.] An alloy of copper 
and zinc, resembling gold. 

PiNCH'ER§, n. pi. [From pinch.] An 
instrument for griping things to be 
held fast, &c. 

Pin'cush-ion, n. A small cushion 
in which pins may be stuck. 

PlN-DAR'l€, n. An irregular ode in 
imitation of these of Pindar, an an- 
cient Grecian poet. — a. After the 
style of Pindar. 

PlNE,n. [Lat. plnns.] 1. A genus 
of trees of many species, or its wood. 
2. A pine-apple. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING. ] 
•[A.-S. ptnan, pinion] 1. To los« 
flesh ; to grow lean. 2. To languish 
with desire. — v. t. To wear out ; to 
make to languish. 

Pl-NE'AL, or PlN'E-AL, a. [Lat. pinea, 
cone of a pine, from pinus, a pine.] 
Pertaining to, or resembling a pine- 
cone. 






Kj E, I, d,U,Y,Zon£7 A, ii,I, 6, G, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VFJL, TERM', PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



i>INE-APPLE 



319 



PITCHY 



PlNE'-AP-PLE, n. A tropical 
plant and its conical fruit 

PIn'-feath'er, n. A small 
or short feather somewhat 
like a pin in form. 

PlN'lON (-yun), n. [Fr. Lat. 
pinna, feather, wing.] 1. 
A feather ; a quill. 2. A 
wing. 3. Joint of a wing 
most remote from the body. 
4. A shackle for the arm. 5. A small 
toothed wheel, working into a larger 
one. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To bind 
the wings or a^ma of. 

PINK, n. [From D. pinken,pinkoogen, 
to twinkle with the eyes.] 1. A small 
eye. 2. A plant, and its flower. 3. 
A combination of a pure vivid red 
with more or less white. 4. Some- 
thing supremely excellent — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To work in eyelet- 
holes ; to cut or work in small scol- 
lops. 2. To stab ; to pierce. 

PlN'-MdN'EY, n. Money allowed a 
wife for her private expenses. 

PlN'NACE, n. [Lat. pinus, a pine- 
tree, any thing made of pine.] 1. A 
small vessel. 2. A boat usually 
rowed with eight oars. 

PlN'NA-t'LE, n. [Lat. pinnaculum,fr. 
pinna, pinnacle.] 1. A slender point- 
ed turret. 2. A high, spiring point. 

PIn'NATE, I a. [Lat. pinnatus, 

PlN'NA-TED, I feathered.] 1. Shaped 
like a feather. 2. Furnished with 
fins. 

PINT, n. [A.-S.pynt.] Haifa quart. 
In medicine, twelve ounces. 

PlN'TLE (pin'tl), n. [A dim. of pin.] 
1. A long iron bolt to prevent the 
recoil of a cannon. 2. A hook on 
which a rudder is hung to its post. 

PIN'- WORM (-warm), n. A thread- 
like intestinal worm. 

PlN'y, a. Abounding with pines. 

Pl'O-NEER', n. [Fr. pionnier, orig. a 
foot-soldier.] One who goes before 
to remove obstructions or prepare 
the way for another ; hence, a first 
settler. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
go before and prepare a way for. 

Pi'o-ny, n. See Peony. 

PI'ous, a. [Lat. pius.] 1. Having 
filial reverence for a parent. 2. Hav- 
ing, or dictated by, reverence and 
love toward the Supreme Being. 3. 
Practiced under a show of religion. 

Syn.— Godly; devout; religious; holy. 

Pi'oBs-ly, adv. In a pious manner. 

PIp, n. ■ [L. Lat. pipita, from Lat. 
pituita, slime or phlegm; in fowls, 
the pip.] 1. A disease of fowls. 2. 
[Fv.pepin.] Seed of an apple, orange, 
&c. 3 A spot on cards. — v. i. 
[See Peep.] To cry or chirp, as a 
chicken. 

PlPE,n. [A.-S. pipe, Icel. pipa. Cf. 
Fife.] 1. A cylindrical wind in- 
strument of music. 2. Any long 
tube, esp. one with a bowl for smok- 
ing. 3. A cask of 126 gallons, used for 
wine. — v. i. [-ED-. -ING.] 1. To 
play on a pipe 2. To have a shriU 
sound ; to whistle. 



PlP'ER, n. One who plays on a pipe. 

PlP'lNG, p. a. 1. Giving forth a weak, 
shrill sound. 2. Simmering ; boiling. 
[Colloq.] — n. [From pipe.] A kind 
of cord trimming, [earthen boiler. 

PlP'KIN, n. [Dim. of pipe.] A small 

PlP'PlN, n. [Prob. fr. pip, a spot, be- 
cause of the spots on its skin.] A 
kind of tart apple. 

PIqu'an-cy (pik'an-sy), n. State or 
quality of being piquant. 

Syn. — Sharpness ; pungency ; tart- 
ness; severity. 

PlQU'ANT (pik'ant), a. [Fr., p. pr. of 
piquer, to prick.] 1. Stimulating to 
the tongue. 2. Sharp ; tart ; pun- 
gent ; severe. 

PIqu'ant-ly (pTk'ant-), adv. In a 
piquant manner. 

Pique (peek), n. [Fr.] k feeling of 
annoyance or resentment awakened 
by a social slight or injury. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To excite; to ex- 
cite to anger. 2. To excite to action 
by causing resentment or jealousy. 
3. To pride or value. 

Syn. — To offend; irritate; nettle. 

Pl-QUET' (pT-ket/), n. [Fr.] A game 
at cards played between two persons. 

PVRA-9Y, n. [Gr. TretpaTeta.] 1. Rob- 
bery on the high seas. 2. Infringe- 
ment of the law of copyright. 

Pl'RATE (45), n. [Gr. 7retpa-nj5, from 
iretpav, to attempt.] 1. A robber on 
the high seas. 2. An armed vessel 
sailing without a legal commission, 
for the purpose of plundering. 3. 
One who publishes the writings of 
others without permission. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To tako by theft, or 
without right or permission. 

PI-rXt'I€-al, a. Pert lining to a pi- 
rate ; practicing piracy. [manner. 

Pl-RAT'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a piratical 

Pl-ROGUE' (pl-rog'), n. [Orig. an In- 
dian word.] 1. A canoe formed out 
of the trunk of a tree. 2. A kind of 
[narrow ferry-boat. [Amer.] 

Pir/ou-ette', n. [Fr., prop. a turn- 
ing wheel.] A whirling about on the 
toes in dancing. 

Pis'ca-RY, n. [Lat. piscarius, relat- 
ing to fishes, from pisr.is, a fish.] 
Right of fishing in another man's 
waters. _ 

Pis'€A-to'ri-al, } a. [Lat. piscatori- 

Pls'€A-TO-RY, ] us,fr. piscator,& 
fisherman.] Relating to fishes or to 
fishing. 

PIs'pE§, n. pi, [Lat. piscis, a fish.] 
The Fishes, the twelfth sign of the 
zodiac. 

Pis'ci-cult'ure (53), n. [Lat. piscis, 
a fish, and cultura, culture.] Arti- 
ficial propagation and nurture of 
fish. 

PlsH, inter j. Pshaw; — an exclama- 
tion of contempt. — v. i. To express 
contempt by Apish. 

PIs'MlRE, n. [Eng. piss, and mire; 
because it discharges a kind of moist- 
ure, regarded by the vulgar as urine. 
See MIRE.] The ant or emmet. 

Pl'SO-LiTE (49), n. [Gr. *riW, a pea, 



and Jutfos, stone.] A calcareous stone, 
made up of smalt globular concre- 
tions. 

PlS'SAS-PHALT, n. [Gr. 7.-io-(rao-<f>aA- 
tos ; nCcraoL, pitch, turpentine, and 
<xo-</>aA.TOs , asphalt.] Earth-pitch ; a 
soft_bitumen. 

PlS-TA'9HIO (pis-ta'sho), n. [Sp , fr 
Gr. 7ncrrd/aoi> ] The nut of a kind 
of turpentine -tree. 

PYs'ta-reen', n . A silver coin of tho 
value of 17 or 18 cents. 

Pis'til, n. [N. Lat., fr. Lat. pis- 
tillum, a pestle.] An organ in a 
flower, inclosing the seed; a 
carpel. 

Pls'TOL, n. [From Pistoja, 0. 
It. Pistola, where they weret 
first made.] A small fire-arm, 
to be fired from one hand. — v. p; 3 . 
t. b [-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, til. 
137.] To shoot with a pistol. 

Pis-tole', n. [It. pistola, contr. fr. 
piastuola, dim. of piastra, a piaster.] 
A gold coin of Spain worth about 
$3.60. 

Pls'TON,n [From Lat. pinsere,pis- 
tum, to stamp.] A short cylinder 
fitting exactly the cavity of a pump 
or barrel, within which it moves. 

PIT, n. [A.-S. pytt ov pitt.] 1. A large, 
deep hole in the ground. 2. An 
abyss; hell. 3. The grave. 4. An 
indenture or mark in the flesh. 5. 
Lowest place in a theater. 6. An 
area for a cock or dog fight. — v t. 
[-TED ; -TING.] 1. To indent. 2. To 
mark with little hollows. 3. To in- 
troduce as an antagonist to. 

PIt'a-pat', adv. [An onomatope.] 
In a flutter ; with palpitation. 

PITCH, n. 1. [Lat. pix, Gr. 7ri<ro-a.] 
A thick, black, sticky substance ob- 
tained by boiling down tar. 2. Tur- 
pentine. [Improper.] 3. [See PEAK.] 
A point, peak, or degree of elevation. 

4. Degree of elevation of the voice, or 
of an instrument, &c. 5. Degree ; 
rate ; position. 6. Beginning of a 
declivity; the declivity itself ; slope. 
7. Distance from center to center of 
any two adjacent teeth of gearing. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ing.\ 1. To cover 
over or smear with pitch. 2. To 
darken as if by smearing with pitch ; 
to obscure. 3. [A.-S. pyccan, t^ 
prick. [See Pick.] To throw ; U 
toss. 4. To plant ; to set in array. 

5. To fix the tone of. — v. i. 1. To 
light ; to settle. 2. To fall head- 
long. 3. To fix choice. 4. To en- 
camp. 5. To rise and fall, as a ship. 

PlTCH'ER, n. [0. Fr. picker, pichier, 
0. H. Ger. bechar , pechar . Cf. BEAK- 
ER.] A vessel with a spout for pour- 
ing out liquors. 

Pitch'fork, n. A fork to throw hay 
or sheaves of grain. 

PItch'-pine. n. One of several res- 
inous species of pine. 

Pitch'-pipe, n. A wind instrument 
for regulating the pitch of the key 
of a tune. 

PItch'y, a. Pertaining to, or like, 
pitch ; dark 



•R, DQ, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK ,- URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; As ; E£IST ; n, as NG ; THia 



PITEOUS 



320 



PLANO-CONCAVE 



PlT'E-OtJS, a. 1. Fitted to excite pity. 
2. Paltry ; mean ; pitiful. 

Syn. — Sorrowful; wretched; pitiable. 

PiT'E-ous-LY, adv. In a piteous 
manner. 

PlT'FALL, n. A pit slightly covered, 
for catching wild beasts or men. 

PIth, n. [A.-S. pidha.] 1. The soft, 
spongy substance in the center of 
many plants. 2. The spinal cord ; 
the marrow. 3. Vital or essential 
part ; strength ; importance. 

PIth'i-ly, adv. In a pithy manner. 

Pith'i-ness, n. State of being pithy. 

PtTH'LESS, a. Destitute of pith. 

PIth'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Con- 
taining, or full of, pith. 2. Forci- 
ble ; energetic. 

PIt'1-a-ble, a. Deserving pity; 
worthy of compassion. 

PIt'i-ful, a. 1. Full of pity; tender; 
compassionate. 2. Miserable ; mov- 
ing compassion. 3. Deserving pity 
for littleness or meanness. 
Syn.— See Contemptible. 

PIt'I-FTJL-LY, adv. In a pitiful man- 
ner, [pitiful. 

PlT'l-FUL-NESS, n. State of being 

Pit'i-less, a. Destitute of pity. 

PIt'i-less-ly, adv. In a pitiless 
manner. 

PlT'MAN (150), n. One who works in 
a pit, as in sawing timber, &c. 

PIt'saw, n. A saw worked vertically 
by two men. 

PlT'TANCE,n. [L. Lat. pittantia,orig. 
pity, fr. Lat. pietas.] 1. A charity 
gift. 2. Any small allowance ; a trifle. 

PI-TU'i-ta-ry, a. [Lat. pituita, 
phlegm.] Secreting phlegm or mu- 
cus, [sembling, mucus. 

Pi-tu'i-tous, a. Consisting of, or re- 

PlT'Y, n. [From Lat. pietas, piety, 
kindness.] 1. The feeling or suffer- 
ing, excited by the distiesses of an- 
other. 2. Thing to be regretted. 

Syn.— Compassion; sympathy. —Sym- 
pathy is literally fellow-feeling, and there- 
fore requires a certain degree of equality 
in situation, circumstances, &c, for its 
fullest exercise. Compassion is deep ten- 
derness for another under severe or inev- 
itable misfortune. Pity regards its ob- 
ject not only as suffering, but weak, and 
hence as inferior. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING-, 142.] To feel 
pain or grief for ; to have sympathy 
for. — v . i. To be compassionate ; 
to exercise pity. 

PTv'OT, n. [Fr. pivot, for pipot, from 
pipe, a pipe.] A pin fixed only at one 
end, and on which any thing turns. 

Pix, n. Same as Pyx. 

Pea^a-bTl'j-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing placable. 

Pla'€A-ble, a. [Lat. placabilis ; pla- 
cate, to quiet, pacify.] Capable of 
being appeased or pacified. 

iPl.A-cXRD', n. [Fr., fr. plaquer, to 
Jay or clap on.] A written or printed 
paper posted in a public place. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ing.] To post, as a writ- 
ing, in a public place. 

JLA'CATE,*?. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
j>lacare, -catum, from placer e, to 
please.] To appease or pacify. 



PLACE, n. [From Gr. TrAaTv's. TrAaTeia, 
flat, broad. I 1. An open jpace ; an 
area. 2. Any definite portion of 
space. 3. Rank ; degree ; especially 
social rank. 4. A dwelling ; a man- 
sion. 5. A village, town, or city. 6. 
A country. 7. Opportunity. 8. 
Room ; stead. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To assign a place to ; to fix. 2. 
To put in a particular rank or office. 

Place'MAN (150) n. One who has 
an office under a government. 

PLA-pEN'TA, n. [Lat., a cake.] The 
soft, spongy disk which connects the 
mother with the fetus in the womb. 

PL A- CER' ( pla-thar'; by Mexicans and, 
Calif ornians , pla-sar / ), n. [Sp.] A 
gravelly place where gold is found. 

PlXc'ID, a. [Lat. placid it s ; placere, 
to please.] Pleased ; contented ; se- 
rene ; tranquil. 

Pla-Cid'i-ty, n. State or quality of 
being placid. 

PlXc'id-ly, adv. In a placid man- 
ner ; calmly. [id. 

Plac'id-ness, n. State of being plac- 

Pla'gia-rIsm, n. Act or practice of 
plagiarizing. [izes. 

PlX'giA-R/st, n. One who plajriar- 

PLA'GIA-RIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
steal or purloin from the writings of 
another. 

PLA'GIA-RY,n. [Lat. plagiarius ; pla- 
gium, kidnapping.] One who pur- 
loins another's writings, ; nd offers 
them to the public as his own. — o. 
Practicing literary theft. 

Plague (plag), n. [Lat. plaga, a 
blow, stroke.] 1. Any afflictive evil 
or calamity. 2. A pestilential disease. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To vex; 
to tease. 2. To infest with natural 
evil of any kind. 

Syn. — To torment ; harass ; annoy. 
PLAGU'I-LY (plag'I-ly), adv. Vexa- 

tiously; extremely. [Low.] 
PLAGU'Y(plag/y), a.Vexatious. [Low.] 
Plaice, n. [Lat. platessa.] A fish, 

allied to the flounder. 
Plaid (plad), n. [Gael, plaide, contr. 

fr. peallaid, a sheep skin.] A striped 

or variegated cloth. 
Plain, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lut. planus.] 

1. Without elevations or depressions ; 

plane. 2. Open ; clear; unencum- 
bered. 3. Not intricate or difficult. 

4. Simple ; natural. 

Syn. — Manifest; level; flat; smooth; 

artless; sincere; downright; unreserved; 

distinct; homely. 

— adv. In a plain manner. — n. 1. 
Level land ; and usually, an open 
field. 2. A field of battle. —is. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To level; to make 
plain or even. 

Plain'-deal'er, n. One who speaks 

out his views with great plainness. 
Plain'-deal'ing, n. A speaking or 

acting with openness and sincerity. 
Plain'ly, adv. In a plain manner. 
Plain'ness (109), n. Quality or state 

of being plain. 
Plain'-spor/jen (20), a. Speaking 

wjth plain, unreserved sincerity. 
Plaint, n. [Lat. planctus, fr. plan- 



gere, planctum, to complain.] Audi- 
ble expression of sorrow ; complaint. 

PLAINT'IFF, n. [Fr. plaintif making 
complaint.] One who commences a 
personal action or suit in law. 

Plaint'Ive. a. 1. Expressive of sor- 
row ; complaining. 2. Serious ; sad. 

Plaint'Ive-ly, adv. In a plaintive 
manner. 

Plaint'ive-ness, n. Quality or etato 
of being plaintive. 

PLAIT, n. [Gr. irheicrri, a twisted rope, 
string.] 1. A fold; a doubling. 2. 
A braid, as of hair or straw. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To fold ; to double 
in narrow folds. 2. To braid; to 
plat. 3. To entangle ; to involve. 

Plan, n. [Lat. planus, flat, level.] 1. 
A draught or form ; especially the 
representation of any horizontal sec- 
tion. 2. A method of action or pro- 
cedure expressed in language. 

Syn. — See Scheme. 
— v.t. [-ned; -ning.] 1. To form 
a draught of. 2. To scheme ; to de- 
vise. 

Syn. — To sketch ; model; contrive. 

PlXnch'et, n. [Fr. planchette, a 
small board, dim. of/>Za/ic/ie,aboard, 
plank.] A disk of metal ready to be 
stamped. 

Plane, a. [Lat. planus.] Without 
elevations or depressions ; even ; lev- 
el ; flat ; pertaining to a plane. — n. 

1. A level surface, real or imaginary.- 

2. A tool for smoothing boards or 
other surfaces. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To make smooth ; to free from ine- 
qualities. 

PlXn'ET, n. [Gr. wAa^r*}?, and 
7rAavT)?, 7rAavrjTOs, a planet ; prop, a 
wanderer.] A celestial body revolv- 
ing about the sun. 

PlXn'et-a'ri-UM, n. An astronom- 
ical machine representing the mo- 
tions and orbits of the planets. 

PlXn'et-a-RY, a. Pertaining to the 
planets. 

PLANE'-TREE, n. [Gr. TrAaravo?, fr. 
■nKarvs, broad, fr. its broad leaves 
and spreading form.] A tree of the 
genus Platanus. 

PlXn'et-struck, a. Affected by the 
influence of planets. 

Pla-nim'E-TRY, n. [Lat. planus, 
plain, and Gr. fxerpov, measure.] 
Mensuration of plane surfaces. 

PlXn'ish, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
planir. See Plane.] To render 
smooth and level by gentle hammer- 
ing- 

PlXN'I-SPHERE, n. [Lat. planus, 
plane, and sphtera, sphere.] Rep- 
resentation of the circles of a sphere 
upon a plane, esp. of the celestial 
sphere, with adjustable circles, &c. 

PlXnk, n. [Lat. planca, allied to Gr. 
irA.a£, any thing fiat and broad.] A 
broad piece of sawed timber, thicker 
than a board. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING. J 
To cover or lay with planks. 

PlXn'ner, n. One who plans. 

Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat od one 
side, and concave on the other. 



i,E, I, o,v } f, long; X, E,S,o,0, ¥, short; cAre, fXr, ask, all, what; Eke, veil, TERM; flQUE, firm; s6n, 



FLANO-CONICAL 



321 



PLEASURABLE 



Pla'no-€on'I€-al, a. Level on one 
side, and conical on the other. 

Pla'no-€ON'vex, a. Flat on one 
side, and convex on the other. 

PlXnt, n. [Lat. planta.] 1. A vege- 
table ; an organic body, having, when 
complete, a root, stem, and leaves. 
2. Fixtures and tools for carrying on 
any trade. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To put in the ground and cover, as 
seed. 2. To set in the ground, as a 
tree. 3. To engender. 4. To estab- 
lish; to introduce. — v.i. To per- 
form the act of planting. 

JPlAnt'ain(42), n. [Fr., fr. L&t.plan- 
tago.] A genus of plants of many 
species. 

PlXnt'ain (42), 1 n. A tropical 

PlXnt'AIN-tree, ) tree, fifteen or 
twenty feet high, bearing a fruit 
■which is a substitute for bread. 

PLAN-TA'TION, n. 1. A place planted ; 
esp. a large estate, cultivated chiefly 
by negroes. 2. A colony. 

PlXnt'er, n. 1. One who plants. 2. 
One who assists in colonizing in a 
new territory. 3. Owner of a plan- 
tation. 

PlXnt'I-€LE, n. [A dim. of plant.] 
A plant in embryo. 

PlXnt'i-grade, n. [Lat. planta, 
sole of the foot, and gradi, to walk.] 
An animal that walks on the sole of 
the foot, as the bear. 

PlXsh, v. i. [D. plassen, H. Ger. 
platschen.] To dabble in water; to 
splash. — v.t. [ ; ed; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. plaissier, fr. Lat. plexus, p. p. of 
plectere, to weave, twist.] To cut and 
intertwine the branches of. — n. 1. 
A puddle. 2. A dash of water ; a 
splash. 3. Branch of a tree partly 
cut, and bound to other branches. 

PLXsH'Y,a. Abounding with puddles. 

PlX§M, n. [Gr. 7rAa<rjua, fr. irkd&aeLV, 
to form.] A mold or matrix. 

PLAS'TER, n. [Gr. eixnkaa-Tpov.] 1. 
A composition of lime, water, and 
sand, for coating walls, &c. ; also, 
gypsum, as used for making mold- 
ings, &c. 2. An external applica- 
tion harder than an ointment. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To cover with plas- 
ter. 2. To cover with a plaster, as a 
wound. 3. To smooth over ; to con- 
ceal the defects of. 

Plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 

PlAs'TER-ING, n. A covering of 
plaster. 

PlXs'TI€, a. [Gr. irAao-TiKos ; irA.acr- 
creii/, to form.] 1. Having power to 
give form or fashion. 2. Capable of 
being molded or formed. 3. Per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, mold- 
ing or modeling. 

Plas-TIC'I-ty, n. State or quality of 
being plastic. 

£l3s'tron, n. [Fr., fr, Lat. plastra, 
a thin plate of metal.] A leather pad 
used by fencers to defend the body. 

PlXt, v.t. [-TED; -TING.] [From 
plait.] To form by interweaving ; 
•to weave. — n. 1. Work done by 
platting or interweaving. 2. [Cf. 
PLOT, the same word differently 



written; also, PLATE.] A small 
piece of ground laid out. 

PLATE, n. [Fr. flat, Sp. plato, It. 
piatto, Ger. platte, allied to Gr. 7rAa- 
tus, flat, broad.] 1. A piece of metal 
flattened. 2. Dishes wrought in gold 
or silver. 3. Metallic ware which is 
overlaid with gold or silver. 4. A 
small, shallow vessel to eat from. 5. 
An engraved piece of metal or an im- 
pression therefrom. 6. A page of 
stereotype for printing from. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To cover or over- 
lay, as with gold or silver. 2. To 
arm with plates of metal. 3. To 
beat into thin, flat pieces. 

PlA-teau' (-to'), n. [Fr., fr. plat, 
flat.], A broad level area of elevated 
land. [a plate. 

Plate'ful (155), n. Enough to fill 

Plate'-glass, n. A fine kind of 
glass, cast in thick plates, used for 
mirrors, &c. 

PlX'^'en, n. [See Plate.] The flat 
part of a printing-press. 

Plat'form, n. [Eng. plat (obs.), 
flat, and form.] 1. A flooring or 
horizontal frame-work of timber or 
boards. 2. A declaration of princi- 
ples by any body of men. 

Plat'i-nA, or Pla-ti'nA, n. See 
Platinum. 

Plat'ing, n. 1. Art of covering a 
baser metal with a thin plate, as of 
silver. 2. A thin coating of metal. 

PlXt'i-num, or Pla-tI'num, n. [N. 
Lat., fr. Sp. plata, silver.] Avery 
heavy and ductile metal ^f the color 
of silver. 

PlXt'i-TUDE (30), n. [Fr., /romplat, 
flat.] 1. Flatness; insipi, Hy. 2. 
A weak or empty remark. 

Pla-t6n'I€, fa. Pertainiag to 

Pla-ton'ic-al, J Plato, or to his 
philosophy or opinions. 

Platonic love, a pure, spiritual affec- 
tion subsisting between the sexes. 

Pla'to-nism, n. Doctrines of Plato 
and his followers. 

Pla/to-nist, n. A follower of Plato. 

Pla'to-nIze, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
adoptjhe opinions of the Platonists. 

Pla-toon', n. [Fr. pcloton, fr. Lat. 
pila, a ball.] Half of a company of 
soldiers. 

PlXt'ter, n. [Prob. fr. 0. ¥r.platel, 
N. Fr. plateau.] A large, shallow 
dish for provisions at table. 

Plau'DIT, n. [Lat. plaudite, do ye 
praise.] An expression of applause. 

PlaiVsi-BIL'i-TY, n. State of being 
plausible ; speciousness. 

PLAU'§I-BLE, a. [Lat. plausibilis, fr. 
plaudere, to applaud.] 1. Superfi- 
cially pleasing ; apparently right. 2. 
Using specious arguments. 

Syn. — Specious. — Both these words 
have a bad sense. Plausible denotes 
that which seems to satisfy the ear, and 
yet leaves distrust in the judgment. 
Specious describes that which carries a 
fair appearance to the eye, and- yet may 
cover something false. 

Plau'§i-bly, adv. In a plausible 
manner. 

PLAU'SIVE, a. Manifesting praise. 



Play, v. i. [-ejd ; -ing.] [A.-S. pie. 
gian.] 1. To engage in sport ; to 
frolic. 2. To trine. 3. To contend 
in a game ; to gamble. 4. To per- 
form on an instrument of music. 5. 
To operate. 6. To move irregularly. 
7. To act on the stage or in any par- 
ticular character. — v.t. 1. To put 
in action or motion. 2. To perform. 

Syn. — To sport; trifle; frolic. 
— n. 1. Series of actions for pleas- 
ure or amusement ; game. 2. Act of 
contending for victory, as at cards, 
&c. ; gaming. 3. Practice in any 
contest. 4. Action; use; manner 
of action. 5. A dramatic composi- 
tion or performance. 6. Perform- 
ance on an instrument of music. 7- 
Motion ; movement ; also, room for 
motion. 8. Liberty of acting ; scope. 

Play'-bill, n. A printed advertise- 
ment of a play, with the actor's parts. 

PLAY'ER, n. One who plays. 

PLAY'FUL, a. 1. Sportive. 2. In- 
dulging a sportive fancy. [ner. 

Play'ful-ly, adv. In a playful man- 
PL A y'-house, n. A theater. 

Play'MATE, n. A companion in play. 

PLAY'THiNG, n. Any thing that serves 
to amuse ; a toy. 

PLEA, n. [Lat. plaitum, placitum, fr. 
placer e, to please.] 1. The defend- 
ant's answer to a plaintiff's declara- 
tion and demand. 2. A lawsuit. 3. 
An excuse ; an apology. 4. Urgent 
prayer or entreaty. 

Plead, v.i. [pleaded (not plead, 
or pled); pleading.] [Fr. plai- 
der, L. Lat. placitare. See PLEA.] 
1. To argue in support or defense of 
a claim. 2. To make an allegation 
of fact in a cause ; to carry on a 
suit, — v. t. 1. To offer in proof, 
support, or excuse. 2. To attempt 
to maintain by arguments ; to argue. 
3. To allege and offer in a legal plea. 

Plead'er, n. One who pleads; es- 
pecially, a lawyer who makes a plea 
in a court of justice. 

Pleas/ant, a. [See Please.] 1. 
Grateful to the mind or senses. 2. 
Cheerful; enlivening; gay; lively. 

Plea§/ant-ly, adv. In a pleasant 
manner. 

PLEAS'ANT-RY, n. 1. Gayety; mer- 
riment. 2. Gentle raillery ; lively 
talk. 

Please, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
placer e.] To excite agreeable sensa-- 
tions or emotions in ; to gratify. — 
v. i. To be pleased; to like; to. 
choose; to comply. [satisfaction. 

PLEAS/ING, a. Giving pleasure or, 

Syn. — Pleasant; agreeable.— Pleasant 
is more particularly applied to things in 
the concrete, as pleasant weather, a 
pleasant day, ride, situation, &c. In 
respect to persons, pleasing is generally 
used to describe personal qualities, as, a 
pleasing countenance, &c. Agreeable is 
more used of social qualities and rela- 
tions, as, agreeable society, &c. These 
distinctions, however, are not in all. 
cases very accurately observed. 

Pleas/ur-A-ble (plezh'ur-a-bl), a. 
Pleasing; giving pleasure. 



THIS. 



or, do,wolf,to"o,200B; urn,rtje,pull; e, i, o , silent •, q,b,soft; e, 5, hard; as; exist; n.os.njg 



PLEASURABLY 



522 



PLUMB-LINE 



Pl£ as'ur-a-bl y , adv. In a pleasur- 
able'manner. 

Pleas/URE (plezh'ur), n. [See 
Please.] 1. Gratification of the 
senses or of the mind. 2. What the 
will dictates or prefers. 3. That 
which pleases. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To please ; to gratify. 

PLEA§'URE-GROUND, n. Ornamental 
ground appropriated to amusement. 

Ple-bE'ian (-yan), a. [Lat. plebeius; 
plebs, the common people.] Pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, the common 
people. — n. One of the common 
people. [beians. 

Ple-be'ian-Ism, n. Conduct of ple- 

PLEDGE (plej), n. [L. Lat. p/egium, 
prob. fr. Lat. prsebere, to proffer (sc. 
Jidem), trust.] 1. Something depos- 
ited as security ; a pawn. 2. Any 
thing given or considered as a secur- 
ity for the performance of an act. 3. 
The wishing of health to another. 

Stn. — See Earnest. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To leave as 
security. 2. To engage for by prom- 
ise. 3. To drink the health of. 

PlEdG'ee, n. One to whom any 
thing is pledged. 

Pledg'er, n. One who pledges. 

PLEDG'ET, n. [Prob. fr. pledge, to 
secure.] A compress, or small, flat 
tent of lint laid over a wound. 

Ple'iad (pl5/yad), n. One of the 
Pleiades. 

Ple'ia-des (ple'ya-dez), n. pi. [Gr. 
ILVeiafies, from 7rAeiv, to sail, as their 
rising indicated the time of safe nav- 
igation.] A group of seven stars sit- 
uated in the constellation Taurus. 

PLE'NA-Ri-LY,«</r. Fully. 

Ple'na-ri-ness, n. State of being 
plenary. 

Ple'na-ry, a. [Lat. plenus, full.] 
Full ; entire ; complete. [tent. 

Ple-nI'p'o-tence, n. State of being 
plenipotent. 

PLE-NiP'o-TENT, a. [Lat. plenus, 
full, and potens, potent.] Possessing 
full power. 

Plen/i-po-t£n'ti-a-ry (-shl-a-, 95), 
n. An embassador at a foreign court 
furnished with full powers. — a. 
Containing full power. 

PLEN'I-TUDE (30). n. [Int. plenitudo, 
fr. plenus, full.] Fullness ; complete- 
ness ; abundance. 

PlEn'te-oOs, a. 1. Sufficient for 
every purpose. 2. Having plenty ; 
well provided for ; rich. 

PLEN'TE-otJS-LY, adv. In a plente- 
ous manner. 

Pl£n'te-OUs-NESS, n. Abundance. 

Plen'TI-FUL, a. 1. Adequate to ev- 
ery purpose. 2. Affording ample 
supply. 

Plen'ti-ful-LY, adv. In a plenti- 
ful manner; copiously. 

PLEN'Tl-FUL-NESs,n. The state or 
quality of being plentiful; abund- 
ance ; copiousness. 

PJLfiN'TY, n. [Lat. plenitas, fr. plenus, 
full.] Full or adequate supply. 
Stn. — See Abundance. 



— a. Plentiful ; abundant ; copious. 
[Colloq. and inelegant.] 

PLE'0-NA§M, n. [Gr. TrAeovaajuos, fr. 
irkeova^f-iv, to be more than enough.] 
The use of more words to express 
ideas than are necessary. 

Ple'o-nas'TIC, a. Partaking of ple- 
onasm ; redundant. 

Pleth'o-rA, n. [Gr. TrA^pr?, from 
ir\y'i&<-Lv, to be or become full.] 1. 
Over-fullness of blood ; repletion. 2. 
A being over-full in any respect. 

PLE-THOR're, or Pleth'o-ric(123), 
a. Evincing plethora. 

Pleu'ra, n. [Gr. TrAevpa.] The 
membrane which covers the inside 
of the thorax, and invests the lungs. 

PLEU'RI-SY, n. [Lat. pleurisis, pleuri- 
tis, Gr. 7rAevpiTis.] An inflamma- 
tion of the pleura. 

Pl,EU-r1t'I€, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

Pleu-rit'I€-al, J to pleurisy. 2. 
Diseased with pleuris}'. 

Pleu/ro-pneu-mo'ni-A v -n~ mo/ni- 
a), n. [Gr. n\evpd, pleura, and 
uvev/xove?, the lungs.] Inflamma- 
tory disease of the pleura and lungs. 

PLEX'I-FORM,a. [Lat. plexus, a twist- 
ing, braiding, and,/brma,form.] Like 
net -work ; complicated. 

PLEX f VS,n. [See supra.] Any net- 
work of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 

Pli-a-bil'i-TY, n. Quality of being 
pliable. 

PLI'A-BLE, a. [Fr. , fr. plier, to bend, 
to fold.] 1. Easy to be bent. 2. 
Readily yielding to arguments, per- 
suasion, or discipline. 

Syn. — Pliant; fleVible; supple; limber. 

PlT'AN-CY, n. State of being pliant. 

PlI'ANT, a. 1. Easily bent. 2. Easily 
influenced to good or evil. 

Pli'ant-ness, n. State of being pli- 
ant. 

Pli'gate, ) a. [Lat. plicatus,\>. p. 

PLI'GA-TED, j of plicare, to fold.] 
Folded like a fan. 

PLl'ERg, n. pi. [From ply.] A kind 
of pinchers. 

Plight (plit), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 
S. plihlan.] To expose to danger or 

, risk ; to pledge. — n. 1. Security ; 
gage. 2. Exposed condition. 3. Con- 
dition ; state. 

Plight'er (plTt'-), n.One who plights. 

Plinth, n. [Gr. 7rAiV0os, a brick or 
tile, a plinth] A square, projecting 
part at the base of a column. 

Pli'o-cene, a. [Gr. 7rAeiW, more, 
and Kaivfc, new, recent.] (Geoi.) 
Pertaining to, or characterizing, the 
most recent tertiary deposits. 

Plod, v. i. [-ded; -ding-.] [Cf. 
Gael, plod, a clod.] 1. To travel, 
with steady, laborious diligence. 2. 
To drudge ; to study heavily. 

Pl5t, n. [A different spelling of plat.] 
1. A small extent of ground. 2. A 
draught of a field, &c, drawn to 
a scale. 3. [Abbrev. fr. complot.] 
Any scheme of a complicated nature. 
4. Plan or intrigue of a play or 
novel, &c. — v.t. [-ted; -ting.] 
1. To plan ; to devise. 2. To deline 



ate. — v.t. 1. To form a schem„ of 
mischief. 2. To contrive a plan. 

Plough (plou), n. s ee Plow. 

Plov'er, n. [Fr. & Pr. pluvier, the 
rain-bird ; Lat. pluvia, rain.] A bird 
frequenting the banks of rivers and 
the sea-shore. 

Plow ) (plou), n. [Icel. pldgr, D. 

Plough ) ploeg.] 1. An implement 
for turning up the soil. 2. A join- 
er's instrument for grooving. 3. A 
machine for cutting or trimming pa- 
per.— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] Tc 
trench and turn up with a plow. — 
v. i. 1. To labor with a plow. 2. 
To advance by plowing, or in spite of 
obstacles. 

Plow'a-ble I (plou'-), a. Capa- 

Plough'a-ble j ble of being 
plowed; arable. 

Plow'-boy Wplou/-), n. A boy 

Plough'-bo y j that diives or guides 
a team in plowing. 

Plow'er { (plou'-), n. One who 

Plough'er j plows land ; a culti- 
vator 

Plow'-man \ (plou'-, 150), n. One 

Plough'-man j who plows ; a hus- 
bandman ; a rustic. 

Plow'shAre ) (plou/-), n. The 

Plough'share j part of a plough 
which cuts the ground below. 

Pluck, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
pluccian. Cf. Lug.] 1. To pull 
with sudden force ; to pull off, out, 
or from, with a twitch. 2. To strip 
by plucking. — n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. 
pluc, a lump, a knot.] 1. Heart, 
liver, and lungs of an animal. 2. 
Spirit ; courage. 

Pluck'er, n. One who plucks 

Pluck'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Hav- 
ing enduring courage : spirited. 

PLUG, n. [D.] 1. Any thing to stop 
a hole. 2. A cake of pressed tobac- 
co. — v. t. [-GED; -GlNG.] To 
stop with a plug. 

PLUM, n. [A.-S. plbma, Lat. prunum, 

x Gr. Trpovvou.] 1. A certain tree and 
its fruit. 2. A raisin. 3. The sum 
of £100,000 sterling. 

PLU'MAGE, n. [Lat. pluma, feather.] 
The feathers which cover a bird. 

Plumb (plum), n. [Lat. plumbum, 
lead.] A weight attached to a line 
used to indicate a vertical direction ; 
a plummet. — a. Perpendicular. — 
adv. Perpendicularly. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To adjust by a plumb- 
line. 2. To examine by tests. 

Plum-bXg'i-nous, a. Consisting of, 
containing, or like, plumbago. 

Plum-ba'go, n. [Lat. plurribvm, 
lead.] A mineral, popularly called 
black-lead. 

PlOm'be-an, a. Consisting of or re. 
sembling lead. 

Plumb'er (plunder), ». [See Plumb. 
One who adjusts lead pipes, &c. 

PLUMB'ER-Y (plum-/),n. Business, of 
place of business, of a plumber. 

PLUMB'ING, n. 1. Art of casting and 
working in lead. 2. Business of ar- 
ranging pipes for conducting water. 

PlOmb'-line (plum/lin), n. 1. A 



A, E.LO, U, Y,longf A,jB s i,0,U, V, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL. TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N, 



I 



PLUM-CAKE 



323 



POISE 



plummet. 2. A line perpendicular to 
the plane of the horizon. 

PlD31'-€AKE. n. Cake containing 
raisins, currants, &c. 

Plume, n. [Lat. pluma.] 1. The 
feather of a bird. 2. A large feath- 
er worn as an ornament 3. A to- 
ken of honor or prowess, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To adjust the 
feathers of. 2. To strip of leathers. 
3. To pride ; to value. 

Plu'MI-ped, r. [L&t. plumipes, -pedis, 
fr. pluma, a feather, and pes, foot.] 
A bird that has feathers on its feet. 

PLUM'MET, n. [For plumbet, from 
plumb, lead.] 1. A long piece of 
lead attached to a line for sounding 
the depth of water. 2. An instru- 
ment used to determine a perpendic- 
ular Jine. 

Plu-mose', ) a. [Lat. plumosus ; plu- 

Plu'moOs, ) ma, feather.] Having 
or resembliug plumes. 

PLUMP, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [Icel. plumpr.] 
1. Swelled with fat or flesh to the 
full size. 2. Complete : unreserved. 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] fFrom the adj.] 

1. To swell; to fatten. 2. To cause 
to drop heavily. — v.t. 1. To grow 
large to fullness. 2. To fall sudden- 
ly. — adv. At once, or with a sud- 
den, heavy fall. 

Plump'er, n. 1. Something to dilate 
the cheeks. 2. A full, unqualified lie. 

PlOm'-PIE, n. A pie with plums in it. 

PLUMP'LY, adv. Without reserve. 

PLUMP'NESS.n. State of being plump. 

PlDm'-PUD'ding, n. Pudding con- 
taining raisins or currants, [plums. 

Plum'-TREE, n. A tree that produces 

Plum'y, a. Adorned with plumes. 

Plun'der, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Ger. 
plimdern ; plunder, frippery, bag- 
gage.] 1. To take the goods of by 
force. 2. To take by pillage or open 
force. 

Syn. — To pillage; spoil ; sack ; rob. 

— n. 1. That which is taken from 
an enemy; pillage; spoil. 2. Per- 
sonal property and effects ; luggage. 
[Local, V. S.] 

Plun'der-er, n. One who plunders. 

Plunge, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
plonger.] To immerse in a fluid; to 
drive into flesh, mire, earth, &c. — 

— v. i. 1. To dive, or to rush in. 

2. To fall or rush, as into distress, 
&c. 3. To throw one's self headlong, 
as a horse. — n. 1. Thrusting into 
water, &c. 2. Act of throwing one's 
self headlong, like an unruly horse. 

PLU'PER-FE€T, a. [Lat. plus, more, 
and perfectus, perfect.] More than 
perfect ; — said of that tense of a verb 
which denotes that an action or 
event took place before another past 
action or event. 

Plu'ral, a. [Lat. pluralis ; plus, 
more.] Containing more than one. 

Plu'ral-ist, n. A clergyman who 
holds more benefices than one 

Plu-rSl'i-ty, n. 1. State of being 
plural. 2. A greater number. 
Plurality of votes, excess of votes cast 



for one individual over those cast for any 
one of several competing candidates. 

Plu'ral-ly, adv. In a sense imply- 
ing more than one. 

Plus, n. [Lat., more.] A character 
[-|-J used as a sign of addition. 

Plush, n. [Fr. pluche, fr. Lat. pilus, 
hair. ] A kind of shaggy cloth. 

Plu-to'ni-an, a. Plutonic. 

Plu-t6n'I€. a. Pertaining to the sys- 
tem of the Plutonists ; igneous. 

Plu'to-jVIST, n. One who ascribes 
the formation of the world to igneous 
fusion. 

Plu'vi-AL, a. [Lat. pluvialis ; pluvia, 
rain.] Abounding in rain ; rainy. 

PLU'vi-OM'E-TER, n. [Lat. pluvia, 
rain, and metrum, measure. J A rain- 
gauge, [rainy. 

PLU'VI-OUS, a. Abounding in rain ; 

PLY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. plicare, 
Gr. n-Aejceiv.] 1. To fold or cover 
over. 2. To urge ; to solicit importu- 
nately. 3. To keep busy. 4. To prac- 
tice or perform with diligence. — v. i. 
1. To work steadily. 2. To busy one's 
self. 3. To make regular trips. — n. 
1. A fold ; a plait. 2. Bent ; bias. 

Pneu-mat'I€ ) (nu-), a. [Gr. 

PNEU-MAT're-AL j TrvevjuaTiKos ; 

irvev/j-a, wind, air.] Consisting of, 
relating to, like, or moved by air. 

Pneu-mat'ics (nu-), n. sing. Science 
which treats of the mechanical prop- 
erties of air, &c. 

Pneu'ma-tol'o-gy (-nu/-), n. [Gr. 
7rvevjaa, air, spirit, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The doctrine of. or a trea- 
tise on, spiritual existences. 

Pneu-mo'NI-a (nu-), jl. [Gr. Trvev- 
fiovla ; irvevfjutjv, lung.] An inflam- 
mation of the lungs. [the lungs. 

PNEU-MON're (nu-), a. Pertaining to 

Poach, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr./>o- 
clur, to poach eggs, fr. poclie, pocket, 
pouch, Eng. poke.} 1. To cook in a 
certain manner, as eggs. 2. To rob 
of game ; hence, to plunder. — v. i. 
T^o steal or pocket game. [Eng.] 

Poach'er, n. One who poaches. 

Poach'y, a. Wet and soft to the 
feet. 

Pock, n. [A.-S. pocc, poc] A pus- 
tule on the skin in variolous and 
vaccine diseases. 

PoCK'ET, n. [Dim. of poke, a pocket. 
Cf. Pouch.] Any small bag, esp. 
one inserted in a garment. — v.t. 
[■ED; -ING.] To put or conceal in 
the pocket. 

To pocket an affront, to receive it with- 
out resenting it, or at least without seek- 
ing redress. 

P6cK'ET-BO"bK, n. A case for car- 
rying papers in the pocket. 

Pock 'MARK, n. Scar made by the 
small-pox. 

Pock'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Full of 
pocks ; infected with the small-pox. 

Pod, n. A capsule of a plant, espe- 
cially a legume. 

Po-dXg'RIC, ) a. [Gr. noSaypiKOs; 

PO-DAG'RIC-AL, ) from 7T0VS, ttoSos, 
foot, and aypa, a catching.] Pertain- 
ing to the gout; gouty. 



Po'EM, n. [Gr. iroC-nfxa, fr. 7roietv, to 
make, compose.] A composition in 
verse. 

Po'E-SY, n. [Gr. 13-0070-1?.] 1. Art of 
composing poems. 2. Poetry. 

Po'ET, n. One who writes poetry. 
Poet laureate, a poet employed to com- 
pose poems .for the birthdays of a prince 
or other special occasion. 

Po'ET-ESS, n. A female poet. 

Po-ET'l€, ) a. 1. Pertaining, off 

Po-ET'l€-AL, ) suitable, to poetry. 
2. Possessing the peculiar beauties 
of poetry. [manner. 

Po-ET'l€-AL-LY, adv. In a poetic 

Po-ET'ICS. n. The doctrine of poetry. 

PO'ET-IZE, v. i. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
write as a poet. 

Po'ET-RY, n. [See Poet.] 1. Metri- 
cal composition ; verse. 2. Imagi- 
native composition, whether in prose 
or verse. 

Poign'an-CY (pom/an-), n. State of 
being poignant. 

PoiGN'ANT (pom/ant), a. [Fr. poign- 
ant, p. pr. of 0. Fr. poindre, to 
sting.] 1. Stimulating to the organs 
of taste. 2. Acutely painful ; pier- 
cing ; irritating. 

Poign'ant-ly (poin'ant-l^), adv. In 
a poignant manner. 

Point, n. [Lat. puncta, punctum, fr. 
pungere, to prick.] 1. A sharp end ; 
tip. 2. A sort of needle used by en- 
gravers, &c. 3. A mere spot. 4. A 
small promontory or cape. 5. A 
moment ; an instant ; hence, the 
verge. 6. Degree; condition; rank 
7. A characteristic ; a peculiarity. 8 
A distinct position, thesis, or passage 
9. A character used to mark the di 
visions of a sentence. 10. Object 
end. 11. A braided cordage, used in 
reefing sails. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To sharpen. 2. To direct toward 
an object ; to aim. 3. To direct at- 
tention toward. 4. To punctuate. 5. 
To indicate the aim or purpose of. 6. 
To fill the joints of with mortar. — 
v. i. 1. To direct the finger for des- 
ignating an object. 2. To show dis- 
tinctly by any means. 

Point-blank', n. [Fr. point-blanc, 
white point.] Point to which a pro- 
jectile is supposed to move directly, 
without a curve. — a. 1. Aimed di- 
rectly toward the mark. 2. Direct ; 
express. — adv. Directly. 

POINT'ED, p. a. 1. Having a sharp 
point. 2. Characterized by distinct- 
ness and pithiness. 

Point'ed-ly, adv. "With point, se- 
verity, or keenness. 

PoiNT'ER,n. Any thing that points? 
as, (a.) Hand 
of a time-piece. 
(6.) A dog 
trained to point 
out the game. 

POINT'LESS, a. 
Having no point. 

Poise, n. [0. J?v.pois+fr. hat.pensum, 
a portion weighed out.] 1. Weight; 
gravity. 2. Balance used in weigh- 
ing with steelyards. 3. Equipoise; 




Pointer Dog 



OR, DO, WOLF, TO~b, TOOK,- URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, 5, hard,} AS. J E£IST } 2<KNG ; THIS. 



POISON 



324 



POLYGLOT 



equilibrium. — v. t. [-ed; -ins.] 
1. To make of equal weight. 2. To 
hold a place in equilibrium. 3. To 



Poi'gON (poi'zn), n. [Lat. potio, fr. 
potare, to drink.] 1. Any substance 
noxious to life or health. 2. That 
which taints or destroys morals. 

Syn.— Venom. — Poison usually de- 
notes something received into the system 

• by the mouth, breath, &c. Venom is 
something applied externally, or dis- 
charged from animals, as by the bite or 
sting of serpents, scorpions, &c. Venom 
is also more active and malignant in its 
operation than poison, and hence is a 
stronger term. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To infect 
with, or kill by, poison. 2. To taint 
or corrupt the character, principles, 
or happiness of. 

Pol's on-er, n. One who poisons. 

Poi'soN-ous, a. Having the qualities 
of poison ; corrupting ; noxious. 

PoKE,n. [A.-S. poca.] 1. A pocket ; 
a small bag. 2. A long, wide sleeve. 
3. A thrust. 4. A lazy or stupid 
person. 5. A machine to prevent 
beasts from leaping or breaking 
through fences. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Ger. pokeii , to prick, thrust.] To 
thrust against ; to push against with 
any thing pointed ; hence, to feel for 
with a long instrument. 

To poke fun, to make fun; to joke. 

— v. i. To grope, as in the dark. 
POK/ER, n. 1. One who pokes. 2. An 

iron bar for stirring or opening a fire 
of coals. 3. A game of cards. 4. 
[Icel. pokr, a bugbear, hobgoblin.] 
A frightful object, dimly seen in the 
dark ; a bugbear. 

Po-lac'€A, n. [It., prop, a Polish 
vessel.] A vessel with three masts, 
used in the Mediterranean. 

PO-LA'€RE,M. See POLACCA. 

Po'LAR, a. Pertaining to, surround- 
ing, or proceeding from, one of the 
poles, as those of the earth. 

Po-LAR'I-S€OPE , n. [Eng. polar, and 
Gr. o-Konelv, to view.] An instru- 
ment used for polarizing light, and 
analyzing its properties. 

Po-lXr'i-TY, n. That quality of a 
body in virtue of which it exhibits 
opposite or contrasted properties or 
powers, in opposite or contrasted 
parts or directions. 

Po'LAR-l-ZA'TION, n. Act of polar- 
izing ; state of having polarity. 

PO'LAR-IZE,l\ t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
communicate polarity to. 

Pole (20), n. [A.-S. pol, pal. Cf. 
Pale.] 1. A long, slender piece of 
wood. 2. A measure of length of 54- 
yards, or a square measure of 30| 
square yards; arod; a perch. 3. [Gr. 
TtoKos, from ireKeiv, iroKe.lv, to turn.] 
Extremity of the axis of a sphere, 
especially of the earth. 4. A point of 
maximum intensity of a force which 
has polarity. 5. The heavens ; the 
sky. [Poet.] — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To furnish with poles. 2. To convey 
on poles. 3. To push forward by the 
use of poles. 




Pole'-Xx. 1 n. A 

POLE'-AXE, ) sort 

of ax fixed to a 
jjole. 

POLE'CAT,n. [Eith- 
er for polish cat, or 
for poultry cat .] A 
carnivorous mam- 
mal, allied to the 
weasel. Pole-axes. 

PoE'E-MARdH (-mark), n. [Gr. jroAe- 
jaapxos ; Tro\e/xo<;, war, and apxos, 
leader.] An Athenian magistrate. 

PO-LEM'I€, n. A disputant. 

Po-LEM'ie, 1 a. [Gr. noXeiALKos, 

Po-LEM'ie-AL, ) warlike; 7r6Ae/uos, 
war.] 1. Pertaining to controversy ; 
controversial. 2. Given to contro- 
versy ; disputatious. 

Po-lem'ics, n. sing. Controversy, 
^specially on religious subjects. 

POLE'-STAR, n. A star at or near to 
the pole of the heavens. 

Po-lic;e' (-13s 7 ), n. [Fr., fr. Gr. tto- 
Atreia, condition of a state, govern- 
ment.] 1. Administration of the 
laws of a city or incorporated town 
or borough. 2. Internal regulation 
of a state. 3. Body of civil officers, 
organized to preserve good order. 

Po-lioe'man (-I3s/-, 150), n. One of 
the ordinary police. 

P6l'I-CY, n. [Gr. TroAireta. See su- 
pra.] 1. Settled method of adminis- 
tering the government. 2. Method 
by which any institution is admin- 
istered. 3. Worldly wisdom ; cun- 
ning ; stratagem. 4. Prudence ; wis- 
dom. 5. [L. Lat. poletvm, poleticum, 
from Gr. iro\\nrrvxov , having many 
leaves.] A warrant for money in the 
public funds. 6. Instrument em- 
bodying a contract of insurance. 

Pot/ISH, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
polire.] 1. To make smooth and 
glossy. 2. To refine ; to wear off 
the rusticity of. — v.i. To become 
smooth and glossy. — 11. 1. A smooth, 
glossy surface. 2. Refinement ; ele- 
gance of manners. 

Pol'ish-er, n. One who polishes. 

Po-lite', a. [-er ; -EST.] [Lat. 
politus, p. p. of polire, to polish.] 
Elegant in manners ; refined in be- 
havior ; well-bred. 

Po-lite-ly, adv. Courteously. 

Po-lite-ness, n. State or quality of 
being polite ; polish of manners. 

Syn. — Courtesy. — Politeness denotes 
that ease and gracefulness of manners 
which first sprang up in cities, connected 
with a desire to please others by antici- 
pating their wants and wishes, and stu- 
diously avoiding whatever might give 
them pain. Courtesy is, etymologically, 
that modification of politeness which be- 
longs to courts. It displays itself in the 
address and manners. 

P6l/I-TI€ (123), a. [Gr. ttoAitikos, be- 
longing to the citizens or state, from 
•n-oAtrns, citizen.] 1. Political. 2. 
Pertaining to, or promoting, a pol- 
icy ; well devised. 3. Devoted to a 
scheme rather than to a principle. 

Po-lit'I€-al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
public policy or politics ; relating to 



sjKate affairs. 2. Derived from con- 
nection with government ; public. 

Po-lit'I€-al-LY, adv. In a political 
manner. 

Pol/i-tI'cian (-tish'an), n. 1. One 
versed in the science of government. 
2. One who is devoted to the ad- 
vancement of a political party. 

P6l'i-TI€S, n. sing. 1. Science of 
government. 2. Management of a 
political party. 

PoL'JXTY, n. [Gr. TroAireia.] 1. Form 
or constitution of civil government. 
2. Form or constitution by which any 
institution is organized. 

Syn. — Policy. — Polity is confined to 
the structure of a government; as, civil 
or ecclesiastical polity ; while policy is 
applied to the management of public af- 
fairs; as, foreign or domestic policy. 

Pol'ka (20), n. [Bohem. pulka, half, 
from the half step prevalent in it ; 
or perh. fr. Slav, polka, i. e., prop, a 
Polish woman.] A dance performed 
by two persons in common time. 

Pole, n. [D. bol, a ball, bowl, bulb, 
pate, poll.] 1. The head. 2. A reg- 
ister of persons. 3. An election of 
civil officers. 4. {pi.) Place where an 
election is held. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
1. To remove the poll or head of; 
hence, to clip ; to lop. 2. To enter, 
in a list or register, especially for 
purposes of taxation. 3. To deposit, 
as a vote ; to bring to the polls. 

Pol'lard, it. [From poll.] 1. A tree 
having its top cut off. 2. The chub 
fish. 3. A mixture of bran and meal. 

Pol'len, n. [Lat., fine flour, fine 
dust.] The fecundating dust of the 
anthers of flowers. 

Pol'lt-wIg, ) n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. 

POL'LI-WOG, ) periwig.] A tadpole. 

Pol'LOCK, n. [Ger. & D. pollack.] 
A fish ; the whiting. 

Poll'-tax, n. A tax levied by the 
head or poll. 

Pol-lute', v. t. [ -ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
polluere, -lutum.] 1. To make foul 
or unclean. 2. To defile morally ; 
to profane. 3. To render legally or 
ceremonially unclean. 4. To violate 
by illegal sexual commerce. 

Syn. — To contaminate ; dishonor. 

POL-LUT'ER, n. One who pollutes. 

Pol-lu'tion, n. Act of polluting, or 
state of being polluted. 

Pd'zo-iVAi£E',n. [Fr.] 1. A kind of 
_Polish robe. 2. A kind of dance. 

POLT,n. [Cf. pelt.] A blow or stroke. 

POL-TROON', n. [From It. poltrone, 
an idle fellow, coward, from poltrire, 
to lie abed lazily, from Eng. bolster.] 
An arrant coward. 

Pol-troon'er-y, n. Cowardice; 
want of spirit. 

Pol'y-AN'THUS, ». [Gr. TToAvavflo?, 
rich in flowers.] A certain ornament- 
al flowering plant. 

Po-lyg'a-mIst, n. One who practices 
or justifies polygamy. 

Po-lyg'a-my, n. Condition of a man 
having more than one wife. 

POL'Y-GLOT, a. [Gr. 7roAvyAwTTOS, 
many-tongued.] Containing, or re- 



a, e, l, o,u, f,long; A,£ } 2,6,tJ,Y,s/ior£,- cAre, far, ask; all, what; ere, veil, TERM ; pique , fIrm; s6n 



POLYGON 



325 



POPISH 



Jating to, several languages. — re. 1. 
A person acquainted with several lan- 
guages. 2. A book, esp. the Script- 
ures, written in several languages. 3. 
Text of one of the versions in a proper 
polyglot, printed by itself. 

Pol'y-gon, n. [Gr. 
7roA.v-ywvos ; ttoAvs, 
many, and -yiovos, 

ytavCa, angle.] A v ^ --— ^ 

plane figure of more/ \ / A 
than four sides. X. ) \ ) 

Po-lvg'o-nal, a. \ J ^^ 

Having many an- Polygons, 
gles. 

POL'Y-GRAM, n. [Gr. 7roA.vypajU.jao5; 
77-oAu's, many, and ypajup.^, line.] A 
figure consisting of many liues. 

POL'Y-GRAPH, n. [Gr. TToAvypd^os, 
writing much.] An instrument for 
multiplying copies of a writing. 

Po-LVG'RA-PHY, n. Art of writing 
in various ciphers, and of deciphering 
the same. 

Pol'y-he'dral, a. Having many 
sides, as a solid body. 

Pol'y-he'dron, n. [Gr. 7roAv'eopo?, 
with many seats or sides.] A solid 
contained by many sides or planes. 

P6L/Y-NO'Ml-AL,n. [Gr. 7roAvs, many, 
and Lat. nomen, name, term.] An 
expression composed of two or more 
terms, connected by the sign plus 
or minus. — a. Containing many 
names or terms. 

PoL'YP, n. [Gr. ttoAvttous, i. e., many- 
footed.] An aquatic animal of the 
radiate type, which forms coral by 
the secretion of calcareous matter. 

Pol'y-pous, a. Having the nature 
of the polypus. 

Poi/Y-PBs, re.; Ens;, pi. pol'y-pus- 
Es ; Lat.pl. pul'y-pi. [Lat. poly- 
pus. See POLYP.] 1. Something 
that has many feet or roots. 2. A 
polyp. [See Polyp.] 3. A tumor 
with a narrow base. 

Pol'y-syl-lab'io, 1 a. Consist- 

Pol'y-syl-lab'ic-al, j ingof more 
than thi-ee syllables 

Poi/Y-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. ttoAvs, 
many, and crvAAa^, syllable.] A 
word of more syllables than three. 

P6l/y-TE€H'nic (-tek 7 -), a. [Gr. 
TroA.vTexi'os, from 7roAii?, many, and 
Te\vri, an art ] Comprehending many 
arts ; — applied to a school in which 
many arts or sciences are taught. 

POL'Y-THE'ISM, n. [Gr. ttoAv'?. many, 
and 0e6s, god.] Doctrine of a plu- 
rality of gods. 

Pol'Y-the'ist, n. One who believes 
in a plurality of gods. 

POL'Y'-THE-IST'IC, 1 a. 1. Per- 

PoL/Y-THE-iST'ie-AL, I taining to 
polytheism. 2. Believing in a plu- 
ralit}- of gods. 

POM'ACE (puna'as), n. [Lat. pommn, 
a fruit, an apple ; L. Lat. pomarium.] 
Substance of apples, &c, crushed by 
grinding. 

Po-MA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. pomum, an 
apple.] 1. Consisting of apples. 2. 
Like pomace. 

Po-MADE', re. [Lat. pomum, an ap- 



ple, because it was formerly made 
from apples.] Perfumed ointment 
or unguent for the hair. 

Po-ma'tum, n. [See Pomade.] A 
perfumed unguent used in dressing 
the hair. 

Pome-gran'ate (pum-gran'St), n. 
[Lat. pomum, a fruit, apple, and 
granatus, having many grains or 
seeds.] The fruit of a certain tree, 
filled with numerous seeds. 

Po-mif'er-ous, a. [Lat. pomifer ; 
pomum, fruit, apple, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing apples, or the lar- 
ger fruits, as melons, pumpkins, &c. 

POM'MEL (pum'-), re. [L. Lat. pomel- 
lus, pomelus, from Lat. pomum, an 
apple.] 1. A knob or ball, as on the 
hilt of a sword. 2. Protuberant 
part of a saddle-bow. — r. t. [-ED, 
-ING; or led, -LING, 137 ] To beat, 
as with something thick or bulky. 

Po'MO-LOG'ie-AL, a. Belonging to 
pomology. [pomology. 

PO-iVlOL'O-GlST, n. One interested in 

Po-mol'o-gy, re. [Lat. pomum, fruit, 
and Gr. Ao-yos, discourse.] Science 
of fruits, or art of raising fruits. 

Pomp, re. [Gr. irofLirri, a sending, a 
solemn procession.] 1. An imposing 
procession. 2. Show of magnificence. 
Syn. — Display ; parade ; pageant. 

Pom-pos'i-ty, n. State of being 
pompous ; pompousness. 

PoMP'ous, a. 1. Showy with grand- 
eur. 2. Ostentatious ; boastful. 

Sy.n. — Showy: grand; stately; digni- 
fied; magisterial. 

Pomp'ous-ly, adv. With great pa- 
rade, [pompous. 

PoMP'ofis-NESS, n. State of being 

PoN'CHO (pon'tcho), re. [Sp.] A 
kind of cloak worn by the Spanish 
Americans, having the form of a 
blanket. 

Pond, re. [Prob. fr. A.-S. pyndan, to 
shut in.] A natural or an artificial 
body of fresh water. 

PONf'DER, V.t. [-ED; -1NG.] [Lat. 
ponderare, fr. Lat. pondus, a weight.] 
To we igh in the mind ; to view with 
deliberation. 

Syx. — To consider; muse. —We con- 
sider any subject which is fairly brought 
before us; yvepo?ider a concern involv- 
ing great interests ; we muse on the events 
of childhood. 

— v. i. To think ; to deliberate ; to 
muse. [weighed. 

Pon'DER-a-ble, a. Capable of being 

PoN'DER-ANCE.rc. Weight; gravity. 

PoN'DER-os'i-TY, re. Weight ; heav- 
iness. 

PoN'DER-otJS, a. [Lat. pondtrosus ; 
pondus, a weight.] 1. Very heavy ; 
weighty. 2. Important; momentous. 
3. Strongly impulsive. 

Pon'der-oOs-ly, adv. With great 
weight 

PON-GEE', n. An inferior India silk. 

Pon'IARD (-yard), re. [Lat. pugio, pu- 
gionis, from pun % ere, to prick.] A 
small dagger. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To pierce with a poniard. 

Pon'TAGE, n. [L. Lat. pontagium,fr. 



Lat. pons, a bridge.] A duty paid 
for repairing bridges. 

PON'TIFF, n. [Lat. pontifex, pontifv 
cis, fr. pons, a bridge, and facere, to 
make, because the first bridge over 
the Tiber was constructed by the 
high priest.] A high priest; espe- 
cially the pope. 

Pon-tif'IO-al, a. Belonging to a 
high priest, or to the pope ; popish. 

— re. 1. A book of formulas, used in 
various ecclesiastical rites. 2. pi. 
Dress and ornaments of a priest, 
bishop, or pope. 

Pon-tif'I€-ate, re. 1. State or dig- 
nity of a high priest. 2. Office, dig- 
nity, or reign of the pope. 

PON-TON', In. [Fr. ponton, fr. Lat. 

Pon-toon', j pons, a bridge.] 1. A 
light float, used in forming a bridge 
quickly for the passage of troops. 2- 
A low, flat vessel, used in careening 
jships ; a lighter. 

Po'NY (148), n. [Gael, ponaidh, a little 
horse. Cf. PUNY.] A small horse. 

Poo'dle,™.' [Ger. pudrl.] A small 
dog with long, silky hair. 

Pool, n. [A.-8.p6l,pul.] 1. A small 
and rather deep collection of fresh 
water. 2. A puddle. 

Poop, re. [Lat. puppis.] A deck 
raised above the after part of the 
spar deck. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
strike in the stern. 

Pooped (pobpt, 60), a. Furnished 
with a poop. 

Poor, a. [-ER; -est.] [0. Eng. 
pove.re, 0. Fr. poure, povre, Lat. pau- 
per.] 1. Destitute of property ; needy. 

2. Destitute of such qualities as are 
desirable, or as might naturally be 
expected ; lean ; emaciated ; inferior ; 
barren ; sterile ; valueless ; paltry. 

3. Worth v of pity. 
Poor'-house, re. A public establish- 
ment for the support of the poor; 
an alms-house. 

Poor'ly, adv. . In a poor manner. — 
a. Somewhat ill ; indisposed. 

Poor'ness, re. State of being poor. 

Poor'-spir/it-ed, a. Of a mean 
spirit ; cowardly. 

Pop, n. A small, smart, quick sound 
or report. — v. i. 1. To make a sharp, 
quick sound. 2. To enter, issue, or 
move, with a quick, sudden motion. 

— v. t. [-ped; -ping.] 1. To push 
or thrust suddenly. 2. To cause to 
burst suddenly with heat, as corn. — 
jidv. Suddenly. 

POPE,n. [hat. papa, father, bishop, 
Gr. 7ra.77as, Tramra<; , father.] The 
head of the Roman Catholic church. 

Pope'dom, n. Office, dignity, orju- 
risdiction of the pope. 

Pop'ER-Y,n. Religion of the Roman 
Catholic church. 

Pop'gHn, n. A child's gun for shoot- 
ing pellets by the expansion of com- 
pressed air. 

PoP'lN-JAY r , re. [0. Eng. popingay, 
Ar. papaga.] 1. A parrot. 2. A 
fop or coxcomb. 

Pop'ish, a. Relating to the pope; 
taught by the pope. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, SOOlij URN, rue, PULL j E, 1, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; A£; EXIST ; N as NG; THIS. 



POPLAR 



326 



POSITION 



P6p'lar, n. [Lat. populus.] A genus 
of trees of several species. 

Pop'lin, n. A textile fabric of silk 
and worsted. 

POP-LIT'I€, a. [Lat. poples,poplitis, 
ham.] Pertaining to the ham, or 
posterior part of the knee-joint. 

P6p'py, n. [A.-S. popig, Lat. papa- 
ver.] A plant from which opium is 
extracted. 

$?6p'u-lace, n. [Lat. populus, the 
people.] The common people ; all 
persons not distinguished by rank, 
education, office, or profession. 
Syjj. — Mob. 

POP'U-LAR, a. [La.t.popidaris.'] 1. 
Pertaining to the common people. 2. 
Easy to be comprehended ; familiar. 
3. Pleasing to people in general. 4. 
Prevailing among the people. 

PoP'u-lXr'i-ty, n. Quality or state 
of being popular. 

PoP'U-LAR-IZE, V.t. [-ED ; -JNG.] 
To make common or popular ; to 
spread among the people. 

Pop'u-lar-ly, adv. So as to please 
or suit the populace. 

Pop'u-late, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
furnish with inhabitants ; to people. 
— v. i._ To propagate. 

Pop'U-LA'TION, n. [Lat. populatio.] 
1. Multiplication of inhabitants. 2. 
Whole number of people in a coun- 
try or region. 

Pop'u-loDs, a. [Lat. populosus.] Con- 
taining many inhabitants. 

Pop'u-lous-ly, adv. With many in- 
habitants, [populous. 

Pop'u-lous-ness, n. State of being 

POR'CE-L AIN, n. [Orig. a kind of shell, 
fr. Lat. porcus, prob. fr. its smooth- 
ness and whiteness.] A fine, trans- 
lucent kind of earthen ware. 

PORCH, n. [A.-S. portic, Lat. porti- 
cus.] A kind of vestibule ; an orna- 
mental entrance way ; a portico. 

Por'CINE, a. [Lat. porcinus ; porcus, 
a swine. ]_ Pertaining to swine. 

Por'cu-pine, n. [Lat. porcus, swine, 
and spina, thorn.] A quadruped 
with spines or sharp prickles, capa- 
ble of being erected at pleasure. 

PORE, n. [Gr. nopo<;, a passage, a 
pore.] 1. A minute orifice in an an- 
imal membrane. 2. A small inter- 
stice.— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Prob. 
a modif. of bore.] To look with steady, 
continued attention. 

Po'rism, n. [Gr. Tropia-fxa, something 
deduced from a previous demonstra- 
tion.] A proposition designed to find 
the condition that will render cer- 
tain problems capable of innumera- 
ble solutions. 

Pork, n. [Lat. porcus, swine.] Flesh 
of swine, fresh or salted. 

Pork/er, rt. A hog. 

Po-ros'i-ty, n. Quality or state of 
having pores. 

Por'ous (89), a. [See Pore.] Full 
of pores ; having interstices. 

POR/PHY-R'iT'lG, a. Pertaining to, 
like, or consisting of, porphyry. 

POR'PHY-RY, n. [Gr. 7rop0upi ; TT)9, like 
purple, from irop(}>vpa, purple.] A 



rock, often purple, through which 
crystals of feldspar are disseminated. 

Por'poise (por'- 
pus), n. [O.Eng. 
porcpisce,porpesse, 
Lat. porcus piscis, 
i.e., hog-fish.] A Porpoise, 

cetaceous mammal 
which roots like a hog in the sand 
and mud. 

Por'ridge , n. [Corrupt, fr. pottage.] 
Vegetables boiled in water, with or 
without meat ; — also, meal or flour 
boiled in water, or in milk, to the 
consistency of thin paste. 

Por'rin-ger, w. [From porridge.] A 
small metallic vessel in which liquids 
are warmed. 

Port, n. 1. [Lat. portus.] A place 
where ships may ride secure from 
storms. 2. [Lat. porta.] (a.) A 
gate; a door, (b.) An opening in 
the side of a ship through which can- 
non may be discharged. 3. [Lat. 
portare, to carry.] Manner in which 
one bears himself. 4. [From Oporto, 
in Portugal.] A dark-purple astrin- 
gent wine. 5. [Etymology uncer- 
tain.] Larboard or left side of a 
ship. — v. t. [Lat. portare, to carry.] 
To turn to the left side of a ship ; — . 
^aid of the helm. 

PORT'A-BLE , a . [Lat. portabilis ; por- 
tare, to carry.] Capable of being 
borne or carried. 

Port'age, v. [See Port, v. t.] 1. 
Act of carrying. 2. Price of carriage. 
3. A carrying place between two 
bodies of navigable water. 

Por'TAL.m. [Lat. porta, a gate.] A 
small door or gate ; hence, some- 
times, any passage-way 



[Fr. porte coulisse, 




PORT-CUL'LIS, 
from porte, a 
gate, and cou- 
lis, coulisse, fr. 
colder, to flow, 
to glide.] A 
frame-work of 
timbers, hung 
over a gate- 
way, to be let 
down to pre- 
vent the en- 
trance of an 
enemy. 

PORTE, n. [Fr., Portcullis, 

a gate.] The 
government of the Turkish empire. 

PORTE-MONNAIE (pdrt'mun-na'), 
n. [Fr., from porter, to carry, and 
monnaie, money.] A small pocket- 
book or wallet. 

Por-t£nd', r. t, [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
portendere, portentum, fr. protendere, 
to stretch forth, hence, to indicate.] 
To indicate as in the future. 

POR-TENT', n. That which portends 
evil ; an omen of ill. [ominous. 

POR-TENT'otJS,a. Foreshadowing ill ; 

POR-TENT'oDs-LY, adv. Ominously. 

PSr'TER, n. [Lat. portarius ; porta, 
gate, door.] 1. A man that has the 
charge of a door ; a door-keeper. 2. 
[0. Eng. port, to carry, fr. Lat. por- 



tare.] One who carries burdens for 
hire. 3. A dark -brown malt liquor ; 

— first used by the London porters. 
POR'TER-AGE, n. 1. Money paid for 

the carriage of burdens by a porter. 
2. Business of a porter. 

PORT-FOL'IO (-t'ol'yo), Or PORT-FO'- 
LI-O, n. [Lat. portare, to carry, 
and folium, pi. folia.] 1. A porta- 
ble case, for loose papers. 2. A col- 
lection of prints, designs, &c. 3. 
Office and functions of a minister of 
Jtate. _ [of war. 

Port'-hole, n. Embrasure of a ship 

T?0R'T1-€0,V.; pi. POR'TJ-€OE§. [It. 

See PORCH.] A covered space, in- 
closed by columns, at the entrance 
^)f a building. 
POR'TION, n. [Lat. portio.] 1. A 
separated part of any thing. 2. A 
part considered by itself. 3. A part 
assigned. 4. Share of an inherit- 
ance. 5. A wife's fortune. 

Syn. — Part.— Part is generic, having 
a simple reference to some whole. Por- 
tion has the additional idea of being de- 
tached from a whole, usually with a 
view to its being allotted to Konie object; 
as, a. portion of one's time : a portion of 
the day; a portion of Scripture. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To sepa- 
rate into portions ; to divide. 2. To 
jupply with a portion : to endow. 

Por'tion-eess, a. Having no por- 
tion, [of appearance. 

Port'li-ness, n. Dignity of mien, or 

Port'ly, a. [From port.] 1. Hav- 
ing a dignified mien. 2. Bulky ; 
corpulent. 

Port-man'teau (-man'to, 147), n. 
[Fr. porte-manteau ; porter, to carry, 
and mante.au, a cloak.] A bag for 
carrying apparel, &c, on journeys. 

POR'TRAIT,n. [Fr., fr. portraire, to 
portray.] Any exact likeness of a 
jiving being. 

Por'trait-ure (53), n. 1. A por- 
trait. 2. That which is copied from 
some example or model. 

POR-TRAY', V. t. [-ED ; -JNG.] [Fr. 
portraire, fr. Lat. protralure, to draw 
forth.] 1. To paint or draw the like- 
ness of.^ 2. To describe in words. 

POR-TRAY'AL, n. Act of portraying. 

Por-TRAY'ER, n. One who portrays. 

Por'tress, n. A female porter. 

Port'-ward'.en, n. The officer in 
charge of a port. 

Pore, n. [See Pose, v. t.] An atti- 
tude formally assumed for effect. — 
v.t. [-id; -ing.] [Fr. poser, to 
place, to put, to put a question.] 1. 
To puzzle. 2. To embarrass by ques- 
tioning or scrutiny. 

Pos'er, n. 1. One who puzzles by ask- 
ing difficult questions. 2. A question 
or statement which puzzles or si- 
lences. 

Po-si'TlON (-zish'un), n. [Lat. positio, 
frtponere, to put, place.] 1. Man- 
ner in which any thing is placed. 2. 
Spot where a person or thing is 
placed or stands. 3. Ground taken 
in an argument, &c. 4. Social rank. 
5. A method of solving a problem by 
one or two suppositions. 



a, £, i, o, u, y, long; X,£,I,6,t), ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£km; pique, fIrm; son, 



.-, 



POSITIVE 



POS'I-TIVE, a. [Lat. positivus.] 1. 
Real ; actual. 2. Not dependent on 
changing circumstances ; absolute. 
3. Explicitly stated. 4. Not doubtful 
or conditional ; indisputable ; deci- 
sive. 5. Prescribed by express enact- 
ment. 6. Fully assured ; confident ; 
dogmatic. 7. {Photography.) Corre- 
sponding in lights and shades to those 
of the original from which taken . 

Pos'i-TIVE-LY, adv. 1. In a positive 
form or manner; absolutely. 2. 
Certainly ; really. 

P6§'i-tIve-ness, n. 1. Reality of 
existence. 2. Undoubting assurance. 

P6s'l-Tiv-ISM, n. A system of phi- 
losophy which excludes every thing 
but natural phenomena, together 
with their invariable relations of co- 
existence and succession. 

P&S'SE €bM<i-TA'TUS. [Lat. posse, 
to be able, to have power, and L. Lat. 
comitatus, a county.] Citizens who 
may be summoned to assist an offi- 
cer in suppressing a riot, &c. 

E©~ Comitatus is often omitted, and 
posse alone is used in the same sense. 

POS-sess' (pos-seV or poz-zeV), v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. possidere, pos- 
sessum, from po, an inseparable and 
intensive prep., and sedere, to sit.] 
1. To hold in one's own keeping. 2. 
To have the legal title to. 3. To be 
the master of. 4. To obtain posses- 
sion of. 5. To enter into and influ- 
ence; — said of evil spirits, &c. 6. 
To acquaint ; to inform. 

Syn.— To have. — Have is the word 
naturally used. To possess denotes to 
have " as a possession." Some overlook 
the fact that hare is the leading term, 
and use possess when there is nothing 
specific in the case to require its use. 

Pos-ses'sion (-sesh'un or -zesh'un), 
7i. 1. Act of possessing. 2. Actual 
occupancy ; ownership. 3. That 
which any one owns. 4. State of 
being possessed, as by an evil spirit. 

POS-SESS'iVE (pos-seV- or poz-zeV-), 
a. Pertaining to possession ; having 
or expressing possession. 

Pos-sess'or (pos-ses'- or poz-zeV-), n. 
One who possesses. 

Syjt. — Owner ; proprietor ; master. 

PSs'SET, n. [W. posel, curdled milk, 
posset, from pos, posiaw, to gather, 
to heap.] Milk curdled by wine or 
other strong liquor. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To curdle ; to turn. 

Pos'SI-BlL'I-TY, n. 1. Power of being 
or existing. 2. That which is pos- 
sible. 

P6s'Sl-BLE, a. [Lat. possibilis, from 
posse, to be able.] 1. Liable to hap- 
pen ; capable of existing. 2. Barely 
able to be or to come to pass. 
Syx. — See Practicable. 

P6s'sr-BLY, adv. 1. By any power 
really existing. 2. Without involv- 
ing impossibility or absurdity. 

POST, n. [Lat. postis, allied to ponere, 
positum, to place.] 1. A piece of 
timber or stone, &c, set upright: a 
pillar. 2. A station ; esp., a mili- 
tary station. 3. A position of trust 



327 

or emolument. 4. A messenger; a 
letter-carrier. 5. An established con- 
veyance for letters ; the mail. 6. A 
sort of writing paper. — adv. 1. 
With post-horses. 2. With great 
rapidity. — v. i. To travel with post- 
horses or with speed. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To advertise, esp. oppro- 
briously.* 2. To assign to a station ; 
to set. 3. To put in the mail. 4. 
To carry, as an account, from the 
journal to the ledger. 5. To acquaint ; 
jo inform. [Colloq.] 

Post'age, n. [From post, n., 5.] 
Established price for the conveyance 
of letters, &c. [office. 

POST'AL, a. Belonging to the post- 

PSst'boy, n. A boy that rides as 
post ; a courier. 

Post'-chaise, 1 n. A carriage with 

Post'-coach, ( four wheels, for 
_the conveyance of travelers. 

POST'-DATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
post, after, and Eng. date.] To date 
after the real time. 

Post'-di-lu'vi-an, a. Being after 
the flood. — n. One who lived after 
_the flood. 

POST'-EN'TRY, n. 1. A subsequent 
entry, at the custom-house, of goods. 
2. (Book-keeping.) An additional or 
jubsequent entry. 

Post'er, n. 1. One who posts ; a 
courier. 2. A large bill posted for 
advertising. 

Pos-TE'RI-OR, a. [Lat. posterior, 
compar. of posterus, coming after.] 

1. Later in time or order. 2. Be- 
hind in position. 

Pos-te'ri-or'I-ty, n. State of being 
lateror subsequent. 

Pos-te'ri-ors, n. pi. Hinder parts 
of an animal's body. 

POS-TER'I-TY, n. [Lat. posteritas.] 
Offspring to the furthest generation. 

Pos'TERN, n. [0. Fr. posterne, from 
Lat. post, after, behind.] 1. A pri- 
vate entrance. 2. Any small door or 
gat|e. 

Post'FIX, n. [Lat. post, after, and 
figere, fizits, to fix.] A letter, sylla- 
ble, or word, added to the end of an- 
other word ; a suffix. 

Post-fix', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
add to the end of another word. 

PosT'-HASTE', n. Haste in traveling, 
like that of a courier. — adv. With 
jspeed. 

Post'-horse, n. A horse stationed 
for the post. 

Post'-house, n. 1. A house where 
relays of post-horses can be obtained. 

2. A post-office. 
Post'hu-mous, a. [Lat. posthumus, 

posturnus, superl. of posterus, coming 
after.] 1. Born, published, or done, 
after one's death. 2. Continuing 
after one's decease. [decease. 

PosT'HU-MOUS-Lf; adv. After one's 

Pos-TIL'ION (-yun), n. [Written also 
postillion.] [Fr. postilion. See POST. 
5.] One who rides one of the horses 
jn a post-chaise. 

Post'mais (150), n. A post or courier. 

Post'MARK, n. Mark, or stamp, of a 



POTABLE 

post-office on a letter. — v.t. [-E n ^ 
-ing.] To mark with a post-of&. « 
stamp. 

Post'mas-ter, n. One who has 
charge of a post-office. 

Post'Me-rid'i-an, a. [Lat. postme- 
ridianus; post, after, and meridia- 
nus, belonging to midday.] Being 
or belonging to the afternoon. 

Post'-MOR'tem, a. [Lat.] After 
death. 

Post-mortem examination of a body, ex- 
amination after the death of the patient. 

Post'-note, n. A bank-note, made 
payable to order, for transmission to 
a distant place by post. 

PSst'-o'bit, n. [Lat. post, after, and 
obitus, death.] A bond, in which the 
obligor binds himself to pay a larger 
sum, on unusual interest, on the 
death of some one from whom he 
has expectations. 

Post'-of'fice, n. A governmental 
office, where letters are received and 
distributed. [paid. 

POST'-PAID, a. Having the postage 

Post-p5ne', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 

postponere ; post, after, and ponere, 

to place.] 1. To defer to a future 

time. 2. To set below something. 

Syn. — See Adjourn. 

POST-PONE'MENT, n. Act of post- 
poning ; temporary delay of business. 

POST'SCRIPT, n. [Lat. post, after, and 
scriptum, written.] An addition to 
a letter, a book, or newspaper, &c , 
after it had been supposed to be 
finished. 

Post'-town (109), n. A town hav- 
ing a post-office. 

Post'u-lant, n. [Lat. postulans, 
demanding.] One who makes a re- 
quest, or demand; hence, a candi- 
date. 

Post'u-LATE, n. 1. A position as- 
sumed without proof. 2. Enuncia- 
tion of aself-evident problem. 

POST'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. postulare, -latum, to demand.] 
To assume without proof. 

Post'u-la/tion, n. Gratuitous as- 
sumption. 

Post'u-la-to-RY, a. Assuming or 
assumed without proof. 

Post'ure (post'ytjr, 53), n. [Lat. 
positura, fr. ponere, to place.] 1. 
The situation of a figure with regard 
to the eye. 2. Condition, as of cir- 
cumstances, or t f feeling and will. 
Syn. — See Attitude. 

Po'SY, n. [Contr. {torn poesy] 1. A 
motto ; a legend or inscription. 2. 
A nosegay ; a bouquet ; also, a single 
flower. 

Pot, n. [Tcel. pottr, potta.] 1. A 
large metallic or earthen vessel, ap- 
propriated to any of a great variety 
of uses. 2. A mug. 3. Quantity con- 
tained in a pot. 4. A sort of paper, 
in small-sized sheets. — v. t. [-ted ; 
-TING.] To place or inclose in pots ; 
as, (a.) To preserve seasoned. (6.) 
To set out or cover in pots. 

P6'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. potabilis ; potare, 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, 20T&IW URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; C, 6, soft; <!, g, hard; AS ; EXIST ; N«NG; THIS. 



TOTASH 



328 



PRACTICE 



to drink.] Fit to be drunk ; drink- 
able. 

Pot'XsH, n. [Eng. pot and ash, pi. 
ashes.] A powerful alkali, the pro- 
toxide of potassium ; potassa. 

Po-tas'sA, n Pure potash, or pro- 
toxide of potassium. 

Po-tas'si-UM, n. A bluish-white, 
lustrous metal , having a strong affin- 
ity for oxygen, with which it forms 
potassa. It is lighter than water. 

Po-TA'TION, n. [Lat. potatio; po- 
tare, to drink.] 1. A drinking or 
drinking-bout. 2. A draught. 

PO-TA'TO, n. ; pi. PO-TA'TOE§. [Sp. 
patatn, batata, Peruv. papa.] A 
plant, and its tuber, used for food. 

Po-teen', n. [Cf. Ir. potaim , poitim , 

1 drink.] Irish whisky. 
Po'TEN-CY, n. State of being potent. 
Po'TENT, a. [Lat. potens, being able, 

having power.] 1. Physically strong. 

2 Having great authority. 3. Hav- 
ing great influence. 

Syx. — Powerful ; mighty ; puissant ; 
efficient; forcible; efficacious. 

Pd'TENT-ATE, n. A sovereign; an 
emperor, king, or monarch. 

PO-tEn'tial, a. Existing in possi- 
bility, not in act. 

Po-ten'ti-al'i-ty (-shi-, 95), n. 
State of being potential ; possibility. 

Po-tEn'tial-i. y, adv. In possibil- 
. ity ; not in act. [or energy. 

Po'TENT-LY, adv. With great force 

Poth'er, n. [Pern. fr. 0. D. poeder, 
or Fr. poudre, dust.] Bustle ; con- 
fusion ; tumult. 

PoT'-HERB (-orb), n. Any herb used 
in cooking for food. 

Pot'-hook, n. 1. A hook to hang 
pots on over the fire. 2. A character 
. like a pot-hook. 

Pot'-HOUSE, n. An ale-house. 

Po'TION, n. [Lat. potto; potare, to 
drink.] A draught ; a dose. 

Pot'-LUCK,)). What may chance to 
be provided for dinner. 

Pot'-sherd, n. [Eng. pot s and sherd 
or shard.] A piece of a broken pot. 

Pot'TAGE, n. [Fr. potage. See Pot.] 
Food made of meat and vegetables 
boiled to softness. [vessels. 

Pot'TER, n. One who makes earthen 

P6t'TER-Y, n. 1. Vessels or ware 
made by potters. 2. Place where 
earthen vessels are manufactured. 

Pot'TLE, n. [Dim. of pot. Cf. Eng. 
bottle.] 1. A liquid measure of four 
pints. 2. A small basket for fruit. 

Pot'-val'IANT (-val'yant), a. Made 
courageous by strong drink. 

Pouch, n. [A.-S. poca, pocca. See 
POKE.] 1. A small bag. 2. Some- 
thing shaped like or used as a pouch. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To pocket ; to 
save. 2. To swallow ; — said of fowls. 

Pou-CHONG' (poo-shongO, n. A kind 
of black tea. 

Pqu-Drette' (poo-dref), n. [Fr., 
dim. of poudre , powder.] A manure 
made from the contents of privies, 
with charcoal, gypsum, &c. 
Poult'er-er, n. One who deals in 
poultry. 



PoUL'TiCE (20), n. [Lat. puis, pultis, 
a thick pap, Gr. 7t6Atos.J A soft 
composition to be applied to sores. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To cover or 
dress with a poultice. 

Poult'ry (20), n. [From poult, a 
young chicken, from poulet, dim. of 
poule, hen.] Domestic fowls propa- 
gated and fed for the table, &c. 

Pounce, n. 1. [Fr. ponce, fr. Lat. 
pumex,pumicis.] A fine powder to 
prevent ink from spreading on paper. 
2. [Norm. F^r. ponce, hand, fr. Lat. 
pugnits, fist.] Claw or talon of a 
bird of prey. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To sprinkle or rub with pounce. 2. 
To pierce ; to punch. — v. i. To fall 
suddenly and seize with the claws. 

Pound, n. [A.-S & Goth, pund.] 1. 
A certain weight ; 16 ounces avoirdu- 
pois, or 12 ounces troy. 2. Twenty 
shillings sterling, equal to about 
$4.84. 3. [A.-S. pund, fr. pyndan. 
to shut up.] An inclosure in which 
cattle are confined when taken in 
trespassing, &c. — v. t. [-EI) ; -ING.] 

1. To confine in a pound. 2. [A. 7 S. 
punian, to bruise.] To beat with 
some heavy instrument. 

POUND'AGE, n. The sum allowed to 
a sheriff on the amount made by vir- j 
tue of an execution. 

Pound'er, n. 1. One who pounds. 

2. An instrument for pounding. 
Pour, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. W. 

bwrw, to cast, throw, shed.] 1. To 
cause to flow in a stream into or out 
of a vessel. 2. To emit. 3. To give 
vent to; to utter. — v. i. To issue 
forth in a stream ; to flow. 

Pout, n. 1. A sea-fish, of the cod 
kind. 2. A kind of bird. 3. A fit of 
sullenness. —v. i. [-El> ; -ING.] [Fr. 
bonder, to pout, W. poten, potlen, 
what bulges out, a paunch.] 1. To 
thrust out the lips, as in sullenness ; 
to look sullen. 2. To protrude. 

Pov'ER-TY, n. [Lat. paupertas; pau- 
per, poor.] 1. Want of means of 
subsistence. 2. Any deficiency of 
resources. 

Syn. — Indigence; pauperism —l'ov- 
erti/iaa relative term; what is poverty 
to a gentleman, would be competence 
for a day-laborer. Indigence implies al- 
most absolute destitution. Pauperism 
denotes entire dependence upon public 
charity. 

POWDER, n. [0 Eng. poulder, Lat. 
pulvis, pulveris.] 1. A dry substance 
in minute particles ; dust. 2. An 
explosive composition of saltpeter, 
sulphur, and charcoal. 3. Pulver- 
ized starch for dressing the hair. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To reduce to 
dust; to pulverize. 2. To sprinkle 
with powder. 

PoWder-flask, ) n. A flask or 

Pow'DER-HORN, J horn in which 
gunpowder is carried. 

Powder-mill. n. A mill in which 
gunpowder is made. 

PoWDER-Y,a. 1. Easily crumbling ; 
friable. 2. Dusty. 3. Like powder. 

POWER, n. [Fr. pouvoir, from Lat. 
posse, potesse, to be able, to have 



power.] 1. Ability to act ; faculty 
of doing something 2. strength, 
force, or energy in action. 3. Ca- 
pacity of undergoing ; susceptibility. 

4. Exercise of any kind of control ; 
influence ;. command. 5- An indi- 
vidual, institution, or government, 
exercising control. G. A military or 
naval force. 7. Product arising 
from the multiplication of a numbei 
into itself. 8. A mechanical agent. 
9. Degiee to which a lens, mirror, 
&c, magnifies. 

PoWer-ful, a. Full of power ; ca- 
pable of producing great effects. 

Syx. — Mighty; ttrong ; potent; effi- 
cacious; energetic; intense. 

PoWer-ful-ly, adv. With power. 

Pow'er-ful-ness, n. Quality of 
having great power ; force. 

PoWer-less, a. Destitute of power. 

Power-loom, n. A loom worked 
by some mechanical power. 

Power-press, n. A printing press 
worked by steam or water. 

POWWOW, n. 1. A priest, or con- 
jurer, among the North American 
Indians. 2. Conjuration for cure of 
diseases, &c. 3. A noisy assembly. 

Pox, n. [For pocks, from A.-S. pocc, 
poc. See Pock.] Any one of the 
four diseases called small-pox, chick- 
en-pox, the vaccine disease, and the 
venereal disease. 

POZ'ZU-O-LA'NAfpot'sO-O/pot/SOO-), 

n. Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in 
Italy, used in making a kind of mor- 
tar which hardens under water. 

Prac'ti-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or 
state of being practicable. 

PRA€'TI-€A-BLE, a. [L. Lat. practi- 
cal, to act, transact.] 1. Capable 
of being performed or done. 2. Ad- 
mitting of use. 

Syx. —Possible. — A thing may be 
pofsihle, i. e., not forbidden by any law 
of nature, and yet may not now be prac- 
ticable for want of the means requisite 
to its performance. 

Prac'ti-cal, a. [Lat. practicus. Gr. 
7rpaKTiK6s, fr. wpdo-o-eiv. to do, work.] 

1. Pertaining to practice. 2. Capa- 
ble of being turned to use. 3. Evin- 
cing practice or skill. 4. Derived 
from, or put in, practice. 

Pra€'TI-€AL-LY, adv. 1. By exper- 
iment. 2. In practice or use. 

Prac'ti-cal-ness, n. Quality of 
being practical. 

Practice, n. [See Practical.] 1. 
Frequently repeated actions. 2. Cus- 
tomary use. 3. Actual performance; 
action. 4. Exercise of a profession. 

5. A certain rule or process in arith- 
metic. 

Syn.— Custom; usage; habit; manner. 
— v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Written also 
practise.] 1. To do or perform fre- 
quently or habitually. 2. To apply, 
as a theory, to real life ; to exercise, 
as a profession, trade, &c. 3. To 
commit ; to perpetrate. — v. i 1. 
To perform certain acts frequently. 

2. To exercise a profession, especially 
medicine or law. 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y,long; £,£jl,0, t), ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



PRACTITIONER 



329 



PRECIPITATE 



Prac-ti'tion-er (-tlsh'un-), n. One 
engaged in the actual exercise of a 
profession, esp. law or medicine. 

Prjz-NO'men, n. ; pi. PRJV-N&M'- 
I-JVA t [Lat., fr. prse, before, and 
nomen, name.] (Rom. Antiq.) The 
first name, by which individuals of 
the same family were distinguished. 

Pr^e'tor, n. See Pretor. 

PraG-MAT'IC, 1 a. [Gr. irpo.yna.T- 

Prag-mat'ic-al, j ikos, busy, act- 
ive, fr. npdyfxa, a thing done, busi- 
ness.] 1. Pertaining to business. 2. 
Officious ; meddlesome ; impertinent. 

Prag-MAT'IC, n. A solemn decree 
issued bv the head of a state. 

Prai'rie"(89), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. pra- 
tum, a meadow.] An extensive tract 
of grass land, destitute of trees. 

Prai'RIE-dog, n. A small barking 
animal, allied to the marmot, found 
on the prairies. 

Praise, n. [Lat. pretivm,i>rice, value, 
reward.] 1. Commendation ; ap- 
proval of merit. 2. Tribute of grat- 
itude or homage to the Divine Being. 
3. Object, ground, or reason of 
praise, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
pretiare, fr. pretium, price, value, 
reward.] 1. To express approbation 
of. 2. To do honor to. 

Syn. — To applaud? extol.— To praise 
is, literallj T . to raise high; to applaud is 
to greet, with clapping; to extol is to 
bear aloft. 

Prais_e'wor-thy (-wQr-thy), a. Wor- 
thy of applause , commendable. 

Prance, f. t. [-ed; -ing-.] [Allied 
to prank.} To bound, as a horse. 

Prank, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. 
prangen, prunken, to shine, to make 
a show ; Icel. pranga.] To adorn in 
a showy manner. — n. A gay or 
sportive action. 

Prank'ish, a. Full of pranks. 

Prate, t\ i. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
prata.] To talk much and to little 
purpose. — n . Trifling talk. 

PRAT'IQUE (prtit'eek), n. [Fr.] Li- 
cense to hold intercourse with a 
place, after having performed quar- 
antine. 

PRAT'TLE, v. i. [-ED: -ING.] [Dim. 
of prate.] To talk lightly and art- 
lessly, like a child; to prate. — n. 
Trifling or childish tattle. 

Prat'tler, n. One who prattles. 

PRAV'I-TY, n. [Lat. pravitas ; pra- 
vus, crooked, perverse.] Depravity ; 
moral corruption. [to the shrimp. 

Prawn, n. A small crustacean, allied 

PRAX'IS, n. [Gr. -npa.^1%, fr. npaaaetv, 
to do.] 1. Use; practice. 2. An 
example to teach practice. 

Pray, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. pre- 
cari, fr. prex, precis, prayer.] 1. To 
ask with earnestness or zeal, as for a 
favor. 2. To address the Supreme 
Being with adoration, confession, &c. 
— v. t. 1. To supplicate ; to entreat. 
1._ To request ; to petition. [prays. 

Pray'er (pra/er, 4), n. One who 

PrAyer (prar), n. [Lat. precarius, 
obtained by prayer.] 1. Act of pray- 
ing or of asking a favor. 2. Act of 



addressing supplication to God. 3. 
Form of words used in praying. 

Prayer'-book (prar'bo'ok), n. A 
book containing forms of prayer. 

Prayer'ful (pi-ar'-), a. Given to 
prayer ; devotional. 

Prayer'ful-ly (prar / -), adv. In a 
prayerful manner. 

Prayer'eess (prar'-), a. Habitually 
neglecting prayer to God. 

Preach, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
pr medicare, to cry in public, to pro- 
claim ; prse, before, and dicare, to 
make known.] To pronounce a pub- 
lic religious discourse ; to deliver a 
sermon. — v. t. 1. To proclaim in a 
sermon. 2. To deliver or pronounce. 

Preach'er, n. One who preaches. 

Preach'ing, n. Act of one who 
preaches ; a religious discourse. 

Pre-ad'am-ite, n. An inhabitant 
of the earth before Adam. 

PRE'AD-MON'ISH, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To admonish previously. 

Pre-ad'mo-ni'tion (-nTsh'un), n. 
Previous warning or admonition. 

PRE'AM-BLE, n. [Lat. prseambulus, 
walking before.] An introductory 
portion, especially of a statute. 

Preb'end, n. [L. Lat. prxbenda, fr. 
Lat. pr&bere, to hold forth, afford.] 
Maintenance granted to a prebendary 
out of the estate of a cathedral or 
collegiate church. [prebend. 

Pre-bend'al, a. Pertaining to a 

PREB'END-A-RY, n. A clergyman at- 
tached to a collegiate or cathedral 
church. 

Pre-€A'ri-OUS, a. [Lat. prrcarius, 
fr. precari, to pray, beg. J 1. Depend- 
ing on the will or pleasure of another. 
2. Held by a doubtful tenure ; ex- 
posed to constant risk. 

Syn. — Uncertain. — Precarious is 
stronger than uncertain. It expresses the 
highest species of uncertainty, and is ap- 
plied to such tilings as depend wholly on 
future casualties. 

Pre-ca'RI-oOs-ly, adv. At the will 
of pthevs. 

PrE€'A-tlve, ) a. [Lat prrcativ us, 

PRE€'A-TO-RY, J and precatorius.] 
Suppliant : beseeching. 

Pre-CAU'TION. n. [Lat. prsecautio; 
pra>cavere, pr&cautum, to guard 
against beforehand.] 1. Previous 
caution or care. 2. A measure taken 
beforehand. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To warn or advise beforehand. 

PRE-CAU'TION-AL, I a. Prevent- 

Pre-cau'tion-a-ry, I ive of mis- 
chief ; containing previous caution. 

Pre-cau'tioOs, a. Taking prevent- 
ive measures. 

PRE-CEDE', l'. /. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
prsec.edere ; prse, before, and cedtre, 
to go.] To go before in place, time, 
rank, or importance. 

Pre-ced'ence, 1 n. Act or state of 

PRE-CED'EN-CY, ) being precedent ; 
priority in position, rank, or time. 

Pre-CED'ENT. a. ■ [Lat. precedent. 
See Precede.] Going before; an- 
terior ; antecedent. 

Prec'e-dent, n. Something that 



may serve as an example to author- 
ize a subsequent act of the like kind. 
Syn. — Example. — An example is a 
similar case which may serve as a rule 
or guide, but has no authority out of it- 
self. A precedent is something which 
comes down to us from the past with the 
sanction of usage and of common con- 
sent. 

Prec'e -DENT-ED, a. Having a prece- 
dent. 

Pre-cen'tor, n. [Lat. , fr. prse, be- 
fore, and cantor, a singer.] Leader 
of the choir in a cathedral. 

PRE'CEPT, n. [Lat. przeceptum, from 
prsecipere, to take beforehand, to in- 
struct.] 1. Any commandment in- 
tended as a rule of action, esp as to 
moral conduct. 2. A species of writ. 
Syn.— See Doctkixe. 

Pre-cep'ti've, a. 1. Giving precepts. 
2. Directing in moral conduct ; di- 
dactic, [structor. 

Pre-oep'tor. m. A teacher; an in- 

Prjl'cep-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to 
a preceptor. 

Pre-CEP'to-ry, a. Giving precepts; 
preceptive. — n. [L. Lat. prseceptoria, 
from Lat. prseceptor , a commander, 
ruler, teacher.] A subordinate re- 
ligious house of the Knights Tem- 
plars. 

Pre-cep'tress, n. A female teacher. 

Pre-ces'sion (-sesb/un), n. [From 
Lat. priecedere, pr&cessum, to go be- 
fore.] Act of going before or forward. 
Precession of the equinoxes, the slow, 
backward motion of the equinoctial 
points along the ecliptic. 

Pre'CINCT, n. [Lat. prsecinctus, fr. 
prsecingere, to gird about, to encom- 
pass.] 1. Boundary. 2. A minor 
territorial or jurisdictional division. 

Pre'cious (preWus), a. [Lat. pre- 
tiosus; pretium, price, worth, value.] 

1. Of great price ; costly. 2. Very 
valuable ; highly esteemed. 3. Worth- 
less ^contemptible. 

Pre'cious'ly (presh'us-), adv. 1. 
Valuably ; to a great price. 2. Con- 
temptibly 

PREC'I-PI^E, n. [Lat. prsecipitiirm, fr. 
prseceps, headlong.] A very steep, 
perpendicular, or overhanging place. 

PRE-clP'l-TA-BLE,a. Capable of be- 
ing precipitated. 

PRE-ciP'l-TANCE, ) n. Quality of 

PRE-ciP'i-TAN-CY, J being precipi- 
tate : precipitation. 

Pre-cip'i-tant, a. 1. Falling or 
rushing headlong. 2. Urged with 
violent haste ; hasty. — n. A liquor 
which, when poured on a solution, 
separates what is dissolved, and 
makes it fall to the bottom. 

Pre-cip'i-tant-ly, adv. With great 
haste. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING/f 
[Lat. pr3ecipitare,-tatum, fr. pr&ceps, 
headlong.] 1. To throw headlong. 

2. To urge with eagerness or violence. 

3. To throw to the bottom of a vessel. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE, a. 1. Falling, flow- 
ing, or rushing, with steep descent 
2. Rashly hasty. 

Syn. — Steep; headlong; rash. 



Dp, WQir, too, TOOK; ftRN,RUE, Pl/LL; je, i, o, silent; 9, G, soft; €,Gjiard; AR; ex.ist; n as ng ; this 



PRECIPITATELY 



330 



PREFECT 



— n. A substance which, having 
been dissolved, is again separated 
from its solvent, and thrown to the 
bottom of the vessel, by pouring an- 
other liquor upon it. 

Pre-cip'1-tate-ly, adv. In a pre- 
cipitate manner. 

PRE-CIP'I-TA'TION, n. 1. Act Of 
precipitating, or state of being pre- 
cipitated. 2. Rash, tumultuous 
haste. 3. Act of throwing to the 
bottom of a vessel any substance 
held in solution. [cipitates. 

Pre-cip'I-ta'tor, n. One who pre- 

Pre-cip'i-toOs, a. [Lat. pneceps, 
prxcipitis.] 1. Very steep. 2. Head- 
long. 3. II ; sty ; rash. [descent. 

Pre-cip'i-tous-ly, adv. With sr*>ep 

Pre-^ise', a. [Lat. przecfgus, cut o/T, 
brief, concise.] 1. Not loose, vague, 
uncertain, or equivocal. 2. Excess- 
ively nice ; punctilious. 

Pre-^ise'ly (110), adv. In a precise 
manner. [precise. 

Pre-cise'ness, n. Quality of being 
Syn. — See Precision. 

Pre-cis'ian (-sizh/an) n. A person 
rigidly exact in observing rules ; a 
formalist. 

PRE-CIS/ION (-sizh'un), n. [Lat. prx- 
cisio.] Quality of being precise ; ex- 
act limitation ; exactness ; accuracy. 

Syn. — Preeiseness.— Precision is al- 
ways used in a good sense; preeiseness is 
frequently taken in a bad one, especially 
when applied to persons or their conduct, 
denoting an excess of nicety, formal 
manners, &c 

PRE-CLUDE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
prxcludere, fr. prx and daudere, to 
shut.] To shut out by anticipative 
action ; to hinder. 

Pre-CLU'sion, n. Act of precluding ; 
a shutting out. 

PRE-CLU'SIVE, a. Precluding, or 
tending to preclude. 

PRE-€LU'SIVE-LY, adv. In a preclu- 
sive manner. 

Pre-co'cioDs, a. [Lat. prxrox, prx- 
cocis, and prxcoquus. fr. prsecoquere, 
to cook or ripen beforehand.] 1. Ripe 
before the proper or natural time. 2. 
Too forward ; premature. 

Pre-co'cious-ly, adv. Inapreco- 
ciousmanner. 

Pre-go'cioOs-ness, ) n. Quality or 

Pre-g6c'I-TY, j state of being 

precocious. 

PRE / c6«-Nl'TlON(-nTsh / un), n. [Lat. 
jrrxcognitio, from prxcognoscere, to 
foreknow.] Previous knowledge or 
examination. 

PRE'CON-CEIT', n. A previous con- 
ceit or conception. 

PRE'CON-CEIVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To form a previous notion or idea of. 

Pre'€ON-cep'tion, n. Conception 
or opinion previously formed. 

PRE'CON-CERT' (14), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To concert or settle before- 
hand. 

Pre-gon'tract, n. A contract pre- 
vious to another. 

PRE-GUR'sivE, a. Preceding and in- 
troductory ; forerunning. 



PRE-€u"R'SOR, n. [Lat. prxcursor, fr. 
prxcurrere, to run before.] One who, 
or that which, precedes an event, 
and indicates its approach. 

Syn.— Forerunner; harbinger; omen. 

PRE-efJR'so-RY, a. Indicating some- 
thing^ to follow. 

PRE-DA'CEOUS,a. [Lat. prxda, prey.] 
Living by prey ; predatory. 

PRED'A-TO-RY,a. [Lat. prxdatorius.] 
1. Characterized by plundering. 2. 
Hungry : ravenous. 

PRED'E-CES'SOR, n. [Lat. prxdeces- 

, sor, fr. prx, before, and dece.ssor, a 
predecessor.] One who precedes ; one 
whom another follows. 

Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an, n. One who 
believes in predestination. — a. Per- 
taining to predestination. 

Pre-des'TI-nate, a. Predestinated; 
fore-ordained. 

Pre-des'ti-nate, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. pried estinare, -natum, fr. prx, 
before, and destinare, to determine.] 
To ordain beforehand by an un- 
changeable purpose. 

Pre-des'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of 
fore-ordaining events. 2. The pur- 
pose of God from eternity respecting 
all events. [destinates. 

Pre-des'TI-NA/TOR,^. Onewhopre- 

Pre-des'tTne, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To decree beforehand ; to foreordain. 

Pre'de-ter'mi-nate, a. Deter- 
mined beforehand. 

Pre'de-tEr'mi-na'tion,*!. Act of 
previous determination. 

Pre'de-ter'mi'ne, r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To determine beforehand. 

PRE'DI-AL, a. [Lat. prxdium, a farm, 
estate.] Consisting of, or attached 
to, land or farms 

Pred'i-ca-bIl'I-ty, n. Quality of 
being predicable. 

PRED'I-CA-BLE,a. [See PREDICATE.] 
Capable of being affirmed of some- 
thing. — n. 1. A general abstract 
notion. 2. One of the five most gen- 
eral relations of attributes involved 
in logical ari-angements ; namely, 
genus, species, difference, property, 
and accident. 

Pre-dic'a-ment, n. [See Predi- 
cate.] Class or kind described by 
any definite marks ; hence, condi- 
tion; especially, an unfortunate or 
trying condition. 

PRED'I-CATE, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
prxdicare, prxdicatum, to cry in 
public. See Preach.] To assert to 
belong to something. 

eST* Some able men among ourlawyere 
and statesmen use predicate for found or 
base; as, to predicate an argument on 
certain principles: to predicate a state- 
ment oh information received. This is 
wholly opposed lo good usage. Predicate 
is a term in logic, and used only in a sin- 
gle case, namely, when we affirm one 
thing of another. 

Pre d'i -gate (45), n. The thing or 
quality affirmed of the subject. 

PRED'I-CA'TION, n. Act of predi- 
cating : assertion. [positive. 

PrED'I-ca-to-ry, a. Affirmative; 

Pre-dIgt', v. t. [-ed:-ing.] [Lat. 



prxdicere, -dictum , from prx, before, 
and di cere, to say, tell.] To tell be- 
forehand. 

Stn. — To foretell ; prophesy ; prog- 
nosticate; presage; forebode. 

Pre-dIc'TION, n. A previous declara- 
tion of a future event. 

Syn. — Prophecy ; prognostication ; 
augury; soothsaying. 

Pre-dIct'Ive, a. Foretelling; pro- 
phetic. 

Pre-dIct'or, n. One who predicts. 

PRE'Dl-LEC'TlON, n. [Lat. prx, be- 
fore, and ddigere, dilectum, to love.] 
A prepossession of mind in favor of 
something. 

PRE'DIS-POgE', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] . 

To incline or arrange beforehand. 

Pre'dis-po-sPtion (-zish'un),n. 1. 
Previous inclination or propensity. 
2. Previous adaptation to any change 
or purpose. 

Pre-dom'i-nance, \n. Condition 

PRE-DOM'I-NAN-CY, ) or quality of 
being predominant ; superiority. 

Pre-dom'i-nant, a. Superior in 
strength, influence, or authority. 

Pre-dom'i-nant-ly, adv. VVith su- 
perior strength or influence. 

Pre-dom'i-nate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. prx, before, and dominari, -na- 
tus, to rule.] To surpass in streagth, 
influence, or authority ; to prevail. 

PRE-EM'I-NENCE, n. Distinction 
above others in quality, position, or 
the like. 

Pre-EM'i-nent, a. Eminent above 
others ; surpassing others. 

PRE-EM'I-NENT-LY, adv. In a pre- 
eminent degree. 

Pre-emp'TION (84), n. Act or right 
of purchasing before others ; esp. the 
right of a settler on the lands of the 
United States to purchase in prefer- 
ence to others, when the land is sold. 

Preen, n. [A.-S. predn, a clasp, bod- 
kin.] A forked instrument used in 
dressing cloth. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To dress with a preen ; to keep in 
order, as the feathers. 

Pre'-en-gage'. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To engage by previous contract or in- 
fluence. 

PrE'-en-gage'ment, n. Prior en- 
gagement. 

Pre'-es-tab'lish.i-. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
To settle beforehand. 

Pre'-es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settle- 
ment beforehand. 

Pre'-ex-ist', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
exist beforehand. 

Pre'ex-ist'ence, n. Existence pre- 
vious^" to something else. 

Pre-ex-ist'ent, a. Existing before- 
hand ; preceding in existence. 

Pref'ACE , n. [Lat. prxfatio ; prxfa- 
ri, to say beforehand.] Something 
spoken or written by way of intro- 
duction. — v. 1. [-ed; -ing.] To 
introduce by preliminary remarks. 

Pref'a-to-ry (50), a. Introductory. 

PRE'FECT, n. [Lat. prxfectus, fr. 
prmficere, to set over.] 1. A Roman 
officer who superintended a particu- 
lar department. 2. A superintend- 



A, E, 



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PREFER 



331 



PREFOSSESS 



ent of a department of the kingdom. 
[France.] 

Pre-fer', d. t. [-RED ; -ring.] [Lat. 
praeferre: prse, before, and ferre, to 
bear.] 1. To offer ; to present. 2. 
To advance . as to an office : to exalt. 
3. To incline more toward : to choose. 
Sy>". — See Choose. 

PrEf'ER-a-ble, a. \Torthy to be 
preferred ; more desirable. 

Pref'er-a-bly, adv. In preference. 

Pref'er-exce. n. 1. Act of prefer- 
ring : predilection; choice. 2. State 
of being preferred. 3. That which 
is preferred. 

Pre-fer'ment. it. Advancement in 
::v or office; promotion. 

Pre~FIG D-RATION, n. Antecedent 
representation by similitude. 

Pre-fIg'U-RA-ti YE . a. Showing by 
previous figures, types, or similitudes. 

PRE-FiG'URE. O.t. ~-ED j -IXG.] To 

show bv tvpes and simili trades. 

Pre-fLx', v. t. >ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
prsefigere, -Jixum ; prse, before, and 
figere, to fix.] To put at the begin- 
ning of another thing. 

Pre'fix. n. A letter, syllable, or 
word combined with a word at its 
beginning. 

Preg'NaN-cy.n. 1. Condition of be- 
ing pregnant. 2. Quality of being 
heavy with important contents, sig- 
nificance, or the like ; fertility. . 

Preg'naxt, a. [Lat. prsegn'ans, for 
prsegenans, from prse, before, and ge- 
nere, to beget.] 1. Being with young. 
2. Heavy with important contents. 

Preg'xaxt-ly, adv. In a pregnant 
manner. 

Pee-HEX'SI-BLE , a. [Lat. pr e he nd ere, 
-hensum, to take, seize.] Admitting 
of being seized. 

Pre-hex'slle, a. Adapted to seize 
or grasp. 

Pre-hex'siox", u. A seizing, as with 
the hand. 

PRE-JLDGE'. f. £. [-ED; -IXG.] To 
judge before hearing ; to condemn 
beforehand. [iug. 

Pre-jCdg'.mext, 7i. Act of prejudg- 

PRE-JU'DI-€ATE, B. t. [-ED : -IXG^] 
[Lat. prse judi care, -catum.] To deter- 
mine beforehand : to prejudge. 

Pre-jC di-ca'tiox, h. Act of judg- 
ing without due examination. 

Prej'u-dice, n. [Lat. prsjudkium : 
prse, before, tindjudicium, judgment.] 
1. Prejudgment ; unreasonable pre- 
dilection for or against, esp. an un- 
favorable predilection. 2. Mischief: 
damage ; iojury. — i\ t. [-ED ; -ijng.] 
1. To prepossess with unexamined 
opinions. 2. To injure by prejudices ; 
to damage : to im 

Pr£j u-di'cial (-disb/al), a. Tend- 
ing to obstruct or impair. 
Stx. — Injurious; hurtful: mischievous. 

Prel'a-c\- fUO), n. 1. Office of a 
prelate: government by prelates. 2. 
Prelates collectively. 

Peel'ate. n. [L. Lat. prsela tux, fr. 
prse ferre, to prefer.] A dignitary of 
the church. 



I Pre-lat'I€, \ a. Pertaining to 
PRE-LAT'ie-AL, ) prelates or prelacy. 
Prel'a-tist, n. An advocate for 
I prelacy. 
PRE-LE€'TIOX, n. [La.t.prselectio,fr. 
prse, before, and legere, to read.] A 
lecture read in public or to a select 
I company. 
Pre-lec'tor, n. A lecturer. 
PRE LI-ba'TIOX, n. [Lat. prselibatio, 
I from prselihare, to taste beforehand.] 
A tasting beforehand ; foretaste. 
Pre-l.Lvi'1-na-ry, a. [Lat. prse, be- 
fore, and liminaris, belonging to a 
threshold.] Preceding the main dis- 
course or business. 

Stx.— Introductory ; preparatory ; 
previous; precedent. 

— M . Something previous or prepar- 
tory._ 

Pre'lude, orPREL'UDE, n. [L.Lat. 
prselud i urn ; fr. lat. jrce, before, and 
Indus, play.] An introductory per- 
formance ; esp. a musical strain, in- 
troducing the chief subject. 
Stx. — Preface; introduction. 

PRE-LUDE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To introduce with a previous per- 
formance. 2. To precede. — v. i. 
To serve as an introduction. 

Pre-lu'sive, )a. Previous; intro- 

Pre-lu'so-ry. j ductory. 

Pre'ma-ture' (53), a. [Lat. prse- 
maturtts; prse, before, and matu- 
nu, ripe.] 1. Kipe too soon. 2. 
Happening before the proper time. 
3. Received without due authentica- 
tion or evidence. 

Pre'ma-ture'ly, adv. 1. Too soon; 
too early. 2. Without due evidence 
or authentication. 

Pre MA-ture'ness, I n. Quality of 

Pre ma-ttj'ri-TY, ) being prema- 
ture ; ripeness before the natural 
time. 

PRE-MED'I-TATE,f. t. Or ?'. [-ED; 
-IXG.] To consider in the mind be- 
forehand. 

Pre-MED i-ta'tiox, r. 1. Act of 
meditating beforehand. 2. Previous 
design formed. 

PRE'ill-ER, or PREM'lER (prem'yer), 
n. [Fr., from Lat. primarius, of the 
first rank : primus, the first.] The 
prime minister. 

Pre'mi-er-ship (or premier), n. 
Officeof the first minister of state. 

Pre-mise', «. t. [-ED;-IXG.] [Lat. 
prsemittere, -missum, to send before.] 
To set forth as introductory to the 
main subject ; to lay down premises. 

Prem'Ise, n. ; pi. PREM'IS-E.$. I. 
A proposition antecedently admitted 
or proved, from which the inference 
or conclusion is drawn. 2. pi. Land 
or thing granted by deed : — hence, 
applied to a building and its adjuncts. 

PRE'MT-ttai, n. [Lat. prse mi urn, orig. 
what one has before {prse) or better 
than others.] 1. A rwompense : a 
prize. 2. A sum in advance o f the 
capital, or sum lent. 3. Money paid 
to underwriters for insurance. 

Pre'mo-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. Pre- 



vious warning, notice, or inform* 
tion. [ous warning. 

PRE-MON'I-TO-RY, a. Giving previ- 

PRE'IVIU-NI'TION (-nish'un), n. [Lat. 
prsemunitio, fr. prsemunire, to forti- 
fy in front.] An anticipation of ob- 
jections. 

Pre-no'men, n. See Prenomex. 

Pre-6c'€U-pan-cy, 7i. Act or right 
of taking possession before another. 

Pre-o^cu-pa/TION, 7i. Prior occu- 
pation. 

PRE-0€'€TT-PY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To take possession of before another. 

Pre'OR-DAIN', v.t. To appoint be- 
forehand ; to predetermine. 

Pre-or'di-na'tion, n. Act of fore- 
ordaining; previous determination. 

PrEpa-ra'tion, n. [See Prepare.] 
1. A making or being prepared or rea- 
dy. 2. Preparatory act or measure. 3. 
That which is prepared for a partic- 
ular purpose. 

Pre-par'a-tive, a. Tending to pre- 
pare or make ready ; preparatory. — 
n. That which prepares, or which 
is done to prepare ; preparation. 

Pre-par'a-to-ry, a. Preparing the 
way by previous measures of adap- 
tation . 

Pre-pare', v. t. [-ed ; -ixg.] [Lat. 
prseparare , from prse, before, and pa- 
rare, to make ready.] 1. To fit; to 
make ready. 2. To provide. — v. i. 
1. To make all things ready. 2. To 
make one"s self ready. 

Pre-pay', v. t. [-paid; -paying.] To 
pay in advance. [vance. 

PRE-PAY'MENT, n. Payment in ad- 

Pre-pEnse', a. [Lat. prse, before, and 
pendere, pension, to weigh, consid- 
er.] Premeditated; aforethought. 

Pre-pol'lence, )n. Superiority of 

Pre-pol'len-cy, j power. 

PRE-POL'LENT, a. [Lat, prsepollens, . 
surpassing in power.] Having supe- 
rior influence or power. 

Pre-pon'der-axce, n. Superiority 
of weight, influence, or power, [ing. 

Pre-pox'der-axt, a. Preponderat- 

Pre-pon'der-ate, v. t. [-ED ; 
-IXG.] [Lat. prseponderare , -ratum , 
from prse, before, and ponderare. to 
weigh.] 1. To outweigh. 2. To over- 
power by stronger influence. — v. i. 
1. To exceed in weight. 2. To ex- 
ceed in influence ; hence, to incline 
to one side. 

Pre-pox'DER-a'tion, n. Actorstate 
of preponderating. 

Prep'O-si'tiox (-zish'un), n. [Lat. 
prsepositio ; prseponere, -sititm , to put 
before, but influenced by pausare, to 
pause.] A particle governing, and 
generally placed before, a substantive 
or pronoun, of which it expresses 
the relation to some other word. 

Prep'o-sT'tion-al (-zish'un-al), a. 
Pertaining to prepositions. 

Pre-pos'i-tTve, a. Prefixed. — n. A 
word put before another. 

Pre'pos-sess' (-pos-seV or -poz-zes'), 
v. t. [-ed: -ixg.] 1. To take pre- 
vious possession of. 2. To pre-occu* 
py, as the mind or heart : to bias. 



or, do, wolf, to"o, iOOS; fJRN, rue, pull | E, I, o, silent ; c, &,soft ; €, g, hard; A£ j Exist •, N as xg ; THrs 



PREPOSSESSING 



332 



PRESUPPOSE 



Pre'pos-sess'ing (-pos-seV- or -poz- 
zes'-), a. Tending to invite favor. 

Pre'pos-ses'sion (-pos-sesh'un or 
-poz-zesh'un), n. 1. Prior posses- 
sion. 2. Preoccupation of the mind ; 
preconceived opinion. 

Pre-pos'ter-oDs, a. [Lat. preevos- 
terus ; prx, before, and posterns, 
eoming after.] 1. Having that first 
which ought to be last. 2. Contrary 
to nature or reason. 

i?RE-REQ'ui-s/iTE (-rek'wT-), a. Pre- 
viously required or necessary. — n. 
Something previously required. 

Pre-rog'A-tive, n. [Lat. prseroga- 
tiva, fr. prxrogare, to ask before an- 
other.] An exclusive or peculiar 
privilege. 
Syn. — See Privilege. 

PRE-SAGE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.]. [Lat. 
pnzsagire ; prse, before, and sagire, 
to perceive acutely.] 1. To have a 
presentiment of; to forebode. 2. 
To foretell. 
Syn. —To foreshow, predict; prophesy. 

Pre'sage, or Pres'age,w. Some- 
thing foreshowing a future event. 

Pres'by-TER, n. [Lat., an elder, fr. 
Gr. npeo-fivTepos, compar. of npeo-- 
/Svs, old.] 1. {Anc. Church.) An elder 
having authority to instruct in the 
church. 2. ( Church of'Eng.) A priest. 

Pres/by-TE'RI-an, a. 1. Pertaining 
to ecclesiastical government by pres- 
byters. 2. Consisting of presbyters. 
— n. One who maintains the valid- 
ity of ordination and government by 
presbyters. 

Pres/by-te'RI-AN-^sm, 7i. That form 
of church government which invests 
presbyters with all spiritual power. 

Prej'by-ter-y, n. [See Presby- 
ter.] 1. A body of elders. 2. 
( Presbyterian Church.) A judicatory 
consisting of oil the pastors of church- 
es within a certain district, and one 
ruling elder, a layman, from each 
parish or church. 

Pre'SCI-en<;e (pre'shT-enss), n. Fore- 
knowledge of events. 

PRE'SCI-ENT (prG'sln-ent), o. [Lat. 
prsesciens, foreknowing.] Having 
knowledge of events before they take 
place. 

pRE-SGRIBE',t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
priescribere; prse, before, and scri- 
bere, to write.] 1. To lay down au- 
thoritatively for direction. 2. To di- 
rect as a remedy to be used by or for 
a patient. — v. i. 1. To give law. 2. To 
give medical directions. 3. To claim 
on the ground of immemorial use. 

Pre-S€rjp'tjon, ii. 1. Act of pre- 
scribing, or that which is prescribed. 
2. Claim of title by virtue of imme- 
morial use. 

Pre-script'ive, a. Consisting in, or 
acquired by, prescription. 

Pres'ence, w. [See Present.] 1. 
State of being present. 2. Region in 
which one is present : nearness. 3. 
Neighborhood to one of superior rank. 
4. Mien ; personal appearance. 

PRESENT, a. [Lat. preesens, being 



before one, in sight or at hand, p. p. 
of prseesse, to be before.] 1. Being 
at hand, within reach or call, or the 
like. 2. Now existing. 3. Being 
now in view, or under consideration. 
4. Immediate ; instant. 

Syn. — At hand; on hand.— We speak 
of a person being at hand, i. e., near by, 
and thus virtually present, we speak, 
also, of a merchant's having goods on 
hand. Some persons confound the two, 
and speak of being " on hand," at a 
given time or place, meaning present. 
This confusion of things so entirely dis- 
similar " smells of the shop." 

— n. Present time. 
Syn. — See Donation. 

PRE-SENT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To give a formal introduction to. 2. 
To exhibit to view ; to offer. 3. To 
make a gift of; to give ; to grant. 4. 
To indict. [Amer.] — n. That which 
is presented. 

Pre-2Ent'A-ble. a. Capable or ad- 
mitting of being presented. 

PrEs/en-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of pre- 
senting ; an offering ; bestowal. 2. 
Exhibition ; representation. 

Pre-sENT'i-ment, n. 1. Previous 
conception, sentiment, or opinion. 
2. Anticipation of evil. 

Pres/ent-ly, adv. At once ; soon ; be- 
fore long. 

PRE-§ENT'31ENT, n. 1. Presentation. 

2. Delineation ; representation. 3. 
Notice taken by a grand jury of any 
offense from their own knowledge or 
observation. 

Pres'er-va'tion, n. Act of preserv- 
ing, or state of being preserved. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE, a. Having the 
power or quality of preserving. — n. 
That which preserves, or has the 
power of preserving. 

Pre-serv'a-to-ry, a. Having power 
or tendency to preserve. — n. That 
which preserves ; a preservative. 

PRE-SERVE' (14), V, t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. preeservare ; prx, before, and 
servare, to save.] 1. To save from 
injury or destruction. 2. To save from 
decay by the use of sugar or salt, &c. 

3. To maintain throughout. 
Syn. — See Keep. 

— n. 1. Fruit, or the like, kept by 
suitable preparation. 2. A place for 
the preservation of game or fish, &c. 

Pre-s£rv'er, n. One who preserves. 

Pre-side', v. i. [-ed : -ING.] [Lat. 
prassidere ; prse, before, and sedere, 
to sit.] 1. To occupy the place of 
ruler, or of director, &c. 2. To ex- 
ercise superintendence. 

PRES'I-DEN-CY, r\. 1. Superintend- 
ence. 2. Office, or term of office, of 
president. 3. Jurisdiction of a pres- 
ident. 

Pres'1-dent, n. [Lat. prsesidens. 
See Preside.] A presiding officer; 
as, (a.) The chief officer of a corpo- 
ration, society, college, &c. (b.) The 
chief executive of certain republics. 

PrEs'i-den'tial, a. Pertaining to 
a president. 

Pres'i-dent-ship. n . Office, or term 
of office, of a president. 



PRE-sfD'I-AL, ) a. [Lat. prsesidia- 

Pre-§id'i-a-ry, ) lis, and prsesidi a. 
rius. See Preside.] Pertaining to 
a garrison. 

Pre-sig'ni-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. prsesignificare , fr. prx, before, 
and signiftcare, to signify.] To sig- 
nify beforehand. 

PRESS, v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L&t. pres- 
sure.) 1. To squeeze; to crush. 2. 
To embrace closely. 3 To urge : to 
force ; to compel. 4. To drive with 
violence. 5. To force into service, 
particularly into naval service. — v. 
i. To use or exert pressure. — n. 1. 
An instrument for pressing or squeez- 
ing ; or the place containing a press. 
2. A machine for printing. 3. Busi- 
ness of printing and publishing. 4. 
Collective publications issued from 
the press. 5. A closet for clothes, 
&c. 6. Act of pressing forward. 7. 
Urgency. 8. A multitude ; a throng. 

Press'-gXng, n. A detachment of sea- 
men to impress men into the navy. 

Press'-MAN (150), n. One who man- 
ages, or attends tc, a printing-press. 

Press'ure (presh'jjr), n. 1. Act of 
pressing, or the condition of being 
pressed. 2. A constraining force. 3- 
Severe affliction, difficulties, embar- 
rassments, or the distress they occa- 
sion. 4. Urgency. 

Pres'ti-dTg'i-ta'tor, n. [Lnt.praes- 
to, quickly, and digitus, fiDger.] One 
skilled in legerdemain. 

PRES'TlGE, n. [Lat. pr test igium.] 1. 
Illusion. 2. Influence coming from 
past success, character, or deeds. 

PRES'TO, adv. [It. & Sp., quick, 
quickly, from Lat. prsestus, ready.] 
Quickly ; suddenly. [presumed. 

Pre-sum'a-BEE, a. Such as maybe 

Pre-sum'a-bly, adv. By, or accord 
ing to, presumption. 

Pre-sume', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
pr.Tsumere ; prse, before, and sumere, 
to take.] To take or suppose to be 
true, without examination or proof; 
to take for granted. — v.t. 1. To 
suppose or assume something to be, 
or to be true. 2. To take liberties. 

PRE-sfJM/ER,«. One who presumes. 

Pre-sump'tion (84), n. [Lat. prse- 
sumptio. See Presume.] 1. Act 
of taking for granted. 2. Ground 
for presuming. 3. A thing believed 
true on satisfactory evidence. 4. 
Over-confident or arrogant opinion 
or conduct. [probable evidence. 

Pre-sDmp'tTve, a. Grounded on 

PRE-sUMPT'u-oOsf-ziimpt^ i;-,84l,a. 
1. Full of presumption. 2. Proceed- 
ing from excess of confidence. 3. 
Done with rash confidence, or in vi*- 
olation of known duty. 

PRE-sfjMPT'U-OUS-LY, adv. With 
presumption. 

PRE-sttMPT'u-ofjs-NESS, n. Rash 
confidence ; irreverent boldness. 

Pre'sup-pos'al, n. Supposal pre- 
viously formed. 

PRE'SUP-POSE', v. t. I-ED; -ING.] 
To suppose as previous ; to imply as 
antecedent ; to take for granted. 



A, E, I, O, ft, Y,long; AjKj'i, Ojtjf, t, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£HI,I; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



PRESUPPOSITION 



333 



PRIMARY 



Pre-siip'po-si'tion (-zlsh'un), n. 
Act of presupposing. 

Pre-tence', n. See Pretense. 

Pre-tend', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
prxtendere, prietentum, fr. prie, be- 
fore, and tendere, to stretch.] 1. To 
plot; to intend. [Obs.] 2. To simu- 
late. 3. To hold out falsely ; to 
feign. — v. i. To lay claim. 

Pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends. 

Pre-TENSE', I n. [L. Lat. pr&Lensus, 

Pre-tence', I See Pretend.] 1. 
Simulation. 2. That which is pre- 
tended. 3. Act of laying claim ; as- 
sumption. 

Syx. — Pretext. — A pretense is some- 
thing held out us real when it is not so, 
thus falsifying the truth ; a pretext is 
something woven vp in order to c;ver or 
conceal one's true motives, feelings, or 
ends of action. The piety of the Phar- 
isees was all a pretense, and their long 
Erayers were a pretext to conceal their 
ypocrisy. 

Pre-ten'sion, n. 1. Act of pretend- 
ing or laying claim. 2. Claim laid. 

Pre-ten'TIOUS, a. Full of preten- 
sion. 

Pre'ter-im-pEr'fect, a. Not ab- 
solutely or distinctly past. 

PRET'ER-IT, orPRE'TER-IT,a. [Lat. 
prseteritus, gone or passed by.] Past ; 
— applied to the tense in grammar 
which expresses an action or being 
perfectly past (called also the perfect 



Pret'er-ite, or Pre'ter-ite, a. 
Same as PRETERIT. 

Pre'ter-i'tion (-lsh'un), n. [Lat. 
prseteritio.] 1. Act of going past ; 
state of being past. 2. (Rket.) A 
figure by which, in pretending to 
pass over any thing, a summary 
mention of it is made. 

PRE/TER-MIT', V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 
[Lat. prxtermittere ; prsster, beyond, 
by, and mittere, to send.] To pass 
by ; to omit. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-ral, a. Beyond or 
different from what is natural. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a 
preternatural manner, or to a pre- 
ternatural degree. 

Pre'ter-per'fect, a. Expressing 
action or being absolutely past ; per- 
fect. _ • 

Pre'ter-plxj'per-fect, a. [Lat. 
prxter, beyond, plus, more, andper- 
fectus, perfect.] Expressing action 
or being past at or before another 
past event or time ; pluperfect. 

Pre-text', or Pre'text (114), n. 
[Lat. prsetextum ; preetexere, to weave 
before.] Ostensible reason or motive. 
Syn.— See Pretense. 

PRE'TOR, n. [Lat. prxtor, for prse.it or, 
fr. prseire, to go before.] A civil offi- 
cer among the ancient Romans. 

Pre-to'ri-al, ) a. Pertaining to a 

Pre-to'ri-an, ) pretor or judge ; 
judicial. [ty manner. 

Pret'ti-ey (prit/tl-), adv. In a pret- 

Pret'ti-ness ^prlt'tl-), n. Quality 
of being pretty ; diminutive beauty. 

Pret'TY (prlt'ty), a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[A.-S. prattig, prdtig.] 1. Having 



slight or diminutive beauty. 2. Af- 
fectedly nice; foppish. 3. Mean; 
contemptible. — adv. In some de- 
gree ;_ tolerably. 

Pre-vaii/, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
prxvalere ; prx, before, and valere, to 
be strong, or worth.] 1. To gain the 
victory or superiority. 2. To have 
effect or influence. 3. To persuade. 

Pre-vail'ing,/>. a. 1. Haying more 
influence, power, or efficacy. 2. Most 
general in reception or extension. 
Syn. — Prevalent. 

PREV'A-LENCE.n. Quality of being 
prevalent ; superior strength, influ- 
ence, or efficacy. 

Prev'a-lent, a. [Lat. prsevalens. 
See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advan- 
tage. 2. Most generally received. 3. 
Extensively existing. 

Pre-var'i-cate, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. preevaricari, -catus, to walk 
crookedly.] To evade telling the 
truth. 

Syn. —To evade ; equivocate. — One 
who evades a question ostensibly answers 
it, but really turns aside to some other 
point. He who equivocates uses words 
which have a double meaning, so that in 
one sense he can claim to have said the 
truth, though he does in fact deceive, 
and intends to do it. He who prevari- 
cates talks all round the question, hop- 
ing to " dodge " it, and disclose nothing. 

PRE-vXR/l-eA'TlON, n. Act of shuf- 
fling or quibbling to evade the truth. 

Pre-var'i-€A'tor, n. One who pre- 
varicates ; a quibbler. 

Pre-ven'i-ent, a. [Lat. prseveniens. 
See infra.] 1. Going before ; preced- 
ing. 2. Preventive. 

Pre-vent', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 

preevenire, -ventum ; prm, before, and 

venire, to come.] 1. To get the start 

of. [Obs.] 2. To intercept and stop. 

Syn. — To hinder ; impede ; thwart. 

Pre-vent'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing prevented. 

Pre-ven'tion, n. Act of prevent- 
ing ; hindrance ; obstruction. 

Pre-vent'ive, a. Tending to pre- 
vent ; hindering the access of. — n. 
That which prevents ; an antidote 
previously taken. 

Pre'vi-oOs, a. [Lat. prxvius, going 
before ; prx, before, and via, the 
way.] Being or happening before 
something else. 

Syn. — Antecedent; preceding; ante- 
rior; prior; former. 

PRE'Vl-ofrs-LY, adv. In time preced- 
ing; antecedently. 

Pre-vis'ION (-vizh'un), n. [Lat. pro- 
vider e, prxvisus, to foresee.] Fore- 
sight ; foreknowledge. 

Pr^y, n. [Norm. Fr. preye, Lat. prx- 
da.] Any thing taken by force, es- 
pecially in war. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To collect spoil ; to take food by vio- 
lence. 

PRICE, n. [Lat. pretium.] 1. Amount 
of money at which a thing is valued. 
2. Value ; estimation. 3. Reward ; 
recompense. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To set a price on. 
Price-current, a statement of the pre- 



vailing prices, of merchandise, stocks, 
bills of exchange, &c. 

Price'less, a. Too valuable to ad- 
mit of being prized. 

Syn. — Invaluable; inestimable. 

Prick, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See the «.] 
1. To pierce with any thing sharp- 
pointed. 2. To mark by a puncture. 
3. To form or make by pricking. 4. 
To spur ; to incite. 5. To affect with 
sharp pain. 6. To erect, as something 
pointed, esp. the ears. — v. i. 1. To 
be pricked ; to feel as if pricked. 2. 
To spur onward. 3. To deck one's 
self out. — n. [A.-S. prica, pricca.] 
1. That which pricks ; a pointed in- 
strument. 2. Sharp, stinging pain. 

3. A puncture. 

Prick'ing, n. 1. Act of piercing. 2. 
A sensation of sharp pain. 

Prick'ee. n. [Dim. of prick.] A 
little prick ; a small, sharp-pointed 
projection. 

PrIck'li-ness, n. State of beinf 
prickly. [prickles. 

Prick'l y, a. Full of sharp points or 

PRIDE, n. [A.-S. pryta, pryt.] 1 
State or quality of being proud ; in- 
ordinate self-esteem. 2. Noble self- 
esteem. 3. Arrogance of demeanor. 

4. That of which one is proud ; that 
which excites boasting. 

Syn. — Vanity. — Pride is an over-val- 
uing of one's self for some real or imag- 
ined superiority. Vanity is the love of 
being admired (not merely approved), so 
that he who is vain has a secret feeling of 
pleasure at being praised for excellence 
which he is perfectly conscious of not 
possessing. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To indulge 
in pride ; — used reflexively. 

Priest, n. [A.-S. preost, from Lat. 
presbyter. See Presbyter.] 1. One 
who officiates at the altar. 2. A 
presbyter or elder ; a minister. 3. 
One who belongs to an order between 
bishop and deacon. 

Priest'craft, n. Fraud or imposi- 
tion in religious concerns. 

Priest'ess, n. A female priest. 

Priest'hood, n. 1. Office or char- 
acter of a priest. 2. Order of priests. 

Priest'ly, a. Pertaining to, or be- 
coming, priests ; sacerdotal. 

Priest'-rid'dsn, a. Managed or 
governed by priests. 

Prig, n. 1. A pert, conceited, saucy, 
pragmatical fellow. 2. A thief. 

PrIg'gish, a. Affected ; conceited. 

Prim, a. [From Lat. primus, first.] 
Formal; precise. — v. t. [-MED ; 
-MING.] To deck with great nicety. 

PRI'MA-CY, n. [L. Lat. primatia, fr. 
Lat. primas, primatis, principal, 
chief.] Condition of being a primate ; 
office or dignity of an archbishop. 

PR'i'MA-OdN'NA, n. [It., the first; 
lady.] The first female singer in an 
opera. [the freight. 

Pri'MAGe, «. A charge in addition to 

PRI'MAL, a. [L. Lat. primalis, from 
primus, the first.] First. 

Pri'm a-ri-ly, adv In the first place ; 
originally. 

Pri'MA-RY, a. [Lat. primarius, from 



6r,do, wqlf,too, XOORj t)RN, RUE.PULL; e, I, o, silent ; c,G,sq/*; €,Q,hard; Ag; Exist-, jjosNfi; this- 



PRIMATE 



334 



PRO AND CON 



primus, the first.] 1. First in order 
of time. 2. Preparatory to some- 
thing higher. 3. First in dignity or 
importance. — re. That which stands 
highest in rank or importance. 

Pri'MATE, re. [Lat. primas, primalis, 
fr. primus, first.] Chief ecclesiastic 
in a national church. 

Prime, a. [Lat. primus, first.] 1. 
Primary. 2. First in rank, degree, 
dignity, importance, excellence. 

Syn.— Original; principal; excellent. 
— n. 1. Beginning, as of the day, 
the year, &c. ; dawn ; spring. 2. 
Youth; full of health, strength, or 
beauty. 3. Best portion. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To charge with the powder, 
percussion cap, or other device for 
communicating fire to the charge. 2. 
To lay the first color in painting on. 

PRlM'ER, re. [Contr. fr. L. Lat. prima 
liber, i. e., the book read at prime.] 
1. An elementary book for teaching 
children to read. 2. A kind of type, 
of which there are two species — 

Long-primer 

and 

Great-primer. 

PrT-ME'VAL, a. [Lat. primxvus , ; 
primus, first, and SBvum, age] Be- 
longing to the first ages ; pristine. 

Prim'ing, re. 1. Powder used to com- 
municate fire to the charge in a fire- 
arm. 2. First color laid in painting. 

PrIm'I-tIve, a. [Lat. primitivus ; 
primus, the first.] 1. Pertaining to 
the beginning, or to early times. 2. 
Formal ; prim. 3. Original ; prima- 
ry. — re. A word not derived from 
another. 

PrIm'i-tIve-ly, adv. Originally ; 
primarily. [primitive. 

PrIm'i-tive-ness, n. State of being 

Prim'ly, adv. In a prim or precise 
manner. [niceness. 

Prim'ness, re. Affected formality or 

Pri'MO-GE'NI-AL, a. [Lat. primige- 
nius ; primus, first, and genere, to 
beget.] First born, made, or gene- 
rated. 

Pri'MO-GEN'I-TOR, n. [Lat. primus, 
first, and genitor, father.] The first 
father or forefather. 

PRI'MO-GEN'I-TURE (53), re. 1. Se- 
niority by birth among children. 2. 
Exclusive right of inheritance of the 
eldest son or daughter. 

Pri-mor'di-al, a. [Lat. primordia- 
lis ; primus, first, and ordiri, to be- 
gin.] First in order ; original. 

PrIm'r6§e, re. [Lat. prima rosa, i. e., 
the first rose.] An early flowering 
plant closely allied to the cowslip. 

PRINCE, re. [Lat. princeps, principis, 
chief.] 1. A chief ruler ; sovereign ; 
a monarch. 2. Son of a king or em- 
peror. 3. A person of rank next to 
the sovereign. 

Prince'd6m, re. Sovereignty, rank, 
or estate, of a prince. 

PrInce'ly, a. 1. Of, or relating to, 



a prince. 2. Resembling or becom- 
ing to a prince. 

Princess, re 1. A female prince. 2. 
Daughter of a king. 3. Consort of 
a prince. 

Prin'ci-pal, a. [See Prince.] High- 
est in rank, authority, character, or 
importance ; most considerable ; 
chief. — re. 1. A chief or head ; one 
who takes the lead. 2. A thing of 
prime consequence. 3. A capital 
sum of money, placed at interest. 

Prin'CI-PAL'i-TY, re. 1. Sovereign- 
ty ; supreme power. 2. A prince. 
3. Territory of a prince. 

PRfN'cl-PAL-LY, adv In a princi- 
pal manner ; chiefly ; mainly. 

PRIN-fiP'I-A, re. pi. [See PRINCI- 
PLE.] First principles ; elements. 

PRlN'ci-PLE, re. [Lat. principium, fr. 
princeps. See PRINCE.] 1. A source 
or origin. 2. An original faculty. 
3. A fundamental truth ; elementary 
proposition. 4. Aright and settled 
rule of conduct. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To establish or fix in tenets. 

PrInk, v.i. or t. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied 
to prank.] 1. To dress for show. 2. 
To put on stately airs. 

PrInt, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Abbrev. 
fr. imprint.] 1. To impress ; to im- 
print. 2. To stamp. 3. To strike 
off an impression of, by means of a 
press. 4. To mark by pressure. — 
v.i. 1. To practice the art of ty- 
pography. 2. To publish a book. 
— re. 1. A mark made by pressure. 

2. Impressions of types in general. 

3. That which is produced by print- 
ing, as an engraving or a newspaper. 

Print'er, re. One who prints books, 
newspapers, &c. 

Print'ing, re. Act, art, or practice 
of impressing letters, figures, &c. ; 
typography. 

Print'ing-Ink, re. Ink used in print- 
ing books, &c. [printing. 

Print'ing-press, re. A press for 

PRl'OR, a. [Lat. prior, former, pre- 
vious, better.] Preceding in the or- 
der of time. — re. Superior of a pri- 
ory, [convent of nuns. 

PrI'or-ESS, re. A female superior of a 

Pri-6r'i-ty, n. State of preceding 
something else. 

Pri'or-y, re. A religious house which 
was in dignity below an abbey. 
Syn.— See Convent. 

PrI§m, re. [Gr. npiv^a, from 
npL&iv, to saw.] 1. A solid 
whose bases are any similar, 
equal, and parallel plane fig- 
ures, and whose sides are par- 
allelograms. 2. A transpa- 
rent body, with, usually, three 
rectangular sides. 

Pris-MAT'ic, \a. 1. Like 

Pris-mAt'IC-AL,, ( or related 

to^ a prism. 2. Formed by a prism. 

Pris/MOID, w. [Gr. npiaixa, prism, 
and etfios, form.] A body somewhat 
like a prism'. 

PRIS/ON (prlz'n), re. [Fr., from Lat. 
prehensio, prensio, a seizing, arrest- 
ing.] A building for the confinement 



Prism. 



of debtors and criminals. — v. t 
[■ed; -ING.] To shut up in a 
prison ; to confine. 

Pris'on-er (prlz'n-er), re. One un- 
der arrest ; a captive. 

Pris'on-house, n. A jail. 

PRIS'TlNE, a. [Lat. pristinus.] Be- 
longing to the earliest time. 

PrIt«'ee. A corruption of pray thee. 

PRI'VA-CY, re. [From private.] 1. A 
state of retirement. 2. A place of 
seclusion ; retreat. 3. Concealment; 
secresy. 

P.3.!'VATE, a. [Lat. privatus, prop, be- 
reaved, deprived.] 1. Concerning an 
individual ; peculiar to one's self. 2. 
Sequestered from company or ob- 
servation ; not public. 3. Not pub- 
licly known ; not open. — re. A com- 
mon soldier. 

Pri'va-teer', re. An armed private 
vessel commissioned to cruise against 
the commerce of a public enemy. — 
v.i. [-ed; -ING.] To cruise in a 
privateer. 

Pri'vate-ly, adv. In private ; not 
openly or publicly. 

Pri-va'tion, n. 1. Act of depriving. 
2. State of being deprived. 3. Want ; 
absence. 

PrIv'a-tIve (110), a. Causing or in- 
dicating privation. — re. A prefix or 
suffix to a word which gives it a con- 
trary sense. 

PrIv'ET, re. [Scot, privity Prov. Eng. 
primwort. Cf. Prim.] An ornament- 
al shrub, much used in hedges. 

PRIV'I-LEGE, re. [J .at. privilegium, 
fr. privus, private, and lex, law.] A 
peculiar benefit or advantage ; aright 
or immunity not enjoyed by others. 

Syn.— Prerogative.— It is the privilege 
of a Christian child to be instructed iH 
the true religion. It is the prerogative 
of a parent to govern and direct his off. 
spring. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To grant some 
particular right or exemption to. 

PrIv'1-leg.ed, p. a. Invested with 
a privilege. 

PrIv'i-ly, adv. Privately; secretly. 

PRIV'I-TY, re. [From privy.] 1. Prk 
vate knowledge ; joint knowledge 
with another of a private concern. 
2. A private matter ; a secret. 

PrIv'Y, a. [Fr. prive, fr. Lat. priva- 
tus. See Private.] 1. Private. 2. 
Secret ; clandestine. 3. Secretly 
cognizant. — n. 1. A partaker. 2. 
A necessary house. 

PRIZE, re. [Fr. prise, fr. pris, p. p. of 
prendre, to take.] 1. Something 
taken from another ; a thing seized 
by force, stratagem, or superior pow- 
er ; esp., a captured vessel, or some- 
thing won in a lottery. 2. Any thing 
worth striving for. 3. A lever, or 
the hold of a lever. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To estimate the value o£ 
2. To value highly. 3. [See PRY.} 
To raise with a lever ; to pry. 

Prize'-fight'er v-fit'er), re. One 
who fights publicly for a reward. 

Pro A NO Con. [Lat. pro and con- 
tra.] For and against. 



A, E, l,-fi,tJ, y^long; A, E,S, 6,0, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, all, what; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; s6n, 



i^ROBABILIST 



335 



PROEM 



Prob'A-BIL-Ist, n. One of those who 
maintain that probability alone is to 
govern our faith and actions. 

Prob'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of 
being probable. 2. Something prob- 
able. 3. Ratio of the whole number 
of chances to the number of favora- 
ble chances. 

Prgb'a-BLE, a. [Lat. probabilis, fr. 
probare, to try, approve.] 1. Likely 
to be or to be true. 2. Giving ground 
for belief. 

Prob'a-bly, adv. In a probable 
manner : with likelihood. 

Pro'BATE, n. [Lat. probatus, proved.] 
Proof that an instrument purport- 
ing to be a last will and testament is 
truly a lawful act. — a. Belonging 
to a probate or court of probate. 

PRO-BA'TION. n. [Lat. probation] Any 
proceeding to ascertain truth, deter- 
niinecharacter, &c. ; trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-al, ) a. Serving for 

Pro-ba'tion-a-ry, J trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-er, n. One who is 
undergoing probation. 

Pr5'BA-tive, ) a. Serving for trial 

Pr6'BA-TO-RY, J or proof; proba- 
tionary. 

PROBE, n. [See infra.] An instru- 
ment for examining a wound, ulcer, 
&c— v. i. [-ED; -ing.1 [Lat. pro- 
bare, to try, examine.] 1. To exam- 
ine by means of a probe. 2. To ex- 
amine thoroughly into. 

PROB'I-TY, n. [Lat. probitas, from 
probus, good, honest] Tried virtue 
or integrity. 

Syn. — Integrity. — Probity means, 
etymolosically, virtue which has been 
tried and proved genuine. Hence, it 
denotes unimpeachable honesty and vir- 
tue, shown especially by the perform- 
ance of those obligations called imper- 
fect, which the laws of the state do not 
reach, and can not enforce. Integrity 
denotes a ichole-hearted. honesty, and 
especially that which excludes all injus- 
tice that might favor one's self. It has a 
peculiar reference to uprightness in mu- 
tual dealings, transfers of property, and 
the execution of trusts for others. 

PROB'LEM, n. [Gr. 7rpo/3Arj^a, from 
npopiWetv, to throw or lay before.] 
A question proposed for solution ; 
hence, a matter difficult of solution 
or settlement. 

Prob'lem-Xt'ic, la. Having the 

Prob'LEM-Xt'IC-al, ) nature of a 
problem ; uncertain ; disputable. 

Pro-bos' pis, n. ; pi. pro-bos'pi- 
DE§.. [Gr. Trpo/3oaxis, fr. 7rpo, be- 
fore, and £6o-/ceiv, to feed.] A hol- 
low tube projecting from the head of 
various animals ; a trunk. 

PRO-CED'URE (30), n. [See PROCEED, 
infra.] Act, manner, or result of 
proceeding ; management. 

PRO-CEED', v. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
procedere, from pro, forward, and ce- 
dere, to move.] 1. To move, pass, or 
go forward ; to advance. 2. To come 
forth as from a source. 8. To act by 
method. 

pRO'CEEDg, n. pi. That which comes' 
fortbr or results ; yield ; issue ; pro- 
duct ; sum afforded by a sale. 



PRO-CEED'INR, «. Progress or move- 
ment from one thing to another 

PROy'ESS (pros'es), ». [Lat. proces- 
sus.] I. Progress ; advance. 2. Se- 
ries of actions, motions, or occur- 
rences. 3. (Anut.) A projecting part 
of any surface. 4. Whole course of 
proceedings in a legal cause. 

Pro-ces'SION (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. 
processio.] 1. Act of proceeding. 2. 
A train of individuals advancing in 
order : a retinue. 

Pro-CES'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Con- 
sist ingin a procession. 

Pro-claim', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
proclamare ; pro, before, and clamare, 
to call out.] To make conspicuously 
known by public announcement. 
Syn. — See Announce. 

Proc'la-ma'tion, n. 1. Official or 
general notice or publication. 2. A 
published ordinance. 

Pro-clIv'I-TY, n [Lat. proclivitas, 
fr. pro, forward, and clivus,& hill.] 
1. Inclination ; propensity ; tenden- 
cy. 2. Readiness ; facility. 

Pro-CON'sul, n. [Lat. pro, for, and 
consul.] A Roman officer; a gov- 
ernor of a province. 

Pro-con'su-lar, 1 a. Pertaining 

Pro-con'su-la-ry, J to, or under 
the government of, a proconsul. 

Pro-c6n'sul-ate, ) n. Office of a 

Pro-con'sul-ship, J proconsul, or 
term of his office. 

Pro-crXs'ti-nate, v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. procrastinare, -natum ; 
pro, forward, and eras, to-morrow.] 
To put off till co-morrow, or from 
day to day. 

Syn. — To postpone; defer; delay) re- 
tard; protract. 

— v. i. To delay ; to be dilatory. 

Pro-crXs'ti-na'tion, n. A putting 
off to a futuretime ; delay. 

Pro-crXs'ti-na'tor, n. One who 
procrastinates. 

PRO'CRE-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. procreare, -atum ; pro, forward, 
and create, to create.] To beget ; to 
generate.^ 

Pro'cre-a'tion, n. Act of beget- 
ting ; generation . 

PRO'€RE-A'TlVE,a. Having the pow- 
er to beget. 

Pro'cre-a'tor, n. One who begets ; 
a generator. 

Pro-crus'te-an, a. Pertaining to, 
a>t resembling Procrustes, a fabulous 
highwayman, who tied his victims 
on an iron bed, and, as the case re- 
quired, either stretched out or cut off 
their legs to adapt them to its length. 

Proc'TOR, n. [Contr. fr. procurator.] 
1. An officer employed in admiralty 
and ecclesiastical causes. 2. An of- 
ficer who attends to the morals of 
students, and enforces obedience to 
college regulations. 

Pro-cum'bent, a. [Lat. procumbens, 
falling, bending, or leaning forward.] 
Lving on the face ; prone. 

Pro-cur'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
procured. 



PROC'U-RA-CY, n. Office or act of a 
proctor ; vicarious management. 

PROC'U-RA'TION", n. [Lat. procuratio. 
See Procure.] 1. Act of procur- 
ing. 2. Management of another'a 
affairs. 

Proc'U-RA'TOR, n. One who man- 
ages another's affairs. 

Pro-cure', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
procurare, from pro. for, and cwra, 
care.] 1. To acquire or provide for 
one's self or for another. 2. To con- 
trive and effect. 

Syn. — To gain ; obtain ; acquire ; win*, 
earn; attract. 

Pro-cure 'me NT, n. Act of procur- 
ing; management; agency. 

Pro-CUR'er, n. 1. One who pro- 
cures. 2. A pimp ; a pander. 

PRO-CUR'ESS, n. A female procurer. 

PROD'I-GAL, a. [Lat. prodigus, from 
prodigere, to drive forth, to squander 
away.] 1. Given to extravagant ex- 
penditures. 2. Expended without 
necessity. 

Syn. — See Profuse. 
— n. A spendthrift. 

Prod'i-gXl'j-ty, n. Extravagance 
in expenditure ; profusion. 

Prod'1-gal-ly, adv. Extravagantly. 

Pro-dig'ioOs (-dtj'us), a. [Lat. prc- 
digiosus.] 1. Of the nature of a 
prodigy. 2. Enormous in size, quan- 
tity, or extent, &c. 

Pro-dig'ious-ly (-dij'us-), adv. 1. 
Enormously ; wonderfully. 2. Very 
much ; extremely. 

Pr6d'I-GY, n. [Lat. prodigium, for 
prodicium, fr. prodicere, to foretell.] 
1. A portent. 2. Any thing won- 
derful, and out of the ordinary 
course of nature. 

Pro-DU^E', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
producere; pro, forward, and ducere, 
to lead.] 1. To offer to view ; to ex- 
hibit. 2. To bring forth : to give 
birth to. 3. To cause to be or to hap- 
pen. 4. To yield or furnish. 5. To 
lengthen out ; to prolong ; to extend. 
Syn. — To breed; bear; yield; exhibit; 
give; cause; make. 

Prod'uce, n. That which is pro- 
duced ; specifically, agricultural prod- 
ucts. 

Pro-du'cer, 7i. One who produces. 

Pro-du'^ i-ble , a. Capable of being 
produced. 

Prod'uct, n. [Lat. productum, from 
productus, p. p. of producere, to pro- 
duce.] 1. That which is produced or 
effected ; fruit ; effect ; result. 2. 
The number resulting from the mul- 
tiplication of two or more numbers. 

Pro-duc'tion, n. 1. Act of prodtt 
cing. 2. That which is produced. 

Pro-DU€'t1ve, a. 1. Having the 
power of producing ; yielding or fur- 
nishing results. 2. Bringing into 
being ; efficient. 

Pro-duc'tive-ness, n. Quality of 
being productive. 

PrS'EM, n. [Lat. proxmium, Gr. 
npooifxiov ; rrpo, before, and ot/u.os, 
way, strain of a song.] Preface ; in- 
troduction ; prelude. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TO OK j CRN, RUE, PULL ; J2, I, O t silent; C, G,*o/i,- e,G, hard; A£j EJISX^ N. as NG: 



PROFANATION 



336 



PROLEPSIS 



f rof'a-na'tion, n. [See Profane.] 
Act of violating sacred things, or of 
treating them with contempt. 

Pro-fane', a. [Lat. pro/anus, from 
pro, before, without, and fanum, 
temple.] 1, Not sacred or holy. 2. 
Treating sacred things with con- 
tempt, irreverence, or undue famil- 
iarity ; specifv ally, given to swear- 
ing.— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
treat with abuse, irreverence, oblo- 
quy, or contempt. 2. To put to a 
wrong or unworthy use. [ence. 

Pro-fane'ly, adv. With irrever- 

Pro-FANE'NESS (109), n. Quality or 
character of being profane ; esp. the 
taking of God : s name in vain. 

Pro-fAn'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or char- 
acter of being profane ; profaneness ; 
blasphemy. 2. Profane language. 

Pro-fess', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
prqfiteri,professus ; pro, before, and 
fateri, to confess.] 1. To make open 
declaration of. 2. To put on or pre- 
sent an appearance of. 3. To pre- 
tend to knowledge of. 

Pro-fess'ed-ly, adv. By avowal. 

Pro-fes'sion (-i'eWun), n. 1. Open 
declaration. 2. A liberal occupation, 
or one not mechanical, agricultural, 
&c. 3. Collective body of persons 
engaged in a calling. 

Pro-fes'sion-al, {-feWun-), a. 1. 
Pertaining to a profession. 2. Pro- 
fessed ; avowed. 

Pro-fes'sion-al-ey (pro-fesh'un-), 
adv. By profession or calling. 

PRO-FEss'OR, n. 1. One who makes 
a formal profession of religion. 2. A 
public teacher of a particular science 
or branch of learning. 

ProfOes-SO'ri-al, n. Pertaining to 
a professor. [professor. 

Pro-FESS'or-ship, n. Office of a 

PROF'FER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
prof err e ; pro, forward, and ferre, to 
bring.] To offer for acceptance ; to 
propose to give ; to tender. — n. An 
offer made; something proposed for 
acceptance. 

Pro-FI'CIENCE (-ffsh'enss), ) n. Im~ 

Pro-FI'cien-CY (-fish'en-), ) prove- 
ment ; progression in knowledge. 

PRO-Fl'ciENT (-flsh'ent), a. Well- 
advanced in any branch of knowl- 
edge or skill. — n. [Lat. projiciens, 
going forward, making progress ] 
One who has made considerable ad- 
vances in any business, art, or sci- 
ence ; an expert. 

Pro'file (or pro'feel), n. [From Lat. 
pro, or per, andjihcm, a thread, out- 
line, shape.] 1. An outline or con- 
tour. 2. A head or portrait repre- 
sented in a side view. 

PROF'IT, n. [Lat. profectus, progress, 
profit, from proficere, to go forward.] 
1. Acquisition beyond expenditure ; 
pecuniary gain. 2. Valuable results. 

Syn. — Benefit ; gain; emolument. 

■^-v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To be of ser- 
vice to; to benefit, — v. t. 1. To 
gain advantage. 2. To be of use or 
advantage. 



Prof'IT-a-ble, a. Yielding profit or 
gain. 
Syn. — Gainful; lucrative. 

Prof'IT-A-BLY, adv. Gainfully ; ad- 
vantageously. 

Prof'it-eess, a. Void of profit. 

Prof'LI-GA-CI, n. A very vicious 
course of life. 

PROF'LI-GATE, a. [Lat. profligatus, 
struck or dashed to the ground.] 
Abandoned to vice; openly and 
shamelessly immoral. 
Syn. — See Abandoned. 

— n. An abandoned man. 
Pro-found', a. [Lat. profundus ; pro, 

before, forward, and fundus, the bot- 
tom.] 1. Descending far below the 
surface. 2. Low bending. 3. Deep- 
ly felt. 4. Intellectually deep. 5. 
Expressing deep humility. — n. 1. 
An abyss. 2. The sea ; the ocean. 

Pro-FOUND'LY, arfu. In a profound 
manner; deeply. 

Pro-found'ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing profound ; profundity; depth. 

Pro-FUN'di-TY, n. Quality of being 
profound ; depth of place, of knowl- 
edge,_of science, of feeling, &c. 

Pro-fuse', a. [Lat. profusus, poured 
forth.] 1. Very liberal. 2. Liberal 
to excess ; — often in a bad sense. 

Syn. — Lavish ; prodigal. — Profuse 
denotes pouring out (as money, &c.) 
with great fullness or exuberance; as, 
profile in his expenditures, thanks, &c. 
Lavish is stronger, implying unnecessary 
or wasteful excess; as, lavish of his boun- 
ties, praises, &c. Prodigality is stronger 
still, denoting unmeasured or reckless 
profusion; as, prodigal of one's strength 
or blood, to secure some object. 

Pro-fuse 'EY, adv. Lavishly; prod- 
igally. 

Pro-fuse'ness, n. 1. Prodigality. 
2. Great abundance ; profusion. 

Pro-fu'sion, n. 1. Extravagance of 
expenditures. 2. Rich abundance. 

Pr6g,'i>. i. [D. pragchen, Ger. prach- 
en, to beg.] 1. To wander about and 
beg. 2. To steal. — n. 1. Provis- 
ions obtained by begging or wander- 
ing about ; food. [Low.] 2. One 
who seeks his victuals by wandering 
and begging. 

Pro-gen'i-tor, n. [Lat., fr. pro^ig- 
nere, -genitmn, to bring forth, to be- 
get.] A forefather. 

PROG'E-NY,n. Descendants; offspring. 

Prog-no'SIS, n. [Gr. npoyvu>o-i<;, 
from npoyLyvitio-Keiv, to know before- 
hand.] Act or art of foretelling the 
course and event of a disease, by par- 
ticular symptoms. 

Prog-nos'tic, a. Indicating some- 
thing future by signs or symptoms. 

— n. 1. A sign by which a future 
event may be known ; hence, a pre- 
diction. 2. A symptom indicating 
the course andevent of a disease. 

PROG-NOS'TI€-ATE, v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [See supra.] To indicate as 
future ; to foretell from signs or 
symptoms. 

Prog-nos'ti-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of 
foreshowing or foretelling something 
future. 2. A previous sign 



Prog-nos'ti-ca'tor, n. One who 

prognosticates. 

PRO'GR.XMME, n. [Gr. irpoypapLfxa, 
fr. rrpoypafyeiv , to write before or in 
public] A brief outline or explana- 
tion of some public exercise or per- 
formance. 

Prog'ress, n. [Lat progressus, fr. 
progredi, to go forth or forward.] 1. 
A moving or going forward in space, 
growth, or knowledge, &c. 2. A 
journey of state made by a sovereign. 

Pro-gress', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To make progress ; to move forward ; 
to proceed ; to advance ; to go on. 2. 
To make improvement. 

Pro-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. 1. Act 
of moving forward. 2. Course ; pas- 
sage. 3. Continued proportion, arith- 
metical, geometrical, or harmonical. 
4. A regular succession of chords. 
Syn. —Improvement ; advancement. 

Pro-gres'sion-al, a. Tending to 
progress : relating to progression. 

Pro-GRESs'ive, a. 1. Moving for- 
ward ; evincing progress. 2. Improv- 
ing, [gress. 

Pro-gr£ss'Ive-ly, adv. With pro- 

Pro-hib'it, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
prohibere, -hibitum, fr. pro, before, 
forth, and habere, to have.] 1. To 
interdict by authority. 2. To hin- 
der ; to debar ; to prevent. 

Syn. — To forbid. — To forbid is An- 

flo-Saxon, and is more familiar; to pro- 
ibit is Latin, and is more formal or offi- 
cial. A parent forbids his child to be 
out late at night ; he prohibits his inter- 
course with the profane and vicious. 

Pro'hi-bT'tion (-bisb/un), n. Act of 
forbidding or interdicting ; interdict. 

Pro-hIb'it-ive, \a. Tending to 

Pro-hib'it-o-RY, ) prohibit or for- 
bid ; forbidding. 

Pro-ject', v. t. [-ED; -ing.]' [Lat. 
projicere, -jectum, fr. pro, forward, 
and jacere, to throw.] 1. To throw 
out. 2. To scheme ; to devise. 3. 
To draw or exhibit, as the form of 
any thing. — v. i. To shoot forward ; 
to jut. 

Proj'ect, n. That which is project- 
ed ; something intended or devised. 
Syn. — Design. — A project is some- 
thing of a practical nature thrown out 
for consideration as to its being done. A 
design is a project when matured and 
settled, as a thing to be accomplished. 
See also Scheme. 

Pro-ject'Ile, a. 1. Impelling for- 
ward. 2. Given by impulse. — n. 
A body projected through the air, 
as a cannon-ball. 

Pro-jec'tion, n. 1. Act of throw- 
ing forward. 2. A part jutting out. 
3. Delineation ; plan ; esp. the rep- 
resentation of any object on a per- 
spective plane. [scheme. 

Pro-ject'or, n. One who forms a 

PRO'LATE, a. [Lat. prolatus, brought 
forth, extended.] Elongated in the 
direction of a line joining the poles. 

Pro-lep'sis, n. [Gr. irp6\r)\(tis, fr. 
7rpo\ap.f}dvet.v , to take beforehand.] 
1. ( Rhet.) A figure by which objec- 
tions are anticipated or prevented. 



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PROLEPTIC 



337 



PROPENSE 



2. An e>ror in chronology, when an 
ovent is ante-dated. 

Pro-lep'ti€, I a. 1. Pertaining 

Pro-lep'tic-al, ) to prolepsis. 2. 
Previous ; antecedent. 

Proletaire (pro'la-tar'), n. [Fr. 
One of the common people ; the com- 
monalty. 

Prol'i-cide, n. [Lat. proles, off- 
spring," and ctedere, to kill.] Crime 
of destroying one's offspring. 

pRO-LIF'IC, a. [Lat. proles, offspring, 
and facere, to make.] 1. Producing 
young or fruit ; generative ; produc- 
tive. 2. Fruitful of results. 

Pro-LIF'i-ca'tion, n. Generation of 
young or of plants. 

PRO-LIX' (114). a. [Lat. prolixus, fr. 
pro, before, forward, and laxus, 
loose, wide.] 1. Extending to a 
great length. 2. Indulging in pro- 
tracted discourse. 

S yx. — Diffuse. — A prolix writer de- 
lights in circumlocution, extended de- 
tail, and trifling particulars. A diffuse 
writerisfondof amplifying, and abounds 
in epithets, figures, and illustrations. 
Diffusen^ss often arises from an exu- 
berance of imagination; prolixity is al- 
most always connected with a want of it. 

PRO-Lix'l-TY, n. Quality of being 
prolix : minute detail. 

Prol'o-cu'tor, or Pro-loc'u-tor, 
n. [Lat., from pro, before, for, and 
loqui, to speak.] Speaker or chair- 
man of a convocation. 

Pro'logue (-log),n. [Gr.7rp6A.oyos, 
from Trpokeyety, to say beforehand.] 
An introduction to a discourse or 
performance ; especially the poem 
spoken before a dramatic perform- 
ance begins. 

Pro-long', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
pro, before, forth, and longus, long.] 

1. To lengthen in time. 2. To put 
off to a distant time. 3. To extend. 

Pro'lon-ga'tion, n. A lengthening 
in time or space. 

Pro-lu'sion, n. [Lat. prolusio, fr. 
proludere, to prelude ; pro, before, 
and ludere, to play.] A trial before 
the principal performance ; a pre- 
lude : hence, trial, essay. 

Prom'e-nade', or Prom-'e-nade', 
n. [Fr., fr. promener, to lead, take 
for a walk, se promener, to walk.] 1. 
A walk for amusement or exercise. 

2. A place for walking. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To walk for amusement or 
exercise. 

Pro-me'the-an, a. 1. Pertaining to 
Prometheus, fabled to have formed 
men of clay, whom he animated by 
means of fire stolen from heaven. 2. 
Life-giving; inspiring. 
Prom'i-nence, ) n. 1. Conspicuous- 
PR 6 M'I-NEN-CY, J ness. 2. That 

which stands out or is conspicuous. 
pROM'I-NENT, a. [Lat. prominens, 
jutting out, projecting, from pro, be- 
fore, forward, and minere, to jut.] 1. 
Standing out beyond the surface. 2. 
Likely to attract attention from size 
or position. 3. Eminent; distin- 
guished. 

Syn. — Protuberant; full; large; chief. 



Prom'I-NENT-LY, adv. In a promi- 
nent manner ; eminently. 

PRO-Mls'€U-OUS, a. [Lat. promiscu- 
us, from pro, before, forward, forth, 
and miscere, to mix.] 1. Consisting 
of individuals united in a body with- 
out order. 2. Distributed or applied 
without order. 

Syn. — Mixed; common ; indiscrimi- 
nate; confused. 

Pro-mis'cu-o&s-ly, adv. Without 
order ; indiscriminately. 

Prom'ise, n. 1. A declaration, made 
by one person to another, which 
binds the person who makes it. 2. 
Any thing promised. 3. Ground or 
basis of hope. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. promittere, -missum ; pro, for- 
ward, forth, au&mittere, to send.] 1. 
To engage to do, give, make, or to 
refrain from doing, giving, or making. 
2. To afford reason to expect. — v.i. 

1. To give assurance by a promise. 

2. To afford hopes. 
Prom'is-er, 71. One who promises. 
Prom'is-so-ry (50), a. Containing a 

promise or binding declaration. 

PROM'ON-TO-RY, n. [Lat. promonto- 
rium ; pro, before, and mons, rnontis, 
mountain.] A high point of land 
projecting into the sea ; a headland. 

Pro-mote', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
promovere, -motum ; pro, forward, 
and movere, to move.] 1. To con- 
tribute to the growth, enlargement, 
or excellence of. 2. To exalt in sta- 
tion or honor. 
SYif. — To forward; advance; excite. 

PRO-MOT'ER, n. One who promotes. 

Pro-mo'tion, n. 1. Act of promoting. 
2. State of being promoted. [mote. 

Pro-MO'tive, a. Tending to pro- 

Prompt (84), a. [-er;-est.] [Lat. 
promptus, prop, brought to light: 
hence, at hand, ready ; pro, forth, 
and em ere, to take.] 1. Ready and 
quick to act. 2. Quickly, readily, or 
cheerfully performed. 

Syn. — Ready ; expeditious. — One 
who is ready 'is prepared at the moment. 
One who is prompt is prepared before- 
hand, so as to start at the moment into 
decisive action. One who is expeditious 
carries through an undertaking with a 
steady, rapid progress. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To excite to 
action or exertion. 2. To suggest to 
the mind ; especially to assist, as a 
speaker when at a loss. 

Prompt'er, n. One who prompts. 

Prompt'i-TUDE (30), n. Quality of 
being prompt ; cheerful alacrity. 

Prompt'ly, arfi'. Readily; quickly. 

PROMPT'NESS,tt. Promptitude ; read- 
iness. 

PRO-MUL'GATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. promulgare, -gatum, for provid- 
gare. Cf. Divulge.] To make known 
bv open declaration, as laws, &c. 

Pro'mul-ga'tion, n. Act of pro- 
mulgating ; publication ; open dec- 
laration, ^mulgates. 

Pro'mul-ga'tor, n. One who pro- 

PRONE,a. [Lat. promts.] 1. Bending 
forward. 2. Flat on the face. 3. 



Headlong ; running downward. 4. 
Sloping. 5. Inclined; disposed;-^ 
usually in an ill sense. 

Prone'ness (109), n. State of being 
prone ; inclination ; disposition. 

Prong, n. [D. prangen, to pinch, 
press.] Tine of a fork, &c. 

PRO-NOM'I-NAL,a. [Lat. pronominal, 
is. See infra.] Belonging to a pro- 
noun. 

Pro'noun, n. [Lat. pronomen; pro, 
for, and nomen, a name, noun.] A 
word used instead of a noun. 

PRO-NOUNCE',t\ t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
pronunciare ; pro, before, forth, and 
nunciare, to announce.] 1. To utter 
distinctly. 2. To speak or utter for- 
mally, officially, or solemnly. 

Pro-nounce'a-BLE, a. Capable oj 
being pronounced 

Pro-nounc.ed' (pro-nounst^a. [Fr. 
prononce.) Strongly marked ; decid- 
ed. [A Gallicism.] 

Pro-noun'CING, p. a. Teaching o-' 
indicating pronui^riation. 

Pro-nOn^i-a-men'to, n. [See in- 
fra.] A manifesto. 

Pro-nun' ci-'a' mi-en' to (-ncTon'- 
the-aV-), n. [Sp. See Pronounce.] 
A proclamation or manifesto. 

Pro-nun'ci-a'tion (-shl-), n. [See 
Pronounce.] 1. Act or mode of 
utterance. 2. Art or manner of ut- 
tering a discourse publicly. 

PROOF, n. [Lat. proba, from probare, 
to prove.] 1. Effort to establish or 
discover a fact or truth ; test. 2. 
That degree of evidence which pro- 
duces belief. 3. Degree of strength 
of alcoholic spirits. 4. {Print.) Atrial 
impression, taken for correction. 

Proof'-sheet, n. See Proof, 4. 

Prop, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [H. Ger. 
propfen, to cram, stuff, stop.] 1. To 
support or prevent from falling. 2. 
To sustain; to support ; to stay ;. up- 
hold. — n. That on which any thing 
rests for support. [propagated. 

Prop'a-ga-ble, a. Capable of being 

Prop'a-gan'da, n. [See Propa- 
gate.] A Roman Catholic mission- 
ary society in Rome. 

Prop'a-gan'dism, n. Art or prac- 
tice of propagating tenets. 

PROP'A-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. propagare, -gatum.] 1. To con- 
tinue or multiply by generation. 2- 
To cause to spread or extend. 3. To 
extend the knowledge of. — v. i. To 
have young or issue. 

Prop'A-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of prop- 
agating. 2. The spreading or exten- 
sion of any thing. [gates. 

Prop'a-ga'tor, 71. One who propa-. 

Pro-pel', v. t. [-led; -ling.] [Lat 
propellere; pro, forward, aud pellere, 
to drive.] To drive forward ; to urge 
onward by force. 

Pro-pel'ler, n. 1. One who pro. 
pels. 2. A revolving screw for pro- 
pelling a steamboat. 3. A steamboat 
thus propelled. 

Pro-PENSE', a. [Lat. propensus, p. 
p. of propendere, to hang forth.] 
Inclined ; disposed ; prone. 



or, do, wolf, TOO 3 -00K; fJRN, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent ; c,G,so/2; €, 3, hard; AS j EglST; n as ngj this. 



PROPENSION 



338 



PROSECUTOR 



Pro-pEn'sion, ) n. State of being 

Pro-pen'SI-ty, J inclined; natural 
inclination. 

Prop'er, a. [Lat. proprius.] 1. Be- 
longing to as one's own. 2. Belong- 
ing to the essential constitution of. 
3. Befitting one's nature, property, 
&c. 4. Adapted to the ends of or- 
der, comfort, beauty, &c. 5. Pre- 
cise ; formal. 6. Pertaining to one 
of a species, but not common to the 
whole. [strictly. 

ProP'er-LY, adv. Suitably ; fitly ; 

PROP'ER-TY, n. [Lat. propri etas.] 1. 
A peculiar quality of any thing. 2. 
That to which one has a legal title ; 
thing owned; an estate. 3. Exclu- 
sive right of possessing ; ownership. 

PROPH'E-CY, n. [Gr. npo^reCa ; npo- 
^yr\rveiv, to prophesy.] 1, A declaration 
of something to come. 2. ( Script. ) A 
book of prophecies ; a history. 

PROPH'E-SY (54), i». t. [-ed; -ING, 
142.] To foretell, as future ; to pre- 
dict. — v. i. 1. To utter predictions. 
2. (Script.) To instruct in religious 
doctrines ; to exhort. 

PROPH'ET, t\. [Gr. 7rpo4>ryT7)s, lit. one 
who speaks for another, esp. for a 
god, fr. irpo, for, and ^avai, to say.] 

1. One who prophesies ; a predicter. 

2. An interpreter. 
Proph'et-ess, n. A female prophet. 
PRO-PHET're, 1 a. Containing, 
PRO-PHET'IC-AL, ) or pertaining to, 

prophecy. [phetical manner. 

Pro-phet'I€-al-ly, adv. In a pro- 
Pr6ph'y-lA€i'ti€, n. A medicine 
which defends against disease ; a pre- 
ventive. 
Proph'y-lAc'tic, ) a. [Gr. npo- 

PROPH'Y-LAC'TIC-AL, ) j>vkaKTUto<; , 
from 7rp6, before, and (frvkdaaeiv, to 
guard.] Defending from disease ; pre- 
ventive. 

Pro-pIn'qui-ty (-pTnk'wi-), n. [Lat. 
propinquitas, fr. prope, near.] Near- 
ness in place, time, or relationship. 

Pro-pi'ti-a-ble (-pish'I-), a. Capa- 
ble of being propitiated. 

Pro-pI'TI-ate (-pish'i-at), v. t. 
[•ED ; -ING.] [Lat. propitiare, 
-atum, from propitius, favorable.] 
To appease and render favorable. 

PRO-P^TI-A'TION (-pish'i-), n. Act 
or means of propitiating. 

Pro-pI'ti-a'tor (-pish'i-), n. One 
who propitiates. 

PRO-pi'TI-A-to-ry (-pish'T-), a. Hav- 
ing the power to make propitious ; 
expiatory. — n. (Jewish Antiq.) The 
mercy-seat ; cover of the ark of the 
covenant. 

Pro-pI'TIOUS (-pMi'us), a. [Lat. pro- 
pitius.] 1. Favorable; kind. 2. 
Ready to forgive sins and bestow 
blessings. 3. Favorable. 

Syn. — Auspicious. — Auspicious de- 
notes "indicative of success," or "fa- 
vored by incidental occurrences; " as, an 
auspicious opening or event. Propitious 
denotes that which effic3C.iou«lv protects 
us in some undertaking, speeds' our exer- 
tions, and decides our success. 

Pro-p1'tious-ly (-plsh'us-), adv. In 
a propitious manner. 



Pro'po-lYs, n. [Gr. TrpoVoAis, from 
ry>o, before, and 7roAi?, city.] A res- 
inous substance, used by bees to stop 
crevices in their hives, &c. 

PRO-PO'NENT, n. [Lat. proponens, 
-nentis, proposing.] One who makes 
a proposal. 

Pro-por'TION, n. [Lat. proportio, fr. 
pro, before, and portio, share.] 1. 
Relation of one portion to another, 
or to the whole. 2. Equal or just 
share. 3. Symmetrical arrangement. 

4. Equality or similarity of ratios. 

5. The rule of three in arithmetic. 
Syn. — Symmetry. — The idea of 

adaptation is common to both these 
words, but symmetry denotes beautiful 
adnptation, an idea not always embraced 
in the word proportion. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To adjust 
in a suitable proportion. 2. To form 
with symmetry. 

Pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. 1. Capable 
of being proportioned. 2. Propor- 
tional, [ing to proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-a-bly, adv. Accord- 

Pro-por'tion-al, a. 1. Having a 
due proportion. 2. Relating to, or 
securing, proportion. 3. Having the 
same or a constant, ratio. — «. Any 
number or quantity in a proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-Al'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being in proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. In pro- 
portion ; in due degree. 

Pro-por'tion-ate, a. Adjusted to 
something else, according to a pro- 
portion. 

Pro-por'tion-ate, v. t. [-ed; 
-ING J To make proportional. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. In a 
proportionate manner. 

Pro-po§'al, n. That which is offered 
for consideration or acceptance. 

Syn.— Proposition ; offer; tender; 
overture. See Proposition. 

Pro-pose', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
proponere, -positum, fr. pro, before, 
forth, and ponere, to put.] 1. To 
offer for consideration, discussion, 
acceptance, or adoption. 2. To pur- 
pose : to intend. [Recent.] — v. t. 
To offer one's self in marriage. 

Pro-pos'er, n. One who makes a 
proposition. 

Prop'o-sY'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. 
That which is proposed or offered. 
2. A complete sentence. 

Syn. — Proposal. — Proposition and 
proposal mark different forms or stages 
of a negotiation. A proposition is some- 
thing presented for discussion or consid- 
eration ; a proposal is some definite thing 
offered bv one party to be accepted or 
rejected by the other. If the proposition 
is favorably received, it is usually fol- 
lowed by proposals which complete the 
arrangement. 

Prop'o-sY'tion-al (-zTsh'un-), n. 
Pertaining to, or in the nature of, 
a proposition. 

Pro-pound', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
proponere. See PROPOSE.] To lay 
before ; to offer for consideration ; to 
propose. 

Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, n. [See Propri- 
ety.] 1. A proprietor. 2. A body 



of proprietors. — a. Pertaining to 
a proprietor. 

Pro-pkI'e-tor, n. One who has th»> 
legal right to any thing; an owner. 

PRO-PRl'E-TOR-SHlP, n. State of 
being proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tress, n. A female pro- 
prietor. 

PRO-PRl'E-TY, n. [Lat. propri 'etas \ 
Suitableness to an acknowledged or 
correct standard or rule. 
Syn. — Fitness ; decorum. 

PRO-PUGN' (-pun'), v. t. [Lat. pro. 
pugnare ; pro, for, and puguare. to 
fight.] To contend for ; to defend. 

PRO-PUGN'ER (-pun'-), n. A defend- 
er ; a vindicator. 

PRO-PtJL'SlON, n. [See PROPEL.] Act 
of driving forward. 

Pro-p Or/si VE, a. Tending, or hav- 
ing power, to propel. 

Pro'ro-ga'tion, m. Continuance of 
Parliament from one session to an- 
other. 

Pf.O-ROGUE', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
prorogare ; pro, forward, and rogare, 
to ask one for his opinion, vote, &c] 

1. To prolong; to defer. 2. To con- 
tinue from one session to another ; — 
applied to the English Parliament. 

Syn. — See Adjourn. 

Pro-rGp'tion, n. [Lat. prorvptio; 
prorumpere, to burst forth.] A burst- 
ing forth. 

PRO-SA'I€, ) a. [Lat. prosaicus.] 

PRO-§A'i€-AL, j 1. Pertaining to, 
or resembling prose. 2. Dull ; unin- 
teresting. 

Pro'sa-Ist, n. A writer of prose. 

PRO-Sc;E'NI-UM, n . [Gr. npoa-K^vtov ; 
irpo, before, and crKi)vq, a tent, stage.] 
Part of the stage in front of the drop- 
scene of a theater. 

PRO-S€RlBE',r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
proscribere ; jrro, before, and scribere, 
to write.] 1. To doom to destruction. 

2. To denounce as dangerous and 
not worthy of reception . 

Syn.— To outlaw; doom. 

PRO-s€RiB'ER,n. One who proscribes. 

PRO-SCRlP'TION, n. [See supra.] 1. 
Act of proscribing or dooming to 
death, exile, or outlawry. 2. State 
of being proscribed. 

Pro-scrip'tive, a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting in, proscription. 

Pro§e, n. [Lat. prosa, equivalent to 
prorsa (sc. oratio), from promts, 
straight forward, straight on.] Lan- 
guage not in verse. — v. ?'. To talk 
in a dull, tedious manner. — a. 1. 
Pertaining fo, or composed of, prose. 
2. Unpoetical. 

Pr6s'E-€UTE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lg,t. prosequi, -secvtus. fr. pro, for- 
ward, and sequi, to follow.] 1. To 
pursue with a view to reach, execute, 
or accomplish. 2. To seek to obtain 
by legal process. 

Pros'e-ou'tion, n. 1. Act of pros- 
ecuting. 2. The institution and car- 
rying on of a suit in a court of law. 

PROS'E-eu'TOR, n. One who prose- 
cutes. 



A, t , I, d,u, Y,long; I,ii } X,6,tJ, ¥, short; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; Pi'QUE, fIrm ; s6n v 



PROSELYTE 



339 



PROUD 



PROS'E-LYTE, n. [Gr. 7rpocr>7A.vTOs, 
a new corner.] A new convert. 

Syn. — See Convert. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To convert 
to some religion, opinion, or system. 

Pros'e-ly-tism, n. The making of 
converts. 

Pros'er, n. 1. A writer of prose. 2. 
A tedious writer or speakei . 

Pros/i-l Y, adv. In a prosy manner ; 
tediously. [slavery. 

Pro-SLAV'ER-Y, a. Being in favor of 

PRO-SO'DI-AL, ) a. [Gr. n-pocrwSi- 

Pro-sod'j€-al, ) /cos] According 
to the rules of prosody. 

Pro-s6'di-an, I n. One skilled in 

Pros'o-dist, j prosody. 

Pros'o-dy, n. [Gr. n-poa-wSia, a pong 
sung to or with, an accompan}ing 
song, the accent accompanying the 
pronunciation.] That part of gram- 
mar which treats of the quantity of 
syllables, of accent, and of the laws 
of versification. 

Pros' o-po-pce'ia (-pj'ya), n. [Gr. 
irpoa-<airoiroua; npoo-onrov, a face, per- 
son, and 7roieiv, to make.] A figure 
by which things are represented as 
persons, or an absent person is intro- 
duced as speaking ; personification. 

Pr6s'PE€T, n. [Lat. prospectus, fr. 
prospicere, to look forward.] 1. That 
which is embraced by the eye in vis- 
ion. 2. A widely extended view ; a 
landscape. 3. A position which af- 
fords a fine view. 4. Position of the 
front of a building. 5. Ground or 
reason for hoping. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To search or examine for. 
[Amer.] — v. i. To make a search. 

Pros-peot'ive, a. 1. Looking for- 
ward in time. 2. Relating to the 
future. 

Pro-spe€'tus, n. [Lat., a prospect.] 
Plan of a literary work, containing 
the terms of publication, &c. 

Pros'per, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
prosperare , from prosper. See PROS- 
PEROUS.] To favor ; to render suc- 
cessful. — v. i. To be successful. 
Syn.— To succeed; flourish; thrive. 

Pros-per'i-ty, n. Successful pro- 
gress in any business or enterprise. 

Pros'PER-OUS, a. [Lat. prosperus or 
prosper ; pro, according to, and spe- 
rare, to hope.] 1. Succeeding in the 
pursuit of any thing desirable. 2. 
Favoring success. 

Syn. — Fortunate; successful; favor- 
able. See Fortunate. 

Pros'per-ous-ly, adv. In a pros- 
perous manner. 

Pros'the-sis, n. [Gr. 7rp6o-0ea-i?, 
fr. 7rpocrTi0eVai , to put to, to add.] 
A prefixing one or more letters to the 
beginning of a word. 

PROS'TI-TUTE(30),r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. prostituere, -tutum, fr. pro, be- 
fore, forth, and statuere, to put.] 1. 
To offer, as a woman, to a lewd use. 
2. To devote to base purposes. — a. 
Openly devoted to lewdness ; devoted 
to infamous purposes. — n. A woman 
given to indiscriminate lewdness ; a 
strumpet. 



Pros'ti-tu'tion, n. 1. Common 
lewdness of a female. 2. Act of set- 
ting one's_self to sale. [titutes. 

Pros'ti tu'tor, n. One who pros- 

PROS'TRATE, a. [See infra.} 1. Ly- 
ing at length. 2. Occupying a low- 
ly or suppliant position. 

PROS'TRATE,<y. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
prosternere, -stratum, fr. pro, before, 
forward, and sternere, to stretchout.] 
To lay or fall flat ; to throw down. 

PROS-TRA'TION, n. [See supra.] 1. 
Act of throwing or falling down, or 
hiying flat. 2. Condition of being 
prostrate. 3. Great oppression of 
natural strength. 

PkS'STYLE, n. [Gr. -npocnvkos ; irp6, 
before, and crrvAo?, pillar.] A porti- 
co in which the columns stand in ad- 
vance of the building. 

Pr5§'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Like 
prose. 2. Dull and tedious. 

Pro-syl'lo-gi'sm, n. A syllogism 
logically essential to another. 

ProT'a-sis, n. [Gr. TrpoTao-is, from 
7rpoTeiVetv, to stretch before, for- 
ward.] Subordinate member of a 
sentence, generally of a conditional 
sentence. 

Pr6'te-an, a. Relating to Proteus, 
a sea-god who had the faculty of as- 
suming different shapes ; hence, read- 
ily changing the form or appearance. 

PRO-TE€T', t. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
protcgere, -tectum, fr. pro, before, 
and tegere, to cover.] To shield from 
danger or injury. 
Syn.— See Defend. 

Pro-tE€'tion, n. 1. Act of preserv- 
ing from loss, injury, or annoyance. 
2. That which pri tects. 
Syn. — Defense; shelter. 

Pro-TE€'tion-Ist, n. One who fa- 
vors the protection of some branch 
of industry by legal enactments. 

PRO-TE€T'iVE, a. Affording protec- 
tion. 

PRO-TE€T'OR. n. One who defends 
or shields from injury or oppression. 

Pro-tect'or-ate, n. Government 
by a protector. 

Pro-te€T'or-ship, n. Office of a 
protector or regent. 

Pro-te€T'ress, n. A woman who 
protects. 

PR O TE GE (pro'ta/zha'), n. [Fr. , p. p. 
of proteger, to protect.] One under 
the care and protection of another. 

PR O TE G E& (pro'ta/zha'), «. [Fr.] A 
woman or girl under the protection 
of another. 

Pro-test' (115), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. protestari ; pro, before, and 
te.stari, to testify.] 1. To affirm in a 
public or formal manner. 2. To 
make a solemn declaration expressive 
of opposition. 

Syn. — To affirm ; assert ; attest ; de- 
clare. See Affirm. 
— v.t. To make a solemn declara- 
tion or affirmation of. 

To protest a note, to make a solemn 
written declaration, on behalf of the 
holder, against all parties liable, for any 
damage to be sustained by the non-ac- 



ceptance or the non-payment of a bill 
or note. 

Pro'test, n. A solemn declaration 
of opinion, commonly against some 
act. — See the verb. 

Prot'est-ant, a. 1. Making a pro- 
test. 2. Pertaining to the Protest- 
ants. — n . One who protests against 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Prot'est-ant-i§m, ii. The Protest" 
ant religion. 

Prot'es-ta'TION, n. A solemn dec- 
laration , especially of dissent. 

PRO-TEST'ER, n. One who protests. 

PRO-TH6n'0-TA-RY, n. [Lat. proto- 
notarius, fr. Gr. Trpwro?, first, and 
Lat. notariits, a scribe, notary.] 1. 
A chief notary or clerk. 2. A regis- 
ter or chief clerk of a court. [Amer] 

PRO'TO-eoL, n. [Late Gr. npioroKoX- 
\ov, the first leaf glued to notarial 
documents, on which the date was 
written, fr. Trpwros, first, and /coAAa, 
glue.] 1. Original copy of any writ- 
ing, as of a treaty. 2. Rough draught. 

PRO'TO-MAR'TYR, n. [Gr. npuiTo- 
fj-apTvp ; 7rpwTOs, first, and (idpTvp, 
martyr.] The first martyr, Stephen. 

PRO'TO-PLXST, n. [Gr. irpoiroTrkao'- 
To?, formed or created first.] The 
thing first formed ; an original. 

Pro'to-TYPE, n. [Gr. ttputotvttos, 
-tvttov, fr. 7rpa)To?, first, and tvttos, 
type.] An original after which any 
thing is copied. 

Syn. —Pattern; exemplar; archetype. 

PRO-TRACT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
protrahere, -tractum ; pro, forward, 
and trahere, to draw] 1. To draw 
out in time. 2. To put off to a dis- 
tant time. 3. To lay down with scale 
and protractor. 

Syn. — To prolong; continue; delay; 
defer; postpone; retard. 

Pro-trac'tion, n. 1. Act of draw- 
ing out in time. 2. A laying down 
on paper the dimensions of any 
thing, as a field. 

Pro-tractive, a. Drawing out or 
lengthening in time ; delaying. 

Pro-tract'or, n. 1. One who pro- 
tracts. 2. A mathematical instru- 
ment for laying down and measuring 
angles on paper. 

Pro-trtjde', v. t. [-ed; -ing.1 [Lat. 
protrude.re ; pro, forward, forth, and 
trudere, to thrust.] To thrust out, 
as through a narrow orifice. — v. i. 
To shoot or be thrust forward. 

Pro-trtj'.sion, n. 1. Act of thrust- 
ing forward, or beyond the usual 
limit. 2. State of being protruded. 

Pro-tru'sIve,«. Impelling forward. 

PRO-TU'BER-ANCE, n. [See infra.\ 
Any thing swelled or pushed beyond 
the surface; a projection. 

Pro-tu'ber-ant, a. Prominent h& 
yond the surface ; swelling. 

PRO-TU'BER-ATE, v. i. [Lat. pro-'w 
berare, -ratum ; pro, forward, forth, 
and tuber, a hump, swelling.] To 
swell or bulge out. 

Pro-tu'ber-a'tion, n. Act of swell- 
ing beyond the surface. 

Proud, a. [-er; -e§t.] [A.-S.^rfti] 



ok, DO, WOLF, TO Oj SO ©ii; URN, RUE, PULL ; JS, /, O, silent ; C.G,so/i!; €,S,hard; Ar,j EXIST.) N as NG ; THIS 



PROUDLY 



340 



PSEUDONYM 



1. Feeling or manifesting pride ; es- 
pecially inordinate self-esteem. 2. 
Giving reason or occasion for pride. 

Proud flesh {Med.), a fungous growth 
of flesh in a wound. 

Syn. — Conceited ; arrogant ; super- 
cilious; lofty : splendid ; ostentatious. 

pROUD'LY,ac/v. With inordinate self- 
esteem ; in a proud manner. 

Prov'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
proved. 

fpROVE (pro~Ov), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. probare.] 1. To ascertain by an 
experiment, test, or standard. 2. To 
establish as truth, reality, or fact. 3. 
To ascertain the genuineness or va- 
lidity of. — v. i. 1. To make trial. 3. 
To be found by experience or trial. 

Prov'JEN (proov/n), p. p. Same as 
Proved. [A Scotticism.] 

Prov'en-der, n. [Fr . provende , pro- 
visions, provender, fr. Lat. providere, 
to provide.] Dry food for beasts, as 
corn, hay, or oats. 

Proverb, n. [Lat. proverbium ; pro, 
before, for, and verbum, a word.] 1. 
A familiar sentence briefly and forci- 
bly expressing a practical truth. 2. 
A by-word ; expression of contempt. 
Syn. — Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; 
adage; saw. 

Pro-verb'i-al, a. 1. Mentioned in 
a proverb ; hence, universally spoken 
of. 2. Pertaining to proverbs ; re- 
sembling a proverb. 

Pro-verb'i-al-ism, n. A proverbial 
phrase. 

Pro-verb'i-al-ly, a*. In a prov- 
erb ; hence, commonly. 

Pro-vide', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
providere, fr. pro, before, and videre, 
to see.] 1. To get, collect, or make 
ready for future use. 2. To furnish. 

Pro-VID'ED, conj. On condition ; if. 

Prov'I-den^E, n. [See infra.] 1. 
Act of providing or preparing for fu- 
ture use. 2. The foresight and care 
■which God exercises over his crea- 
tures ; hence, God himself. 

Pr6v'i-dent,*7. Foreseeing wants and 
making provision to supply them. 
Syx. — Careful; prudent. 

PROva-DEN'TlAL, a. Effected by, or 
referable to, divine providence. 

PROV'I-DEN'TIAL-LY, adv. In a 
providential manner. 

Prov'i-dent-ly, adv. With pru- 
dent foresight. 

Prov'ince, n. [Lat. provincia ; pro, 
before, for, and vincere, to conquer.] 
1. A country or region dependent on 
a distant authority. 2. A region of 
country ; a tract. 3- A division in 
any department of knowledge. 4. 
One's proper or appropriate business. 

^RO-viN'CIAL, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
province. 2. Countrified ; rude. 

Pro-vin'ciai,-I§m, n. A peculiar word 
or manner of speaking in a province 
or remote district. 
Pro-Vis/ion (-vizh'un), n. [Lat. pro- 
visio.] 1. Act of providing. 2. That 
which is provided ; measures taken 
beforehand. 3. A stock of food ; eat- 
ables collected*. 4. A previous agree- 



ment; a proviso. — r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To supply with stores of food. 

PRO-vLs'ION-AL (-vizh'un-).a. Pro- 
vided "for present need or for the oc- 
casion ; temporary. 

Pro-VIs'ion-al-ly, adv. By way of 
provision ; temporarily. 

Pro-vYs'ion-a-ry, a. Provisional. 

Pro-vi'so, n. ; pi. pro-VI'sos. [Lat., 
it being provided.] A conditional 
stipulation. 

Pro-vI'sor, n. [Se^ Provide.] 
Steward or treasurer of a religious 
house. 

Pro-vi'ro-RY, a. 1. Containing a 
proviso ; conditional. 2. Making 
temporary provision ; temporary. 

Prov'o-ca'TION, n. [Lat. provoca- 
tio.] 1. Act of provoking. 2. That 
which excites anger. 

Pro-vo'€A-tive, a. Serving or tend- 
ing to provoke. — n. Any thing that 
tends_to provoke ; a stimulant. 

PEO-VOKE', r. (. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
provocare ; pro, forth, and vocare, to 
call.] 1. To call forth ; to excite to 
action. 2. To anger ; to offend. 
Syx.— See Irkitate. 

Prov'ost (prov'ust). n. [Lat. prx- 
positus, placed before, a chief, fr. 
prseponere , to place before.] A chief 
magistrate of a city or town ; head of 
a college. 

Provost-marshal (usually pron. pro- 
vo ) (JUL), an officer appointed to arrest 
deserters, indict offenders, &c. 

Prov'ost-ship, n. Office of a pro- 
vost. 

Prow (prou), n. [Fr. prove, Gr. 7rpi6- 
pa.] The fore part of a ship. 

Prow'ess (prou'es), n. [Fr. ptouesse, 
from Lat. probus, excellent.] Distin- 
guished bravery ; especially, military 
bravery ; gallantry. 

Prowl "(proul), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[From a hypoth. 0. Fr. proieler, dim. 
of proier, Lat. prsedari, to plunder, 
from pissda, prey.] To rove over, 
through, or about. — v. i. To wand- 
er, especially for prey. 

Prowl'er, n. One that prowls. 

PROX'I-MATE, a. [Lat. proximare, 
-matus. to draw or come near.] Next 
immediately preceding or following. 

Syn\ —Nearest; next; closest; imme- 
diate; direct. 

Prox'i-mate-ly, adv. In a proxi- 
mate position or manner. 

Prox-im'1-t y, n. State of being next 
in time, place, or influence, &c. 

Prox'i-mo, n. [Lat., on the next.] 
A day of the next month. 

PROX'Y, n. [Contr. fr. procuracy. Cf. 
Proctor.] 1. Agency of one who 
acts as a substitute. 2. A substitute 
or deputy. 3. A writing by which 
one person authorizes another to 
vote in his place. [a proxy. 

Prox'y-shIp, n. Office or agency of 

Prude, n. . [Fr. prude, orig. discreet, 
modest, fr. Lat. probus, good, proper, 
virtuous.] A woman of affected or 
over-sensitive modesty. 

Pru'dence, n. State of being pru- 
dent ; wisdom applied to practice. 



PRU'DENT, a. [Lat. prudens, contr 
fr. providens. See Provident.] 1 
Practically wise ; careful. 2. Dic- 
tated by prudence. 3. Frugal ; eco- 
nomical. 

Syn. — Cautious ; circumspect,- dis- 
creet; judicious; provident. 

Pru-den'tial, a. 1. Proceeding from 
prudence. 2. Exercising prudence; 
advisory. 

Pru'dent-LY, adv. With prudence. 

Prud'er-y, n. [See Prude.] Affeot- 
ed scrupulousness ; coyness. 

PRUD'ISIl , a. Like a prude ; very pre- 
cise or reserved. 

Prune, v. t.- [-ed: -ing.] [0. Eng. 
p?oine,proigne f fr. Fr. provigner, to 
lay down vine stocks for propaga- 
tion.] 1. To lop off, as superfluous 
branches of trees. 2. To dress or 
trim, as a bird its feathers. — n. 
[Lat. prunum, a plum, prunus, a 
plum-tree.] A dried plum. 

Pru-nel'la, ) n. [Prob. from itscol- 

Pru-nel'lo, j or resembling that 
of prunes.] A smooth, woolen stuff, 
used for shoes, &c. ; a kind of lasting. 

PRU-NEL'LO, n. [Dim. of prune. See 
Prune.] A species of dried plum. 

Prun'ing-ho'ok, I «. A cut- 

Prun'ing-knIfe (-nif), J ting in- 
strument used in pruning trees. 

Pru'ri-ence I (89), n. An itching 

Pru'ri-en-cy j desire or appetite. 

Pru'RI-ENT, a. [Lat. pruriens, itch- 
ing.] Uneasy with desire : itching. 

PRU-RI'GO, n. [Lat., fr. prirrire, to 
itch.] A disease of the skin, of which 
itching is the principal symptom. 

Prus'sian (prush'an or prob'shan), a. 
Pertaining to Prussia. 

Prtutsiun hive, cyanide of potassium 
an d i ron , a salt of a be au tif u 1 de ep blue . 
— n. A native of Prussia. 

PRUS'sre (prfls'ik or prcJb'sik), a. Per- 
taining to Prussian blue. 

Prnssic acid, hydrocyanic acid, for- 
merly so called because obtained from 
Prussian blue. It is a virulent poison. 

Pry, v.i. To inspect •'closely — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING, 142.] To raise, or at- 
tempt to raise, with a lever. — n. 
[A corruption of prize. A lever. 

PSALM(sam), n. [Gr.\fja\p.6<;,\l/dKna..] 
1. A sacred song. 2. One of the 
hymns by David ; or a modern ver- 
sification of the same. 

Psalm'ist (sam'ist), n. A writer of 
sacred songs. 

PsAl'mo-dIst (sal'mo-dist), n. One 
who sings sacred songs. 

Psal'MO-dy (saFmn-dy), n. [Gr.^aA- 
I*(ti8ia ; >//aAju.6s. psalm, and wSij, a 
song.] 1. Practice or art of singing 
psalms. 2. Psalms collectively . 

Psal-mog'ra-phy (sal-), n. The 
writing of psalms. 

Psal'ter (sawl/ter)^. The Book of 
Psalms as printed,, in the Book of 
Common Prayer 

Psai/ter-y (sawPter-y), n. [Lat. 
p'salterium.] A stringed instrument 
of music used by the Hebrews. 

Pseu'do-NYM ) (su'do-), n. [Gr. 

Pseu'do-nyme ) *//ev6ij?, false, and 



\,E, I. 6,u,Y, long; A, E,1, 6, ti Y, short; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, "WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FiRM; s6n 



PSEUDONYMOUS 



341 



PULSATIVE 



owfia, name.] A fictitious name 

assumed by an author. 
Pseu-don'y-moDs (su-), a. Bearing 

a fictitious name. 
Pshaw (shaw), interj. Pish ! pooh ! 

— expressive of contempt or dislike. 
Ps\'€HI€ 1 (sFkik), a. [Gr. \f/v\L- 
PSY'€HI€-AL ) k6s, fr. tyvxn, soul, 

mind.] Relating to the human soul. 

PSY'^HO-Lo&'re l(sI'ko-),a. Per- 

Psv'efio-LO&'ie-AL } taining to 
psychology. 

Psy-€h6l'o-gi'st (sl-kol^-), n. One 
who is versed in the nature and prop- 
erties of the soul. 

Psy-chol'o-gy ' (sT-kol'-), n. [Gr. 
$vxn, soul, mind, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] Scientific knowledge of the 
powers and functions of the human 
soul, so far as they are known by 
consciousness. 

Psy'€HO-man'CY (sl'ko-), n. [Gr. 
tyvxn, soul, and ^avreia, divination.] 
Divination by consulting the souls of 
the dead. 

Ptar'mY-GAN (tar'-), n. [Gael, tarma- 
chan.] A bird of the grouse family. 

Pt6l'e-MA'I€ (toPe-), a. Pertaining 
to Ptolemy, who supposed that the 
sun and stars revolved around the 
earth . 

PTY'A-LiSM (tT'a-lizm), n. [Gr. ir-rua- 
Aiotxos, fr. 7ttvoAov, spittle.] A mor- 
bid and copious excretion of saliva ; 
salivation. 

Pu'BER-TY, n. [Lat. pubertas, from 
puber, pubes, adult.] The age at 
which persons are capable of beget- 
ting or bearing children. 

Pu-bes'CENCE, n 1. State of puber- 
ty. 2. The soft, short hairs on plants. 

Pu-BES'CENT, a. [Lat. pubescent, 
reaching the age of puberty, grow- 
ing hairy] 1. Arriving at puberty. 
2. Covered with pubescence. 

Pub'LI€, n. [Lat. publicus, poplicus, 
fr. populicus, fr. populus, people.] 1. 
Relating to a nation, state, or commu- 
nity. 2. Open to the knowledge of 
all. 3. Open to common use. 

Syn. — Common ; current ; general. 

— n- General body of mankind ; the 
people, indefinitely. 

PDb'LI-CAN, n. [Lat. publicanus. See 
supra.] 1. (Rom Antiq.) A collec- 
tor of tribute. 2. Keeper of an inn 
or public house. 

PUB'LI-eA'TlON, n. [Lat. publicatio. 
See Publish.] 1. Act of publish- 
ing 2. Act of offering a book or 
writing to the public. 3. Any pam- 
phlet or book published. 

Syn - . — Proclamation ; annunciation ; 
disclosure: revelation. 

PiJB'Ll-cIsT, n, A writer on the laws 
of nations. 

PUB-LIC'I-TY, n. State of being pub- 
lic : notoriety. 

P0b'li€-ly, adv. 1. Without conceal- 
ment. 2. In the name of the com- 
munity 

PDb'lish, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
publicare. See PUBLIC] 1. To make 
public ; to promulgate or proclaim. 
2. To put forth, as a book or other 



literary work. 3. To put into circu- 
lation. 
Syn.— See Announce. 

PtJB'LISH-ER, n. 1. One who makes 
known. 2. One who puts forth 
books, &c, for sale. 

PDb'lish-ment, n. 1. Act of making 
publicly known. 2. A public notice 
of intended marriage. 

Puce, a. [Fr., from puce, a flea, Lat. 
pulex, pulicis.] Of a dark brown or 
brownish-purple color. 

PtJCK'ER, v. t. [-EB: -ING.] [Eng. 
poke, a pocket, small bag.] To gath- 
er into small irregular folds. — n. A 
fold or wrinkle, or a collection of 
folds. [mult; a bustle. 

POd'der, n. [See Pother.] A tu- 

Pud'DING, n. [Fr. boudin, Lat. botu- 
lus, dim. botelhis, a sausage. Cf. 
POUT.] 1. A kind of food variously 
made. 2. Any thing resembling pud- 
ding. 

Pud'ding-stone, n. A coarse rock, 
composed of pebbles, united by a 
cement ; conglomerate. 

PUD'DLE, n. [L. Ger. pud el. Cf. 
POOL.] ]. A small quantity of dirty 
standing water. 2. A mixture of clay 
and sand, worked together, until it 
is impervious to water. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To make foul. 2. To 
make thick or close with clay, sand, 
and water, so as to render impervi- 
ous to water. 

Pud'dling, n. 1. Act of rendering 
impervious to water by means of 
clay, as a canal. 2. Process of con- 
verting cast iron into wrought or 
malleable iron. 

PU-DIC'I-TY. n. [Lat. pudicitia, fr. 
pudere, to be ashamed.] Modesty; 
chastity. 

Pu'ER-iLE, a. [Lat. puerilis; puer, 
a boy.] Bo\iA; trifling; childish. 

Syn. — Youthful ; juvenile.— Ptierile 
is always used in a bad sense, as puerile 
objections, &c. Juvenile is sometimes 
taken in a bad sense (though less strong 
than puerile), as when speaking of 
youth in contrast with manhood, as ju- 
venile tricks, a juvenile performance. 
Youthful is commonly employed in a 
good sense, as youthful aspirations, or at 
least by way of extenuating; as, youthful 
indiscretions. 

Pu'er-il'i-ty,^ 1. Quality of being 
puerile ; childishness. 2. That which 
is puerile. 

PU-£R'PER-AL,a. [Lat. pverpera, a ly- 
ing-in woman ; puer, child, and purere, 
to bear.] Pertaining to childbirth. 

Puff, n. [D. pof, bo/, a puff, blow.] 
1. A sudden emission of breath : a 
whiff. 2. Any thing light and filled 
with air. 3. Exaggerated expression 
of praise. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To blow with short and sudden 
whiffs. 2. To breathe with vehe- 
mence. 3. To swell with air. 4. To 
assume importance. — v. t. 1. To 
drive with a puff. 2. To blow up. 3. 
To praise with exaggeration. 

Puff'er, n. One who puffs. 

Puff'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
being puffy. 



POff'y, a. 1. Swelled with air oi 
any soft matter. 2. Bombastic. 

PtJG, n. [Cf. BUG, and Ir. beag, small.] 
1. A monkey. 2. A kind of small 
dog. [or disdain. 

Push (po~o), interj. Used in contempt 

Pu'GIL-i'gM, n. [Lat. pvgil, a boxer.] 
Practice of boxing or fighting with 
the fist [his fists : a boxer. 

Pu'GIL-TsT, n. One who fights with 

PU'GIL-IST'IG, a. Relating to boxing. ' 

PUG-NA'CIOUS, a. [Lat. pugnnjr, -na- 
cis, fr. pugnare, to fight.] Disposed 
to fight. [quarrelsomeness. 

PUG-NAC'I-TY,n. Inclination to fight ; 

PUIS'NE (piPny), a. [0. Fr. puisne, 
from puis, since, afterward, and Fr. 
nc, born.] Younger or inferior in 
rank; as, a puisne justice. 

Pu'rs-SANCE , or Pu-Is'sance, n. [See 
infra.] Power; strength; might. 

Pu'is-sant, or Pu-is'sant, a. [Fr. ; 
Lat. potens, from posse, to be able.] 
Powerful ; strong ; mighty. 

Puke, i'. i. or t. [-ed; -ing.] [Al- 
lied to Ger. spucken, to spit.] To 
vomit; to throw up. — n. A med- 
icine which excites vomiting. 

Pul'ghri-tude (30), n. [Lat. pul- 
cliriludo.] 1. That quality of exter- 
nal appearance which pleases the 
eye. 2. Moral beauty. 

Pule, v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. piauler, 
Lat. pipilare, from pipire, to peep, 
pip, chirp.] 1. To cry like a chick- 
en. 2. To cry, as a complaining 
child ; to whimper. 

PULL,t\ t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S./wZ- 
lian.] 1. To draw, or try to draw, 
toward one. 2. To tear. 3. To 
gather by drawing toward one. — n. 
1. Act of pulling or drawing with 
force. 2. A contest ; a struggle. 

Pull'back,?!. That which restrains 
from proceeding ; a drawback. 

PUL'LET, n. [Fr. poulet, dim. of 
poule, a hen.] A young hen. 

Pul'ley (148), n. , , 

[From Eng. pull.] 
A small wheel in a 
block , with a groove 
for a running cord ; 
one of the mechan- 
ical powers. 

Pul'mo-na-ry, ) 

Pul-mon'I€. j a - 




Pulleyi. 



[Lat. pulmonarius,fr.pulmo,al\ix\g.] 
Pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs. 

Pul-mon'I€, 7i. A medicine for dis- 
eases of the lungs. 

Pulp, n. [Lat. pulpa.] A soft, moist 
mass of animal or vegetable matter. 

PUL'PIT, n. [Lat. pulpitum.] A place 
in a church, in which the preachei 
stands. [like it. 

PULP'otJS, a. Consisting of pulp, or 

Pulp'y, a. Like pulp ; soft : Meshy. 

PlJL'SATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
pulsar e, -satum, to beat, strike.] Tc 
beat or throb, as the heart. 

Pul'sa-tIle, a. Capable of being 
beaten. 

PUL-SA'TlON,n. 1. Act of beating or 
throbbing. 2. A beat or throb. 

PUL'SA-TIVE, a. Beating; throbbing. 



OR, Dp, wolf, TOO,TQO&$ fjRN, R]JE, pull ; E,i, o, silent ; q,b,so/t; €,&,hard; Asj exist; NasNG; this 



PULSATORY 



342 



PURITANICALLY 



Pul'sa-to-ry, a. Capable of pul- 
sating. 

PULSE, n. [Lat. pulsus, fr. pellere, to 
beat.] 1. The beating of the heart 
or blood-vessels, esp. of the arteries. 
2. Any regular beat ; oscillation : 
pulsation. 3. [Lat. puis, pultis, a 
pottage of meal, pulse, &c.] Legu- 
minous plants, or their seeds. — v. i. 
To beat, as the arteries. 

i?UL/vER-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
pulverized. _ [ducing to powder. 

Pl'L/ver-j-za'TION, n. Act of re- 

Pl'L'VER-IZE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. pulverizare, fr. pulvis, powder.] 
To reduce to fine powder. 

Pul-VER'u-LENCE, n. State of being 
pulverulent. 

ri"L-VER'y-LENT, a. [Lat. pulveru- 
lentus ; pulvis, powder.] Consisting 
of fine powder ; powdery ; dusty. 

PUM'ICE, n. [Lat. pumex, pumicis.] 
A light porous volcanic substance. 

Pu-Mi'CEOUS (-mish'us), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, pumice. 

Pi'M'MACE, n. Same as Pomace. 

Pum'mel,w. &f. Same as Pommel. 

Pit MP, n. [It. pompa, prob. fr. bom- 
bare, to drink.] 1. A machine for 
raising or transferring water, &c. 2. 
[Of uncertain etymology.] A low, 
thin-soled shoe. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 

1. To raise with a pump, as water. 

2. To examine by artful questions. 
— v. i. To work a pump. 

PDmp'-BRAKE, n. Handle of a pump. 

Pump'ION, n. [0. Fr. pompon, from 
Gr. 7T€7Tfe>i'.] The pumpkin. 

PUMP'KIN, n. [See supra.] A well- 
known plant and its fruit. 

PtJN, n. [Cf. point.] An expression 
in which a word is capable of differ- 
ent meanings. — v. i. [-NED ; -NING.] 
To use the same word at once iu dif- 
ferent senses. 

Punch, n. 1. [Hind, pantsch, five, 
because it was orig. composed of five 
ingredients.] A drink made of water, 
sugar, lemon juice, and spirits. 2. 
[Abbrev. fr. punckinello .] The buf- 
foon of a puppet-show. 3. [Abbrev. 
fr. puncheon.] A tool, for stamping, 
or for perforating holes. 4. A blow 
or thrust. [Colloq.] — v.t. [-Ea ; 
-ING.] [From Lat. pungere, punc- 
tum, to prick.] 1. To perforate with 
an instrument. 2. To thrust against. 

PtJNCH'EON (punch'un), n. [From 
Lat. punclio, a pricking.] 1. A tool 
for piercing, stamping, &c. ; a punch. 
2. A short, upright piece of timber ; 
a stud. 3. A cask containing usually 
120 gallons. 

Punctate. ) a. [Lat. punctum, 

PiJN€'TA-TED, ) point.] 1. Point- 
ed. 2. Having dots scattered over 
the surface. 

Punc-til'io (-tlPyo), n. [Lat. punc- 
tum, point.] A nice point of exact- 
ness in conduct or ceremony. 

Punc-til'ioCs (-tiPyus), a. Exact in 
the forms of behavior or ceremony. 

Punc-til'ious-ly, adv. With great 
nicety. 

Punc'to, n. [It. puncto, Lat. punc- 



tum, point.] 1. Nice point of form or 
ceremony. 2. The point in fencing. 

Punct'u-AL, a. [Lat. punctum, a 
point.] Exact to the time appoint- 
ed ; prompt. 

Punct'U-al'i-ty, ii. Quality or state 
of being punctual. [manner. 

Punct'u-al-ly, adv. In a punctual 

PUNCT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. punctum, a point.] To sepa- 
rate into sentences, clauses, &c, by 
points. [punctuating. 

Punct'u-a/tion, n. Act or art of 

Punct'URE (53), n. [Lat. punctura, 
fr. pvngere, to prick.] Act of per- 
forating with a pointed instrument, 
or the hole so made. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To pierce with a small point ; 
to prick. [Brahmin. 

PDn'dit, n. [Hind, pandit.] A learned 

PtJNG, n. A kind of one-horse sleigh 
rudely made. [Amer.] 

Pun'gen-oy,«. State of being pun- 
gent ; keenness. 

PDn'GENT, a. [Lat. pungens, prick- 
ing.] 1. Pricking; piercing; — said 
with reference to taste or smell. 2. 
Exquisitely painful to the feelings ; 
severe ; — said of discourse. 

PU'NIC, a. [Lat. Punicus, from Pceni, 
the Carthaginians.] Pertaining to, 
or like, the Carthaginians ; faithless. 

Pu'ni-ness, n. Smallness with feeble- 
ness. 

POn'ish, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
pun ire, fr. poena, punishment.] To 
afflict with pain, loss, or calamity. 

Syn. — To chastise ; castigate ; scourge ; 
correct; discipline. 

Pun'ish-a-ble, a. Liable to, or 
worthy of, punishment. 

Pun'ish-ment, n. Pain inflicted on a 
person because of a crime or offense. 

PO'NI-TIVE, a. Pertaining to, or in- 
flicting, punishment. 

PUNK,/*. [Allied to spunk.] 1. A fun- 
gus, or decayed wood, used as tinder. 
2. A prostitute. 

Pun'ster, n. One who puns. 

Punt, n. [A.-S.] A flat-bottomed 
boat, used for various purposes. 

Pu'ny, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [See 
Puisne.] Small and feeble. 

Pup, n. [Allied to Lat. pvpus, boy.] 

1. A puppy. 2. A young seal. — v. i. 
[-ped ; -ping.] To bring forth whelps 
or puppies. 

Pu'PA, n. ; pi. PV'PJli. [Lat. pupa, 
girl, doll.] One of the states in the 
complete metamorphosis of an insect. 

Pu'PIL, n. 1. [Lat. pupilla, orig. dim. 
of Lat. pupa, a girl.] The small 
opening in the iris of the eye. 2. 
[Lat. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus, 
boy, pupa, girl.] A scholar of either 
sex under an instructor. [pupil. 

Pu'PIL-AGE (45), n. State of being a 

Pu'PlL-LA-RY,a. Relating to a pupil 
or ward, or to the pupil of the eye. 

Pup'pet, n. [Fr. poupee. a doll, from 
Lat. pupa, girl, puppet.] 1. A doll. 

2. A similar figure moved by a wire. 
PUP'PET-SHOW, ?> A mock drama 

performed with puppets . 
PDp'py, n. [From pup.] 1. A young 



dog. 2. An insignificant and con 
ceited person. 

PUP'PY-IgM, n. Extreme meanness, 
, affectation , or conceit. 

IJCe, f. i. [-RED; >KING.] To utter 
a low, murmuring, continued souud, 
as a cat. — n. The low, murmur- 
ing, continued sound of a cat. 

POr'BLIND, a. [From obs. poreblind.] 
Near-sighted or dim-sighted. 

Pur'chas-a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing purchased. 

PUR'CHASE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
pourchasser , to pursue, to seek ea- 
gerly, fr. pour, for, and cfiasser. cha- 
rier, to chase.] 1. To obtain for 
money or its equivalent ; to buy. 2. 
To procure. — n. 1. A buying. 2. A 
thing bought; property. 3. Any me- 
chanical hold, advantage, or force. 

PfjR'CHAS-ER, n. One who purchases. 

Pure, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. purus.] 
1. Separate from all extraneous mat- 
ter or defilement. 2. Free from what 
contaminates or blemishes. 3. Mere ; 
absolute. 

Pure'ly, adv. 1. In a pure manner; 
kmocently. 2. Merely; absolutely. 

Pure'ness, n. State of being pure". 

PUR'FLE. (pur'fl), v. t. [0. Fr. pour- 
filer ; pour, for, and.,/?/, a thread.] 
1. To embroider. 2. (Arch.) To dec- 
or-ate_rioh)y. 

Pur-ga'tion, n. [Lat. purgatio.] Act 
of cleansing or purifying. 

Pur'ga-tTve, a. Having the power 
of purging; cathartic. — n. A med- 
icine that evacuates the intestines ; a 
cathartic. [purgatory. 

PfjR'GA-Td'RT-AL, a. Pertaining to 

Pur'GA-to-ry, n. [See iufra.] A 
place, or a state believed to exist after 
death, in which the souls of persons 
are purified by punishment. 

Purge, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
purgare, contr. fr. purum agere, to 
make clean.] 1. To cleanse or purify. 
2 To clear from the charge of a 
crime. — v. i. To become pure. — n . 
1. Act of purging. 2. That which 
purges; a_ cathartic. 

Pu'ri-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of purify- 
ing ; a cleansing. 

Pu-rif'I-ca-to-ry, a. Serving or 
tending to purify, [which, purifies. 

Pu'ri-fUer, n. One who, or that 

Pu'ri-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
purificare ; purus, pure, and facere, 
to make.] To make pure or clear; 
to refine. — v. i. To become pure. 

PtJR'ISM, n. Quality of being pure or 
nice, esp. in the choice of language. 

Pur'ist, n. One who is excessively 
nice in his choice of words. 

Pu'RI-TAN, n. [From pure.] 1. A 
dissenter from the Church of England 
in the time of Queen Elizabeth. 2. 
One strict in his religious life. — a. 
Pertaining to the Puritans. 

Pu'ri-tan'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

PU'RI-TAN'IC-AE, I to the Puritans, 
or their doctrines and practice. 2. 
Over-scrupulous ; rigid. 

Pu* RI-T3 N'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a pu- 
ritanical manner- 



A, e 3 i, o,V,Y,long; *i£,I, 6,u,Y,sAorf; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what; ere, veil 3 2£rm;pique, fIrm; S6?i : 



PURITANISM 



343 



PYROLIGNEOUS 



PO'Rl-TAN-iSM,n. Notions or practice 
cf Puritans. 

Pu'Rl-TY, n. [Lat. puritan, fr. purus, 
pure.] Condition -or quality of being 
pure; as, (a.) Freedom from foreign 
admixture, (b.) Freedom from for- 
eign idioms. 

PURL, n. [Contr.fr. purfile, purfle.] 

1. An embroidered and puckered bor- 
der. 2. An inversion of stitches in 
knitting. 3. A gentle murmur, as 
of a brook. 4. Malt liquor, medi- 
cated or spiced. — i\ i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[D. borrelen.] To eddy ; also, to make 

• a murmuring sound, as running wa- 
ter does. 

Pur'LIEU, n. [Fr. pur, pure, free, and 
lieu, place, orig. land near a royal 
forest, free from the forest laws.] 
Outer portion of any place ; environs. 

Pur'lin, In. [Of uncertain etyniol- 

PG'R'LINE,) ogy.] A piece of timber 
extending from end to end of a roof, 
across and under the rafters. 

Pur-loin', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. purloianier, to delay, fr.7?o«r, for, 
and loin, far off.] To steal ; to pilfer. 

PtlR-LOIN'ER, n. One who purloins. 

PfjR'PLE, n. [Lat, purpura, Gr. trop- 
4>vpcL, orig. the purple-fish.] 1. A 
purple color. 2. Imperial govern- 
ment in the Roman empire; — from 
the purple robe of the emperor. 3. 
pi. Spots of a livid color on the skin. 
a. 1. Of a color composed of red 
and blue. 2. Imperial; regal. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To make purple. 

PfjR'PORT, n. [0. Fr.,from pur, pour, 
for, and porter, to bear.] Design or 
tendency ; meaning. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To mean ; to signify. 

PUR'POSE (pur/pus), n. [0. Fr. pur- 
pos, propos. See PROPOSE.] Object 
to be accomplished : end or aim to 
which the view is directed. 

Syx. — Design; end ; intention ; aim. 
See Desigx. 

— v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] To de- 
termine upon, as some object to be 
accomplished ; to intend ; to design. 

PfjR'POSE -ly, adv. Intentionally. 

VURR,v.i. See PUR. 

PURSE, n. [From Gr. pvpo-a, hide, 
skin, leather.] 1. A small bag for 
money. 2. A treasury. 3. A sum 
of money offered as a prize or pres- 
ent. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
put in a purse. 2. To contract into 
folds or wrinkles. 

POrse'-proud, a. Proud of wealth. 

PURS'ER, n. A commissioned officer 
who has charge of the provisions, 
clothing, &c, and of the public 
moneys on shipboard. 

POrs'i-ness, n. State of being pursy ; 
hence, shortness of breath. 

PUR-sO'ANCE, n. 1. Act of pursuing. 

2. State of being pursuant ; .conse- 
quence. 

Pur-su'ant, a. Done in consequence ; 

hence, conformable ; according. 
Pur-sue ', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 

poursuivre, Lat. prosequi, to follow.] 

1. To follow with a view to overtake. 

2. To use measures to obtain, 3. To 



be engaged in ; to continue. 4. To 
iollow as an example ; to imitate. 
Syjs . — See Follow. 

— v. i. To proceed, esp. in argu- 
ment or discourse. [A Gallicism.] 

PUR-SU'ER, n. One who pursues. 

Pur-suit', n. 1. Act of following with 
haste. 2. Endeavor to attain to or 
gain. 3. Course of business. 

Syn. — Chase ; search ; proceeding; oc- 
cupation; prosecution. 

Pur'sui-vant, n. [Fr. poursuivant. 
See PURSUE.] A state messenger. 

PURS'Y, a. [Fr. poussif, fr. pousser, 
to push, heave.] 1. Fat, short, and 
_thick. 2. Short-breathed. 

Pu'RU-LENT (110), a. [Lat. purulen- 
tus ; pus, pun's, pus.] Consisting 
of, or pertaining to, pus. 

Pur-vey', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Fr. 
pourvoir, Lat. providere. See PRO- 
VIDE.] To provide, as with provi- 
sions. — v. i. To provide ; to cater. 

PUR-VEY'ANCE, n. 1. Act of provid- 
ing; procurement. 2. Provisions 
procured ; food. 

PUR- vey'OR, n. One who makes pro- 
vision for the table ; a caterer. 

PUR'VIEW (-vu), n. [Norm. Fr. pur- 
view, N. Fr. pourvu, provided, p. p. 
of pourvoir. See Purvey.] 1. Body 
of a statute. 2. Limit or scope of a 
statute. 3. Scope ; extent. 

PUS, n. [Lat., allied to Gr. ttvos.] The 
yellowish-white liquid produced in 
suppuration. 

PUSH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. pous- 
ser, Lat. pulsare, intens. form of 
pellere, to beat, push.] 1. To drive 
or impel by pressure. 2. To press or 
urge forwai-d. — v. i. 1. To make a 
thrust. 2. To make an effort. — n. 

1. A thrust with the end of a thing. 

2. Any pressure, impulse, or force 
applied. 

Pu'sil-LA-nYm'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being pusillanimous ; . weakness of 
^pirit. 

PU'SIL-LAN'I-MOUS, a. [Lat. pusil- 
lanimis ; pusillus, very little, and 
animus, mind.] 1. Destitute of a 
manly strength and firmness of 
mind. 2. Evincing want of courage. 
Syn. - Cowardly ; dastardly. 

Puss, n. [It. pus, a cat.] 1. A cat ; 

— a fondling appellation. 2. A hare ; 

— so called by sportsmen. 
Puss'Y, n. A puss ; — used as a fond- 
ling name for a cat. 

PUST'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
pustulare, -latum, fr. pustula, a pust- 
ule.] To form into pustules. 

POst'ule. n. [hat. pustula.] A pim- 
ple containing pus. 

POst'u-LoDs, a. Having pustules. 

Vvt,v. t. [put; putting.] [Allied 
to W. pwtian. pwtiaw, to butt, poke, 
thrust.] 1. To thrust; to push. 2. 
To place ; to lay ; to set. 3. To cause 
to be or exist in a specified relation. 
4. To bring to the attention of. 5. 
To state in language ; to express. 6. 
To incite ; to urge. 

Syn. — To place. — To put '& generic, 
viz., to dispose of in any situation; to 



place I s to put in a specific eituation: a 
plant may be put into a flower-pot and 
then placed in the green-house. 

— v.i. 1. To go or move. 2. To 
steer ; to direct. [a clown. 

Put, n. [Lat. putus, a boy.] A rustic ; 

PU'TA-TIVE, o. [Lat. putativus, fr.pu- 
tare, to suppose.] Supposed ; reputed. 

Put'log, a. A short timber, on which 
the planks of a scaffold are laid. 

PyT'-OFF, n, A shift ; an evasion. 

Pu'tre-fac'tion, n. [See Putre- 
fy.] 1. Act of putrefying. 2. Con- 
dition of being putrefied. 

Pu'tre-f active, a. Pertaining to, 
or causing, putrefaction. 

PC'TRE-FY, v. t. or i. [-ed; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. putrefacere ; putrere, to 
be rotten, and facere, to make.] To 
make or become putrid ; to rot. 

Pu-tres'9ENCE, n. State of being 
putrescent. 

Pu-TRES'CENT, a. [Lat. putrescens, 
growing rotten.] Becoming putrid. 

Pu-tres'CI-ble, a. Liable to be- 
come putrid. 

Pu'TRID, a. [Lat. putridus, from pu- 
trere, to be rotten.] Tending to dis- 
solution or decay ; rotten. 

Pu-TRID'I-TY, \ n. State of being 

Pu'trid-ness, ) putrid ; corrup- 
tion ; putrefaction. 

PttT'TER, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To act 
inefficiently or idly ; to trifle. 

PiJT'TY,n. [Fr. potee.] A cement of 
whiting and linseed oil. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To cement with putty. 

Puz'zle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf 
POSE.] To involve in perplexity ; to 
nonplus. — n. 1. Something which 
perplexes. 2. State of being puzzled ; 
perplexity. 

P\'E, n._ See PIE. 

Pyg-ME'an (124), I a. Pertaining to, 

Pyg'my, J or like, a pyg- 

my ; dwarfish. 

PYG'MY, n. [Gr. 7rvyp.cuo?, fr. iruy^-q, 
the fist.] 1. One of a fabulous race 
of diminutive beings inhabiting 
Thrace. 2. A dwarf. 

Pyr'a-mid, n. [Gr. 

TTVpafJLlS, Trvpafjil- 

Sos, Egypt, piro- 
mi.] A solid body 
standing on a tri-f 
angular, square, or 
polygonal base, and 
terminating in a Pyrami d s . 
point at the top. 

Py-ram'i-dal, a. 1. Having the form 
of a pyramid. 2. Relating to the py- 
ramids. 

Pyr'a-mTd'I€, ) a. Having the 

Pyr'a-mid'ic-al, J form of a pyra- 
mid ; pyramidal. 

Pyre, n. [Gr. trvpa, fr 7ri5p, fire.] A 
funeral pile. 

PY-RI'TES., n. [Lat.,fr. Gr. Tn/pirrf?, 
from -rrvp, fire, because iron pyrites 
gives sparks with steel.] A combina- 
tion of sulphur with iron, copper, 
cobalt, or nickel. 

Py-rIt'I€, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

Py-rit'I€-al, 1 consisting of , pyrites. 

PYR'O-LIG'NE-oDs, a. [Gr. TrOp, nv- 



rf. 



OR, do, wolf, too, ZOOZl; URN. rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, g, hard; AS J Exist ; N as ng ; thi" 



PYROLOGY 



344 



QUAKERISH 



pds, fire, and Lat. ligneus, wooden.] 
Procured by the distillation of wood, 
as a kind of acetic acid. 

PYROL'O-GV, n. [Gr.trvp, 7rvpds,fire, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A treatise on 
Leat : or the natural history of heat. 

PYR'O-MAN'CY, n. [Gr. irvpofjiavTeCa ; 
irvp, 7rvp6s, fire, and ixavreCa, divina- 
tion.] Divination by fire. 

Py-ROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. irvp, 7rvpos, 
fire, and p-eVpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring high degrees 
of heat. 

PYR'O-TECH'NIC, ) a. Pertaining 

Pvr'o-tech'nic-al, J to fireworks, 
or the art of forming them. 



Pyr'O-TECH'nics, n. sing. [Gr. irvp, 
irvpos, fire, and Te'xvrj, an art.] The 
art of making fireworks ; pyrotechny. 

Pyr'o-tech'nist, n. One skilled in 
pyrotechny. [technics. 

Pyr'o-tech'ny, n. Same as Pyro- 

PYR'RHIC (plr'rik), n. I. (Pros.) A 
foot consisting or' two short syllables. 
2. An ancient military dance. 

PYR'RHO-MSM (plr'ro-), n. [From 
Fyrrho.] " Skepticism ; universal 
doubt. I 

PYR'RHO-NtsT, n. One who doubts 
of every thing. | 

Pyth'a-go're-an, or Pv-thXg'o- 
RE'an. n. A follower of Pythagoras, 



an ancient philosopher. — a Per- 
taining to Pythagoras or his philoso- 
phy. [Pythagoras. 

Py-thag'o-rTsm, n. Doctrines of 

P Jth'i-an, a. [Gr. Ilvflios, belonging 
toPytho, the older name of Delphi.] 
Pertaining to the Pythoness, or 
priestess of Apollo, and to certain 
games celebrated near Delphi. 

Pyth'o-ness, n. [See Pythian.] 
The priestess who gave oracular an- 
swers at Delphi, in Greece. 

PYX, n. [Gr. 7rv£i's, a box, esp. of box- 
wood, from 7rw£os, box-tree or box- 
wood.] (Rom. Cat/i. Church.) The 
box in which the host is kept. 



Q. 



Q(ku), the seventeenth letter of the 
English alphabet, has but one 
sound, which is the same as that of 
k. See Prin. of Pron. § 86. 
Quack, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. 
quaken, Icel. qvaka, to twitter, sigh.] 

1. To cry like a duck. 2. To boast. 

— n. 1. Cry of the domestic duck. 

2. A boastful pretender to medical 
skill. 

Syn. — Empiric i mountebank; char- 
latan. 

— a. Pertaining to quackery ; used 
by quacks. 

QuXck/er-y, a. Practice of a quack. 
Quack/ish, a. Like a quack ; trick- 

ish. 
QuAD / RA-GES'i-MA,n. [Lat., from 

quadraginta, forty.] The forty days 

of fast preceding Easter ; Lent. 
Quad'ra-ges'i-mal, a. Belonging 

to, or used in, Lent. 

QUAD'RAN-GLE (-r5ng- 

gi),n. [L&t.quadrangu- 

lum ; quatuor, four, and 

angulus, an angle.] 1. 

A plane figure having 

four angles. 2. A square 

court surrounded by 

buildings. 
QUAD-RAN'GU-LAR, a. 

angles, and four sides. 
Quad'rant, n. [Lat. 

quadrans, a fourth 

part,fr. quatuor, four.] 

1. Quarter of a circle ; 
an arc of 90°. 2. An 
instrument for measur- 
ing altitudes, variously 
constructed. 

Quad-rant'AL, a. Pertaining to a 

quadrant. 
Quad'rat, n. [See infra.] A piece 

of type-metal placed between letters, 

so as to leave a blank space. 
QKAD'RATE, a. [Lat. quadratics, 

squared, fr. quatuor, four.] 1. Square. 

2. Divisible by four. 3. Even : equal ; 
exact. 4. Applicable ; correspond- 
ent — n. 1. A square. 2. Same as 
QUARTILE. 




QUAD'RATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
Quadrate, a.] To agree ; to suit ; 
to correspond. [like, a square. 

Quad-rat'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 

Quad'ra-ture (53), n. [See Quad- 
rate, a.] 1. The finding of a square 
having the same area as a circle. 2. 
Position of one heavenly body in re- 
spect to another, when distant from 
it 90°. 

QUAD-REN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. quadrien- 
nis ; quatuor, four, and annus, ) ear.] 
Occurring once iu four ) ears. 

QUAD'RI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. quad- 
rilattrus ; quatuor, lour , and latus, la- 
teris, aside.] Having 
four sides. — n. A 
plane figure having 
four sides ; a quad- 
rangular figure. 



QUAD'RI-LfT'ER-AL, Q uaur ilateral. 
a. [Lat. quatuor, 
four, and litera, letter.] Consisting 
of four letters. 

QUA-DR'fLLE' (kwa-driK or ka-driP), n. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. quadrula, dim. of qua- 
dra, a square.] 1. A game played by 
four persons. 2. A kind of dance 
with four couples in each set. 

QUAD'RILL-ION, n. [Lat. quater, four 
times, and L. Lat. miUio, a million.] 
According to the English notation, 
the number represented by a unit 
with 24 ciphers annexed ; according 
to the French notation, a unit with 
15 ciphers annexed. 

QUAD'RI-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Lat. qua- 
tuor, four, and syllaba, syllable.] A 
word consisting of four syllables. 

QUAD-ROON', n. [Fr. quarteron, fr. 
i at. quatuor, four.] Offspring of a 
mulatto and a white person. 

QUAD'RU-MANE, n. [Lat. quatuor, 
four, a*nd manus. a hand.] An ani- 
mal having four feet that correspond 
to the hands of a man, as a monkey. 

QUAD'RU-PED, a. [Lat. quadrupes, 
-pedis,' from quatuor, four, and pes, 
a foot.] Having four feet. — «. An 
animal having four feet. 

QUAD'RU-PLE, a. [Lat. quadruplus, 



fr. quatuor, four.] Fourfold; four 
times told. — a. Four times the sum 
or number. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To multiply by four. 

QUAD-RU'PLI-CATE, n. Four-fold. 

QUAD-RJj'PLI-CATE,r.<. [-ED;-1NG ] 
[Lat. quad rupli care, -catum, fr. qua- 
tuor, four, and plicare, to fold.] To 
make fourfold ; to quadruple. 

QuAff, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [hr. coffir, 
to intoxicate.] To drink down; to 
drink copiously of. 

QUAG'GY.o. [See infra.] Trembling 
under the foot, as soft, wet earth. 

Quag'MIRE, n. [0. Eng. guag, to 
quake, quiver, shake, and mire.] 
Soft, wetland, that shakes under the 
feet. 

Quail, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [A.-S. 
cwelan, to die. Cf. QUELL.] To be- 
come quelled ; to shrink; to cower. 

— n. [0. Fr. qitaille, 0. H. Ger. 
wahtala.] A bird closely allied to 
the partridge of Europe. 

B3f- In the United States the name is 
used for rvffed [/rouse. 

Quaint, a. [O. Fr. cointe, cultivated, 
agreeable ; fr. Lat. cognitus, acquaint- 
ed, and partly fr. comptus, adorned, 
elegant.] 1. Subtle; artificially ele- 
gant. 2. Showing excess of art. 3. 
Odd and antique ; curious and fan- 
ciful. 

Syn. — Strange; whimsical; singular. 

Quaint'ly, adv. In a quaint man- 
ner ; oddly . 

Quaint'ne'ss, n. Quality of being 
quaint; affected art: oddness. 

Quake, v. i. [-ed: -ing.1 [A.-S. 

cwacian.] 1. To shake with fear, 

' cold, or emotion. 2. To shake or 

tremble, either from not being solid, 

or from violent convulsion. 

Syn.— To shake; quiver; shudder. 

— n. A tremulous agitation ; a 
shake ; a shudder- 

Quak'ER, n. 1. One who quakes. 2. 
One of the religious sect of Friends. 

Quak'er-ish. a. Like, or pertain- 
ing to, a Quaker. 



A, E, i, o, u, Yjong; A 5 £,I,6,u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique , fIrm ; s6n 




QUAKERISM 



345 



QUENCH 



Quak'er-Ism, n. Character, man- 
ners, or_ tenets of the Quakers. 

Qual'1-FI'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing qualified ; abatable. 

QUAL'1-FI-SA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
qualifying or condition of being qual- 
ified. 2. Endowment or acquire- 
ment which fits for an office. 3. Re- 
striction; abatement; diminution. 

QUAL'1-FI.ED, p. a. Fitted by accom- 
plishments or endowments; modi- 
fied ; limited. 

Qual'i-FFER, n. One who qualifies. 

QUAL'I-FY,r. t. [-ED; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. qualificare ; qualis, such, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To make such 
as is required ; to fit ; to supply with 
legal power. 2. To reduce from a 
general to a particular form ; to limit. 
3. To abate ; to diminish. — v. i. To 
be or become qualified. 

QUAL'1-TY (kwol'I-ty), n. [Lat. qual- 
itas.] 1. Nature relatively consid- 
ered. 2. Special or temporary char- 
acter. 3. Distinguishing property, 
characteristic, or attribute. 4. Supe- 
rior birth or station. 

Qualm (kwam), n. [A.-S. ewe aim, 
cwelm, death, slaughter, pestilence.] 
1. A sudden attack of illness, faint- 
ness, or pain ; especially, a sudden 
fit of sickness at the stomach. 2. A 
scruple of conscience. 

Qualm'ish (kwiim'ish), a. Sick at 
the stomach ; affected with nausea. 

Quan'da-ry, or Quan-da'ry(1T2), 
n. [Corrupted fr. Fr. qu'en dirai-je ? 
what shall I say of it ?] A state of 
difficulty or perplexity. [quantity. 

QuAN'Tf-TA'TiVE, a. Relating to 

QUAN'TI-TY, n. [Lat. quantitas, from 
quantus, how great, how much.] 
1. Property of being capable of in- 
crease and decrease, multiplication, 
and division ; that which answers the 
question " How much ? ; ' In gram- 
mar, the relative time occupied in 
pronouncing a syllable. 2. That 
which can be increased, diminished, 
or measured. 3. A certain portion ; 
sometimes, a considerable amount. 

QUAN'TUM, n. [Lat., from quantus.] 
how great, how mucii.] Quantity. 

QUAR'AN-TINE (110), n. [It. quaran- 
lina, forty days, quarantine, fr. Lat. 
quadraginta, forty.] Term during 
which a ship arriving in port.and sus- 
pected of being infected, is obliged to j 
forbear all intercourse with the 
shore ; hence, inhibition of inter- 
course to a ship. 

QuAR'REL (kw6r'rel),n. 1. [Lat. que- 
rela, querella, a complaint. An angry 
contest: a falling out. 2. [SeeQuAR- 
RY.] A diamond-shaped pane of glass. 
— V.i. [-ED,-ING; or -LED, -LING. 
137.] 1. To dispute violently ; to 
wrangle. 2. To find fault. 

Quar'rel-sqme, a. Apt to quarrel. 

QUAR'RY(kwor'rv), n. 1. [L&t. qua - 
drum, something square.] An ar- 
row with a square head : a lozenge- 
shaped pane of glass ; a glazier's dia- 
mond. 2. [0. Fr. coree, from Lat cor, 
heart.] Game; esp. game hunted 



for by hawking. 3. [L. Lat. quad- 
raria, quatraria, a quarry, whence 
squared (quadrati) stones are dug.] 
A place where stones are cut from 
the earth for building or other pur- 
poses. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] To 
dig or take from a quarry . 

QUART, n. [Lat. quarlus, quarta, the 
fourth, fr. quatuor, four.] Fourth 
part of a gallon. 

Quar'tan, a. [Lat. quartanus ; qua- 
tuor, four.] Pertaining to the fourth ; 
occurring every fourth day. — n. An 
ague occurring every fourth day. 

QUAR'TER, n. [Lat. quartarius, from 
quatuor, four.] 1. A fourth part of 
any thing; — in specific uses, (a.) 
The fourth of a hundred-weight, be- 
ing 28 or 25 pounds. (6.) One limb 
of a quadruped with the adjacent 
parts, (c.) Part of a shoe from the 
heel to the vamp, (d.) A term of 
study in a seminary, college, &c. ; 
prop., a fourth part of the year, (e.) 
A region ; a territory ; a district : a 
locality. 2. Proper station ; specific 
place; assigned position; shelter. — 
v. t. [-ed : -ING. J 1. To divide into 
four equal parts. 2. To furnish with 
shelter or entertainment. 3. To bear 
as an appendage to the hereditary 
arms. — v. i. To lodge, [lowance. 

QUAR'TER-AGE, n. A quarterly al- 

Quar'ter-day, n. A day regarded 
as terminating a quarter of the year; 
hence , one on which rent becomes due . 

Quar'ter-deck, n. That part of 
the deck of a ship which extends 
from the stern to the mainmast. 

Quar'ter-ly,«. 1. Consisting of a 
fourth part. 2. Recurring at the end 
of each quarter of the ) ear. — n. A 
periodical work published four times 
during a year. — adv. By quarters ; 
once in a quarter of a year. 

Quar'ter-mas'ter, 7i. 1. An offi- 
cer who provides quarters, provis- 
ions, clothing, transportation, &c, 
for the army, and superintends the 
supplies. 2. A petty officer who at- 
tends to the helm, signals, &c, un- 
der the direction of the master. 

Quar'tern, n. [Lat. quartarius, a 
fourth part.] 1. The fourth part of 
a pint ; a gill. 2. The fourth part 
of a peck. 3. A loaf weighing about 
four pounds. 

QuAR'TER-SEs'SIONg (-sesh'unz), n. 
pi. (Ensc. Laiv.) A general court of 
criminal jurisdiction held quarterly. 

QUAR'TER-STAFF, n. A stout staff 
formerly used for defense ; — held by 
one hand in the middle, and the 
other half way between the middle 
and end 

QUAR-TET' ) n. [Tt. quartetto, 

Quartette'. 1 dim. of quarto, 
fourth.] 1. A musical composition 
in four parts. 2. The four persons 
who perform such a piece of music. 

Quar'tile, n. [Lat. quarlus, fourth.] 
An aspect of the planets, when they 
are distant from each other 90°. 

QUAR'TO, n.; pi. QUAR'TOS. [Lat., 
fr. quartus, the fourth.] A book of 



a squarish form, corresponding t^ 
that formerly made by folding a 
sheet twice — a. Having the form 
or size of a quarto. 

Quartz (kworts, 108), n. [M. & N. 
ii. Ger. quarz.] Pure silex. 

Quash, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. quas- 
sare, to shake, shatter, intensive 
form of quatere, to shake.] 1. Tc 
beat down or in pieces. 2. To crush; 
to subdue. 3. [0. Fr. quasser, from 
Lat. cassare, to annul.] To abate, 
annul, or make void. 

Qua' si. [Lat.] As if ; in a manner ; 

— used as a prefix. 

Quas'sia (kwosh/i-a or kwa.sh'1-a), n. 
[From Quassy, or Quash, a negro, 
who prescribed it.] A bitter wood 
and bark employed in medicine. 

QUA-TER'NA-RY, n. [Lat. quaterna- 
ries, consisting of four each, fr. qua- 
tuor, four.] The number four. — a. 
Consisting of four; by fours. 

Qua-t£r'ni-ON, n. [Lat. quaternio.] 

1. The number four. 2. A set of 
four parts, objects, or individuals. 

QUAT'RAIN (42), n. [Fr.,'fr. quatre, 
four.] A stanza of four lines rhym 
ing alternately. 

Qtja'ver, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Allied 
to L. Ger. quubbeln, to shake. Cf. 
Quiver.] 1. To tremble; to vi- 
brate. 2. To shake the voice ; also, 
to produce a shake on a musical in- 
strument. — n. 1. A shake of the 
voice, or on an instrument of music- 

2. An eighth note. See EIGHTH. 
Quay (ko), n. [See Key.] A mole 

or bank toward the sea, or on the 

side of a river. 
Q.UEACH'y, a. [From queach, a modif. 

of quick.] Trembling under the feet, 

as boggy ground. 
Quean, n. [A.-S. cwSne, woman, 

harlot, allied to Gr. ywrj, a woman.] 

Alow woman ; a wench. 
Quea'si-ness, n. Nausea. 
Quea'sy, a. [Icel. qveisa, belly-ache.] 

1. Sick at the stomach. 2. Fastid- 
ious ; squeamish. 

Queen, n. [A.-S. cwen, wife, queen. 
See Quean.] 1. Consort of aking. 

2. A female sovereign of a kingdom. 
Queen-dowager, the widow of a king. 

— v. i. To play the queen. 
Queer, a. [-er;-est.] [N. H. Ger. 

queer, quer, cross, oblique, athwart, 
A.-S. thweor. Cf. Thwart.] Odd; 
singular ; whimsical. 

Queer'ly, adv. In an odd manner ; 
singularly ; whimsically. 

Queer'ness, n. Oddity ; singularity. 

Quell, v t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. ewe- 
lian,cwellan. See KILL.] 1. To sub- 
due ; to put down. 2. To reduce tc 
peace. 

Svn. — To crush; overpower; quiet. 

Quench, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [A.-S. 
nvencan, allied to no-nan, to lan- 
guish.] 1. To extinguish; to put 
out, as fire. 2. To put an end to, as 
something ardent or burning. 

Quench'A-ble , a. Admitting of be- 
ing quenched. 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; URN,RyE,pyLL; E, I, csilent; c, &,soft; -e,G, hard; A£j exist; n as ng ; this. 



QLTENCHABLE 

Quench'less, «. Incapable of be- 
ing quenched. 

Quer'91T-ron, n. [Ft., fr. Lat. quer- 
cus, an oak, and citrus, citron -tree.] 
Bark of the black oak, or dyer's oak. 

QUER'l-MO'NI-otfs, a. [Lat. queri- 
monia, a complaint.] Apt to com- 
plain. 

Querist (89), n. [Lat. quserere, to 
peek, to inquire.] One who inquires. 

(tJUER'y-LOUS, a. [Lat. querulus.] 1. 
Habitually complaining. 2. Express- 
ing complaint. 

QuE'RY (89), n. [Lat. qusere, impera- 
tive of guserere, to seek for.] A ques- 
tion ; an inquiry. — v. i. To make 
inquiry, —v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
1 . To inquire into. 2. To doubt of. 

QUEST, n. [Lat. quxrere, quxsitum , to 
seek for.] Act of seeking ; search. 

Ques'tion (kwest'yun, 66), n. [Lat. 
quxstio, from quxrere, to seek for.] 
1. Act of asking ; interrogation. 2. 
Discussion; debate. 3. Investiga- 
tion. 4. That which is asked; a 
query. 5. A subject of investigation. 
Sys.-> Interrogatory ; inquiry; exam- 
ination; trial; dispute; doubt. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To ask ques- 
tions. — v. t. 1. To inquire of by ask- 
ing questions. 2. To doubt of. 3. 
To treat as not entitled to confidence. 

Syn. — To interrogate; inquire. — "We 
inquire for the sake of information ; as, 
to inquire one's way. We question with 
closeness in order to gain the whole 
truth; as, to question a messenger as to 
all the particulars. "We interrogate by 
asking questions repeatedly, and often 
with authority. 

Ques'tion-a-ble (kwgst'yun-a-bl), 
a. Liable to be called in question. 

Syn. — Disputable; controvertible; de- 
batable; doubtful; suspicious. 

QUES'TION-ER (kwgst'yun-), n. One 
who asks questions : an inquirer. 

Ques'tion-less (kwest'yuu-), adv. 
Doubtless; certainly. 

QUES'TOR, n. [Lat. quxstor, contr. fr. 
quxsitor, from queerer?, to seek, ask.] 
{Rom. Antiq.) A public treasurer. 

Queue (ku), n. [Fr.] See Cue. 

QUIB, n. [Prob. an abbrev. of quibble.] 
A sarcasm ; a bitter taunt ; a quip. 

QuIb'ble (kwTb'bl), n. [Prob. fr. Lat. 
gitidlibet, what you please.] 1. An 
evasion; a cavil. 2. A pun. — v.i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To evade the point 
in question by artifice or conceit. 2. 
To pun : to practice punning. 

Qui'B'bler, n. One who quibbles. 

Quick (kwik), a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
cwic] 1. Alive; living. 2. Ani- 
mated ; sprightly. 3. Speedy ; swift. 
Syx. — Expeditious ; rapid ; . brisk ; 
nimble; hasty. 

— adv. 1. With haste; speedily. 2. 
"Without delay. — n. 1. A living 
animal or plant : especially, the haw- 
thorn or quickset. 2. Living flesh ; 
hence, anv sensitive part. 

QuICK'jEN (kwlk'n), v. t. [-EC ; -ING.] 

[See Quick.] 1. To make alive: to 

vivify, 2. To make lively or active. 

3. 1o make rapid ; to accelerate. 

Syx. — To revive; incite; hasten. 



346 

— v. i. 1. To become alive. 2. To 
move with rapidity. 

QuiCK'JEN-ER, n. One who, or that 
which, quickens. 

Qu'lCK'LiME, n. Any carbonate of 
lime deprived of its carbonic acid and 
aqueous matter. 

Quick'ly, adv. Speedily ; soon. 

Quick'ness, n. 1. Rapidity of mo- 
tion. 2. Activity. 3. Acuteness of 
perception. 4. Pungency. 

QuTck'sand, n. Sand readily yield- 
ing to pressure ; especially , loose or 
moving sand mixed with water. 

Qui'ck'set, r. t. To plant with living 
shrubs or trees for a hedge. — a. 
Made of quickset. 

QuiCK'SIL-VER, n. [Eng. quick and 
silver ; -^- from its fluidity .] Mercu- 
ry. See Mercury. [march. 

QuiCK'STEP, n. A lively, spirited 

Quick'-wit'ted. a. Having ready 
wit. . [cud. 

Quid, n. A portion to be chewed ; a 

Quid'di-ty, n. [L. Lat. quidditas, fr. 
Lat. quid, what.] 1. Essence of a 
thing. 2. A trifling nicety. 

Qu'jd'dle (kwid'dl), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. quid, what.] To waste 
time in trifling employments ; to 
dawdle. 

Quid'dle, ) n. One who spends time 

QuiD'DLER, J in trifling niceties. 

QUID'NUNC, n. [Lat., What now?] 
One curious to know all that passes. 

Qui-ESOE', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.J [Lat. 
quiescere, fr. guies, rest.] To be si- 
lent, as a letter. 

Qui-es'cence, n. 1. Rest; repose. 
1 L Silence, as of a letter. 

Qui-ES'CENT, a. [Lat. quiescens.] 1. 
Being in a state of repose ; still. 2. 
Not ruffled with passion. 3. Not 
sounded ; silent ; mute. 

Qui'ET, a. [-ER;-EST.] 1. Being in 
a state of rest. 2. Free from disturb- 
ance. 3. Not giving offense or trouble. 
Syn. — Still; calm; smooth. 

— n. [Lat. guies, quietis.] 1. State 
of a thing not in motion ; repose. 2. 
Freedom from disturbance ; tran- 
quillity.— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
stop motion in. 2. To calm ; to ap- 
pease. 

Qui'ET-lgM, ii. 1. Peace or tranquil- 
lity of mind. 2. S.,steni of the Qui- 
etists, who maintained that religion 
consists in repo.-e of the mind, em- 
ployed in contemplating God. [tics. 

Qui'ET-isT, n. One of a s ct of mys- 

Qui'et-ly, adv. In a quiet state or 
manner. 

Qui'et-ness, n. State of being quiet. 

Qui'e-tude (30), n. Rest ; quiet. 

Qui-e'tus, n. [Lat.] Rest; repose; 
hence, a final discharge. 

QuIll, n [M. II. Ger. Ml, allied to 
Lat. caulis, a stalk, a quill.] 1. A 
large, strong feather: — used for writ- 
ing-pens, &c. 2. A pen. 3. A spine, 
as of a porcupine. 4. A piece of reed, 
on which weavers wind thread. 5. 
Tube of a musical instrument. — v. 
t. [-EDj-iNG.] 1. To form with 



QUIRE 

small ridges like quills. 2. To wind 
on a quill. 

QuIll/ing, n. A narrow trimming, 
in folds, resembling a row of quills. 

QulLT, ii. [Cf. Lat. culcita, a bed, 
cushion.] A cover or garment made 
by quilting. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
stitch together with some soft and 
warm substance between. 

QulNCE, n. [From Cydon in, in Crete., 7 
A small tree, and its acid fruit. 

QuiN'CUNX, n. [Lat., fr. guingue, five, 
and uncia, an ounce.] Arrangement 
of things, especially of trees, by fives 
in a square, thus, *.* 

QuI'nine, or Qui'-NlNE', n. [Sp. qui- 
nina, fr. guina, or quinaguina, Peru- 
vian bark.] 1. An alkaloid obtained 
from cinchona. 2. A salt cf quinine, 
used as a tonic and febrifuge. 

Qui'N/QUA-GES'I-MA, a. [Lat.; quin- 

quagesimus, the fiftieth.] Fiftieth. 

Qwnquagesima Sunday, the Sunday 

which is about the fiftieth day before 

Easter. 

QUIN-QUAN'GU-LAR (-kwjlugM, a. 
[Lat. qvinquangidus, from guingue, 
five, and angulus, angle.] Having 
five angles. 

QUIN-QUEN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. quinquen- 
nalis; fr. guingue, five, and annus, 
year.] Occurring once in five 3 ears, 
or lasting five years. 

Quin'Que-valve, a. [Lat. guingue, 
five, and valva, leaf, fold, valve.] 
Having five valves. 

QuiN'SY,tt. [Contracted fr. sguinan- 
cy.] Inflammation of the throat or 
parts adjacent, with fever. 

Quint, n. [Lat quintus, the fifth.] A 
sequence of five, as in piquet. 

QulNT'AL, n. [Ar. Icintar, a weight of 
.100 lbs., fr. Lat. centum, a. hundred.] 
A hundred weight. 

Quin-TES'sence, n. [Lat. guinln 
essentia, fifth essence.] Pure or con- 
centrated essence. 

Quin'tes-sen'tial, a. Consisting of 
quintessence. 

QuiN-TET', \ n. [From Lat. quin- 

Quin-tette', I tats, the fifth.] (Mus.) 
A composition for five voices or in- 
struments. 

QuiNT'ILE, n. [Lat. guintus, the 
fifth ; guingue, five.] The aspect c:' 
planets when distant from each other 
the fifth part of the zodiac, 01 72°. 

Quin-till'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. guin- 
tus, the fifth.] According to the Eng- 
lish notation, a unit with 30 ciphers 
annexed ; according to the Fr. nota- 
tion, a unit with 18 ciphers annexed. 

QUIN'TU-PLE, a. [Lat. quintuple*; 
fr. guintus, fifth, and pi i care, to fold.' 
Multiplied by five ; fivefold. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make fivefold. 

Qu/P, n. [See QuiB.] A smart, sar- 
castic turn ; a taunt ; a retort. — 
v.t. [-ped ; -ping.] To taunt. — 
v. i. To scoff. 

Quire, n. 1. [See Choir.] A choir. 
2. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. quayer, cater, a book 
of loose sheets, fr. L. Lat. quatemium, 
sheets of paper packed by turns, fr. 
Lat. quaterni, four each, by fours.] 



a. e, i, o,u, y,long; a,e, Ij6, G, t, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, s£bk 5 pique , firm; s6n. 



QUIRK 



347 



RACKING 



Twenty-four sheets of paper, each 
having a single fold. 

QulRK (18), n. [Allied to queer.] 1. 
A sudden turn ; hence, an artful 
evasion. 2. A smart retort. 

QulT (kwTt), V. t. [QUIT or QUIT- 
TED ; QUITTING.] [L. Lat. quitare. 
quittare, fr. Lat. quietus, quiet.] 1. 
To release from obligation, accusa- 
tion, or the like ; to acquit. 2. To 
conduct. 3. To discharge as a duty. 
4. To depart from; to forsake. — a. 
Released; free; clear; absolved. 

G3 1 - Sometimes used in the form quits, 
colloquially; as, to be quits with one, to 
be even with him. 

QuYt'CLAIM, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Eng. 
quit and claim.] To relinquish a 
claim to by deed. — n. A relinquish- 
ment of a claim ; a deed of release. 

QUITE, adv. [Fr. quitte, discharged, 
clear. See Quit, a.] 1. Complete- 
ly ; entirelv. 2. To a great degree ; 
considerably. 

QUIT'RENT, n. A rent reserved in 
grants ofland, by payment of which a 
tenant is quit from all other service. 

QuiT'TANCE, n. 1. Discharge from 
a debt ; acquittance. 2. Recompense ; 
repayment. 

QUIVER, n. [0. Fr. cuivre, couire, fr. 
0. H. Ger. koehar, kohhar.] A case 
for arrows — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Cf. QUAVER; also, 0. D. quicker, 



vivid.] To shake with slight and 
tremulous motion. 

Qui vive (ke vev). [Fr., fr. qui, who, 
and vive, lives.] The challenge of a 
French sentinel, To what party do 
you belong? corresponding to, Who 
goes there? 

Quix-OT'IC, a. Like Don Quixote ; 
romantic to extravagance. 

Quiz , n. [A word of no meaning, once 
chalked on the Avails of Dublin in pur- 
suance of a wager.] 1. A riddle : an 
enigma. 2. One who quizzes others. 
3. An odd fellow, —v.t. [-zed; 
-zing.] 1. To puzzle ; to make sport 
of, by deceiving. 2. To peer at. 

Quiz'ZI€-AL, a. Comical. [Colloq.] 

Quud' Li-BET, n. [Lat.. what you 
please.] A subtilty. 

QuoiF (kwoif), n. [See Coif.] A cap 
or hood ; a coif. 

Quoin (kwoin or koin), n. [See Coin.] 
1. Any external angle ; especially 
the external angle of a building. 2. 
A small wedge, used for various pur- 
poses. 

Quoit (kwoit), n. [D. koot,_ 0. D. kote, 
die, knuckle-bone.] A circular ring 
or fiat stone, to be pitched at a mark. 
— 1\ ■/. To play at quoits. 

QUON'DAM, a. [Lat.] Having been 
formerly ; former. 

QUO'RUM (89), n. [Lat., gen. pi. of 
qui, " of whom."] Such a number of 



the members of any body as is com 

petent to transact business. 
QUO'TA, n. [Lat. quota, fr. quotus, 

which or what in number, how 

many.] A proportional part or share. 
QUOT'A-BLE, a. Capable or worthy ot 

being quoted. 
Quo-TA'TION,«. [Ft. quote.] 1. Ac'; 

of quoting. 2. A passage quoted. 3 

( Com . ) Specification of the price o. 

commodities. 
Quote (kwot), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [C 

Fr. quoter, fr. Lat. quotus. See supra. 

1. To cite, as a passage from some 

author. 2. To name the price of. 

Syn. — To cite. — To cite was original- 
ly to call into court as a witness, &c; 
and hence the word denotes something 
very specific and exact in adducing evi- 
dence. Quote is used in a more loose and 
general way, often expressing an appeal 
to some one as an authority, without re- 
peating his exact words. 

Quoth (kwoth or kwfith), v. i. [A.-S. 
cwedhan,imri. cwadli.] Said ; spoke ; 
— used in the first and third persons 
in the past tenses. 

QUO-TID'I-AN, a. [Lat. quotidianus ; 
fr. quotus, how many, a:id r/<>.s,day.] 
Occurring daily. — n. A fever whose 
paroxysms return every day. 

QUO'TIENT (kwo'shent), n. [Lat. 
quoties, how often.] The number 
resulting from the division of one 
number by another. 



R. 



R(ar), the eighteenth letter of the 
alphabet, is a liquid or semi- 
vowel. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 87-89. 
Rab'bet, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Cf. 
Fr. raboter, to plane, robot, a plane.] 

1. To cut, as the edge of a board, 
that it may form a joint with anoth- . 
er board, similarly cut, by lapping, j 

2. To lap and unite the edges of, as 
boards, &c. — n. [See supra.] A 
cut made upon the edge of a board, 
to fit it to another board. 

Rab'BI (rXb'bt or rab'bT), n.; pi. 
RAB'BIS, or rab'bies. [Heb. rabi, 
my master.] Master"; lord; sir; — 
a title of a Jewish doctor of the law. 

Rab'bin, n. Same as Rabbi. 

Rab-BI\'I€, la. Pertaining to 

Rab-bin'ic-al, ) tap rabbius, or to 
their opinions, learning, &c. 

Rab'BIN-lst, m. A .lew who adhered 
to the Talmud and the traditions of 
the rabbins. 

Eab'BIT, n. [0. D. robbe, robbeken.] 
■ A small burrowing animal, resem- 
bling the hare. 

Rab'ble, n. [0. Fr. rapaille, fr. raper, 
to grate, to wear out.] A crowd of 
vulgar, noisy people ; a mob. 

Rab'id, a. [Lat. rabidus, fr. rabies, 
rage.] Furious; mging: mad. 

RabId-ness, n. State of being rabid. 

RA'-eA, a. [Heb.] Worthless; loose 




Raccoon. 



in life and manners; — a term of 
contempt. 

RA€-coon', n. [Fr. 
raton, a little rat, 
a raccoon.] A 
small carnivorous 
North American 
aniptal, allied to 
the' bear. 

Race, n. 1. [From 
0. H. Ger. reiza, 
line.] Descend- 
ants of a common ancestor. 2. Pe- 
culiar or characteristic flavor; 
smack. 3. Characteristic quality or 
disposition. 4. A root. 5. [A.-S. 
rses, Icel. rasa, to run.] Rapid course 
or motion. 6. A running in competi- 
tion. 7. A strong current of water, 
or the passage for such a current. — 
v.i. [-ED ; -ing.] To run swiftly ; 
to contend in running. — v. t. To 
cause to run rapidlv. 

Raoe'-horse, n. A horse kept for 
running in contest. 

Rac'e-mA'tion, n. [Lat. racematio.] 
A cluster or bunch. 

RA-CEME', n. [Lat. racemvs, a bunch 
of berries, a cluster of grapes.] A 
flower-cluster, as in the currant. 

RAC/E-MfF'ER-oi"JS, a. [Lat. ra-emus, 
raceme, and/fwe, to bear.] Bearing 
racemes. 



Ra'CER, 11. One who races 

RA-€HlT're (-kit'ik), a. [Gr. pdxi-s, 
the spine.] Pertaining to rachitis ; 
rickety. 

Ra-€HI'TIS, n. [Gr. pa^iTi? (sc- 
j/oa-os), fr. pax^s, spine.] Inflamma- 
tion and curvature of the spine ; the 
rickets. 

Ra'ci-ness, ii. Quality of being racy. 

Rack, n. [Ger. reck : recken, to stretch, 
A.-S. rsecan, r&ccan, to reach.] 1. 
An instrument for stretching or ex- 
tending any thing ; esp. one used for 
torture. 2. A frame-work for various 
purposes. 3. Pace of a horse in which 
the two legs on each side are moved 
together. 4. A straight-toothed bar, 
to work in the teeth of a wheel or 
pinion. 5. [Cf. A.-S. racu, rain. Cf. 
REEK.] Thin, flying, broken clouds. 
— v. t. 1. To stretch or strain ; es- 
pecially to stretch on the rack. 2 
To torment ; to torture. 3. To draw 
off from the lees, as wine, &c. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To travel with a quick 
amble ; to steam ; to rise, or fly, as 
vapor or broken clouds. 

Rack'et, 11. [It. racchetta, for reti- 
chetta, fr. Lat. rete, a net.] 1. A sort 
of hoop, across which a net -work is 
stretched. 2. A snow-shoe. [ Canada.] 
3. A clattering noise ; din [ating. 

Rack'ing, a. Tormenting; excruci- 



6r,do ; wolf TOOjTOOII; URN, RUE, PULL; E, I, o, silent; ^,G,soft; €,&,hard; ££; E^IST ; NasNG; THIS. 



RACK-RENT 



348 



RALLY 



RXck'-rent, n. An annual rent 

raised to the utmost. 
RA'CY,a. [-ER; -EST.] [From race] 

1. Tasting of the soil ; hence, fresh ; 
rich. 2. Exciting to the mental taste 
by a strong, distinctive character. 

Syn.— Spicy. —Racy refers primarily 
to that strong and peculiar flavor which 
certain wines derive from the soil; and 
hence, we call a style or production racy 
when it "smacks of the soil," or has an 
uncommon decree of freshness and dis- 
tinctiveness ot thought and language. 
Spicy, when applied to style, has refer- 
ence to that pungency which belongs to 
the aromatics of the East. 

RXp'dle, v. t. [From reed.] To in- 
terweave ; to twist together. — n. 1. 
A long stick used in hedging. 2. A 
Jiedge formed by interweaving. 

Ra'DI-AL, a. [From Lat. radius, a 
staff, rod, spoke.] Pertaining to a 
radius, or to the fore-arm. 

Ra'M-ance, ) n. Quality of being 

Ra'DI-AN-cy, ] radiant ; vivid bright- 
ness. 

Syx. — Luster; brilliancy; splendor. 

RA'DI-ANT, a. [Lat. radians, emitting 
rays or beams.] Emitting rays of 
light or heat ; emiiting a vivid light 
or splendor. [splendor. 

Ra'DI-ant-LY, adv. AVith glittering 

Ra'dt-ate, n. An animal in which 
all the parts are arranged uniformly 
around the longitudinal axis of the 
body. — a. Formed of rays diverg- 
ing from a center. 

Ra'di-ate, v. i. [-ed;-ing] [Eat. 
radiare, -atum, fr. radius, ray.] 1. 
To issue in direct lines, as heat or 
light. 2. To emit ra^ s ; to be ra- 
diant. — v.t. To emit or send out 
in direct lines, as heat. 

Ra'di-a'tion, n. Emission and dif- 
fusion of rays, as of light. 
^RA'DI-A/TOR, n. That which radiates 
or emits rays, as of heat. 

RXd'I-CAL, a. [Lat. radix, radio's, a 
root.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceed- 
ing directly from, the root. 2. Per- 
taining to the root or origin ; thor- 
oughgoing; extreme. 

Syn. — Entire. — A radical cure, re- 
form, &«., is one which goes to the root 
of the thing in question; entire would 
imply that it extended to every part of 
the system referred to. 

— n. 1. A primitive word ; a root. 

2. One who advocates extreme mea- 
sures in reformation. 3. A chemical 
element that may be transferred from 
one combination to another in ex- 
change for one or more atoms of hy- 
drogen or its representatives. 

Rad'I-€AL.-Ism, n. Doctrine or prin- 
ciple of radicals. 

RXd'I-€AL-LY, adv. At the origin or 
root : fundamentally. 

Rad'i-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
radicari, -catus ; radix, root.] To 
root. _ [root deeply. 

RXd'i-ga'TION, n. Process of taking 

RXp'l-€LE (rad'i-kl), n. [Eat. radicula, 
dim. of radix, root.] Rudimentary 
stem of a plant. 

RXd'ish, n. [Lat. radix, radicis, a 



root, esp. a radish.] A cultivated 
plant, the root of which is eaten raw. 

Ra'di-Ds, »./ Lat. pi. — ^^ 

RA'DI-I. [Lat. See f >v 

Radial.] 1. Aright/ \ 

line from the center/ 
of a circle to the pe-l J 

riphery. 2. Exterior V / 

bone of the fore-arm. \^_^/ 

RA'DIX,n. ,■ pi. RAD'- 1^^. 
I-pit$. [Lat., root.] 
1. A primitive word, from which 
spring other words ; a root. 2. Fun- 
damental number of any system. 

Raf'fle,^. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
rafter, to carry, or sweep away. See 
RAPE.] To engage in a raffle. — n. 
A kind of lottery, in which several 
persons deposit a part of the value 
of something, and it is determined 
by chance which of them shall be- 
come sole possessor. 

Raft, n. [Icel. rqftr, a rafter, spar.] 
A collection of boards, planks, &c, 
fastened together, to serve as a sup- 
port on the water. — r. t. . [-ED ; 
-ING.] To carry on or in a raft. 

RAft'er, n. [A.-S.rafttr. See Raft.] 
A roof-timber of a building. 

RXg, n. [Gael, raz, a rag, wrinkle, 
allied to Gr. pd»cos, A.-S. i.racod, 
raked, ragged.] 1. A piece of cloth 
torn off. 2. pi. Mean or tattered at- 
tire. 3. A coarse kind of rock, some- 
what cellular. 

RXg'A-MUFF'in, n. [Eng. rat;, and 
Prov. Ger. rnvjfev, to smell musty 
or rank.] A paltry fellow. 

RAGE,n. [Lat. rabies.] 1. Violent 
anger accompanied with furious 
words or action. 2. Extreme vio- 
lence. 3. Subject of eager desire. 
Syn. — See Anger. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To be fu- 
rious with anger. 2. To be violent 
and tumultuous. 3. To prevail with- 
out restraint. 

Eag'ged (60), a. [From rag.] 1. Be- 
ing in tatters. 2. Eroken with rough 
edges ; jagged. 3. Wearing tattered 
clothes-. [ragged. 

RXg'ged-NESS, n. State of being 

Rag'LAN. n. A loose overcoat with 
large sleeves ; — so called from Lord 
Raglan. [or deals in rags. 

RXG'MAN (150), n. A man who collects 

Ra-GOUT' (ra-gob / ), n. [Fr. ragofit, 
from ragotxter, to restore one's appe- 
tite.] Fragments of meat, mixed, 
stewed, and highly searoned. 

RXg'- wheel, n. A wheel with pro- 
jecting pins on the rim, which fit in- 
to the links of a chain. 

RAID, n. [A.-S. rad, a riding, from 
ridan, to ride.] A hostile or preda- 
tory incursion, esp. of mounted meu. 

RAIL, n. [0. II. Ger. rigil, rigel, bar, 
bolt.] 1. A piece of timber, iron, or 
other substance, extending from one 
support to another. 2. A bar of 
iron, on which the wheels of railway 
carriages roll. 3. [Fr. rale ; allied to 
Eng. rattle.] A certain bird. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To inclose with rails. 

— v. i. [Fr. railler, to bluster, scold. 



Cf. Rally.] To use insolent and 
reproachful language. 

Rail'er, n. One who rails. 

RAil'ing, n. 1. A series of rails ; a 
fence. 2. Materials for rails. 

RXlL'LER-Y (raPler-y), n. [Fr. rail- 
ler ie, from railler. See RAIL, v. i.J 
Good-humored pleasantry ; banter. 

Rail'road, I v. A road or way on 

Rail' way, ) which iron rails aro 
laid for wheels to run on. 

RAl'MENT, n. [Abbrev. from array* 
ment.] Clothing in general ; gar- 
ments. 

Rain, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Rain, 
n.] To fall in drops from the clouds, 
as water. — v.t. To pour or shower 
down. — n. [A.-S. regen, ren, Goth. 
rign, Jcel. regn, allied to Icel. rak, 
humor.] Water falling in drops from 
the clouds. 

RAlN'Eow,n. A many-colored arch, 
formed by refraction and reflection of 
the sun's ray s in drops of falling rain . 

Rain'-gauge, 11. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity of rain that 
falls in a given time. 

Rain'y, a. Abounding with rain; 
wet ; showery. 

Raise, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
rasiav, fr. r'isan, to rise.] 1. To cause 
to rise; to bring from a lower to a 
higher place ; — used also in various 
derived senses. 2. To cause to rise 
up, or assume an erect position or 
posture. 3. To cause to arise, grow 
up, or come into being or to appear ; 

, to give rise to. 4. To make light and 
spongy, as bread. 

RAl's/N (ru'zn), n. [From Lat. rare- 
mus. See Raceme] A dried grape. 

RAls'iNG, v. Act of lifting, setting 
up, elevating, exalting, producing, 
or restoring to life. 

RATSONNE (n/zo-na'), a. [Fr.] Ar- 
ranged analytically or sj stematically. 

RA'JAH, or Ra'JAH, n. [Hind, raja, 
from Skr. radj, to shine, rule.] A 
native prince or king. [India.] 

Rake, n. 1. [A.-S. race, from Icel. 
raka, to scrape.] An instrument for 
collecting hay or other light things. 
2. [Cf. Ger. racker, a cur, villain, ras- 
cal.] A loose, disorderly, vicious 
man. 3. [Cf. A.-S. rsecan, to reach.] 
Inclination of a mast from a perpen- 
dicular direction. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To smooth, gather, &c, 
with a r:;ke. 2. To scour : to ran- 
sack. 3. To enfilade ; to fire in a di- 
rection with tlie length of. 

Rak'ing, n. 1. Act of using a rake. 
2. Quantity of hay, &c, collected by 
using a rake once. 

Rak'ish, a. 1. Lewd ; debauched. 
2. Having a great backward inclina- 
tion of the masts. 

RXl'ly, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 1. 
[Fr. rattier.] To collect and reduce 
to order, as troops ; to reunite. 2. 
[See Rail.] To attack with raillery. 
— v. i. 1. To assemble; to unite. 
2. To recuperate. 3. To use pleasan- 
try. — n. 1. Act of bringing disor- 
dered troops to their ranks. 2. Ex- 



A, E, I, O,v,\,long; A,E,I, 6, tt, Y, sAor*; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£Gil(riQUE, FIRM," s6n 



RAM 



349 



RAREFACTION 



ercise of satirical merriment. 3. 
A regaining of lost strength. 
Ram, h. [A.-S.] 1. Male of the sheep 
and allied animals. 2. An engine of 
war, used for battering; a vessel, 
armed with a heavy beak. 3. A ma- 
chine for raising water. — r. t. 
[-med; -MING.] 1. To strike against, 
like a ram ; to drive with violence. 

2. To fill by pounding or driving. 
Ixam A- DAN' (110). n. [Ar.,prop. the 

hot month.] The ninth Mohamme- 
dan month, or a great fast, kept 
through the month. 

RXm'ble (ram'bl),!-. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Cf. Ger. rammeln, to tumble, romp ; 
or Lat. re-ambulare , Eng. as if re- 
amble, or it may be a dim. of roam.} 
To go from place to place, without 
any object in view. 

Syn. — To rove; roam; range; stroll. 
— n. A going from place to place 
without any determinate object. 

R.\M'BLER L n. One who rambles. 

RXM'I-FI-CA'TION, n. [See Ramify.] 
1. Process of branching. 2. A small 
division ; a subordinate branch . 

Ram'i-fy, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. ramus, a branch, and facer e, 
to make.] To divide into branches 
or parts. — v. i. 1. To shoot into 
branches. 2. To be divided or sub- 
divided, [rams or drives. 

Ri5l'MER,n. One who, or that which, 

RXm'mish, a. Ram-like; rank; 
strong-scented. 

Ra-mose' (125), ) a. [Lat. ramosus ; 

Ra'MOUS, J ramus, a branch.] 

Branched, as a stem or root. 

RXMP, t>. i. [-ED ; -INS.] [Et. ram- 
per, to creep, 0. Fr. to climb.] 1. To 
climb, as a plant. 2. To spring ; to 
bound; to frolic; to romp. — n. A 
leap ; a spring ; a bound. 

Ramp' AGE, n. A state of excitement 
or passion . [ Pro v . Eng . ] 

RXmp'an-cy, n. Quality or state of 
being rampant. 

RXmp'ant, a. [Fr. rampant, p. pr. 
of ramper, to creep, to be servile.] 1. 
Springing or climbing unchecked ; 
exuberant. 2. Overleaping restraint. 

3. (Her.) Standing upright on his 
hind legs. 

RXM'pXrt, n. [Fr. rempart, fr. rem- 
parer, to fortify.] That which fortifies 
and defends from assault. 

Syx. — Bulwark. — The rampart of a 
fortress is the entire wall which sur- 
rounds it ; a bulwark is more properly 
something which projects (as a bastion) 
for the defense of the main work. Hence 
we speak of a distinguished individual 
as the bulwark, not the rampart of the 
state. 

RXm'rod, n. The rod used in ram- 
ming down the charge in a fire-arm. 

RXn, imp. of Run. 

RXnch, n Same as Rancho. 

Ran-CHE'RO (ran-cha'ro), n. [Sp.] 
A herdsman ; a peasant employed on 
a rancho. [Mexico.] 

Ran'cho, n. [Sp.] A large farming 
establishment; especially an estab- 
lishment for rearing cattle and 
horses. [Mexico and California.] 



RXn'CID, a. [Lat. rancidus.] Having 
a rank smell ; sour ; musty. 

Ran-cid'i-TY, I n. Quality of being 

Ran'cid-ness, ) rancid. 

RXn'cor (rank'ur), n. [Lat. rancor, 
rancidity, rancor.] The deepest ma- 
lignity ; inveterate hatred. 

Syit. — Enmity. — Enmity and rancor 
both describe hostile feelings ; but enmity 
may be generous and open, while rancor 
is deep-seated and malignant. It im- 
plies personal malice of the worst and 
most enduring nature, and is the stron- 
gest word in our language to express 
hostile feelings. 

RXn'cor-ous (rank/ur-us), a. Full 
of rancor ; evincing rancor. 

RXN'DOM, n. [A.-S. randim, force, 
violence ; fr. Icel. fond, margin, ex- 
tremity.] 1. A roving motion ; haz- 
ard; chance. 2. Range; reach. — a. 
Done without settled aim. 

Range, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
ranger, from rang, a row.] 1. To 
dispose in the proper order or in sys- 
tematic order. 2. To rove or pass 
over. 3. To sail or pass in a direc- 
tion parallel to or near. — v. i. 1. 
To wander without restraint or direc- 
tion. 2. To be placed in order ; to 
admit of arrangement. 3. To be in 
a line with . — n . 1 . A row of things 
in a line. 2. An order ; a class. 3. 
A cooking apparatus. 4. A wander- 
ing or roving. 5. Compass or extent ; 
scope. 6. Horizontal distance to 
which a projectile is carried. 7. 
That which may be traversed or 
ranged over. [ges. 

Ran'ger (ranker), n. One who ran- 

Rank, n. [0. H. Ger. firing, a cir- 
cle, a circular row.] 1. A row or 
line. 2. A line of soldiers; — opposed 
to fie. 3. Degree ; grade. 4. An 
order ; a division. 5. High degree ; 
high social position. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To place in a line. 2. 
To class. 3. To take precedence 
of; to outrank. — v. i. 1. To be 
ranged or placed. 2. To have a cer- 
tain grade or degree of elevation. — 
a. [-ER; -est.] [A.-S. fane. Cf. 
Rancid.] 1. Luxuriant in growth. 
2. Raised to a high degree. 3. Yery 
rich and fertile. 4. Rancid; sour; 
musty. 5. Strong to the taste. 

RXnk/le (rank'l), v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[From rank, a.] 1. To grow more 
rank or strong ; to be inflamed. 2. 
To become more violent. 

RXnk'ly, adv. With vigorous growth. 

Rank'ness, n. State of being rank. 

Ran'sack, v, t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Goth. 
razn, house, and sdkia, to seek.] 1. 
To search thoroughly. 2. To pillage 
completely. 

RXn's6m, n. [Fr. rangon, from Lat. 
redemptio. See REDEMPTION.] 1. 
Release from bondage. 2. Price paid 
for the redemption of a prisoner, or 
goods, — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] Tore- 
deem from captivity, punishment, or 
forfeit, by paying an equivalent. 

RXn'SOM-er, n. One who ransoms. 

RXnt, v. i. [-ed ; -ing. J [South Ger. 
rant, noise, noisy mirth.] To rave in 



violent, extravagant language. ^~ n. 
Boisterous, empty declamation. 

RAnt'er, n. A noisy talker; a bois- 
terous preacher. 

RXp, v. i. or t. [-PED ; -PING.] [A.-S. 
hrepian, hreppian, to touch, H. Ger. 
raff en, to snatch up.] To strike with 
a quick, sharp blow. — v. t. [-ped; 
-PING.] [See supra.] 1. To snatch 
away. 2. To affect with ecstasy or 
rapture. — n. A quick, smart blow. 

RA-PA'CIOUS, a. [Lat. rapax, rapacis, 
from rapere, to snatch away.] 1. 
Given to plunder. 2. Subsisting on 
prey. [manner. 

Ra-pa'cious-ly, adv. In a rapacious 

Ra-pa'cious-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing rapacious. 

Ra-pXc'i-ty, n. 1. Rapaciousness ; 
ravenousness. 2. Exorbitant greedi- 
ness of gain. 

RAPE,n. 1. [L. Ger. & D. rapen, to 
snatch away. See Rap.] Sexual 
intercourse with a woman against her 
will. 2. [Gr. paTrus, pd<f>vs.] A plant 
belonging to the cabbage tribe. 

RXp'ID, a. [Lat. rapidus, from rapere, 
to snatch away.] 1. Yery swift or 
quick. 2. Advancing with speed. — 
n. A sudden descent of a stream 
without actual waterfall ; — usually 
in the pi. [being rapid. 

Ra-pid'i-ty, n. Quality or state of 

RXp'id-ly, adv. With great speed. 

Rap'id-ness, n. Swiftness ; speed. 

RA'PI-ER, n. [Fr. rapiere, fr. L. Ger- 
rapen, rappen, to snatch away, to 
fight.] A light sword with a very 
narrow blade. 

RXp'INE, n. [Lat. rapina, fr. rapere, 
to seize and carry off.] Act of plun- 
dering ; spoliation ; pillage. 

RXp'pa-ree', n. [See Rapier.] A 
wild Irish plunderer ; — so called 
from his half-pike. 

Rap-pee', n. [Fr. rape, fr. raper, to 
grate.] A kind of snuff. 

RXp'PER, n. One who raps ; specifi- 
cally, the knocker of a door. 

RAPT, imp. of Rap. 

RXpt'ure (rapt'yur, 53), n. [Lat. 
rapere, raptum, to carry off by force.] 
State of being carried away from 
one's self by agreeable excitement ; 
extreme joy or pleasure. 

RXpt'ur-ous, a. Ecstatic; trans- 
porting ; ravishing. 

RARE (4). a. [-ER ; -EST ] [Lat. ra- 
rus, thin, rare.] 1. Not thick or 
dense; thin. 2. Thinly scattered; 
dispersed. 3. Seldom met with ; un- 
usual. 4. Unusually excellent. 

Stn.— Scarce; incomparable.— We call 
a thing rare when but few of the kind are 
ever to be met with. We speak of a thing 
as scarce, which, though usually abund- 
ant, is for the time being to be had only 
in diminished quantities. 
5. [A.-S. hrcre, Eng. raic] Nearly 
raw ; imperfectly cooked. 

RXr'EE-sho w, ». [Contr. fr. rarity* 
show.] A show carried about in a 
box by a showman. 

RXr'e-fXc'tion, n. [See Rarefy.] 
Act of expanding bodies, by separat- 
ing the parts. 



or, do, wolf, TOO, SOOSJ Orn, Rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, C, hard; A§ j E£IST ; gtMKG; this 



KAREFIABLE 



350 



RAVEL 



RXr'E-FI'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
rarefied. 

RAR'E-FY,v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
rarefacere ; rarus, rare, and facer e, 
to make.] To make rare, thin, or 
less dense. — v. i. To become thin 
and porous. 

RAre'ly, adv. I. Seldom ; not often. 
2. Finely ; nicely. 

Rare'ness, n. State of being rare. 

Rare 'RIPE, a. [From rare and ripe, 
or from rath-ripe.] ' Ripe before the 
usual season. 

RAR'l-TY,n. [Lat. raritas.] 1. State of 
being rare; tenuity 2. Uncommon- 
ness. 3. A rare or uncommon thing. 

RAs'€AL (6), n. [A.-S. rascal, a lean, 
worthless deer.] A mean fellow ; a 
scoundrel ; a rogue. 

RAS-€ALL'ION(ras-kal / jun),M. [From 
rascal.] A low, mean wretch. 

Ras-cXl'I-ty, n. Quality of being 
rascally ; mean trickishness or dis- 
honesty. 

RXs'€AL-LY, a. Meanly trickish or 
dishonest. 

Rase, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
rasare, to scrape often, freq. form of 
radere, rasum, to scrape, shave.] 1. 
To graze. [Rare.] 2. To erase. 3. 
To level with the ground , to raze. 

Rash, a. [-er ; -est.] [0. II. Ger. 
rase, Icel. rbskr.] 1. Hasty; quick. 
2. Hasty in council or action. 3. Ut- 
tered or undertaken with too much 



Syn. —Foolhardy ; adventurous.— A 
man is adventurous who incurs risk or 
hazard from a love of the arduous and 
the bold. A man is rash who does it from 
the mere impulse of his feelings, without 
counting the cost. A man is foolhardy 
who throws himself into danger in disre- 
gard or defiance of the consequences. 

— n. [From anhypoth. Lat. rasi- 
care, from radere, rasum, to scrape, 
scratch.] An eruption or efflores- 
cence on the body, with little or no 
elevation. 

RXsh'er, n. A thin slice of bacon. 

RXsh'LY, adv. In a rash manner. 

RXsh'ness, n. Over -haste in resolv- 
ing on, or in undertaking, a measure. 

Rasp (3), v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [From 
0. H. Ger. raspOn, to scrape togeth- 
er.] 1. To rub or file with a rasp. 
2. To grate harshly upon. — n. A 
species of coarse file. 

Rasp'a-to-ry, n. A surgeon's rasp. 

RXsP'BER-RY (raz'ber-ry), n. [From 
rasp, so named from the roughness 
of the fruit.] The fruit of a species 
of bramble ; also, the shrub itself. 

Ras'URE (razh'yur), n. [Lat. rasura, 
fr. radere, rasum, to scrape, to shave.] 
A scraping, or erasing ; obliteration. 

RAT, n. [A.-S. r&t.] 1. A small well- 
known animal. 2. One who deserts 
his party or associates. 

To smell a rat, to be suspicious. 

— v. t. [-ted; -TING.] 1. To desert 
one's former party or associates from 
interested motives. 2. To work at 
less than the established prices ; — a 
term used among printers. 

RAT'A-BLE, a. 1. Capable of being 



rated. 2. Liable or subjected to tax- 
ation. 

RAT'A-FI'A (-f5'a), n. [Malay, arak, 
arrack, and taf.a, a spirit distilled 
from molasses.] A sweet spirituous 
liquor, flavored with cherries, apri- 
cots, peaches, &c. 

Ra-tXn', n. See Rattan. 

Ratch, n. A ratchet. See RATCHET. 

RXTCH'ET, n. [Fr. rochet, It. rocchet- 
to, ft spindle, fr. rocca, a distaff, Eng. 
rock.] A bar turning at one end 
upon a pivot, while the other end 
falls into the teeth of a wheel or 
rack, allowing the latter to move in 
one direction only ; detent; pawl. 

RXtch'et-wheel, n. A circular 
wheel, having angular teeth, by 
which it may be moved forward, as 
by a lever and catch. 

Rate, n. [Lat. rata (rc. pars), fr. ra- 
tus, reckoned.] 1. Fixed allowance. 
2. Degree; standard; proportion. 3. 
A tax assessed by authority. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To set a certain 
estimate on. 2. To settle the rela- 
tive scale or rank of. 3. [Eng. rate, 
v. t., to estimate. Cf. Sw. rata, to 
blame, despise.] To chide with ve- 
hemence; to scold. — v. i. 1. To 
have rank. 2. To make an estimate. 

RATH, a. [A.-S. hradh, hr'dd, quick, 
hasty. Cf. Ready.] Early. — adv. 
Early ; betimes. 

RXth'er, adv. [A.-S. radhCr, corn- 
par, of radhe, radhe, quickly.] 1. 
More readily or willingly. 2. On the 
contrary. 3. Somewhat ; moderately. 
4. More properly. 

RXt'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of ratify- 
ing ; state of being ratified. 

RXt'i-fFer, n. One who ratifies. 

RXT'l-FY,t\ t. [-ed;-ing,142.] [Lat. 
ratus, fixed by calculation, firm, and 
facer e, to make.] To approve and 
sanction ; to make valid. 

RA'TI-O (ra'shT-o or ru'sho), n. [Lat., 
fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, judge.] Re- 
lation of quantity or magnitude to 
another of the same kind. 

Syn. — Proportion; rate; degree. 

RX'ti-oc'I-nate (rash/)-), v. ?'. [Lat. 
ratiocinari, -natus, fr. ratio, reason.] 
To reason deductively ; to offer rea- 
son. 

RX'Ti-oca-NA'TiON (rasM-), n. Act 
or process of reasoning. 

Ra'tion (ra'shun), n. [From Lat. ra- 
tio, a reckoning, calculation.] A 
fixed allowance of provisions. 

RX'tion-al (rash'un-al), a. 1. Re- 
lating to the reason. 2. Having rea- 
son, or the faculty of reasoning. 3. 
Agreeable to reason ; not absurd. 

Syn.— Reasonable.— Rational has ref- 
erence to reason as a faculty of the mind, 
and if» opposed to irrational; as, a ration- 
al being, a rational state of mind, ration- 
al views, &c. In these cases the specu- 
lative reason is more particularly re- 
ferred to. Reasonable has reference to 
the exercise of this faculty for practical 
purposes, and denotes governed or di- 
rected by reason ; as, reasonable desires, 
plans- &c; treasonable charge. 

RX'tion-a'le (rash'un-a'le), n. 



[From Lat. rationales, rational.] An 
explanation of the principles of some 
action, phenomenon, &c, or the 
principles themselves. 

RX'TION-AL-Ism (rash'un-), n. A sys- 
tem of opinions deduced from rea- 
son alone ; an excessive reliance oa 
reason. 

RX'tion-al-ist (rash'un-), n. One 
who relies on his reason as the solo 
authority in matters of religion. 

RX'TION-al-ist'Ic (rash'un-), a. Be- 
longing to, or in accordance witL. 
rationalism. 

RX'TION-al'i-ty (riish'un-), n. Qv.nl- 
ity of being rational ; reasonable- 
ness. 

RX'TION-AL-LY (rash'un-), adv. In a 
rational manner ; reasonably. 

RXt'lIne, n. A small line making 
the step of shroud3 for asceuding to 
the mast-heads. 

RA-TOON', n. [Sp. retoho, retohar , 
to sprout again, as a plant which has 
been cut,fr. Lat. re , again. and tumi- 
dus, swelling.] A sprout from the 
root of the sugar-cane, which has 
been cut. 

RXts'bane, n. Poison for rats. 

Rat-tan', n. [Javanese rottang.] The 
stem of a plant growing in India, 
used for wicker-work, walking-sticks, 
and the like. 

RAT-TEEN', n. [Fr. ratine, ratiner, 
to friz, to nap cloth.] A thick wool- 
en stuff quilled or twilled. 

RXt'tle (rat'tl), v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[L. Ger. ratteln, rdteln.] To make a 
quick, sharp noise, rapidly repeated ; 
to clatter. — v.t. To cause to make 
a rapid succession of sharp sounds. 

— n. 1. A rapid succession of sharp, 
clattering sounds. 2. Clamorous 
chiding. 3. An instrument with 
which a clattering sound is made. 

RXt'tle-head'ed, a. Noisy ; giddy. 

RXt'tle-snake, n. A 
poisonous snake hav- 
ing a rattle at the end 
of the tail. 

Rau'ci-ty, n. [Lat. 
raucitas.] Hoarseness. 

Rau'cous, a. [Lat. 
raucus, for ravicus, fr. 
ravus, gray -yellow, 
hoarse.] Hoarse ; 

harsh. 

RXv'AGE, n. [Fr. ravage, as if fr. f. 
Lat. rapagium, from rapere, to carry 
off by force.] Violent ruin or de- 
struction. 

Syn. — Devastation ; desolation ; plun- 
der ; spoil ; waste ; ruin. 

— v.t. [-edj-ING.] To lay waste 
by force. 

RXv'a-ger, n. One who lays waste. 

RAVE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat.ro- 
bere, to rave, rage.] 1. To be delir- 
ious. 2. To rush like a madman. 

RX V'JSL, V. t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED 
-LING, 137.] [0. D. ravelen.] 1. To 
take apart ; to unsew or unknit. 2. 
To disentangle. 3. To entangle ; to 
make intricate. — v. i. To be un- 
twisted or disentangled. 




Rattle-snake. 



£,E, I. 5, U, Y ,long; X,E,L,S,U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6l*, 



RAVELIN 



351 



RE-APPEAR 




Ravelin. 

BB, ravelin ; a, redoubt; 
cc, ditch ; E, passage 
from fortress to ravelin. 



RAVE 'LIN (rav'lin), n. [Fr..fr. Lat. 
re, again, 
against, and 
vallum , a 
rampart, 
wall. J ( Fort.) 
A detached 
work with 
two embank- 
ments mak- 
ing a salient 
angle. 

RA'VJSN (ra'- 
vn), n. [A.- 
S. hr'dfen, 
hrefn. allied 
to Skr. kara- 
va.] A bird of a black color, allied to 
the crow. — v. t. or i. [-EDJ-ING.] 
[See infra, n.] 1. To obtain by vio- 
lence. 2. To devour with great eager- 
ness. — n. [Written also ravin, fr. 
rapine.] 1. Rapine ; rapacity. 2. 
Prey ; food obtained by violence. 

RXv'en-ing (rav'n-ing), n. Eager- 
ness for plunder. 

Rav'en-ous (raVn-us), a. [From 
raven, prey, rapine.] 1. Hungry 
even to rage. 2. Eager for prey or 
gratification. 

Syn.— Voracious; rapacious ; greedy. 

Rav'en-ous-ly (r&Vn-), adv. In a 
ravenous manner. 

Ra-vine' (ra-ven', 126). n. [Fr., fr. 
Lat. rapere, to snatch away.] A deep 
and narrow hollow, usually worn by 
a stream ; a gorge. 

RAVISH, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Fr. ra- 
vir, Lat. rapere, to snatch or tear 
away.] 1. To seize and carry away 
by violence. 2. To carry away with 
joy or delight. 3. To commit rape on. 

RW'ISH-ER, n. One who ravishes. 

RAv'isH-MENT,ra. [See Ravish] Act 
of ravishing, or state of being rav- 
ished ; rapture ; rape. 

Raw, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. hredtc] 
1. Not cooked. 2. Unprepared for 
use ; unfinished ; hence, unpracticed ; 
untried. 3. Untouched by art ; un- 
wrought. 4 Deprived of skin ; galled. 
5. Piercingly damp or cold. — n. A 
sore or galled place. [the bones. 

Ra W'BON ed, a. Having little flesh on 

Raw'hide, n. A riding-whip, of un- 
tanned leather twisted, [experience. 

RAWLY, adv. Uuskillfully ; without 

Raw'ness, n. State of being raw. 

Ray, n. [Lat. radius, a beam or ray.] 
1. One of a number of lines or parts 
diverging from a common center. 2. 
A radiating part of a flower or plant. 
3. One of the radiating bony spines 
of the fins of fishes. 4. [Lat. ram.] A 
genus of fishes including the skate, 
thomback, and torpedo. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To send forth, or shoot 
out. 

Ray'less, a. Destitute of light ; dark. 

Raze, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [See Rase.] 

1. To erase ; to efface ; to obliterate. 

2. To lay level with the ground. 
Ra-ZEE', n. [From Fr. raser, to raze, 

to cut down ships.] An armed ship 
having her upper deck cut down. — 



v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] - To cut down to 
an inferior rate or class, as a ship ; 
hence, to prune or abridge. 

Ra'zor, n. [Lat. rasorium. See Raze.] 
An instrument to remove the beard. 

RAZ'URE (razh/ur), n. [See Rasure.] 
Act of erasing ; erasure. 

Reach, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
rsecan, rssccan, to extend, stretch 
out, and recian, reccah, to extend.] 
1. To extend to stretch. 2. To pass 
to another ; to hand over. 3. To ob- 
tain by stretching forth the hand. 
4. To extend an action, effort, or in- 
fluence to. 5. To stretch out as far 
as. 6. To get as far as. 7. To attain 
to; to gain. — v. i. 1. To stretch 
out the hand. 2. To be extended, 
&c, so as to touch, attain to, or be 
equal with something. — n. 1. Act 
of stretching ; extension ; power of 
reaching. 2. Extent of force or ca- 
pacity. 3. Stretch ; expanse ; hence, 
influence ; result. 4. An extended 
portion of land or water. 5. An arti- 
fice to obtain an advantage 

Re-A€T', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To do 
over again. — v.i. 1. To resist by 
an opposite force. 2. To exercise a 
reciprocal or a reverse effect. 

RE-Xe'TlON,n. 1. Any action in re- 
sisting other action or power. 2. 
Mutual action of chemical agents 
upon each other. 3. Depression or 
exhaustion consequent on over exer- 
tion. 4. Backward tendency from 
revolution or progress. 

Re-X€'tion-a-ry, a. For, or imply- 
ing, reaction. 

Re-Act'ive, a. Having power, or 
tending, to react. 

READ,"l>.£. [read; reading.] [A.-S. 
redan, to read, declare.] 1. To go 
over, as words, and utter aloud, or 
recite to one's self inaudibly ; to pe- 
ruse. 2. To know fully ; to compre- 
hend. 3. To learn by observation. — 
v. i. 1. To perform the act of read- 
ing. 2. To learn by reading. — a. 
Versed in books ; learned. 

Read'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
read ; worth reading. 

Read'er, n. 1. One who reads. 2. A 
book containing exercises in reading. 

Read'er-ship, n. Office of reading 
prayers in a church. 

Read'i-ly, adv. 1. Quickly ; prompt- 
ly. 2. Cheerfully. [being ready. 

READ'I-ness, n. State or quality of 
Syn. — Facility; promptitude; knack; 
skill; dexterity. See Facility. 

Readying, n. 1. Act of one who 
reads ; perusal. 2. Study of books. 
3. The way in which any thing reads. 

Read'ing-room, n. A room pro- 
vided with papers, periodicals, &c, 
to which persons resort for reading. 

Re'-ad-just', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
put in order again. 

Re'-ad-mIs'sion (-m!sb/un), n. Act 
of admitting again, or state of being 
admitted again. 

Re'-ad-mIt', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
admit again. [mittance. 

RE'-AD-MlT'TANCEjn. A second ad- 



READ'Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
rad, rsede, hrad. Cf. RATH.] 1. 
Prepared ; not behindhand or back- 
ward. 2. Prepared in mind or dis- 
position. 3. Quick in action of any 
kind. 4. Not occasioning delay. 5 
On the point ; about. 
Syn. — See Prompt. 

— adv. In a state of preparation sC 
as to need no delay. 

RE'-AF-FIRM', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Tc 
affirm a second time. 

RE-A'GENT, n. ( Chem.) A substance 
used to detect the presence of othc. 1 
bodies ; a test. 

Re'AL, a. [L. Lat. realis, fr. Lat. res, 
a thing.] 1. Actually being or exist- 
ing. 2. Not artificial or counterfeit. 
3. Pertaining to things permanent or 
immovable, as lands and tenements. 
Syn. — Actual. — Real represents a 
thing to be a substantive existence; as, 
a real, not imaginary occurrence. Actual 
refers to it as acted or performed; and, 
hence, when we wish to prove a thing 
real, we often say, "it actually exists, 
"it has actually been done." 

RE'AL-lgM, n. Tenets of the realists. 

Re'ALj-Ist, n. One who maintains 
that generals, or the terms used to 
denote the genera and species of 
things, represent real existences. 

RE'AL-lST'ie, a. Pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the realists. 

Re-Xi/I-TY, n. 1. State or quality of 
being real ; fact. 2. That which is 
real ; an actual existence. 

Syn. — Truth; fact; verity ; certainty. 

Re'al-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing realized. 

Re'al-i-za'tion, n. Act of realizing, 
or state of being realized. 

Re'al-ize, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To make real. 2. To cause to seem 
real. 3. To convert into real prop- 
erty. 4. To gain ; to get. 

Syn. — To accomplish ; effect ; com- 
plete; consummate. 

— v. i. To receive property, espe- 
cially in money. [actually. 

Re'al-ly, adv. With or in reality ; 

REALM, n. [0. Fr. realme, reaume, 
fr. Lat. regalis, royal.] 1. A royal 
jurisdiction ; kingdom. 2. Province ; 
region ; department. 

Ream, n. [From Gr. apiOfxos, a num- 
ber, quantity.] A package of paper, 
consisting of twenty quires. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] [Ger. rdumen, to clear 
away, fr. raum, room.] To enlarge 
or dress out, as a hole. 

RE-AN'I-MATE,l'.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
infuse new life, vigor, or spirit into. 

Re'-an-nex', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
annex again. 

REAP,t>. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [A.-S. ripan* 
to seize, reap.] 1. To cut with -x 
sickle, as grain. 2. To gather ; to re» 
ceive as a reward, or result. — v.t. 
1. To perform the act of reaping. 2 
To receive the fruit of labor. 

Reap'er, n. 1. One who reaps. 2. 
A machine for cutting grain. 

Re'-AP-pear', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] Te 
appear a second time. 



or, do, wolf, to"o, to"ok ; fjRN, rue, pull ; JB, J, 0, silent ; c, G, soft; €, 5, hard; As ; ejcist ; ^<wNG; this. 



KE-APPEARANCE 



352 



RECEPTACLE 



RE'-Xp-PEAR'ANCE,n. A second ap- 
pearance. 

RE'-AP-POINT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To appoint again. [appointment. 
Re'-ap-POINT'MENT, n. A second 
Rear, n. [hat. retro, behind, back- 
ward.] Back or hindmost part ; part 
of an army or fleet which comes last. 

— a. Hindmost, — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. rxran, to raise, rear, allied to 
rasian, to raise.] To bring up or to 
raise to maturity, as young. — v. i. 
To rise up on the hind legs, as a 
horse. 

Rear'-Xd'MI-RAL, n. An officer next 
in rank after the vice-admiral. 

Rear'-guakd (72), n. The body of 
an army that marches in the rear of 
the main body to protect it. 

Rear'-rXnk, n. Hindermost rank 
of a body of troops. 

Rear'-ward, n. 1. The rear-guard. 

2. Hind or latter part ; end. 
Re/-as-cend', v. i. To mount again. 
REA'§ON (re/zn), n. [Fr. raison, Lat. 

ratio, fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, think.] 

1. A thought or consideration, as 
bearing on a determination or an 
opinion. 2. Faculty or capacity of 
the human mind by which it is dis- 
tinguished from the inferior animals. 

3. Due exercise of the reasoning fac- 
ulty ; propriety ; justice ; order. 4. 
Laws by which the universe is sup- 
posed to be constructed and governed. 

— v.i. [-ED ;-ING.] 1. To exercise 
the rational faculty. 2. To debate. 

Syn.— To discuss; argue; examine. 

— v.t. 1. To examine by arguments. 

2. To persuade by reasoning. 
Rea'^on-a-ble (r5'zn-a-), a. 1. Hav- 
ing the faculty of reason. 2. Gov- 
erned by, or agreeable to, reason. 3. 
Within due limits. 4. Considerable. 



Syn.— I 



Rational. 



Rea'son-a-ble-ness, n. Agreeable- 
ness to reason ; moderation. , 

Rea'§on-a-BLY, adv. In consist- 
ency with reason ; moderately. 

REA^ON-ERjn. One who reasons. 

Rea'§ON-ING, n. Act or process of 
deriving conclusions from premises. 

Re'-as-sem'ble, v. i. [-ed;-ing.J 
To assemble or collect again. 

Re'-AS-SERT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
assert again. 

Re'-as-sEr'tion, n. A second asser- 
tion of _the same thing. 

Re'-as-sign' (-sin''), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To assign or transfer back. 

Re'-as-sur'ance (-shur'ans), n. As- 
surance"or confirmation repeated. 

Re'-as-sure' (-ash-shur'), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To assure anew ; to free from 
fear. [baptize a second time. 

Re'BAP-TIZE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

Ee-BATE', v. t. [Fr. rebattre ; re, 
again, against, and battre, to beat.] 

1. To blunt. 2. To make adscount 
from for prompt payment. 3. To rab- 
bet._ [See Rabbet.] — n. A rabbet. 

Ae-bate'ment, n. 1. Diminution. 

2. Deduction of nterest, or any sum, 
&c, on account of prompt payment. 



Re'BEC, n. [From Ar. rabab, a musi- 
cal instrument of a round form.] 
A kind of violin formerly used. 

Reb'el, n. [See Rebel, v. i.] One 
who revolts from the government to 
which he owes allegiance. 

Syn. — Insurgent. — Insurgent marks 
an early, and rebel a more advanced, 
stage of opposition to government. The 
former rises up against his rulers, the 
latter makes war upon them. 

— a. Acting in revolt ; rebellious. 
RE-BEL',r.t. [-LED; -LING.] [Lat. re- 

bellare, to make war again.] To re- 
volt ; to take up arms against the 
government. 

Re-BELl'ION, n. [Lat. rebellio. See 
supra.] Act of rebelling ; open re- 
sistance to lawful authority. 
Syn.— See Insurrection. 

Re-BELl'ious (-yus), a. Engaged in, 
or marked by, rebellion. 

Re-bell'ioDs-ly (-yus-), adv. In a 
rebellious manner. 

Re-bound', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
spring back ; to start back ; to be 
reverberated. — v.t. To drive back ; 
to reverberate. — n. Act of flying 
back on collision with another body. 

Re-buff', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Pre- 
fix re and buff.] To beat back; to 
check; to repel violently. — n. 1. 
A beating back; sudden resistance. 
2. Sudden check. 

Re-build' (-bild'), v. t. [-built ; 
-ING.] To build or construct anew. 

Re-buk'A-ble, a. Worthy of rebuke. 

Re-buke', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [O.Fr. 
rebouquer, to enfeeble, diminish, bou- 
quer, to grumble, partly fr. bouque, 
mouth, and partly fr. Icel. bucka, to 
subdue.] To check, silence, or put 
down with reproof. 
Syn. — See Admonish. 

— n. A direct and pointed reproof; 
reprimand ; punishment. 

Re-buk'er, n. One who rebukes. 

Re'bus,h.,- pi. re'bus-es. [From 
Lat. rebus, by things.] Enigmatical 
representation of words by figures. 

Re-but', v. t. [-TED; -TING.] [See 
Butt.] 1. To repel by force. 2. To 
oppose by argument. 

Re-but'ter, n. Answer of a defend- 
ant in matter of fact to a plaintiff's 
surrejoinder. 

Re-cal'ci-TRANT, a. Showing re- 
pugnance or opposition. 

Re-€AL'ci-TRATE, v . i. [Lat. recal- 
citrare, -tratum ; re and calcitrare, to 
kick.] To kick against anything; 
hence, to express repugnance. 

Re-cXl'ci-tra'tion, n. A kicking 
back ; repugnance. 

Re-gall', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
call back ; to summon to return. 
2. To revoke ; to annul. 3. To call 
to mind ; to recollect. — n. A call- 
ing back ; revocation. 

RE-€ANT',r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. re- 
cantare ; re, again, back, and cantare, 
to sing, sound.] To contradict, as a 
former declaration ; to take back. 

Syn. — To renounce. — To renounce is 
to abandon an opinion or doctrine ; to 



recant is formally and distinctly *o dis- 
avow it as a serious error. It of course 
implies that we adopt the opposing truth- 
— v. i. To revoke a declaration. 

Re'cant-a'tion, n. Act of recant- 
ing ; retraction. 

Re'ca-pit'u-late,^.*. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. recapitulare, -latum; re, again, 
and capitulum, a small head, a sec- 
tion.] To give a summary of the 
principal facts, points, or arguments 
of. 
Syn. — To reiterate ; repeat; rehearse. 

Re'ca-pit'u-la'tion, n. Summary. 

Re'ca-pit'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Con- 
taining recapitulation. [prisal. 

Re-cXp'tion, n. Act of retaking ; re- 

Re-€APT'ure (53), n. 1. Act of re- 
taking. 2. A prize retaken. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To retake; especially, 
to retake a prize which had been 
previously taken. 

Re-cast', v. t. [-cast; -casting.] 1. 
To throw again. 2. To throw into a 
new form or shape. 3. To compute 
a second time. 

Re-cede', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
recedere ; re, again, back, and cedere, 
to go.] To move back ; to retreat. — 
v. t. To cede back ; to yield to a 
former possessor. 

Re-ceipt' (-seet'), n. [Lat. recipere, 
receptum, to receive.] 1. Act of 
receiving ; reception. 2. Power of 
receiving ; capacity. 3. Place of re- 
ceiving. 4$. A recipe. 5. A written 
acknowledgrhent of payment. 6. 
That which, If received. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To give a receipt for. — v.i. 
To give a receipt. [received. 

Re-cei V'A-BLE , a. Capable of being 

Re-^eive', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
recevoir, Lat. recipere, from re, again, 
and capere, to take, seize.] 1. To 
take, as something that is offered, 
given, committed, or paid, &c. 2. 
To gain the knowledge of. 3. To 
give admittance to, in an official ca~ 
pacity. 4. To hold ; to contain. 

Syn. — To accept. — To receive de- 
scribes simply the act of taking: to ac- 
cept, the taking cordially or for the pur- 
pose for which a thing is offered. A lady 
may receive the proposal of a suitor with- 
out accepting his suit. 

Re-ceiv'er, n. One who, or that 
which, receives in any manner. 

Re'cen-cy, n. Quality of being re- 
cent ; newness ; freshness. 

RE-CEN'SION, n. [Lat. recensio, from 
re, again, and censere, to value.] 1. 
Critical review ; examination ; enu- 
meration. ?,. A text established by 
critical revision. 

Re 'CENT, a. [Lat. recens, recentis.] 
1. Of late origin or occurrence. 2. 
( Geol.) Of a date subsequent to the 
creation of nr%n. 

Re'CENT-ly, adv. Newly ; lately. 

Re'^ent-ness, n. Lateness of ori- 
gin or occurrence. 

Re-CEP'ta-cle ^113), n. [Lat. recep- 
taculum; recipere, to receive.] 1. A 
receiver or holder; a reservoir. 2. 
Apex of the flower-stalk from which 
the organs of the flower grow. 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y, long; &, £ s l, 6,t),Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V^IL, TERM; j PIQUB, FIRM; S6N. 



RECEPTACULAR 



353 



RECOMPENSE 



Rec'ep-tac'u-lar (110), a. Relating 
to the receptacle, or growing on it. 

RE-CEP'TI-BIL'I-TY,/?. Quality of be- 
ing receptible ; capacity of receiving. 

fiE-CEP'TION, n. [Lat. receptio, from 
reripere, receptum.] 1. Act of re- 
ceiving. 2. State of being received. 
3. Manner of receiving for entertain- 
ment ; hence, an occasion of receiv- 
ing guests. 4. Admission, as of an 
opinion or doctrine. 

Be-cep'tive, a. Able or inclined to 
take in, hold, or contain. 

RE-CESS', n. [Lat. recessus. See RE- 
CEDE.] 1. A withdrawing or retir- 
ing. 2. State of being withdrawn ; 
seclusion. 3. Suspension of business ; 
intermission. 4. Part of a room 
formed by the receding of the wall. 

Re-CES'SION (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. re- 
cessio. See Recede.] Act of reced- 
ing or withdrawing. [in return. 

Re-charge', v. t. To charge anew or 

Ke-char'ter, f. f. [-ed;-ing.] To 
charter again ; to grant another 
charter to. 

RECHERCHE (rGh-sher'sha'), a. 
[St.] Sought out with care ; hence, 
of studied elegance. [on d time. 

Re-ciioose', v. t. To choose a sec- 

REC'l-PE.'rt. : pi. rEc'i-pes. [Lat. 
imper. of recipcre, to receive.] A pre- 
scription for making some combina- 
tion, [of being recipient. 

Re-cip'i-en-cy, n. State or quality 

Re-^IP'I-ENT, a. [Lat. recipiens, -en- 
tis, receiving.] Receiving. — n. A 
receiver. 

Re-cIp'ro-CAL, a. [Lat. reciprocus.] 

1. Recurring in vicissitude. 2. Do;;o 
by each to the other. 3. Mutually 
interchangeable. 

Syk. - Mutual. — The distinctive idea 
of mutual is, that the parties unite by in- 
terchange in the same act ; as, a mutual 
covenant, mutual affection, &c. The dis- 
tinctive idea of reciprocal is that one 
party acts by way of return or response 
to something previously done by the 
Other party ; as, a reciprocal kindness, 
reciprocal reproaches. &c. The ebbing 
and flowing of the tide is a case where 
the action ii reciprocal, but not mutual. 

— n. 1. That which is reciprocal. 

2. The quotient arising from divid- 
ing unity by any quantity. 

Re-cip'ro-cal-ly, adv. Mutually ; 
interchangeably. 

Re-cip'ro-cate, v. i. T-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. reciprocare, -r.atum. See RE- 
CIPROCAL.] To act interchange- 
ably ; to alternate. — v. t. To give 
and return mutually. 

Re-cip'ro-ca'tion, n. Act of recip- 
rocating ; interchange of acts. 

Bec'I-proc'i-ty, n. 1. Mutual ac- 
tion and reaction. 2. Reciprocal 
advantages, obligations, or rights. 

Re-CIS'ION (-sizb/un), n. [Lat." re- 
cisio, from recidere, to cut off.] Act 
of cutting off. 

RE-CIT'AL, n. 1. Repetition of the 
words of another, or of a writing. 2. 
Narration. 3. That which is recited ; 
a story. 

Syx.— Account ; rehearsal; recita- 



tion ; description ; detail ; narrative. 
See Account. 

Rec'I-ta'tion, n. Act of reciting; 
rehearsal. 

Rec'I-ta-TIVE', n. A species of mu- 
sical recitation in which the words 
are delivered in a manner resembling 
that of ordinary declamation. 

Re-cite', v. t. or /. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. recitare, trom re, again, and 
citare, to call, to cite.] 1. To repeat, 
as something already prepared or 
committed to memory. 2. To tell 
over; to go over in particulars. 

RECK, v. i. [A.-S. recan, to care for.] 
To take heed ; to care. 

Reck'less, a. Rashly or indifferent- 
ly negligent. 

REck'less-ness, n. State or quality 
of being reckless ; heedlessness. 

Reck' on (rek'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. recnan, recnian.] 1. To make 
or render account of. 2. To count 
as in number, rank, or series. — v. i. 

1. To go through with a calculation. 

2. To make up accounts. 3. To 
think; to suppose. [Prov. and vul- 
gar.} See Guess and Calculate. 

Reck'ON-ER, n. Oue who reckons. 

RECK'ON-ING, n. 1. Act of one who 
reckons ; calculation ; — in specific 
use.}, adjustment of claims and ac- 
counts ; hence, exaction of penalty 
inenrred. 2. Charges made by a host. 

3. Esteem ; estimation. 4. A calcula- 
tion of the ship's position from ob- 
servations recorded in the log-book. 

Re-claim', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
redamare ; re, again, back, and 
elamare, to call.] 1. To reduce from 
a wild to a tamed state. 2. To reduce 
to a desired state. 3. To demand as 
a right the return of. 

Syx. — To reform ; recover ; restore ; 
amend ; correct. 

Re-claim'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing reclaimed. 

Re-claim'ant, n. One who makes 
reclamation. 

RECLfA-MA'TION, n. [Lat. redama- 
tio.} 3. Recovery. 2. Demand of 
something to be restored. 

RE€'Ll-NATE,a. Reclined, or bent 
downward, as a leaf. 

REC'LI-NA'TION, n. Act of leaning. 

RE-CLINE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
redinare ; re, again, back, and cli- 
nare, to lean, incline.] To lean back ; 
to lean to one side, or sidewise. — v. 
i. To rest or repose. [again. 

Re-close', t\ t. [-ed;-ing : ] Toclose 

Re-cluse', a. [Lat. rechtsits, fr. re- 
dudere, to unclose, open, bu't with a 
signification directly opposite.] Se- 
questered : retired from the world or 
from public notice ; solitary.. — n. 
One who lives in seclusion ; a relig- 
ious devotee. 

Re-cluse'ly, adv. In retirement. 

Re-cluse'ness, ) n. Retirement ; se- 

RE-CLU'glON, j elusion from so- 
ciety, [from society. 

Re-clu'sive, a. Affording retirement 

Rec'og-ni'TION (-nish'un), n. Act 
' of recognizing, or state of being rec- 



ognized ; acknowledgment ; formal 
avowal. 

Rec'og-niz'a-ble, or Re-cog'ni- 
ZA-BLE, a. Capable of being recog- 
nized. 

Re-COG'ni-zance (re-kog'ni-zans or 
re-kon'T-zans), n. [See infra, and cf. 
Cognizance.] 1. Acknowledgment 
of a person or thing ; avowal. 2. 
(Laiv.) An obligation of record, with 
condition to do some particular act. 
GGf* Among lawyers, the g in this and 
the related words (except recognize) is 
usually silent. 

Rec'og-nize, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
recognoscere ; re, again, and cogno- 
scere, to know.] 1. To know again ; 
to recall knowledge of. 2. To avow 
knowledge of; to allow that one 
knows. 
Syx. — See Acknowledge. 

Re-cog'ni-zee' (-kog/- or -kon'-), n. 
One to whom a recognizance is made. 

Re-cog'ni-zor' (or -kon'-), n. One 
who enters into a recognizance. 

Re-coil', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
re, again, back, and cuius, the pos- 
teriors.} 1. To start, roll, bound, or 
fall back. 2. To draw back as from 
any thing repugnant or alarming; 
to shrink. — n. 1. A starting or fall- 
ing back. 2. Reaction of fire-anna 
when discharged. [anew. 

Re-coin', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To coin 

Rec'ol-lect', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Prefix re, and collect.] To recover 
or recall the knowledge of; to bring 
back to the mind. 

Re'-col-lect',^. t. To collect again. 

Rec/ol-lec'tion, n. 1. Act of recol- 
lecting, or recalling to the memory. 
2. Power of recalling ideas to the 
mind, or period within which things 
can be recollected ; remembrance. 3. 
That which is recollected ; reminis- 
cence. 

Syx. — Remembrance. — Recollection 
difft-rs from remembrance, as it is the con- 
sequence of volition, or an effort of the 
mind to recall ideas; whereas remem- 
brance implies no such volition. See 
Memoey. 

Re'com-mence', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To begin anew. 

Rec'om-mend', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To commeud to the favorable no- 
tice of another. 2. To make accepta- 
ble. 3. To advise, as an action, meas- 
ure, or the like. 

Rec'om-mend'a-ble. a. Worthy of 
recommendation or praise. 

Rec/OM-men-da'tion. n. 1. Act of. 
recommending. 2. That which com- 
mends to favor. 

REC'OM-MEND'A-TO-RY (50), a. Serv- 
ing to recommend, [commit again. 

Re'com-mit',©. t. [-ted; ting.j Tq 

Re'com-mKt'ment, In. A renewed 

Re'com-mut'tal, ) commitment. 

REC'OM-PENSE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. recompensare ; re., again, and 
compensare, to compensate.] 1. To 
render an equivalent to, for service, 
loss, &c. 2. To pay for. — n. An 
equivalent returned for any thing 
given , done, or suffered. 



6R, DO, WOLF., too, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; €,(i,hard: Asj Exist ; N«NG: THIS, 
23 



RECONCILABLE 



354 



RECUSANT 



REC'on-cil'a-ble (110), a. Capable 
of being reconciled. 

RECON-CILE' (110). V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. reconciliare ; re, again, back, 
and conc.iliare, to bring together.] 1. 
To conciliate anew. 2. To bring to 
acquiescence. 3. To make consistent 
or congruous. 4. To adjust; to settle. 

RfiC'ON-CILE'MENT (110), n. Act of 
reconciling, or state of being recon- 
ciled, [ciles. 

RECon-cil'er, n. One who rccon- 

Rec'on-^ IL'I-A'TION , n . Act of rec- 
onciling, or state of being reconciled : 
restoration to harmony. 

REe'ON-ciL'l-A-TO-RY (50), a. Serv- 
ing or tending to reconcile. 

Rec'ON-dTte , or RE-CON'DITE, a. 
[Lat. reconditus, p. p. of reconderc, 
to lay up, to conceal, from re, again, 
and condere, to bring together.] 1. 
Hidden from the view or intellect. 2. 
Dealing in things abstruse. 

RE-eON'NAIS-HANfE, ) n. [Ft.] 

RE-edJY'JVO/.s-SANpE, j Exami- 
nation of a tract of country, either 
in warlike movemeuts or for carrying 
on public works. 

Rec'on-noi'ter, ) v. t. [Fr. recon- 

REC'ON-NOI'TRE, ) noUre, recon- 
noitre. See Recognize.] To ex- 
amine by the eye ; to survey with 
a view to military or engineering op- 
erations. 

Re-CON/quer (-konk'er), v. t. [-ED ; 
[-ING.] To recover by conquest. 

RE'CON-SiD'ER, 1-. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To consider again ; to review. 

RE'CON-SflVER-A'TION, n. Act of 
reconsidering, or state of being re- 
considered. 

RE'CON-STROCT', V. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
To construct again. 

Re'gon-strug'tion, n. Act of con- 
structing again. 

RE'CON-VEY', V. t. [-ED'; -ING.] To 
convey back or to the former place. 

Re'con-ve. y'anoe , n. Act of recon- 
veying. 

Re-cord', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
recordari, to remember ; re, again, 
back, and cor, cordis, heart.] To pre- 
serve the memory of, by committing 
to writing, printing, or the like. 

Rec'ord, n. A register ; an authentic 
copy or account, entered in a book 
for preservation. 

Re-cord'er, n. 1. One who records. 
2. Chief judicial officer of some cities 
and boroughs. [corder. 

Re-cord'er-shIp, n. Office of a re- 

Be-count', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
reconter, to relate again or over again. 
See COUNT, v.] To relate in detail ; 
to narrate the particulars of. 

Re-course', n. [Lat. recursus; re- 
currere, to run back.] 1. Return. 
2. Recurrence in difficulty, perplex- 
ity, or need, &c. ; resort. 

Re-c6v'er (-kuVer), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [0. Fr. recovrer, Lat. recupe- 
rare ; re, back, and capere, to take.] 
1. To get or obtain again. 2. To re- 
pair the loss or injury of. 3. To bring 
back to life or health. 4. (Law.) To 



gain as a compensation. — v. i. 1. 
To regain health after sickness. 2. 
(Law.) To succeed in a lawsuit. 

RE-€OV'ER-A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing recovered or restored. 

Re-€OV'ER-Y (-kuv'er-), n. 1. Act 
of recovering. 2. Restoration from 
sickness, misfortune, or the like. 3. 
The obtaining of a right to some- 
thing by a judgment of court. 

Syn. — Restoration. — 7?eeo?J<s.v/ is act- 
ive, restoration is passive. I must my- 
self be instrumental in the recovery of 
my property that is stolen ; not bo in res- 
toration, for which I am wholly indebted 
to the act of another. 

Rec'RE-AN-CY, n. Quality of being 

recreant. 
REe'RE-ANT, or. [Norm. & 0. Fr. 

recreant, cowardly, fr. Lat. re, again, 

back, and credere, to be of opinion ; 

hence, orig. to disavow one'sopinion.] 

1. Cowardly; craven. 2. Apostate; 
false. — n. A meau-spirited cowardly 
wretch. 

RE€'RE-ATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
recreare, -alum ; re, again, and cre- 
are, to create.] To give fresh life to ; 
to revive ; especially to refresh from 
weariness. [anew. 

Re'CRE-ate', v. t. To create or form 

REC'RE-A'TION, n. Refreshment of 
the strength and spirits after toil. 

Re'cre-a'tion, n. A forming anew. 

REC'RE-A'TiVE. a. Tending to rec- 
create or refresh ; diverting. 

REe'RE-MENT, n. [Lat. recrementum ; 
re, again, and cernere, creturn, to sep- 
arate.] Superfluous matter sepa- 
rated from that which is useful; 
dross. 

Rec're-MENT'al, a. Consisting of 
separated superfluous matter ; dros- 
sy- 

RE-CRIM'1-NA.TE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. re, again, and criminari, to ac- 
cuse of a crime.] To return one ac- 
cusation with another. 

Re-crim'i-na'tion, n. Return of 
one accusation with another. 

RE -CRIM'I-N ACTIVE, la. Retorting 

Re-crtm'1-na-TO-RY, J accusation ; 
recriminatory. 

Re-cruit', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Fr. 
recrut'er, fr. recroitre, p. p. recrU, to 
grow again.] 1. To repair by fresh 
supplies. 2. To renew in strength or 
health ; to re-invigorate. — v. i. To 
gain new supplies of any thing 
wasted ; esp. to gain new supplies of 
men for military or other service. — 
n. 1. Supply of any thing wasted. 

2. A newly -enlisted soldier. 
REtCRUIT'ment, n. Act or business 

of recruiting. 

REct'an-gle, n. 
[Lat. rectus, right, 
and angulus, an- 
gle.] A right-an- I — 
gled parallelogram. Rectangle. 

Rect-Xn'gu-lar, a. Right-angled. 

Rec'Ti-fPa-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing rectified. 

Recti-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act or op- 
eration of rectifying. 2. Process of 



refining any substance by repeated 
distillation. [which, rectifies. 

Rec'ti-fIer, h. One who, or that 

Rec'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed;-ing,142.] [L. 
Lat. rectificare, fr. Lat. rectus, right, 
&ud facere, to make.] 1. To make 
Straight or right. 2. To refine by 
repeated distillation or sublimation. 
Syn.— See Amend. 

Rec'ti-lin'e-al, { a. [Lat. rectus, 

REC'TI-LIN'E-AR, ) right, and linea, 
line.] Consisting of a right line, or 
of right lines. 

Rec'tj-tude (30), n. [Lat. recti tudo. 
from rectus, straight.] Rightness or 
principle or practice ; uprightness. 
Syn. —Justice; integrity. 

Rec'tor. n. [Lat., fr. regere, rectum, 
to lead straight, to rule.] 1. (Epis- 
copal Church.) A clergyman who has 
the charge of a parish. 2. Head of 
a public school, or of a convent. 

Rec'tor-ate (45), n. Office or sta- 
tion of a rector. 

Rec-to'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to 
government, or to a rector, [rector. 

Rec'tor-ship, n. Office or rank of a 

REe'TO-RY, n. 1. A parish church, 
parsonage, or living, with all its 
rights, tithes, &c. 2. A rector's 
mansion. 

Rectum, n. [Lat. (sc. intestinum), 
fr. rectus, straight, as it was formerly 
thought to be so.] Terminal part of 
the large intestines. 

Re-cOm'bence, n. State of being 
recumbent ;' repose ; rest. 

Re-cum'ben-oy, n. Recumbence. 

Re-CUM'BENt', a. [Lat. recumbens, 
p. pr. of recumbere, fr. re, back, and 
cumbere, to lie down.] 1. Leaning; 
reclining. 2. Inactive. 

Re-cu'per-ate, v. i. [Lat. recu- 
perare , -ration . See RECOVER.] To 
recover health. 

Re-CU'PER-A-TJVE, ) a. Tending to, 

Re-cu'per-a-to-ry, j or pertain- 
ing to, recovery. 

Re-cur', v. i. [-red : -ring.] [Lat. 
recurrere ; re, again, back, and cur- 
rere, to run.] 1. lo return again or 
repeatedly. 2. To occur at a stated 
interval. 3. To have recourse. 

Re-cor'rence, \n. Act of recur- 

Re-€UR-ren-cy, } ring ; return. 

RE-cfJR'RENT, a. Recurring. 

Be-cOrv'ATE, v. t. [Lat. recurvare, 
-vatum, from re, again, back, and 
curvare, to bend.] To bend or curve 
back. [outward. 

Re-cOrv'ate, a. Bent backward or 

Re'cuk-va'tion, n. A bending or 
flexure backward. 

Re-curve', v. t. To bend back. 

Re-curv'i-ty, n. Recurvation. 

Re -cur v'o OS , a. [Lat. recurvus ; rz, 
again, back, and curvus, bentj 
curved.] Bent backward. 

Re -cu'§ ant, a. [Lat. recusans, re- 
fusing.] ( Eng . Hist.) Refusing to 
acknowledge the supremacy of the 
king, or to conform to the established 
ritea of the church. — n. 1. One who 
refuses to acknowledge the suprem- 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y,long; A,i2,t, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VgIL, 3f&RJI } PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



RED 



355 



REFERABLE 



W 



acy of the king iD matters of relig- 
ion. 2. A nonconformist. 

RED, a. [-der: -dest.] [A.-S. redd, 
redd.] Of the color of blood, or of a 
tint resembling blood, — n. Color of 
blood, or a tint resembling this. 

Re-da€'TION, n. [Lat. redigere, re- 
daction; re, again, back, and agere, 
to put in motion.] 1. The act of 
digesting, as literary or scientific ma- 
terials. 2. A digest. 

Re-da \', n. [Ft., 
for 0. Fr. redent 
a double notch- 
ing, _'rom Lat. re 
again, back, and Redans. 

dens, a tooth.] 

(Fort.) A work having two faces, 
that form a salient angle toward the 
enemy . 

TIed'breast, n. A bird ; the robin. 

Keo'd^.v, v. t. or ?'. [-ED; -ing.] To 
make or become red ; to blush. 

Red'DISH, a. Moderately red. 

Red'dish-ness, n. Redness in a mod- 
erate degree. 

Red-dI'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. red- 
ditio ; reddere, to give back.] Res- 
titution ; surrender. 

Re-deem', r. /. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
redimere ; re, again, back, and emere, 
to buy.] 1. To purchase back; to 
repurchase. 2. To ransom from 
bondage, by paying an equivalent. 
3. To deliver from the bondage of 
sin and its penalties. 4. To fulfill, 
as a promise. [ing redeemed. 

RE-deem'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 

RE-DEEM'ER, n. One who redeems ; 
esp. the Savior, Jesus Christ. 

RE'DE-LIV'ER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
deliver back or again. 

Re'de-liv'er-y, n. A second deliv- 
ery or liberation. 

Re-demp'tion (84), n. [Lat. redemp- 
tio. See Redeem.] Act of redeem- 
ing, or state of being redeemed ; 
specifically, (a.) Liberation of an es- 
tate from a mortgage. (b.) (Com.) 
Repurchase of notes, or other evi- 
dences of debt, (c.) Deliverance of 
sinners from the bondage of nn and 
its penalties. [deems himself. 

Re-demp'tton-er, n. One who re- 

Re-demp'tive, ) a. Serving or 

Re-demp'to-ry, j teuding to re- 
deem. 

Red'-gum, n. An eruption of red 
pimples in earlv infancy. 

REd'-hot, n. Red with heat. 

RE -DIN'TE -GRATE,!', t. [-ED J'-ING.] 
[Lat. redintegrare ; -gratum ; re, 
again, and integrare, to make whole.] 
To make whole again ; to renew. 

Re-din'te-gra'tion, n. Restora- 
tion to a whole or sound state. 

RED'-LEAD, n. A preparation of lead 
of a fine red color. 

Red'ness, n. Quality of being red. 

Red'o-LENCE, In. Quality of being 

Red'o-len-cy, J redolent; sweet- 
ness of scent. 

Red'o-LENT, a. [Lat. redolens.] Dif- 
fusing fragrance ; odorous. 

Re-doub'le (-dQb'l), v. t. [-ed; 



-ING.] To double again or repeated- 
ly ; to multiply. — v i. To become 
repeatedly increased. 

Re-doubt' (re-douf), n. [L. Lat. re- 
ductus, lit. a retreat, fr. Lat. redu- 
cere, to lead or draw back.] (Fort.) 
An inclosed work of any polygonal 
form without re-entering angles. 

Re-doubt'a-BLE (-dout'),a. [Lat. re, 
again, and tlubitare, to doubt.] For- 
midable ; hence, valiant. 

Re-dound', v. i. [-ed ; -tng.] [Lat. 
redundare ; re. again, back, and un- 
dare, to rise in waves.] 1. To roll 
back as a. wave. 2. To come back as 
a consequence. 3. To be in excess. 

Red'ow-a, n. A slow and graceful 
kind of dance. 

Re-dress', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
set right, as a wrong ; to remedy. 2. 
To make amends to. — n. Deliver- 
ance fr. wrong, injury, or oppression. 

Re-dress'1YE, a. Giving redress. 

Red'-short, a. Brittle when hot. 

Red'top, n. A kind of grass. 

Re-duce', f. t [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
rcducere ; re, again , back, and ducere, 
to lead.] 1. To bring to a state or 
condition specified; to convert. 2. 
To bring to an inferior state, as to 
size, rank, value, &c. 3. To bring 
into subjection. 4. To bring into a 
certain order, arrangement, &c. 

RE-DU'CER, n. One who reduces. 

Re-du'ci-ble, a. Capable of being 
reduced. 

Re-dijc'tion, n. [Lat. reductio. See 
Reduce.] 1. Act of reducing, or 
state of being reduced ; conversion 
to a given state ; conquest. 2. The 
changing of numbers from one de- 
nomination to another without alter- 
ing their value. [of reducing.- 

RE-Due'TlVE, a. Having the power 

Re-dun'DANCE, In. 1. Superfluity ; 

Re-dun'dan-cy, J superabundance. 
2. Any thing superfluous. 

Re-DUN'DANT, a. [Lat. redundans. 
See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what 
is natural or necessary. 2. Using 
more words than are necessary. 

Re-du'pli-€ATE, v. t. To redouble. 

Re-du'pli ca'tion, n. Act of doub- 
ling, or state of being doubled. 

Re-ech'o, v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To echo back; to reverberate again. 

Reed, n. . [A.-S. hreod, redd.] 1. One 
of a family of plants, with hollow, 
jointed stems. 2. A rustic musical 
pipe. 3. An arrow. 4. A thin piece 
of metal, the vibrations of which 
produce the tones of a melodeon, &c. 
5. ( Weaving.) A frame through which 
the warp-threads pass. 

REED'ES (reed'n), a. Consisting 'of 
a reed or reeds. 

Reed'y, a. 1. Abounding with reeds. 
2. Having the quality of a reed in 
tone, that is, harsh and thick. 

REEF,n. 1. [D.reef,rif; A.-S. red/, 
a garment, clothing.] A portion of 
a sail which is rolled up to contract 
the sail. 2. [Tcel. rif, prob. allied to 
rib.] A chain of rocks at or near 
the surface of water. — v. t. [-ED ; 



-ING.] To contract, as a sail, by 

rolling or folding. 
Reek, n. [A.-S. rcc, reci.] Vapor; , 

steam; smoke. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 

To emit vapor ; to steam ; to smoke. 
Reek'y, a. Soiled with smoke or 

steam ; smoky. 
REEL,n. [A.-S. hreol,reol. Cf. ROLL.] 

1. A frame on which yarn, thread, 
&'c, are wound. 2. A lively whirl- 
ing dance. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
wind upon a reel. — v. i. To vacil- 
late in walking ; to stagger. 

RE'-E-LE€T', f. «. [-ed; -ing.] Tc 
elect again. 

Re'-e-le€'tion, n. Election a sec- 
ond time, or repeated election. 

Re'-el'i-gi-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing re-elected. 

Re '-em-bark', v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To embark again. 

Reem'ing, n. [Cf. Ream, v. t.] The 
opening of the seams of vessels , for 
calking. 

Re'-en-act', 7.'. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
enact again. [of a law. 

Re'-en-act'ment, n. The renewal 

RE'-EN-FORCE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To strengthen with new force, assist- 
ance, or support. — n. Part of a 
gun near the breech. 

Re'-en-force'ment, n. 1. Act of 
re-enforcing. 2. That which re-en- 
forces ; additional force. 

Re'-en-gage', v. i. To engage again 
or anew. 

Re'-en-list', v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To enlist again. 

RE-EN'TER, v. t. ori. [-ED; -ING.] 
To enter again or anew. [again. 

Re-EN'trance, n. Act of entering 

Re/-es-tab'lish,i\ t. To establish 
anew ; to fix or confirm again. 

Re'-es-tab'lish-ment, n. Act of 
establishing again; renewed confirm- 
ation. 

Reeve, v. t. [rove ; reeving. Cf. 
Reef, w.] To pass, as the end of a 
rope, through any hole in a block, 
thimble, &c. 

RE'-EX-AM'l-ifA'TlOJf, n. A repeated 
examination. 

Re'-ex-am'ine, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To examine anew. 

RE'-EX-PORT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To export again. 

Re-f.\sh'ion (-fSsh'un), v. t. [--ED ; 
-ING.] To fashion a second time. 

Re-fec'TION, ii. [Lat. refectio, from 
reficere , -fectuin, fr. re, again, and 
facere, to make.] Refreshment after 
hunger or fatigue ; a lunch. 

Re-fe€'tiye, n. That which re- 
freshes ; refreshment. [menfc. 

Re-fe€'to-ry, n. A room for refresh- 

Re-fer' (14), v. t. [-red; -ring.J 
[Lat. referre ; re, again, and ferre, 
to bear.] 1. To carry or send back. 

2. To pass over to another authority 
for decision. 3. To assign to as a 
class, cause, motive, or reason. — v. i. 
1. To have recourse. 2. To have re- 
lation. 3. To direct attention. 

Ref'er-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
referred ; ascrfbable. 



OR, do, WOLF, too,1QOI£; Urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; £,G, soft; €.&,hard; AS; E3CIST; N as NG; this- 



REFEREE 



356 



REGARDFUL 



REF'ER-EE', n. One to whom a thing, 
esp. a matter in dispute, is referred. 
Syn. — See Judge. 

Ref'er-enoe, n. 1. Act of referring, 
or state of being referred. 2. Re- 
spect ; heed. 3. Allusion ; intima- 
tion* 4. One of whom inquiries can 
be made in regard to another. 5. A 
passage referred to. 

Re-f£r'Ri-ble a. Admitting of be- 
ing referred ; referable. 

Re-fIne', v. t. or i. [-ED ; -TNG.] To 
free from impurities ; to make or be- 
come pure. 

Syn. — To purify; clarify ; defecate. 

Re-fin'ed-ly, adv. In a refined 
manner. 

Re-fine'ment, n. 1. Act of refining, 
or state of being refined. 2. High 
culture ; elegance. 3. An over-nice- 
ty ; an affected subtilty. 

Re-fin'er, n. One Mho refines. 

Re-fin'eR-y, n. The place and appa- 
ratus for refining metals, sugar, &c. 

Re-fIt', v. t. or i. [-ted; -ting.] 
To fit or prepare again ; to repair. 

RE-FLECT', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
reflectere, reflexum; re, again, back, 
and flectere, to bend.] 1. To cause to 
return after striking upon any sur- 
face. 2. To give back an image of. 
— v. i. 1. To throw back light or 
heat, &c. 2. To rebound as from a. 
surface. 3. To attend earnestly to 
what passes within the mind.. 4. To 
cast, reproach . 

Re-flec'tion, n. [Written also re- 
flexion.] [Lat. reflexio. See RE- 
FLECT.] 1. Act of reflecting, or 
state of being reflected. 2. Capacity 
forjudging rationally, esp. in view of 
a moral rule or standard. 3. That 
which is produced by reflection ; es- 
pecially thoughts suggested by truth. 
4. Censure ; reproach cast. 

Re-flect'ive, a 1. Throwing back 
images. 2. Capable of exercising 
thought. 

Re-flect'OR. n. 1. One who reflects. 
2. A polished surface for reflecting 
light or heat, as a mirror, &c. 

Re'flex, a. [See Reflect.] 1. Di- 
rected back ; retroactive. 2. Pro- 
duced in reaction, resistance, or re- 
turn. 3. (Bat.) Rent back; reflect- 
ed. 4. {Physiol.) Produced by stim- 
ulus without the necessary interven- 
tion of consciousness. 

RE-FLEX/I-BlL'i-TY, n. Quality of 
being reflexible. , [reflected. 

Re-flex'i-BLE , a. Capable of being 

Re-flex'Ive, a. Bending or turn- 
ed backward ; reflective. 

Rgf'ltj-ence, )a- [From refluent.'] 

Ref'lu-en-cy, ) A flowing back. 

Ref'lu-ent, a. [Lat. reflitens, flow- 
ing back.] Flowing back ; ebbing. 

Re'flux (126), n. A flowing back, as 
of a fluid ; ebb. 

d .-fORM',«. t. [-ED; -ING.j [Lat. 
reformare; re, again, and formare, to 
form.] 1. To form or shape anew. 2. 
To restore to a former good state, or 
bring from bad to good 
Syn,— See Amend. 



-v. ( . To return to a good state; 
to be amended. — n. Amendment of 
what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or 
depraved. 

Syn. — Reformation ; amendment j 
correction. See Reformation. 

Re-form', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
form anew or a second time. 

REF'OR-MA'TION, n. Act of reform- 
ing, or state of being reformed ; 
change from worse to better. 

Syn. — Reform. — Reformation is a 
more thorough and comprehensive 
change than reform. It is applied to sub- 
jects that are more important, and re- 
sults in changes which are more lasting. 

Rf^FOR-MA'TlON, n. Act of forming 
anew. [reformatory. 

Re-form'A-TIVE, a. Forming again ; 

Re-f6rm'a-TO-ry (50), a. Tending 
to produce reformation. 

Re-form'er, n. One who effects a 
reformation. 

Re-form'ist, n. One who is of the 
reformed religion. 

Re-fract', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat 
refringere. refractin/i ; re, again, back, 
and frangere, to break.] To cause to 
deviate from a direct course, as light. 

Re-frac'tion, n. 1. Act of refract- 
ing, or state of being refracted. 2. 
Change iu the direction of a ray of 
light, heat, or the like. 

Re-frXct'1've. a. Serving or having 
power to refract. 

Re-fract'o-ri-ness, n. 1. Perverse 
or sullen obstinacy. 2. Difficulty of 
fusion ; — said of metals. 

RE-FR*€T'0-RY,a. [Lat. refractarius. 
See Refract.] 1. Sullen or per- 
verse in opposition or disobedience. 
2. Difficult of fusion, as metals. 

REf'ra-ga-ble, a. [Lat. refragari, 
to oppose, to resist.] Capable of be- 
ing refuted. 

Re-frain', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
refrangere ; Lat. re, again, back, and 
frangere, to break.] To keep from 
action or within prescribed bounds. 

Syn. — To forbear; abstain. 
— n. The burden of a song. 

Re-fran/Gi-bil'I-ty, n. Disposi- 
tion of rays of light to be refracted. 

Re-fran'gi-ble, a. [See Refract.] 
Capable of being refracted, as light. 

Re-fresh', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
restore strength, spirit, animation, or 
the like, to. 

Re-fresh'ment, n. 1. Act of re- 
freshing, or state of being refreshed. 
2. That which refreshes ; esp. food. 

Re-frig'er-ant, a. Cooling; allay- 
ing heat. — n. That which abates 
heat. 

RE-FRIG'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. refrigerare, -r alum, it. re, again, 
and frigus, frigoris, coolness.] To 
cool : to refresh. 

Re-frIg'er-A'tion. n. Act of cool- 
ing ; state of being cooled. 

Re-frig'er-A-tIve, a. Cooling; al- 
laying heat ; refrigerant. — n. A 
cooling medicine. 

Re-frig'er-a'tor, n. 1. A box for 
keeping articles cool by means of ice. 



2. An apparatus for rapid cooling 
connected with a still, &c. 

REF'UGE. n. [Lat. refuginm, fr. re- 
fugere, to flee back.] Shelter or pro- 
tection from danger or distress. 

REf/tj-gee', n. One who flees to a 
foreign power or country fur safety. 

Re-fOl'GENCE, in. Brilliancy ; radi- 

Re-ful'Gen-cy, ) ance; splendor. 

Re-ful'GENT, a. " [Lat. refulgens.] 
Casting a bright light ; radiant , 
splendid. 

Re-fDnd', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
refundere; re, again, back, and J un- 
der*, to pour.] To repay, to restore 

RE-FUS'A-BLE, a. Admitting refusal 

Re-fus'AL, n. 1. Act of refusing. 2. 
Right of taking in prelerence to oth- 
ers. 

Re-fuse', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Cor- 
rupted partly from Lat. refutare, to 
drive back, to repel, partly from re- 
cusare, to decline.] 1. To deny, as 
a request, demand, &c. 2. To de- 
cline to accept ; to reject — v. i. To 
decline to accept something offered. 

REF'U§E,a. Rejected; hence, worth* 
less. — n. That which is rejected as 



Re-fus/er, n. One who refuses. 

RE-FUT'A-BLE,a. Admitting of being 
refuted. 

Ref'u-ta'tion, n. Act of refuting, 
or state of being refuted ; disproof of. 

Re-fut'a-to-ry, a. Tending to re- 
fute or disprove. 

Re-fute', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat 
refutare; re,ag.tin, back, and Lat. 
futare, to argue.] To prove to be 
false or erroneous. 
Syn.— See Confute. 

Re-GAW, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] Tore- 
cover, as what has escaped or been 
fost. 

Re'gal, a. [Lat. regalis ; rex, regis, 
a, king.] Pertaining to a kin^ ; king- 
ly ; royal. 

Re-gale', v. t. [-ED; -ING ] [Eith- 
er from Lat. regalis, royal, or fr. Sp. 
gala, pleasinsr address, choicest part 
of a thing.] To entertain in a prince- 
ly or sumptuous manner ; hence, to 
gratify ; to refresh. — n. A princely 
entertainment. [tertainment. 

Re-gale'ment,w. Refreshment; en- 

Re-ga'li-a, n. pi. [L. Lat., fr. Lat. 
regalis, regal.] 1. Symbols or para- 
phernalia of royalty. 2. Insignia of 
an office or order. 

Re-gal'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. regalitas; 
Lat. regalis, regal.] Royalty ; sover- 
eignty, [manner. 

Re'gal-ly, adv. In a regal or royal 

RE-GARD', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
regarder, fr. re. and garder, to guard.] 
1. To observe ; to notice or remark 
particularly. 2. To treat as of pecu- 
liar importance. 3. To hold and 
treat. — n. 1. Look ; aspect. 2. In- 
terested attention of the mind. 3. 
Respect ; relation. [backward. 

Re-gArd'ant, a. Looking behind oi 

Re-gard'er, n. One who regards. 

Re-gard'ful, a. Taking notice ; ob- 
serving with care. 



A, E, I, 5, v,Y,long; A, 12, 1, 6, U,Y, short; cAre, FAR, Ask, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VglL, TERM; PIQUE, riRM ; S6N, 



REGARDLESS 



357 



REITERATE 



R3-GARD'eess, a. Not looking or at- 
tending. 
Syn.— Heedless ; negligent; careless. 
Re-gard'less-ly, adv. Heedlessly. 

RE-GAT'TA, n. ; pi. RE-GAT'TAS. 
[It. regatta, rigatta, fr. riga, a line, 
row.] A rowing match of boats. 

Re'GEN-CY, n. 1. Office, jurisdiction, 
or dominion of a regent. 2. Body of 
men intrusted with, vicarious govern- 
ment, [regenerated. 

Re-gen'er-a-CY, n. State of being 

ItE-GEN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-EJD ; -ING.J 
[Lat. regenerare, -ratum; re, again, 
and generare, to beget.] 1. To gen- 
erate or produce anew. 2. To cause 
to be spiritually born anew. — a. 
Changed from a natural to a spirit- 
ual state. 

Re-gen'er-ate-ness, n. State of 
being regenerated. 

Re-gen'ER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of re- 
generating, or state of being regen- 
erated. 2. Entrance upon a new 
spiritual life. 

Re-gen'er-a-tive, a. Of, or belong- 
ing to, regeneration. 

Re'gent, a. [Lat. regens.] 1. Rul- 
ing; governing 2. Exercising vica- 
rious authority — n. 1. One who 
rules. 2. One who governs a king- 
dom in the place of the sovereign. 3. 
One of a governing board. 

Re 'gent-ship, n. Power or office of 
a regent ; regency. 

REG'I-CIDE, n. [Lat. rex, regis, a 
king, and csedere, to kill.] 1. One 
who murders a king. 2. The killing 
of a king. 

Regime (ra/zheem'), n. [Fr. | Mode 
or style of rule ; administration. 

ReG'I-MEN, n. [Lat., fr. regere, to 
guide, rule.] 1. Orderly government. 
2. Systematic use of food and drink, 
and the necessaries of life. 3. 
(Gram.) (a.) A relation of syntax 
between two words ; government. 
(b.) The words governed. 

REG'I-ment, n. [Lat. regimentum; 
regere, to guide, rule.] A body of 
men, commanded by a colonel, usu- 
ally consisting of ten companies. 

IIEG/i-ment'al,, a. Belonging to a 
regiment. 

REG'I-MENT'AES, n. pi. Uniform 
worn by the troops of a regiment. 

Re'GION (re'jun), n. [Lat. regio. a 
direction, a boundary -line, region.] 

1. A territory of indefinite extent ; 
district. 2. Neighborhood ; vicinity. 

KEG'IS-TER. n. [L. Lat. registrum, 
fr. Lat. re, back, and gerere, to car- 
ry.] 1. A written account or entry. 

2. The one who keeps such an ac- 
count. 3. That which registers, re- 
cords, or regulates ; —applied to va- 
rious mechanical contrivances. 4. 
Correspondence of pages, or columns 
on the opposite sides of the sheet. 5. 
Compass, or a portion of the com- 
pass, of a voice or instrument. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ING.] To record; to enroll; 
to enter in a list. — v. i. To corre- 
spond in relative position, as the 
pages of a printed sheet. 



Reg'is-trar, n. A keeper of public 
records. [ing in a register. 

REG'IS-TRA'TION, n. Act of insert- 

Reg'is-try, n. 1. Act of recording 
in a register. 2. Place where a reg- 
ister is kept. 

REG'LET, n. [Fr. reglet, dim. of regie, 
a rule.] 1. A kind of tiat, narrow 
molding. 2. A thin strip of wood 
used instead of a lead in printing. 

REG'NANT, a. [Lat. regnans.] 1. 
Reigning. 2. Predominant ; preva- 
lent. 

Re-grate', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Pr. 
regratter, to scrape again, to drive a 
huckster's trade] 1. To remove the 
outer surface of, as of an old hewn 
stone. 2. To forestall. 

Re'GRESS, n. [Lat. regressus, fr. re, 
back, and gradi, to step, to go.] 1. 
Return. 2. Power or liberty of re- 
turning, [returning. 

Re-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. Act of 

Re-gress'ive, a. Passing back. 

Re-seet', f. i. [-ted; -ting.] [Pr. 
regrelter, Lat. re, again, back, and 
queritari, to complain vehemently.] 

1. To be sorry for. 2. To look back 
at with sorrowful longing. — n. 1. 
Pain of mind at something causing 
unhappiness. 2. Pain of conscience. 

Syn. — Repentance; remorse. —We do 
not apply the word regretto that sorrow 
for the past which involves a sense of 
guilt; this belongs to reniorse or repent- 
ance. We regret the losst or absence of 
friends, &c, but the word is now more 
commonly applied to the pain we feel 
for lost opportunities, or for early follies, 
for carelessness, &e. 

Re-GRET'FUL, a. Pull of regret. 
Re-GRET'ta-ble, a. Admitting of, 

or deserving, regret. 
Reg'u-LAR, a. [Lat. regvlaris ; regu- 

la, a rule.] 1. Conformed to rule. 

2. Governed by rule ; uniform in 
course or practice. 3. Permanent, 
as the troops of a standing army. 

Syn. — See Normal. 
— n. 1. A full member of auy re- 
ligious order. 2. A soldier belonging 
to a standing army. 

Reg'u-lar'I-tv, n. Quality of being 
regular ; method ; uniformity. 

Reg'u-lar-ly, adv. In due order. 

REG'U-LATE, v. t. [-EB ; -ING.] [Lat. 
regulate* -latum, fr. regula, a rule.] 

1. To adjust by rule. 2. To put- in 
good order. 

Reg'u-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of regu- 
lating, or state of being regulated. 

2. A prescribed rule or order. 
Reg'u-LA'TOR, n. 1. One who regu- 
lates. 2. A contrivance to produce 
uniformity of motion. 

REG'u-LiJS, n. ; Eng.pl. REG'U-LUS- 
E§ ; Lat. pi. reg'u-lI. [Lat. ^pet- 
ty king, prince.] The pure metal, 
which in the melting of ores, falls to 
the bottom. 

RE-GfjR'GI-TATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. regurgitate, -tatum ; Lat. re, 
again, back, and gurges, a gulf.] To 
throw or pour back in great quan- 
tity. — v i _ To be poured back. 

RE-GfjR/GI-TA'TlON, n. 1. Act of 



flowing back by the orifice of en 
trance. 2. Act of swallowing again. 

RE'HA-BIL'1-TATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To restore to a former right, rank, or 
privilege. 

Re'ha-bil/i-ta'tion, n. Restora- 
tion to former rights. 

Re-hear', v. t. [-heard ; -hear- 
ing.] To hear or try a second time. 

Re-hears'AL (14), n. 1. Act of re- 
hearsing, or state of being rehearsed. 
2. Recital of a piece before the pub- 
lic exhibition of it. 

Re-hearse', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. 
fr. prefix re and hear say.] 1. To re- 
peat, as what has been already said. 
2. To narrate ; to relate. 3. To re- 
cite beforehand in private. 

Rei'gle (rd'gl), n. [0. Fr., a rule, a 
line. See Ritle.] A channel for 
guiding any thing. 

REJGN (ran), n. [Lat. regnum, from 
regere, to rule.] 1. Royal authority ; 
supreme power. 2. The time a sov- 
ereign's rule lasts. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To possess sovereign pow- 
er or authority. 2. To prevail. 3. 
To have uncontrolled dominion. 

ReMm-burse', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
1. To pay back. 2. To pay back to ; 
to indemnify. 

Re'-im-bOrse'ment, n. Repayment. 

Rein (ran), n. [L. Lat. retina, Lat. re- 
tinaculum, fr. retinere, to hold back.] 
Strap of a bridle, to restrain and 
govern a horse, &c. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To govern by a bridle. 2. 
To restrain. 

Rein'deer (ran'- 
~de6r.] A rumi- 
nant mammal of 
the deer kind. 

Reins, n. pi. [Lat. 
ren^ pi. renes.] 

1. The kidneys. 

2. Lower part of 
the back, over 
the kidneys. 3. 
The affections 
and passions. 

Re'-in-staxl', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

install again. 
RE'-IN-STATE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To place again in possession, or in a 
former state. 

Re'-in-sur'ance (-shrjr 7 -), n. In- 
surance" a second time or again. 

RE'-lN-syRE'^in-shur'),^. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] ~ To insure, as property, in 
favor of one who has previously in- 
sured it. [invest anew. 

Re'-in-vest', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

ReV-in-VEST'ment, n. A second or 
repeated investment. [vigor in- 

ReM'n-vig'or-ate, v. t. To revivo 

Reis-effendi (rSz'ef-t'en'de), n. 
[Ar. reis, head, chief. See Effendi.J 
A Turkish minister for foreign af- 
fairs. 

Re-is'sue (-Ysh/shu), v. t. To issue a 
second' time. — n. A second or re- 
peated issue. 

RE-IT'ER-ATE, l\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

say or do repeatedly. 

Svn.— To repeat.- To repeat is to 




-ja*-- 



Reindeer. 



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REITERATION 



358 



REMAND 



titter or express a second time. To re- 
iterate is to repeat again and again; as, 
he was not satisfied with rcpeatituj his 
declaration, but went on to reiterate it 
in various forms. 

Re-It'ER-a'tion, n. Continued rep- 
etition. 

RE-JECT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
rejicere,rejectum; re, back, and ja- 
cere, to throw.] 1. To throw away. 
2. To refuse to receive, or to grant. 

£e-JE€'tion, 71. Act of rejecting; 
refusal to accept or grant. 
^Re-joice', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [0. 
Eng. rejoisse, Fr. rcjoivr, fr. re and 
jouir, to enjoy.] To feel joy in a high 
degree. — v. t. To make joyful. 

Re-join', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To join 
again ; to unite after separation. — 
v. i. To answer to a reply. 

Re-JOIN'DER, n. 1. An answer to a 
reply: or, in general, an answer. 2. 
The defendant's answer to the plain- 
tiff's replication. 

Re-ju've-nate, v. t. [Lat. re, again, 
and juvenis, young.] To render 
young again. [ing of youth. 

Re-JU'VE-NES'CENOE, n. A renew- 

Re-kin'dle (-kln'dl), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To kindle again ; to set on 
fire anew. [again. 

Re-lanu', t). [-ED; -ING.] To land 

Re-lapse', v. t. [-ed ; -ing. J [Lat. 
relabi, relapsus ; re, again, back, and 
labi, to fall, slip.] 1. To slide back. 
2. To return to a former state or 
practice ; — generally in a bad sense. 
— n. A sliding back into a former 
badstate. 

Re-late', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
referre, relatum ; re, again, back, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. To recount; to 
narrate ; to tell over. 2. To ally by 
connection or kindred. — v. i. To 
pertain ; to refer. 

RE-LAT'ER, n. One who relates. 

Re-la'TION, n. 1. Act of relating ; 
also, that which is related. 2. State 
of being related or of referring. 3. 
Connection by consanguinity or af- 
finity, or a person so connected. 

Sy> t . — Recital; narration; account; 
tale; description ; kindred ; t.ffinity ; 
kinsman. 

Re-la'TION-AL, a. Having or indi- 
cating relation. [related. 

Re-la'TION-SHIP, n. State of being 

Ret/A-tIve, a. 1. Haviug relation ; 
respecting. 2. Arising from relation 
to something else ; not absolute. 3. 
Expressing relation. — n. One who, 
or that which, relates to something 
else ; esp. one connected by blood. 

REL'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In relation or 
respect to something else. < 

StE-LAX', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
relaxare ; re, again, back, and laxare, 
to loose.] 1. To make less close, firm, 
rigid, or tense. 2. To make less se- 
vere or rigorous. 3. To relieve from 
constipation. — v. i. 1. To become 
loosened or feeble. 2. To abate in 
severity. 

RE'LAX-A'TlON.n. 1. Act of relaxing, 
or state of being relaxed. 2. Remis- 
sion from attention and effort. 



Re -lXx'a-tIve , a. Having the qual- 
ity of relaxing. 

Re-lay', n. [Fr. relais, taxation, dis- 
continuance, from Lat. relaxare, to 
relax.] A supply of horses, arranged 
beforehand for affording relief from 
time to time. [second time. 

Re-lay', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To lay a 

Re-leas'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
released. 

Re-lease', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Relay, n.] 1. To set free from re- 
straint ; to give liberty to. 2. To let 
go, as a legal claim. — n. 1. Act of 
freeing, or state of being freed 2. 
Discharge from obligation or respon- 
sibility. 3. A quitclaim. 

Re-lease'ment, n. Act of releasing. 

Re-leas'er, n. One who releases. 

Rel'e-gate, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
relegare, -gatinn ; re, again, back, 
and legare, to send with a commis- 
sion ] To remove ; to consign ; to 
remand ; to banish. 

Rel'e-ga'tion, n. Removal; con- 
signment ; banishment. 

RE -LENT', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. 
ralentir, fr. Lat. lentus, pliant.] To 
become more mild and tender; to 
feel compassion. 

Re-lent'less, a. Insensible to the 
distress of others ; destitute of ten- 
derness. 

Re'LES-SEE', n. One to whom a re- 
lease is executed. 

Re'les-SOR', n. The person who ex- 
ecutes a release 

Rel'e-vanoe, In. State of being 

REL'E-VAN-CY, ) relevant. 

Syx. — Pertinence ; npplicableness ; 
fitness ; propriety ; appositeness. 

REL'E-VANT, a. [Fr. relevant, rais- 
ing again, relieving.] Properly ap- 
plying to the case in hand; perti- 
nent; applicable. 

Re-lPa-bTl'I-ty, n. State or quality 
of being reliable. 

Re-lT'a-ble, a. Suitable or fit to be 
relied on ; trust worthy. [Recent but 
legitimate.] 

Re-li'a-ble-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being reliable. < 

Re-lI'ANCE, n. 1. Act of relying, or 
condition of being reliant. 2. Ground 
of trust. 

REL'IG, n. [Lat. reliquiae, pi., fr. re- 
linquere, to leave behind.] 1. That 
which remains. 2. Body, or some 
part of the body, of deceased saints. 

3. Any memorial. 

Rel'I€T, n. [Lat. relicta l f. of relictus, 
left behind.] A widow. 

Re-lief', n. 1. Act of relieving, or 
state of being relieved ; removal of 
any evil. 2. Release from a post, or 
from duty. 3. That which relieves. 

4. Prominence of a figure above the 
ground or plane. [relieved. 

Re-lie v'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
Re-lie VE',r. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
relevare, to lift up, to relieve.] 1. To 
cause to rise, or to seem to rise : to 
set off by contrast. 2. To render less 
burdensome or afflicting. 3- To free 
from any trial or evil. 4. To release 



from a post or station by substitu- 
tion of others. 

RE-LIG'ION (-lTj'un), n. [Lat. religio, 
either from rtlegere, to collect again, 
religens, pious, or from religare, to 
bind anew, to bind fast.] 1. Recog- 
nition of God as an object of worship, 
love, and obedience 2. Any system 
of faith and worship. 

RE-LiG'iON-isaU-lij/un-), n. Practice 
of, or adherence to, religion 

Re-lig'ion-ist (-lij'un-!, n. One 
bigotedly devoted to a religion. 

Re-lig'jous (-llj'us), a. 1 Relating 
to religion. 2. Possessing, or agree- 
ing with, religion. 3. Scrupulously 
faithful or exact. 

Stn. — Pious ; godly ; holy ; devout. 

Re-lig'ious-ly (-lij'us-), adv. In a 
religious manner. 

Re-lin'quish (-link/wish), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. rdinquere ; re, again, 
back, and linqvere, to leave.] 1. To 
withdraw from ; to leave behind. 2. 
To renounce a claim to. 

Re-li.\'QUISH-ment, n. Act of quit- 
ting or of renouncing a claim. 

REL'I-QUA-RY, n. [L. Lat. reliquia- 
rium. See RELIC] A small chest, 
box, or casket for relics. 

Rel-'ique' (-eekO, n. A relic. 

Rel'ish, r. t. [--ed: -ing.] [0. Fr. 
relec/ier, to taste anew, fr. re, again, 
and lecher, Eng. lick.\ 1. To like the 
taste of; hence, to enjoy. 2. To give 
a pleasing flavor to. — v. i. To have 
a pleasing taste ; to give pleasure. 
— n. 1. A pleasing taste. 2. Incli- 
nation or taste for. 3. The smallest 
perceptible quantity. 4. Something 
taken with food to render it more 
palatable. [relished. 

REL'ISH- A-BLE, a. Worthy of being 

Re-luct', v. i. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
reluct ari ; re, again, against, and lvc~ 
tari, to struggle.] To make resistance 

Re-lO€'tance, n. State or quality 
of being reluctant : aversion of mind. 

Re-lU€'tant, a. [Lat. reluctans.] 1. 
Striving against. 2. Granted with 
reluctance. [See AVERSE.] 

Re-lu€'tant-LY, adv. Unwillingly. 

RE-LTJME', «. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
reluminare.] To rekindle ; to light 
again. 

RE-LY', v. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [Prefix re 
and lie.] To rest with confidence, 
as the mind. 

RE -MAIN', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
remanere ; re, again, back, and ma- 
nere, to stay.] 1. To stay behind ; to 
be left. 2. To continue in a fixed 
place, or an unchanged form, &c — 
n. 1. Relic; remainder- — chiefly 
in the plural. 2. A corpse ; — only 
in the plural. 3. Literary works of 
| one who is dead. 
j Re-iviain'der, n. Any thing left, 
after separating and removing a part. 
Syn.— Balance. —We may speak of 
"the balance of an account ; " butto use 
this word for remainder, as " the bal- 
ance of the week," is a gross vulgaris:n. 

i Re-mand', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
I reman dare ; re, again, back, and 



$.,£,!, 0,U,Y, long; AjEjIjO, U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL 5 TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



REMARK 



359 



RENITENT 



mandare, to commit.] To recommit, 
or send back. 

Re-mark', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
remarquer ; re, again, and marquer, 
to mark.] 1. To take notice of. 2. 
To express in words or writing ; to 
call attention to. — n. 1. Act of 
remarking. 2 A casual observation. 
Syk. — To observe ; notice. — To ob- 
serve is to keep or hold a tiling distinctly 
before the mind. To remark is simply 
to mark or take note of whatever may 
come up. To notice implies still less 
continuity of attention. 
— v.i. To say or observe. [tice. 

Re-Mark'a-ble, a. Worthy of no- 

Re-Mark'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being remarkable. 

Re-mark'a-bly, adv. In a remark- 
able manner. [remedied. 

Re-ME'DI-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Re-ME'DI-AL, a. Affording a remedy. 

RE-MED'I-LESS, or IlEM'E-DI-LESS 
(113), a. 1. Incapable of being re- 
stored, changed, or prevented. 2. 
Ineffectual ; powerless. 

REM'E-DY, n. [Lat. rem?diu?n; re, 
again, and raederi, to cure.] 1. That 
which cures a disease. 2. That which 
counteracts an evil. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING. 142.] To apply a remedy to. 

RE-MEM'BER, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. rememorare ; re, a^ain, and 
memorare , to bring to remembrance.] 

1. To bring to mind again : to recall. 

2. To keep in mind ; to preserve in 
the memory. 

Re-mem'brance, n. 1. Act of re- 
membering. 2. State of being re- 
membered ; memory. 3. A memo- 
rial ; a memento. 4. Time within 
which a fact can be remembered. 

RE-MEM'BRAN-CER, n. One who, or 
that which, serves to bring to, or 
keep in, mind. 

Re-mind', v. t: [-ed-, -ing.] To put 
in mind ; to bring to the remem- 
brance of. [which, reminds. 

RE-MIND'ER, n. One who, or that 

Rem/I-HIS'CENCE, n. 1. Power of 
recalling to mind. 2. That which is 
remembered or recalled to mind. 

Rem'i-n'is'cent, a. [Lat. reminiseens, 
recollecting.] Capable of calling, or 
inclined to call, to miud. 

Re-mise'. l\ t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
remittere, remission, to send back.] 
To release a claim to. 

Re-miss', a. [Lat. remissus, p. p. of 
remittere, to seud back.] 1. Mot 
careful or prompt in duty or busi- 
ness. 2. Lacking earnestness ; lan- 
guid, [remitted. 

Re-mIs'SI-BEE, a. Capable of being 

Re-mis'SION (-mish/un), n. [Lat. re- 
missio. See Remit.] 1. Act of re- 
mitting. 2. Relinquishment of a 
claim, right, or obligation. 3. A 
temporary subsidence of the violence 
of a disease or of pain . 

Re-miss'ness, n. State of being 
remiss ; want of ardor or vigor. 

Re-mit', v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Lat. 
remittere, to send back.] 1. To give 
up ; to surrender. 2. To relax iu in- 
tensity. 3. To forgive. 4. To trans- 



mit to a distance, as money. — v.i. 
To abate in force or in violence. 

Re-MIT'MENT, ) n. 1. Act of remit- 

Re-mit'tal, ) ting. 2. State of 
being remitted. 

Re-mit'tance, n. 1. Act of trans- 
mitting money, &c, to a distant 
place. 2. Sum or thing remitted. 

RE-MlT'TENT, a. Having remissions 
from time to time. 

REM'NANT, n. [0. Fr. remanent, 
remainant, remaining. See RE- 
MAIN.] 1. What remains after a 
part is removed, performed, &c. 2. 
A slight trace ; a fragment. 

Re-mod'el, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 137.] 
To model anew. 

Re-mon'strance, n. 1. Expostula- 
tion. 2. Earnest advice or reproof. 

RE-MON'STRANT,a. Inclined or tend- 
ing to remonstrate; expostulatory. 
— n. One who remonstrates. 

RE-MON'STRATE.r. 7. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Low lat. rt-monstrare, -stratum, fr. 
Lat. re, again, back, and monstrare, 
to show.] To present strong reasons 
in opposition. 

Syx. — To expostulate. —We expostu- 
late when we unite argument and en- 
treaty to dissuade some one from the 
course he has chosen. When we remon- 
strate, we go further, and show or set 
forth, in the strongest terms, the danger 
or the guilt of his pursuing it. 

RE-MON'STRA-TOR, n. One who re- 
monstrates. 

Re -MORSE', n.. [Lat. remordere, re- 
morsum, to bite again or back, to 
torment.] Keen or gnawing pain ex- 
cited by a sense of guilt. 
Syn.— See Compunctiox; Kegret. 

Re-m6rse'ful, a. 1. Full of re- 
morse. 2. Compassionate. [cruel. 

Re-MORSE'less, a. Without remorse ; 

Re-mote', a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. re- 
motus, removed.] 1. Distant in time 
or place. 2. Not agreeing, accord- 
ing, or being related ; — in figurative 
uses. 

Re-mote'ey, adv. At a distance in 
space, time, consanguinity, &c. 

Re-mote'ness, n. Estate of being re- 
mote : distance. 

Re-MOUJNT', v. t.ori. [-ED; -ing.] 
To mount again. 

Re-MOV'a-BIL'i-TY, n. Capacity of 
being removable. [ing removed. 

Re-mo v'a-ble, a. Admitting of be- 

RE-MOV'AL, n. 1. Act of removing. 
2. State of being removed ; change 
of place. 

Re-move', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
removere ; re, again, back, and mo- 
vere, to move.] 1. To cause to change 
place. 2. To cause to cease to be ; 
hence, to banish. — v. i. To change 
place in any manner. — n. 1. Act 
of removing. 2. State of being re- 
moved. 3. That which is removed. 
4. Space through which any thing is 
removed ; interval. 5. A step iu any 
scale of gradation. 

Re -mov'er, n. One who removes. 

Re-mu'ner-A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
inc;, or proper to be, remuuerated. 



RE-MU'NER-ATE, V. t. [-ED, -ING/\ 
[Lat. remunerare, -ratum ; re, again, 
back, and munerare, to give.] To 
pay an equivalent to for any service 
or sacrifice. 

Re-mu'ner-a'tion, n. 1. Act of re- 
munerating. 2. That which is given 
to remunerate. 

Re-mu'ner-A-tive, a. Intended or 
fitted to remunerate. 

Re-mu'ner-A-to-ry, a. Affording 
recompense. 

Re'NAL, a. [Lat. renalis ; renes, kid- 
neys.] Pertaining to the kidneys. 

Ren'ard, n. [0. II. Ger. Reinhart, 
i. e., strong in counsel, the name of 
the fox in a German epic] A fox ; 
— so called in fables, &c. 

Re-nas'cence, n. State of being 
produced again. 

RE-NAS'CENT, a. [Lat. renascens, p. 
pr. of renasci, to be born again.] 
Springing into being again. 

Hen-gon'TRE, )n. [Fr. rencontre, 

Ren-€OUN'ter, j Eng. re, and en- 
counter.'] 1. A meeting of two. 2. 
A sudden contest without premedita- 
tion. 

Ren-€OUN'ter, v. L To meet an en- 
emy unexpectedly ; to skirmish. 

Rend, v. t. [rent; rending.] [A.- 
S. rendan.] 1. To tear asunder. 2. 
To part or tear off forcibly. 

Ren'der, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
rendere, fr. Lat. reddere, with n in- 
serted.] 1. To return ; to restore. 2. 
To inilict ^is a retribution. 3. To 
give on demand. 4. To furnish ; to 
contribute. 5. To make up ; to de- 
liver. 6. To cause to be, or to be- 
come. 7. To translate ; to interpret 
8. To boil down and clarify. 

REN'DEZ-VOUS(ren / de-vob), n. [Fr. 
rendez vous render yourselves, repair 
to a place.] A place for meeting, 
csp. a place for troops or ships to as- 
semble at. — v. t. or /. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To assemble at a particular place. 

Ren-di'tion (-dish/on), n. 1. Act of 
rendering or returning; surrender, 
as of fugitives from justice. 2. Trans- 
lation. 

Ren'e-gade, ) n, [L. Lat. renega- 

Ren'E-GA'do, ) tits, fr. renegare, to 
deny.] One faithless to principle 
or party ; especially, an apostate from 
a religious faith. 

Re-neW (-nfl'j, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To make over as good as new. 2. 
To begin again. 3. To repeat. 4. 
To furnish again. 5. To make new 
spiritually. [renewed. 

Re-new'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-ne\v'al, n. 1. Act of renewing; 
act of forming anew. 2. That which 
is renewed. 

RE-NEW'ED-LY(-nuV-), adv. Again; 
once more. [renews. 

Re-new'er (re-nil'er), n. One who 

REn'i-form, a. [Lat. renes, kidneys, 
and/orwa, form.] Having the shape 
of a kidney. 

Re-ni'tence, )n. Resistance ; re- 

Re-ni'ten'cy, J luctanco. 

Re-nI'TENT, a. [Lat. renitens, striv- 



6r, bq, wolf. to o 3 TOOK; URN, rue, PULL ; E, J, O, silent ; Q,d,soft; €,Q,hard; Asj EXIST; N. as ng; this- 



RENNET 



360 



REPORTER 



ing against, resisting.] Resisting 
pressure or the effect of it. 

ftEN'NET, n. [A.-S. gerinnan, to cur- 
dle, fr. rinnati, rennan, to run.] In- 
ner membrane of the fourth stomach 
of the calf, or a preparation of it, for 
coagulating milk. 

Re-nounce', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
renunciare ; re, again, back, and nun- 
ciare, to announce.] To reject, as a 
title or claim, or a connection or pos- 
session ; to give up. [claiming. 

Re-Nounce'ment, n. Act of dis- 

REN'O-VATE, v. t. [Lat. renovare, 
-vatum ; re, again, back, and novare, 
to make new.] To make over again ; 
to make as good as new. 

REN'O-VA'TION, n. 1. Act of reno- 
vating. 2. State of being renovated. 

Re-NOWN', n. [From re, again, and 
Lat. nomen, name.] Fame; celebrity. 

RE-NOWN.ED', a. Having great ce- 
lebrity. 
Syn.- See Famous. 

RE-MOWN'ED-LY,arff. Famously. 

Rent, imp. & p. p. of Rend. — n. 1. 
[From rend.] An opening made by 
rending. 2. A schism ; a separation. 
3. [From Lat. reddita, things given 
back, paid. See Render.] A peri- 
odical profit, issuiug out of lands 
and tenements in return for the use. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To lease. 2. 
To take and hold by lease. — v. i. T 
be leased or let for rent. [rented. 

RENT'A-BLE, a. Admitting of being 

Rent'al, n. A schedule or account 
of rents ; a rent-roll. 

Ren'ter, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
re, again, back, and intrahere. to 
draw into or along.] To sew together 
so that the seam is scarcely visible. 

RENT'-ROLL, n. A list of rents. 

Re-nun'ci-A'tion (-shi-),n. [Lat. re- 
nunciatic] Act of renouncing. 



Syn. — Disownment ; disavowal 
jection; denial; relinquishment. 



Act of 



-ING 



Re-or'gan-i-za'tion, n. 
organizing anew. 

RE-OR'GAN-IZE, V. t. [-ED 
To organize anew. 

REP, n. [Prob. a corruption of rib.] 
A stuff with a surface appearing as 
if made of small cords. 

Re-pack', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
pack a second time. 

Re-pair' (4), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
i eparare ; re, again, back, and par are, 
to prepare.] 1. To restore to a sound 
or good state. 2. To make amends 
for; to indemnify for. — v. i. [Lat. 
repatriare, to return to one's coun- 
try, to go home again.] To go ; to be- 
take one's self. — n. Restoration to a 
sound or good state. [repaired. 

Re-pair'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Re-pair'er, n. One who repairs. 

Rep'A-ra-BLE, a. [Lat. reparabilis.] 
Capable of being repaired. 

Rep'a-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of repair- 
ing. 2. State of being repaired. 3. 
Indemnification for loss or damage. 

Re-par'A-tive, a. Tending to re- 
pair : restoring to a sound state. 



Rep'AR-TEE', n. [Fr. repartte ; re- 
partir, to reply, to divide.] A smart, 
ready, and witty reply. 
Syn. — See Retokt. 

Re-pAss', v. t. or i. [ED ; -ING.] To 
pass again ; to pass back. 

Re-past', n. [L. Lat. repastus, from 
Lat. repascere, to feed again.] 1. Act 
of taking food. 2. That which is 
taken as food. 

Re-pay', r. t. [-paid ; -paying.] 1. 
To pay back. 2. To make return for. 

Re-pay'A-ble, a. The 1 ' is to be re- 
paid or refunded. 

RE-PAY'MENT, n. 1. Act of paying 
back. 2. Money or other thing re- 
paid. 

Re-peal', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
re and appellare.] To recall, as a deed, 
will, or statute ; to abrogate. 

Syn. — To abolish ; revoke ; rescind; 
recall ; annul ; abrogate; cancel. — We 
revoke what lias been declared or estab- 
lished; properly speaking, a law is re- 
pealed only by a Legislature which has 
power to do so. An edict or power of 
attorney is revoked, statutes are repealed. 
We speak of the revocation of the Edict 
of Nantes, and of the agitation which 
was so long carried on for the repeal of 
the Irish Union. 

— n. Revocation; abrogation. 
Re-peAL'A-ble, a. Capable of being 

repealed. [seeks a repeal. 

Re-peal'er, n. One who repeals or 
,^|Re-peat', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
repetere; re, again, and petere, to at- 
tack.] 1. To do, tr3 r , make, or utter 
again. 2. To do or say what one has 
already done or said. [See REITER- 
ATE.] — n. 1. Act of repeating. 2. 
That which is repeated. 3. That 
which is to be repeated. 4. ( Mus. ) 
A series of dots before and after a 
passage to be repeated. [again. 

Re-peat'ed-ly, adv. Again and 

Re-peat'er, n. One who, or that 
which, repeats ; especially, a watch 
that strikes the hours. 

Re-pel', v. t. [-led; -ling.] [Lat. 
repellere, fr. re, back, and pellere, to 
drive.] 1. To di'ive back. 2. To en- 
counter with effectual resistance. 

Re-PEL'LENT, a. Able or tending to 
repel. — n. That which repels or 
scatters. [as a plant. 

Re'PENT, a. [Lat. repevs.] Creeping, 

Re-pent', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
repcenitere, from Lat. re, again, and 
poznitere, to make repent.] 1. To 
feel sorrow for something done or 
omitted. 2. To change the mind or 
course of conduct on accouut of dis- 
satisfaction with what has occurred. 

— v. t. To remember with sorrow. 
RE-PENT'ANCE, n. Act of repenting, 

or state of being penitent ; esp. , con- 
trition for sin. See CONTRITION. 

Re-pEnt'ant, a. Sorry for sin. 

Re-peo'ple, v. t. [-ed : -ING.] To 
furnish again with inhabitants. 

RE/pER-eGs'siONt-kush'un),?!. [Lat. 
repercttssio, fr. re, again, back, and 
per cuter e, to strike through and 
through.] Act of driving back ; re- 
verberation. 



Re'per-cuss'Ive, a. 1. Causing to 
reverberate. 2. Reverberated. 

Rep'ER-TO-RY, n. [Lat. repertorimn, 
from reperire, to find again.] 1. A 
place in which things are so disposed 
that they can be easily found. 2. A 
treasury ; a magazine. 

REP'E-TENJJ', n. [Lat repetendus, fr. 
repetere, to repeat.] That part of a 
repeating decimal which recurs con- 
tinually . 

REP / E-Ti'TION (-tish'un), n. Act of 
repeating ; esp., recital from memory. 

REP'E-Ti'TloCs (-tish'us), a. Con- 
taining repetition. 

Re-pine', v. i. [ed : -ing.] To in- 
dulge in envy or complaint. 

Re-pin'er, n. One who repines. 

Re-place', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
restore to a former place or condi- 
tion. 2. To supply or substitute an 
equivalent for. 

Re-place'ment, n. Act of replacing. 

Re-plant', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
plant again. 

Re-plen'ish, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. re, again, and plenus, full.] To 
fill up again; hence, to fill com- 
pletely. 

RE-PLEN'lsn-MENT,n. 1. Act of re- 
plenishing, or state of being replen- 
ished\ 2. That which replenishes. 

Re-plete', a. [Lat. repletus, filled 
again, filled up.] Completely filled. 

Re-ple'tion, n. Superabundant 
fullness, esp. of blood : plethora. 

RE-PLE'TIVE, a. Replenishing. 

Re-pl£v'IN, n. [L. Lat. replevina.] 
A personal action or a writ to recover 
goods and chattels wrongfully taken 
or detained. 

Re-plev'y,«. t. [-ED: -ING, 142.] [L. 
Lat. replevire. See PLEDGE.] To 
get back, by a writ, goods and chat- 
tels wrongfully taken or detained, 
upon giving a certain security. 

REP'LI-CA'TJON, n. [Lat. replicatio .] 

1. An answer : a rephy. 2. Reply of 
the plaintiff, iu matters of fact, to 
the defendant's plea. 

RE-PLY',r. ?'. [-ed : -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
replicare, to fold back, to make a re- 
ply.] 1. To make a return to in 
words or writing. 2. To auswer a 
defendant's plea. — v. t. To return 
for an answer. — n. That which is 
said or written in answer to another. 

Syn. — Rejoinder; answer. — A reply is 
a distinct response to a formal question 
or attack; a rejoinder is a reply to are- 
ply in a protracted discussion. 

Re-port', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
reportare. to bear or bring back.] 1. 
To give an account or statement of. 

2. To make minutes of, as a speech. 

— v. i. 1. To make a statement that 
is expected or desired. 2. To betake 
one's self as to a superior officer.— 

— n. That which is reported : as, (a.) 
Story ; relation ; sketch ; account. 
(b.) Rumor; repute, (c. ) Sound; 
noise, (d.) An official statement of 
facts, (e.) An account or statement 
of a judicial opinion or decision. 

Re-port'er, n. One who reports; 



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REPOSAL 



361 



REQUIRE 



esp. law proceedings and decisions, 
or legislative debates. [resting. 

Re-POS'al, n. Act of reposing or 

Re-pose', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
Lat. re, again, and pausare, to pause ; 
reponere, repositum , to replace.] 1. To 
cause to be calm or quiet. 2. To 
place in confidence. — v. i. 1. To lie ; 
to rest. 2. To rest in confidence. — 
n. 1. A lying at rest; sleep. 2. 
Tranquillity. 3. {Fine Arts.) Har- 
monv which affords rest for the eye. 

RE-P6"s/IT, v. t. [-ED ; -IMG.] [See 
Repose.] To lay up, as for preser- 
vation. 

Re-pos'I-to-ry, n. [Lat. reposito- 
rium. See REPOSE.] A place where 
things are or may be' deposited for 
safe-keeping. 

Re'POS-SESS' (-pos-ses' or -poz-zes'), 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To possess again. 

RE'POS-Sfis'SION (-pos-sesh'un or 
-poz-zesh'un), n. Act or state of 
possessing again. 

REVrE-HEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. reprehendere ; re, again, back, 
and prehendere, to lay hold of.] To 
chide ; to reprove. 

Rep're-hen'si-ble, a. Worthy of 
blame ; censurable. 

REpre-hEn'si-bly, adv. In a rep- 
rehensible manner. 

REp RE-hEn'siox, ik Reproof; cen- 
sure : open blame. 

REp're-hEn'sive, \a. Containing 

REp're-hEx^so-ry, ) reproof. 

REP'RE-sE.VT',1-. l. [-ED;ING.] [Lat. 
reprsesentare : re, again, and prxsm- 
tare, to present.] 1. To exhibit the 
counterpart of. 2. To delineate ; to 
reproduce. 3. To personate. 4. To 
supply the place of. 5. To bring be- 
fore the mind. 6. To serve as a sign 
of. 

REP'RE-gEN-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
representing. 2. That which repre- 
sents ; as. (a.) A picture or any fac- 
simile, (b.) A dramatic performance, 
(c.) A description or statement, (d.) 
A body of representatives. 

BEp're-sEnt'a-tive, a. 1. Fitted 
or qualified to represent. 2. Bearing 
the authority of another. — n. 1. 
One who, or that which, represents 
another. 2. An agent, deputy, or 
substitute. 3. A member of the 
lower house, in a State legislature, or 
in Congress. [Amer.] 

Re-pr£ss', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
reprimere, repression.] To press 
back or down ; to crush. 

Re-prEs'sion (-presh'uu), n. 1. Act 
of repressing. 2. That which re- 
presses. 

Re-PrEss'ive, a. Tending to repress. 

RE-PRIEVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
reprobare, to reject ; condemn.] To 
delay the punishment of. — n. 1. 
Temporary suspension of punish- 
ment. 2. Interval of ease or relief. 

REp'ri-mand(IIO), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
See infra.] 1. To chide for a fault. 
2. Tc reprove publicly and officially. 
[See Admonish.] — n. [Lat. repri- 
mendus, reprimenda, to be checked 



or suppressed.] Severe reproof for a 
fault ; reprehension. 

Re-print', v. t. [-ed; ing.] To 
print a second or any new edition of. 

Re 'PRINT, n. A second or a new im- 
pression or edition ; specifically , the 
publication in one country of a work 
previously published in another. 

RE-PRlfj'AL, n. [L. Lat. reprensalise, fr. 
Lat. re, again, back, and prehendere, 
to lay hold of.] 1. Act of taking from 
an enemy by way of retaliation or 
indemnity. 2. That which is retaken 
fromjin enemy. 

RE-PROACH',r.£. [ed: -ing.] [Fr. 
reproc/ier. Cf. APPROACH.] To cen- 
sure with severity : to charge with a 
fault in severe language. 

Syn.— To upbraid : blame ; rebuke ; 
condemn ; revile ; vilify. 

— n. 1. Censure with contempt or 
derision. 2. An object of censure. 

Re-proach'A-ble, a. Deserving re- 
proach. 

Re-proach'ful, a. 1. Expressing 
reproach. 2. Occasioning or deserv- 
ing reproach. 

Re-pr5ach'ful-ly, adv. In a re- 
proachful manner. 

REp'RO-bate, v.t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
reprobare, -batum. Cf. REPRIEVE.] 
To disapprove with detestation. 

REp'ro-bate, a. Abandoned to vice 
or punishment ; morally abandoned. 

— n. One morally lost. 
REp'RO-BA'TION, n. Act of reprobat- 
ing, or state of being reprobated. 

RE'PRO-DUCE', v. t. [.ED ; -ING.] 
I. To produce again. 2. To gener- 
ate, as offspring. 

Re'PRO-duc'tion, n. 1. Act of re- 
producing. 2. Thing reproduced. 

Re'PRO-duc'ti've, a. Pertaining to, 
or employed in, reproduction. 

RE-PROOF', n. [Fr. reprove.] Ex- 
pression of blame or censure. 

Re-prov'a-BLE, a. Worthy of re- 

Re-prov'al, n. Reproof. " [proof. 

Re-prove', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Fr. 
reprouver. See Reprieve.] To cen- 
sure to the face ; to accuse as guilty. 

Sy>*. — To rebuke ; reprimand. —Re- 
prove, rebuke, and reprimand signify the 
expression of disapprobation. To re- 
prove implies greater calmness and self- 
possession. To rebuke implies a more 
excited and personal feeling. 

Re-prov'er, n. One who reproves. 

REp'tile, a. [Lat. reptilis ; repere, 
to creep.] 1. Creeping. 2. Groveling ; 
low. — n. 1. An animal that crawls 
on its belly, or by means of small, 
short legs. 2. A groveling or very 
mean person. 

Rep-til'i- an, a. Belonging to reptiles. 

RE-PUB'LI€, n. [Lat. respublica ; res, 
a thing, and publicus, public] A 
state in which the sovereign power is 
exercised by representatives elected 
by the people; a commonwealth. 

RE-PUB'LI€-AN,a. Relating to, or con- 
sonant with the principles of, a repub- 
lic. — n. One who prefers a republic. 

Re-pCb'LIC-AN-ism, n. 1. A repub- 
lican system of government. 2. At- 



tachment to a republican form oi 
government. 

RE-PUB'LIC-AN-IZE, v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To convert to republican 
principles. 

RE-PUB'LI-CA'TION, n. A second 
publication, or a new publication of 
something before published, especial- 
ly in another country ; a reprint. 

Re-pub'lish, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
publish anew ; — specifically applied 
to the publication in one country of 
a work first published in another. 

Re-pu'dj-a-ble, a. Admitting of 
repudiation. 

RE-PU'DI-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. repudiare, -aturn; re, again. 
and pudere, to be ashamed.] 1. To 
cast off and disavow. 2. To put 
away ; to divorce. 3. To refuse auy 
longer to_ acknowledge or to pay. 

RE-PU'DI-A'TION, n. Actofrepudi 
ating, or state of being repudiated. 

Re-pu'di-a'tor, n. One who repu- 
diates. 

RE-PUG'NANCE, I 2i. Opposition or 

Re-PUG'NAN-CY, ) contrariety, as of 
mind, passions, principles, &c. See 
Aversion. 

Re-PUG'nant, a. [Lat. repugnans, 
fr. re, again, against, and pugnare, to 
fight.] Opposite ; contrary ; hostile ; 
highly distasteful. 

RE-PUG'NANT-LY, adv. In a repug- 
nant manner. 

Re-PULSE', n. [Lat. repvlsa, fr. rep^l- 
lere , to repel.] 1. Conditiou of being 
repelled. 2. Act of repelling. 3. Re- 
fusal; denial, — v. t. [-El); -IXG.J 
To repel ; to beat back. 

Re-pDl'sion, n. Act of repulsing, or 
state of being repulsed. 

Re-pul'SIVE, a. 1. Inclined, serving, 
or able, to repel. 2. Cold : forbid- 
ding, [buy again. 

Re-pur'chase, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

REP'U-TA-BLE, a. Worthy of repute. 

REp'u-ta-bly, adv. In a reputable 
manner. 

REp'u-ta'tion, n. 1. Estimation in 
which one is held. 2. Public esteem : 
good name. 

RE-PUTE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
reputare, to think over.] 1. To ac- 
count ; to hold ; to reckon. 2. To 
attribute. — n. 1. Character attrib- 
uted : estimate. 2. Good character. 

RE-QUEST', n. [L. Lat. requesta, for 
requisila, from Lat. requinre, to seek 
again, to ask for.] 1. Earnest desire 
or demand : hence, solicitation. 2. 
That which is requested. 3. A state 
of being desired. — v. t. [-ed ; ing.] 
To ask for earnestly : to express de- 
sire for. See Desire. 

RE'QUl-EM, n. [First word of ", 
prayer beginning " Requiem arter- 
nam dona eis, DomineJ' 1 Give eter- 
nal rest to them, Lord.] A hymn 
or mass for the dead, for the rest of 
his soul. 
; Re-quir'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
j required. 

, Re-quire', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
I requirere ; re, again, back, and quse- 



6r, do, wolf, too, TOfozt; urn, RyE, pi/ll ; e, i, o.silent; c, a, soft; €, g, hard; As; exist ; n as ng; this 



REQUIREMENT 



362 



RESORT 



rere, to seek.] 1. To insist upon hav- 
ing. _ 2. To make necessary. 

RE-QUiRE'MENT,n. 1. Demand ; req- 
uisition. 2. An essential condition. 

REQ'ui-slTE (rek'wi-zlt), a. [Lat. 
requisitus, p. p. of requirere, to re- 
quire.] Required by the nature of 
things, or by circumstances. — n. 
That which is necessary. 

3EQ'UI-s'l'TION (-zlsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of requiring. 2. Application made 
as of right; demand. 3. A quota of 
supplies or necessaries. 

Re-quit'al, n. Returu for any office, 
goodor bad. 

Re-Quite', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prefix 
re and quit'.] To repay ; to return 
an equivalent in good or evil for evil. 

Rere'WARD, n. The rearguard. 

Re-sail',' v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
sailback. 

Re-sale', n. A second sale. 

Re-SCIND', v. t. [-El);-ING.] [Lat. 
rescindere ; re, again, back, and scin- 
de.re, to cut.] 1. To cut off; to ab- 
rogate. 2. To vacate, as an act, by 
the enacting authority or by supe- 
rior authority. 

RE-SCls'£ION (-slzb/un), n. [Lat. re- 
s'cissio. See supra.] Act of rescind- 
ing. 

RE-snis'so-RY ; a. Having power to 
cut off or to abrogate. 

Re'script, n. [Lat. rescriptum, fr. 
re, again, back, and scribere, to write.] 
Answer of an emperor, when con- 
sulted on some difficult question ; 
hence, an edict or decree. 

REs'-euE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. re, 
again, back, and exeutere, to shake 
or drive out.] To free from confine- 
ment, violence danger, or evil. — n. 
Deliverance from restraint, violence, 
or danger. 

Re-search' (114), n. Diligent inqui- 
ry or examination in seeking facts or 
principles. — v.t. [-ED : -ING.] 1. 
To search with continued care. 2. 
To search again. 

Re-seat', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
sea t_ or set again. 

RE-SEIZE', V. t. [-E1) ; -ING.] To 
seize again or a second time. 

Re-seiz'Ore, v. A second seizure; 
act of seizing again. 

Re-sell', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To sell 
a second time or again. 

Re-sem'blance (-zem'-), n. 1. State 
of resembling. 2. That which re- 
sembles or is similar. 

RE-SEM'BLE, 1). t [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
ressembler, from re, and sembler, to 

, seem, to resemble.] 1. To be like to ; 
to be alike. 2. To compare. 

Re-sent', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
re, again, and sentire, to feel.] To 
take ill ; to be in some degree pro- 
voked at. 

Re-sent'ful, n. Inclined to resent. 

Re-sent'ment, n. 1. Act of resent- 
ing. 2. Displeasure; indignation; 
irritation. 

Res/er-va'tion, n. [Lat. reservatio. 
See Reserve.] 1. Act of reserving. 
2. Something withheld. 3. A tract 



of the public land reserved for some 
special use, as for schools. [Amer.] 

Re-§erv'a-to-ry, n. A place in 
which things are kept. 

Re-s_£rve', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
reservare ; re, again, and servare, 
to keep.] To keep in store for future 
or other use. — n. 1. Act of re- 
serving. 2. That which is reserved. 
3. Restraint of freedom in words or 
actions. 4. Land set apart for a par- 
ticular purpose. 5. A body of troops 
for an exigency. [free or frank. 

Re-served', p. a. Restrained ; not 

RE-gf.RV'ED-LY, adv. With reserve. 

Res/er-voir' (rez'er-vwor'), n. [See 
Reserve.] A place where water is 
collected and kept for use. 

Re-set', v. t. [-set ; -setting.] 1. 
To set over again, as a page of print- 
ed matter. 2. To furnish with a, new 
setting or border. 

Re-set'tle-ment, n. 1. Actof set- 
tling again. 2. A second settlement 
in the ministry. 

Re-side', v. i. [Lat. residere ; re, 
again, back, and sedere, to sit.] 1. 
To dwell permanently or for a length 
of time. 2. To have a seat or fixed 
position. 

Res/I-dence, n. 1. Act of residing. 
2. The place where one resides. 

Res'I-dent, a. Having an abode in 
a place 'for a continued length of 
time; residing. — n. 1. One who' 
resides in a place for some time. 2, 
A public minister at a foreign court 

Res/I-den'tia-RY (-den'sha-), a, 
Having residence. — n. An ecclesi 
astic who keeps a certain residence. 

Re-sTd'U-al, a. Remaining after a j 
part is taken. 

Re-si d'u-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the 
residue. 

Residuary legatee, one to whom the 
residue of personal estate is bequeathed. 

Res'I-due, v. [Lat. residvvm, fr. re- 
sictuus, that is left behind.] 1. What 
remains after a part is taken. 2. 
Balance of a debt or account. 

Re-sId'U-UM, n. [Lat.] What is left 
after separation or purification. 

Re-s_ign' (-znV), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. resignare ; re, again, back, and 
signare, to sign.] 1. To return by a 
formal act ; to yield ; to give up. '2. 
To withdraw, as. a claim. 

Syn. — To relinquish. — To resign is to 
give up, as if breaking a seal and yield- 
ing all it had secured ; hence, it marks a 
formal and deliberate surrender. To re- 
linquish is less formal, but always im- 
plies that the thing given up has been 
long an object of pursuit, and, usually, 
that it has lieen prized and desired. 

Res/ig-na'TION, n. 1. Act of resign- 
ing. 2. State of being resigned or 
submissive. See Patience. 

Re-signed' (-zTnd'), V- «• Submis- 
sive ; not disposed to murmur. 

Re-s_il'i-ence, In. A springing 

Re-sil'i-en-c y, J back, or rebound- 
ing. 

RE-gIL'I-ENT, a. [Lat. resilient, leap- 
ing or springing back.] Inclined to 
leap back ; rebounding. 



Res/i-lI'tion (rez'T-lish'un), n. Act 
of springing back. 

Res'IN, n. [Lat. resina.] An inflam- 
mable solid, of vegetable origin. 

Res/in-If'er-oOs, a. [Lat. resina, 
resin, and ferre, to bear.] Yielding 
resin . 

Res/in-oCs, a. Partakingof the qual- 
ities of resin ; pertaining to resin. 

RE-§IST', v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. resis- 
tere ;re, again, and sistere, to stand.] 

1. To act in opposition to. 2. To 
counteract as a force by inertia or re- 
action. 

Syn.— To withstand; oppose. 
RE-g'lST'ANCE, n. 1. Act of resisting. 

2. Quality of not yielding to force. 
RE-s/i'ST'ANT, n. One who, or that 

which, resists. 

Re-sjst/i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being resistible. [resisted. 

Re-sist'i-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-sJst'less, a. Incapable of being 
resisted ; irresistible. 

REs/o-lu-ble, a. Admitting of be- 
ing resolved or melted. 

Res'o-lute (30), a. [See Resolve. 
Lat. resolutus has a different mean- 
ing.] Constant in pursuing a purpose. 
Syn. — Determined; steady; firm ; bold. 

Res_'o-lute -ly, adv. In a resolute 
manner; firmly: steadily. 

Res'o-lute-ness, n. State orqual- 
ity of being resolute. 

Res/o-lu'tion, n. 1. Act, operation, 
or process of resolving. 2. State of 
being resolved, made clear, or deter- 
mined. 3. That which is resolved ; 
especially, the decision of court, or 
the vote of an assembly, [resolved. 

Re-§6lv'A-ble , a. Capable of being 

Re-solve', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
resolvere, resolution ; re, again, and 
solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] 1. To 
Feparate the component parts of; 
sometimes, to melt. 2. To dissolve 
and reduce to a different form. 3. 
To make clear or certain . 4. To cause 
to perceive. 5. To constitute by res- 
olution or vote. 

Syn. — To solve; analyze; explain ; 
unravel; disentangle. 

— v. i. 1. To be separated into its 
component parts, or distinct princi- 
ples. 2. To melt. 3. To form a res- 
olution. — v. 1. Act of resolving. 
2. That which has been resolved on ; 
conclusion ; determination ; legisla- 
tive act or declaration. [purpose. 

Re-solv'ed-ness. n. Fixedness of 

Re-solv'ent, n. That which has the 
power of resolving. 

Re-rolv'er, n. One who resolves, 

REs/o -nance, n. State of being res- 
onant. 

RES/O-NANT, a. [Lat. resonans, re- 
sounding.] Able to return sound; 
echoing back. 

Re-sorb'ENT, a. [Lat. resorbens. fr. 
re, again, and sorbere, to suck in.] 
Swallowing up. 

Re-sort' (re-z6rt/) ; v- i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr ressortir, to go or come out 
again.] 1. Togo; to repair. 2. To 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y 



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RESOUND 



S63 



RETAIL 



have recourse. — n. 1. A betaking 
one's self. 2. A place to which one 
betakes himself habitually ; a haunt. 

RE-goUND', t\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
resonare ; re, again, back, and sonare, 
to sound.] 1. To sound again, or 
repeatedly. 2. To praise or cele- 
brate. — v. i. I. To sound loudly. 
2. To be filled with sound. 3. To 
echo or reverberate. 

j.!e-sound', v. t. To sound again. 

Re-source' (114), n. [Fr. ressource. 
See Source.] 1. That from which 
any thing springs forth ; hence, that 
to which one resorts, or on which 
he depends. 2. pi. Pecuniary means ; 
funds. 

RE-SPECT', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
respectare, intens. form of respicere, 
to look back, to respect.] 1. To 
notice with special attention ; to re- 
gard as worthy of particular notice. 
2. To relate to. — n. 1. Act of re- 
specting. 2. pi. Expression of re- 
spect. 3. That which pertains to any 
person or thing. 4. Relation ; ref- 
erence. 

In respect to, or in respect of, in com- 
parison with: in reference to. 

Re-spect'a-bil'i-ty, 11. State or 
quality of being respectable. 

Re-spect'a-ble, a. 1. Worthy of 
respect. 2. Moderate iu degree of 
excellence or in number. 

Re-spect'a-bly, adv. In a respect- 
able manner. 

Re-SPECT'ER, n. One who respects. 

Re-SPECT'ftje, a. Marked or char- 
acterized by respect. [ful manner. 

Re-spect'ful-ly, adv. In a respect- 

Re-spect'ing, p. pr., but called a 
prep. Having regard or relation to. 

Re-spect'ive, a. 1. Careful r wary. 

2. Having reference to ; relative. 3. 
Relating to particular persons or 
things, each to each. 

Re-SPECT'IVE-ly, adv. As relating 
to each ; particularly ; as each be- 
lougs to each. , [breathed. 

Re-spIr'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
REs'Pl-RA'TlON, n. [Lat. respiratio.] 
Act of breathing. [piration. 

Re-spir'a-to-ry, a. Serving for res- 
Re-spire', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
respirare ; re, again, and spirare, to 
breathe.] 1. To take breath again; 
hence, to take rest. 2. To breathe. 
— v. t. To breathe in and out ; to 
inspire and expire. 
Res'pite , 11. [Lat. respectus, respect, 
delay.] 1. A postponement or de- 
lay. 2. Temporary intermission of 
labor, or of any process. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To grant a respite to. 
Re-splen'dence, in. Vivid bright- 
Re-splen'den-cy, j ness ; splendor. 
Re-splen'dent, a. [Lat. resplen- 
dens, -dentis.] Shining with brilliant 
luster ; very bright. [brightness. 

Rk-splSn'dent-ly, adv. With great 
Re-spond', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
respondere ; re, again, back, and 
spondere, to promise.] 1. To answer ; 
to reply. 2. To correspond ; to suit. 

3. To make payment. 



Re-SPOND'ENT, a. Disposed to re- 
spond : answering. — n. One who 
responds ; especially, one wno an- 
swers iu certain suits. 

Re-sponse', n. 1. Actof responding. 
2. An answer or reply. 

Re-spon'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. State of 
being responsible. 2. That for Which 
any one is responsible. 3. Ability to 
answer in payment. 

Re-spon'si-ble, a. 1. Liable to be 
called on to answer. 2. Able to re- 
spond. 

Syx.— Accountable; answerable. 

RE-SPON'si'VE, a. 1. Able, ready, or 
inclined to respond. 2. Cori'espond- 
ent. [making answer. 

Re-spon'so-ry, a. Containing or 

REST, n. [A.-S. rest,rast.] 1. Cessa- 
tion from motion or labor. 2. Free- 
dom from all disturbance. 3. That 
on which any thing rests. 4. A place 
where one may rest. 5. (Mm.) A 
pause, or a mark of such a pause. 6. 
[Lat. restare, to stay back, to remain.] 
That which is left ; remainder. 7. 
Those not included. 

Syn. — Repose. —Pest is ceasing from 
labor or exertion; repose is a mode of 
resting which gives relief and refresh- 
ment after toil and labor. "We may rest 
in a standing posture; we usually repose 
in a reclining one. 

— iv*. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To cease 

from action or motioD. 2. To be free 

from whatever disturbs. 3. To lie ; 

to repose. 4. To be supported by. 

5. To sleep. 6. To die. 7. To trust ; 

to rely. — v.t. 1. To place at rest. 

2. To place, as on a support. 
Restaurant (reVto-rung' or reV- 

to-rant), n. [Fr. See RESTORE.] 

An eating-house. 
Restaurateur (res / tor / a / tur') ) n. 

[Fr.] The keeper of an eating-house. 
Rest'iff, a. Same as Restive. 
Res'ti-tO'tton, ii. [Lat. restitutio.] 

1. Act of restoring any thing to its 
rightful owner, or of giving an equiv- 
alent for any loss, damage, or injury. 

2. 'The equivalent given. 
REST'IVE, a. [From Lat. restare, to 

stay back, resist.] 1. Unwilling to 
go, or only running back; stubborn. 

2. Impatient; uneasy. [restive. 
Rest'ive-ness, ii. Quality of being 
REST'LESS, a. Never resting ; un- 
quiet ; uneasy. [manner. 

REST'less-LY, adv. In a restless 
Rest'less-ness, ii. Quality or state 

of being restless. 
REs'TO-RA'TlON, n. [Lat. restaura- 
tio. See Restore.] 1. Act of re- 
storing. 2. State of being restored. 

3. That which is restored. 
Syn. — See Recovery. 

Rfis'TO-RA'TION-IST, ii. One who be- 
lieves in a final restoration of all to 
the favor and presence of God. 

Re-stor'a-tjve, a. Having power 
to renew strength. — n. . A medi- 
cine efficacious in restoring strength. 

RES'TO-RA/TOR, n. A restaurateur. 

Re-store', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
restaurare.] 1. To bring back from 



a state of ruin or decay, and the 
like. 2. To give in place of, or as 
satisfaction for. 

Re-stor'er, n. One restores. 

Re-strain', v. t. [-ed;-vng.] [Fr. 
restreindre, Lat. restringere ; re, 
again, back, and stringere, to draw 
or bind together.] 1. To hold from 
acting, proceeding, or advancing. 2. 
To hinder from unlimited enjoyment. 
Sy'N.— To check; repress; restrict. 

Re-strain'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing restrained. 

Re-strain'er, a. One who restrains 

Re-straint',»i. 1. Act of restrain- 
ing; hindrance of the will, or of any 
action. 2. That which restrains. 
Syn.— See Compulsion. 

Re-strict', v. t. [-ed; -ing. [Lat. 
restringere, restrictum. See RE- 
STRAIN.] To restrain within bounds ; 
to limit ; to confine. 

RE-STRIC'TION, ii. 1. Confinement 
within bounds. 2. That which re- 
stricts. 

Re-strict'ive, a. Having the power 
or tendency to restrict. 

Re-strict'ive-LY, adv. In a re- 
strictive manner. 

Re-sult', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
resultare, to spring back.] 1. To 
come out, or have an issue. 2. To 
proceed or spring, as a consequence, 
from facts or arguments, &c — n. 
End to which any course or condi- 
tion of things leads, or which is ob- 
tained by any process or operation. 
Syn.— See Consequence. 

Re-sult'ant, ii. A force which is 
the joint effect of two or more forces. 
— a. Resulting. [resumed. 

Re-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Resume (ra/zu/ma/), n. [Fr.] See 
infra.} A brief recapitulation. 

Re-sume', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
resumere, resumption ; re, again, 
back, anil sumere, to take.] 1. To 
take back. 2. To enter upon or take 
up again. [ing. 

Re-su'mp'tton (84), 11. Act of resum- 

Re-sump'tive, a. Resuming. 

Re-su'PI-nate, a. [Lat. resupinatus, 
bent or turned back.] Turned up- 
side down ; inverted. 

R£s/UR-REC'TlON, ii. [Lat. resurrec- 
lio, fr. resurgere, to rise again.] 1. 
A rising again. 2. The rising again 
from the dead. 3. The future state. 

Res/ur-rec'tion-ist, n. One who 
steals bodies from the grave, espe- 
cially for dissection. 

RE'stm-vEY/, v. t [-ed; -ing.] To 
survey anew. 

RE-SUS'CI-TATE, V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 
[Lat. resuscitare, -talum ; re, again, 
and suscilare, to raise.] To revivify ; 
to recover from apparent death. 

Re-sus'ci-ta'tion, n. Act of reviv- 
ing from a state of apparent death. 

RE-stJS'ci-TAiTlVE, a. Reviving. 

Re-tail' (114), v.t. [-ed: -ing.] 
[Fr. retailler, fr. re, again, and tailler, 
to cut.] 1. To dispose of in small 
parcels. 2. To sell in small portions. 



or. do, wolf, too,to"ok; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, <?, silent ; c, G, soft.- €, g, hard; As ; exist ; N. as ng ; this. 



RETAIL 



REVEL 



Re'tail (114), n. Sale of commodi- 

tiesin small quantities. 
Re-tail'er, or Re'tail-er, n. One 

who sells goods at retail. 

Re-tain', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
retinere, retentum ; re, again, back, 
and tenere, to hold, keep.] 1. To 
continue to hold ; to keep in posses- 
sion. 2. To employ by a fee paid. 

IlE-TAIN'ER, n. 1. One who retains. 
2. A dependent. 3. A lee paid to 
engage a counselor. 

Re-take', u. l [-took; -taken; 
-taking.] 1. To take again. 2. To 
recapture. 

RE-TAL'I-ATE, V. t. [--ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. retaliare, -atum ; re, again, 
back, and talio, retaliation.] To re- 
turn the like for ; esp. to return evil 
for evil. — v. i. To return like for 
like. [ing. 

RE-TAL/I-A'TION, n. Act of retaliat- 

Re-TAL'i-A-TIVE, )a. Tending to, 

Re-tal'I-a-TO-RY, j or involving, 
retaliation. 

Re-tard', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
retardare ; re, agaiu, back, and tar- 
dare, to delay.] 1. To prevent from 
progress. 2. To put off; to render 
more late. 

Re'tar-da'tion, n. 1. Act of re- 
tarding. 2. That which retards. 

Retch, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hrxcan; Araca, cough, throat.] To 
make an effort to vomit. 

Re-TEN'TION, n. [Lat. retentio.] 1. 
Act of retaining ; state of being re- 
tained ; custody. 2. Power of re- 
taining. 

Re-ten'tive, a. Having the power 
to retain. [cent. 

Ret'i-cence, n. State of being reti- 

Ret'I-C ( jent, a. [Lat. reticens, keep- 
ing silence.] Inclined to keep silent ; 
taciturn. [small net or bag. 

Ret'i-cle,w. [See Reticule.] A 

Re-TJC'U-LAR, a. Having the form 
of a net, or of net-work. 

Re-TI€'U-LATE, I a. 1. Resembling 

Re-tic'u-la/ted, j net-work; net- 
ted. 2. Having distinct veins, fibers, 
or lines crossing like net-work. 

Re-tic'u-la'tion, n. 1. State of 
being reticulated. 2. That which is 
reticulated ; net-work. 

Ret'I-CULE ^30), n. [Lat. reticulum, 
dim. of rete, a net.] A little bag of 
net-work ; a lady's work-bag. 

RET'I-FORM, a. [Lat. rete, a net, and 
forma, form.] Like a net iu texture. 

Ret'I-NA, n. [L. Lat. fr. Lat. rete, a 
net.] The net-like tissue of the eye 
which receives the impressions re- 
sulting in the sense of visit n, 

RET'I-NUE, n. [Fr., fr. retenir, to re- 
tain, engage.] A body of retainers. 

Re-tire', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
retirer ; re, again, back, and tirer, to 
draw.] 1. To draw back or away. 2. 
To retreat from action or danger. 3. 
To withdraw from a public station. 
— v.t. 1. To pay up and withdraw 
from circulation. 2. To cause to re- 
tire, esp. from active service. [ner. 

Re-tirjbd'ly, adv. In a retired man- 



Re-tIre'MENT, n. 1. Act of retiring. 
2. State of being retired or with- 
drawn. 3. Place to which one re- 
tires, [ward. 

Re-tir'ing,/). a. Reserved ; not for- 

RE-TORT', V. t. [-EDJ-tNG.] [Lat. 
retorquere, retortum ; re, again, back, 
and torquere, to turn, twist.] 1. To 
throw back. 2. To return, as an 
argument or accusation, &c. — v. i. 
To return an argument or charge. — 
n. 1. A quick and witty response. 
2. A vessel in which substances are 
subjected to distillation or decompo- 
sition by heat. 

Syx. — Repartee. — A retort is a short 
and pointed reply, turning back on an 
assailant the censures or derision he had 
thrown out. A repartee is usually a 
good-natured return to some witty or 
sportive observation of another. 

Re-tort'er, n. One who retorts. 

Re-touch', v. t. [-ed.-ing.] To 
improve by new touches. 

Re-trace', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To track back, as a line. 2. To con- 
duct back in the same path or course. 

Re-tract', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
retractare, from retrakere, to draw 
back.] To recall, as a declaration ; to 
disavow; to recant. — v.i. To take 
back what has been said. 

Re-tract'I-ble, I a. Capable of be- 

RE-TRACT'lLE, j ing drawn back. 

Re-trac'tion, ii. Act of withdraw- 
ing something advanced, claimed, or 
done; recantation. [retract. 

Re-tract'ive, a. Able or ready to 

Re-treat', n. [Fr. retraite, from re- 
traire, to withdraw.] 1. Act of re- 
tiring, esp. for safety. 2. Place to 
which one retires. 3. A retiring from 
an enemy. — v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
withdraw ; to retire. 

Re-trench' (66), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[0. Fr. retrench fr ; re, again, and 
trencher, to cut.] 1. To cut off; to 
pare away. 2. To lessen ; to abridge. 

RE-TRENCH'MENT, n. 1. Removal 
of what is superfluous. 2. Act of less- 
ening or abridging. 

Ret/ri-bu'tion,?*. [Lat. retribuere, 
-bittum ; re, again, back, and tribnere, 
to bestow, pay.] 1. Act of repaying. 
2. State of being paid back. 3. Re- 
turn suitable to the merits of, as an 
action. 

Re-trib'u-tive, \a. Involving, or 

Re-trib'u-TO-RY, j pertaining to, 
retribution. [ing retrieved. 

Re-trie v'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 

Re-triev'al, n. Act of retrieving. 

RE-TRIEVE', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Fr. 
retroucer, to find again, to recover.] 
1. To restore from loss or injury. 2. 
To remedy the evil consequences of. 

Re'tro-act', or Ret'RO-act', v. i. 
[Lat. retro, backward, back, and Eng. 
act.} To act backward or in return. 

Re'tro-ac'tion, or Ret'ro-ac'- 
TION, n. 1. Action returned. 2. 
Operation on something preceding. 

Re'tro-act'Ive, or Ret'ro-act'- 
IVE, a. Fitted or designed to retro- 
act ; affecting what is past. 

Re'tro-cede, or Ret'ro-cEde, v. 



i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. retrocedert 
fr. retro, backward, back, and ceder* 
to go.] To cede or grant back. 

Re'tro-ces'sion, or RET'RO-CES'- 
SION (-sesh'un), n. 1. Act of retro- 
ceding. 2. State of being retro- 
ceded or granted back. 

Re'tro-gra-da'tion, or Ret'ro- 
gra-da'tion, n. Act of retrograd- 
ing or moving backward. — a. Going 
backward ; contrary. 

Re'tro-grade, or Ret'ro-grade, 
v.i. [-ED ; -INS.] [Lat. retrogra- 
dare. retrogradi, fr. retro, back, and 
gradi, to step, go.] To go backward. 

Re'tro-gres'sion, or Ret'ro- 
GRES'SION,n. [Lat. retrogressus.] 
Act of going backward. 

Re'tro-gres'sive, or Ret'ro- 
gres'sive, a. Going backward. 

Re'tro-spect, or Ret'ro-spect, 
n. [From Lat. retrospicete, -spccturn, 
to look back.] View or contempla- 
tion of something past. 

Re'tro-spec'tion, or Retro- 
spection, n. Act or faculty of 
looking back on things past. 

RE'TRO-SPECT'iVE, Or RET'RO- 

spect'ive, a. 1. Looking back. 
2. Having reference to what is past. 

Re'tro-spect'ive-ly, or Ret'ro- 
SPE€T'ive-LY, adv. By way of 
retrospect. 

Re'tro-vert, or Ret'ro-vert, v. 
t. [-eu;-ING.] [Lat. retro, back, and 
vertere, to turn.] To turn back. 

Re-turn', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
retourner; re, again, back, and tour- 
ner, to turn.] 1. Togo or come again 
to the same place or condition. 2. 
To answer. — v. t. 1. To bring, car- 
ry, or send back. 2. To repay. 3. 
To report officially. 

Syx. —To restore. — Weretnrn a thing 
when we turn it back to its appropriate 
place: we restore a tiling when we put 
it back to its former state and condition. 
A man return* what he borrowed, and 
restores what he stole. 
— n. 1. Act of returning. 2. That 
which is returned; as (a.) A pay- 
ment; a remittance, (b.) An answer. 
(r.) A formal account or report, (d.) 
The profit on labor, or an invest- 
ment, &c. 

Re-tOrn'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being returned. 2. Legally required 
to be returned. 

Re-UN'JON, n. 1. A renewed union. 
2. An assembling of familiar friends. 

RE'U-NITE', V. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To unite again. 

Re-VEAL', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
revelare ; re, again, back, and velaie, 
to veil.] To make known after hav- 
ing been concealed. 

Syx.— To divulge. — To reveal is lit- 
erally to lift the veil, and thus make 
known what was previously concealed; 
to divulc/e is to scatter abroad among the 
people, or make publicly known. 

RE-yiJIl/LE (re-vaFye), n. [Fr. re- 
veil, fr. reveiller, to awake.] [Mil. ) 
The beat of drum about break of day. 

Rev'el, v. i. [-ed, -ing; or -led, 
-LING, 137.] [0. Fr. reveler, to revolt, 



A. E, I, o,v,Y, long; A, £,1,6,0. \\ short; cAre, FAR, ASK ; ALL, what; ERE, VEIL, term; pique, firm; s6n, 



REVELATION 



!65 



RHABDOMANCY 



to rebel. See Rebel.] To fea-t in 
a riotous and lawless manner ; to 
carouse — n. A riotous feast. 

Rev'E-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of reveal- 
ing. 2. Tbat which is revealed. 3. j 
Last book of the New Testament. 

REv'el-er, ( n. One who revels or 

Rev'el-ler, J carouses. 

Rev'EL-ry, n. Noisy festivity. 

Re-venge', V. t. [-ED: -ING.] [0. 
Fr. revenger, fr r- . again, and ven- 
gier, to vindicate ] To inflict pun- 
ishment in vindication of, or in a 
spiteful or malignant spirit. [See 
Avenge] — n. 1. Act of revenging. 
2. Disposition to revenge. 

Re-V£NGE'ful, a. Full of revenge; 
given to revenge ; wreaking revenge ; 
vindictive. 

Re-VEN'GER, n. One who revenges. 

Rev'e-nue, n. [0. Fr.,from revenir, 
to returu, to proceed.] Income, espe- 
cially the annual produce of taxes, 
customs, &c, which a state collects 
for public use. 

Re-ver'ber-ant, a. Resounding. 

RE-VER'BER-ATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. reverberare, -ratum; re, again, 
back, and verberare, to lash, whip.] 

1. To send back, as sound ; to echo 

2. To reflect, as light or heat. 3. To 
repel from side to side. — v. ?'. 1. To 
resound. 2. To be repelled, as rays 
of light ; to echo, as sound. 

Re-VER'BER-A'TION, ii. Act of re- 
verberating. 

Re- ver'Ber-a-to-ry, a. Producing, 
or acting by , reverbation ; returning, 
or driving back. 

Re-VERE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
revereri; re, again, and vereri, to 
fear.] To regard with fear niingled 
with respect and affection. 

Rev'er-ence, n. 1. Fear mingled 
with respect and esteem ; awe ; ven- 
eration. 2. Act or token of venera- 
tion. 3. A title applied to priests. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To regard 
with reverence. 

REV'ER-END, a. [Lat. reverendus. 
See Revere.] Worthy of reverence ; 
— a title given to clergymen. 

Rev'ER-ent, a. [Lat. reverens.] 1. 
Expressing reverence. 2. Disposed 
to revere ; submissive. 

Rev'er-en'tial, a. Proceeding 

from, or expressing, reverence. 

REV'er-EN'tial-ly, adv. With rev- 
erence, [manner. 

Rev'er-ent-LY, adv. In a reverent 

Rev'ER-ie', I n. [Fr. reverie, fr. river, 

Rev'er-y, J to dream, to rave.] 
An irregular train of thoughts, oc- 
curring in meditation. 

Re-VEr'sal, n. [From reverse.] A 
change or overthrowing. 

Bje-v£rse' (14), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[La*\ revertere, r ever sum; re, again, 
back, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To 
cause to return or depart. 2. To 
change totally. 3. To turn end for 
end, or upside down ; to invert. 4. 
To overthrow ; to subvert. 6. To 
undo or annul for error ; to repeal. 

— n. 1. That which is directly op- 



posite to something else. 2. Com- 
plete change, esp. from better to 
worse. — a. Having a contrary or 
opposite direction. 

Re-verse'ly, adv. On the ether 
hand. [reversed. 

Re-vers'I-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-ver'sion, n. [Lat. reversio.] 1. 
The returning of an estate to the 
grantor or his heirs, after the grant 
is determined ; residue of an estate 
left after the determination of an- 
other estate carved out of it. 2. A 
right to future possession or enjoy- 
ment •, succession. 

Re-ver'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or involving, a reversion. 

Re-ver'sion-er, n. One who has a 
reversion. 

Re-v£rt' (14), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. revertere ; re, again, back, and 
vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn back; 
to reverse. 2. To drive back ; to 
Reverberate. — v. i. 1. To return ; to 
fall back. 2. To return to the pro- 
prietor, [reverted. 

Re-vErt'I-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Re -vErt'i ve , a. Tending to revert ; 
changing. 

Rev'er-y, n. See Reverie. 

Re-vest', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
revestire ; re, again, and vestire, to 
clothe.] 1. To clothe again. 2. To 
vest again with possession or office. 
— v. i. To take effect again, as a title. 

Re-VIEW (-vQ'), n. [Fr. revue, fr. re- 
voir, Lat. revidere, to see again.] 1. 
A second or repeated view. 2. A crit- 
ical examination of a new publica- 
tion, with remarks ; critique. 3. An 
examination of troops under arms. 
4. A periodical devoted to literary 
criticism. — v.t. [ -ED; -ing.] To 
go over and examine critically or 
deliberately. 

Re-view'er (re-vu'er), n. One who 
reviews ; a critic who publishes his 
opinion of books, &c. 

Re- vile', v. t. [-ed ; -tng.] To 
assail with opprobrious language. 

Re-vil'ER, n. One who reviles. 

Re-VI|'al, n. Act of revising, or re- 
examining for correction. 

Re-vise', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
revidere, revisum, to see again.] 1. 
To look at again ; to re-examine. 2. 
To review, alter, and amend. — n. A 
proof-sheet taken. after correction. 

Re-vIs/er, n. One who revises. 

Re-vi|'ion (-vizh'un), a. 1. Act of 
revising. 2. That which is revised. 

Re-vis'ion-al l (-vizn'un-),a. Per- 

Re-VIS/ion-a-ry j taining to revis- 
ion ; revisory. [again. 

Re-v|s/it,i\ t. [-ed ; -ing.] To visit 

Re-viv'al, n. Act of reviving, or 
state of being revived ; especially, re- 
newed interest in religion. 

RE-viv'AL-i'ST, n. An advocate for 
religious revivals. 

Re-vive', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
revivere ; re, again, and vivere, to 
live.] 1. To return to life. 2. To 
recover from a state of neglect, ob- 
scurity, or depression. — v.t. 1. To 



bring again to life. 2. To recover 
from a state of neglect or depression. 
3. To renew in the mind. [life. 

Re-VIV'I-f^-CA'TION, n. Renewal of 

RE-VIV'1-FiT, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
To cause to revive. 

REV'I-VIS'CENCE, n. Renewal of life. 

Rev'O-CA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
revoked. [being revocable. 

REV'O-CA-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of 

REVO-CA'TION, n. [Lat. revoca'tio.] 
1. Act of calling back. 2. State of 
being recalled. 3. Repeal; reversal. 

Re-voke', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
Revocation.] To annul by taking 
back ; to reverse, as a thing granted 
by a special act. — v. i. (Card- 
playing.) To fail to follow suit. 

Re-volt', or Re-volt' (20), v. i. 
[From Lat. revolvere, revolutum, to 
roll back.] 1. To renounce allegi- 
ance or subjection. 2. To be grossly 
offended. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
do violence to; to shock. — n. Re- 
nunciation of allegiance and subjec- 
tion. See Insurrection. 

REV'o-LU'TfON, n. [Lat. revolutio.} 
1. Act of revolving:, or turning round 
on an axis ; hence, any analogous 
regular return or change, as of the 
seasons. 2. Space measured by the 
regular returu of a revolving body. 
3. A total or radical change ; esp. a 
revolt successfully accomplished. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Tending or 
pertaining to a revolution. 

Rey'o-lu'TION-Tst, n. One engaged 
in effecting a chauge of government. 

Revo-lu'tion-Ize, v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To change completely, as by 
a revolution. 

Re-v6lve',v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
revolvere; re, again, back, and vol- 
vere, to roll, turn.] 1. To turn or roll 
round on an axis. 2. To move round 
a center. — v.t. 1. To cause to turn, 
as on an axis. 2. To reflect repeat- 
edly upon. 

Re-VOLV'en-cy, n. Revolution. 

Re-volv'er, n. A fire-arm with 
several barrels revolving on an axis. 

Re-vDl'sion, n. [Lat. revu/sio, from 
revellere, to pluck or pull away.] 
Act of holding or drawing back ; 
marked repugnance. 

Re-vOl'sive,V Tending to revul- 
sion ; repugnant. 

Re-ward', i\ t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. reiverdoner, reguerredoner. See 
Guerdon.] 1. To give in return, 
whether good or evil ; — especially 
good. 2. To compensate. — n. 1. 
That which is given in return for 
good or evil received ; — usually for 
good. 2. Compensation for services. 
Stn. — Recompense ; remuneration ; 
requital ; retribution. 

RE- wa rd'a-BLE , a. Worthy of being 
rewarded . 

Re-Waru'er, n. One who rewards. 

Rey'Sard, or Reyn'ard, n. [See 
Renard.] A fox ; renard. 

Rhab-dol'O-gy (rab-), n. Same as 
Rabdology. [domancy. 

RhXb'do-mXn'CY, n. Same as Rab 



or, do, wolf, too, EOOK5 URN, rue, full •■ js, i, o, silent ; <^. G, soft. ; c, &, hard; A§j EXIST ; N as ng ; this. 



RHAPSODICAL 



366 



RIDICULE 



Rhap-sod'I€-al, a. Consisting of 
rhapsody ; unconnected. 

Rhap'so-dist, n. One who recites or 
composes a rhapsody. 

Rhap'SO-dy (rap'-), n. [Gr. pa\}/wBia, 
from pdnreiv, to sew, to unite, and 
wSri, a song.] 1. A portion of an 
epic poem tit for recitation at one 
time. 2. A wild, rumbling composi- 
tion or discourse. [the river Rhine. 

RHEN'ISH (ren'ish), a. Pertaining to 

Rhet'o-ri-G (ret'o-rik, 123), n. [Gr. 
pTjTopi/cij (sc. Texvq), from prjropi/co?, 
rhetorical, oratorical.] 1. Art of 
elegant and accurate composition, 
especially in prose. 2. The power of 
persuasion or attraction. 

Rhe-t6r'I€-al (re-), a. Pertaining 
to, or involving, rhetoric. 

Rhe-tor'ic-al-ly (re-), adv. Ac- 
cording to the rules of rhetoric. 

Rhet'o-rPcian, n. 1. One well 
versed in the rules and principles of 
rhetoric. 2. An artificial orator. 

Rheum (rum), n. [Gr. pevpia, from 
peti/, to flow.] 1. An increased ac- 
tion of the excretory vessels of any 
organ. 2. A thin serous fluid, se- 
creted by the mucous glands. 

Rheu-mat'ic, a. Relating to rheu- 
matism, or partaking of its nature. 

Rheu'MA-ti§M (ru/ma-), n. [Gr. 
pevp-a.Ticrp.6s, from pevp.aTi£ecr0ai , to 
have a flux.] A painful inflamma- 
tion affecting the muscles and joints. 

Rheum'y (rijm'y), a. Abounding in, 
or causing rheum. 

Rhi-noc'e-ros, 
n. [Gr. pvvoKe- 
pcos, from pi'?, or 
piv, gen. pii/6s, 
the nose, and 
Kepas, a horn.] 
A pachyderma- 
tous mammal, 
— nearly allied to the hippopotamus. 

Rhi'NO-plas'tic, a. [Gr. pis, pivos, 
nose, and 7rAao-TiK:6?, fit for molding.] 
Forming an artificial nose, by bring- 
ing down a piece of flesh from the 
forehead. 

Rhi-zome' (ri-zom'), n. [Gr. pif>p.a, 
that which has taken root, fr. pi£a, 
a root.] A creeping stem growing 
beneath the surface of the soil. 

Rho'di-Om, n. [Gr. poSov, the rose, 
from the rose-red color of its salts.] 
Ametal extremely hard and brittle. 

Rho'do-den'dron, n. [Gr. poSoSev- 
Spov, i. e., rose-tree.] A genus of 
small trees having beautiful flowers. 

Rhomb (romb, 62), n. [Lat. rhombus, 
Gr. pop.j3os, from pencil', to whirl 
round.] A figure of four equal sides 
but unequal angles. 

Rhom'bic (rSm'bik), a. Having the 
figure of a rhomb. 

Rhom'boid (rom'boid), n. [Gr. pop.- 

/Soeifirjs ; pop.j3os, 

rhomb, and el- f 

80s, shape.] An / _,„.-*'"" 

elongated rhomb. / x »-'"*"* 

RHOM-BOID'AL k 

(rom-), a. Hav- Rhomboid, 
ing the shape of a rhomboid. 



Rhinoceros. 



Rhom'bus (rom'- . 

bus), n. Same as /\ j / 

Rhomb. / \ i / 

Rhu'barb (rn/biirb), / \ ; / 
r£ [Ur. pa, rhu- / \ [/ 

barb, and /3dp£apos, / \j/ 

foreign, strange.] ~ - — 
A plant of several Rhombus, 
species used in cookery and in medi- 
cine. 

Rhumb (rumb, 62). n. [See Rhomb.] 
(Navigatiqti.) Any given point of 
the compass : a line making a given 
angle with the meridian. 

RHtJMB'-LlNE (rumb'-J, n. (Naviga- 
tion.) The course of a vessel which 
cuts all the meridians at the same 
angle. 

Rhyme (rim), w. [From 0. H. Ger. 
hum, rim, series, number.] 1. Po- 
etry. 2. Correspondence of sound in 
the terminating words or syllables of 
verses. 3. A couplet or triplet. 4. 
A word answering in sound* to 
another, —v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make verses. 2. To accord in 
sound. — v. t. To put into rhyme. 

Rhym'er ( (rim-'-), n. One who 

Rhym'ster I makes rhjmes ; a 
poor or mean poet. 

Rhythm (rithm or rltrim), n. [Gr. 
pvflpos, Lat. rhythmvs.} 1. Division 
of time into short portions by a reg- 
ular and agreeable succession of mo- 
tions, impulses, sounds, &c. 2. 
Movement in musical time. 3. Har- 
monious flow of vocal sounds. 

Rhyth'mic, or Rhyth'mic, \ 

Rh YT H'MIC- al ,or RH V TH'MI€-AL , ] 
a. Pertaining to rhythm. 

R'i'AL, n. A Spanish coin. 

RiB, n. [A.-S.] 1. One of the bones 
inclosing the thoracic cavity. 2. 
That which resembles a rib in form 
or use. — v. t. [-BED ; -BING.] To 
furnish with ribs. 

RlB'ALD, n. [Cf. BAWD and 0. H. 
Ger. hr'ibn, hrlpa, prostitute.] A low, 
vulgar wretch; a lewd fellow. — a. 
Low ; base ; mean ; filthy. 

Rib'ald-ry, n. Low, vulgar lan- 
guage ; obscenity. 

Rib'bon, n. [Fr. ruban, orig. a red 
x'ibbon, from Lat. rubens, red.] 1. A 
fillet of fine silk or satin. 2. pi. The 
reins, or lines to guide a horse. — v. t. 
[-ED_; -ING.] To adorn with ribbons. 

RlB'ROAST, v. t. To beat 60undly. 

Rice, n. [Ar. aroz, ~ 
aruz, Gr. opv^a.] A 
plant and its seed, 
which farms an im- 
portant article of food. 

RlCE'-PA'PER, n. A 
thin, delicate paper, 
brought from China, 
and used for the man- 
ufacture of fancy arti- 
cles. 

Rich, a. [-er; -est.] 

[A.-S. ric] I. Pos- Rice - 

sessed of an unusually large amount 
of property. 2. Well supplied. 3. 
Productive or fertile. 4. Highly val- 
ued. 5. Abounding in nutritive quali- 




ties; also, highly seasoned. 6. TiviJ, 
bright. 7. Abounding in humor. 

Syn. — Wealthy ; affluent; opulent; 
auundant ; sumptuous ; precious. 

Rich'es, n. pi. ,.1'r. richesse.] Abun- 
dant possessions. [teously. 

RlCH'EY, adv. With riches; pleu- 

RlCH'NESS, 71. 1. State of being rich. 
2. That which makes any thing rich. 

Rick, n. [A.-S. hrectr, a heap.] A 
covered pile of grain or hay in the 
field or open air. 

Rick'ets. n. pi. [Perh. fr. A.-S. rice, 
/trie, back, spine.] A disease of chil- 
dren, characterized by a crooked 
spine, and other deformities. 

RlCK'ET-Y, a. 1. Affected with rick- 
ets. 2. Peeble in the joints; weak. 

Ricochet (rik'o-sha' or rik'o-shSt'), 
n. [Fr.] The firing of ordnance so as 
to cause the balls to rebound or roll 
along the ground on which they fall. 

RlD,i\*. l-DED ; -DING.] [A.-S. hred- 
dan.] To free ; to deliver. 

Riu'UANCE, n. 1. Deliverance; a 
clearing up or out. 2. State of being 
rid or free. 

RlD'D£N, p. p. Of Ride. 

Rid'dle (rid'dl), n. 1. [A.-S. hriddel, 
a sieve.] A sieve with coarse meshes. 

2. [A.-S. rxdeU, fr. r sedan, to coun- 
sel ; to guess. Cf. Read.] A puz- 
zling question ; enigma. 3. Any 
thing puzzling. — v. I. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To separate with a riddle. 2. To 
perforate with balls so as to make 
like a riddle. 3. To solve ; to explain. 

— v. i. To speak enigmatically. 
Ride, v. i. [rode, or rid ; rid, or 

RIDDEN; RIDING.] [A.-S. ridan.] 
1. To be carried on the back of any 
animator in a carriage. 2. To float. 

3. To be supported in motion. 4. 
To inanage a horse well. — v. t. 1. 
To sit on, so as to be carried. 2. To 
manage insolently at will. 3. To 
cause to ride. 

Syn. - Drive. — Ride originally meant 
to be carried on horseback or in a vehi- 
cle of any kind. Now, in England, 
drive is the word applied in most cases 
to motion in a carriage, as, a drive round 
the park, while ride is appropriated to 
motion on a horse, so that a " ride on 
horseback " would be tautology. 

— n. An excursion on horseback or 
in a vehicle. 

Rid'er, n. 1. One who rides. 2. An 
additional clause, as to a bill in 
Parliament. 

RlDGE, n. [A.-S. hrycg, hricg, back, 
pediment.] 1. The back, or top of 
the back. 2. "The top of any elon- 
gated elevation, great or small. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make into 
a ridge or ridges. 2. To wrinkle. 

Ridge'-pole, n. The timber or 
board forming the ridge of a roof. 

RlDG'Y, a. Having a ridge or ridges. 

RlD'I-CUEE (30), n. [Lat. ridicvlum, 
from ridiculus, laughable.] 1. Ex- 
pression of laughter, especially when 
mingled with contempt. 2. Writing 
which excites contempt with laugh- 
ter. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To laugh 
at with expressions of contempt. 



■&, e, i, 6, u,Y,2<>Kg7. &,£,!, 6 # u,y, sA«r* ; c Are , far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 



RIDICULOUS 



367 



RISIBLE 



Rf-Di€'u-LOUs, a. Fitted to excite 
ridicule. [See Ludicrous.] 

Ri-Dfe'U-LOtJs-L i', adv. In a ridicu- 
lous manner. 

Ri-di€'u-loCs-ness, n. Quality of 
being ridiculous. 

Rid'ing, n. 1. Act of one who rides. 
2. [Corrupted fr. trithing or triding, 
third.] One of the three jurisdic- 
tions into which the county of York 
J Eng.), is divided. [with a hood. 

Rid'ing-ho"od, n. A kind of cloak 

RlD'iNG-S€HOOL (-skTol), n. Aschool 
where the art of riding is taught. 

Rl-DOT'TO, n. [It., from L Lat. re- 
ductus, a retreat.] A public enter- 
tainment of music and dancing. 

Rife, a. [A.-S. ryf.] Prevailing. 

RlFE'LY, adv. Prevalently. 

RlFE'NESS, n. Prevalence. 

RlFF'RAFF, n. Refuse. 

RI'FLE (rl'lfl), n. [Ger. riefelen, riffeln, 
to chamfer, groove.] 1. A gun, the 
inside of whose barrel is formed with 
spiral grooves. 2. A whetstone for a 
scythe. [Amer.] — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[0. H. Ger. riftton, to pluck, to saw.] 

1. To seize and bear away by force. 

2. To rob ; to pillage. 3. To groove ; 
especially, to groove internally with 
spiral channels. [with a rifle. 

Rl'FLE-MAN (150), n. A man armed 

Ri'fler, n. One who rifles. 

RlFT, n. [From rive, to rend.] 1. A 

cleft ; a fissure. 2. A lordiag-plaee. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To cleave; 

to split. — v. i. To burst open. 
Rig, v. t. [-ged; -ging.] [A.-S. 

wrigan, wrihan, to cover, clothe.] 

1. To dress, esp. in an odd or fanci- 
ful manner. 2. To furnish with ap- 
paratus or gear. — n. 1. Dress; 
clothing. 2. Peculiar manner of 
fitting the masts and rigging to a 
vessel. 3. A sportive trick. 

Rig'ger, n. One who fits rigging. 

RiG'GlNG, n. Dress; tackle of a ship. 

RIGHT (rlt), a. [A.-S. riht, reht, Lat. 
rectus, kept straight, guided.] 1. 
Straight ; most direct. 2. Upright ; 
erect. 3. According with truth and 
duty. 4. Fit ; suitable. 5. Not mis- 
taken or wrong. 6 Not left, but its 
opposite. — adv. 1. In a right man- 
ner ; esp., in a right or straight line. 

2. According to law or rule. 3. In a 
great degree ; very. — n. 1. That 
which is right or correct, as adher- 
ence to duty, or to truth or fact. 2. 
That to which one has a claim. 3. 
That which is on the right side. 4. 
The outward or most finished sur- 
face. — v.t. [-ED ;-ING.]l. To set up- 
right ; to make straight. 2. To do jus- 
tice to. — v. i. To become upright. 

RlGHT'-AN-GLED (rit'-), a. Contain- 
ing an angle or angles of 90°. 

Right'eoCs (rl'chus), a. [0. Eng. 
rightivys, rigktwise.] Free from 
guilt or sin. 

Right'eoOs-ly (rl-'chus-), adv. In 
a righteous manner^ justly. 

Right'eous-nes? (rT'chQs-), n The 
quality of being righteous. 

RlGHT'FUL (rit'ful), a. 1. Consonant 



to justice. 2. Having a just claim. 
3. Being by right. 

RiGHT'FUL-LY (tit'-), adv. Accord- 
ing to the right. [being rightful. 

RIght'ful-ness (rlt'-), n. State of 

Right'-hand'ED (lit'-), a. Using 
the right hand habitually or more 
easily than the left. 

RlGHT'LY (rlt'-), adv. With right. 

RlGHT'NESS (rit'-), n. 1. Straight- 
ness. 2. Rectitude ; righteousness. 

RIg'id, a. [Lat. rigidus, to be stiff 
or numb.] 1. So firm as not to be 
easily bent. 2. Severe ; inflexible. 

Ri-gId'i-ty, n. 1. Want of pliability. 
2 Stiffness of manner. 

Rig'id-ly, adv. Stiffly; inflexibly. 

RiG'id-ness, n. Rigidity. 

RiG'MA-ROLE, n. [A corrupt, of Rag- 
maris-roll, an old record of the alle- 
giance of the Scottish nobility to Ed- 
ward I. of England.] Foolish talk ; 
nonsense. [Colloq.] 

Rig'or, n. [Lat., fr. rigere, to be 
stiff.] 1. State of being rigid. 2. A 
convulsive tremor, as iu the cold fit 
of a fever. 3. Severity, as of climate. 

Rig'or-ous, a. Manifesting, exercis- 
ing, or favoring rigor ; severe. 

RtG'OR-ous-Ei", adv. In a rigorous 
manner. 

Rig'or-ous-ness, n. Se/erity. 

RILE, n. [Either fr. L. Ger. rille, a 
small channel, a furrow ; or fr. 0. 
Eng. rigol, a small brook ; or fr. Lat. 
rivulus, a small brook.] A small 
brook ; a streamlet. 

RlM, n. [A.-S. rhna, re.oma, edge, lip.] 
Border, edge, or margin of something 
curving. — v. t. [-MED; -MING.] 
To furnish with a rim. 

RlME,n. [A.-S. hrim. Cf. GRIME.] 
White or hoar frost. 

Rl-MOSE' (125), a. [Lat. rimvsus, fr. 
rhna. a chink.] Full of chinks, like 
the bark of trees. Tfold or wrinkle. 

RlM'PLE (-pi), n. [A.-S. krympele.] A 

RIM'PLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
rumple ; to wrinkle. [frosty. 

RlM'Y, a. Abounding with rime ; 

RIND, n. [A.-S. rind, hrind, Gr. ptvds, 
the skin.] The external covering or 
coat, as the skin or bark. 

Rin'der-pest, n. A contagious dis- 
temper affecting neat cattle and 
sheep. 

RING, n. [A.-S. firing, hrinc, a circle.] 
1. A circle, or any thing in the form 
of a circular line or hoop. 2. Any 
sound continued or repeated. 3. A 
chime of bells. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To encircle. 2. [RANG, or RUNG ; 
RUNG ; RINGING.] [A.-S. kringan.] 
To cause to sound, esp. by striking, 
as a metallic body. — v. i. 1. To 
sound, as a bell, or other sonorous 
body. 2. To sound; to resound. 

RlNG'-BOLT, n. An iron bolt with a 
ring at one end. 

RTng'dove (-duv), n. A species of 
pigeon ; the cushat. 

R'iNG'ER, n. One who rings. 

RIng'lead-er, n The leader of men 
j engaged in illegal enterprise, [of hair. 
1 RlNG'LET, n. [Dim. of ring.] A curl 



Ring'worm (-wurrn), n. A cutaneous 
eruption forming discolored rings. 

RINK, n. [Scot., prob. fr. A.-S. hrincg, 
a ring.] An inclosed skating-pond. 

Rinse, v. t. [-ed ; -ing] [Icei. 
hreinsa, A.-S. hrssnan, to purge.] 
To cleanse by the introduction, or a 
second application, of water. 

RI'ot, n. [0. Fr. note, It. riotta.] 1. 
Wanton or unrestrained behavior. 
2. Disturbance of the peace by threo 
or more persons assembled together 
for that purpose. 

Syu\ — Tumult; uproar; sedition. 
— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To indulge 
in excess of luxury, feasting, beha- 
vior, &c. 2. To raise an uproar or 
sedition. [riot. 

Rl'OT-ER, n. One who engages in a 

Ri'OT-OtJS, a. 1. Involving or engag- 
ing in riot. 2. Seditious. [ner. 

RI'OT-otJS-LY,adz>. In a riotous man- 

Ri'P, v. t. [-PED ; -PING.] [A.-S. ry- 
pan. Cf. Reap and Rive.] 1. To 
tear off or out by violence. 2. To 
take away by cutting or tearing. — n. 
A tear ; a place torn ; laceration. 

Rl-PA'RI-AN, a. [Lat. riparius ; ripa, 
bank. J Relating to the bank of a river. 

Ripe, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. ripe, 
0. H. Ger. rift, allied to A.-S. rip, 
harvest.] 1. Having attained per- 
fection, as grain, fruit, &c. 2. Ad- 
vanced so as to be fit for use. 3. 
Consummate ; perfected. 4. Ready 
for action or effect. 
Sy^.— See Mature. 

RIpe'ly, adv. Maturely. 

Rip'en (rlp'n), v. i. [-ed: -ING.] 1. 
To grow ripe. 2. To approach or 
come to perfection. — v. t. 1. To 
make ripe, as fruit. 2. To mature ; 
to fit or prepare. 

RIpe'ness, n. State of being ripe; 
maturity ; completeness. 

RlP'PLE (rTp'pl), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Dim. of rip.] To be covered with 
small waves or undulations. — n. 1. 
The fretting of the surface of water. 
2. A little wave or undulation. 3. 
A kind of comb for flax. 

RlP'RlP, n. A foundation of stones 
thrown together without order, as in 
deep water. 

RlgE (rlz), v. i- [ROSE; RISEN; RIS- 
ING.] [A.-S. r'isan, arisan. Cf. 
Raise.] 1. To move or pass in any 
manner from a lower position to a 
higher ; to ascend : to become ele- 
vated. 2. To seem to rise ; to be- 
come apparent 3. To increase in 
size, force, or value, &c. 4. To close 
a session ; to adjourn. 

Rise (rls), n. 1. Act of rising, or state 
of being risen. 2. Distance through 
which any thing rises. 8. An ac- 
clivity or ascent. 4. Source ; origin. 
5. Increase; augmentation. 

Ris'ER, n. One who rises. [risible. 

RTs'l-BlL'l-TY, n. Quality of being 

RIs/I-BLE, a. [Lat. risibilis, fr. ridere, 
risum, to laugh.] Capable or wor- 
thy of exciting laughter. 

Syn. — Ludicrous; laughable; ridicu- 
lous. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, SOO&j URN, RUE, PULL; E, /, 0,silent; c, 6, soft; €,&,hard; Ag; E^IST ; N. asNG; THIS. 



RISK 



308 



ROGUERY 



RISK, «. [From Lat. resecare, to cut 
off.] 1. Hazard : peril, or degree of 
peril. 2 Liability to loss in proper- 
ty. 3. That which is liable to loss. 

Syn.— See Danger. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To expose to 
hazard or peril. 

Risk'er, ft. One who risks. 

B'JSK'Y.a. Attended with danger, 

Rite, n. [Lat. ritus.] Formal act of 
religion, or other solemn duty. 

Syn. — Ceremony; observance; ordi- 
. nance. 

Rl'TOR-NEL'LO, n. [It., dim. of 
ritorno, return.] A short symphony 
to an air. 

RiT'u-AL, a. [Lat. ritualis ; ritus, a 
rite.] 1, Relating to, or consisting of, 
rites. 2. Prescribing rites. — n. A 
book containing rites to be observed. 

RlT'U-AL-I§M, n. 1. Prescribed forms 
of religious worship, or the observ- 
ance of such forms. 2. Confidence 
in mere rites. 

Rit'u-al-ist, «. One skilled in, or 
devoted to, a ritual. 

Rit'u-AL-ly, adv. By rites, or by a 
particular rite. 

Rl'VAL, n. [Lat. rivales, two neigh- 
bors having a brook in common, ri- 
vals ; rivus, a brook.] One in pursuit 
of the same object as another ; a com- 
petitor. — a. Having the same pre- 
tensions or claims. — v.t. [ED -ING, 
or -LED, LING, 137 ] 1. To stand in 
competition with. 2. To strive to 
equal or excel ; to emulate. 

RI'VAL-RY, In. Act of rivaling, or 

Rl'VAL-SHlP, J state of being a rival. 
Syn.— See Emulation. 

Rive, v. t. [-ed; -ed, or -en ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. red/an, to break, split.] To 
rend asunder by force ; to split ; to 
cleave. — v. i. To be split. 

RlV'ER, n. [Lat. riparius, belonging 
to a bank, from ripa, a bank.] A 
stream of water, larger than a brook. 

RlV'ER-HORSE, ft. A hippopotamus. 

RlV'ET, ft. [Fr., fr, river, to rivet.] A 
pin of metal clinched at one or both 
ends. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
fasten with rivets. 2. To clinch. 

RIv'U-LET, n. [Lat. rivulus, dim. of 
rivus, a brook.] A small brook. 

RIx'-DOL'LAR, ft. [Ger. reichsthaler, 
i. e., dollar of the realm.] A silver 
coin of Germany, Holland, Denmark, 
and Sweden, varying in value from 
60 cents to $1.08. 

Roach, n. [A.-S. reohha, reohche.) A 
fresh-water fish of the carp family. 

Road (20), n. [A.-S. rad, fr. rldan, 
to ride.] An open or public way for 
traveling. 

Syn. — Way ; highway ; street. — Way 
is generic, denoting any line for passage 
or conveyance; a highway is literally 
one raised for the sake of dryness and 
convenience in traveling; a road is a 
way for horses and carriages; a street is 
a paved way, as early made in towns 
and cities, and hence the word is dis- 
tinctively applied to roads or highways 
in compact settlements. 
[Either from A.-S. rad, or from Icel. 



reida, preparation, fitting out (of 

ships).] A roadstead. 
ROAD'STEAD, n. A place where ships 

may ride at anchor, at some distance 

from the shore. 
Road'ster, «. 1. A vessel riding at 

anchor in a road. 2. A horse for 

traveling. 
Roam, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Orig. to 

go on a pilgrimage to Rome.] To 

walk or move about from place to 

place without any certain purpose. 

— v. t. To range or wander over. 
ROAM'ER, n. One who roams. 
Roan, a. [Sp. roano, from Lat. ravus, 

gray-yellow.] Bay, sorrel, or dark, 

with spots; — said of a horse. — n. 

1. A roan horse. 2. An imitation of 
morocco, made from sheep-skin. 

Roar, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
rarian.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, 
continued sound, as a lion, or one in 
pain. 2. To make a loud, confused 
sound, as winds, waves, &c. — n. A 
loud continuous noise, as of billows, 
a wild beast, or the like. 

Roar'er, n. One who roars. 

Roar'ing, /i. A loud, continuous 
sound, as of a wild beast, &c. 

Roast, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H. 
Ger. rOstjan.] 1. To cook, as meat, 
before the fire. 2. To parch by ex- 
posure to heat. 3. To heat excessive- 
ly. — ft. That which is roasted. 

To rule the 7-oa$l, to take the lead ; to 
domineer ; — of uncertain origin. 

— a. Roasted. 

Roasx'er, n. 1. One who roasts 
meat. 2. A contrivance for roasting- 
3. A pig for roasting. 

Rob, v. l. [-bed; -bing.] [Goth. 
ranbCn, A.-S. redjjan, Eng. reave.] 
To take away from by force ; to 
plunder. 

Rob'ber, «. One who commits a 
robbery. 
Syn. — Thief; plunderer. 

Bob'ber-y, n. The crime of robbing. 

Robe, n. [L. Lat. rauba, raupa, a 
theft, dress, garment, orig. booty. 
See ROB.] 1. An outer garment; 
esp one of a rich, flowing, or elegant 
style. 2. A skin of the wolf, buffalo, 
&c, prepared for use. [Amer.] — v. 
t. [-ed ; -ing.] To invest with a 
robe ; to drers. 

Rob'in, n. [Prop, an abbrev. of Rob- 
ert.] (a.) A European singing bird, 
having a reddish breast, (b.) An 
American singing bird, having the 
breast of a dingy orange-red color. 

ROB'O-RANT, a. [Lat. roborans, from 
robur, a hard kind of oak, hardness.] 
Strengthening. — w. A strengthening 
medicine ; a tonic. 

Ro-BUST', a. [Lat. robustus, oaken, 
hard, fr. robur, strength.] 1. Indi- 
cating strength and vigorous health. 

2. Requiring strength or vigor. 
Syn.— Strong; powerful. 

Ro-BUST'NESS, n. Quality of being 

robust; strength. 
Roche'-Al'um (rok'-), n. [Fr. roche, 

rock.] A pure kind of alum. 



Ro-chelle 1 " Pow'DERg (ro-sheK) 
Same as Sedlit/. Powders. 

RoCH'ET (rotch'et), n. [A.-S. roc, 
Icel. rockr, a coat, garment.] A linen 
garment resembling a surplice. 

ROCK, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. rvpira. 
from ritprs, a rock.] 1. A large mass 
of stony material. 2. Any natural 
deposit of stony material. 3. That 
which resembles a rock in firmness. 
4. [Icel. rockr, 0. H. Ger. rocco.] A 
distaff used in spinning. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. reocan, to waver, ex- 
hale, smoke.] 1. To move backward 
and forward on a support. 2. To still ; 
to quiet. — t*. ?'. To be moved back- 
ward and forward. 

Rock'a-way, n. A four-wheeled, 
two seated plea sure- carriage, with 
full standing top. 

Rock'-CRYS'TAL, v. Limpid quartz. 

RSck'ER, n. 1. One who rocks. 2. 
The curving piece of wood on which 
a cradle or chair rocks. 

RoCK'ET, n. 1. [It. ror.chetta, from 
rocca, a distaff. See ROCK ] An 
artificial firework, projected through 
the air 2. [Lat. eruca.] A plant, 
sometimes eaten as a salad. 

Rock'i-ness, m. State of being rocky. 

Rock'-oil, n. Same as PETROLEUM. 

Rock'-salt (8), n. Common salt 
occurring in rock -like masses in 
mines, or formed in large crystals, 
by evaporation from sea-water. 

Rock'-work (-wfirk), n. Masonry in 
imitation of natural masses of rock. 

Rock'y, a. 1. Full of rocks. 2. 
Formed of rocks. 3. Resembling a 
rock. 

Bod, n. [A.-S. rod, allied to Skr. ridh, 
to grow.] 1. Shoot or long twig of 
any woody plant. 2. Any long slen- 
der stick; as, (a.) An instrument of 
punishment, (b.) A kind of scepter, 
or badge of office. 3. A measure of 
Jength, containing 16| feet ; a perch. 

Rode (20), imp. of Ride. 

Ro'dent, a. [Lat. rodens.] Gnawing. 
— n. A gnawing animal, as a rat. 

Rod'o-mont-ade', n. [From Rodo- 
mont, in the Orlando Furioso of Ari- 
osto.] Vain boasting ; empty blus- 
ter. — v. i. To boast ; to bluster. 

Roe, n. [O. H. Ger. rogan, rogin] 
1. Ovary and eggs of a fish. 2. [See 
infra.] Female of any species of 
deer. 

B®- The milt of the male fish is some- 
times called soft roe. 

ROE'BUCK, ft. [A.-S. rah, ra, N. H. 
Ger. reh, rehbock.] A small species 
of male deer. 

Bo-ga'tion, ft. [Lat. rogatio, from 
rogare, to ask, beg.] Litany ; sup- 
plication. 

Rogation days, the three days imme- 
diately before the festival of Ascension, 
—Rogation v>eek, the second week before 
Whit-Sunday. . 

Rogue (rog, 20), ft. [Icel. hrokr, a 
brave, proud, or ha.ughty man. 1 1. 
A deliberately dishonest person ; a 
knave. 2. One who is mischievous. 

ROGU'ER-Y (rog/er-J-), n. 1. Fraud; 



I,E, 1,6, v, v,long; X,E,I,6,tJ,Y,«Aor«/CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what ; ERE, veil, t£rM; PIQUE, FIRM; s6N, 



KOGUISH 



369 



RORIFEROUS 



dishonest practices. 2. Arch tricks ; 
mischievousness . 

ROGU'ISH (roguish), a. 1. Dishonest. 
2. Slightly mischievous. 

Rogu'ish-ly (rog'ish-), adv. Like a 
rogue. 

RoGU'ISH-NESS (rog'ish-), n. Quality 
of being roguish ; knavery ; mis- 
chievousness. 

&oil (3S),v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Either 
fr. broil, or from 0. Eng. roile, reile, 
to roll.] 1. To render turbid by 
stirring up the dregs of. 2. To excite. 

Rois'TER-ER, n. [Prob. fr. Fr. rustre, 
a boor, a clown, clownish.] A bold, 
blustering fellow. 

RdLE (rol), n. [Fr. See Roll.] Part 
performed by a play-actor ; hence, 
any conspicuous action or duty. 

Roll, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
rotulare, from Lat. rotulus, rotala, a 
little wheel.] 1. To cause to revolve 
by turning over and over. 2. To 
wrap round on itself. 3. To involve 
by winding. 4. To drive forward 
with an easy circular motion. 5. To 
press or level with a roller. — v. i. 1. 
To revolre. 2. To move up and 
down, as waves, or from side to side, 
as a ship. 3. To beat a drum with 
very rapid strokes! — n. [From Lat. 
rotula, a little wheel.] 1. Act of 
rolling, or state of being rolled. 2. 
That, which rolls ; a roller. 3. That 
which is rolled up, as a register, or 
a small loaf of*bread. 4. The beat- 
ing of a drum with rapid strokes. 

Roll'— gall, n. Act or time of call- 
ing over a list of names. 

Roll'er, n. That which rolls on its 
own axis, as a cylinder of wood, 
stone, &c. 

Rol'lio, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [An 
abb rev. and modif. of frolic, with an 
allusion to roll.] To move in a care- 
Jess, swaggering, frolicsome manner. 

ROLL'ING-MILL, n. A mill with 
heavy rollers, through which heated 
metal is passed, to form it into sheets, 
_&c. 

ROLL'lNG-Pi'N, n. A wooden cylinder 
to roll out dough with. 

RO-MA'IC, n. [Mod. Gr. 'Poj/okukos.] 
The modern Greek language. — a. 
Relating to modern Greece, or its 
language. 

Ro'MAN, a. 1. Pertaining to Rome, or 
to the Roman people. 2. Pertaining 
to the Roman Catholic religion. 3. 
(a.) Upright; — said of the letters 
ordinarily used, like those in this 
paragraph. (&.) Expressed in letters, 
as I., IV., i., iv., &c. ; — said of nu- 
merals. 

Roman Catholic, pertaining to, or ad- 
hering to, the religion of that church of 
which the pope is the spiritual head. 

— n. A native of Rome. 
Ro-MANCE' (114), n. [L. Lat. roman- 
cium, the common vulgar language, 
which sprung from the Roman or 
Latin language.] 1. A fictitious and 
wonderful tale. 2. The language 
formed from a mixture of Latin with 
the languages of the barbarians in 



the south of Europe. — v. i. [-ED ; 
ING.] To write or tell romances or 
extravagant stories. 

Ro-man'cer, n. One who romances. 

Ro'MAN-ESQUE' (-esk'), a. Charac- 
terized by the debased style of archi- 
tecture of the later Roman empire. 
— n. 1. A debased style of architect- 
ure adopted in the later Roman em- 
pire. 2. The common dialect of some 
of the districts in the south of France. 

Ro-M \N'I€, a. Pertaining to Rome or 
its people, or to the languages which 
sprung cut of the old Eoman. 

Ro'MAN-isM, n. Tenets of the church 
of Rome. 

Ro'man-ist, n. A Roman Catholic. 

RO'MAN-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
convert to the Roman Catholic re- 
ligion or opinions. 

Ro-mXns^h', I n. [Gris.ru??iansch,ro- 

Ro-MANSH', j monsch, ramonsch.] 
Language of the Grisons in Switzer- 
land. 

Ro-man'ti€, a. 1. Pertaining to ro- 
mance ; hence, fictitious ; fanciful. 
2. Characterized by novelty, strange- 
ness, or vaiiety. 

Ro-MAN'Tl€-AL-LY, adv. In a ro- 
mantic manner. 

Ro-MAN'Ti-cisM, n. State of being 
romantic. 

Rom'ish, a. Relating to Rome, or to 
the Roman Cathode church. 

Romp, n. 1. A rude girl. 2. Rude 
play or frolic. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A different spelling of ramp.] To 
play rudely and boisterously. 

RoMP'lSH, a. Given to rude play. 

Ron-deau' (-do'), n. [Fr., fr. rond, 
round.] A musical composition, in 
which the first strain is repeated at 
the end of each of the other strains. 

Rood,b. 1. [SeeRoD.] Fourth part 
of an acre. 2. [A.-S. rod, rod, cross.] 
A representation of the crucified 
Christ, or of the Trinity. 

ROOF, n. [A.-S. hrof, top, roof.] 1. 
er part of nny house or barn, &c. 




Hip Roof. _ M Roof. 




Shed Roof. Conical Ogee Roof. 
Roof. 



2. That which corresponds 
with the covering of a 
house. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 

1. To cover with a roof. 

2. To shelter. Gable Roof. 
Roof'ing, n. 1. Materials of or for 

a roof. 2. The roof itself. 



5T\ 



Ro~of'less, a. 1. Having no roof. 2, 
Unsheltered. 

Roof'-tree, n. 1. The beam in the 
angle of a roof. 2. The roof itself. 

ROOK, n. 1. [Ar. rokh, or rukli, a fabu- 
lous bird, and the tower at chess.] 
(Chess.) One of the four pieces on 
the corner squares of the board ; a 
castle. 2. [A.-S. hrOc. Cf. 0. Sax. 
rouca, chattering, and Goth, hrick- 
jan, to croak.] A gregarious bird re- 
sembling the crow. — v. t or i. [-ED j 
-ing.] To cheat ; to defraud. 

ROOK'ER-Y, n. 1. A place where 
rooks build their nests. 2. A dilap- 
idated cluster of buildings. 

Rook'y, a. Inhabited by rooks. 

Room (29), n. [A.-S. r&m.] 1. Space 
which has been or may be set apurt. 
2. An apartment in a house. 3. 
Freedom to act. 4. Place left by an- 
other. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To oc- 
cupy a room ; to lodge. 

Ro_om'I-ness,«. Spaciousness ; space- 

Rooivi'Y, a. Having ample room; spa- 
cious ; wide. 

Roost, n. [A.-S. hrdst.] A pole on 
which birds rest at night ; a perch. 
— v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To rest, us 
birds on a pole ; to perch. 

Roost'er, n. The male of the do- 
mestic fowl : a cock. 

Root, n. [Icel., allied to Lat. radix.] 
1. The descending axis of a plant. 2. 
An ed'ble root. 3. That which re- 
sembles a root as a source of nourish- 
ment or support ; that fr. which any 
thing proceeds as if by growth ; esp., 
(a.) An ancestor. (6.) A word from 
which other words are formed, (c.) 
That factor of a quantity which when 
multiplied into itself will produce 
that quantity. — v.i. [-EJ>; -ING.] 
1. To enter the earth, as roots. 2. 
To be firmly fixed. 3. [A.-S. ivrotan, 
wrotian, to root, tvrdt, a snout.] To 
turn up the earth with the snout, as 
swine. — v.t. 1. To make deep or 
radical. 2. To tear up by the root ; 
to eradicate. 3. To turn up with the 
snout, as swine. 

Root'let, n. A little root. 

Root'y, a. Full of roots. 

Rope, n. [A.-S. rap, Goth, raip, raips.) 
1. A large, stout, twisted cord. 2. 
A string of things united. — v. i. 
[•ED; -ING.] To draw out into a 
filament or thread. — v. t. To draC" 
by, or as by, a rope. 

Rope '-danger, n. One who dances 
on a stretched rope. [made. 

Rop'er-y, ii. A place where ropes are 

Rope'- walk (-wawk), n. A long, 
covered building where ropes are 
manufactured. [viscosity. 

Rop'i-ness,«. Quality of being ropy; 

Rop'y, a. [From rope.] Stringy ; vis- 
cous ; glutinous. 

Roq'ue-latjre (rok'e-lor), n. [From 
a Due de Roqvelai/re, who introduced 
it.] A surtout made to button from 
top to bottom. 

Ro FtF'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. rorifer ; 
rus, roris, dew, and ferre, to bear.) 
Producing dew. 



or, do, wolf, too, TO"OK; tTRN, rue, pyLL •, E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft,; €, 5, hard; A§; E£IST ; N. as ng; this. 



RORQUAL 



370 



ROUND-SHOULDERED 



ROR'QUAL, n. [Norvr. rorqualus, a 
whale with folds.] A whale resem- 
bling the common whale, but having 
a more slender body , as well as lougi- 
tudinal folds on the throat and un- 
der parts. 

Ro-sA'CEOUS,a. [Lat. rosaceus; rosa, 
rose.] Relating to, or like, the rose. 

Ro'sa-RY, n. [Lat. rosarium ; rosa, a 
rose.] 1. A bed of roses, or place 
where roses grow. 2. (Rom. Cath. 

' Church.) A string of beads on which 
prayers are counted. 

Ro§E, n. [Lat. rosa, allied to Gr. 
poSov.] 1. A well-known plant and 
flower. 2. A rosette. 

Under the rose (Lat. sub rosa), in se- 
cret; privately; in a manner that forbids 
disclosure; —the rose being, among the 
ancients, the symbol of secrecy. 

— -v., imp. of Rise. 

Ro'sE-ATE, a. [Lat. roseus, rosatus ; 
rosa, a rose.] 1. Full of roses ; rosy. 
2. Of a rose coJor. 

Rose'-col'ored, a. 1. Having the 
color of a rose. 2. Uncommonly 
beautiful ; hence, extravagant. 

Ro§E'MA-RY, n. [Lat. rosmarinus ; 
ros, dew, and marinus, marine.] A 
plant having a fragrant smell, and a 
warm, pungent taste. 

Ro-SETTE', n. [Fr., dim. of rose, a 
ro«e.] 1. An imitation of a rose made 
of ribbon, &c. 2. An ornament in 
_the form of a rose. 

RogE'-WA'TER, n. Water tinctured 
with roses by distillation. — a. Hav- 
ing the odor of rose-water ; hence, 
sentimental. _ 

RSsE'-wilVDOW, n. A circular win- 
dow with divisions which bear a re- 
semblance to the leaves of a rose. 

RogE'WbOD, n. The wood of differ- 
ent kinds of trees, growing in warm 
climates. 

Ros/I-cru'cian, n. [Lat. ros, dew, 
(thought to be the most powerful 
dissolvent of gold), and crux, cross, 
(the emblem of light).] One of a 
sect of hermetical philosophers, who 
made great pretensions to a knowl- 
edge of the secrets of nature. — a. 
Pertaining to the Rosicrucians. 

R5|'IN, n. [A different form of resin.'] 
The resin obtained from turpentine. 
— v. t. To rub with rosin. 

R6s'lN-Y, a. Like rosin, or partaking 
of its qualities. 

Ross, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. grus, graus, 
coarse sand, rubbish. ] Rough, scaly 
matter on the bark of trees. 

RSs'TER, n. [A corruption of regis- 
ter.'] An official list of military 
officers. 

Ros'TRAL, a. [Lat. rostralis j ros- 
trum, a beak.] Like, or relating to, 
a rostrum, or the beak of a ship. 

Ros'trate, ) a. [Lat. rostratus ; 

Ros'TRA-ted, ) rostrum, a beak.] 
Furnished or adorned with beaks. 

ROS'TRUM n. [Lat., from ror/err t to 
gnaw.] 1. Beak or bill of a bird. 2. 
Beak of a ship. 3. An elevated place 
for public speakers 

Ros/Y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Re- 



sembling a rose in colo", form, or 
qualities ; blooming ; blushing. 
Rot, v. i. [-ted; -ting.) [A.-S. 
rotian.] To be decomposed; to go 
to decay. 

Syn. — To putrefy; corrupt; decay. 

— v. t. To make putrid ; to bring to 
corruption. — n. Decay; putrefac- 
tion ; specifically , a fatal distemper 
incident to sheep. 

Ro'ta-rv, a. [Lat., fr. rota, wheel.] 
Turning, as a wheel on its axis ; ro- 
tatory. 

Ro'TATE, a. [Lat. rotatus, turned 
round like a wheel ; rota , wheel ] 
Wheel-shaped. — v. i. [-ED ; -1NG.J 
To revolve or move round a center. 

— v. t. To cause to revolve. 
Ro-TA'TION, n. [Lat. rotatio. See 

Rotate.] 1. Act of turning, as a 
wheel. 2. Any succession in a series. 
3. Frequent change of crop on a 
piece of land. [rotary. 

Ro'ta-tive, a. Turning as a wheel ; 

Ro'TA-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Turning on 
an axis. 2. Following in succession. 

ROTE, n. [0. H. Ger. rota, hrota, W. 
crwth.] A musical instrument simi- 
lar to the hurdy-gurdy. — n. [0. Fr. 
rote, N. Fr. route, road, path.] M*re 
repetition without attention to the 
meaning. 

Kot'ten (rot/tn),rt. [See ROT.] Pu- 
trid ; deca> ed. 

Rot'TjEN-ness (109), n. State cf be- 
ing rotten. 

Rot'TEN-stone, n. A soft stone 
for polishing metallic substances. 

Ro-TUND', a. [Lat. rotundus, fr. rota, 
a wheel.] 1. Circular ; spherical. 2. 
Complete ; entire. 

Ro-TUN'DA, a. [From Lat. rotundus, 
round.] Any building round both on 
the outside and inside. 

Ro-TUND'I-TY, n. Roundness ; sphe- 
ricity ; circularity . 

Route (rob-aV), n. [Fr., prop. p. p 
of rouer, to break upon the wheel.] 
A debauchee ; a rake 

ROUGE (robzh), n. [Fr. rouge, from 
Lat. rubeus, red.] A red cosmetic for 
the cheeks or lips. — v. i. [-ED: 
-ING.] To paint the f «ce or cheeks 
with rouge. — v.t. To paint with 
rouge. 

Rough (ruf), a. [-er : -est.] [A.-S. 
hreoh, hreog, rfih, rhg.] 1. Having 
inequalities, small ridges or points 
on the surface. 2. Lacking refine- 
ment, gentleness, or polish ; rude ; 
uncivil ; harsh ; austere — n. A 
rude, coarse fellow; a bully. — v. t. 
To render rough . 

To rough it, to encounter and overcome 
difficulties or hardships. 

Rough'-gast (ruf-), v. t. [-cast ; 
-TNG.] 1. To form or mold rudely. 
2. To plaster with a mixture of plas- 
ter and shells. — n. 1. A rude model. 
2. A mixture of plaster with shells. 

Rough'-DRAW (ruf-), v. t. To de- 
lineate coarselv. 

ROUGH'^N (rufn), v. t. f-ED; -ING.] 
To make rough. — r . i. To grow or 
become rough. 



Rough'-hew (rufhG), v. t. [-ed. 

-n ; -ING.] To hew coarsely. 
RoDgh'ly (ruf'ly), adv. In a rough 

manner ; harshly ; austerely. 
RoOgh'ness (rufnes), n. Quality or 

state of being rough. 
RoUgh'-shod (ruf-), a. Shod with 

shoes armed with points. 
Rouleau (rob-lo'), w.; pi. noff- 

LEAUX (roo-mV). [Fr., a roll.] !L 

roll of coins in paper. 
Roulette (rub -let'), n. [Fr., prop. 

a little wheel or ball ; roultr, to roil. J 

1. A game of chance 2. A small 
toothed wheel used by engravers. 

Rounce, n. [Cf. Fr. ronce, bramble, 
thorn.] Handle of a printing-press. 

Round, a. [See Rotund.] 1. Like 
a ball or a circle ; spherical ; curved. 

2. Full ; complete. 3. Not inconsid- 
erable; large. 4. Positive; decided. 

Round number, one approxinmtely near 
the truth. — Hound robin, a written peti- 
tion, meinoriul, remonstrance, or instru- 
ment, signed by names in a ring or cir- 
cle, so as not to show who signed it first. 

— n. 1. That which is round, as a 
circle or a sphere. 2. A series of 
events ending where it began. 3. A 
series of duties to be performed in 
turn, and then repeated. 4. Rota- 
tion, as in office; succession. 5. Step 
of a ladder. 6. A short, vocal piece, 
in which three or four voices follow 
each other round in a species of 
fugue in the unison. 

Round of beef, a cut of the thigh 
through and across the bone. 

— adv. 1. On all sides. 2. Circu- 
larly. 3. From one side or party to an- 
other. 4. Back to the starting point 

— -prep. 1. On every side of ; around 
2. About. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make circular, spherical, or cylin- 
drical. 2. To complete. 3. To make 
protuberant. 4. To move about. — 
v. i. To grow or become round. 

Round'A-BOUT, a. Indirect; going 
round. — n. 1. A sort of surtout. 2. 
An arm-chair with a rounded back. 

Roun'del, n. [Fr. rondelle, a round, 
a round shield.] 1. A small circular 
shield in the 14th and 15th centuries. 
2. (Her.) An ordinary in the form 
of a small jcircle. 

Roun'de-lay, n. [0. Fr. rondelet, fr. 
rond, round.] A sort of ancient poem , 
in which certain parts are repeated. 

Round'he ad, n. A Puritan ; — from 
the practice which prevailed among 
them of cropping the hair. 

Round'IIOUSE, n. 1. A constable's 
prison. 2. (Naut.) A cabin in tno 
after part of the quarter-deck. 

ROUND'ING, ) a. Somewhat round: 

Round'ish, J nearly round. 

Roukd'let, n. A little circle. 

Round'ly, rtrff. 1. In a round form. 

2. Openly : boldly. 3. With speed. 
RoUND'NESS,n. 1. Quality or state of 

being round. 2 Smoothness of How 

3. Plainness ; boldness. 
Syn.— Circularity ; sphericity. 

Round'-shoul/dered, a. Having 
the shoulders projecting behind. 



a, e, I, o, u, ¥,long; A. is. 1. 6,0, It, short; care, far, ask, all what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fTrm ; s6n 



ROUSE 



371 



RUGGEDNESS 



Rouse, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S.rfi- 
siaii. See Raise.] 1. To wake from 
sleep 2. To excite to lively thought 
~-r action. 3. To put into motion. 4. 
To startle or surprise. — v. i. 1. To 
awake. 2. To be excited to thought 
or action. — n. [Icel. rilss ; russa, to 
ge f drunk.] A carousal ; a festival. 

Rous'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
rouses or excites. 

ROUT (40), n. [0. Fr. route, rote, com- 
pany, fr. Lat. ruptus, broken.] 1. A 
fashionable assembly, or large even- 
ing party. 2. A rabble. 3. An up- 
roar; a noise. 4. [Lat. ruptus, rupta, 
broken.] Defeat of troops, or the 
disorder and confusion of defeated 
troops. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To de- 
feat and throw into confusion. 

ROUTE (root or rowt, 40), n. [Fr. 
route, fr. Lat. rupta (sc. t'/a,fr. rurn- 
pere, to break ; hence, lit. a brokea 
or beaten way.] The course or way 
traveled ; a passing ; a march. 

ROU-TINE' (rJb-teen'), n. [Fr., from 
route, a path, way, road.] 1. A round 
of business, or pleasure. 2. Any reg- 
ular course of action. 

Rove, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Orig. to 
rob, and hence, to range, to wander.] 
To wander ; to ramble ; to range. — 
v. t. 1. To wander over. 2. [Perh. 
fr. reeve.] To draw through an e^e 
or aperture ; to card, as wool. 

Rov'er, n. 1. A wanderer. 2. A pi- 
rate ; a freebooter. 

ROW (r3), n. [A.-S. raw.] 1. A line 
of persons or things ; a rank. 2. An 
excursion in a boat with oars. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. rOwan. Of. 
Rudder.] 1. To impel, as a boat 
by oars. 2. To transport by rowing. 

— v. i. 1. To labor with the oar. 2. 
To be moved by oars. 

Row (rou), n. [Abbreviated fr. rout.] 
A riotous disturbance. 

Row'dy (rou'dy), n. [From rout, or 
row.] A riotous, turbulent fellow. 

Row'EL (rou'el). n. [Fr. rouelle ; 
Lat. rotulu, a little wheel ] 1. The 
little wheel of a spur. 2 A kind of 
seton. — v. t. [ED, -ING; or LED, 
-LING, 137.] To insert a rowel in. 

Row'en (rou'en), n. [Called also row- 
ings, roughings, fr. rough, 0. Eng. 
row, roive.] Second growth of grass 
in a season. 

Row'er, n. One who rows. 

Row'lock (rolloq. riit'uk), 7i. A con- 
trivance to support an oar in rowing. 

ROY'AL, a. [Fr. royal, fr. Lat. regalis. 
See Regal.] 1. Pertaining to the 
crown. 2. Becoming a king or queen. 
Syn. — Regal; kingly. 

— n. 1. A large kind of paper. 2. 
A small sail above the top-gallant- 
sail. ^ [duct of royalists. 

ROY'AL-ISM, n. Principles or con- 
Roy'al-Ist, n. An adherent to a 

king, or a kingly government. 
ROY'AL-IZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 

make royal. [manner. 

Roy'al-ly, adv. In a royal or kingly 
Roy'al-TY, n. [0. Fr. royaulte, N. 

Fr. royaute ] 1. State of being royal. 



2. Person of a king. 3. Royal pre- 
rogative. 4. Kingdom ; domain. 5. 
A tax paid to the government, as on 
the produce of a mine. 6. A per- 
centage paid to the owner of an ar- 
ticle or privilege by one who hires 
the use of it. 
Rub, v. i. [-bed; -bing.] [\V. 
rhwbiaw, 0. H. Ger. riban. Cf. 
Rive.] 1. To wipe; to clean; to 
scour. 2. To spread a substance 
thinly over the surface of; to smear. 

— v. i. 1. To move along the sur- 
face of a body with pressure. 2. To 
chafe. 3. To pass with difficulty. — 
n. 1. Act of rubbing; friction. 2. 
That which rubs ; a pinch. 3. Sar- 
casm ; joke. 

RtJB'BER, n. 1. One who rubs. 2. 
In some games of chance, the deci- 
sive game or games. 3. (pi.) Over- 
shoes made of india-rubber. 

India-rubber, caoutchouc ; — originally 
used to rub out pencil marks. 

RUB'BISII, n. [Orig. that which is 
rubbed off.] Waste or rejected mat- 
ter ; fragments ; ruins. 

Rub'ble, n. Rough stones, broken 
bricks, &c.,_used in coarse masonry. 

Rub'ble-stone, n. 1. Rubble. 2. 
A kind of conglomei'ate rock. 

Ry/BE-FA'CTENT, a. Making red. — 
n. [Lat. rubefacient, making red.] 
A substance which produces redness 
of the skin. 

Ru-BES'CENT, a. [Lat. rubescens, 
growing red.] Becoming red ; tend- 
ing to a red color. 

Ry/Bl-€UND, a. [Lat. rubicundus; ru- 
ber, red.] Inclining to redness. 

Ru-BiF'ie, a. [Lat. ruber, red, and 
faeere, to make.] Making red. 

Ru-Bi'GO,n. [Lat.] (.Bo*.) A kind 
of rust on plants ; mildew. 

Ry/BLE (rii'bl), n. [Russ. rubl, orig. 
a piece cut off.] A silver coin of 
Russia, worth about SO. 75. 

Ry'BRI-e, n. [Lat. rubrica, fr. ruber, 
red.] That part of any work which 
in.the early manuscripts and typog- 
raphy was colored red ; specifically, 
(a.) ( Law-books.) The title of a stat- 
ute. (6.) ( Episcopal Prayer-book.) Di- 
rections for the conduct of service. 

Ry'BRre-AL, a. 1. Colored in red. 2. 
Pertaining to the rubric. 

Ry'BRl€-ATE, v. t. To mark or dis- 
tinguish with red. 

Ry'BY (32), n. [Lat. rubeus, red, red- 
dish.] 1. A precious stone of a car- 
mine red color. 2. A printing type 
smaller than nonpareil; — so called 
in England. 
Ggg^ This type is Ruby or Agate. 

— a. Of the color of the ruby ; red. 
RUCHE (rcTbsh), n. [Fr., fr. ruche, a 

beehive, which was formerly made 
of bark.] A kind of plaited quilling. 

Ruck, v. t [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. 
hrucka, to wrinkle.] To draw into 
wrinkles or folds ; to crease. — n. A 
wrinkle or plait in cloth. 

Rue-TA'TION, it. [Lat. ructare, to 
belch.] Act of be'ching. 



Rudd, n. [A.-S. rud, red, from i*3 
red irises.] A fresh-water European 
fish of the carp family. 

RUD'DER, n. [A.-S. rodher, Cf. Row.] 
1. The instrument by which a ship 
is steered. 2. That which guii'~- 

Rud'di-ness, n. Redness; a lively 
flesh color. 

RUD'DLE,n. [A.-S. rud, red.] A spo« 
cies of red earth ; red ocher. 

Rud'dy, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
rud, reid, red.] 1. Red. 2. Ofalive s y 
flesh color. 

Rude (32), a. [-ER: -est.] [Lat. ru- 
dis.] Characterized by roughness; 
uneven ; rugged ; lacking delicacy or 
refinement. [ly ; uncivilly. 

Rude'ly, adv. Coarsely ; unskillfol- 

Rude'NESS, n. Condition of being 
rude ; unevenness ; coarseness ; inel- 
egance ; incivility. 

Ru'di-ment (32), n. [Lat. rudi me n- 
"tum,fr. rudis, unwrought ; rude.] 1. 
Unfinished beginnings. 2. A first 
principle of any art or science. 3. 
An organ not fully formed. 

Ry'DT-MENT'AL, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

Ru'di-ment'a-ry, J to rudiments ; 
initial. 2. Imperfectly developed. 

Rue (32), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.J [A.-S. 
hreoivan.] To lament; to regret. — 
n. [Gr. pvTij ; A.-S. rdde.] A bitter 
plant with a strong odor. 

Rue'ful, a. 1. Causing one to la- 
ment ; mournful. 2. Expressing sor- 
row. 

Rue'ful-ly, adv. Mournfully. 

RUFF, n. [0. Eng. ruff, equiv. to 
rough.] 1. A collar plaited, crimped, 
or fluted. 2. Something formed in 
plaits or flutings. 3. A bird allied to 
the woodcock. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
To ruffle ; to disorder. 

RUF'FIAN (riif/yan or -fi-an), n. [Prob. 
from Ger. raufen, to pluck, scuffle, 
fight.] A boisterous, brutal fellow. 
— a. Brutal ; savagely boisterous. 

RijF'F[AN-isM (ruf'ya.n- or rtii'ii-an-), 
n. Act or conduct of a ruffian. 

RUF'FIAN-LY (ruf/yan- or ruf 'fi-an-), 
a. Like a ruffian ; bold in crimes. 

RUF'FLE (ruMl), V. t. [-ED,-ING.] 
[From 0. Eng. ruff, equiv. to rough.] 

1. To make into or like a ruff. 2. To 
disturb the surface of. 3. To discom- 
pose; to agitate. 4. To throw into 
confusion. — v. i. To play loosely ; 
to flutter. — n. 1. A strip of plaited 
cambric; a frill. 2. State of being 
ruffled or disturbed. 3. A low, vi- 
brating beat of a drum. 

Ru'fous, a. [Lat. rufus.] Reddish; 

brownish-red. 
Rug, n. [A.-S. rug, rough. See 

RoUGH.] A coarse, woolen fabric 

for protecting a carpet, ic. 
Rug'ged(60), a. [From the root of 

rug, rough.] 1. Rough and uneven. 

2. Harsh ; austere. 3. Stormy ; tur- 
bulent ; tempestuous. 4. Rough to 
the ear. 5. Violent ; rude ; boister- 
ous. 6. Vigorous ; robust. [ner. 

Rug'ged-LY, adv. In a rugged man- 
ROg'ged-ness, n. Quality ^pr state 
of being rugged. 



or, do, wolf, to~o, TOOK ; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, sj'I nit ; C, G, so/?; €, g, hard; Ag J E3CIST ; n as ng ; t-eis 



RUGOSE 



372 



RUSTLE 



Ru-GOSE' (125), a. [Lat. rugosus; 
ruga, a wrinkle.] Full of wriukles. 

Ry'IN, n. [Lat. ruina, fr. mere, to fall 
with violence.] 1. That which is fallen 
down and become worthless ; esp., in 
the pi., remains of a destroyed or 
desolate house, city, &c. 2. State 
of being decayed, or worthless. 
Syn. — Destruction ; fall; overthrow. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To impair se- 
riously : to damage essentially. — v. 
i. To fall to ruins ; to perish. 

Rtj'in-a'tion, n. Subversion ; demo- 
lition. 

Ry'lN-ER, n. One who ruins. 

Ry'lN-oiJS, a. 1. Bringing certain 

. "ruin. 2. Characterized by ruin. 3. 
Consisting in ruins. 

Ry'IN-oOs-LY, adv. Destructively. 

Ry'lN-ous-NESS, n. State or quality 
"of being ruinous. 

Ryi/A-BLE , a. Accordant to rule. 

RULE (32), n. [Lat. regula, a ruler, 
rule, fr. regere, to lead straight, to 
direct.] 1. An instrument to guide 
in drawing a straight line. 2. That 
which is prescribed as a guirle to 
conduct or action. 3. Government ; 
control. 

. Rule of Tliree (Arith.) a rule which 
directs, when three terms are given, how 
to jind a fourth; proportion. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To mark 
with lines by a ruler. 2. To govern. 
3. To establish. 4. To require or 
command by rule. — v. i. 1. To 
have power or command. 2. To de- 
cide ; to order by rule. 3. To stand 
or maintain on a level. 

RUL'ER, n. 1. An instrument for 
drawing lines ; a rule. 2. One who 
rules ; a governor. 

Rul'ing, p. a. 1. Marking with a 
"ruler. 2. Predominant; reigning. 

RUM, n. [Said to be a West Indian 
word.] A kind of spirit distilled 
from molasses. — a. [Prov. Eng., 
old-fashioned rubbish.] Old-fash- 
ioned; queer; odd. [Cant.] 

RUM'BLE , n. A low, heavy sound. — 

— v.i. [-ED ; -ING-.] To make a low, 
heavy, continued sound, [rumbles. 

RUM'BLER, n. One who, or that which, 

Ry'MI-NANT, a. [Lat. ruminans, 
chewing the cud, fr. rumen, the 
throat.] Chewing the cud. — n. An 
animal that chews the cud. 

Ry'Ml-NATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To chew the cud. 2. To muse ; to 
meditate. — v. t. 1. To chew over 
again. 2. To muse or meditate on. 

Ry'Ml-NA'TlON, n. 1. Act of chew- 
ing thecud. 2. Deliberate reflection. 

Ry'Ml-NA'TOR, n. One who rumi- 
nates or muses. 

Uum'mage, n. [Fr. remuage, a mov- 
ing or stirring, fr. Lat. re, again, and 
mutare, to move from its place.] A 
thorough or close search. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING. J To search or examine 
thoroughly. 

Ry'MOR, n. [Lat.] 1. A current story, 
"without any known authority for the 
trutff of it. 2. A story well author- 
ized. 



Syn.— Report; hearsay; story. 

— v. t. [-ejd:-ing.] To report by 
rumor. 

Ru'mor-er, n. A teller of news. 

RUMP, n. [Icel. rumpr, a tail.] End 
of the back-bone with the parts ad- 
jacent : buttocks. 

RUM'PLE (runi'pl), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[SeeRlMPLE.] To make uneven ; to 
wrinkle. — n. An irregular fold or 
plait; [and confusion. 

RUM'PUS, n. A disturbance ; noise 

Run, v. i. [RAN, or RUN; run; 
RUNNING.] [A.-S. rinnan, runnon, 
Goth, and 0. II. Ger. rinnan. \ 1. To 
go with a more rapid gait than by 
walking ; hence. — said of inani- 
mate things, — to move with an easy 
or rapid movement. 2. To move or 
go ; — said of voluntary or personal 
action. 3. To be moved; to pass ; to 
go ; — said of involuntary motion. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to run, in the va- 
rious senses of the word. 2. To pur- 
sue in thought. 3. To thrust. 4. To 
drive or force. 5. To shape ; to cast. 
6. To mark out ; to determine. 7. To 
smuggle. 8. To hazard : to venture. 

— n. 1. Act of running. 2. That 
which runs; also, rate of running; 
mode of conduct. 3. State of being 
current ; currency. 4. A brook ; a 
creek. 5. A pressure on a bank for 
payment of its notes. 

RUN'A-GATE, n. [See RENEGADE.] 
A fugitive ; a renegade. [serter. 

Run'a-way, n. A fugitive; a de- 

Run'dle, n. [Eng. round.] A round; 
a step of a ladder. 

Rune , n. [A.-S. rftrc, a magical letter, 
a mystery.] One of the letters of an 
alphabet in use among the Norsemen. 

RUNG,?'???/?. & p. p. of King. — n. [Ger. 
runge,& short, thick piece of iron or 
wood; Goth, krugga, a rod.] 1. A 
floor timber in a ship. 2. One of the 
rounds of a ladder. 

Ry'Nic, a. Pertaining to the runes of 
the ancient Norsemen. [stream. 

RUN'LET, n. [Dim. of run.] AJittle 

RiJN'NEL, n. [From run.] A rivulet 
or small brook. 

ROn'ner, n. 1. One who runs; a 
racer. 2. One employed to solicit 
custom, as for a steamboat, &c. 3. A 
slender branch running along the 
ground. 4. One of the curved pieces 
on which a sled slides. 

RtJN'NET, n. Same as RENNET. 

Runt, n. [D. rund, a bullock, an ox 
or cow.] Any stunted animal. 

Ru-PEE', n. [Hind, and Per. rupiyah, 
rupah, fr. Skr. rbpya, silver ,wrought 
silver or gold.] A money of account 
in the East Indies. 

OQf The gold rupee of Bombay and 
Madras is worth about $7.00. The silver 
rupee, nearly $0.50. 

RUP'tion, n. [Lat. ruptio, fr. rum- 
pere, to break.] Breach ; rupture. 

RUPT'URE (53), n. [L. Lat. ruptura.] 
1. Act of breaking. 2. State of being 
broken. 3. Breach of peace or con- 
cord. 4. (Med.) Hernia. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To break; to bursty 



Ry'RAL, a. [Lat. ruralis, fr. rut, run's 
country.] 1. Belonging to the coun- 
try. 2. Pertaining to agriculture. 

Syn. — Rustic— Rural refers to the 
country itself; as, rural bcenc?, delights, 
&c. Rustic refers to the character, taste, 
&c, of the original inhabitants of the 
country, who were generally unculti- 
vated and rude. 

Ru'RAL-IST, n. One who leads a rural 
'life. 

RugE (32), n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. rettser, 
to turn aside, to shuffle, allied to re- 
fuser, to refuse.] Artifice; trick. 

Rush, n. [A.-S. risce, Lat. ruscmn, 
allied to Goth, raus, reed.] 1. A plant 
growing in wet ground. 2. A mere tri- 
fle. 3. A driving forward with eager- 
ness and haste. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. hrisrian, to shake, vibrate, 
hredsan, to rush, shake, fall down.] 
To move or drive forward with im- 
petuosity. — v. t. To push forward 
with violence. 

RfJSH'ER, n. One who rushes. 

ROsh'i-ness, n. State of abounding 
with rushes. 

Rush'-light (-lit), n. A rush can- 
dle, or its light ; hence, a small, fee- 
ble light. [of, rushes. 

Rush'y, a. Abounding with, or made 

RUSK, n. [Prob.fr. L. Ger. rusken, to 
crackle.] A kind of light, soft cake , 
also, a soft, sweetened biscuit. 

ROss, or Ryss, n. 1. A Russian. 2. 
Language'of the Russians. 

ROs'SET, a. [A dim. from Lat. russus, 
red.] Of a reddish color. 

Rus'set, )n. An apple of a rus- 

RDs'set-ing. I set color. 

Rus'sian (rHsh'an or ru/shan), a. Per- 
taining to Russia. — 7i. 1. A native of 
Russia. 2. The language of Russia. 

Rust. n. [A.-S. rust, W. rhwd, prob. 
fr. its color, and allied to rud, ruddy .] 

1. A rough, reddish coat on the sur- 
face of iron. 2. That which resem- 
bles rust ; esp., adust-like fungus on 
the leaves and stalks of grain. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To contract rust. 

2. To become dull by inaction. — v. 
t. 1. To cause to contract rust. 2. 
To impair by time and inactivity. 

Rus'Tre, a. [Lat. rusticus, from ru$, 
country.] 1. Pertaining to the coun- 
try. 2. Rude ; unpolished. 3. Sim- 
ple ; artless. 

Syn. — See Rural. 
— n. An inhabitant of the country. 

Rus'TI€-AL-LY, adv. In a rustic man- 
ner. 

RtJS'TI€-ATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
dwell in the country. — v. t. To ban- 
ish froma town or college for a time. 

Rus'Tl-eA'TiON, n. Act of rusticat- 
ing, or state of being nisticated. 

Rus-tic'I-ty, n. Rustic manners- 
rudeness; simplicity. 

RtisT'l-LY, adv. In a rusty state. 

Rust'i-ness, n. State of being rusty. 

RUS'TLE (rus'l), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. hristlan, to rustle. Cf. RAT- 
TLE.] To make a quick succession 
of small sounds, like the rubbing of 
silk or dry leaves. — n. A noise like 
the rubbing of silk ; a rustling. 



. 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y,long; A,£,JL, 6, tf, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RMJ PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



KUSTY 



873 



SACRILEGIOUSNESS 



fttfST'Y.a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Cov- 
ered with rust. 2. Impaired by neg- 
lect of use. 3. Covered with a sub- 
stance resembling rust. 

Rut, a. [Lat. rugitus, a roaring; — 
from the noise made by deer in rut- 
ting time.] Copulation of animals, 
esp., deer. — v. i. [-TED; -ting.] 
To seek copulation. — n. [L. Lat. 



ruta,rutta. See ROUTE.] A furrow 
or trackworn by a wheel. 

Ry/TA-BA'GA, n. A variety of turnip. 

Ruth, n. [From rue.] Pity; tender- 
ness. 

Ruth'less, a. Cruel ; pitiless. , 

RUTH'LESS-LY, adv. In a ruthless 
manner. [passion. 

Ruth'less-ness, n. Want of com- 



ROt'ty, a. [From rut.] 1. LustfuL 

2. Full of ruts. 
RYE (ri), n. [A.-S. ryge, rige, IceL 

rugr ] A hardy plant, closely allied 

to wheat ; also, the esculent grain or 

fruit of this plant. 
Ry'ot, n. ■ [Hind. rcCiyat, a subject, 

tenant.] A peasant ; — so called ia 

Hindostau. 



s. 



O (ess), the nineteenth letter of the 

(^ English alphabet, is a consonant, 
and is often called a sibilant, aom 
its hissing sound. See Prin. of 
Pron., §§ 90-94. 

Sab'a-oth, or Sa-ba'oth, n. pi. 
[Heb. stbaotk, pi. of saba, army.] Ar- 
mies ; hosts ; as, Lord of Sabaoth. 

Sab'BA-TA'RI-AN, n. [From Sabbath.] 
1. One who regards the seventh day 
of the week as holy. 2. A strict ob- 
server of the Sabbath. — a. Per- 
taining to the Sabbath, or to the 
Sabbatarians. 

Sab'bath, a. [Heb. shabbath, from 
skabatii, to rest from labor.] 1. 
Among the Jews, the seventh or last 
day of the week ; among Christians, 
the first day of the week. 2. The 
seventh year, observed among the 
Israelites as one of rest and festival. 
Syx. — Sunday. — Sabbath is not 
strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sab- 
bath denotes the institution. Sunday is 
the name of the first day of the week. 
The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, 
and the Sabbath of the Christians on 
Sunday. In New England, the first day 
of the week has been called " the Sab- 
bath," to mark it as holy time; Sunday 
is the word commonly used in the 
southern parts of our country and in 
England. 

Sab'bath break'er, n. One who 
profanes the Sabbath. 

Sab-bat'I€, la. Pertaining to the 

SaB-BAT'I€-AL, 1 Sabbath. 

iJAB'BA-TJSM, n. [Gr. o-a/S^ario-M-os. 
See Sabbath.] Intermis>iou of la- 
bor, as on the Sabbath. 

Sa'BER, ) n. [Hung, szablya, Cf. L. 

Sa'bre, J Gr. £a/36s, ^rooked, curved.] 
A sword with a 
broad and neavy 
blade, curved to- 
ward the point. Saber. 
— v. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To strike, cut, or kill with a 
saber. 

Ga'bi-AN, a. Relating to the worship 
of the heavenly bodies. — n. A wor- 
shiper of the heavenly bodies. 

Ga'bi-an-Ism, n. A kind of idolatry 
which consisted in worshiping the 
sun, moon, and stars. 

Sa'ble (-bl), 11. [Ger. zobel, Russ. 
sobolj.] 1. A carnivorous animal cf 
the weazel familv. 2. The fur of 
the sable. 3. (Her.) Black; — rep- 
resented by vertical and horizontal 



lines crossing. — a. Of the color of 
the sable's fur ; black. 

Sac, n. A bag or receptacle for a 
liquid. See SACK. 

SA€-€ADE', n. [Fr., fr. 0. Fr. saquer, 
sachier, to remove, to draw out.] A 
sudden check of a horse by twitching 
the reins with a sudden pull. 

Saccha-rif'er-ous, a. [Lat. sac- 
charum, sugar, a.nd f err e , to bear.] 
Producing sugar. 

Sa€'€HA-rine (-rih or -r!n), a. [Lat. 
saccharum, sugar.] Pertaining to, 
or having the qualities of, sugar. 

Sa€'€HA-ROID, a. [Gr . o-a.K\ap , sugar , 
and etSos, form.] Having a texture 
resembling that of loaf-sugar. 

Sac'ER-DO'TAL (110), a. [Lat. sar.er- 
do talis, fr. sacer dos, a priest.] Per- 
taining to priests ; priestly. 

Sa'chem. n. Chief of a tribe of Amer- 
ican Indians ; a sagamore. 

Sack, n. 1. [A.-S. sacc, sa.cc, Gr. 
<j-<xkkos.] A bag for holding goods 
of any kind. 2. [Gr. ca-yos, a coai'se 
woolen blanket, — a Celtic word.] A 
loosely hanging garment for men or 
women. 3. [Fr. sec, Lat. siccus, dry.] 
A Spanish wine ; sherry. 4. [From 
Lat. saca/s, bag ; orig. booty packed 
up.] Plunder, as of a town or city ; 
ravage.— r./. 1. [-ED; -ing.] To 
plunder or pillage, as a town. 2. To 
put in a sack ; to bag. 

Sack/age, n. Act of taking by storm 
and pillaging. 

SACK'BUT, n. [Sp. sacabuche, fr. sa- 
car, to draw, and buche, stomach, 
because they who blow this instru- 
ment draw up their breath with 
great force, as it were from the stom- 
ach.] A brass wind instrument, like 
a trumpet. 

Sack'cloth, n. A kind of coarse 
cloth. - [ders a town. 

Sack'er, n. One who sacks or plun- 

Sack'ful, h. As much as a sack 
will hold. 

Sack'ing, n. 1. Cloth of which sacks 
are made. 2. Canvas fastened to a 
bedstead for supporting the bed. 

Sack'-pos'set, n. A posset made of 
sack, milk, &c. 

Sac'ra-ment, n. [Lat. sacramen- 
tum, a.n oath, a mystery, fr. sacer, 
sacred.] A solemn religious ordi- 
nance. 
Syx — Eucharist — Protestants apply 



the term sacrament to baptism and the 
Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The 
Romish and Greek churches have five 
other sacraments, viz., confirmation, 
penance, holy orders, matrimony, and 
extreme unction. As sacrament denotes 
an oath or vow, the word has been ap- 
p^l ed by way of emphasis to the Lord's 
Supper, where the most sacred vows are 
renewed by the Christian in commemo- 
rating the death of his Redeemer. Eu- 
charist denotes the giving of thanks ; and' 
this term also has been applied to the 
same ordinance, as expressing the grate- 
ful remembrance of Christ's sufferings 
and death. 

Sac'ra-ment'al, a. 1. Relating to, 
or constituting, a sacrament. 2. 
Bound by a sacrament. 

Sa€'ra-ment'al-ly, adv. After the 
manner of a sacrament. 

Sac'ra-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to 
the sacraments. 

Sa'cred, a. [Orig. p. p. of 0. Eng. 
sacre, to consecrate ; fr. Lat. sacer, 
sacred.] 1. Set apart to religious 
use. 2. Relating to religion. 3. En- 
titled to respect or veneration. 4. 
Not to be profaned or violated. 
Srx. — Holy; consecrated. 

Sa'cred-ly, adv. 1. Religiously. 2. 
Inviolably. [of being sacred. 

Sa'€RED-ness, n. State or quality 

SaC'ri-fice (-Hz), v. t. [-ed ; -L tg.] 
[From the n.] 1. To make an offer- 
ing of to some divinity. 2. To 
destroy, surrender, or suffer to be 
lost, for the sake of obtaining 
something. — v. i. To make offer- 
ings for the altar to God, or to a 
deity. — n. [Lat sarrificium, from 
sacer, sacred.] 1. The offering of 
any thing to God or to a god. 2. 
Any thing so offered. 3. Surrender 
of any thing made for the sake of 
something else ; hence, also, the 
thing surrendered. 

Sac'ri-fic'er (-llz'er), n. One who 
sacrifices. [to sacrifice. 

SACri-fi'cial (-fTsh'al), a. Relating 

SAC'RI-LEGE, n. [Lat. sacrileginm, 
from sacrilegus, prop, gathering or 
picking up sacred things.] The 
crime of violating or profaning sa- 
cred things. 

SaCri-LE'GIC-Os, a. Violating sacred 
things ; profane ; impious. [rileire. 

SAC'RI-LE'GIOfJS-LY^rfv. With sac- 

Sac'ri-le'gious-ness, n. Quality 
of being sacrilegious. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOOjTOCIiJ URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, soft; €,H,hard; As; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS. 



SACRILEGIST 



374 



SALIFY 



SAe'RI-LE'GlST,?!. One guilty of sac- 
rilege. 

Sac'ris-TAN, n. [L. Lat. sacrist anus , 
fr. Lat. sacer, sacred.] An officer of 
the church who has the care of its 
utensils or movables ; a sexton. 

SACris-ty, n. An apartment in a 
church where the sacred utensils, 
vestments, &c, are kept ; vestry. 

tjAD, a. [-der; -dest.] [A.-S. sari, 
satisfied, sated, weary, sick.] 1. 
Grave ; dark ; — said of colors. 2. 
Serious. 3. Affected with grief. 4. 
Causing sorrow. 5. Naughty ; troub- 



Sad'djen, v. t. 1-ed; -ing.] To 
make sad or sorrowful. 

bAD'DLE (-dl), n. [A.-S. sariul, saril, 
fr. the root of Eng. sit.] 1. A seat 
for a horse's back, for the rider to sit 
on. 2. Something resembling a sad- 
dle in form, use, or the like. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To put a saddle 
upon. 2. To burden ; to encumber. 

Sad'dle-B/AGS, n. pi. Bags, united 
by straps, for transportation on 
horseback ._ 

Sad'DLE-BOW, n. The bow in front 
of a saddle, or the pieces which form 
the front. 

Sad'dler, n. One who makes saddles. 

Sad'dler-y, n. A saddler's materials 
or trade. 

Sad'dle-tree, n. The frame of a 
saddle. 

Sad'du-cee (sad'yyj-see), n. [From 
Sadok, the founder of the sect.] 
One of a sect among the ancient 
Jews, who denied the resurrection. 

Sad'du-cism, n. Tenets of the Sad- 
ducees. 

Sad'-Pron (-l/firn), n. A flat iron. 

Sad'LY, adv. Jn a sad manner ; dark- 
ly ; gloomily , sorrowfully. 

Sad'ness, n. State or quality of be- 
ing sad. 
Syn. — See Grief. 

Safe, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. salvus.] 
.. Free from harm or risk. 2. Con- 
ferring safety. 3. in secure custody. 
_— n. A place to keep things sate. 

SaFE'-CON'UUCT, n. That which 
gives a safe passage, as a convoy or 
_pass. 

Safe'GUARD, n. That which defends 
or protects, as a guard or a passport. 

Safe'-keep'ING, n. Preservation 
from injury or from escape. 

Safe'ly, adv.' 1. In a safe manner. 
2. Without injury. 

Safe'ness, n. Condition or quality 
_of being safe ; safety. 

Safe'ty, n. 1. Exemption from hurt, 
injury, or loss. 2. Quality of mak- 
ing safe or secure. 3. Close custody. 

Safe'ty-lamp, n. A lamp surround- 
ed with a wire gauze, to give light in 
mines, without danger. 

ISZfe'ty-valve.w. A valve by which 
a steam-boiler is preserved from 
bursting. 

Saf'flow-er, n. [From saffron and 
flower.] A plant, the flowers of 
which are used as a dye-stuff. 

Saf'FRON, n. [A.r. & Per. zaYaran.] 



A bulbous plant, having yellow flow- 
ers. — a. Deep yellow. 

SAG, V. i. [-GED ; -GING.] [Cf. SINK 
and Swag.] To bend under weight ; 
to give way ; to yield. 

SA'GA, n. [See SAY.] A northern 
European popular tale of olden time. 

SA-GA'CIoDs, a. [Lat. sagax, saga- 
cis.] Of keen penetration and judg- 
ment. 
Syn. — See Shrewd. 

Sa-ga'cio&s-LY, adv. In a sagacious 
manner. 

Sa-GA'cioOs-ness, n. Sagacity. 

Sa-gac'i-ty, n. Quality of being sa- 
gacious. 

Syn. — Penetration. — Penetration 
enables us to enter into the depths of an 
abstruse subject, to detect motives, 
plans, &c. Suijacity adds to penetration 
a keen, practical judgment, which ena- 
bles one to guard against the designs of 
others, and to turn every thing to the 
best possible advantage. . 

SXg'a-more, n. [Cf. Sachem.] The 
head of a tribe, among the Ameri- 
can Indians. 

SAGE, n. [Lat. salvia, fr. salvare, to 
save.] 1. A savory plant. 2. A wise 
man. — a. [-EU ;-est.] [FromLat. 
sapere, to be wise.] 1. Having 7iice 
discernment and powers of judging. 

2. Proceeding from wisdom. 

Sage'ly, adv. In a sage manner. 

SAGE'NESS, n. Quality of being sage. 

Sag'IT-TAL, a. [Lat. sagitta, an ar- 
row.] Relating to, or like, an arrow. 

Sag'it-ta'ri-Cs, n. [Lat., an 
archer; sagitta, an arrow.] One of 
the twelve signs of the zodiac. 

Sag'it-ta-ry, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, an arrow, [arrow-head. 

SXG'it-tate, a. Shaped like an 

SA'GO, n. [Malay. & Javanese sagu.] 
A granulated starch, prepared from 
the pith of certain palms. 

Said (sed), a. Before mentioned; — 
used chiefly in legal style. 

Sail, n. [A.-S. segel, segl.] 1. A 
sheet of canvas, spread to the wind, 
to assist the progress of a vessel. 2. 
(pi. SAIL.; A sailing vessel ; a craft. 

3. An excursion on the water. — v. i. 
[-ED: -ING.] 1. To move with sails, 
as a ship. 2. To be conveyed in a 
vessel. 3. To begin a voyage. 4. To 
move smoothly through the air. — v. 
t. 1. To move upon in a ship with 
sails. 2. To direct the motion of, as 
a vessel. 

Saii/a-ble, a. Admitting of being 
passed by ships ; navigable. 

Saii/-€l6th, 11 Canvas for sails. 

Sail/er, n. A ship or other vessel. 

Sail/ing, n. 1. Act of a person or 
thing that sails. 2. Navigation. 

Sail'-l6ft, ii. A loft where sails are 
made, [sels. 

Sail'or, ii. One who navigates ves- 
Syn. — Mariner; seaman. 

Sail'-yard, n. The yard or spar on 
which sails are extended. 

Sain'FOIN, n. [Fr., fr. sain, whole- 
some, and foin, hay.] A kind of 
leguminous plant. 

Saint, n. [Fr. saint, Lat. sanctus, 



sacred.] 1. A holy or godly person 
2. One of the blessed in heaven. 3 
One canonized by the church. 

Saint Vitus's dance, a disease affecting 
the voluntary muscles with constant, 
irregular movements. 
— y. t. [-ED : -ING.] To make a 
saint of; to canonize. 

SAINT'ED, a. Sacred; holy; pious. 

Saint'ly, a. [-er : -EST, 142.] Like, 
or becoming, a saint. 

Saint'skip, ii. Character or quali- 
ties of a saint. 

Sake, n. [A.-S. sacu, sac, strife, suit 
at law, fr. sacan, to contend, accuse, 
allied to seek.] Final cause; pur- 
pose ; account ; regard. 

Sal, n. [Lat. See Halt.] Salt ; — 
a word used in chemistry, &c. 

Sal'A-BLE, a. [From sale.] Capable 
of being sold ; finding a ready mar- 
ket, [salable. 

Sal'A-BLE-NESS, ii. State of b.eing 

SA-la'cious, a. [Lat. salax, salads, 
from salire, to leap.] Lustful ; lech- 
erous. 

Sa-LAC'I-TY,«. Lecherousness. 

Sal'ad, n. [From Lat. sal, salts, salt.] 
Uncooked herbs, dressed with salt, 
vinegar, or oil, and eaten as a relish. 

Sa-L'aM', n. [At. salam, peace, safe- 
ty.] A salutation of ceremony or re- 
spect in the East. 

SXl'A-mXn'DER (110), n. [Gr. <ra\a- 
fjidvSpa, Skr. salamandala.] A genus 
of reptiles allied both to the lizards 
and frogs. 

t33*° The belief that the salamander is 
able to endure fire, is a mistake. 

SXl'A-mXn'drine, a. Resembling a 
salamander ; enduring fire. 

Sal'A-ry, n. [Lat. salarium, orig. 
salt money, from sal, salt.] Recom- 
pense stipulated to be paid to a per- 
son for services. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] To pay a salary to one. 

SALE,»). [A.-S. sellan.' to sell.] 1. Act 
of selli. g ; transfer of property for a 
price in money. 2. Demand; mar- 
ket. 

Syn. — Sales by auction; sales at auc- 
tion. — In America the more prevalent 
expression has been " sales at auction," 
as if referring to the place where tliey are 
made. In England the form has always 
been " sales by auction." 8 

SXl'e-RA'TUS, n. [N. Lat sal aern- 
tus, lit. aerated salt.] A bi-carbonate 
of potash, used in cookery. 

Sales'man (150), v. One who sells 
goods or merchandise. 

Sale'work (-wiirk), n. Work or 
things made for sale. 

Sal'ig, a. [From the Saltan Franks.] 
Designating a law by which males 
only can inherit the throne. 

Sa'LI-ENT, a. [Lat. saliens, leaping.] 
1. Moving by leaps. 2. Shooting out 
or up. 3. Prominent ; conspicuous. 
4. Projecting outwardly, as an angle. 

Sa-lif'er-oOs. a. [Lat. sal, salt, and 
ferre, to bear.] Producing salt. 

SXl'i-FI'A-BLE, a. Capable of com- 
bining with an acid to form a salt. 

Sal'i-fi-CA'TION, n- Act of salifying. 

Sal'iwfy,^.*. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 









K, E, i, o,v,,y, long; jL&I, 6,tS,¥,short; CARE, far. ask, all, what; ERE, VglL, TERM; PIQUE, firm; son 



SALINE 



373 



SANCTION 



sal, salt, and facere, to make.] To 
form into a salt, as a base, by com- 
bining it withan acid. 

Sa-line', or SA'LlNE,a. [Lat. sali- 
nus ; sal, salt.] 1. Consisting of, or 
containing, salt. 2. Partaking of the 
qualities of salt. — n. A salt spring. 

Sa-li'VA, n. [Lat.] The liquid secreted 
in the mouth ; spittle. 

Da-LI'VAL, ( a. Pertaining to sali- 

£Al'I-VA-RY, J va ; secreting or con- 
veyingsaliva. 

SXl'I-vate, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
produce an abnormal secretion of 
saliva, as by the use of mercury. 

Sal/i-va'tion, n. A continued un- 
natural flow of saliva. 

Sal'low, n. [A.-S. salig, sealk.] A 
tx'ee or low shrub of the willow kind. 

— a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. salu, 0. 
H. Ger. salo.] Of a pale, sickly, yel- 
lowisji color. [paleness. 

Sal'low-ness, n. A sickly yellowish 

SAL'LY, v. i. [-ED; -ing, 142.] [From 
Lat. salire, to leap.] To rush out ; 
to issue suddenly, as troops. — n. 1. 
A leaping forth. 2. An issuing of 
troops from a place besieged to attack 
the besiegers. 3. Digression ; devia- 
tion. 4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, 
or wit, &c. 5. Frolic ; escapade. 

Sal'LY-PORT, n. A postern gate, or 
a passage under ground, to afford 
free egress for troops. 

Sal'ma-gun'di, n. [From Lat. sal- 
gama condita / lit. preserved pickles ; 
or fr. the Countess Salmagondi, who 
invented it.] 1. A mixture of chopped 
meat and pickled herring with oil, 
vinegar, pepper, &c. 2. A medley. 

SALM'ON (sam'un), n. [Lat. salmo, 
salmonis.] A fish of a yellowish-red 
color, of northern climates. 

Salm'on-trout (sam'un-), n. A 
small fish resembling the common 
salmon. 

Salon (sa/long'),n. [Fr.] An apart- 
ment for company ; hence, in the 
plural, fashionable parties. 

Sa-loon', n. [Fr. salon, fr. 0. H. Ger. 
5a/, house, hall.] A spacious and 
elegant apartment for company, or 
for works of art ; — applied also to 
apartments for specific public uses. 

SXl'SI-F? , n. [Fr. salsifis.] A plant 
having a long, tapering root, like the 
parsnip. [soda 

SXl/-so'da, n. Impure carbonate of 

SALT (8), n. [A.-S. sealt, salt, Lat. sal, 
Gr. aAs.] 1. Chloride of sodium, a 
substance used for seasoning food, 
&c. 2. Flavor ; taste ; seasoning. 3. 
Piquancv ; wit. 4. A salt-cellar. 5. 
A sailor" [Colloq.] 6. (Chem.) A 
combination of an acid with a base. 

— a. [-ER ; -est.] Prepared with, 
or tasting of, salt. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To sprinkle, impregnate, or 
season with salt. 

Sal'tant, a. [Lat. saltans, dancing, 
fr. salire, to leap.] Leaping ; dancing. 

Sal-ta'tion, «. [Lat. saltatio.} 1. 
A leaping or jumping. 2. Palpitation. 

Sal'ta-to-ry (50), a. Leaping or 
dancing ; used in leaping or dancing. 



Sa lt'-cel'LAR, n. A small dish for 
salt at table [made. 

Salt'ern, n. A place where salt is 

Sal'tier, n. A St. Andrew's cross, 
or cross in the form of an X. 

Sal'ti-grAde, a. [Lat. saltus, a 
leap, and gradi, to walk.] Having 
legs formed for leaping. 

SALT'ISH, a. Somewhat salt. 

Salt'-junk, n. Ilard salt beef for 
use at sea. 

Salt'ness, n. 1. Quality of being 
salt. 2. Taste of salt. 

SAET-PE'TER, \n. [N. Lat. salpetrx, 

Salt-pe'tre, j i. e., rock-salt, be- 
cause it exudes from rocks or walls.] 
Nitrate of potassa ; — called also 
niter. 

Salt'-RHEUM (-njm), n. A kind of 
herpes, or" skin disease ; — a vague 
popular name. 

SA-LU'BRI-otJS, a. [Lat. salubris, or 
saluber, fr. salus, health.] Favorable 
to, or promoting, health. 

Sa-lu'bri-ty, n. Wholesomeness ; 
healthfulness. [being salutary. 

Sal'u-ta-ri-ness, n. Quality of 

Sal/U-TA-RY, a. [Lat. salutaris, fr. 
salus, health, safety.] 1. Promoting 
health. 2. Contributing to some 
beneficial purpose. 

Sal'u-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of saluting 
or greeting. 2. That which is ut- 
tered in saluting or greeting. 

Syx. — Greeting; salute. — A greeting 
usually denotes some warm expression 
of feeling when one meets another. Sal- 
utation and salute signify literally a 
wishing of health. Salutation, however, 
is the act of the person saluting, while 
salute is the thing given; that is, the 
thing received by the person addressed. 

Sa-LU'TA-TO'ri-AN, n. A student of 
a college who pronounces a saluta- 
tory oration. [Amer.] 

Sa-liI'ta-to-ry (50), a. Containing 
salutations ; speaking a welcome. — 
n. The opening oration at the com- 
mencement of a college. [Amer.] 

Sa-lute', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
saluiare, from salus, health, safety.] 
1. To address with expressions of 
kind wishes. 2. To greet with a kiss, 
or with a wave of the hand. 3. To 
honor, as some person or nation, by 
a discharge of cannon, or by striking 
colors, &c. — n. 1. Act of saluting : 
salutation ; greeting. 2. A kiss. 3. 
A discharge of cannon, or a lowering 
of colors, in honor of some person or 
occasion. 

Sal'VA-BLE, a. [Lat. salvare, to save, 
from salvus, safe.] Capable of being 
saved. 

SXl'VAGE, n. [From Lat. salvare, to 
save.] I. Compensation allowed to 
persons who voluntarily assist in 
saving a ship or her cargo. 2. Prop- 
erty thus saved. 

Sal-va'tion (110), n. 1. Act of sav- 
ing ; preservation. 2. (Tlieol.) Re- 
demption of man from sin and eter- 
nal death. 

Sal'va-to-ry, n. A place where 
things are preserved. 

Salve (siiv), n. [A.-S. seal/, O. H. 



Ger. salba.] An adhesive composi- 
tion to be applied to sores. — v. t. 
-[-ED; -ING.] To apply salve to. 

Sal'ver, n. [Lat. salvare, to save.] 
A waiter on which any thing is pre- 
sented. 

Sal'vo, n. ; pi. sal'vos. [Lat. salvo 
jure, an expression used in reserving 
rights.] 1. An exception ; reserva- 
tion. 2. A discharge of fire-arms 
not intended for a salute. 

Sam'bo, n. ; pi. sam'bos. Offspring 
of a black person and a mulatto. 

Same, a. [A.-S.] 1. Identical. 2. 
Of like kind ; corresponding ; simi- 
lar. 3. Just, or just about to be, 
mentioned. 

Same'ness, n. I. State of being the 
same ; identity ; similarity. 2. Tedi- 
ous monotony. 

Sa'mi-el, n. [Turk, sam-yeli, from 
Ar. samm, poison, and Turk, yel, 
wind.] A hot and destructive wind 
in Arabia, from the desert ; the si- 
moom. 

Samp, n. [Mass. Ind. sapac, saupac, 
made soft or thinned.] Maize broken 
and cooked by boiling. 

Sam'phIre (sam'flr or sam'fur), n. 
[Fr. Pherbe de Saint Pierre, fr. which 
the English word is corrupted.] A 
fleshy herb which grows on rocks 
near the sea-shore. 

Sam'PLE.w. [See FIxample.] Apart 
shown as evidence of the quality of 
the whole. [work patterns- 

Sam'pler, n. A collection of needle- 

San'A-ble, a. [Lat. sanabilis, from 
sanare, to make sound, to heal.] Ca- 
pable of being cured. 

San'A-tive, a. [Lat. sanare, to heal.] 
Having the power to cure or heal ; 
curative. 

SlN'A-TO-RY,a. Conducive to health ; 
healing ; curative. 

Sang'ti-fi-€A't[ON, n. 1. Act of 
sanctifying; state of being sancti- 
fied. 2. Consecration. 

SXng'TI-FPER, «. One who sancti- 
fies ; specifically, the Holy Spirit. 

Sanc'ti-fy, v. t. [-edging, 142.] 
[Lat. sanctificare, fr. sanctus, holy, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To make 
sacred : to hallow. 2. To make holy 
or free from sin. 3. To secure from 
violation ; to give sanction to. 

Sang'ti-mo'ni-ous, a. Making a 
show of sanctity ; hypocritically de- 
vout. 

SANG'TI-MO'NI-OUS-LY, adv. In a 
sanctimonious manner. 

SaNG'TI-MO'NI-OUS-NESS, n. State 
of being sanctimonious. 

Sang'ti-MO-ny (50), a. [Lat. sancti- 
monia ; sanctus, holy.] Artificial 
saintliness ; hypocritical devoutness. 

Sang'TION, n. [Lat. sanc.tio, fr. san- 
cire, sanctum, to render sacred, to 
fix unalterably.] 1. Ceremonious 
ratification. 2. Any thing done or 
said to enforce the will or authority 
of another. 

Syn. — Ratification ; authority. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To give va- 
lidity or authority to. 



or, do,wolf,too,TOOE.; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; e,G,hard; An; exist; n as ng; this 



1 



SANCTITY 



376 



SATCHEL 




SXN€"h-ty, n. [Lat. sanctitas, from 
sanctus, holy.] 1. State or quality 
of being sacred. 2. Religious bind- 
ing force. 

SXN€T'U-A-RY, n. [Lat. sanctuarium, 
from sanctus, sacred.] 1. A sacred 
place. 2. A place of refuge and pro- 
tection ; shelter. 

SAn€'TUM, n. [Lat., p. p. of sancire, 
to consecrate*] A sacred place ; 
hence, a retreat for privacy. 

GXnd, n. [A.-S.] 1. Fine particles of 
stone. 2. pi. Tracts of land consist- 
ing of sand. — v. t. [-ED; -1NG.] 
To sprinkle with sand. 

SXn'hal, n. [Gr. 
adv8a\ov, dim. 
<ravodkiov.] 1. A 
kind of shoe con- 
sisting of a sole fast- 
ened to the foot. 2 Sandals. 

An overshoe with 
parallel openings across the instep. 

SXn'DAL-wood, n. [Ar. sandal, san- 
adil, fr. Skr. tshandana.] The yel- 
low fragrant wood of an Eastern 
tree. 

SXn'DA-RA€, 1 n. [Lat. sandaracha, 

San'DA-ragh, ) Gr. a-a.vSa.p6.xri.] 1- 
A kind of resin. 2. Realgar. 

SXnd'I-ness, n. State of being sandy. 

San'di-ver, n. [Corrupted fr. Fr. sel 
de verre, salt of glass.] A whitish 
scum, from melted glass. 

SXnd'-pa'per, n Paper covered on 
one side with a fine gritty substance. 

Sand'stone, n. A rock m;ide of 
sand more or less firmly united. 

SXnd'wich, «, Two pieces of bread 
and butter, with a thin slice of meat 
between them ; — a favorite dish of 
the earl of Sandwich. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make into a sandwich ; 
to form of alternating layers of dif- 
ferent nature. 

SXnd'y, a. 1. Consisting of, or like, 
sand ; full of sand. 2. Of a yellow- 
ish red color like sand. 

Sane, a. [Lat. sanys.] In one's right 
mind ; of sound reason. 

SXng, imp. of Sing. 

SXn/GA-REE', n. [Sp. sanzria, from 
sangre, Lat. sanguis, blood.] Wine 
and water sweetened and spiced. 

Sang-fk oid (song-frwa'), n. [Fr., 
cold-blood.] Freedom from agitation 
of mind ; coolness. 

San-guif'er-ous, a. [Lat. sanguis, 
blood, &nd ferre, to bear.] Conveying 
blood. 

SXn/gui-fi-CA'tion. n. Conversion 
of the products of digestion into 
blood. 

SXn'gui-fy, v. ?'. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. sanguis, blood, and facere, to 
make.] To produce blood. ' 

SXn'gui-na-ry, a. [Lat. sanguina- 
rius. fr. sanguis, blood.] 1. Attended 
with much bloodshed. 2. Eager to 
shed blood. 

SXn'guTne, n. [Lat. sanguineus, fr. 
sanguis, blood.] 1. Having the color 
of blood. 2. Having abundance and 
active circulation of blood. 3. Warm ; 
ardent. 4. Full of hope : confident. 



SXn'guine-ly, adv. In a sanguine 
manner. 

SXn'guine-ness (109), n. Condition 
or quality of being sanguine. 

SAN-GUlN'E-oOs, a. 1. Relating to, 
or abounding with, blood ; sanguine. 
2. Blood-red ; crimson. 

SXn'HE-DRIM, n. [Ileb. sanhedrin, 
fr. Gr. aavtopiov, from avv, with, to- 
gether, and eSpa, a seat.] The great 
council of the Jews, which had juris- 
diction of religious matters. 

SI'Ni-Eg, n.. [Lat,] A thin, serous 
fluid at the surface of ulcers. 

Sa'NI-OUS,«. 1. Thin and serous. 2. Ef- 
fusinga thin, serous, reddish matter. 

San'I-ta-RY, a. [Lat. saniias, health.] 
Pertaining to, or designed to stcure, 
health ; hygienic. 

SXn'i-ty, n. [Lat. sanitas, fr. sanus, 
sound.] Quality of being sane ; 
soundness of mind. 

S.XNK, imp. of Sink. 

SAN'S€RIT, n Same as SANSKRIT. 

Sans-culotte (song'ku-lOf), n. 
[Fr., without breeches.] A ragged 
fellow; — a name of reproach given 
in the first Fr. revolution to a mem- 
ber of the extreme republican party. 

SAN'SKRIT, n. [Skr. sanskrila, lit. 
perfect, polished, or classical.] The 
ancient language of the Hindoos. 

Sap,??, 1. [A.-S.'sap.] Juice of plants 
of any kind. 2. An approach made 
to a fortified place by secret digging. 
— v.t. [-PED; -ping.] [Fr. saper.] 
To mine ; to undermine. — v. i. To 
proceed by secretly undermining. 

Sap'ID, a. [Lat. sapidus. fr. sapere, 
to taste.] Having a relish ; savory. 

Sa-PID'I-TY, ( n. Quality of being 

Sap'id-ness, ) sapid; savoriness. 

Sa/pi-ence, n. "Wisdom ; sageness. 

Sa'PI-ent, a. [Lat. sapiens, tasting, 
knowing.] 1. Having wisdom; sage. 
2. Would-be wise. 

Sap'less, a. Destitute of sap : not 
juicy. [tree. 

Sap'LING,m. [From sap.] A young 

SXP'O-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. sapo,sap- 
onis, soap.] Having the quality of 
soap ; soapy ._ [into soap. 

SA-PON'I-FI-CA'TION,?!. Conversion 

Sa-pon'j-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. sapo, saponis,fio&p, and facere, 
to make.] To convert into soap. 

SA'POR, n. [Lat.] Taste : savor. 

SXP'O-rIf'IC, a. [Lat. sapor, taste, 
and facere, to make.] Having the 
power to produce taste. 

SXp'0-ROlJS,a. [Lat. saparus, fr. sapor, 
taste.] Yielding some kind of taste. 

Sap'per, n. One who saps, or is em- 
ployed in working at saps. 

Sap'phig (safik), a. 1. Pertainingto 
Sappho, a Grecian poetess. 2. In the 
manner of Sappho ; — denoting a cer- 
tain kind of verse. 

SXp'PHIRE (saf'Tr or saf ur), n. [Lat. 
sapphirus, Ar. sqfir.] A precious 
stone (usually blue) used in jewelry. 

SXp'phir-ine (saf'ur-), a. Made of 
sapphire, or like it. 

Sap'pi-ness, n. State or quality of 
being full of sap. 



SXp'py, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Abounding with sap ; juicy ; succu- 
lent. 2. Hence, young; weak. 3. 
Weak in intellect. 

SXP'SA-GO, n. [Ger. schabzieger, fr. 
shaben, to shave, to scrape, and zie- 
ger, a sort of whey.] A kind of 
cheese, made in Switzerland. 

Sap'-wood, n. Exterior part of tho 
wood of a tree, next to the bark. 

SXR'A-BAND,n. [Per. serbend, a kind 
of song.] A grave Spanish dance. 

SXr'a-<;en, ri. [From Ar. sharki, pi. 
sharkiin, oriental, eastern, fr. sliar- 
aka, to rise.] An Arabian ; a Mus- 
sulman. [Saracens. 

SXR'A-CEN'lc.a. Pertaining to the 

SARCASM, n. [Gr. crapKao-p.6s,fr. aap- 
KageLv, to bite the lips in rage, to 
sneer.] A satirical remark uttered 
with scorn or contempt. 

Sar-€as'TI€, a. Bitterly satirical; 
tauntiDg. [castic manner. 

Sar-cXs'TI€-AL-LY, adv. In a sar- 

Sarce'NET, n. [Cloth made by Sar- 
acens.] A fine, thin, woven silk. 

SAR-€OL'0-GY, n. [Gr. cre£p£, trap/cos, 
flesh, and Aoyos, discourse.] That 
part of anatomy which treats of the 
soft parts of the body. [flesh. 

Sar-coph'A-gous, a. Feeding on 

SAR-€OPH'A-GiJS, n. [Gr. <rapKO(pd- 
yos, eating flesh.] 1. A kind of lime- 
stone ; — so called by the Greeks, be- 
cause it quickly consumed bodies de- 
posited in it. 2. A stone coffin. 

Sar-c6ph'a-gy, n. Practice of eat- 
ing flesh. 

Sar'dine, n. [So called from the isl- 
and of Sardinia.] A Mediterranean 
fish, of the herring family. 

Sar -don'io, a. [Gr. o-apoovios, from 
a-apoovtov, a plant of Sardinia, which 
was said to screw up the face of the 
eater.] Forced, heartless, or bitter ; 
— said of a laugh or smile. 

Sar'do-nyx, n. [Gr. <rapS6w£, from 
SapSios, Sardian, or 2apSo>as, Sar- 
dinian, and owf , a nail, a veined 
gem.] A reddish-yellow gem, nearly 
allied to onyx. 

Sar-gas'so, n. [Sp. sargazo, sea- 
weed.] The floating sea-weed of the 
North Atlantic. 

SXr'SA-PA-ril/la, n. [Sp. zarzapar- 
rilla, from zarza, a bramble, and 
parrilla, a vine.] A Mexican plant, 
whose root is valued in medicine. 

Sash, n. 1. An ornamental belt. 2. 
[L. Lat. cacia, fr. Lat. capsa. a chest, 
box.] The frame of a window. 

Sas'sa-fras, n. [Lat. saxifraga(?c. 
herba); saxum, rock, stone, and 
f r anger e, to break.] An aromatic 
tree of the laurel family. 

Sat, imp. of Sit. 

Sa'tan, n. [Heb. satan, an advere?,- 
ry, from satan, to be adverse.] Tho 
grand adversary of man ; the devil. 

Sa-tan'I€, ) a. Having the quali- 

Sa-tan'I€-a:l, J ties of Satan; dev- 
ilish ; infernal, f 

Sa-tan'I€-al-LY, adv. Diabolically. 

Satch'ee, n. [Lat. sacellus, dim. of 
sacchus, sack.] A little sack or bag 



k, £, I, O, U, Y,long; A,£,I,6,U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALE, WHAT J ERE, V£IE, TfiRSIj PIQUE, FIRM ; SON 



SATE 



377 



SAWYER 



Sate, v. t. [-id ; -ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
satian, satton, to satiate, fr. A.-S. 
sad, sated.] To satisfy the desire of. 

Sate (sat), old imp. of Sit. 

Sate'less, a. Insatiable. 

SAt'EL-LITE, ft. [Lat. satelles, satel- 
lite.] 1. A small planet revolving 
round another ; a moon. 2. An 
obsequious follower. 

SAt'el-li'tious (-ITsh'us), a. Per- 
taining to, or consisting of, satellites. 

Sa'TI-ATE (-shi-,95), v. t. [-ED ; -ING-.] 
[Lat. satiare, -atu?n, from sat, satis, 
enough.] 1. To feed to the full. 2. 
To fill to repletion or loathing. 

S yn. — To satisfy ; content. — These 
words differ principally in degree. To 
content is to make contented, even 
though every desire is not gratified. To 
satisfy ;is to appease fully the longings 
of desire. To satiate is to till so com- 
pletely that it is not possible to receive 
or enjoy more. 

Sa'ti-a'tion (-shi-), n. State of be- 
ing satiated. 

SA-TI'E-TY, n. [Lat. satietas; sat, 
satis, enough.] State of being sati- 
ated; fullness of gratification even 
beyond desire. 

SXt'in, n. [From L. Lat. seta, silk, 
orig. seta serica, i. e., silk -hair.] A 
kind of glossy silk cloth. 

SXTa-NET^llO), n. A certain kind 
of cloth made of cotton warp and 
woolen filling. [satin. 

Sat'in-y, a. Like, or composed of, 

SAT'IRE (in Eng. often pron. sat'ur), 
n. [Lat. satira, satura,iv. satura, (sc. 
lanx), a medley, fr. satur, full of 
food.] 1. An invective poem. 2. 
Keenness and severity of remark. 
Syn. — See Lampoon. 

Sa-tir'I€, { a. 1. Belonging to, 

SA-TIR'I€-AL, ) or conveying, satire. 
2. Severe in language. [manner. 

Sa-tiR'I€-al-LY, adv. In a satirical 

Sat'ir-ist, n. One who writes satire. 

SAT'IR-IZE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
censure with keenness or severity. 

Sat'IS-fAo'TION, n. [Lat. satisfac- 
tion] 1. Act of satisfying, or state 
of being satisfied. 2. Settlement of 
a claim, due, or demand, &c. 3. 
That which satisfies. 

FAt'is-fAc'to-ri-ly, adv. In a sat- 
isfactory manner. 

SAt is-fa€'to-ri-ness, n. Quality 
or condition of being satisfactory. 

SAt'is-fac'to-ry, a. 1. Giving sat- 
isfaction. 2. Making amends or 
recompense. 

SAt'is-fy,v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
satUfacere, fr. sat, satis, enough, 
and /acere, to make.] 1. To gratify 
fully the desire of. 2. To comply 
with the rightful demands of. 3. To 
give assurance to. 

Syn.— See Satiate. 
— v.i. 1. To give content. 2. To sup- 
ply to the full. 3. To make payment. 

Sa'TRAP, or SAt'RAP, ft. [Gr. a-arpd- 
7rr)?, fr. Per. khshatrapavan, ruler.] 
Governor of a province. [Ancient 
Persia.] 

8Xt'ra-py, n. Government or juris- 
diction of a satrap. 



SAt'U ra-ble, c. Admitting of be- 
ing saturated. 

SAT'u-RANT,a. Saturating. — w. A 
substance which neutralizes the acid 
in the stomach. 

SAt'u-RATE, v.t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
saturure, -ratum, fr. satur, full of 
food, sated.] To cause to become 
completely penetrated or soaked. 

SAt'u-ra'tion, n. Act of saturating, 
or state of being saturated. 

SAt'UR-DAY,«. [A.-S. Sdterddg, Sd- 
terndag, Saturn's day.] The seventh 
or last day of the week. 

SAt'URN, n. [Lat. Sati'rnus.] 1. 
(Myth.) Oue of the oldest and prin- 
cipal deities. 2. One of the planets 
of the solar system. 

SlT'UR-NA'Ll-A^.pl. [Lat. SeesK- 
pra.] 1. Festival of Saturn. 2. A 
period or occasion of general excess. 

SAt'UR-na'ei-an, a. 1. Relating to 
the Saturnalia. 2. Riotously merry. 

Sa-TUR'NI-AN, a. Relating to Saturn, 
whose reign is called the golden age. 

SAT'UR-NiNE,a. 1. Under the influ- 
ence of the planet Saturn. 2. Hence, 
phlegmatic ; dull ; grave. 

Sa'tyr (sa/tur), n. [Lat. satyrus, Gr. 
o-a-rvpo?.] (My tli.) One of a class of 
lascivious sylvan deities, part man 
and part goat. 

Sa-TVR'IC, a. Pertaining to satyrs. 

SAUCE, n. [Fr. sauce, L. Lat. salsa, 
prop, salt-pickle.] A mixture to be 
eaten with food to improve its rel- 
ish.— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
apply a sauce or a relish to. 2. To 
be impudent to. [Lore] [fellow. 

SAUCE'BOX, ft. A saucy, impudent 

SAU'CER, n. [Fr. saucicre. See 
Sauce.] A small dish, in which a 
tea-cup is set. 

SAU'CI-LY, adv. Impudently. 

Sau'CI-ness, n. Quality of being 
"saucy ; impertinence. 

SAU'CY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [Eng. 
sauce, fr. Lat. salsus, salt, sharp.] 
1. Transgressing the rules of deco- 
rufti ; impudent. 2. Expressive of 
impudence. 

Sauer' kraut (sour'krout), n. 
[Ger., from sauer, soUr, and kraut, 
o°.bbage.] Cabbage preserved in 
brine and allowed to ferment. 

SAUN'TER(sau / ter), v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From Fr. sainte terre, the holy land, 
from idle people who roved about 
asking charity under pretense of 
going d la sainte terre, to the holy 
land.] To wander about idly. 
Syn-.— See Loiter. 

Saun'ter-er, n. One who saunters. 

SAU'RI-AN, a. [Gr. travpa, craupos, a 
lizard.] Pertaining to a saurian. — 
n. Any four-legged scaly reptile, as 
the lizard. 

Sau'sage, ra. [Fr. saucisse. See 
"Sauce.] Meat minced and seasoned, 
and inclosed in a cylindrical skin. 

Sav'a-ble, a. Capable of being saved. 

Say'age, a. [0. Eng. salvage, from 
Lat. silva, a wood.] 1. Wild; un- 
tamed ; uncivilized. 2. Character- 
ized by cruelty. — ft. 1. A wild 



person. 2. A man of extreme, bru- 
tal cruelty. 

SAv'AGE-LY, adv. In a savage man- 
ner ; cruelly. 

SAv'age-ness, n. State or quality 
of being savage. 

SAv'age-ry, n. 1. State of being 
savage. 2. An act of cruelty. 

SAv'AG-ISIM, n. Savageness. 

Sa-vAn'na, n. [Sp. savana, sabana, 
a large plain covered with snow, fr. 
Gr. adfiavov, a linen cloth.] An ex- 
tensive open plain or meadow. 

SAVAiYTis&'Ydng')^. ; pi. savants 
(sa/vong')- [Fr. , fr. savoir, to know. J 
A man of learning. 

Save, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. sal- 
vare, fr. salvus, safe.] 1. To make 
safe ; to preserve from evil of any 
kind. 2. To keep from being spent. 
3. To prevent. — v. i. To hinder ex- 
pense. — prep. Except ; not includ- 
ing. 

Save '-ALL, ft. [From save and all.] 
Any contrivance intended to prevent 
waste or loss. 

Sav'er, n. One who saves. 

SAv'IN, n. [Lat. sabina.] An ever- 
green tree or shrub. 

Sav'ing,;?. a. 1. Avoiding unneces- 
sary expenses ; frugal. 2. Incurring 
no loss. — p. pr., but commonly 
called a prep. In favor of ; except- 
ing. — n. 1. Exception. 2. That 
_which is saved. 

Sav'ing-ness, n. Frugality. 

Sav'ings-bAnk, n. A bank in which 
savings are deposited and put to in- 
terest. 

SAVIOR ) (sav'yur), «. [Lat. salva- 

Sav'IOUR ) tor, fr. salvare, to save.] 

1. Oue who saves or delivers from 
destruction or danger. 2. Specific- 
ally, Jesus Christ. 

Sa'VOR, n. [Lat. sapor, fr. sapere, to 
taste, savor.] 1. Quality affecting 
the organs of taste or smell. 2. 
Specific flavor or quality. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To have a particu- 
lar smell or taste. 2. To indicate 
the presence or influence. 

Sa'vor-i-ness, n. Quality or condi- 
tion of being savory. 

Sa'vor-less, a. Having no savor. 

SA'VOR-Y, a. Pleasing to the taste or 
smell. — ft. [Lat. satureia.] An 
aromatic plant, used in cooking. 

SAW, imn, of See. — n. [A.-S. sage. 
Icel. sog.] A toothed instrument for 
cutting. — v. t. [sawed : sawed, 
or SAWN; SAWING.] [Allied to Lat. 
secare, to cut.] To cut or separate 
with a saw. — v. i. " 1. To use a saw. 

2. To cut with a saw. 
Saw'du-st, ft. Small fragments of 

wood or other material, made b\ i 
saw. [timber, &<!. 

Saw'-mTll, ft. A mill for sawing 

SAW'-PlT,ft. A pit over which tim- 
ber is sawed by two men. 

SAW'-SET,n. An instrument to turn 
the teeth of a saw a little outward. 

Saw'yer, ft. [From saw, like law- 
yer from law.] 1. One who saws 
timber. 2. A tree, fallen into a 



or, do, wolf, too, Tcfoiij fjRN, rue, pull ; E,i, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,G,nard; ASj EgiST; n as ng; rais 



SAXIFRAGE 



ot 



SCARIFICATION 



stream, and rocking above and be- 
low the surface of the water, like 
the motion of a saw. [Amer.] 

SXx'I-FRAGE, n. [Lat. saxifraga; 
saxum, rock, und fratig ere, to break.] 
A plant growing naturally on or 
among rocks. 

ftXx'o-N (or saks'n), n. [A.-S. Seaxa, 
pi. Seaxe, fr. seax, a knife, a dag- 
ger.] 1. (a.) One of a German peo- 
ple who conquered England in the 
6th and 6th centuries, (b.) A na- 
tive of Saxony. 2. The language of 
the Saxons. — a. Pertaining to the 
Saxons, to their country, or to their 
language. [idiom. 

SXx'ON-iSM (or saks'n-), n. A Saxon 

Say, v. t. [said; saying.] [A.-S. 
secgan, seggan.] 1. To utter in 
words; to speak. 2. To repeat; to 
recite. 3. To announce as a decision 
or opinion ; hence, to be sure about. 
_ — n. Something said. 

Say'ing,w. An expression ; especially 
a proverbial expression. 

ScXb, n. [A.-S. scdbb ; allied to shave.] 

1. An incrustation over a sore. 2. A 
contagious disease of sheep. 

Scab'bard, n. [Of. I eel. skalpr, scab- 
bard.] Case for the blade of a sword, 
&c. ; a sheath. 

ScXb'bed (60), a. 1. Diseased with 
scabs. 2. Mean ; paltry. 

ScXb'bed-ness, I n. State of being 

ScXb'bi-ness, J scabbed. 

S€AB'BY,ffl. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Af- 
fected with scabs . 2. Diseased with 
the scab. 

SCA'BI-oDs, a. [Lat. scabiosus; sen- 
bus, the scab.] Consisting of scabs. 

SCA'BROUS, a. [Lat. sr.abrosus ; scu- 
ber, rough.] Rough; rugged. 

ScXf'fold, n. [L. Lat. escafaldus, 
fr. the Romansch catar, to view, and 
It. falco, a scaffold, stage, from 0. II. 
Ger. palcho, balco, beam.] A tem- 
porary stage or elevated platform, 
esp. one for the execution of a crim- 
inal.— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To fur- 
nish with a scaffold. 

S€AF'FOLD-lNG,n. 1. A scaffold. 2. 
Materials for scaffolds. 

Scagl-io'la (skal-yo'la), n. [Tt. 
scagliuola, dim. of scagli a, a scale, 
shell.] An imitation of marble, formed 
from gypsum mixed with glue, &c. 

ScAL'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
scaled. 

Sca-lade', n. [See Scale, v. t.] An 
assault on a besieged place with lad- 
ders to mount the walls. 

Scald, v. t. [-ed; -rN&.] [Lat. ex- 
caldare; ex, and caldus, calidus, 
warm, hot.] 1. To burn with hot 
liquid. 2. To expose to a boiling or 
violent heat over a fire. — n. 1. A 
burn by some hot liquid, or by steam. 

2. [Originally scall.] Scurf on the 
head ; scab. 

Scald, n. [Tcel. sk&M, Ger. skald e, 
allied toO. H. Ger. scellan, to sound.] 
A reciter of heroic poems, among the 
Norsemen. 

Scald'-head, n. A pustular erup- 
tion of the hairy scalp. 



ScXLD'IC, a. Pertaining to the scalds 
or poets of antiquity. 

SCALE, n. 1. [A.-S. scalu, scealu. dish 
of a balance, balance.] The dish of 
a balance ; hence, in the pi., the bal- 
ance itself. 2. [A.-S. scealu, scalu, 
a shell, parings.] One of the small 
pieces which form the covering of 
many fishes and reptiles. 3. Any 
thin layer or leaf. 4. [Lat. scalx, 
scala.] A ladder. &. Any thing 
graduated, esp. when employed as a 
measure or rule ; in music, the gam- 
ut. 6. Gradation. — v.t. 1. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To climb by a ladder, or as 
if by a ladder. 2. To strip of scales. 
3. To take off in scales. — v. i. To 
come off in thin layers. 

Sca-lene', a. [Gr. o-KaA-rjvos.] Hav- 
ing the sides and angles unequal ; — 
said of a triangle. 

Sca'LI-NESS, n. State of being scaly. 

Scall,»i. [See Scald and Scale.] 
Scab ; scabbiness ; leprosy. 

Scall'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. csepa As- 
calonia, fr. Ascalon, a town in Pal- 
estine.] A plant allied to the onion. 

SCAL'LOP (skol'lup), n. [See ESCA- 
LOP.] 1. A marine shell-fish. 2. A 
curving of the edge of any thing. 3. 
A dish for baking oysters in. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To mark or cut the 
edge of into segments of circles. 

Scal/loped (skol'lupt), a. Made or 
done with or in a scallop. 

ScALP, n. [Cf. Lat. scalpere, to cut, 
carve.] Skin of the top cf the head ; 
— torn off. with the hair belonging to 
it, by Indian warriors, ««;s a token of 
victory, —v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
deprive of the scalp. 

SCAL'PEL, n. [Lat. scalpellum. See 
supra.] A knife used in surgical op- 
erations. 

Sca'ly, a. 1. Abounding with scales ; 
rough. 2. Resembling scales. 

ScXM'BLE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. D. 
sc.hampelen, to deviate, to slip.] To 
stir quick ; to be busy. 

ScXM'BLER, n. One who scambles. 

ScXM'MO-NY, 11. [Gr. aKatxnuvio..] A 
certain plant and its inspissated sap. 

SCAMP, n. [See infra.] A great ras- 
cal ; a scoundrel. 

ScXMP'ER, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. escamper, to escape, to save one's 
self.] To run with speed. 

Scan, v. t. [-ned; -ning.] [Lat. 
scandere, to climb, to scan.] 1. To 
go through with, as a. verse, distin- 
guishing the feet of which it is com- 
posed. 2. To scrutinize. 

ScXN'DAL, n. . [Gr. a-KavSaXov, stick 
or spring in a trap, snare, offense, 
scandal.] 1. Imputed disgrace. 2. 
Defamatory speech or report. 

SCAN'DAL-IZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To give offense to. 2. To reproach ; 
to defame. 

ScXN'DAL-ot5s,a. 1. Calling out con- 
demnation. 2. Bringing shame or 
infamy. 3. Defamatory. 

Scan'dal-OUS-ly, adv. Shamefully. 

Scan'DENT, a. [Lat. scandens, climb- 
ing.] Climbing, as a plant. 



ScXn'SION, n. [Lat. scansio, fr. sean- 
dere, to climb.] The act of scanning. 

Scan-SO'ri-al, a. Climbing, or adapt- 
ed to climbing. 

Scant, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From the 
adj.] 1. To limit ; to treat illiberal- 
ly. 2. To make small, or scanty. — 
— a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. seamed, 
p. p. of snevan, to break, wound, 
destroy.] Scarcely sufficient. [ner. 

Scant'I-ly. adv. In a scanty man- 

ScXnt'i-ness,«. Want of sufficiency. 

SCANT'LING, n. [Fr. cchantillon, a 
sample, from cantel, ckanlel, corner, 
side] A piece of timber sawed or 
cut of a small size. 

Scant'LY, adv. Not fully or suffi- 
ciently, [scant. 

Scant'ness, n. Quality of being 

Scant'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142]. [From 
scant.] 1. Wanting extent. 2. Hardly 
sufficient. 3. Sparing ; niggardly. 

Scape, v. t. or i. To escape. — n. 
[Gr. cr/caTros. 0-ktJ7tos.] A peduncle 
rising Iron) the ground or a subter- 
ranean stem. 

Scape'-goat, n. A goat upon whose 
head were symbolically placed the 
sins of the people, after which he 
was suffered to escape into the wil- 
derness, [brained fellow. 

SCAPE '-GRACE, n. A graceless, hair- 

SCAPE'MENT, n. See ESCAPEMENT. 

S€AP'U-LA, n.; pi. S€AP'V-LJE. 

[Lat.] The shoulder-blade. 

Scap'u-LAR, a. Pertaining to the 
scapula. 

Scap'U-la-ry, n. A part of the habit 
of certain religious orders in the Ro- 
man Catholic church. 

Scar, n. [Dan. skaar, a cut, noteh, 
slash, fr. skare, skiare, to cut.] Mark 
of a healed wound ; acicatrix. — v. t. 
[-red; -RING.] To mark with a 
scar. 

Scarce, a. [-er ; -est.] [0. Fr. 
escars, eschars, fr. Low Lat. scarpvs, 
excarpsus, for Lat. exctrptus, picked 
out, contracted.] Not plentiful or 
abundant. 

Scarce, ) adv. With difficulty ; 

Scarce'ly,) hardly ; barely. 

ScXr^e'ness, ) n. 1. Condition of 

Scar'ci-ty, J being scarce; de- 
fect of plenty. 2. Infrequency. 

Scare (4), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. 
skirra, to drive away.] To terrify 
suddenly; to make afraid. 

'M are 'crow, n. Any thing set up 
to frighten crows or other fowls from 
cornfields ; hence, a vain terror. 

Scarf, n. 1. [A.-S. scearf, a fragment, 
and hence, a strip cut off.] A light 
cloth, worn loosely over the shoul- 
ders or about the neck. 2. Part cut 
away from each of two pieces of tim- 
ber to be joined longitudinal! 3. 
The joint so formed. — v. t. 1. [ED: 
-ING.] To put on like a scarf. 2. [Ger. 
scharben. to notch, indent.] Tocrt 
a scarf on, as for a joint in timber. 

Scarf'skin, n. Outer thin integu- 
ment of the body ; cuticle. 

ScXr'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Operation of 
scarifying. 



&.. E, I, O V, Y, long; A,E, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TET*M 3 PIQUE, FIRM ) S6N; 



SCARIFIER 



379 



SCIENTIFICALLY 



SCAR'I-FIOER, n. 1. One who scari- 
fies. 2._ Instrument for scarifying. 

SCAR'I-FY, V. t. [-EB; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. scarificare, from Gr. axapi^ao- 
0<.a, to scratch up.] 1. To scratch or 
cut the skin of. 2. To stir the sur- 
face soil of. 

Scar'la-t'i'na, n. [N. Lat.] Scarlet 
fever. See Scarlet Fever. 

ijCAR'LET, n. [L. Lat. scarlatum, Per. 
sakarlat.] A bright orange-red color. 

— a. Of a bright orange-red color. 
Scarlet Fever, a contagious febrile dis- 
ease, characterized by a scarlet rash. 

Scarp, n. [See Escarp.] Interior 
slope of the ditch nearest the para- 
pet. — v. t. [-ED; -ING-.] To cut 
down perpendicularly, or nearly so. 

Scath, n. [A.-S. scedh, for scaelhL] 
Damage : injury. 

Scath, I v. t. [-ed ; -ing-.] To in- 

Scathe, j jure; to damage; to de- 

Scath'ful, a. Injurious. [stroy. 

Scath'less, a. Without damage. 

SCAT'TER, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 

scateran, allied to sce.ddan, to shed.] 

1. To strew about. 2. To cause to 

separate indifferent directions. 

Syjt. — To disperse; dissipate; spread. 

— v. i. To be dispersed. 
Scat'ter-brain, n. A giddy or 

thoughtless person. 

Scav'en-ger, n. [A.-S. scafen, to 
shave, to scrape.] One who cleans 
the streets of a city. 

Scene (seen), n. [Lat. scena, fr. Gr. 
'o-Ki7VTj,a covered place, tent, stage.] 
1. Stage of a theater. 2. One of the 
slides, or other devices, used to give 
an appearance of reality to a play. 3. 
Portion of a play, subordinate to the 
act. 4. Place, time, circumstances, 
&c, in which any thing is imagined 
to occur. 5. Spectacle ; exhibition ; 
view. 6. A striking exhibition of 
passionate feeling, or an interview, 
&c. ; often, action done for effect. 

Scen'er-y, n. 1. Paintings repre- 
senting the scenes of a play. 2. 
Combination of natural views. 
Syn. — Representation; imagery. 

SCEN'IC, or Scen'ic, ) a. Relating 

S^EN'IC-AL (110), ) to, or of the 
nature of. scenery ; theatrical. 

SCEN'O-G-RAPH'IC, a. Pertaining to 
scenography ; dr.uvn in perspective. 

SCE-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr, <tkt)vo- 
ypa<f>ia ,• o-K.y\vr\, scene, stage, and 
ypou^etv, to write.] Represen tation of 
a body on a perspect ve plane. 

Scent, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [FromFr. 
sentir, to feel, to smell, Lat. sentire.] 

1. To smell. 2. To imbue with odor ; 
to perfume. — n. 1. Odor; smell. 

2. Sense of smell. 3. Chase followed 
by the scent. 

Scent'less, a. Ilaving no scent. 
Soep'ter, In. [Gr. o-Kr\irrpov, a staff 
Scep'tre, 1 to lean upon, a scepter, 
from o-KrJ7TTei.v, to lean.] 1. A staff 
borne by kings, as a badge of au- 
thority. 2. Royal authority. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING-.] To invest with royal 
authority. 



Scep'tic, n. See Skeptic «ua to- | 
Sceptical, &c, see Skeptical, 

&c. 

Sched'ule (sked'yul ; in Eng. com- 
monly sh&Pyul, 30), n. [Lat. sched- 
ula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papy- 
rus, a leaf of paper, Gr. o-x^Sv, a 
tablet, leaf.] An official or formal 
list or inventory. 

Syn.— Catalogue ; list. — A list is a 
bare record of names, titles, &c. A cat- 
alogue is a list arranged according to 
some principle, and is usually designed 
to describe things more or less particii- 
larly. A schediue is a formal list or in- 
ventory prepared for legal or business 
purposes. 

SCHEM'A-TISM (skem'a-), it. [Gr. 
o-x77hao.tio-ju.6s, the assuming of a 
shape or posture.] Particular form 
or disposition of a thing; outline. 

SCHEM'A-TIST (skeni'-), n. A schemer. 

Scheme (skem), n. [Lat. schema, Gr. 
crxTJua, form, shape, outline, plan.] 
1. A combination of things connected 
and adjusted by design. 2. A plan 
of something to be done. 

Syjt. — Plan. — Scheme and plan are 
subordinate to design. Scheme is the 
least definite of the two, and lies more in 
speculation. A plan is drawn out into 
details with a view to being carried into 
effect. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To plan; to 
contrive. — v. i. To form a plan. 

Schem'er, ) n. One who schemes or 

Schem'ist, J contrives. 

SCHISM (slzin), n. [Gr. o-xio-fxa., from 
o~xi£eiv, to split.] Permanent divis- 
ion in the Christian church. 

SCHI.s-MAT'IC (siz-, 123), a. Relating 
to, or implying, schism ; tending to 
schism. — n. One guilty of schism. 

Schist (shTst), n. [Gr. o-xicttos, di- 
vided, divisible.] A rock having a 
slaty structure. 

Schtst-ose' (125), \ a. Admitting of 

S^hist'ous, ) natural cleav- 

age into slabs, or slates. 

Schol'ar (skol'ar), n [See School.] 
l! One who learns of a teacher. 2. A 
learned person. 

Syx. — Pupil.— A scholar is one who 
is under instruction: a pupil is one who 
is under the immediate and personal 
care of an instructor ; hence, a bright 
sc/toZa?"and an obedient jJiipiZ. 

Schol'ar-ly, a. Like, or becoming, 
a scholar. 

Schol'ar-shIp, n. 1. Attainments 
in science or literature. 2. A founda- 
tion for the support of a student. 

Scho-las'tic, n. One who adheres 
to the method or subtilities of the 
schools. — a. [Gr. o-xoAao-TtKOs. See 
School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suit- 
ing, a scholar or a school. 2. Per- 
taining to the schoolmen of the mid- 
dle ages. 

Scho-lXs'tic-al-LY, adv. In a 
scholastic manner. 

ScHO-LAS'Ti-ci'gM, n. The method 
or the subtiities of the schools of 
philosophy. 

Sch5'li-ast (sko'lT-), n. [Gr. <rx<>- 
Atao-rrjs, from o-xo\iov. a scholium.] 
A commentator or annotator. 



SCHO'Ll-XsT'IC, <?- Pertaining to^ 

scholiast. 
ScHd'Li-CJM, n. ; Lat. pi. seHd'- 

LI-A, Eng. pi. SCHO"LI-i)MS. [N. 
Lat. scholium, fi\ Gr. o-\6Kiov. See 
School.] 1. A marginal annota- 
tion. 2. A remark subjoined to a 
demonstration. 

School (skobl), n. [Lat. schola, from 
Gr. axoArj, leisure, a school.] 1. An 
institution for learning ; esp. a place 
of elementary instruction. 2. A body 
■of pupils. 3. A sect or denomina- 
tion in philosophy, theology, &c. 4. 
lA -S. sceol, a multitude.] A com- 
pact body, as offish. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING-.} 1. To train in an institution 
of learning. 2. To chide and ad- 
monish, [a school. 

School'-boy, n. A boy who attenas 

School'-fel'lSw, n. A companion 
at school. [use of schools. 

School'-house, n. A house for the 

Schooling, n. 1. Instruction in 
school. 2. Reproof; reprimand. 3. 
Compensation for instruction. 

School'-m>n (150), n. One versed 
in the school divinity of the middle 
ages. [teaches a school. 

School'-mas't^r, n. A man who 

School'-mis'tress, n. A woman 
who teaches a school. 

Schoon'er (skoon'er), 
n. [From scoon, a 
word used in some 
parts of New England 
to denote the act of 
making stones .skip 
along the surface of 
the water. Cf. A.-S. 
scunian, to avoid, Schooner, 
shun.] A small, two-masted vessel, 
with fore-and-aft sails. 

Schorl (shorl), n. [Ger. schorl.] 
Black tourmaline. 

SCI-AT'IC, In. [Gr. lo-xiaSi/cds, 

S^I-AT'I-CA, j subject to pains in the 
hips and loins ; laxiov, hip joint.] 
1. Neuralgia of the sciatic, nerve. 2. 
A rheumatic affection of the hip 
joint. — a. Pertaiuing to the hip. 

SCI'ENCE, n. [Lat. scientia, fr. scire, 
to know.] 1. Penetrating and com- 
prehensive information or skill. 2. 
Knowledge duly arranged, and re- 
ferred to general truths and prin- 
ciples. 

Syn. — Literature ; art. — Scie?ice de- 
notes a systematic and orderly arrange- 
ment of knowledge, and hence we speak 
of reducing a subject to a science. In a 
more distinctive sense, science embraces 
those branches of knowledge which give 
a positive statement of truth as founded 
in the nature of things or established by 
observation and experiment. The term 
literature sometimes denotes all compo- 
sitions not embraced under science, but 
is usually confined to the belles-lettres. 
Art is that which depends on practice 
and skill in performance. 

ScPEN-Ti'F'IC, a. [Lat. scientia, sci- 
ence, and fac ere , to make.] Agreeing 
with, or depending on, the rules or 
principle^ of science. 

ScPen-tIf'ic-al-ly, adv. Accord- 
ing to the principles of science. 




OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK j URN, RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent; C, G, soft; €, G, fiard; As 3 E^IST ; N, as NG; THIS 



SCILICET 



380 



SCOWL 



SplL'I-ptiT (sil'i-set). [Lat. contr. 
from scire licet, you may know.] To 
wit ; namely. 

Scim'i-ter, I n. A short sword with 

ScjuM'l-TAR, ) a recurved point. 

SciN'TlL-LANT, a. [Lat. scintillans.] 
Emitting sparks ; sparkling. 

SCIN'TIL-LATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
TLat. scintillare, -latum, fr. scintilla, 
a spark.] 1. To emit sparks. 2. To 
sparkle, asthe fixed stars. 

^CiN'TIL-la'tion, it. Act of emit- 
ing sparks, or of twinkling. 

SCI'O-LISM (sl'o-llzm), n. Superficial 
science r 

SCI'O-LIST (sFo-list), n. [Lat. sciolus, 
dim. of scius, knowing.] One whose 
knowledge is superficial ; a sinatterer. 

Sci'ON, n. [See CJON ] 1. A shoot of 
a plant, especially for ingrafting. 2. 
A descendant ; an heir. 

Sci-op'tic, ) a. [Gr. ova<£, shadow, 

S^I-OP'TRIC, J and h-minos, belong- 
ing to sight.] Pertaining to an opti- 
cal arrangement for forming images 
in a darkened room. 

SCIRE-FACIAS (sT're-fa/shT-as), n. 
[Lat., cause you to know.] A writ, 
founded upon some record, aud re- 
quiring the party proceeded against 
to show cause why the party bring- 
ing it should not have advantage of 
such record, or why the record 
should not be annulled. 

Scir-rhos'1-ty (sklr-ros'i-ty), n. [See 
Scirrhus.] A morbid induration, 
as of a gland. 

SctR'RHOUS (skTr'rus), a. Of the na- 
ture of scirrhus; indurated; knotty. 

Sc'ik'RHUS (skir'rus), n. ; Lat. pi. 
S€IR'RHI, Eng. pi. SClR'RHUS-E£. 
[Gr. tr/appos, <riapo?.] 1. An indo- 
lent induration of the glands. 2. A 
hard, cancerous growth. 

Scis'sel (61), n. [See Scissile.] 
Clippings of metals. 

Scis'sIle (sls'sil). a. [Lat. scissilis, fr. 
scindere, to cut, split.] Capable of 
being cut or divided. 

ScIs'SION (slzh'un), n. [Lat. scissio, 
from scindere, to cut, split.] Act of 
cutting. [or shears. 

Scis/s_or, v. t. To cut with scissors 

S^is'sORg (siz'zurs), n. pi. [Lat. scis- 
sor^cme who cleaves or divides.] A 
cutting instrument consisting of two 
cutting blades movable on a pin. 

Scis'stJRE (sizh'ynr), n. [Lat. scis- 
sura. from scindere, to cut, split.] A 
longitudinal cut, [MAN. 

Scla-vo'ni-an, a. & n. See Slavo- 

Scle-ROT'ic, a. [Gr. <r/<A.7jp6<r, hard.] 
Hard; firm. — n. The firm, white 
outer coat of the eye. 

Scobs,, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., fr. scabere, 
to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, 
metals, &c. 2. Dross of metals. 

Ccoff, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. 
slcuppa, to laugh at.] To show iuso- 
lent ridicule or mockery. — v. t. To 
treat with derision or scorn. — n. 
Expression of scorn or contempt. 

Scoff'er,m. One who scoffs. 

Scoff'ing-ly, adv. With mockery. 

SCOLD, v. i. [-ED;-ING.] [D. schel- 



den, 0. H. Ger. sceltan.] To chide 
sharply or coarsely. — v. t. To chide 
with rudeness ; to rate ; also, to re- 
buke with severity. — n. One who 
scolds ; especially, a rude, clamorous, 
foul-mouthed woman ; a shrew. 

Scol'lop, n. See Scallop. 

Sconce, w. [D. sckans, Icel. skans.] 
1. A fort. 2. A helmet. 3. The head ; 
also, brains ; sense. 4. A fixed hang- 
ing or projecting candlestick. 

SCOOP, n. [Allied to shove and shovel.] 

1. A large ladle ; a vessel for bailing 
boats. 2. A spoon-shaped ladle. 3. 
A basin-like cavity. 4. A sweep ; a 
stroke, — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
take out with, or as with , a scoop. 2. 
To empty by lading. 3. To excavate. 

Scoop'-net, ». A hand-net, to fish 

from a river. 
ScSPE, n. [Gr. <tkott6s, fr. aKonelv, to 

view.] 1. That at which one aims. 

2. Amplitude of opportunity ; free 
course. 3. Length ; extent ; sweep. 
Syx. — Space ; room ; intention ; drift. 

SCOR-BU'TIC, a. [N. Lat. scorbuticus, 
H. Ger. scharbock, schorbork, scurvy.] 
Relating to, like, or affected with, 
scurvy. 

Scorch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
excorticare, from Lat. ex. from, and 
cortex, corticis, bark.] 1. To burn 
superficially ; to parch. 2. To affect 
painfully with heat, or as with heat. 
— v. i. To be burnt on the surface ; 
to be parched. 

Score, n. [A.-S. scor, from sceran, to 
shear, cut.] 1. A notch ; esp. a mark 
made for the purpose of keeping ac- 
count. 2. Debt or account of debt. 

3. Reason ; motive. '4? The number 
of twenty. 5. Original draught, or 
its transcript, of a musical composi- 
tion, with all the parts. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To notch. 2. Especially, 
to mark with significant lines or 
notches, for keeping account. 3. To 
set down ; to charge. 4. To write 
down, as music. 

S-eo'Ri-A, n. ; pi. S€o'ri-je. [Gr. 
<TKu>pCa, fr. erxcip, dung.] 1. Slag ; 
dross. 2. The cellular, slaggy lavas 
of a volcano. 

Sco/ri-a'ceous, a. Relating to sco- 
ria ; like dross. 

Sco'ri-form, a. [Lat. scoria, dross, 
and forma, form.] Like scoria. 

Sco'ri-fy, v. t. (ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. scoria, dross, and facere, to 
mak3.] To reduce to scoria. 

Scorn, n. [0. Fr. escorner, to humil- 
iate, outrage, lit., to break off the 
horns, fr. Lat. ex., from, and cornu, 
a horn.] 1. Extreme and passion- 
ate contempt. 2. That which is 
scorned. — v. t. [-ED: -ING.] To 
hold in extreme contempt. 
Syn. — See Contems. 

SCORN'ER, n. One who scorns. 

Scorn'ful, a. Full of scorn or con- 
tempt. 

Sc6rn'ful-LY, adv. in a scornful 
manner. 

Scor'pi-on, n. [Gr. o-Kopnios, <rnop- 




nitav, allied to 
Eng. sharp.] 1. 
A sort of spider, 
with a very acute j 
sting. 2. A pain- 
ful scourge. 3. 
The eighth sign of 
the zodiac. 4. A 
certain sea-fish. Scorpion. 

Scot, n. [A.-S.] 1. A tax or contribu- 
tion ; a fine. 2. A native of Scot- 
land. 

Scotch, a. Pertaining to Scotland 
or its inhabitants; Scottish. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. [Cf. Armor. skoaz, 
the shoulder, skoazia, to shoulder 
up, to prop.] To prevent, as a wheel, 
fr. rolling. 2. [Gael, sgoch, to slit.] 
To wound superficially. — n. A 
slight cut ; a shallow incision. 

SCOTCH'COL'LOPS, ) 

SCOTCH^D'-COL'LOPS (skotcht'-), J 
n. pi. Veal cut into small pieces. 

Scotch'man (150), n. A native of 
Scotland ; a Scot. 

Scot'-free, a. 1. Free from pay- 
ment ; untaxed. 2. Unhurt ; safe. 

Scots, a. Scotch ; Scottish. 

S€ot'ti-cI§m, n. An expression pe- 
culiar to the Scotch. 

Scot'tish, a. Pertaining to the 
Scotch, or to their country or lan- 
guage. 

Scoun'drel, n. [Corrupted fr. Ger. 
schandkerl, fr. schande, infamy, and 
kcrl, fellow.] A mean, worthless 
fellow ; a rascal. — a. Low ; base ; 
mean. [cality. 

ScouN'DREL-igM, n. Baseness ; ras- 

Scour, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sctir, a scouring, N. Fr. ccurer, from 
Lat. ex and curare, to take care of.] 
1. To rub hard, for the purpose of 
cleaning. 2. To purge violently. 3. 
To remove by rubbing. 4. To pass 
swiftly over. — v. i. 1. To clean any 
thing by rubbing. 2. To be purged 
to excess. 3. To run with celerity. 

SCOURGE, n. [Fr. escourgee, fr. Lat. 
excoriata (sc. scutica), from ex and 
corium, leather.] 1. A lash; a 
strap or cord ; a whip. 2. A pun- 
ishment, or a means of inflicting 
punishment. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
1. To whip severely. 2. To afflict 
for sins or faults. 

Scout, n. [0. Fr. escovt, spy. fr. Lat. 
auscultare, to listen to.] One sent 
out to gain tidings of the movements 
and condition of an enemy. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. Prov Erg. sroirt, 
to pelt.] 1. To spy out. 2. To re- 
connoiter. 3. To sneer at. — v.i. 
To act as a scout. 

SCOW (skou), n. [Ger. schauen, to 
look, to see, prob. because it was 
visible by a flag set up.] A large, 
flat -bottomed boat. 

Scowl, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [H. Ger. 
scliielen, to squint.] 1. To wrinkle 
the brows, as in frowning or dis- 
pleasure. 2. To look gloomy, dark, 
or tempestuous. — n. 1. The wrink- 
ling of the brows in frowning. 2. 
Gloom ; dark or rude aspect. 



i, E, I, O.U, f,long; A,£,I, S»D,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SO^i 



SCRABBLE 



381 



SCULLERY 



Scrab'ble (skrab'bl), v. i. [-ED ; 
-!>'«.] [Diminutive of scrape.] 1. 
To scramble. [Coiloq.] 2. To scrib- 
ble ; to scrawl, —n. A scramble. 

SCRAG, n [Contr. fr. Gael, scrabach, 
rough, rugged.] Something lean 
with roughness ; especially, a neck 
piece of meat. 

SCKAG'GED. I a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 

Scrag'gy, j 1. Rough with irreg- 
ular points. 2. Lean and rough. 

S€RAM'BLE,t.i. [-EDJ-WG.] [Prov. 
Eng. scramb, to rake together with 
the hands. Cf. Scrabble.] 1. 
To clamber with hands and knees. 
2. To struggle with others for some- 
thing thrown down.- — n. Act of 
scrambling, or clambering. 

SCRAP, n. [From scrape] A small 
piece ; a bit ; a fragment. 

S-CRAp'-BOOK, n. A blank book in 
which extracts may be pasted. 

Scrape, v. t. [-ed ; -inc.] [A.-S. 
screpan, screopan.] 1. To rub the 
surface of with a sharp instrument. 

2. To remove by rubbing. 3. To col- 
lect by course and laborious effort. 
4. To express disapprobation of by 
noisy movements of the feet. — n. 1. 
A rubbing with something harsh ; 
hence, the effect produced by rub- 
bing. 2. An embarrassing predica- 
ment. 

ScRAP'ER, n. An instrument with 
which any thing is scraped. 

SCRAP'ING, n. Something scraped off. 

Scratch, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [0. H. 
Ger. krazjan, IcrazGn.] 1. To rub 
and tear the surface of. *. To dig 
with the claws. — v. i. To use the 
claws in tearing or digging. — n. 1. 
A slight incision or laceration. 2. 
Test or trial of courage. [ Coiloq.] 

3. (pi.) Dry chaps or scabs, between 
the heel and pastern joint of a 
horse. 4. A kiud of partial wig. 

Scrawl, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
D. schravelen, to scratch or scrape ; 
Eng. scrabble and crawl.] To draw 
or write awkwardly and irregularly. 
— v. i. To write uuskillfully. — n. 
1. Unskillful or inelegant writing. 2. 
A ragged, broken branch. 

Scrawl'er, 7i. One who scrawls. 

Screak, v. i. [ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
Shriek and Screech.] To creak, 
as a door or wheel. — n. A creaking ; 
a screech. 

Scream, v. i. [-ed; -ijsg.] [Cf. 
A.-S. hriman, hryman, to cry out.] 
To utter a sudden , sharp outcry ; to 
shriek. — n. A shriek, or sharp, 
shrill cry, uttered suddenly. ' 

Screech, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
skrsekia, to howl, slcrlkja, to twit- 
ter.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry ; 
to scream ; to shriek. — n. A harsh, 
shrill, and sudden cry. [screeches. 

Screech'-owl, 7t. An owl that 

Screed, ti. [Cf. A.-S. screade, a 
shred, leaf. See Shred.] A wooden 
rule for running moldings. 

Screen, n. [0. H. Ger. scirm,scerm.] 
1. Any thing that shelters, or shuts 
off view, &c. 2. A long, coarse 







sieve. ~v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
protect by hiding ; to conceal. 2. 
To pass through a screen. 
Screw (skru), n. [Icel. en 
skrfyfa, D. schroef.] 1. A r|fr a 
cy linder grooved spirally " 

— one of the six mechan 
ical powers. 2. Any thing 
like a screw ; esp., a form 
of wheel for propelling 
steam-vessels. — v. t. [-ED; a, nut; b, 
-ING.] 1. To press or fas- handle, or 
ten by a screw. 2. To ^wl 
squeeze ; to press. 3. To 

distort. 4:._ To examine minutely. 

ScreW'-driv'ER (skru'-), n. An im- 
plement for turning screws. 

Screw'-pro-pel'ler (skru/-), n. A 
steam-vessel pro- 
pelled by a screw ; 
also, the screw it- 
self. 

ScrIb'ble (skrib'- 
bl), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING. J [From Lat. 
scribere, to write.] Screw-propeller. 
1. To write with- 
out care. 2. To fill with worthless 
writing. — v. i. To write without 
care, elegance, or value. — n. Hasty 
or careless writing. 

Scrib'bler, n. One who scribbles; 
a petty writer. 

Scribe, n. [Lat. scriba, fr. scribere, 
to write.] 1. A writer; esp., an offi- 
cial writer. 2. (Jewish Hist.) One 
who read and explained the law to 
the people, — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
fit, as one edge of a board, &c, to 
another edge, or to a, surface. 

SCRiM'MAGE, n. [Prob. a corrupt, of 
skirmish.] A general row or fight. 

SCRI3IP, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [H Ger 
schrumpfen, to crumple, shrink.] To 
make too small or short; to, scant. 

SCRIP, n. 1. [Icel. skreppa, W. ysgrab.] 
A small bag ; a wallet. 2. [Abbrev. 
fr. script.] A small writing or sched- 
ule. 3. Certificate given in exchange 
for a loan. 

Script, n. [Lat. scriptum, something 
written.] A kind of type in imita- 
tion of handwriting. 

Q/ni4 ty/ie <** Q/cztfot. 

ScrIpt'ur-al, a. Contained in, or 
according to, the Scriptures. 

SCRIPT'URE (53), ti. [Lat. scriptura, 
fr. scribere, to write.] 1. Any thing 
written. 2. The books of the Old 
and New Testament ; the Bible ; 

— chiefly in the pi. 
ScrIpt'ur-ist, 7i. One versed in the 

Scriptures. 

ScrIve'ner (skriv/ner), n. [0. Fr. 
escrivain, fr. Lat. scribere, to write.] 
One who draws contracts or other 
writings. 

Scrof'U-la, 7i. [Lat. scrofulse, from 
scrofa, a breeding sow. because swine 
are subject to it, or by a fanciful 
comparison of the swellings to little 
pigs.] A disease affecting the lym- 
phatic glands, esp. those of the neck. 



S€r6f'U-lo0s, a. Pertaining to, or 
diseased with, scrofula. 

Scroll, n. [0. Fr. escrol, escrou, fr 
Lat. ex, con, and rotulus, rotula. See 
Roll.] 1. A roll of paper or parch- 
ment. 2. (Arch.) A convolved or 
spiral ornament. 

Scro'TI-form, a. [Lat. scrotum, and 
forma, form.] Purse-shaped. 

SeRO'TUM, n. [Lat.] The bag which 
contains the testicles. 

SCRtJB, V. t. [-BED; -BING.] [D. 
schrobben, L. Ger. schrubben, to 
scrub.] To rub hard, with a brush, 
or something coarse or rough. — v. i. 
To be diligent and penurious. — n. 1. 
A mean drudge. 2. A worn-out 
brush. 

ScRUB'BY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 
Small and mean ; stunted in growth. 

SCRU'PLE, 7i. [Lat. scrvpulus, a small, 
sharp stone, 24th of an ounce, un- 
easiness, doubt.] 1. A weight of 
20 grains. 2. A very small quantitj*. 
3. Hesitation as to action from the 
difficulty of determining what is 
right or expedient. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To doubt or hesitate. 

Scru'pler, n. One who scruples. 

Scru'PU-los'i-ty, 7i. Quality or state 
of' being scrupulous. 

Scru'pu-lous, a. 1. Full of scru- 
ples. 2. Careful ; cautious ; exact. 

SCRU'PU-Lotrs-LY, adv. With a ni«e 
regard to particulars or to propriety. 

Scru'pu-lous-ness, 7i. State or qual- 
ity* of being scrupulous; niceness, or 
caution in determining or in acting. 

SCRU'TI-NIZE, *. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From scrutiny.] To examine or in- 
quire into critically. 

Scru'ti-ny, 71. [Lat. scrutinium, fr. 
scrutari, lit., to search even to the 
rags, from scruta, gruta, Gr. ypvrr), 
trash, trumpery.] Minute inquiry 
or search. 

SCRU-TOIRE' (-twor'), n. [See Es- 
CRITOIR.] A desk, with a lid open- 
ing downward for writing on it. 

SctJD, t'. 1. [-DED ; -DING.] [A.-S. 
sceotan, to shoot, haste away.] To 
be driven with haste ; esp. before a 
tempest, with little or no sail spread. 
— 7i. 1. A driving along. 2. Loose, 
vapory clouds driven swiftly by the 
wind. 

Scuf'fle, n. [See Shove, and cf. 
Shuffle.] 1. A trial of strength 
between two persons who grapple. 
2. A confused contest. — v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To struggle with close 
grapple. 2. To strive or contend 
tumultuously. 

Scuf'fler, n. One who scuffles. 

SctJLK, v. i. See Skulk. 

Scull, n. 1. A boat. 2. A short 
oar ; esp. one used in propelling a 
boat, by placing it over the stern. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To impel by 
moving an oar over the stern. 

ScOl'ler, 7i. 1. A boat rowed by 
one man with two sculls. 2. One 
who sculls. 

SCUL'LER-Y, n. [0. Fr. esculier, fr. 
escuelle, a dish, porringer, from Lat. 



OR, DO,WQLF,TOO,TObK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent : C,G,sq/il; €,G,hard; A§; E^IST; B as NG , THIS 



SCULLION 



382 



SEASONABLY 



sculeRa, a square salver.] A place 
for kitchen utensils, &c. 

ScOl'lion (-yun), n. 1. [See Scul- 
lery. J A servant who does menial 
services in the kitchen. 2. A kind 
of imperfect onion. 

ScDl'pin, n. A certain small fish. 

SCULP'TOR, n. One who sculptures. 

Sculpt'UR-AL, a. Pertaining to 
sculpture. 

GcOlpt'ure (53), n. [Lat. sculpturd, 
fr. sculpere, to carve.] 1. Art of 
cutting wood, stone, or other mate- 
rial into images. 2. Carved work. — 
v. t. f-ED; -ING.] To carve; to 
engrave. 

SciJM, n. [Tcel. skum, 0. H. Ger. 
schm.] 1. Impurities which rise to 
the surface of liquids, in boiling or 
fermentation, &c. ; also, scoria. 2. 
Refuse. — v. t. [-med ; -MING.] To 
take the scum from ; to skim. 

SCUM'BLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 
of scum.} To cover lightly with 
opaque or semi-opaque colors. 

Scup'per, n. [Prob. from scoop.'] A 
channel cut through the side oi" a 
ship, for carrying off the water from 
the deck. 

Scup'per-hose, n. A pipe attached 
to the mouth of the scuppers, on the 
outside of avessel. [broad head. 

SCUP'PER-NAIL, n. A nail with a 

Scurf, n. [A.-S., from sceorfan, to 
gnaw, bite.] A dry scac or mealy 
crust on the skin of an animal. 

Scurf 'i-ness, n. State of being 
scurfy. [with scurf. 

ScfjRF'Y.a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Covered 

Scur'rile, a. [Lat. scurrUls, fr. scur- 
ra, a buffoon.] Scurrilous ; low ; 
mean. 

S€UR-RIL'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing scurrilous. 2. Gross or obscene 
language or behavior. 

ScUR'RlL-oOs, a. 1. Using low and 
indecent language. 2. Containing 
low indecency. 

ScOR'VT-LY,atft\ Basely; meanly. 

c€UR'vi-NESS, n. Yileness ; mean- 
ness. 

SCUR'VY, n. [See SCURF.] A disease 
characterized by livid spots, pale- 
ness, languor, spongy and bleeding 
gums, &c. — a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Scurfy ; diseased with the scurvy. 2. 
Vile ; mean ; contemptible. 

SCUR'VY-GRASS, n. A plant used as 
a remedy for the scurvy. . 

ScuTCH'EON,n. [See Escutcheon.] 
1. An escutcheon. 2. An ornamental 
brass plate over a key-hole. 

Scu'ti-form, a. [Lat. scutum, shield, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
of a buckler. 

ScOt'tle, n. 1. [Lat. scutella, dim. 
of scutra, a dish or platter.] A wide- 
mouthed vessel for coal. 2. [0. Fr. 
escoutille, fr. escouter, to listen.] A 
small outer opening furnished with a 
lid, or the lid itself. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [From the n.] To sink, as a 
ship, by making holes through the 
bottom. 

Scythe (sith), «. [A.-S. sldhe, for 



sigdhe, allied to Eng. saw.] An in- 
strument for mowing grass, grain, 
and the like. 

Sc YTH'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Scythia, 
or the northern part of Asia and Eu- 
rope. — n. 1. A native of Scythia. 
2. Language of the Scythians. 

Sea, n. [A -S. sag, sco.] 1. A large 
body of salt water, less than an 
ocean. 2. A lake. [Rare.] 3. The 
_ocean^ 4. A high wave ; a surge. 

Sea'-board, n. [^Wtand board, Fr. 
bord, side.] The sea-shore. 

Sea'-born, a. 1. Born of the sea. 
2. Born at sea. 

Sea'-breach, n. Irruption of the 
sea by breaking the banks. 

Sea'-breeze, n. A current of air, 
blowing from the sea. 

Sea'-cap'tain (42), n. The captain 
of a vessel. 

Sea'-coal. 77. Coal brought by sea ; 
— mineral coal. [sea or ocean. 

SEA'-COAST, n. Shore adjacent to the 

Sea'-far'er, n. A mariner ; a sailor. 

Sea'-far'ing, a. Following the busi- 
ness of a seaman. 

Sea'-fight (-fit), n. An engagement 
between ships at sea. 

Sea'-fowl, n. Any bird that lives 
near, and procures its food from, salt 
water. 

Se a '-gage , n. The depth that a ves- 
sel sinks in the water. 

Sea'-god, n. A marine deity. 

Sea'-green, a. Having the color of 
sea-water. 

Sea'-horse, n. 1. The walrus. 2. 
The hippopotamus. 

Sea'-king, n. A Norse pirate chief. 

Seal, n. 1. [A.-S. 
seol, seolh.] An 
aquatic carniv- 
orous mammal. 
2. [Lat. sigillum, 
dim. of signum, 
a mark, figure 
An engraved 
stamp. 3. Wax g ea i_ 

or wafer stamped 

with a seal. 4. Hence, that which 
confirms or authenticates. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To affix a seal to ; 
to ratify. 2. To mark with a stamp, 
as an evidence of legal size, &c. 3. 
To fasten with a ?eal. 4. To shut or 
_keep close. 

SEA'-LEGg, n. pi. Ability to walk 
steadily on deck in a rough sea. 

SEAL'ER,n. One who seals; especial- 
ly an officer who seals writs, stamps 
weights and measures, &c. 

Seal'ing-wax, n. A resinous com- 
pound for sealing letters. 
; JBeam, n. 1. [A.-S. seam, fr. seowian, 
to sew] Line on cloth formed by 
sewing. 2. A line of junction : a 
suture. 3. A narrow vein between 
two thicker ones. 4. A scar. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To form a seam up- 
on or of. 2. To scar. 3. To knit 
with a certain stitch. 

Sea'-man (150), n. A mariner ; a 
sailor. [man. 

Sea'man-ship, n. Skill of a good sea- 




SEA'-MARK,n. A beacon visible from 
the sea. 

Seam'less, a. Without a seam. 

Seam'stress, or Seam'stress, n. 
[For seamsteress.] A woman whose 
occupation is sewing. [seams. 

Seam'y, a. Containing, or showing, 

STANCE (sn'ongps'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
sedevs, sitting.] Session, as of some 
_public body. [of the sea. 

Sea'-nymph, n. A nymph or goddesa 

Sea'-pie, n. Paste and meat boiled 
together ; — so named because com- 
mon at sea. 

Sea'-piece, n. A picture represent- 
ing a scene at sea. [shore. 

Sea'-port, n. A port on the sea- 

SeAR, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [A.-S. sedr- 
ian, to dry.] 1. To wither ; to dry 
up. 2. To scorch ; to make callous. 

* — o. Dry ; withered. 

JsEarch,!-. t. [-edj-ING.] [L.Lat. 
cercare, circare, fr. Lat. circum, circa, 
around.] 1. To look over or through, 
to find something. 2. To inquire 
after ; to look for. 3. To put to the 
test. — v. i. To seek ; to make in- 
quiry or exploration. — n. A seeking 
or looking for something. 

Search'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
searched. [a seeker. 

Search'er, n. One who searches ; 

SEARCH'- war/rant, n. A warrant 
authorizing persons to search for 
jstolen goods. 

Sear'-cloth, n. [A.-S. sa.r-cld.dh. 
See Sore.] A cloth to cover a sore. 

Sear'ed-ness, n. State of being 
seared j^ hence, insensibility. 

Sea'-room, n. Distance from land 
sufficient for a ship to drive or scud 
without danger of shipwreck. 

Sea'-ser'pent, n. A serpent-like 
animal of great size, supposed to 
dwell in the sea. 

Sea'-shell, n. A marine shell. 

Sea'-shore, n. 1. Coast of the sea. 
2. (Law.) All the ground between 
the ordinary high-water and low- 
water marks. 

Sea'sick, a. Affected with nausea on 
account of the motion of a vessel. 

Sea'SICK-NESS, n. Sickness occa- 
sioned by the motion of a vessel. 

Sea'-side,w. The land bordering on 
the sea. 

Sea's on (se'zn), n. [Fr. saison, fr. 
Lat. satio, a sowing, a planting.] 1. 
One of the four divisions of the year, 
spring, summer, autumn, winter. 2. 
A suitable or convenient time. 3. A 
period of time not very long. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To prepare. 2. To 
accustom. 3. To prepare by drying 
or hardening. 4. To render palata- 
ble; to spice. 5. To fit for enjoy- 
ment. 6. To imbue; hence, to com- 
municate first instruction to. — v. L 
To become mature : to grow fit for 
use. 

Sea's ON-A-BLE (-se / zn-), a. Occur- 
ring in good time or due season. 

Sea'§ on- a-ble-NESs (se'zn-), n. Op- 
portuneness, [time. 

Sea's on-a-bly (se'zn-), adv. In due 



A, E, I, 6,u, Y,long; 1, £,1,6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; s6n, 



SEASONING 



383 



SEDITION 



Secant (:). 



Sea'son-ing (sS'zn-ing), n. 1. A 
condiment. 2. Sometning added to 
enhance enjoyment. 

S£at, n. [A.-S slot, set. See Sit.] 
1. That on wh ; ch one sits. 2. Place 
where any thmg is situated ; site ; 
abode. 3. Something to be set in or 
upon. 4. Posture of sitting on horse- 
back. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
place on a se^t. 2. To station ; to 
locate. 3. To assign a seat or seats to. 
4. To repair by making the seat new. 

SJ5 A'WARD, a. Directed toward the sea. 
— adv. In the direction of the sea. 

SEA'- WEED, k. A marine plant. 

SEA'-WOR'THY (-wfir'thy), a. Fit for 
a voyage, as a vessel. 

SE-BA'CEOiJS, a. [N. Lat. sebaceum, 
fr. Lat. sebum, tallow.] 1. Made of, 
or pertaining to, fat. 2. Affordiug 
fatty secretions. 

SE'€ANT,a. [Lat. secans.] Cutting; 
dividing into tw3 parts. — n. 1. A 
line that cuts an- ^ 
other. 2. ( Trigo- 
nometry.) A right 
line from the cen- 
ter of a cj^le 
through one end 
of an arc to a tangent. 

Se-cede',?;. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
secedere, secessum ; fr. se, aside, and 
cedere, to go.] To withdraw from 
fellowship or association. 

Se-CED'er, n. One who secedes 

Se-cern', v. t. [-ed; -ing.j [Lat. 
secernere ; se, aside, and cernere, to 
separate.] 1. To separate. 2. To 
secrete. [of secreting. 

Se-cern-MEIhT, n. Process or act 

Se-^es'sion ' .^esh'un), n. [Lat. se- 
cessio. S«"b Secede.] Act of se- 
ceding; separation from fellowship 
or association. [holds secession. 

Se-ces'sion-Ist, n. One who up- 

Seck'jel (sek'l), n. A small, pulpy 
variety of pear. 

Se-clude', v. t. [-ED ; -mo.] [Lat. 
secludere, seclusum, fr. se, aside, and 
claudtre, to shut.] 1. To snut up 
apart from others. 2. To prevent 
from entering; to exclude. 

§E-CLU'sion, n. Separation from so- 
ciety or connection. 
Stn. — See Solitude. 

SECOND, a. [Lat. secundus, fr. sequi, 
to follow.] 1. Immediately follow- 
ing the first ; next to the first in or- 
der of place or time. 2. Next in 
value, power, excellence, dignity, or 
rank. — n. 1. One who follows. 2. 
One who acts as another's aid in a 
duel. 3. Sixtieth part of a minute. 
4. (Mus. ) Second part iu a concerted 
piece ; — often popularly applied to 
the alto. — v. t. [-ED: -ing.] To 
follow or attend ; to support ; to en- 
courage. • [ary manner or degree. 

S£Cond-A-*U-ly, adv. In a second- 

8eCond-a-ry, a. 1. Of second place, 
origin, rank, and the like. 2. Acting 
by delegated authority. — n. 1. One 
who occupies a subordinate place. 2. 
A satellite. 3. A quill on the sec- 
ond bone of a bird's wing. 



SeCond-hand, n. Possession by 
transfer from a previous owner. — a. 
1. Not original or primary. 2. Pre- 
viously possessed by another. 

SeCond-ly, adv. In the second 
place. 

Second-rate, a. Of the second 
size, rank, quality, or value. 

Second-sight (-sit), n. Power of 
seeing things future or distant. 

Se'€RE-CY, n. 1. State of being se- 
cret ; retirement ; privacy. 2. Fi- 
delity to a secret. 

Se'CRET, a. [Lat. secretus, separated.] 
1. Separate; hence, hid. 2. Known 
only to one or to few. 
Syx.— See Hidden. 
— n. 1. Somethiug studiously con- 
cealed. 2. A thing not discovered. 
3. pi. The genital organs. 

SeCre-ta-ry (44), n. [From Lat. 
secretum, a secret ; orig. a confidant.] 
1. One employed to write orders, let- 
ters, dispatches, &c. 2. Chief offi- 
cer of a department of government. 
3. A piece of furniture with conve- 
niences for writing. 

Sec're-ta-ry-bIrd, n. [From the 
feathers at the back of its head, 
which resemble pens stuck behind 
the ear.] A bird of South Africa. 

SeCre-ta-ry-ship, n. Office of a 
secretary. 

SE-CRETE', V. t. [-EDI-1NG.] [Lat. 
secretus, separated, secret, hidden.] 

1. To deposit in a place of hiding. 

2. To separate by natural processes, 
from the circulating fluids, as the 
blood, sap, &c. 

Syn. — To conceal; hide. 

Se-cre'tion, n. 1. Act of secreting. 
_2. Matter secreted. 

Se'cre-ti'tious (-tish'us), a. Pro- 
duced by animal secretion. 

SE-€RET'iVE,a. Tending to secrete. 

Se-cret'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
_being secretive. 

Se'cret-ly, adv. In a secret man- 
ner; with secresy. 

Se'cret-ness, n. State or quality of 
Joeing secret. 

Se'cre-to-ry, or Se-cret'o-ry, a. 
Performing the office of secretion. 

SECT, n. [Lat. secta, fr. secure, to cut 
off.] A school or denomination ; 
esp., a religious denomination. 

Secta'ri-an (89), a. Pertaining or 
peculiar to a sect. — n. One of a sect. 

Sec-ta'ri-an-ism, n. Devotion to 
the interests of a sect. 

SeCTA-ry, n. [See SECT.] A secta- 
rian ; member of a sect. 

Sec'TILE, a. [Lat. sectilis, fr. secare, 
to cut.] Capable of being cut. 

Section, n. [Lat. sectio.] 1. Act of 
cutting off. 2. A part separated 
from the rest; a division ; esp., (a.) 
A distinct part of a book or writing. 
(b.) A distinct part of a country or 
people, community, or class. 3. 
Representation of any thing as it 
would appear if cut through. 

SeCtion-ae, a. Pertaining to a 
section. 



Sector, n. [Lat., a "L 

cutter] 1. A part of /\|N 
a circle comprehended / \ \ 

between two radii and/ \| c \ 
the included arc. 2.\ J 

A mathematical in- \ J 

strument, used for \^__^/ 
plotting, &c. a, c, b, sector. 

SeCU-LAR, a. [Lat. secularis; seat- 
lum, a generation, age, world.] 1. 
Coming or observed once in an aga. 
2. Pertaining to an age, or the pro, 
gress of ages. 3. Pertaining to this 
present world ; worldly. 4. Not 
bound by monastic vows. — n. 1. 
An ecclesiastic not bound by monas- 
tic rules. 2. A church officer con- 
nected with the choir. 

Sec'u-lar'i-ty, n. VTorldliness. 

SeCu-lar-i-za'tion, n. Act of ren- 
dering secular. 

Secu-jlar-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make secular. [manner. 

SeCu-ear-ey, adv. In a secular 

SeCun-dine , n. pi. The membranes 
in which the fetus is wrapped in the 
womb; the aftei -birth. 

Se-cure', a. [Lat. securus, fr. se, for 
sine, without,, and cura, care.] 1. 
Free from care or anxiety. 2. Con- 
fident in opinion. 3. Not exposed 
to danger. — v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To make safe ; to guard. 2. To as- 
sure ; to insure. 3. To close, inclose, 
or confine effectually. 4. To get 
possession of. 

Se-cure'ly, adv. In a secure man- 
ner ; without danger ; safely. 

Se-cure 'ness, n. Confidence of safe- 
ty ;_want of vigilance. 

Se-CJ'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of be- 

. ing secure. 2. One who, or that 
which, secures or makes safe. 3. An 
evidence of debt or of property, as a 
bond, &c. 

Se-dan', n. [Said to be named from 
Sedan, in France.] A covered vehi- 
cle for carrying a single person. 

Se-date', a. [Lat. sedatus.] Un 
ruffled by passion. [ner 

Se-date'ly, adv. In a sedate man, 

Se-date'ness, n. Freedom from agi- 
tation ; composure ; tranquillity. 

Sed'a-tIve, a. [See Sedate.] Tend- 
ing to tranquilize ; allaying irritabil- 
ity. — n. A remedy which allays 
irritability and irritation. 

Sed'en-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. sedenta- 
rius ; sedere, to sit.] 1. Aecustomed 
to sit much. 2. Requiring much sit- 
ting. 3. Inactive. 

Sedge, n. [A.-S. secg.} A kind of 
grass growing in dense tufts. 

Sedg'y, a. Overgrown with sedge. 

Sed'i-ment, n. [Lat. sedimentum, 
fr. sedere, to sit, to settle.] Mattel 
which subsides to the bottom. 
Syit.— Settlings; lees; dregs. 

Sed'i-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, sediment. 

Se-di'tion (-dTsh'un), n. [Lat. sedi- 
tio ; se, sed, aside, and itio, a going ] 
The raising of commotion in a state, 
not amounting to insurrection. See 
Insurrection. 



vB, do, wolf, too, took; URN, rue, pull; e,i, o, silent; c,G, soft; €,&,hard; AS; E^lST; n as NG ; this 



SEDITIOUS 



384 



SELF-POSSESSION 



Se-di'tjoOs (-dish'us), o. Pertaining 
to, or guilty of, sedition. 

Se-dI'tioOs-ly (-dish/us-), adv. In a 
seditious manner. 

Se-dI'tioOs-ness (-dish'us-), n. 
Quality of being seditious. 

Sed'litz Powders (1 8). [From 
Sedlitz, in Bohemia/] Certain ape- 
rient powders which form an effer- 
vescing drink. 

Se-du^e', v. t. [-En; -ing.] [Lat. 
seducere, fr. se, aside, and ducere, to 
lead.] 1. To draw aside from the 
path of rectitude. 2. To induce to 
surrender chastity. 

Se-DUCE'ment, n. Seduction. 

Se-du'^er, n. One who seduces. 

Se-du€'tjon, n. 1. Act of seducing. 
2. That which seduces. 

Se-BU€'tive, a. Tending to lead 
astray. [try. 

Se-du'li-TY, n. Unremitting indus- 

Sed'u-lous, a. [Lat. sedulus, fr. se- 
dere, to sit.] Diligent in application ; 
steadily industrious. [manner. 

Sed'U-lous-ly, adv. In a sedulous 

SEE,n. [Lat. sedes, a seat.] 1. A dio- 
cese ; jurisdiction of a bishop or arch- 
bishop. 2. Pope or court of Rome ; 
papacy, —v.t. [saw ; seen; see- 
ing.] [A.-S. seon.] 1. To perceive by 
the eye. 2. To perceive mentally. 3. 
To take care of. 4. To have an inter- 
view with. 5. To meet or associate 
with. — v.i. 1. To have or use the 
power of sight. 2. To have intellect- 
ual apprenension. 

SEED, n. [A.-S. s&d, fr. sawan, to sow.] 
1. A matured ovule, the growth of 
which gives origin to a new plant. 2. 
Generative fluid of the male. 3. That 
from which any thing springs. 4. 
Progeny; offspring. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To produce seed. — v.t. To 
sow with, or as if with, seed. 

Seed'-bud, n. Germ or rudiment of 
fruit in embryo. [the seed. 

Seed'ling, n. A plant reared from 

Seeds/man (150), n. One who deals in 
seeds. _ [ing. 

Seed'TIME, n. Season proper for sow- 

Seed'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Abounding with seeds. 2. Old and 
worn out ; shabbily clothed. 

See'ing, p. pr., called a conj. Con- 
sidering ; inasmuch as ; since. 

Seek, v. t. [sought (sawt) ; seek- 
ing.] [A.-S. secan, Scecan,fv. sacan, 
to contend, strive.] To go in search 
orquestof; to try to find. — v.i. 1. 
To make search or inquiry. 2. To 
endeavor. [quirer. 

Seek'er, n. One who seeks ; an in- 

Seel, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. siller, 
ciller, fr. Lat. cilium, an eyelash.] 1. 
To render incapable of seeing by sew- 
ing the eyelids together. 2. To make 
blind. 

Seem, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prov. Eng. 
seem, to think, imagine ; 0. Eng. 
seem, to become, befit ; A.-S. seman, 
to judge, appease.] To have a show 
or appearance. 

Syn. — To appear. — To appear has 
reference to a thing's being presented to 




our view; as, the sun appears; to seem 
is connected with the idea of semblance, 
and usually implies an inference of our 
mind as to the probability of a thing's 
being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. 

Seem'ing,£>. a. Appearing like ; hav- 
ing the semblance of. — n. Appear- 
ance ; show ; semblance. 

Seem'ing-ly, aav. In appearance. 

Seem'iisg-ness, n. Fair appearance. 

Seem'li-ness, n. State or quality of 
being seemly. 

Seem'ly, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
seem, v. t.] Suited to the object, oc- 
casion, purpose, or character. 

Seen,;?, p. of See. 

Seer, n. [From see.] One who fore- 
sees events ; a prophet. 

See 'saw, n. [Prob. a reduplication of 
saw.) 1. A board supported in the 
middle, so as to move alternately up 
and down. 2. A reciprocating motion. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To move up- 
ward and downward alternately. 

Seethe, v. t. [seethed; seethed, 

or SODDEN : SEETHING.] [A.-S. S(6- 
dhan, siodhan.] To prepare for food 
in hot liquid ; to boil. — r. i. To be 
iu a state of ebullition ; to boil. 

Seg'ment, n. [Lat. 
segmentum, from se- 
cure, to cut off.] 1. 
A section; a por- 
tion. 2. That part 
of a circle contained 
between a chord and 
an arc of that circle. Segment (2). 

SEG'RE-GATE, v. t. a b, chord ; a~c, b, 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. segment. 
segregare, -gatum, fr. se, aside, and 
gregare, to collect into a flock.] To 
separate from others. 

Seg're-ga'tion, n. Separation from 
others [ a parting. 

Seid'lItz (sid'lits). SeeSEDLiTZ. 

Seign-eu'ri-al (seen-yu/-), a. [Fr. 
See Seignior ] 1. Pertaining to the 
lord of a manor. 2. Tested with 
Jarge powers. 

Seign'IOR (seen'yur-), n. [Fr. seign- 
eur, 0. Fr. seignor, from Lat. senior, 
elder.] A lord ; the lord of a manor. 
Gi-and Seignior, the sultan of Turkey. 

Seign'ior-age (seen'yur-, 45), n. A 
certain toll or deduction on bullion 
brought to a mint to be coined. 

Sf ign'ior-Y (seen'yur-y), n. 1. Do- 
minion. 2. A lordship ; a manor. 

SEINE, n. [Fr. seine, Gr. o-ayjjvij.] A 
large net for catching fish. 

Sei§'in, n. See Seizin. [seized. 

Seiz'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Seize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
bi-sazjan, to occupy; to seize.] 1. 
To take suddenly or by force. 2. To 
take possession of by legal authority. 
3. To fasten together, as ropes. 
Syn. —To catch; grasp; gripe; snatch. 

Seiz'in, n. [See Seize.] 1. Posses- 
sion of an estate of freehold. 2. 
Thing possessed. 

Seiz'or, n. One who seizes. 

Seiz'ure, n. 1. Act of seizing, or 
state of being seized. 2. Possession. 
3. Thing taken or possessed. 



Se'lah, n. [Heb.,fr. salah, to be 
silent.] A word occurring in the 
Psainis ; by some supposed to sig- 
nify silence or a pause in the song. 

S£l'd6m, adv. [A.-S. seldon,seldum.] 
Rarely ; not often. 

Se-le€T', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
seligere, selectum ; se, aside, apart, 
and leg ere, to gather.] To choose 
from a number ; to pick out. — a. 
Taken from a number by preference ; 
of special value. 

Se-lec'tion, n. 1. Act of selecting, 
or state of being selected. 2. That 
which is selected. 

Se-le€T'mXn (160), n. A town officer 
chosen annually, iu New England, to 
manage the concerns of the town. 

Se-LE€T'or, n. One who selects. 

SEL'E-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. o-ek-qvri, 
the moon, ypdfciv, to describe.] A 
description of the surface of the moon. 

SELF (149), n. [A.-S. s*7/, self, Goth. 
silba, prob. contr. from si-liba, from 
sik, one's self, and lip, body, having 
one's own body.] 1. A person as * 
distinct individual. 2. Love of pri- 
vate interest. 

Self'-a-base'ment, n. Humiliation 
proceeding from conscious inferior- 
ity. 

Self/-a-buse',«. Abuse of one's own 
person or powers. 

Self'-con-^eit', n. A high opinion 
of one's powers or endowments. 

SELF'-eoN-^EiT'ED, a. Vain ; puffed 
up ; conceited. 

Self'-con'fi-dence, n. Confidence 
in one's own opinion or powers. 

SElf'-con'scious, a. 1. Conscious 
of one's acts or states as belonging 
to one's self. 2. Conscious of one's 
self as an object of the observation 
of others. 

SELF'-con-trol', n. Restraint exer- 
cised over one's self. 

SELF'-DE-FENSE', ) n. Act of de- 

Self'-de-fence', ] fending one's 
own person, property, or reputation. 

Self'-de-ni'al, n. Denial of one's 
own appetites or desires. 

Self'-es-teem', n. Good opinion of 
one's self; complacency. 

SelF'-Ev'i-dent, a. Evident with- 
out proof or reasoning. 

Self'-ex-Ist'ent (-egz-), a. Exist- 
ing of or by himself. 

SELF/-G6VERN-MENT, n. 1. Self- 
control. 2. Government by the peo- 
ple ; democracy. 

Self'-in'ter-est, n. Private inter- 
est ; one's own advantage. 

SELF'ISH, a. Regarding one's own 
good alone. [ner. 

SFXF'ISH-LY, adv. In a selfish man- 

Self'ish-ness, n. Quality of being 
selfish. 

Self'-l6ve', n. Love of one's self 
Syn. — Selfishness. • 

SELF'-MADE, a. Made by one's self, 
or by means of one's own talents or 
energies. 

SELF'-POS-sfis'slON (-pos-sesh'un or 
-poz-zesh'un), n. Calmness ; presence 
of mind. 



K, E, I, 6,U, Y,long; &,£,!, 6, tt, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£UMJ PIQUE, FlRMj idle, 



SELF-REPROACH 



385 



SENSUALISM 



Self'-reproach', n. Act of re- 
proaching one's self. [identical. 

Self'-same, a. Precisely the same; 

Self'-suf-fi'cient (-iTslrent). a. 
Having full confidence in one's self; 
hence, haughty. [stinacy. 

Self'-will, n. One's own will; ob- 

Self'-willed', a. Governed by 
one's own will alone. 

{Sell, v. t. [sold; selling.] [A.-S. 
sellan, syllan.] 1. To transfer to 

' another for a price. 2. To betray. 
3. To make a fool of; to cheat. — v. 
i. 1. To practice selling. 2. To be 
sold. — n. An imposition or trick. 

SELI/ER, n. One who sells; aveuder. 

Sel'vage, In. [Prob. fr. self and 

SEL'VEDGE, I edge, as if its own 
proper edge.] Edge of cloth, woven 
so as to prevent raveling. 

SELVES, pi. of Self. 

Sem'a-phore, n. [Or. o-r\ixa, a sign, 
and 4>epeiv, to bear.] A kind of tele- 
graph. 

Sem'blance, n. [Tr.,fr.sembler, to 
seem, resemble.] 1. Seeming: ap- 
pearance. 2. Likeness : resemblance. 

Se'mex, n. [Lat.] Male generative 
product of animals. [yearly. 

S£Jtt1-Xw'NU-AL (-an'yn-), a. Half 

Semi-an'nu-al-ly (-an'yyj-), adv. 
Every half year. 

Seji''-ax'nu-lar (-an'yu-), a. Hav- 
ing the figure of a half circle. 

Sem'I-BREVE. n. A note, of half the 
time of the breve ; — called also a 
whole note. 

Sem'I CHO'RUS, n. [Lat. semi chorus .] 
A short chorus by a few singers. 

Sem'i-cir / €LE,?i. The 
half of a circle. 

Sem'i-cir'^u-lar, a. 
Having the form of 
half ofa circle. 

SEm'i-co'lon (110), n. 
A point [;] indicating 
a separation between Semicircles, 
parts of a sentence, more distinct 
than that marked by a comma. 

Sem/i-dT-am'e-ter, n. Half of a 
diameter ; a radius. 

Sem'I-nal. a. [Lat. seminalis; se- 
ine?!, seed.] 1. Pertaining to seed. 
2. Holding the relations of seed or 
first principle. 

SEM'I-na-ry (14), n. [Lat. semina- 
rium: semen, seed.] An institution 
of educatiou : a school, academy, 
college, or university. 

Se.M/I-NA^TION, n. Act of sowing. 

Sem'I-QUA'VER, n. Half the quaver ; 
a sixteeuth note. 

Se-MIT'I€, a. [From Sem, or Shem, 
the son of Xoah.] Relating to the 
family of nations or languages of 
which the Hebrews, the Syrians, and 
the Arabs are the chief members. 

gEM'l-TONE, n. (Mas.) Haifa tone. 

gEM'I-TON'I€, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, a semitone. 

Sem'i-vow'el, n. 1. A sound be- 
tween a vowel and a consonant, or 
partaking of the nature of both. 2. 
Sign of such a sound. 

SEM'PI-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. sempiter- 




nns ; semper, always.] Endless ; hav- I 
ing beginning, but no end. 

Sem/pi-ter'ni-ty, n. Future dura- 
tion without end. 

Semp'stress, n. See Seamstress. 

Sen'ary, a. [Lat. senarhts, fr. seni, 
six each, from sex, six.] Belonging 
to, or containing, six. 

Sen'ate, n. [Lat. senatus, fr. senex, 
old. an old man.] A legislative body ; 
a state council ; especially the upper 
or less numerous branch of a legis- 
lature, as in the United States. 

Senate-house, a house in which a sen- 
ate meets. 

Sen'a-tor, n. A member of a senate. 

Sen'a-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or becoming, a senator or a senate. 
2. Entitled to elect a senator. 

SEN'A-Td'Rl-AL-LY, adv. In the 
manner ofa senate. 

Sen'a-tor-ship, n. Office or dignity 
of a senator. 

SEND,l\ t. [SENT; SENDING.] [A.-S. 
sendan, allied to sidh, way, journey .] 
1. To cause to go in any manner. 2. 
To procure the going or transmission 
of. 3. To cast; to throw. 4. To 
inflict. 

Se-nes'CENCE, n. [Lat. senescens, 
growing old.] A growing old ; decay 
by time. 

Se-nes'cent, a. Growing old. 

Sen'es-^hal (sen'e-shal) (95), n. 0. 
Ger. senescalc; seneschalt, fr. the root 
sin, signifying strength, age, and 
scale, scalh, a servant.] A steward, 
esp. of princes and dignitaries. 

Se'NILE, a. [Lat. senilis, from senex, 
senis. old.] Pertaining to old age. 

Se-nil'i-ty, n. Old age 

Sen'ior (-yur), a. [Lar. senior, com- 
par. of senex, senis, old.] 1. More 
advanced in age or rank ; elder. 2. 
Belonging to the last year of the 
course in American colleges, or in 
professional schools. — n. 1. One 
older in years, or office. 2. An aged 
person]. 3. One in the last year of 
his course at an American college or 
at a professional school. 

Sen-ior'i-ty (seen-yor'T-ty), n. 1. 
Priority of birth. 2. Priority or su- 
periority in office or rank. 

Sen'NA, n. [At. sana or sena.] A 
plant, and its leaves, which last are 
used as a cathartic . 

Sen'night (sen'nit). n. [Contr. from 
sevennight.] A week. 

Se-NO€'u-lar, a. [Lat. sent, six each, 
and oculus, eye.] Having six eyes. 

Sen'sate, a. [Lat. sensatus, gifted 
with sense ; sensus, sense.] Perceived 
by the senses. 

Sen-sa'tion, n. [Lat. sensus, sense.] 
1. ■ An impression upon the mind 
through the organs of sense. 2. 
Feelings occasioned bv objects not 
material. 3. A state of excited in- 
terest. 

Sen-sa'tion-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the sensations. 2. Fitted to excite 
great interest. 

Sense, ». [Lat. sensus, from sentire, 
to perceive, feel.] 1. Perception by 



the bodily organs ; sensation : feel- 
ing. 2. Apprehension ; discernment. 

3. Sound perception and reasoning. 

4. Judgment; notion. 5. Meaning. 

Stn\ —Understanding; reason.— Sense 
is the mind's acting in the direct cogni- 
tion either of material objects or of its 
own mental states. Understanding is the 
power of apprehending under general 
conceptions, or the power of classifying, 
arranging, and making deductions. 
Reason is the power of apprehending 
those fundamental principles which are 
the conditions of all scientific knowl- 
edge, and which control the mind in all 
its processes of investigation and deduc- 
tion. 

Sense'less,ci. 1. Destitute of sense, 
appreciation, sympathy, or under- 
standing. 2. Contrary to reason or 
sound judgment ; foolish. 

Sense'less-ly, adv. In a senseless 
manner. [ity. 

Sense'less-ness, n. Folly; stupid- 

Sen'SI-bIl'I-TY, n. 1. Capacity to 
feel or perceive. 2. Capacity of the 
soul for any feeling or emotion ; esp. 
a specific one. 3. Quick emotion or 
sympathy. 4. Delicacy. 

SEn'si-BLE, a. [Lat. sensibilis, from 
sensus, sense.] 1. Capable of being 
perceived by the senses or the mind. 

2. Having the capacity of receiving 
impressions from external objects. 

3. Easily affected ; especially by nat- 
ural agents. 4. Cognizant ; satisfied. 

5. Having moral perception. 6. Char- 
acterized by good sense. 

Syk-. — Intelligent. — We call a man 
sensible whose judgments and conduct 
are marked and governed by sound 
judgment. "We call one intelligent who 
is quick and clear in understanding. 
The sphere of the sensible man lies in 
matters of practical concern : of the in- 
telligent man, in subjects of intellectual 
interest. 

Sen'si-ble-ness, n. Sensibility. 

Seis"si-bly, adv. 1. Perceptibly to 
the senses. 2. With good sense. 

SEN-s'lF'ie, a. [Lat. sensifcus ; sen- 
sus, sense, and facer e , to make.] Pro 
ducing sensation. 

Sen'si-tive, a. 1. Having sense ©r 
feeling ; esp. having quick and acute 
sensibility or susceptibility. 2. Re- 
lating to, or depending on, sensa- 
tion, [manner. 

Sen'si-tive-ly, adv. In a sensitive 

Sen'si-tive-ness, n. State or quality 
of being sensitive. 

Sen-so'ri-AL, a. Pertaining to the 
sensorium. 

Sen-so'ri-Om, ) n. [Lat. sentire, sen- 

Sen'so-ry, ] sum , to perceive by 
the senses.] 1. The whole nervous 
system so far as it is susceptible of 
sensations. 2. An organ of sense. — 
a. Connected with the sensory, or 
with sensation. 

Sen'su-al (-shy-), a. [Lat. sensualis; 
sensus, sense.] 1. Pertaining to, ov 
affecting, the senses. 2. Carnal ; 
fleshly. 3. Luxurious ; voluptuous. 

4. Pertaining to sensualism. 
Sen'SU-al-ism (-shu-), n. 1. Condi- 
tion of one" who is sensual ; sensual- 
ity. 2. The doctrine that all our 



or, do, \vqlf, TOO, TOOK; urn, rue, pui ^\ E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard,' As ; E£IST ; N as NG ; this. 



SENSUALIST 



38G 



SERF 



Ideas are transformed sensations, 
or copies or relies of sensations. 

Sen'su-al-ist (-shy-), n. One given 
to the indulgence of the senses. 

Sen'su-al'i-Ty (-shu-), n. Free in- 
dulgence in sensual pleasures. 

SEN'SU-AL-IZE (-shu-), v. I. [-ED; 
-ING.] To make sensual. 

SEN'SU-AL-LY (-shu-), adv. In a sen- 
sual manner. 

Sen'su-ous (-shy>), a. Pertaining to 
the senses ; connected with sensible 
objects. 

SEN'TENOE, n. [Lat. sententia, from 
snilire, to discern, feel, think.] 1. A 
decision ; especially a philosophical or 
theological opinion. 2. Judgment 
of a court. 3. A combination of 
words, complete as expressing a 
thought. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
pass judgment upon ; to doom. 

Sen-TEN'tial,«. 1. Comprising sen- 
tences. 2. Pertaining to a sentence. 

SEN-TEN'TloDs, a. Abounding with 
pithy sentences, axioms, and maxims. 

SEN-TEN'TIOUS-LY, adv. With strik- 
ing brevity. 

Sen-ten'tious-ness, n. Quality of 
being sententious. 

SEN'TI-ENT (-shi-), a. [Lat. sentiens, 
p. pr. of sent ire, to perceive by the 
senses.] Having a faculty of sensa- 
ticu and perception. — n. One who 
has the faculty of perception. 

SEN'TI-MENT, n. [From Lat. sentire, 
to perceive, feel, think.] 1. A 
thought prompted by feeling. 2. 
Decision formed by deliberation or 
reasoning. 3. A maxim; a toast. 
4. Sensibility ; feeling. 

Sen'TI-ment'al, a. 1. Abounding 
with sentiments. 2. Artificially or 
affectedly tender. [tality. 

SEN'TI-MENT'AL-IgM!, n. Sentimen- 

Sen'ti-ment'al-ist, n. One who 
affects exquisite sensibility. 

Sen'ti-men-tal'i-ty, n. Affecta- 
tion of exquisite sensibility. 

Sen'ti-ment'al-ize, v. i. To affect 
exquisite sensibility. 

SEN'TI-MENT'AL-LY, adv. In a sen- 
timental manner. 

Sen'ti-nel, n. [Lat. sentina, bot- 
tom of a ship, which the sentinator 
was obliged to take care of, on ac- 
count of the sea-water continually 
entering ; transferred from the navy 
to the army.] A soldier set to watch. 

SEN'TRY, n. [Corrupted fr. sentinel.] 
1. A soldier on guard ; a sentinel. 2. 
Duty of a sentinel. 

Sen'try-box. n. A box to shelter 
a sentinel frca the weather. 

SI: 'PAL, n. [N. Lat. sepalum.] A leaf 
of the calyx. [separated. 

S£p'a-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 

Sep'a-rate,i\ t. [-Ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
separare, -ratv.m ; se, aside, and pa- 
rare, to make ready , prepare.] 1. To 
part in any manner. 2. To hold apart. 
3. To select from among others. 

Syn. — To disunite ; sever ; disjoin ; 
divide; disconnect. 

— v.i. To become disunited; to 
withdraw from each other 



SeP'A-RATE (45), a. 1. Divided from 
another or others ; disconnected. 2. 
Not united ; distinct. 

Sep'a-rate-ly, adv. Apart; singly. 

Sep'A-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of sepa- 
rating. 2. State of being separate. 
3. Disunion of married persons. 
Srjr. — Divorce. 

SEP'A-RA-T'fgM, n. Disposition to 
withdraw, or the practice of with- 
drawing, from a church. 

Sep'A-RA-tIsT, n. One who separates 
himself, esp. from a church. 

Sep'A-RA'TOR, n. One who separates. 

Sep'a-ra-to-RY (50), n. A chemical 
vessel for separating liquors. 

Se-PAWN', n. Meal of maize boiled 
in water ; hasty pudding. [Arrur.] 

SE'poy, n. [Hind, sipahee.] A na- 
tive of India, employed as a soldier 
in the service of a European power. 

SEPT, n. [A.-S. sib, consanguinity ; 
Icel. sift, line of consanguinity.] A 
clan, race, or family ; — in Ireland. 

SEPT-AN'GU-LAR, a. [Lat. septem, 
seven, and ansulus, an angle.] Hav- 
ing seven angles. 

Sep-tem'ber,. n. [Lat., fr. septem, 
seven, as being the seventh month 
of the Roman year.] Month follow- 
ing August ; ninth month of the year. 

Sep'TEN-A-RY, a. [Lat. scptenarius ; 
septem, seven.] Consisting of, or re- 
lating to, seven. 

Sep-TEN'ni-al. a. [Lat. septennis ; 
septem, seven, and annus, year.] 1. 
Continuing seven years. 2. Hap- 
pening once in every seven years. 

SEP-TEX'TRI-ON, n. [Lat. septentrio, 
the north, septentriones, the 7 stars 
near the north pole, cailed the Great 
Bear, lit. the 7 plow-oxen; fr. sep- 
tem, seven, and trio, a plow-ox.] 
The north. [the north. 

Sep-ten'tri-ON-al, a. Relating to 

Sep'TI€, a. [Gr. ct^tttikos, from o~f\- 
Tretv, to make putrid.] Having power 
to promote putrefaction.. 

Sep-till'ion, n. [From Lat. sep- 
tem, seven.] According to the Eng. 
notation, the product of a million 
involved to the seventh power, or the 
number expressed by a unit with 42 
ciphers annexed; according to the 
Fr. notation, the number expressed 
by a unit with 24 ciphers. 

SEP'TU-AG'E-NA-RY, a. [Lat. sep- 
tuagenarius ; septuaginta, seventy.] 
Consisting of seventy ; seventy years 
old. — n. A person seventy years old. 

SEP'TU-A-GES'r-MA, n. [Lat. spp- 
tuagesiinus, the seventieth.] Third 
Sunday before Lent; — seventy days 
before Easter. [of seventy. 

Sep'TU-a-ges'I-MAL, a. Consisting 

SEP'TU-A-GINT, n. [Lat. septuaginta, 
seventy.] A Greek version of the 
Old Testament ; — the work of 70, or 
rather of 72, interpreters. 

S£p'TUM,n.; pi. sSp'Ta. [Lat., 
an inclosure, hedge.] A partition 
which separates two cells or cavities. 

Sep'TU-Ple, a. [Lat. septuplum.] 
Seven times as much. — v. t. [-ED ; 
ING.] To multiply by seven. 



SEP'UL-€HER, ) n. [Lat scpulchrttm, 

SEP'UL-€HRE, ( fr. sepelire, to bury.] 
A grave; a tomb. 

SE-PriL'€HER, I V. t. [-ED J -ING.] To 

SE-PDL'CHRE, ) bury ; to inter. 

SE-PUL'€HRAL, ,7. Pertaining to bur- 
ial, or to monuments to the dead. 

Sep'ul-ture (53). n. [Lat. sepultura.] 
A burial : interment. 

SE-QUA'CIOUS, a. [Lat. sequax, se~ 
quart's, fr. sequi, to follow.] Folknv- 
ing ; attendant. 

Se'QUEL, n. [Lat. sequela; sequi, to 
follow.] 1. That which follows ; a 
continuation. 2. Consequerce ; event. 

Se'QUEN^e, n. 1. Succes.-ion. 2. 
That which follows or succeeds. 

Se'QUENT, a. [Lat. sequens.] Fol- 
lowing; succeeding. 

SE-QUES'TER,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
sequestrare, to give up for safe keep- 
ing.] 1. To separate from the owner 
for a time. 2. To take from, as par- 
ties in controversy, and put into the 
possession of an indifferent person. 
3. To separate from other things. — 
v. i. To renounce, as a widow, any 
concern with the estate of her hus- 
band, [being sequestered. 

Se-ques'tra-BLE, o. Capable of 

SE-QTJES'TRATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To sequester. 

Seq'ues-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of se- 
questering ; a setting aside a thing 
in controversy. 2, State of being 
separated or set aside ; retirement. 

Seq'tjes-tra'tor, n. One who se- 
questers property. 

Se'QUIN, n. [It. zerchino, fr. zecca, 
the mint, fr. Ar. srkkah, a stamp.] A 
gold coin of Italy worth about $2.30, 
and of Turkey worth about $1.85. 

Se-R.Xgl'IO (-r&l'yo), n. [It. serraglio, 
an inclosure of palisades, fr. It. ser- 
rare, to shut ; afterward used for the 
Per. serai, a palace.] 1. Talace of 
the Turkish sultan, in which is the 
harem. 2. A house of debauchery. 

SER'APH (154), n. [Heb. saraph, to 
burn, to be eminent.] An angel of 
the highest order. 

Se-raph'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Se-raph'ic-AL, J or becoming, a 
seraph ; angelic ; sublime. 

Ser'A-phIm, n. pi. [See Seraph.] 
Angels of the highest order in the 
celestial hierarchy. 

Ser'aph-INE, n. [From seraph.] An 
instrument of the reed-organ kind. 

Sere, a. _ Dry ; withered. See SEAR. 

SER'E-NADE', n. [Fr.,It. sera, even- 
ing, from Lat. serus, late.] Music in 
the open air at night in compliment 
to some person. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.J 
To entertain with nocturnal music. 
— v. i. To perform nocturnal music 

Se-rene', a. [Lat. serenus.] 1. Clear 
and calm. 2. Undisturbed. 

83p- Serene is given an a title to several 
princes and magistrates in Europe. 

Se-rene'LY, adv. Calmly ; quietly. 

Se-ren'1-ty, n. 1. Clearness and 
calmness. 2. Calmness of mind. 

SERF (14), ». [Lat. servus.] A slave 
employed in husbandry. 



A, E, I,6,IJ, Y,long; &,ft,I,d,tj',Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VglLj 2£EM *, PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



SERFDOM 



387 



SETTLES, 



Syn\ - Slave. — A slave is the abso- 
ute property of his master, and may be 
sold in any way: a serf is usually one 
bound to work on a certain estate, and 
thus attached to the soil, though in some 
countries seifs are mere slaves. 

Serf'dom., n. Condition of serfs. 

3erge,>i. [L. Lat. sargia, sargium, 
fr. Lat. sericus, silken; orig. a silken 
stuff.] A woollen twilled stuff. 

Ser'gean-cy (sar'jen- or serpen-), n. 
Office of a sergeant. 

Ser'GEANT (sar'jent or serpent), n. 
[Fr. ; Lat. serviens, serving.] 1. (Mil.) 
A noD-commissioned officer, next in 
rank above the corporal. 2. A law- 
yer of the highest rank. [Eng.] 

SER'GEANT-AT-ARMS' (sar'-or seV-), 
it. An officer who executes the com- 
mands of a legislative body in pre- 
_serving order, &c. 

Se'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a series. — n. A work ap- 
pearing in a succession of parts. 

Se-ri'ceous (-rlsh'us), a. [Lat. se- 
riceus, from Seres, the Chinese, cele- 
brated for their silken fabrics.] Silk- 
en ; silky. 

Se'RIES (se'rez or se'rl-ez, 89), n. 
[Lat.^fr. serere, to join or bind to- 
gether.] A connected order or suc- 
cession of things ; sequence ; chain. 

SE'Rl-o-COM're, I a. Having a 

SE'Rl-o-eoM'lc-AL, J mixture of 
seriousness and comicality. 

Se'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. serius.] 1. Grave 

in manner or disposition ; earnest. 

2. Really intending what is said. 3. 

Important. 4. Attended with dauger. 

Syn. — See Grave. 

Se'RI-oDs-LY, adv. Gravely j solemn- 
lv ; in earnest; without levity. 

Se'ri-OlJS-ness, n. Gravity of man- 
ner or of mind ; solemnity. 

Ser'jeant, n. See Sergeant. 

Ser'MON (14), n. [Lat. sermo, ser- 
in onis, a speaking, discourse.] 1. A 
religious discourse, delivered in pub- 
lic. 2. A set exhortation or reproof. 

SER'MON-IZE, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] To 
compose or write sermons ; to preach. 

Ser'MON-IZ'er, n. One who ser- 
monizes. 

Se-roon', n. [Sp. seron, a hamper, 
pannier, augm. of sera, a large pan- 
nier or basket.] A package of skin 
or leather for drugs, or the like. 

SE-ROS'I-TY, n. A tnin, watery liquid 
forming the chief constituent of 
most animal fluids. 

Se'rous, a. 1. Thin; watery; like 
whey. 2. Pertaining to serum. 

Ser'pent, n. [Lat. serpens, serpentis 
(sc. bestia), fr. serpere, to creep.] 1. 
A snake ; an ophidian reptile without 
feet. 2. A certain constellation. 3. 
A brass wind instrument. 

Ser'PEN-tIne, a. Resembling a ser- 
pent ; crooked ; spiral. — n. A min- 
eral or rock of a spotted or mottled 
appearance. 

SER'RATE, ) a. [Lat. serratvs, fr. 

Ser'ra-ted, j serra, a saw.] Notched 

on the edge, like a saw. 
SER'RA-TfjRE (53), n. [Lat. serratura, 



a sawing.] A notching like that be- 
tween the teeth of a saw. 

Se'MU3T, n. [Lat.] 1. Liquid portion 
of the blood. 2. A fluid of similar 
nature from the blood-vessels. 

SERVANT, n. [Lat. serviens.'] 1. One 
who serves, or does service. 2. One 
in a state of subjection. 

Serve (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
servire.] 1. To work for ; to be in 
the employment of. 2. To be subor- 
dinate to. 3. To attend at meals. 4. 
To bring forward, arrange, deal, dis- 
tribute. 5. To do the duties re- 
quired in or for. 6. To conduce to ; 
to satisfy. 7. To behave one's self to. 
— v. i. 1. To be a servant. 2. To 
wait ; to attend. 3. To act as a sol- 
dier or seaman, &c. 4. To be of use. 

Ser'vice, n. 1. Act of serving; oc- 
cupation of a servant. 2. Labor 
performed for another. 3. Duty, per- 
formed in, or appropriate to, any 
office ; specifically, military or naval 
duty. 4. Benefit ; avail. 5. A set 
of vessels used at table. 6. Mate- 
rials for serving a rope, as spun-yarn, 
&c. 7. A tree and its fruit. 

SER'vfCE-A-BLE, a. 1. Doing ser- 
vice; beneficial. 2. Active; diligent. 

Ser'vTce-a-ble-ness, n. State or 
quality of being serviceable. 

Ser'VILE, a. [Lat. servilis, fr. servire, 
to serve.] 1. Slavish; mean. 2. 
Dependent. 3. Cringing ; fawning. 

SER'VILE-LY, adv. Slavishly. 

Ser-yil'i-ty,«. Condition of a slave ; 
slavish deference. 

Ser'VI-TOR, n. [Lat.j 1. A servant ; 
an attendant. 2. ( University of 
Oxford.) An undergraduate partly 
supported by the college funds. 

SER'VI-TUDE (14), n. [Lat. servitudo, 
fr. servire, to serve.] Service ; slav- 
ery : bondage. 

Ses'a-me, n. [Gr. o-no-cuATj, Ar. sim- 
sim.] An annual herbaceous plant. 

Ses-quip'e-dal, 1 a. [Lat. ses- 

SES-QTJjlP'E-DA'LI-AN, j quipedalis ; 
sesqui, one and a half, and pes, a 
foot.] Being a foot and a half long. 

Ses'SILE, a. [Lat. sessilis, low, dwarf, 
fr. sedere, to sit.] Attached without 
any sensible projecting support. 

Ses'SION, n. [Lat. sessio, fr. sedere, 
to sit.] 1. Actual sitting of a court, 
legislature, &c, for business. 2. 
Term during which a court, legisla- 
ture, &c, meet for business. 

SEs'sion-al, a. Pertaining to a ses- 
sion. or_to sessions. 

Sess'-pool, n. [Cf. Cess-pool.] A 
cavity sunk in the earth to receive 
the sediment of drains. 

Ses'terce, n. [Lat. sestertius (sc. 
nummus), fr. sestertius, two and a 
half (asses).] A Roman coin, worth 
about 2 pence sterling, or 4 cents. 

©S~ The sestertimn was equivalent to 
1000 sesterces, equal to about $40. 

Set. v. t. [set ; setting.] [A.-S. 
settan.] 1. To cause to sit ; to seat ; 
to place ; to put. 2. To cause to fe. 
3. To make fast or permanent j to 
render motionless. 4. To appoint; 



to assign. 5. To put into a desired 
position or condition ; to adjust ; to 
regulate. 6. To variegate with ob- 
jects placed here and there. — v. i, 
1. To go down as the sun. 2. To 
become fixed or rigid. 3. To con- 
geal or concrete. 4. To move on ; to 
tend. 5. To apply one's self. — p. i. 
1. Fixed ; firm. 2. Regular ; uni- 
form. 3. Established. — n. 1. AeS 
of setting. 2. That which is set, 
placed, or fixed. 3. A number 
of things of the same kind, ordina- 
rilyused together. 4. A clique. 

Se-ta'ceous, a. [Lat. seta, a bristle.] 
Bristly. 

Set'-off, n. 1. That which is set 
off against another thing. 2. A 
counter-claim. 

Syn. — Offset. — Offset originally de- 
noted "that which branches off or pro- 
jects," as a shoot from a tree, but has 
long been used in America in the sense 
of set-off, or equivalent. This use is 
beginning to obtain in England, though 
most English writers use set-off. Set-off 
is the appropriate term in legal proceed- 
ings. 
Se'TON (colloq. se'tn), n. [Lat. seta, 
a bristle.] A twist of silk or hair 
drawn through the skin to make an 
issue. 
SE-TOSE' (125), ) a. [Lat. setosits, fr. 
Se'tous, ) seta, bristle.] Set 

with bristles ; bristly. 
Set-tee', n. [From set.] A long seat 

with a back. 
Set'ter, n. 
1. One who 
sets. 2. A 
hound that 
indicates by 
crouching 
the place 
where game 
lies hid. 
Set'ting, n. ^ 
fixing. 2. A sinking below the hor- 
izon. 3. Something inserted. 4. 
i That in which something, as a gem, 
is set. 5. Direction of a current, 
sea, or wind. 
Set'TLE. n. [A.-S. sitel, setel, fr. sit- 
tan, to sit.] A bench with a high 
back. — v.t. [-EDj-ING.] [From 
set.] 1. To place in a fixed or per- 
manent condition ; to make firm or 
stable ; to establish. 2. To render 
quiet, clear, or the like ; to still. 3. 
To lower ; to depress. 4. To free 
from uncertainty or wavering. 5. 
To adjust, as something in discus- 
sion ; to liquidate ; to balance. 6. 
To colonize ; to people. — v. i. 1. To 
become fixed or permanent : to be 
established. 2. To become quiet or 
clear ; or to become drv and hard, 
3 To subside. 4. To adjust differ* 
ences or accounts. 
Set'tle-ment, n. 1. Act of set- 
tling, or state of being settled. 2. 
That which settles, or is settled, es- 
tablished, or fixed. 3. Residence: 
legal residence. 
Set'tler,«. One who settles ; a col- 
onist. 




1. Act of placing or 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK; Orn, rue, pull; e,t, o,silent; c,G,sq/2; €,§,Aard; A§j EJIST; JfcwNG 



THIS 



SETTLINGS 

S£t'tling§, n. pi. Lees ; dregs j 
sediment. 

Set'-to, n. A conflict of any kind. 

SEV.EN (s&Vn), a. or n. [A.-S. seofon, 
stofen, allied to Lat. septem.] One 
more than six. [times. 

SEv'.en-fold, a. Repeated seven 

Sev'-EN-night (sen'mt, 101), n. A 
•week. 

i3ev' jen- TEEN, a. or «. One more 
than sixteen or less than eighteen. 

gEV'£N-TEENTH,a. The ordinal of 
seventeen. — n. One of seventeen 
equal parts. 

Sev'-ENTH (seVnth), a. 1. Next in or- 
der after the sixth. 2. Being one of 
seven equal parts. — n. 1. One of 
seven equal parts. 2. One next in 
order after the sixth. 3. A certain 
interval in music. [place. 

Sev'.enth-ly, adv. In the seventh 

Sev'£N-ti-eth, a. The ordinal of 
seventy. — n. 1. One of seventy 
equal parts. 2. One next in order 
after the sixty-ninth. 

Sev'en-ty, a. & n. Seven times ten. 

Sev'er, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
separare. See SEPARATE.] 1. To 
separate. 2. To cut or break apart. 
3. To keep distinct or apart. 4. To 
part possession of. — v. i. To be 
parted or rent asunder. 

SEV'ER-AL,a. [L.Lat. separalis. See 
supra.] 1. Separate ; distinct. 2. 
Diverse ; different. 3. More than 
two, but not very many ; sundry. 

SEV'ER-AL-LY, adv. Separately ; dis- 
tinctly, [tion. 

Sev'ER-AE-TY, n. A state of separa- 

Sev'er-ance, n. Act of severing; 
separation. 

Se-vere', a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. 
severus.] 1. Serious in feeling or 
manner. 2. Very strict. 3. Rigidly 
methodical. 4. Difficult to be en- 
dured, [painfully. 

SE-VERE'EY, adv. Rigidly ; strictly ; 

Se-ver'I-ty, n. Quality of being se- 
vere ; extreme strictness ; rigor. 

Sew (so), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
siwian, seowian.] To unite with a 
needle and thread. — v. i. To prac- 
tice sewing. 

Sew'age (sQ'ej, 45), n. 1. Contents 
of a sewer. 2. Systematic arrange- 
ment of sewers. 

Sew'er (su'er), v. 1. [From A.-S. 
sihan, contr. sedn, to strain, filter, 
descend.] A drain to convey off 
water and filth under ground. 2. 
[From 0. Eng. sew, to follow, to 
bring on and remove meat at table, 
Fr. suivre, fr. Laf. sequi.] An upper 
servant who set on and removed the 
dishes at a feast. 

Sew'er (so'er), n. One who sews. 

Sew'er-age (su'er-, 45). n. 1. Con- 
struction of a sewer. 2. System of 
sewers in a town. 3. Materials dis- 
charged by sewers. 

Sex, n. [Lat. sexus.] 1. The phys- 
ical difference between male and fe- 
male. 2. Womankind; females. 

Sex'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. A person of 
the age of sixty years. 



jx-Xg'e-Jn./ 



388 



Sex-Xg'e-(na-ry, or Sex'a-ge na- 
ry, a. [Lat. sexagenarius, fr. sexa- 
ginta, sixty] Pertaining to, or desig- 
nating, the number sixty. 

Se X 1 A-GE S' I-MA , n. [Lat. sexagesi- 
mus. sixtieth.] The second Sunday 
before Lent, — about the sixtieth 
day before Easter. 

Sex'a-Ges'i-mal, a. Sixtieth. 

SEX-EN'Nl-AL,a. [Lat. sexennis ; sex, 
six, and annus, a year.] Lasting six 
years, or happening once in six years. 

Sex'fid. a. [Lat. sex, six, and fin- 
dere , fidi , to cleave.] Divided into 
six parts. 

SEx'TAIN, n. [Lat. sextus, sixth.] A 
stanza of six lines. 

SEX'TANT, n. [Lat. sex, six.] 1. 
Sixth part of a circle. 2. An in- 
strument for measuring angular dis- 
tances between objects. 

Sex'TJLE, n. [Lat. sextus, the sixth.] 
Position of two planets when distant 
from each other sixty degrees. 

Sex-till'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. sex, 
six.] According to the Eng. nota- 
tion, the number expressed by a unit 
with 36 ciphers annexed ; according 
to the Fr. notation, the number ex- 
pressed by a unit with 21 ciphers an- 
nexed. 

Sex'to-dec'i-mo, v. [Lat. sextus- 
decimus, Wie sixteenth.] A book, or 
the size of a book, composed of 
sheets folded so as to make sixteen 
leaves, or thirty -two pages. 

SEX'TON, n. [Contr. fr. sacristan.] 
An under officer of a church, who 
takes care of the vessels of the 
church, digs graves, &c. 

Sex'TON-SHYp, n. Office of a sexton. 

Sex'tu-ple, a. [L. Lat. sextuplus.] 
Six times as much ; sixfold. 

Sex'u-al (sek'sbu-al), a. Pertaining 
to, or distinguishing, sex. 

SexOJ-al'j-ty (sek/shij-), n. State of 
being distinguished by sex. 

Shab, v. i. [-bed; -bing ] [See 
SCAB, 3] To play mean tricks. 

Shab'BI-LY, adv. Meanly; raggedly. 

ShXb'bi-ness, n. Meanness; ragged- 
ness. 

ShXb'by, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Cf. 
Scabby.] Poor; mean; ragged. 

Shack, «. [See Shake.] 1. Grain 
left after harvest ; fallen acorns. 2. 
A shiftless fellow. 

Shack'le,??. [Generally in the pi.] 
[A.-S. scacul, sceacul, fr. scacan, to 
shake.] 1. A fetter ; gyve. 2. A 
link for connecting railroad cars. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To confine the 
limbs of, so as to prevent free mo- 
tion ; to fetter ; to join by a link, as 
railroad cars. 2. To impede. 

Shad, n. sing. & pi. [Cf. Skate.] A 
fish, highly prized for food. 

ShXd'dock, n. [Said to be so called 
fr. a Captain Shaddock.] A tree and 
its fruit; a large species of orange. 

Shade, n. [A.-S. scadu, scad, scead.] 
1. Obscurity caused by interception 
of the rays of light. 2. An obscure 
or secluded place. 3. A shadow. 4. 
A disembodied spirit ; a ghost. 5. 



SHALL 

Variation of color, as darker or 
lighter. 6. A minute difference ; de- 
gree. 7- A screen. — v.t. \-Jed; 
-ing.] 1. To screen by intercepting 
the light. 2. To protect ; to shelter. 

3. To obscure. 4. To mark with 
gradations of light or color. 

Shad'i-ness, n. State of being shady. 

Shad'ow, v. [A.-S. scadu. Sec 
Shade.] 1. Shade within defined 
limits, representing the form of a 
body. 2. Darkness ; obscurity. 3. 
Secluded retreat ; shelter. 4. Faint 
representation ; hence, mystical rep- 
resentation ; type. 5. Phantom ; 
mockery, —v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To put in shade; to shade. 2. To 
protect. 3. To represent faintly, im- 
perfectly, or typically. 

ShAd'ow-y, a. 1. Full of shade; 
serving to shade. 2. Hence, dark ; 
obscure; gloomy. -3. Faintly light. 

4. Faintly representative ; typical . 
5^ Unsubstantial ; unreal. 

Shad'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Abound 

ing with shade or shades. 
Shaft, n. [A.-S. sceaft, scaft.] 

1. The cylindrical, column-shaped 
part of any thing. 2. An arrow ; a 
missile weapon. 3. The pole or one 
of the thills of a carriage. 4. [Upper 
Ger. scliaft, allied to Gr. o-k.6.§o\, a 
trench, a pit, crKanTeiv, to dig.] A 
well-like entrance to a mine. 

Shag, n. [A.-S. sceacga. a bush of 
hair, that which is shaggy.] 1. 
Coarse nap, or rough, woolly hair. 

2. Cloth having a long, coarse nap. 
— v. t. [-ged; -ging.] 1. To make 
rough or hairy. 2. To deform. 

Shag'GED, la. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 

Shag'gy, I Dough with long hair 
or wool. 2. Rough ; rugged. 

Shag'ged-ness, In. State of being 

Shag'gi-ness, j shagged or shag- 
gy- • 

SHA-GREEN', n. [Per. sagri, back of 
a horse, leather of a horse : s back.] 
A kind of untanDed leather, grained 
so as to be covered with small round 
pimples. 

Shah, n. [Per. shah.] The king of 
Persia. 

Shake, v. t. [shook; shaken; 
shaking.] [A.-S. scacan, sceacan.] 
1. To cause to move with quick vi- 
brations ; to make to tremble ; to 
agitate. 2. To cause to waver. 3. 
To trill.— v. i. To be agitated; to 
tremble; to shiver; to quake. — n. 
1. A wavering motion ; agitation. 2. 
A fissure in timber, or in rock or 
earth. 3. (Mus.) A trill. 

Shak'er, n. 1. A person or thing 
that shakes. 2. One of a certain 
sect of Christians. 

Shale, n. [See Shell.] 1. A shell 
or husk.] 2. A fine-grained rock, 
having a slaty structure. 

SHALL, v. »'., auxiliary and defective, 
[imp. SHOULD.] [A.-S. seal, sceal, 
I am obliged.] It is used to form 
the future tense, and indicates a 
duty or necessity whose obligation is 
derived from the person speaking. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; X,£, 1 3 6, U, Y, short, CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, V£IL, TfiRM ; PIQUE, FlRTC ; S6N, 



SHALLOON 



389 



SHEET 



Shal-loon', n. [From Chalons, in 
France.] A worsted stuff. 

Shal'lop, n. [H. Ger. schahtppe, 
schlupe, from schlvpfen, to glide.] A 
large boat with two masts. 

Shal'low, n. [From shelf, 2.] A 
shoal; a flat; a sand-bank. — a. 
[-ER;-EST.] 1. Having little depth; 
shoal. _ 2. Ignorant; superficial. 

Ghal'low-ness, n. State of being 
shallow ; want of depth. 

SHAM, a. [Of. Icel. skammr, 0. H. 
Ger. scamm, short. Cf. also Shame.] 
False; counterfeit. — n. [See infra.] 
Any trick or device that deludes and 
disappoints. — v. t. [-med ; -MING.] 
I. To trick ; to cheat. 2. To imi- 
tate ; to ape. — v. i. To make false 
pretenses. 

Sham'ble, v. i. [-ed : -ing.] [Cf. 

0. D. schampelen, to slip. Cf. SCAM- 
ble.] To walk awkwardly and un- 
steadily ; to shuffle along. 

Sham'bles;, n. pi. [A.-S. scamol, 
scamul,scamel, a bench, foi-m, stool.] 
Place where butcher's meat is sold. 

Shame, n. [A.-S. sca?nu, sceamu.] 

1. A painful sensation excited by a 
consciousness of guilt, or of having 
done something which injures repu- 
tation. 2. Reproach incurred or 
suffered. 3. Cause of shame. — v.t. 
[-ed ; -ing."! 1. To make ashamed. 

2. To dishonor . to disgrace. 
Shame'faced (-fast), a. [Orig. 

shatnefast, like steadfast.] Easily 
confused; bashful. 

SHAME'FUL, a. 1. Bringing shame 
or disgrace. 2. Raising shame in 
others. [manner. 

Shame'ful-ly, adv. In a shameful 

Shame'less, a. Destitute of shame. 

Shame'less-ly, adv. Iu a shame- 
less manner ; without shame. 

Shame'less-ness, n. Impudence. 

Sham'my, n. [See Chamois.] A 
kind of leather much esteemed for 
its softness and pliancy. 

Sham-poo',i'J. [-ed;-ing.] [Hind. 
tsliampna, to press, to squeeze.] To 
rub and manipulate the body or head 
of, in connection with the hot bath. 

SHAM'ROCK, n. [Ir. seamrog.] White 
trefoil ; white clover. 

Shank, n. [A.-S. scanc, scfanc] 1. 
Joint of the leg from the knee to the 
foot ; sometimes the bone of the leg. 

2. Corresponding part of an instru- 
ment, tool, or other thing. 

Shan'TY, n. [Ir. sean, old, and tig, 
a house.] A mean dwelling. 

Shape, v. t. [shaped; shaping.] 
[A.-S. scapan, sceapan.] 1- To form ; 
to make. 2. To regulate ; to adjust. 

3. To image ; to conceive. — n. Char- 
acter or construction of a thing as 
determining its external appearance. 

Shape'less, a. Destitute of shape 
or regular form. 

Shape'less-ness, n. State of being 
shapeless. 

SHAPE>LY,a. [-er; -est, 142.] Sym- 
metrical; well-formed. 

SHARD, n. [A.-S. sceard, fr. sceran, 
to shear, cut.] 1. A piece or frag- 



ment of an earthen vessel, &c. 2. 
Hard wing-case of a beetle. 

Share, n. 1. [A.-S. scar, scear.] 
Broad blade of a plow which cuts the 
ground. 2. [A.-S. scearu, scaru.] 
A portion ; a part. 3. The part 
allotted or belonging to one. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING. J [A.-S. seer ian, from 
sceran, to shear, cut. J To part 
among two or more ; to divide. — v. 
i. To have part. 

Share'-hold'er, n. One who holds 
a, share in a joint property. 

Shar'ER, n. One who shares. 

Shark, n. [Gr. Kapxapias, fr. K&pxa-- 
pos, with sharp or jagged teeth.] 1. 
A voracious cartilaginous fish. 2. A 
rapacious, artful lellow. — v.t. To 
pick up hastily, slyly, or in small 
quantities. — v.i. [-EB; -INS.] 1. 
To swindle. 2. To live by shifts and 
stratagems. [ing. 

Shark'EK, n. One who lives by shark- 

Sharp, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. srearp, 
fr. the root of shear.] 1. Having a 
thin edge or fine point. 2. Affecting 
the senses as if pointed or cutting. 
3. (Mus.) (a.) High in pitch, (b.) 
Raised a semitone in pitch. 4. Cut- 
ting in language or import. 5. Ea- 
ger in pursuit. 6. Violent ; impetu- 
ous. 7. Of keen perception ; dull. 
8. Whispered, as certain consonants. 
— n. (Mus.) (a.) A note raised a 
semitone above its proper pitch, (b.) 
The character [#] which directs that 
a note be thus raised. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To sharpen. 2. To raise 
a semitone above the natural tone. 

Sharp'en (sharp'n). v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make sharp ; to give a 
keen edge or fine point to ; to render 
acute. [ing bargaius. 

Sharp'er, n. A shrewd man in mak- 

Sharp'LY, adv. Keenly; severely. 

Sharp'ness. n. Quality of being 
sharp, in any of its senses. 

Sharp'- set, a. Eager in appetite; 
ravenous. _ [marksman. 

Sharp'-shoot'er, n. A skillful 

Sharp'-sight'ed (-shVed), a. Having 
acute sight. 

SHARP'WTT'TEDja. Having an acute, 
discerning mind. 

Shat'ter, i'. «. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
scateran.] 1. To break at once into 
many pieces. 2. To disorder ; to de- 
range. — v. i. To be broken into 
fragments. — n. A broken piece ; — 
generally in the plural. [pieces. 

Shat'ter-y, a. Easily breaking to 

Shave, v. t. [-ed; -ed, or -en; 
-ING.] [A.-S. scafdn.] 1. To cut or 
pare off. 2. To make bare by cutting 
off. 3 To strip ; to fleece. — n. 1. 
Operation of shaving. 2. Exorbitant 
discount on a note, &c. , for cash in 
hand. 3. A tool for shaving wood. 

Shave'ling, n. A man shaved; 
hence, a monk. 

Shav'er, n. 1. One who shaves. 2. 
A cheat. 3. A plunderer. 4. A lit- 
tle fellow. [Colloq.] 

Shav'ING, n. 1. Act of paring the 
surface. 2. A thin slice pared off. 



Shawl, n. [Per. and Turk, shal.] A 
cloth, used as a loose covering for the 
neck and shoulders. 

SHAWM, n. [Lat. calamus, a reed- 
pipe.] A wind instrument of music. 

She, pron. [A.-S. sed, heo.] 1. This or 
that female. 2. A woman; — used 
as a noun. 

Sheaf (149), n. [A.-S. scedf, fr. scu- 
fan, sceofan, to shove.] Stalks of 
wheat, rye, or oats, &c, bound to- 
gether. — v. i. To make sheaves. 

Shear, v. t. [sheared ; sheared, 
or shorn ; shearing.] 1. To cut 
with shears or scissors. 2. To clip 
from a surface. 

Shears, n. pi. 1. A cutting instru- 
ment "consisting of two blades, mov- 
able on a pin. 2. Any thing in the 
form of shears ; esp. an apparatus 
for raising heavy weigh tc. 

Shear'-steel, n. Steel suitable for 
shears, scythes, &c. 

Sheath, n. [A.-S. sesedh. sceadh, 
prob. fr. Skr. tshid, to cover.] 1. A 
case for a sword ; a scabbard. 2. Any 
thin covering for protection. 

Sheathe, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
put into a case or scabbard. 2. To 
furnish with a sheath. 3. To case 
with boards or sheets of copper. 4. 
To cover or line. 

SHEAT«'ING, n. Covering of a ship's 
bottom and sides, or materials for 
such covering. 

Sheave, n. [0. D. schijve, orb, disk, 
wheel.] Awheel in a block, yard, 
&c, on which a rope works. 

Shed, v. t. [shed; shedding.] 
[A.-S. sceddan.] 1. To throw off or 
give forth from one's self; to emit. 
2. To cause to flow off without pene- 
trating. — v. i. To let fall the parts. 
— n. [Sw. skydd, a defense. Cf. 
Shade.] A slight or temporary out- 
building ; a hut. 

Shed'der, n. One who sheds. 

Sheen, i a. [A.-S. seine, scene, 

Sheen'y, \ bright, splendid. See 
Shine.] Bright; glittering ; showy. 

Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor. 

Sheep, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. scsep, 
sceap.] A small woolly quadruped. 

Sheep'-€6t, I n. A small inclo- 

Sheep'-fold, ) sure for sheep. 

Sheep'ish, a. Like a sheep ; bashful. 

Sheep'ish-ness, n. Excessive mod- 
I esty or diffidence. [ing look. 

I Sheep"s'-e_ye (-1), n. A diffident lov- 
| Sheep'-shear'er. n. One who 
shears the wool from sheep. 

Sheep'-skin, n. Skin of a sheep, or 

leather prepared from it. 
; Sheep'-walk (-wawk), n. Pasture 
i for sheep." 

Sheer, a. [A.-S. sclr, scyr.] 1. Pure; 
clear. 2. Simple; mere. 3. Clear; 
thin. 4. Perpendicular. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] [See Shear, the sense of 
which is, to separate.] To deviate ; 
to turn aside. — n. Longitudinal 
curve of a ship's sides. 

Sheet, n. 1. [A.-S. seete ; sceotan, to 
shoot, extend.] Any broad, uninter- 
rupted expanse; specifically, (a.) A 



o.-x, do, wolf, too, to'ok; ttRN, rue, pull ; s, I, o, silent ; c, g, soft; t3, g, hard; As j E^isT j NasN&; this. 



SHEET-ANCHOR 



390 



SHIRE 



broad piece of cloth for a bed. (b.) 
A broad piece of paper, (c.) pi. A 
book or pamphlet. 2. A rope fast- 
ened to the lower corner of a sail. 

SllEET'-AN€H'OR, n. [0. Eng. shoot- 
anchor.] 1. The largest anchor of a 
ship. 2. Chief support ; last refuge 
f or safety. 

Siif.et'ing, n. Cloth for sheets. 

&nLiK, n. [ Ar. sheik/i, shaykh, a ven- 

■ erable old man, a chief] A chief; 

— among the Arabians and Moors. 
Siiek'-EL (shek'l), n. [Heb., fr. cha- 

kal, to weigh.] An ancient coin 
among the Jews, in value equal to 
about 624 cents. 

Shelf (149), n. [A.-S. scelfe.] 1. An 
elevated board, to lay things on. 2. 
A sand-bank in the sea, or a danger- 
ous rock under the water. 

Shelf'y, a. Full of dangerous shal- 
lows. 

Shell, n. [A.-S. scell. See Scale.] 
1. A hard outside covering ; esp. that 
serving as the natural protection of 
certain fruits and animals : also, the 
covering of an egg. 2. A bomb. 3. 
Any frame-work or incomplete exte- 
rior structure. 4. pL Husks of the 
cacao-nut, used as a substitute for 
chocolate, &c. — -v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To strip off the shell of ; or, to 
take out of the she'll: 2. To sepa- 
rate from the ear. H. To bombard. 

— v. i. To fall off, as a crust or ex- 
terior coat. 

SHEL'LAO, \ n. The resin lac spread 

Shell'-la€, j into thin plates, after 
being melted and strained. 

SHELL'-FISH, n. An aquatic animal, 
whose external covering consists of 
a shell. 

Shell'-work (-wGrk),?i. Work com- 
posed of shells, or adorned with 
them . 

Shell'y, a. Abounding with shells. 

Shel'ter, n. [See Shield.] 1. 
That which covers or defends. 2. 
One who protects. 3. State of being 
protected. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To cover from harm or injury. 2. 
To betake to a safe place. — v. i. To 
take shelter. [ter. 

Shel'TER-LESS, a. Destitute of shel- 

Shel'tie,«. A Shetland pony. 

Shelve, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
furnish with shelves. 2. To place on 
a shelf; hence, to put or thrust aside. 

— v.i. To be sloping. 
Shelv'y, a. Full of rocks or sand- 
banks ; shallow. 

SHEP'HERD (shep'erd),n. [From sheep 
and herd.] 1. A man who tends and 
guards sheep. 2. A rural lover. 

»3he»'herd-ess (shep'erd-), n. A wo- 
man that tends sheep. 

Sheu'bet, n. [Ar. sherbet, prop, one 
drink or sip, from shariba, to drink.] 
A drink, composed of water, lemon- 
juice, and sugar, with some drops of 
rose-water. 

Sherd, n. A fragment. See Shard. 

SHER'IFF, n. [A.-S. seir-gerefa, from 
srir, scire, a shire, and gerefa, a 
reeve.] The chief officer of a shire 



or county, tp whom is intrusted the 
execution of the laws. 

Sher'iff-al-ty, n. Office or juris- 
diction of sheriff. 

Sher'ry, n. A strong wine of a deep 
amber color ; — from Xeres, in Spain. 

Shewn (sion), 5 id, Shown. 

133$°- The use of shew (shu) for shewed 
or showed, is a gross vulgarism. 

SllIB'BO-LETH, n. [Iieb. shibboleth, 
ear of corn, a stream, a flood.] 1. A 
word by which the Ephraimites were 
distinguished from the Gileadites. 
See Judges, xi. and xii. 2. Some pe- 
culiarity which distinguishes one 
pajty from another. 

Shield, n. [A.-S. scild, scyld, from 
skyla, to cover, defend.] 1. A broad 
piece of defensive armor, carried on 
the arm. 2. Any thing resembling 
such a piece of armor. 3. Defense ; 
protection. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cover as with a shield ; to protect. 

Slli'FT, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
sciftan, to divide, declare, appoint, 
decline, drive away.] 1. To change ; 
to alter. 2. To transfer. 3. To put 
off or out of the way. — v.i. 1. To 
change about ; to move. 2. To 
change one ? s under garments. 3. 
To resort to expedients for accom- 
plishing a purpose. — n. 1. A turn- 
ing from one thing to another ; hence, 
an expedient tried in difficulty. 2. 
Fraud ; artifice. 3. A chemise. 

Shift'er, n. One who shifts. 

Shift'LESS, a. Characterized by fail- 
ure to us=e means requisite for success. 

SHIFT'LESS-NESS, n. A state of being 
shiftless. 

Shil-la'lah, I n. An oaken cudgel, 

Shil-la'ly, I said to be from a 
wood in Ireland of that name. 

ShTL'ling, ii. [A.-S. stilling, prob. 
fr scillan, to sound.] 1. An English 
silver coin, equal to twelve pence, or 
about 24 cents. 2. In New York, 
one eighth of a dollar, or 12£ cents ; 
in New England, one sixth of a dol- 
lar, or lfi| cents ; — a term in trade. 

SHIM'MER,V. 7. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
scimerian, from sclmian, sciman, to 
glitter.] To shine faintly ; to gleam ; 
to glimmer. — n. A glimmering. 

SHIN, n. [A.-S. scinu, Ger. schiene.] 
Fore part of the leg between the an- 
kle and the knee. — v. t. To climb 
by the aid of the hands and legs 
alone. [Colloq. Amer.] 

SHiN'DY,n. A spree : a row ; a riot. 

Shine, v. i. [shone, sometimes 
SHINED ; SHINING.] [A.-S. schwn, 
Icel. skinn.] 1. To emit rays of light. 
2. To be lively and animated. 3. To 
be eminent or conspicuous. — n. 1. 
Fair weather. 2. Brightness; splen- 
dor ; luster. 3. A liking for a per- 
son. [Colloq.] 

Shin'gle (shing/gl). n. [0. Eng. 
shindig, Lat. scin<lula,i\.scindere, to 
split.i 1, A piece of wood with one 
end thinner than the other, used in 
covering roofs, &c. 2. Loose gravel 



and pebbles, on shores and coast* 
3. pi. [Lat. cingulum, a girdle, from 
cineere, to gird.] A kind of herpes, 
which spreads around the body. — 
v.t. [-ed;-1ng.] 1. To cover with 
shingles. 2. To cut, as hair, so that 
one portion overlaps another. 

SHIN'ING, p. a. 1. Bright; radiant. 
2. Illustrious : distinguished. 

Syn. — Brilliant; sparkling. — Shininn 
describes the emission of a strong light 
from a ciear or polished surface, ttril: 
Hunt denotes a shining of great bright- 
ness, but with gleams or flashes. Sjmrk- 
ling implies a shining intensely from 
radiant points or sparks, by which the 
eye is dazzled. 

ShIn'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Bright ; 
luminous. 

Ship, n. [A.-S. sap. Cf. Gr. a-icafa, 
a boat, from cruaineiv, to scoop out.] 
Any large sea-going vessel, esp. one 
with three masts, and square rigged. 



^SSh^^S-UEJ-*^ at 



Ground Plan of a Ship. 
p, prow ; ', larboard or port ; s, star- 
board ; 1, round-house ; 2, tiller; 8, gra- 
ting; 4, wheel ; 5, wheel-chains ; <>, bin- 
nacle ; 7, mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; !), 
capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 11, pumps; 12, 
galley or caboose ; 13, main hatchway ; 
14, windlass ; 15, fore-mast ; Hi, fore- 
hatchwny ; 17, bitts ; 18, bowsprit; 19, 
head-rail ; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows ; 22, 
fore-chains ; 23, main-chains ; 24, miz- 
zen-chains. 

— v.t. [-PED ; -PING.] 1. To put 
on board of a vessel of any kind for 
transportation ; hence, to get rid of. 
2. To engage for service on board of 
a ship. 3. To fix any thing in its 
place._ [ship. 

SHlP'BOARD, adv. On or within a 

Ship'-chan'dler, n. O.je who deals 
in cordage, canvas, &c. 

Ship'mate, v. One who serves on 
board of the same ship. 

Slli'P'MENT, n. 1. Act of shipping; 
embarkation. 2. That which is 
shipped. 

Ship'-m6n / ey, n. (Eng. Hist.) An 
imposition formerly charged on the 
ports, towns, &c, for providing cer- 
tain ships for the king's service. 

Ship'per, n. One who places goods 
on board a ship for transportation. 

SHie'PiNG, 11. Collective body of 
ships : tonnage. 

SHIP'-SUAPE. adv. In a seaman-like 
manner; hem e, properly. 

ShTp'wreci: (-rek),w. 1. Destruction 
of a vessel by being driven against 
rocks or shoals, &c. 2. A ship de- 
stroyed oil the water 3. Total de- 
struction. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To destroy by natural violence, as a 
ship at sea. 2. To expose to destruc 
tion by the loss of a ship. 

Sh'i'p'wright (-rlt), 77. One -whose oc 
cupation is to construct ships. 

Shire, or Shire, n. [A.-S. scire, scir 
fr. sciran, sceran, to cut off, divide 
1. A territorial division, usually idei 



A, E, 1, o,v,Y, long; X,i3jl,6 } t, Y, short; CARE, FAR, Ask; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; sot 



SHIRE-TOWN 



391 



SHOVEL 



tical with a county. [Eng.] 2. A 
count}*. [Amer.] 

Shire'-towx, or Shire '-town, n. 
Capital town of a county. 

Shirk (IS), v. t. [-ed;"-ing.] [Cf. 
Shark.] To avoid or get otf from. — 
n. One who seeks to avoid duty. 

ShIrrbd, a. [Cf. 0. Ger. sckirren, to 
prepare.] Having lines or cords in- 
serted between two pieces of cloth. 

ShIrt (IS), n. [Prob. fr. tbe root of 
short. Cf. Skirt.] A loose garment 
worn by men next the body. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To cover, as with 
a shirt. 2. To change the shirt of. 

Shirt'ing, n. Cloth lor shirts. 

Shive, a. [Icel. ski/a, from skifa, to 
spht. Cf. Sheave.] 1. A slice. 2. 
A little piece or fragment. 

Shiv'er, a. [Cf. Shive.] 1. A small 
fragment made by sudden breaking. 

2. A thin slice. 3. A shaking, caused 
by cold, pain, or fear, &c. — v. I. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Ger. sehiefern, to 
shiver, to scale.] 1. To dash to 
pieces by a blow. 2. To cause to 
shake in the wind, as saiis. — v. i. 
[Cf. 0. D. sci'weveren.] 1. To quake ; 
to tremble. 2. To quiver from cold. 

3. To fall at once into many small 
pieces. 

SHiv'ER-V. a. 1. Trembling. 2. Easily 
falling into many pieces. 

Shoal, n. [A.-S. scClu. scedlu, a school, 
companv, crowd.] 1. A multitude, 
esp. offish. 2. [Cf. Shelf, Shal- 
low.] A sand-bank, or bar. — v. i. 
[-ED: -ing.] 1. To assemble in a 
multitude. 2. To become more shal- 
low. —a. Of little depth ; shallow. 

SHOAL'V, a. Full of shoals. 

SHOCK, n. [Allied to shake.] 1. A 
collision. 2. A blow ; au offense. 3. 
[Ger. schock, a heap, quantity, score, 
threescore.] A pile of sheaves of 
wheat or rye, &c. 4. A violent agi- 
tation of any organ, or of the ner- 
vous system. 5. [From shag.] A 
dog with long hair. 6. A thick mass 
of short hair. 

Sy.v. — Concussion. — A shock is lit- 
erally a violent shake or agitation ; a 
concussion is a shaking of things to- 
gether. A shock may affect the body or 
the mind : a concussion properly affects 
only the hody or material objects ; as, a 
concussion of the brain. 
— v. t. [-ED: -ING.] 1. To strike 
against suddenly. 2. To offend ; to 
disgust. 3. To collect, into shocks, 
as sheaves. 

Shock'IXG, a. Striking, as with hor- 
ror ; extremely offensive. 

Shock'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to 
shock . 

Sh3d, imp. & p. p. of Shoe. 

Shod'dy, n. A material obtained by 
tearing into fibers woolen rags, &c. 

SHOE (shO>), n. [A.-S. scOh, sco, sceo.] 
A covering for the foot, usually of 
leather ; also, any thing resembiin; 
a shoe in form or use. — v. t. [SHOD 
SHOEING, 140.] 1. To furnish with | 
shoes. 2. To cover at the bottom. 

Shoe'-blaCK, ;*. One who cleans 
and blacks shoes or boots. 



Shoe'-Mak'er, n. One who makes 
shoes. [feet. 

Sho'er, n. One who fits shoes to the 
SHOE'-STRING, n. A string to fasten 
a shoe to the foot. [Shine. 

ShSne, or Shone, imp. & p. p. of 
Sho'ok, imp. of Shake. — n. [Cf. 
Prov. Eng. shook, split, as wood is 
by shrinking.] 1. A set of staves 
for one cask or barrel, &c. 2. A set 
of_boards for a sugar-box. 
Shoot, v. t. [shot ; shooting.] 
[A.-S. sceotan, scotian; Skr. tskud, 
to send.] 1. To let fiy with force, as 
an arrow or bullet. 2. To hit with 
a missile. 3. To discharge ; to emit; 
to hurl. 4. To push or thrust for- 
ward. 5. To pass rapidly through 
or under. — v. i. 1. To perform the 
act of discharging with force. 2. To 
be shot or propelled forcibly. 3. To 
be felt-, as if darting through one. 4. 
To bud ; to sprout. 5. To make pro- 
gress ; to advance. 6. To overspread. 
7. To jut ; to project. — n. 1. Act 
of propelling any thing with vio- 
lence ; discharge. 2. A young branch. 

3. [Fr. chute.] An inclined plane, 
down which timber, coal, &c, are 
caused to slide. [Amer.] 

Shoot'er,?). 1. One who shoots. 2. 
That which shoots, as a fire-arm. 

Shop, n. [A.-S. sceoppa, treasury, 
storehouse.] A building for mechan- 
ical work or for retailing goods, 
wares, &c— v. i. [-fed ; -ping.] To 
visit shops for purchasing goods. 

Shop'-keep'er, n. A trader who 
sells goods in a shop. 

Shop'-lift'er, n. One who steals 
any thing in a shop. 

Shop'man (150), n. 1. A shop-keep- 
er ; a tradesman. 2. A salesman. 

Shore, n. 1. [A.-S. score, fr. sccran, 
to shear, divide.] Coast adjacent to 
a large body of water. 2. [D. sclwor.] 
A prop or support. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To support by a post ; to 
prop. | [tourmaline. 

Shorl, n. [See Schorl.] Black 

Short, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. scori, 
sceorl, prob. fr. the root of shear.] 1. 
Not long in space. 2. Notextendedin 
time. 3. Limited in quantity ; scanty. 

4. Insufficiently provided. 5. Defi- 
cient ; defective. 6. Near at hand. 
7. Not tenacious, as memory. 8. 
Less important, efficacious, or pow- 
erful. 9. Abrupt ; petulant. 10. 
Breaking readily ; crisp ; brittle ; 
friable. 11. Pronounced with a less 
prolonged utterance, and with a 
somewhat slenderer sound ; — said 
of vowels as distinguished from the 
same when havi'tg the "long" 
sound ; as, a in bat, o in not, &c. — • 
n. 1. A summary account. 2. pi. 
Part of ground grain sifted out which 
is next finer than the bran. — adv. 
In a short manner. 

Short'-breathjsd (-bretht), a. 

Having short breath. 
Short' cosi'ino, n. Act of failing 

or coming short. 
Short'£N (short / n), v. t. [-ED; 



-ING J To make short or shorter. — 
v. i. To become short or shorter. 

Sh6rt'.en-ing, n. 1. A making or 
becoming short. 2. That which ren- 
ders pastry short or friable. 

Short'-hand, n. A compendious 
method of writing ; stenography. 

Short'-liv^b, a. Not living or 
lasting long. 

Short'ly, adv. In a short or brief 
time or manner ; briefly. 

SlloRT'NESS, n. Quality of being 
short ; brevity ; conciseness ; limited 
extent ; deficiency. 

SHORT'-siGiiT / EH(-sit/ed), a. 1. Not 
able to see far ; near-sighted. 2. 
Of limited forecast or intellect. 3. 
Having little care for the future. 

Short'-waist'ed, a. Short from 
the armpits to the waist, or from the 
shoulder to the commencement of 
the skirt. 

ShOrt'-wind'ed, a. Affected with 
shortness of breath. 

SHOT. imp. & p. p. of Shoot. — ■ n. ; pi. 
shot, or shots. [See Shoot.] 1. 
Act of shooting. 2. A ball or bul- 
let. 3. Small globular masses of 
lead, for shooting. 4. Distance to 
which a missile weapon flies. 5. A 

• marksman. G. [See SCOT.] Share; 
reckoning. — v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 
To load with shot over a cartridge. 

Seiote, n. [A.-S. sc.eota, fr. sceotan, 
to shoot.] 1. A fish resembling the 
trout. 2. A young hog. 

SHOT'-FREE, a. Exempted from any 
share of expense ; scot-free. 

Shot'TL'n, a. [From shoot.] Hav- 
ing ejected the spawn. 

Shotten herring, a gutted herring dried 
for keeping. 

Shough (shok), n. A kind of shaggy 
dog ; a shock. 

Should (shobd), imp. of Shall. 

SHOUL'DER, h. [A.-S. sruldor, prob. 
fr. Icel. skyla, to cover, defend.] 1. 
Joint by which the human arm, or 
the fore leg of a quadruped, is con- 
nected with the body. 2. The up- 
per part of the back. 3. Support. 
4. That which resembles a human 
shoulder, —v. 1. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To push with the shoulder. 2. To 
take upon the shoulder. 

Shoul'der-blade, it. The flat 
bone of the shoulder. 

SHOUL'DER-KNOT (-not), n. An or- 
namental knot worn on the shoulder. 

SHOUL'DER-STRAP, n. (Mil. & Na- 
val.) A narrow strap worn on the 
shoulder of a commissioned officer, 
indicating the rank he holds. 

Shout, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Perh. 
a contraction fr. shoot out.] To utter 
a sudden and loud outcry. — v. I. 
To utter with a shout. — n. A ve- 
hement and sudden outcrv. 

Shove, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sceofan, schfan.] To drive along by 
pressing ; to push. — v. i. 1. To push 
or drive forward. 2. To push off.-— 
n. Act of shoving ; a push. 
JShov'£L (shuv'l), n. ■ [A.-S. sroj, 
sceofl,fr. sceofan, to shove.] Anin- 



6r, do, wqlf. toOjTOOU. ; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent; ^,G,soft; e,&,hard; As; e^cist; nosng; this. 



SHOW 



392 



SICK 



Btruiwat to move loose substances. 
- c. i [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, -LING, 

13 J.] To take up or move with a 
shovel. 
Sh5w, s. t. [-ed; -n, or -ed; 
•1NG.1 [A.-S. scawian, sceawian, 
to loop", see.] 1. To exhibit to view. 

2. To teach ; to point out to. 3. To 
usher or guide. 4. To prove; to 
explain. 5. To confer ; to afford. — 
v. i. To appear; to seem. — n. 1. 
Appearance. 2. That which is shown. 

3. Ostentatious display. 4. Sem- 
blance; likeness. 5. Pretext. 

SllOW-BREAD, n. {Jewish Antiq.) 
Loaves of bread, representing the 
twelve tribes, placed on the golden 
table in the sanctuary. 

Show'er, n. One who shows. 

Shower, n. [A.-S. sntr, sceor.] 1. 
A fall of rain of short duration. 2. 
A copious supply bestowed. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To wet copiously 
with rain. 2. To bestow liberally. 

— v. i. To rain in showers. 
Show'er-bXth, n. A barhin which 

water is showered upon the person, 
by some contrivance, from above. 

SHOWER-Y, a. Raining in, or sub- 
ject to, showers. fner. 

SlIOWl-LY, adv. In a showy man- 

ShoWI-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being showy. 

Showy, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Mak- 
ing a show; attracting attention. 

ShrXnk, imp. of Shrink. 

Shred, v. t. [shred ; shred- 
ding] [A.-S. screddian.] To cut 
or tear into narrow and long pieces. 

— n. 1. A long, narrow piece cut or 
torn off. 2. A fragment. 

Shrew (shrij), n. [Prop, a brawler, 
from L. Ger. schrauen, to bawl.] A 
brawling, turbulent woman ; a scold. 

Shrewd (shrijd), a. [-er; -est.] 
[Orig. the p. p. of skreiv.] 1. As- 
tute ; penetrating. 2. Involving or 
displaying a sagacious judgment. 

Syn. —Sagacious.— One who is shrewd 
is keen to detect errors, to penetrate 
false disguises, to foresee and guard 
against the selfishness of others. It is 
not, therefore, a word of as much dig- 
nity as sagucious, which leads us to 
think of a man as possessing a compre- 
hensive as well as penetrating mind, 
whereas shrewd does not. See Saga- 
cious. 

Shrewd'ly (shnjdTy), adv. Saga- 
ciously ; with good guess. 

Shrewd'ness (shrud/-). n. Quality 
or state of being shrewd ; astute- 
ness; sagacity. 

Shrewish (shru/ish), a. Like a 
shrew : peevish. 

Shrew'ISH-ly (shru'ish-), adv. Pee- 
vishly ; petulantly. 

ShreWjsh-ness (shni'ish-), n. State 
of being shrewish ; petulance. 

Shriek, v. i. [-ed : -ing.] [See 
Screak and Screech.] To utter 
a loud, sharp, shrill cry. — n. A 
sharp, shrill outcry or scream. 

Shriev'al-ty, n. [Contracted from 
sheriffalty.] Office of a sheriff. 

ShrIft, n. [A.-S. scrift, fr. scrifan, 



to shrive.] Confession made to a 

priest. [cious European bird. 

Shrike, n. [From shriek.] A rapa- 

SHRILL, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [L. Ger. 

schrill.] Sharp ; piercing, as sound. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To utter an 
acute, piercing sound. 

Shrill'ness, n. State of being shrill. 

SHRJLL'LY, adv. In a shrill manner. 

ShrImp, n. [A.-S. scrimman, to dry, 
dry up, wither.] 1. A long-tailed, 
decapod crustacean. 2. A dwarf; — 
in contempt. 

Shrine, n. [From 0. Eng. serine, fr. 
Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for 
books, papers, &c] 1. A case or box 
for sacred relics. 2. Hence, any sa- 
cred or hallowed place ; an altar ; 
a place of worship. 

Shrink, v. i. [shrunk: shrank, 
shrunken; shrinking.] [A.-S. 
scrincan.] 1. To shrivel ; .to con- 
tract ; to dry up. 2. To recoil, as 
in fear, horror, or distress. — v. t. To 
cause to contract. — n. Contraction ; 
recoil. [less compass. 

Shrink'age, n. Contraction into a 

Shrive, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
scrifan.] 1. To hear or receive the 
confession of; — said of a priest. 2. 
To confess ; — used reflexively. 

SHRIVEL. (shriVl). v. i. [Cf. Icel. 
skrifl, a thing torn, and Eng. ruffle.] 
To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles. 

— V.t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, -LING, 
137.] To cause to shrink or contract. 

Shroud, n. [A.-S. 
scrud, a garment, 
shroud.] 1. A wind- 
ing-sheet. 2. That 
which clothes or cov- 
ers, like a shroud. 3. 
pi. A set of ropes 
reaching from the 
mast-heads to the 
sides of a vessel. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To inclose in a Shrouds, 
winding-sheet. 2. To cover, as with 
a shroud ; to veil. 

Shrove '-tide, \n. The Tues- 

Shrove'-Tues/day, I day preced- 
ing the first day of Lent ; — so called 
because formerly the priests shrove, 
or shrived, the people on this day. 

SHRUB, n. 1. [A.-S. srrob, scrobb.] A 
woody plant of a size less than a 
tree. 2. [See Sirup and Sherbet.] 
A liquor composed of acid and sugar, 
with spirit. [shrubs. 

Shrub'eer-y, n. A collection of 

ShrDb'by, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Full of shrubs. 2. Resembling a 
shrub. 

Shrug, v. t. [-ged; -ging.] [Allied 
to shrink.] To draw up ; esp. by 
way of expressing dislike or doubt, 
&c. — v. i. To raise or draw up the 
shoulders, as in expressing dread or 
doubt. — n. A drawing up of the 
shoulders, as in dislike or doubt. 

Shrunken, p. p. of Shrink. 

Shuck, n. [Allied to Ger. schote, a 
husk, shell.] A shell ; a husk or 
I pod ; esp., the covering of a nut 




Shud'der, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [O.D. 
schudderen, from D. schudden, to 
shake.] To tremble or* shake with 
fear, horror, or aversion ; to quake. 
— n. A shaking with fear ; a tremor. 

Shuf'fle, v. l. [-ED; -ing.] [Dim. 
of shove.] To mix by pushing or 
shoving, as cards in the pack. — v. i. 
1. To change the relative position 
of cards in a pack. 2. To practice 
shifts to elude detection. 3. To use 
arts or expedients. 4. To move in a 
slovenly, dragging manner. — n. 1. 
Act of shuffling. 2. An evasion ; an 
artifice. 

Shuf'fler, n. One who shuffles. 

S,HVN,V.t. [-NED; -NING.] [A.-S. 
scunian, sceonian.] Co avoid; to 
get out of the way of; to negiect. 

Shunt, v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Shun.] To turn off to one side, as a 
railway carriage upon a side track ; to 
switch off. — n. [D. sc/niinte, slope- 
ness, declivity, or contr. fr. shun it.] 
A turn off to a side or short rail. 

Snvr,v.t. [shut; shutting.] [A.-S. 
scytlan, scittan, to shut or lock up.] 
1. To close ; to contract. 2. To 
close so as to hinder ingress or 
egress. 3. To prohibit ; to bar. — 
v. i. To close itself; to become 
closed. — p. a. Having the sound 
suddenly interrupted by a succeed- 
ing consonant, as the o in hop. 

Shut'ter, n. 1. One who shuts. 2. 
A close cover for a window. 

Shut'tle, n. [A.-S. sceatel from 
sceotan, to shoot.] An instrument 
for passing the thread in weaving. 

Shut'tle-€ock, \ n. A cork stuck 

Shut'tle-cork, ) with feathers, 
used to be struck by a battledoor in 
play ; also, the play itself. 

Shy,«. [-er: -EST.] [A.-S. sreoh, 0. 
H. Ger. sciulian, to shun, be shy.] 1. 
Sensitively timid ; reserved. 2. Easily 
frightened. 3. Cautious ; wary. 

Syu.— Coy. — Coy has reference to 
that reserve with which a delicate female 
shrinks from the other sex; s/n/ness is a 
characteristic of sensitive minds, lead- 
ing them to avoid society from the pain 
it gives them to meet others. 

— v.i. [-ed;-ing.] To start sud- 
denly aside, as if a little frightened. 

Shy'ly, adv. In a shy or timid man- 
ner, [being shy. 
Shy'ness, n. Quality or state of 
SlB'I-LANT, a. [Lat. sibilant.] Mak- 
ing, or uttered with, a hissing sound. 

— n. A letter uttered with a hissing 
of the voice, as s and z. 

SlB'l-LA'TION, n. Utterance with a 
hissing sound ; also, the sound itself. 

SlB'YL, n. [Lat. sibylla, Gr. crt'/SvAAa, 
a prophetess, prop, she that tells rho 
will of Jupiter, fr. Doric 2ids /SoAAa, 
counsel of Zeus, or Jupitei\] 1. A 
pagan prophetess. 2. A iemale for- 
tune-teUer. 

Sib'yl-line , a. Relating to the sib- 
yls ; uttered or composed by sibyls. 

Sice (sTz). n. [From Lat. sex, six.J 
Six at dice. 

Sick, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. syc, 
side.] 1. Affected with, or attended 



A, E, I, 6,u, Y,long,- & 3 & c l 3 6,u,¥,short; CARE, far, ask, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, t£ri.1 ; Pi'QUE , fTrm ; s6n 



SICKEN 



393 



SILLY 



by, nausea. 2. Having a strong dis- 
like. 3. Affected with any disease. 
Syx. — See III. 

SiCK'^N, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make 
sick ; to disgust ; to disease. — v. i. 
To become sick or disgusted. 

oICK'ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick. 2. 
Nauseating; nauseous. [sickish. 

SIck'ish-ness, n. Quality of being 

SIck'LE (sik'l), n. [A.-S. sicol, sicel, 
Lat. secula, from secare, to cut.] A 
hooked instrument for cutting grain. 

SIck'li-ness, n. State of being sick- 
ly ; uu healthiness. 

SlCK'LY, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Somewhat sick; disposed to illness. 

2. Producing or tending to disease. 

3. Appearing as if sick. 
SlCK'NESS, n. 1. State of being sick. 

2. A disease; especially, nausea. 
Side, n. [A. -3. side, fr. sidan, to be 

extended.] 1. Edge, or border of a 
surface ; especially , one of the longer 
edges. 2. One of the surfaces of a 
solid ; esp. one of the longer surfaces. 

3. The part of the body about the 
ribs. 4. Relative position of a per- 
son or party. 5. A party ; associa- 
tion. — a. 1. Lateral. 2. Indirect; 
collateral. — v.i. [-ed;-ing.] To 
embrace the opinions of one party. 
or engage in its interest. 

SlDE'BOARD, n. A piece of cabinet 
work, placed on one side in a dining- 
_room to hold dishes, &c. [sloping. 

SIde'LING, a. Inclining to one side ; 

Side 'long, a. Lateral; oblique. — 
adv. 1. Laterally ; obliquely. 2. 
On the side. 

SId'er-al, a. Relating to the stars; 
hence, baleful. 

ST-DE'RE-AL, a. [Lat. sideralfs, and 
sidereus, fr. sidus, a constellation, 
star.] Relating to the stars ; starry. 

SlD'ER-0-GRAPH'l€, ) a. Pertain- 

SId/er-O-GRaphMG-AE, j ing to sid- 
erography. 

SlD'EK-OG'RA-PHY^. [Gr. o-t'Srjpo?, 
iron, and ypd^eiv, to engrave.] Art 
or practice of steel engraving. 

SlD'ER-o-S€OPE, n. [Gr. o-iSrjpo?, 
iron, and crKGireZv. to view.] An in- 
strument for detecting small" quan- 
tities of iron. [woman. 

Side'-SAD'dle, n. A saddle for a 

SIde'walk (-wawk), n. A raised foot- 
path at the side of a street. [Amer.] 

SIDE'WISE, adv. 1. Toward one side. 
2. Laterally ; on one side. 

ST'dle, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] To go or 
move side foremost. 

ElEGE, n. [Fr. siege, a seat, a siege, 
fr. Lat. sedes, a seat.] 1. The setting 
of an army around or before a forti- 
fied place for the purpose of compel- 
ling the garrison to surrender. 2. A 
continued attempt to gain possession. 

3l'E N-ITE , n . See S Y E NlTE . 

S'i-ES'TA, n. [Sp , fr. Lat. sexta (sc. 
hora), the sixth hour.] A nap taken 
about noon or in the afternoon. 

SIEVE, n. [A.-S. rife.] A utensil for 
separating the fine part of any sub- 
stance from the coarse. 

StFT, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To sep- 



arate by, or as if by, a sieve. 2. To 
analyze ; hence, to scrutinize. 

Sift'er, n. One who, or that which, 
sifts ; a sieve. 

Sigh (si), v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sican, siofian.] 1. To make a deep 
respiration, as from fatigue or grief. 
2. To make a sound like sighing. — 
v. t. To express by sighs. — n. A sin- 
gle deep respiration ; a long breath. 

SIGHT (sit), n. [From the root of see.] 

1. Act, power, or instrument of see- 
ing. 2. That which is seen. 3. In- 
spection ; examination. 4. A guide 
to the eye in taking aim. 5. A great 
number, quantity, or sum. [ Colloq.] 

SY2f. — Vision; view; show; spectacle. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To get 
sight of; to see. 2. To see or aim 
accurately. 

Sight'less (sit'-), a. Wanting sight ; 

blind. 
Sight'li-ness (sit 7 -), n. State of 

being sightly. 
SlGHT'LY (slt'ly), a. 1. Conspicuous. 

2. Pleasing to the sight. 
Sight'-see'ING (sit 7 -), a. Eager for 

novelties or curiosities. 

Sl'G'MOID, 1 a. [Gr. criyiu.oei.o'Tjs, fr. 

SlG-MOID'AL, j a-tyjua, sigma, and 
eUos, form.] Curved in two direc- 
tions, like the Greek letter ?. 

Sign (sin), n. [Lat. signum.] That by 
which any thing is made known or 
represented; specifically, (a.) Any 
symbol or emblem which represents 
an idea. (b.) A significant motion, 
action, or gesture, (c.) A conspicu- 
ous notice before a building to adver- 
tise business, (d. ) Twelfth part of 
the ecliptic or zodiac 

Sign-manual, the royal signature su- 
perscribed at the top of bills of grants 
andletters-patent; the signature of one's 
name in his own handwriting. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To signify. 
2. To affix a signature to. — v. i. To 
make a sign or signal. 

Si'G'NAL, n. [L. Lat. signale. See 
Sign.] 1. A sign agreed upon to give 
notice. 2. A token ; an indication. 

— a. Distinguished from what is or- 
dinary. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
communicate by signals. 

SlG'NAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To make eminent. 2. To communi- 
cate with by signals. 

Sig'nal-ly, adv. In a signal man- 
ner ; eminently. 

SIg'na-ture (53), n. [L. Lat. signa- 
tura. See SIGN.] 1. A sign or mark 
impressed. 2. The name of a person 
written with his own hand. 3. A 
letter or figure by which the sheets 
of a book are distinguished. 

SlGN'ER (sin'er), n. One who signs. 

S'fG'NET, n. [0. Fr., dim- of signe , 
sign.] A seal ; especially the private 
seal of a sovereign. 

SIG-NIF'I-€ANCE, n. 1. State of be- 
ing significant. 2. That which is 
signified. 3. Moment ; consequence. 

SlG-NlF'I-CANT,a. [Lat. significans, 
signifying.] 1. Standing as a sign 
or token. 2. Important ; momentous. 



SlG-NlF'I-€ANT-LY, adv. In a signif- 
icant manner. 

SlG'NI-FI-€A'TION, n. 1. Act of sig 
nifying. 2. That which is signified 
or made known. 

SiG-NiF'l-eA-T'ivE, a. Having sig. 
nification or meaning. 

S'lG'NI-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat 
significare ; signum, & sigu, and/a- 
cere, to make.] 1. To make known, 
esp. by a sign. 2. To convey the 
notion of. — v. i. To express mean- 
ing with force. 

Sign'-post (s-in 7 -), n. A post on which 
a sign hangs, or on which advertise- 
ments are placed. 

SI'LENCE, n. -1. Entire absence of 
sound. 2. Forbearance of speech. 3. 
Secrecy. 4. Calmness ; quiet. 5- 
Oblivion. — interj. Be silent. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To still. 

Sl'LENT, a. [Lat. silens, silentis, p. 
pr. of silere, to be silent.] 1. Free 
fr. sound or noise. 2. Indisposed to 
talk. 3. Keeping at rest. 4. Not pro- 
nounced; having no sound. 5. Not 
engaged in active business ; dormant- 
Sins-. — See Mute. 

Si-le'si-a (-hVshl-a, 95), n. A thin, 
coarse linen, orig. made in Silesia. 

Si'lex, n. [Lat., a flint..] The sub- 
stance constituting flint, quartz, and 
most sands and sandstones. , 

Sil'hou-ette (-6b-), n. [From Eti- 
enne Silhouette, a very economical 
Fr. minister of finance, about 1757.] 
A profile filled in with a black color. 

ST-L'i'ceous ) (sT-lish'us), a. [Lat. 

Si-LI'CIofJS J silicevs; silex, a flint.] 
Relating to, or containing, silex. 

Sil'i-gon, n. [See Siliceous.] A 
nut-brown elementary substance, the 
base of silex. 

Sii/i-QUA, n. ; pi. sil'i-qu^e. Same 
as SlLIQUE. 

SlL'IQUE (sil'ik or si-l-Sk'), n. [Lat. 
siliqua, a pod or husk.] A pod with 
seeds fixed to both sutures. 

SlL'l-QUOUS, a. Bearing or resembling 
siliques. 

Silk, n. [A.-S. seolc, seoloc,' fr. Lat. 
sericum, silk.] 1. The fine, soft 
thread, produced by the silk- worm, 
&c. 2. Thread spun, or cloth woven, 
from the same. 3. The thread-like 
st\les of the female flower of maize. 

Silk' en, a. Made of, or resembling, 
silk ; soft ; delicate. 

SiLK'l-NESS, n. State of being silky ; 
softness and smoothness. 

S'ilk'-worm (-wPirm), n. The cater- 
pillar which produces silk. 

Silk'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.; Made 
of, or like, or relating to, silk. 

SILL, n. [A.-S. syl, syll, prob. from 
Goth, suljan, to lay a foundation.] 
The foundation of a thing, as of ^ 
house, door, or window, &c. 

Si'L'LA-BiJB, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. sile, 
to strain, and bub, liquor.] A mixt- 
ure of wine or cider with milk. 

Sil'LI-ly, adv. In a silly manner. 

SiL'LI-NESS, n. "Want of sound sense. 

SlL'LY, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
sxlig, ges&lig, happy, good.] 1. 



OR, do -\VOLF TOOjTCfoEj OltN, E.UE, pull ; e, I, o, silent; C, G,soft; €, S, hard; AgJ 32CIST', NmNS; THia 



SILT 



394 



SINUOSITY 



Weak in intellect. 2. Proceeding 
from want of common judgment. 
Syn. — Simple; stupid. 
Silt, n. [From Prov. Eng. sile, to 
strain.] Mud deposited from water. 

— v.i. [-EDj-lNG.] To How into, 
or percolate through, crevices or nar- 
row places, as muddy water. 

gKL'VA, n. [Lat.] 1. A collection of 
poems. 2. Natural history of the 
forest trees of a country. 

fjlL'VAN, a. [Lat. silva, a wood or 
grove.] Pertaining to woods ; woody. 

SlL'VER, n. [\'.-S. silfor, syl/er.] 1. 
A soft, white metal. 2. Money made 
of silver. 3. Any thing like silver. 

— a. 1. Made of silver. 2. Resem- 
bling silver, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To cover with silver. 2. To cause to 
resemble silver. 3. To make hoary. 

Sll/VER-ING, n. 1. Art or practice of 
covering with silver. 2. The silver 
thus laid on. 

SiL'VER-SMiTH, n. One who works 
in silver. [with silver. 

SlL'VER-Y, a. Resembling, or covered 

SiM'I-LAR, a. [Lat. similis.] 1. Pre- 
cisely alike. 2. Somewhat like. 

SlM'I-LAR/I-TY, n. Resemblance. 

SlM'I-LAR-LY, adv. In like maimer. 

SiM'I-EE (147), v. [Lat., fr. similis, 
like.] A word or phrase by which any 
thing is likened in one of its aspects 
to another tiling ; a similitude. 

Si-Mil/I-TUDE, n. 1. Resemblance; 
likeness. 2. Act of comparing. 

SYm'M?ER, v. t. or i. [-ED- -I]\G.] [An 
onomatopoetic word.] To boil gently. 

ST-:il6'NI-A€, n. One who buys or sells 
preferment in the church. 

SiiM'O-Ni'AC-AL,, a. Consisting of, or 
pertainiug to, simony. 

Si-M'ON-Y, n. [From Simon Magus. 
See Acts viii.] The crime of buyiug 
or selling ecclesiastical preferment. 

Si-McTpM', } 11. [Ar. samiim, fr. sam- 

Si-MOON', \ ma, to poison.] A hot, 
dry wind, iu Arabia, Syria, &c. . 

SlM'PER, v. i. To smile in a silly, af- 
fected manner. — n. A silly smile. 

SiM'PLE,a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. sim- 
plex, simplici.s, from sine., without, 
and plica, a fold.] 1. Single; not 
complex; not compounded. 2. Plain; 
unadorned. 3. Not given to artifice. 
4. Clear ; intelligible. 5. Weak in 
intellect. — n. 1. Something not 
compounded. 2. A medicinal plant. 

SlM'PLE-NESS, n. Quality of being 
simple. 

Sim/ple-ton, n. A silly person. 

SlM-PLIC'l-TY, ii. 1. Quality of be- 
ing uncompounded. 2. Quality of 
being not complex. 3. Artlessness ; 
sincerity. 4. Plainness. 5. Clear- 
ness. 6. Silliness. [iug simple. 

STm'pli-f^-ca'tion, n. Actofmak- 

glM'PLI-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[L. Lat. simplificare ; Lat. simplex, 
simple, and facere, to make.] To 
make simple ; to reduce from the 
complex state. 

SlM'PLlST, n. One skilled in simples. 

SiM'PLY, adv. In a simple manner ; 
artlessly ; plainly ; merely ; foolishly 



SlM'U-LATE, I', t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
simulate, -latum, from similis, like.] 
To assume the mere appearance of 
without the reality; to feign. — a. 
Feigned ; pretended. 

Sim'U-la'tion, n. Act of simulating, 
or putting on what is not true. 

SPmul-ta'ne-OUS, a. [Lat. simul, 
at the same time, together.] Being at 
the same time. [same time. 

Sl'MUL-TA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. At the 

SIN, n. [A.-S. synn. sin.] Transgres- 
sion of the law of God ; moral defi- 
ciency in the character. 

Sy^. — See Ckimb. 
— v.i. [-NED ; -NING.] To depart 
voluntarily from any known rule of 
duty. 

S'iN'A-PISM, n. [Gr. <nvan«rix6<> , fr. 
o-tVaTri^ mustard] A poultice or 
blister of mustard seed pulverized 

SiN(,'E,m/c. [0. Eng. sithenee, from 
A.-S. s'd/ithan,fr. s'idh, lately, after- 
ward, and than, for tham, to the, to 
this.] Before this or now; ago. — 
prep. From the time of; after. — 
conj. 1. Since the time when. 2. 
Iu view of the fact that ; because. 

SlN-o/ERE', a. [-ER; -EST.j [Lat. 
sineerus, fr. sine, without, .and cera, 
wax, as it applied originally to pure 
honey.] 1. Pure ; unmixed. 2. Be- 
ing in reality what it appears to be. 
Svx.— See Heakty. 

Sin-CERE'LY, adv. Unfeignedly. 

Sin-cere'ness, \n. Honesty of mind 

SlN-CER'I-TY, j or intention. 

SlN'pi-P&T,n. [Lat.] Pore part of 
the head from the forehead to the 
coronal suture. ^ 

SINE, n. [Lat. sinus, a 
bent surface, curve.] 
Length of a perpendic- 
ular drawn from one 
extremity of an arc to 
the diameter drawn 
through the other ex- Sine, 
tren.ity ; the perpeu- db, sine; d c, 
dicular itself. arc ; cue, di- 

SI'NE-GURE, n. [Lat. »n»eter. 
sine , without, and ciaa, care.] An 
office which requires or involves no 
active service. [sinecure. 

Sl'NE-euR'lST, n. One who has a 

Sj'n'EW (sfa'yu,), n. [A.-S. sinewe, and 
sinu.] 1. A tendon. 2. That which 
supplies strength. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To knit as by sinews. 

Sin'ew-less (sin'yn-j, a. Having no 
sinews, or no strength. 

Sin'EW-y (sln'yu-y), a. 1. Consisting 
of sinews. 2. Strong; vigorous ; firm. 

Sinful, a. 1. Wicked; criminal; 
unholy. 2. Consisting in sin. 

S'ix'ful-ly, adv. In a sinful manner. 

SlN'FUL-NESS, n. Quality of being 
sinful ; wickedness ; iniquity. 

Sing, v. i. [sung, or sang ; sung ; 
SINGING.] [A.-S. singan.] 1. To ut- 
ter sounds with melodious modula- 
tions of voice. 2. To make a small, 
shrill sound. 3. To celebrate some- 
thing in poetry. — v. t. 1. To utter 
with musical modulations of voice. 2. 
To celebrate iu song. 



SINGE, V. t. JflNGED; SINGEING, 
140.] [A.-S. senguii, orig. tocauseto 
siug, from the sound produced by 
burning slightly.] To burn the sur- 
face of. — n. A burning of the surface. 

STng'ER, n. One who sings. 

SiNGMNG-BcToK, 11. A book contain- 
ing music for singing. 

S'ing'ing-mas'ter, h. One who 
teaches vocal music. 

SLn'gle (sing'gl, 82), a. [Lat. singu- 
lis.} 1. Cue only : individual ; sep- 
arate. 2. Having no companion. 3. 
Unmarried. 4. Performed by one 
person. 5. Uncompounded. 6. Un- 
prejudiced ; sincere. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To select, as one from among 
a number. [duplicity. 

Sin'gle-iieakt'ED. a. Having no 

SlVGLE-NESS, ii. 1. State of being 
separate from all others. 2. Purity 
of mind and purpose ; sincerity. 

STn'gly, adv. 1. Individually. 2. 
Only by one's self. 

SIng'-song, ». A drawling tone, as 
of a monotonous song. 

Sin'gu-lar, a. [Lat. singularis, from 
singidus, single.'] 1. Single; individ- 
ual. 2. Denoting one person or 
thing. 3. Out of the ordinary course 
of things. 4. Rarely equaled. — n. 
The singular number. 

SIn'GU-lar'1-ty, v. 1. Stateof being 
singular; peculiarity. 2. Possession 
of a particular privilege or distinc- 
tion. 

SlN'GU-LAR-LY, adv. Peculiarly. 

SLn'js-ter, a. [Lat,] 1. On the left 
hand ; left. 2. Unlucky ; injurious ; 
evil. 3. Dishonest. 

SiN'IS-TROR'SAL, a. [Lat. sinistror- 
sus, sinistroversns, toward the left 
side, from sinister, left, and vtrtere, 
version, to turn.] Rising from left 
to right, as a spiral line. 

SLVls-TKOtJS, a. Being on, or inclined 
to, the left side. 

Sink (82). v. i. [sunk (sank, nearly 
obs.); sinking.] [A.-S. sinran.] 
1. To descend lower and lower. 2. 
To fall or retire beneath the surface. 
3. To fail in strength : to decline. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to sink ; to im- 
merse in a fluid. 2. To depress. 3. 
To make by digging. 4. To reduce 
in quantity. 5. To cause to decline. 
Sinking fund, a fund created for sink- 
ing or paying a public d< bt, or puicbas- 
ing the stock for the government. 

— n. 1. A drain to carry off filth}' 
water. 2. A shallow box for filthy 
water, &c , as in a kitchen. 

Sin'less, a. Free from sin ; pure: 

SiN'LESS-LY, adv. Innocently. 

Sin'less ness, n. State of being sin- 
less ; perfect innocence. 

Sin'ner, n. One who has sinned, ec 
pecially without repenting. 

SlN'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED: -INft.] [Lat. 
sinuate, -atum, from sinus, a bend, 
curve.! To wind ; to turn. [out. 

STn'U-a'tton, n. A winding in and 

SiN'u-os'1-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
sinuous. 2. A series of bends and 
turns. 



A, E, I, O, V,Y,long; A 3 S,i,6,tJ,Y,5/l0«; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT- J ERZ, Y.^IL;, SSHilJ PIQUE, FIRM j SON, 



SINUOUS 



395 



SKIP-JACK 




Siphons. 



SlN'U-OUS, a. [Lat. sinuosus-] Bend- 
ing in and out. 

S?NUS,n.; Lat. pi. si'NUS; Eng. 
pi. si'nus-es. [Lat., a curve, bosom, 
bay.] 1. A hollow. 2. A recess in 
the shore. 

SlP,v.«. [-PED; -ping.] [A.-S. si- 
pan.] To drink or imbibe in small 

' quantities. — o. i. To driuk a small 
quantity. — n. A small draught with 
the lips. 

Cl'PHO.v, ft. [Gr. <rC- 
<j>uii'.] A beut tube 
or pipe for drawing 
liquor from a vessel. 

SIR (18), n. [0. Fr. 
sire, fr. Lat. senior, 
an elder, elderly per- 
son.] 1. A title of a - ,^ i , i n ™ on i ^: 
respect to any man proved siphon 
of position. 2. A with exhaust- 
knight or baronet ; ing tube. 
— prefixed to the Christian name. 

SlRE,«. [See SIR.] 1. A father. 2. 
Oue who stands in the relation of a 
father, as a king. 3. Male parent of 
a beast. — c. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
beget ; used especially of stallions. 

Sl'REN (89), n. [Lat.] 1. One of 
three fabled damsels, who sung with 
ravishing sweetness. 2. An enticing 
woman. — a. Pertaining to a siren ; 
fascinating ; alluring. 

SlR'l-us, n. [Lat., from Gr. o-eipio?, 
<reipo?, hot, scorching.] The large 
and bright star called the Dog-star. 

SlR'LOlX, n. [Fr. surlonge, from sur, 
upon, over, and longe, loin.]' A loin 
of beef. [Written also surloin.] 

SIr'name. n. See Surname. 

Sl-RO€'€0, n.; pi. si-RO€'€OS. [Ar. 
shoruk, from shark, the rising of the 
sun, the east.] An oppressive, re- 
laxing wiud from the Libyan deserts. 

SlR'RAH, «. [From sir, or fr. Ir. sir- 
reac'i. poor, sorry, lean.] Sir; — a 
word of contempt or of familiarity. 

SlR'UP, n. [Ar. stiarab, sharUb, drink, 
sirap, fr. shariba, to drink.] Sweet- 
ened juice of vegetables or fruits ; 
also, any sweetened liquid. 

SlS'TER, ft. [A.-S. sweostor, suster.] 

1. A female born of the same parents. 

2. A female associate. 
Sis'ter-hoo d, ft. 1. A society of sis- 
ters, or of women united in one faith 
or order. 2. State of being a sister. 

Sis'ter-in-law (155), ft. A hus- 
band's or wife's sister ; also, a broth- 
er's wife. 

Sis'TER-LY, a. Becoming a sister ; af- 
fectionate. 

Sit, v. i. [sat; sitting.] [A.-S. 
siltan, allied to Skr. sad.] 1. To 
rest on the haunches. 2. To perch. 

3. To remain in repose ; to abide. 

4. To fit. 5. To incubate ; to brood 
over. 6. To be engaged in public 
business, as Legislators, &c. 

Site, n. [Lat. situs, fr. sinere, situm, 
to let, put, or set down.] Place for 
a building ; situation. 

SlT'TER, ft. One who sits. 

Sit'ting, ft. 1. A resting on a seat. 
2. Time of remaining in session. 



SfT'TJ-ATE, la. [L. Lat. situatus, 

SlT'U-A'TED, ] fr. situare, to place. 
See Site.] Seated, placed, or per- 
manently fixed ; residing. 

Sit'u-a'tion, «. 1. Relative position, 
location, or condition. 2. Perma- 
nent position. 

Six, a. or «. [A.-S. six, sex, Lat. sex.] 
Twice three. [many. 

Six' fold, a. Six rimes as much or 

SiX'PENCE, ft. An English silver coin, 
worth half a shilling, or about 12 
cents. 

Six'teen, a. and n. Six and ten. 

Six'te^enth, a. 1. Sixth after the 
tenth*. 2. Being one of sixteen equal 
parts of any thing. — ft. 1. One of 
sixteen equal parts. 2. The next 
after the fifteenth. 

Sixth, a. 1. Next after the fifth. 2. 
Being one of six equal parts of any 
thing. — ft. 1. One of six equal 
parts. 2. The next after the fifth. 

SIXTH'ly, adv. In the sixth place. 

Six'Tl-ETH, a. 1. Next after the 
fifty-ninth. 2. Being one of sixty 
equal parts of any thing. — n. 1. 
One of sixty equal parts. 2. The 
next after the fifty-ninth. 

Six'TY, a. and ». Six times ten. 

Siz'A-BLE, a. Being of considerable 
or suitable size. 

Sl'ZAR, ft. ( Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) 
One of a body of students next below 
the pensioners. 

Size, ft. [Abbrev. fr. assize.] 1. Ex- 
tent of volume. 2. A conventional 
relative measure of dimension. 3. 
[\V~. si/th,,g\i\e, size, from syth, stitf, 
rigid.] A kind of weak glue. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To arrange, accord- 
ing to size. 2. To prepare with size. 

Siz'i-ness, ft. Glutinousness. 

Siz'ing, ft. A kind of weak glue ; size. 

Siz'Y, a. Glutinous; thick ; viscous. 

SiZ'ZLE, v. i. To make a hissing 
sound, as hot metal dipped into wa- 
ter. — ft. A hissing sound. 

Ska(ld, ft. See Scald. 

Skate, ft. 1. [D. schaats.] A frame 
for the foot with a metallic runner, 
for moving rapidly on ice. 2. [Lat. 
squatus, A.-S. sceaddn.] A cartilagi- 
nous fish of a rhomboid form. — v. 
i._ [ ED; -ING.] To move on skates. 

.Skat'er, ft. One who skates. 

Ske-dad'dle, if. i. [Said to be of 
Sw. origin.] To run away with pre- 
cipitation, as if in a panic. [Amer.] 

Skein (skau), ft. [0. Fr. escaigne, 
Gael, sgeitin.] A knot, or a number 
of knots, of thread or yarn. 

SKEL'E-TON. ft. [Gr.' (TueXerov (sc. 
a-iafia.), a dried bodv, a mummy.] 1. 
Natural frame-work of an organized 
body, as bones, shells, &c. 2. Gen- 
eral structure or frame of an)' thing. 

SKEP'TIC, ft. [Written also sceptic] 
[Gr. o-Ken-Tt/cos, thoughtful, reflec- 
tive; Lat. scepticus.] 1. One who is 
yet undecided as to what is true. 2. 
One who disbelieves the divine origin 
of Christianity. [a skeptic. 

SkEP'TI€-AL. a. Relating to, or being, 

Skep'ti-cIs_m, ft. 1. Doubt ; uncer- 



tainty. 2. A doubting of the truth 
of revelation. 

SKETCH, ft. [Lat. schedium, (sc. car- 
men), an extemporaneous poem, Gr. 
<rxe'6(.o?, made suddenly or off-hand. J 
A first rough or incomplete plan ol 
any design. 

Syn. — Outline; delineation.— Outline 
explains itself ; a sketch tills up the out- 
line in part, giving broad touches by 
which an imperfect idea may he con- 
veyed; a delineation goes further, carry- 
ing out the more striking features of the 
picture, and going so much into detail 
as to furnish a clear conception of the 
whole. 

— v. t. [-ED: -ing.] To draw in 
outline ; to make a rough draught of. 

Sketch'y, a. In the manner of a 
sketch ; incomplete. 

Skew'er (skQ'er), n. [Prob. allied to 
the l-oot of shove.] A pointed rod for 
fastening meat while roasting. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To fasten with skewers- 

Skid, n [A.-S. scide, fr. sc'idan, to 
cleave.] A piece of timber used 
for support or to protect a vessel's 
side. [boat. 

Skiff, n. [Cf. Ship.] A small, light 

Skill, ft. [A.-S. srilian, scylan, to 
separate, to distinguish.] 1. Knowl- 
edge. 2. Familiar knowledge united 
with readiness in performance. 

Syn. — Dexterity. — Skill involves su- 
perior capacity and cultivation of the 
intellect; dexterity implies a greater tal- 
ent for imitation, and a sleight of hand 
obtained by practice. 

Skill .ed, a. Expert ; skillful. 

Skil'let, ft. [0. Fr. escuellette, from 
Lat. scui.ella, dim. of scutra, a dish.] 
A small vessel with a handle. 

SKILL'FUL, I a. Possessed of, or dis- 

Skil'ful, j playing skill. 

Skill'ful-ly, ) adv. With skill; 

-Kir/FUL-LY, j dexterously. 

Skiel'ful-ness, ) ft. Quality of pos- 

Skil'ful-ness, j sessing skill. 

SKIM, v. t. [A different form of sevm. ] 
[-MED ; -MING.] 1. To clear, as a 
liquid from scum. 2. To take off by 
skimming. 3- To pass near the sur- 
f ice of. — v. i. To pass lightly. 

Ski'm/mer, n. A utensil for skimming. 

Skim'- milk, n. Milk from which the 
cream has been taken. 

Skim'mings, ft. That which is re- 
moved by skimming. 

Skin, «. [A.-S. sciwn.] 1. Natural 
covering of animal bodies. 2. A hide; 
a pelt. 3= Exterior coat of fruits and 
plants, —v.t. [-NED; -NlNG.] 1. 
To strip off the skin of; to flay. 2. 
To cover with skin. — v. i. To be 
cohered with skin. 

Skin'-deep, a. Superficial ; slight. 
i Skin'flint, ft. A miser : a niggard. 
| Skin'less, a. Having no skin. 
j SkIn'NER, ft. One who skins. 

Skin'ny, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Con- 
sisting of skin, or of skin only. 

SkIp, v. ?'. [-ped; -ping.] [Cf. Icel. 
skopa, skoppa, to run.] To leap ; to 
bound. — v. t. To pass over or by; 
to omit. — ft. 1. A leap ; a bound. 
2. Act of passingover an interval. 

Skip'-jack. ft. An upstart. 



6r, do, wolf, too, took ; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,g, so/f; €,5,hard; A?; bxist ; nmng; this- 



SKIPPER 



396 



SLEEK 



SkiP'PER, n. [See SKIPPER and 
Skip.] 1. The master of a small 
trading vessel. 2. [From skip.] The 
cheese maggot. 

Skir'mish(18), ii. [0. Eng. scarmishe, 
scrymishe, 1'r. 0. H. Ger. skerman, 
skirman, to defend.] A slight fight, 
esp. between detachments and small 
parties. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
fight slightly or in small parties. 

SldR'MlSH-ER. n. One who skirmishes. 

Skirt (18), n. [A.-S. scyrtan, to short- 
en. Cf. Shirt.] 1. Lower and loose 
part of a garment. 2. Border ; edge. 

3. A woman's garment like a petti- 
coat. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form 
or to run along the edge of. — v. i. 
To be on the border. 

Skit'tish, a. [From A.-S. sceotan, 
scitan, to shoot, cast.] Easily fright- 
ened; shunning familiarity ; shy. 

Skit'tish-ly, adv. In a skittish 
manner. [ness. 

Skit'tish-ness, n. Timidity; shy- 

Skit'tljes (skit'tlz^M../^. [See Skit- 
tish.] Ninepins. 

Ski'ver, n. [See Shiver.] Split 
sheepskin, tanned with sumac, ana 
dyed. 

Skulk, v. i. [-ed ; -ins.] [Dan. 
skulke, to play the truant, allied to 
skiule, to hide.] To get out of the 
■way in a sneaking manner ; to lurk. 

SKULK'ER, n. One who skulks. 

Skull, n. [0. H. Ger. sciulla, skull. 
Cf. Scale and Shell.] Bony 
case inclosing the brain. 

Skull'-CAP, n. A close-fitting cap. 

Skunk, n. [Abenaki seganku.) A fetid 
animal of North America. 

SKY (72), n. [0. Sax. scio,sceo, region 
of clouds. Cf. A.-S. scfoa, schwa, 
shadow.] The vault of heaven. 

Sky'EY, a. Like the sky ; ethereal. 

Sky'-lark, n. A species of lark that 
mounts and sings as it flies. 

Sky'-lark'ING, n. Act of running 
about the rigging of a vessel in 
sport ; frolicking. 

Sky'-lIght (-lit), n. A window in 
the roof or deck. 

Sky'-rock'et. n. A rocket that as- 
cendshigh, and burns as it flies. 

SKY'-SAIL (colloq. skl'sel), n. The 
sail set next above the royal. 

Slab, n. [Cf. W. yslab, llab, a thin 
slip.] 1. A thin piece of any thing, 
as of marble or other stone, having 
plane surfaces. 2. An outside piece 
sawed from a log. 

SlXb'BER (colloq. slob'ber), v. i. 
[-ED; ING.] [H. Ger. sc/dabbern, 
frequentative form of schlabben. to 
lap.] To let the saliva fall from the 
mouth ; to drivel. — n. Saliva care- 
lessly let fall from the mouth. 

Clack, a. [-er : -est.] [A.-S. sleac, 
side;] 1. Not drawn tight. 2. Not 
holding fast. 3. Not earnest or eager. 

4. Not violent ; not rapid. 

Slack water, the interval between the 
flux and reflux of the tide. 

— adv. In a slack manner ; partially. 

— n. The part of a rope that hangs 
ioose. — v. t. or ?'. To slacken. 



SlXck'.en, v. i. [slackened; 
SLACKENING.] [A.-S. sleacian, sla- 
cian.] 1. To become less tense or 
rigid. 2. To be remiss ; to neglect. 
3. To lose cohesion. 4. To abate. 5. 
To languish ; to flag. — - v. I. 1. To 
make less tight. 2. To render less 
earnest, rapid, or decided. 3. To 
■withhold ; to use less liberally. 4. To 
slake. 

Slack'ly, adv . Loosely; remissly. 

Slack'ness, ii. State of being slack ; 
negligence ; slowness ; tardiness. 

SLAG, n. [H. Ger. schlacke..] Dross of 
a metal ; also, vitrified cinders. 

Slake, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Allied to 
slack.] 1. To quench ; to extin- 
guish. 2. To mix with water, so 
that a true chemical combination 
shall take place. 

Slam, p. t. [-med; -ming.] [Cf. 0. 
Eng. lam, to beat, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. 
slahan. [See SLAY.] To shut with 
violence. — v. i. To strike violently 
and noisily. — n. A violent driving 
and striking or shutting. 

Slan'deu, n. [0. Eng. esclaundre, fr. 
Gr. crKdv8a\ov. See SCANDAL.] A 
false and malicious report tending to 
injure another's reputation. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To injure by mali- 
ciously uttering a false report. 
Syn. — To defame. 

Slan'der-er, n. A calumniator. 

Slan'der-ous, a. 1. Disposed to 
slander. 2. Containing slander ; ca- 
lumnious. 

Slan'der-ous-ly, adv. In a slan- 
derous manner. 

SLANG, n. [Said to be of gypsy origin ; 
but cf. LINGO.] Low, vulgar, unau- 
thorized language. 

Slant, a. [Sw. slinta, to slide, W. 
ysgUntiaw.] Inclined ; sloping ; 
oblique. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
turn from a direct line. — v.t. To 
lie obliquely. — n. An oblique direc- 
tion or plane; a slope. 

Slant'ly, I adv. In an inclined 

Slant'WISE,} direction; obliquely. 

Slap,«. A^blowwith somethiug broad 
and flat, as the hand. — v. t. [-FED ; 

, -PING.] To strike with the open hand, 
or with something broad. — adv. 
With a sudden blow ; hence, quickly. 

Slap'dash, adv. 1. At random. 2. 
All at once. [ Colloq.] 

SlapMack, n. A sort of flat cake 
baked upon a griddle. [Local.] 

Slash, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
slasa, to wound.] To cut in long 
cuts by striking violently and at ran- 
dom. — n. 1. A long cut; a cut 
made at random . 2. A large slit in 
the thighs and arms of old costumes. 

Slat,?i. [SeeSLOAT]. A narrow board 
to fasten together larger pieces. — 
v. t. [-ted; -ting.] To slap; to 
strike ; to throw down violently. 

Slate, n. [0. Eng sclate, sclat ; 0. 
H. Ger. sleizan, for skleizan, to slit, 
split.] 1. An argillaceous stone 
•which readily splits into plates. 2. 
A prepared piece of such stone ; esp. 
for roofing houses, &c, or for writing 



upon. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

cover with slate. 
Slat'er,ti. One who slates buildings. 
Slat'ing, n. 1. Act of covering with 

slates. 2. The covering thus put on. 

3. Slates collectively. 
Slat'tern.m. [Cf. Slut.] A woman 

negligent of her dress or house. 
SLAT'TERN-LY, a. Negligent; dirty. 

— adv. Negligently ; awkwardly. 
Slat'y, a. Resembling slate ; .having 

the nature or properties of slate. 

Slaugh'ter (slaw'ter), n. [Goth. 
siauhts, slaughter.] 1. Extensive and 
unnecessary destruction of human 
life. 2. A killing, as a matter of busi- 
ness ; butchery. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To kill. 2. To butcher. 

Slaugh'ter-house (slaw'ter-). n. 
A house where beasts are butchered. 

SLAVE, n. [From the Slavonians, L. 
Lat. Slavi, who were frequently 
made slaves by the Germans.] 1. A 
person held in bondage. 2. One who 
has lost the power of resistance. 3. 
One who labors like a slave. — v. i. 
To drudge ; to toil. [slaves. 

Slave'-hold'er, n. One who holds 

Slav'ER, n. 1. A vessel engaged in 
the slave-trade. 2. One who deals 
in slaves. 

Slav'er, n. [See Slabber.] Saliva 
driveling from the mouth. — v. i. 
[-ED; -inc.] 1. To suffer spittle to 
issue from the mouth. 2. To be be- 
smeared with saliva. — v. t. To smear 
with saliva issuing from the mouth. 

Slav'er-er, n. A driveler; an idiot. 

Slav'er-y, ii. Entire .subjection of 
one person to the will of another. 

Slave'-trade , n. Traffic in slaves. 

Slav'ISH, a. Servile ; base ; laborious ; 
mean. [ly ; basely. 

SLAV'ISH-LY, adv. Servilely; mean- 

Slav'ish-ness, n. Servility. 

SLA-vo'NI-AN, n. A native of Sla- 
vonia. — a. Pertaining to Slavonia ; 

— applied especially to the language 
now spoken, in its various dialects, in 
Russia, Poland, Bohemia, &c. 

Slaw, n. [D. sla, slaa, contr. from 
salade. See Salad.] Sliced cabbage, 
cooked, or uncooked. 

Slay,^. t. [slew; slain; slay- 
ing.] [A.-S. slahan, sleahan, contr. 
slean, slan , to strike , beat , slay . ] To 
put to death by a weapon , or by vio- 
lence ; hence, to kill ; to destroy. 

Slay'er, n. One who slays. 

Sleave, n. [Icel. slefa, a slender 
thread.] Silk or thread untwisted. 

— v.t. To separate, as threads. 
Slea'zy, a. [Ger. schleiszig, schlissig, 

worn out, fr. scldeiszen, to split, de- 
cay.] Wanting firmness of texture. 

SLED, n. [Icel. sledi. A.-S. si \dan, to 
slide.] A vehicle, or a light seat, 
moved on runners, over the snow.— 
v. t. [-DED ; -DING.] To convey 
on a sled. 

SLEDGE, n. 1. [A.-S. singe, fr. sla- 
han, to strike, beat.] A large, heavy 
hammer. 2. A vehicle moved on 
runners, or on low wheels. 

Sleek, a. [-er ; -est.] [Icel. slikia, 



i, e, i, o, u, Y\ionzi Ajiiji, 5,0, t, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, ve.il, t£kmj pique, fIrm; son, 



SLEEKLY 



397 



SLOUCH 



to smooth, polish.] Having an even, 
smooth surface ; glossy. — i\ t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make even and smooth, 
or soft and glossy. 

Sleek'ly, adv. Smoothly. [sleek. 

Sleek'NESS, n. Quality of being 

Sleep, v. i. [slept ; sleeping.] 
[A.-S. sl&pan, slapan.] 1. To take 
rest by a suspension of the volun- 
tary exercise of the powers of the 
feody and mind. 2. To be dead. 3. 
To be unemployed ; to rest. — n. A 
natural aud periodical suspension of 
the exercise of the bodily and men- 
tal powers for the purpose of rest. 
Sy>'. — Slumber; repose; rest. 

Sleep'er, n. 1. One who sleeps. 2. 
A timber for the support of some 
superstructure, or to steady rails. 

Sleep'i-ly, adv. In a sleepy man- 
ner; drowsily. [sleepy. 

Sleep'i-ness, n. State of being 

Sleep'ing, p. a. Occupied -with sleep 
or for sleeping. 

SLEEP'LESS, a. 1. Having no sleep ; 
wakeful. 2. Perpetually agitated. 

Sleep'less-ness, n. Want of sleep. 

Sleep'- walk/er (-wawk'-), n. A 
somnambulist ; one who walks in his 
sleep. 

Sleep'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Drowsy ; inclined to sleep. 2. Tend- 
ing to induce sleep. 

Sleet, n. [A.-S. sliht, fr. slahan, to 
strike.] A fall of hail or snow min- 
gled with rain. — v. i. To snow or 
hail with a mixture of rain. 

Sleet'Y, a. Consisting of sleet. 

Sleeve, n. [A.-S. slcf, slcfe, fr. sle- 
fan, to put on, clothe.] Part of a 
garment fitted to cover the arm. — 
v. t. To furnish with sleeves. 

Sleeve'less, a. Having no sleeves. 

SLgiD (slad), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [See 
Sley.] To sley or prepare for use 
in the weaver's sley. 

Sleigh (sla),n. [See Sled.] A ve- 
hicle on runners, for moving on snow 
or ice. 

Sleigh'ING (slaving), n. 1. State of 
the snow which admits of running 
sleighs. 2. Act of riding in a sleigh. 

Sleight (slit), n. [Eng. sly.] 1. An 
artful trick. 2. Dexterity. 

Slen'der, a. [-er; -est.] [0. D. 
slinder, slender, slinderen, slidderen, 
to creep.] 1. Thin or narrow in pro- 
portion to circumference or width. 
2. Weak; feeble. 3. Moderate; in- 
considerable. 4. Small ; meager. 

Slen'der-ly,«^i>. Slightly; feebly. 

Slen'der-ness, n. State or quality 
of being slender. 

Slept, imp. & p. p. of Sleep. 

Slew, imp. of Slay. 

Sley (sla), n. [A.-S. six.] A weaver's 
reed. — v. t. To part the threads of, 
and arrange them in a sley. 

SLICE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 

• slitan.] To cut into thin pieces, or 

to cut off a thin piece from. — n. 1. 

A thin, broad piece cut off. 2. That 

which is thin and broad, like a slice. 

SlIck, a. Sleek; smooth. 

Slid, imp. & p. p. of Slide. 



Slide, v. i. [slid ; slid, slidden; 
sliding.] [A.-S. slidan.] 1. To 
move along a surface by slipping ; to 
glide. 2. To pass inadvertently. 3. 
To move gently onward without fric- 
tion. — v. t. 1. To thrust along by 
slipping. 2. To pass or put imper- 
ceptibly. — n. 1. A smooth and 
easy passage. 2. One who, or that 
which, slides. 3. Descent of earth 
or rock down a declivity. [slides. 

Slid'er, n. One who, or that which, 

Slid'ing-rule, n. An instrument 
for the mechanical performance of 
addition, subtraction, multiplication, 
and division. 

Slid'ing-S€ALE, n. A scale for rais- 
ing or lowering imposts in proportion 
to the fall or rise of prices. 

Slight (slit), a. [-er; -est.] [Goth. 
slaihts, smooth, even.] 1. Not de- 
cidedly marked ; inconsiderable ; un- 
important. 2. Slender. — n. A mod- 
erate degree of contempt, manifested 
chielly by neglect. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To disregard, as of little value 
and unworthy of notice. 

Syn. — To neglect. — To slight is 
stronger than to neglect. We may neg- 
lect a duty or person from inconsidera- 
tion, or from being over-occupied in 
other concerns. To slight is always a 
positive and intentional act, resulting 
from feelings of dislike or contempt. 

SlIght'ly (slit/ly), adv. In a slight 
manner ; negligently. 

Slight'ness (slit-'-), n. Weakness ; 
want of force or strength. 

Sli'ly, adv. See Slyly. 

Slim, a. [-mer; -mest, 136.] [M. H. 
Ger. slim, Icel. slamr, ill, bad.] 1. 
Slender. 2. Weak; slight. 

Slime, n. [A.-S. & Icel. slhn, 0. H. 
Ger. slim, slihmo.] Soft, moist, and 
adhesive earth, or clay. 

Slim'i-ness,m. Quality of being slimy. 

Slim'ness, n. State of being slim. 

Slim'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Abounding or overspread with slime. 
2_. Tiscous ; glutinous. 

Sli'ness, n. See Slyness. 

Sling, n. [0. H. Ger. slinga.] 1. An 
instrument for throwing stones. 2. 
A throw. 3. A hanging bandage, in 
which a wounded arm is sustained. 
4. A rope, with hooks, by which a 
cask or bale is swung in or out of a 
ship. 5. [Cf. L. Ger. slingen, to 
swallow.] Spirit (usually gin) and 
water sweetened. — v. t. [slung ; 
slinging.] 1. To throw with a 
sling. 2. To hang so as to swing. 

Slink, v. i. [slunk; slinking.] 
[A.-S. slincan.] 1. To steal away ; 
to sneak. 2. To miscarry, as a beast. 

SLIP, v. i. [-ped; -ping.] [A.-S. 
slipan.] 1. To slide; to glide. 2. 
To sneak ; to depart secretly. 3. To 
err. 4. To pass unexpectedly or im- 
perceptibly. — v. t. 1. To convey 
secretly. "2. To part from the stem, 
as a branch. 3. To let loose. 4. 
To disengage one's self from. — n. 
1. Act of slipping. 2. An uninten- 
tional error. 3. A twig separated 
from the main stock. 4. An escape. 



I 5. A long, narrow piece. 6. Any 
thing easily slipped on. 7- Space 
between wharves or in a dock. 8. A 
long seat in churches. 

SlIp'-knot (-not), n. A knot which 
slips along the line around which it 
is made. 

Slip'per, n. A light shoe, which may 
be slipped on with ease. [slippery. 

Slip'PER-I-NESS, n. State of being 

Slip'per- y, a. 1. Allowing or caus- 
ing any thing to slip ; smooth. 2- 
Not affording firm footing or confi 
dence. 3. Apt to slip away. 4. TJn 
stable; changeable. 

Slip'shod, a. 1. Wearing shoes, with- 
out pulling up the heels. 2. Care- 
less in manners, style, &c. 

Slit, v. t. [slit ; slit, or slit- 
ted ; slitting.] [A.-S. slitan.] 
1. To cut lengthwise. 2. To make a 
long fissure in or on. 3. To rend ; 
to split. — n. A loug cut, or a nar- 
row opening. 

Slit'ting-mill, n. A mill where 
iron plates are slit into narrow strips. 

SLlv'ER,orSLI'VER,f. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. slifan, to split.] To cut or 
divide into long, thin pieces. — n. A 
piece cut or rent lengthwise. 

Slob'ber, n. & v. See Slabber. 

Sloe, n. [A.-S. sla, slahe.] A small, 
bitter, wild plum. 

Sloop, n. [D. sloep, 
H. Ger. schlupe, 
schaluppe.] A vessel 
with one mast. 

Slop, n. 1. [Cf. Ir. & 
Gael, slaib, mud, 
dirt.] Water care-( 
l.essly spilled. 2. pi. 
Water in which anyj 
thing has been ! 
washed. 3. [A.-S. slop, Sloop. 
a frock, fr. slixpan, sledpan, to enter 
secretly.] pi. Ready-made clothes, 
bedding, &c. — i\ t. 1. To spill. 2. 
To spill liquid upon. — v. i. To over- 
flow or be spilled. Q 

Slope, a. [Allied to A.-S. slopen, a 
slipping.] Inclined, or inclining. — 
n. 1. A direction downward. 2. A 
declivity or acclivity. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To direct obliquely; to iu- 
c2ine. — v. i. To be inclined. 

Slop'ing. p. a. Inclining, or inclined ; 
oblique. 

Slop'py, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [From 
slop.] Wet, so as to spatter easily. 

Slop'-shop, n. A shop where ready- 
mado clothes are sold. 

Slosh, n. See Slush. 

Slot, n. [Cf. slit ; also, Icel. slodi, a 
path.] A slit in a plate of metal. 

Sloth, or Sloth (20), n. [A.-S. 
slewdh, sliiivdh, fr. slaw, slow.] 1. 
Sluggishness ; laziness. 2. A slow- 
moving South-American mammal. 

Sloth'ful, or Sloth'ful, a. Slug- 
gish ; lazy ; indolent. 

Sloth'ful-ly, or Sloth'ful-ly, 
adv. In a slothful manner; lazily. 

Sloth'ful-ness, or Sloth'ful- 
NESS, n. Quality of being slothful. 

Slouch, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 




or, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, rue, pull ; E,i, o, silent ; c,G,5o/!; e,G,hard; Ag; E£IST; {[(uNfi; this- 



SLOUGH 



398 



SMIRK 



Eng. sfug, slack.] To hang down ; 
to have a downcast, clownish look or 
manner. — v.t. To cause to hang 
down. — n. LSee infra.] 1. A de- 
pression of the head or of some other 
part of the body. 2. An awkward, 
heavy, clownish fellow. 

Slough (slou), n. [A.-S. slug, a hol- 
low place.] A place of deep mud or 
mire. 

Slough (sluf), n. [M. II. Ger. sluch, 
skin of a serpent.] 1. Oast skin of a 
serpent. 2. The part that separates 
from a foul sore. — v. i. To separate, 
as the matter formed over a sore. 

SLOUGH'Y (slfif'y), a. Of the nature 
of the dead matter of a sore. 

SLOVEN (or sluv'n, 58), n. [0. D. 
sloef, slow, squalid, negligent.] A 
man or boy careless of dress and 
cleanliness. 

Sl6v'en-li-ness {or sluv'n-), n. 
Habitual want of cleanliness. 

Slo v'en-ly (or sluv'n-), a. 1. Neg- 
ligent of dress or neatness. 2. Disor- 
derly. — adv. In a slovenly manner. 

Slow, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. slaw, 
allied to Goth, slavan, to be silent.] 
1. Not swift ; deliberate. 2. Not 
ready ; not prompt. 

Syn.— Dilatory; tardy.— Slow is the 
wider term, denoting either a want of 
rapid motion or inertness of intellect. 
Dilatory signifies a habitof delaying the 
performance of what we know must he 
done. Tardy denotes the habit of being 
behindhand. 

Slow'ly, adv. In a slow manner; 
not rapidly. [being slow. 

Slowness, n. State or quality of 

Sludge, n. [See Slough.] Soft 
mud ; slush. 

Slue, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Of. Icel. 
snua, to turn, bend.] To turn about 
a fixed point, as a piece of timber. 
— v. i. To turn about ; to slip. 

SLUG, n. [Allied to slack.] 1. A 
drone. 2. A kind of snail. 3. [Prob. 
from the root of slay.] A piece of 
metal, for the charge of a gun. 

Slug'gard, n. [From slug and the 
termination ard.] A person habit- 
ually lazy ; a drone. 

Sluggish, a. 1. Habitually idle and 
lazy. 2. Having little motion. 3. 
Stupid ; tame ; simple. 
Syn.- See Inert. 

Slug'gish-ly, adv. In a sluggish 
manner; lazily. 

Slug'gish-ness, n. State of being 
sluggish ; sloth. 

SLUICE, n. [0. Fr. escluse, L. Lai. ex- 
clusa, fr. Lat. excluder e, to shut out.] 
1. A passage for water with a gate, 
for regulating the flow. 2. The 
stream which flows through a flood- 
gate. 3. Any thing regarded as flow- 
ing in a stream. [from a sluice. 

Slui'cy, a. Falling in streams, as 

SLUM, n. [Said to be a contr. of asy- 
lum, vulgarly pron. as'y-lum ; but 
cf. SLUMP.] A dirty back street of 
a city. 

Slum'ber, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
slumerian, fr. slumtt, slumber.] 1. 
To sleep lightly ; to doze. 2. To 



sleep. 3. To be in a state of in- 
activity. — n. Light sleep ; repose. 

Slum'ber-OUS, a. Oausing or invit- 
ing slumber. 

Slump, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
slumpaz, slembaz, to be jolted sud- 
denly.] To sink suddenly through, 
or in, as when walking on 6now, &c. 

Slung, imp. & p. p. of tiling. 

SLUNG'-SHoT, n. A metal ball, with 
a string attached, used for striking. 

Slunk, imp. & p.p. of Slink. 

Slur, v. t. [-red; -ring.] [D. slew- 
ren, sloren, to train, drag, to do neg- 
ligently.] 1. To soil; to sully. 2. 
To pass lightly. 3. (Mus.) To per- 
form in a smooth, gliding style. — n. 
1. A stain ; hence, slight reproach ; 
also, an innuendo. 2. (Mus. ) A mark 
[ - — s or v«^ ], connecting notes 
to be sung to the same s\ liable. 

SLOSH, n. [SeeSLUDGE and Slough.] 

1. Soft mud. 2. A mixture of snow 
and water. 3. A mixture of grease, 
&c, for lubrication. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ing.] To smear with slush. 

Slut, n. [D. slet, a rag, a slut, 0. D. 
slodde, a slut.] 1. An untidy woman. 

2. A bitch. [careless. 
Slut'tish, a. Like a slut; untidy; 
Slut'tish-ly, adv. In a sluttish 

manner. . [sluttish. 

Slut'tish-ness, n. Quality of being 

Sly, a. [-EK; -EST.] [H. Ger. schlau. 
Cf. Sleight.] 1. Artfully dexter- 
ous ; shrewd. 2. Secretly mischiev- 
ous ; insidious. 3. Marked by artful 
and dexterous secrecy. 
Syn.— See Cunning. 

Sly'-bo~"ots, n. A sly person. 

Slv'ly, adv. Craftily; insidiously. 

SLV'NESS, n. Quality of being sly. 

Smack, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
smeccan, to taste.] 1. To kiss with a 
loud sound. 2. To be tinctured. — 
v. t. 1. To kiss with a sharp noise. 2. 
To make a noise with, as the lips, by 
separating them after tasting. 3. To 
crack, as a whip. — n. 1. A loud 
kiss. 2. A quick, sharp noise, as of 
a whip. 3. Taste ; flavor. 4. [D. 
smo.k, A.-S. snacc] A small coasting 
or fishing vessel. 

Small, a. [-er: -est.] [A.-S. smdl, 
smal.] 1. Not large; little; minute. 
2. Being of slight consequence. 3. 
Evincing little worth or ability. 4. 
Not prolonged in duration, o. Weak ; 
mild. — n. Slender part of a thing. 

SMALL'ISH, a. Somewhat small. 

Small'-arms, n. pi. Muskets, rifles, 
pistols, &c. * 

Small'ness, n. State of being small ; 
littleness. 

Small'-pox, n. [Small, and pox, 
pocks.] An eruptive febrile disease. 

Smalt, n. [See Smelt.] Glass of a 
fine deep blue, used as a pigment. 

SMART, n. [D. smart, smert, allied to 
Lat. mors, death ] 1. Pungent, lively 
pain. 2. Severe pain of mind. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To feel a lively, pun- 
gent pain. 2. To be punished, — a. 
[-ER ; -EST.] 1. Causing a keen, lo- 
cal pain. 2. Severe ; poignant 3. Vig- 



orous ; sharp. 4. Active ; efficient. 5. 
Vivacious ; witty. 6. Showy ; spruce. 
Syn.— Clever. —Smarthns been much 
used in New England to describe a per- 
son who is intelligent, vigorous, and act- 
ive; as, a smart workman^ &c, coinciding 
very nearly with the English sense of 
clever. The nearest approach to this in 
England is in such expressions as, h« 
was smart (pungent or witty; in his re- 
ply. But smart and smartnesn, when ap- 
plied to persons, are more commonly 
used in reference to dress; as, u smart 
appearance, &c. 

SMART'LY, adv. Keenly ; sharply. 
Smart'-mon'ey (-mfin'-), n. Money 

paid by a person to buy himself off. 
Smart'ness, n. Quality of being 

smart or pungent. 
SmXsh, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From the 

root of smite.] To dash to pieces. — 

n. A breaking to pieces. 
Sm.Xt'ter, v. i. [From the root of 

smite.] To have a slight, superficial 

knowledge. — n. Slight, superficial 

knowledge. 
SmXt'ter-er. n. One who has only 

a superficial knowledge ; a sciolist. 
Smat'ter-ing, «. A slight, super- 
ficial knowledge. 
SMEAR, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 

smerivian, snnrian, fr. smeru, fat.] 

1. To daub. 2. To soil : to pollute. 
Smell, v. t. [smelled, smelt; 

SMELLING.] [L. Ger. smellen, sclime- 
Zen, to smoke, to reek.] 1. To per- 
ceive by the nose. 2. To give heed 
to. — v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory 
nerves. 2. To have a particular 
smack of any quality. 3. To exercise 
the sense of smell — n. I. Sense of 
perception by the nose. 2. Quality 
of any thing which affects the olfac- 
tory organs. 
Syn. — Scent; odor. 

SmEll'er, n. 1. One who smells. 2. 
The nose. 

Smelt, imp. & p. p. of Smell. — n. 
[See Smell.] A small fish, allied to 
the salmon. It emits a peculiar odor, 
whence the name. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] [Cf. Melt.] To melt as ore, 
in order to separate the metal. 

Smelt'er, n. One who melts ore. 

SMELT'ER-Y, n. A place forsmelting 
ores. 

SMiCK'ER, v. i. [Icel. smeikr, slip- 
pery.] To look amorously or wan - 
tonly. 

S3HLE, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Ger. 
schmielen, allied to Skr. smi, to 
laugh.] 1. To express pleasure or 
kindness in the features of the face. 

2. To look gay and joyous. 3. To 
*be propitious. — v. t. To express by 

a smile. — n. 1. Act of smiling ; a 
peculiar look of pleasure, &c. 2. 
Favor ; propitiousness. 

Smil'ing-ly, adv. With a smile. 

Smirch (18), v. t. [From the root of # 
smear.] To cloud ; to dusk ; to soil. 

Smirk, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
smercian, smearician. Cf. SMILE.] 
To look affectedly soft or kind ; to 
smile in an affected manner. — n. 
An affected, conceited, or silly smile. 



A., E, I, 0,V,Y,long," £,$,1,6, X},t, short; CARE, FXR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, "VTglL, TE" EM J PIQUE, FIRM • S6N. 



SMITE 



399 



SNORE 



SMITE, V. t. [SMOTE ; SMITTEN, 
smit; SMITING-.] [A.-S.smltan.] 1. 
To strike. 2. To kill. 3. To blast. 
4. To affect with passion, as love. 

Smit'er, n. One who smites. 

Smith, n. , [A.-S. smidh.] One who 
works in metals. 

Smith'er-y, n. 1. Workshop of a 
smith. 2. Work done by a smith. 

Smith'y, n. Shop of a smith. 

Smit'ten, p. p. of Smite. 1. Struck; 
killed. 2. Affected by love ; enam- 
ored. 

Smock, n. [A.-S. smocc] A woman's 
under garment ; a chemise. 

Smoke (20), n. [A.-S. smocca, smeoc] 
1. The visible vapor from a burning 
body. 2. Watery exhalations. — v. i. 
[-ed; -ING.] 1. To emit smoke. 2. 
To use tobacco in a pipe or cigar. — 
v. t. 1. To apply smoke to. 2. To 
burn or use in smoking, as a cigar. 3. 
To subject to smoke, for the purpose 
of annoying. 

Smoke'-Jack, n. A contrivance for 
turning a spit by means of the as- 
cending air in a chimney. 

Smok'er, n. One who smokes. 

Smok'i-ness, n. State of being smoky. 

Smok'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Emitting smoke. 2. Filled with 
smoke, or with a vapor resembling 
it. 3. Liable to be filled with smoke. 
4 L Tarnished with, or as with, smoke. 

Smol'der, i v. i. [D. smeulen.] To 

Smoul'der, ) waste away by a slow 
and suppressed combustion. 

Smooth, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
smedhe, smssdhe.] 1. Even ; not 
rough. 2. Gently flowing. 3. Ut- 
tered without obstruction or hesita- 
tion. 4. Bland ; mild. — v. t, [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make smooth. 

Smooth'ly, adv. Evenly; unob- 
structedly ; blandly. 

Smooth'xess, n. Quality or condi- 
tion of being smooth. 

Smote, imp. of Smite. 

SMOTH'ER (srnuth/er), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. smorian.) 1. To kill 
by suffocation. 2. To stifle. 3. To 
repress the action of; to suppress. — 
«. ('. To be suffocated or stitied. 

Smoul'der. v. i. See Smolder. 

Smug'gle, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Ger. smuggeln, D. smokkelen; A.-S. 
smeogan, smitgan, to creep, to flow 
or spread gradually.] 1. To import 
or export secretly, contrary to the 
law. 2. To convey clandestinely. 

SMUG'GLER, n. One who smuggles. 

Smut, n. [A.-S. smitta.) 1. Foul 
matter, like soot, or the spot which 
it makes. 2. A parasitic, fungus on 
grain. 3. Ribaldry ; obscenity.— o. t. 
[-ted; -TING.] 1. To stain with 
smut. 2. To taint with mildew. — 
v. i. 1. To gather or be converted 
into smut. 2. To give off smut ; to 
crock. 

Smutch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
smoke.] To blacken with smut. — 
n. Stain ; dirty spot. 

Smut'TI-ly, adv. In a smutty man- 
ner. 



Smut'ti-ness, n. Quality of being 
smutty. 

SmDt'ty, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Soiled with smut. 2. Tainted with 
mildew. 3. Obscene. 

Snack, n. [0. & Prov. Eng. snack, 
to snatch, allied to snap.] A share ; 
an equal part or portion. 

Snaf'FLE, n. [L. Ger. snuff, snuffe, 
snuff, a snout, nose.] A bridle con- 
sisting of a bit without branches. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To bridle ; to 
manage with a bridle. 

Snag, n. [From Gael. & Ir. snaigh, 
snaidh, to cut down, prune, sharpen.] 

1. A short branch, or a rough branch. 

2. Trunk of a large tree fixed to the 
bottom of a river at one end, and 
rising to the surface at the other end. 
— v.t. [-GED; -GTNG.] To injure 
or destroy by or upon a snag. 

SwG'GEDJa. Full of short, rough 

Snag'gy, j branches or sharp 
points. 

Snail, n. • [A.-S.'^iag-e?, snagl, snxl, 
dim. of snaca, snake.] 1. An air- 
breathing mollusk, which moves very 
slowly by creeping. 2. A sluggard. 

Snake, n. [A.-S. snaca, fr. snacan, 
to creep, to sneak.] A serpent of the 
oviparous kind. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 

1. To drag, as a snake from a hole. 

2. To wind round spirally, as a large 
rope with a smaller one. 

Snak'y, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, a snake : serpentine. 

Snap, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [Icel. 
snapa.] 1. To break short. 2. To 
strike with a sharp sound. 3. To 
bite or seize suddenly. 4. To crack, 
as a whip. — t\ i. 1. To break short. 

2. To make an effort to bite. 3. To 
utter harsh, angry words. — n. 1. A 
sudden breaking. 2. A sudden seiz- 
ing, or effort to seize, with the teeth. 

3. A crack of a whip. 4. A sudden 
and severe interval, as of cold weath- 
er. 5. A small catch or fastening. 
6. A crisp kind of gingerbread. 

Snap'-drXg'on, n. 1. A plant and 
its flower. 2. A play in which rai- 
sins are snatched from burning 
brandy. 

SNAP'PfisH, a. 1. Apt to snap. 2. 
Apt to speak angrily or tartly. 

Snap'pish-ly, adv. In a snappish 
manner. [snappish. 

SNAP'PISH-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Snare (4), n. [Icel. snara, snare; 
Goth, snorjo, a string.] 1. A con- 
trivance for entangling birds, &c. ; a 
trap ; a wile. 2. Any thing by which 
one is entangled. 3. String across 
the lower head of a drum. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To catch with a snare ; 
to entangle. 

Snarl, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. D. 
snarren.] 1. To growl, as an angry 
dog. 2. To speak roughly. — v. t. 
[From snare.] 1. To entangle. 2. 
To embarrass; to insnare. — n. A 
complication of hair, thread, or the 
like ; hence, embarrassing difficulty. 

Snarl'er, n. One who snarls. 

Snatch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Eng. 



snack, to snatch.] To seize abruptly, 
or without permission. — n. 1. A 
hasty seizing. 2. An attempt to 
seize suddenly. 3. A small piece or 
quantity. 

SnatcH'ER, n. One who snatches. 

Snath, n. [A.-S. sn&d.] The handlo 
of a scythe. 

Sneak, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sni can, snacan. Cf. Snake.] 1 To 
creep or steal away privately. 2. To 
behave with meanness and servility. 

— n. A mean, sneaking fellow. 
Sneak'ING, p. a. 1. Mean; servile. 

2. Covetous ; niggardly. 

Sneak'ing-ly, adv. Meanly. 

Sneer, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. snort, 
to laugh loudly.] To show contempt 
by turning up the nose, by a partic- 
ular cast of countenance, or by a 
covert expression. 

Syn.— To scoff; jeer. — The verb to 
sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly 
or by covert, expressions. To jeer is 
stronger, and denotes the use of severe 
sarcastic reflec tions. To scoff'is stronger 
still, implying the use of insolent mock- 
ery and derision. 

— n. 1. A look of contempt or de- 
rision. 2. An expression of ludicrous 
scorn. 

Sneer'er, n. One who sneers. 

Sneer'ing-ly, adv. With a look of 
contempt. 

Sneeze, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
A.-S. fneosan, to sneeze.] To emit 
air through the nose, audibly and 
violently. — n. A sudden and vio- 
lent ejection of air through the nose. 

SNICK'ER, v. i. [Prov. Ger. schnickern, 
from schnicken, to move quickly.] 1. 
To laugh slyly. 2. To laugh with 
small, audible catches of voice. — n. 
A half-suppressed broken laugh. 

Sniff, v. i. [See Snuff.] To draw 
air audibly up the nose. — v. t. 1. 
To draw in with the breath through 
the nose. 2. To scent : to smell. — n. 

1. Perception by sniffing. 2. That 
which is taken by sniffing. 

SnTg'Ser, n. and v. See Snicker. 

Snip, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [Cf. Nip.] 
To cut off; to nip. — n. 1. A single 
cut, as with scissors. 2. A small 
shred. 

SNIPE, n. [H. Ger. schnebbe, schnibbe, 
bill ; — so named from its long bill.] 
A bird that frequents the banks of 
rivers and the borders of fens. 

Sniv'jsl (sniv'l), n. [Cf. Sniff and 
Snuffle.] Mucus running from 
the nose. — v. i. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] 1. To run at the nose. 

2. io cry, as children. 
SnIV'JBL-er, )n. Oue who cries with 
SnIv'-EL-ler, ) snivelling. 
Snob, n. [Prov. E?;g. snob, snot, snot, 

I a miserable fellow.] A vulgar person, 

who apes gentility, or affects the in- 

i timacy of distinguished persons. 

j Snob'BISH, a. Relath g to a snob. 

Snooze, n. [A modif. of snuff, to 

snort.] A short sleep ; a nap, 

[ Colloq.] — v. i. To sleep ; to doze. 

Snore, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 

snora, a snoring ; Icel. snarka, to 



6s, do WOLF, TOOjTOOlt; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; e, 5, hard; AS; EpsT; N. as NG 



SNOKT 



400 



SOFT 



crackle.] To breathe with a hoarse 
noise in sleep. — n. A breathing 
with a harsh noise in sleep. 

Snort, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
snore.] To force the air with vio- 
lence through the nose, as a horse. 

Snot,m. [A.-S.J Mucus in or from 
the nose. [mean ; dirty. 

SNOT'TY,a. Foul with snot ; hence, 

Snout, n. [Icel. snhdr.] 1. The 
long, projecting nose of a beast. 2. 
Nozzle or end of a hollow pipe. 

Snow, n. [A.-S. sn&w.] "Watery par- 
ticles congealed into white or trans- 
parent crystals, or flakes, in the air. 
—v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To fall in snow. 

Snow'-ball, n. A round mass of 
snow pressed together. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To pelt with snow-balls. 

Snow'-bird, n. The popular name 
of various birds which appear in 
time of snow. 

Snow'-blTnd'NESS, n. Blindness 
caused by the light from snow. 

SNOW'-DRIFT, n. A bank of snow 
driven together by the wind. 

Snow'-drop, n. A bulbous plant 
bearing white flowers. 

Snow'-plow, I n. A machine for 

Snow'-plougii, j throwing snow 
from a railway. 

Snow'-sitoe, n. 
A light frame, 
worn to prevent 
the feet from 
sinking into Snow-shoe, 

snow. 

SNOW'-WHJTE, a. White as snow. 

Snow'y, a. 1. White like snow. 2. 
Full of snow. 

Snub, v. t. [-bed; -bing.] [Icel. 
snubba, to rebuke. Cf. Snip.] 1. To 
check or rebuke with a tart, sarcas- 
tic remark. 2. To slight designedly. 

SNUB'-NOSE, n. [Prov. Eng. snub, to 
stunt.] "A short or flat nose. 

SnTiff, n. [Ger. schnuppe, fr. schnup- 
pen, for schnupfen.] 1. Part of a 
candle-wick charred by the flame. 

2. Pulverized tobacco for snuffing up 
into the nose. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To inhale. 2. To scent; to smell. 

3. To take off the end of the snuff of. 
— v.t. 1. To inhale air with noise. 

2. To take offense. 

Snuff'- bSx, n. A box for carrying 
snuff about the person. 

SnOff'er, n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. 
pi. An instrument for cropping the 
snuff of a candle. 

Snuf'fle, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [D. 
snuffelen.] To speak or breathe hard 
through the nose ; to sniffle. — n. 1. 
Sound made by air passing through 
the nostrils. 2. An affected nasal 
twang. 

Snuf'fler, n. One who snuffles. 

Snuf'fljss. (snuf'flz), n. pi. Obstruc- 
tion of the nose by mucus. 

SnCff'y, a. Soiled with snuff. 

Snug, a. [-ger ; -gest.] [Allied to 
A.-S. snican, to creep.] 1. Closely 
pressed. 2. Concealed. 3. Compact, 
convenient, and comfortable — v. i. 
[See infra.] To lie close. 



SnOg'GLE, v. i. [-ed ; -IN&.] [From 
snug.] To move one way and the 
other to get a close place. 

SnCjg'ey, adv. Closely ; safely. 

Snug'ness, n. State of being snug. 

So, adv. [A.-S. swa.] 1. In that 
manner or degree. 2. Thus. 3. In 
such manner. 4. Yery ; in a high 
degree. 5. In this or that condition. 
6. Therefore. — conj. Provided that ; 
in case that. 

Soak, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. socian. 
Cf. Suck.] 1. To steep. 2. To 
drench; to wet thoroughly. — v. i. 

1. To lie steeped in water or other 
fluid. 2. To enter into pores or in- 
terstices. 

Soak'ER, n. A hard drinker. [Low.] 

SOAP (20), n. [A.-S. sape, Lat. sapo.] 
A compound of acids obtained from 
a fatty body, with alkalies or oxides. 
~v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To rub or 
wash over with soap. 

Soap'-BOIL/er, n. One who makes 
soap. 

Soap'-stone, n. A soft magnesian 
mineral, having a soapy feel. 

SoAP'-stJDg, n. pi. Water impreg- 
nated with soap. 

Soap'y, a. 1. Resembling, or having 
the qualities of, soap. 2. Smeared 
with soap. 

Soar, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [It. sorare, 
fr. Lat. ex and aura, the air.] 1. To 
fly aloft, as a bird. 2. To rise in 
imagination. — n. A towering flight. 

Sob, v. i. [-bed ; -bing.] [A.-S. 
sedfian , sidftan , to complain, bewail.] 
To sigh with a sudden heaving of the 
breast. — n. 1. A convulsive sigh. 

2. Any sorrowful cry. 

So'ber, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. so- 
brius.] 1. Habitually temperate in 
the use of spirituous liquors. 2. Not 
intoxicated. 3. Self-controlled. 4. 
Serious. — v.t.ori. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make or become sober. 

So'ber-ly, adv. In a sober manner. 

So'ber-mind'ed, a. Having a dis- 
position or temper habitually sober. 

So'ber-ness, n. State of being so- 
ber ;_ temperance ; gravity. 

So-BRI'E-TY, n. 1. Habitual sober- 
ness or temperance. 2. Habitual 
freedom from passion. 3. Gravity 
without sadness. 

Sobriquet (so'bre-ka'), n. [Fr., 
from sot, foolish, and 0. Fr. briquet, 
id.] A nickname, 

Soc, n. [A.-S. sdc, power of holding 
court, sway, domain.] 1. Power or 
privilege of holding a court in a dis- 
trict. 2. Liberty of tenants excused 
from customary burdens. 

So€'AGE, n. A tenure of lands and 
tenements by a determinate service. 

SO'ciA-BfL'1-TY (so'sha-), n. Quality 
of being sociable. 

So'cia-ble (so'sha-bl), a. [Lat. so- 
ciabilis, fr. socius, a companion.] 1. 
Disposed to company. 2. Ready to 
converse. 3. Affording opportuni- 
ties for conversation. 

S5'ciA-BLE-NESS (so'sha-bl-), n. In- 
clination to company and converse. 



So'CIA-BLY (so'sha-), adv. In a so- 
ciable manner ; familiarly. 

So'CIAL, a. [Lat. sorialis ; socius. a 
companion.] 1. Pertaining to soci- 
ety. 2. Disposed to mix in friendly 
converse. 3. Consisting in mutual 
converse. 

So'ciAL-IgM, n. Doctrine or theory 
of a better arrangement of tb« so- 
cial relations of mankind than that 
which has hitherto prevailed. 

So'cial-Ist, n. One who advocates 
socialism. [like, socialism. 

S6'ciAL-i'ST'l€, a. Relating to, or 

So'ci-al'i-ty (-shi-, 95), v. Quality 
of being social. [render social. 

SO'CIAL-I/E, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

S6'cial-ly, adv. In a social way. 

So-ci'E-TY, n. [Lat. societas ; socius, 
a companion.] 1. A number of per- 
sons associated. 2. Any community, 
esp. the more cultivated portion of 
any community. 3. Companionship. 

So-CIN'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Socinus 
or his religious creed. — n. One of 
the followers of Socinus. 

So-ci'N'l-AN-isM, v. Tenets of those 
who deny the Trinity, the deity of 
Christ, the vicarious atonement, &c. 

So'ci-ol'o-GY (so'shl-), n. The phi- 
losophy of human society ; sc cial 
science. 

Sock, n. [Lat. soccus, a low-heeled, 
light shoe.] A covering for the foot ; 
esp. the shoe worn by an ancient 
actor of comedy. 

Sock'et, n. [From sock.] An open- 
ing i:;to which any thing is fitted. 

So-crXt'IC, I a. Pertaining to 

So-€RA T'i€-AL, J Socrates, or to his 
manner of teaching ; i. e. by ques- 
tions lending to the desired result. 

So-cr.Xt'ic-al-ly, adv. In the So- 
cratic method. 

Sod, n. [D. zode, zoo.] Earth filled 
with the roots of grass ; turf. — v. t. 
[-ded; -ding.] To cover with sod ; 
to turf. 

So'DA, n. [From Lat. salsus, salted.] 
An alkali composed of one equivalent 
of oxygen and one of sodium. 

So-dXl'I-ty, n. [Bat. sodalitas; so- 
dalis, a comrade.] A fraternity. 

.SO'DA-WA'TER, n. Simple water 
highly charged with carbonic acid. 

SoD'DEN, p. p. of Seethe. 

S6'Dl-tJM, n. [N. Lat., fr. soda.] A 
yellowish -white metallic element; 
the metallic base of soda. 

Sod'om-ite, n. 1. An inhabitant of 
Sodom. 2. One guilty of sodomy. 

Sod'om-Y, n. Unnatural copulation. 

SO'FA (20), n. [At. soffah, fr. saffa, 
to dispose in order.] A long orna- 
mental seat, with a stuffed bottom. 

So'fI, n. ; pi. SO'FIg. [Per. sfifi, or 
soft..] A dervish. ' [the Sons. 

So'fism, n. Doctrine or principles of 

Sof'FIT, n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. 
Lat. suffixus. fastened beneath or be- 
low.] Under side of staircases, arch- 
wavs, cornices, &c. 

Soft (21), a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
softe, sdft.] 1. Easily yielding to 
pressure. 2. Not rougb to the touch. 



A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; X, & } 1 t 6, C, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ', ERE, VEIL, ?ijBI4; PIQUE, FIRM f S6N. 



SOFTEN 



401 



SOLSTICE 



3. Agreeable to any sense or feel. 4. 
Effeminate. 5. Gentle in action or 
motion. 6. Not tinged with salts, 
as water. 7. Easy; quiet, — adv. 
Gently; quietly. 

S5ft'jsn (sof'n), v. t. or i. [-ED; 
-IHS.] To make or become soft or 
more soft. 

Soft'-heart'ed, a. Gentle ; meek. 

Soft'ly. adv. In a soft manner ; 
gently ; quietly ; mildly. 

Soft'ness, n. Quality' of being soft. 

Sog'gy, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [Icel. 
soggr, damp. Cf. SOAK.] Filled 
with water ; wet. 

So-HO', inUrj. A word used in call- 
ing from a distant place. 

Soi-disant (swa'de'zong'), a. [Fr.] 
Calling himself ; self-styled. 

Soil, f. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. sylian, 
selan.] 1. To make dirty on the 
surface. 2. To cover with any thing 
extraneous. 3. To manure. — v.t. 
[0. Fr. saoler, saouler, to satiate, 
Lat. satidlare, from satullus, dim. of 
satur, sated.] To feed, as cattle with 
green food cut for them. — n. 1. 
Dirt ; foulness ; spot. 2. Stain ; 
tarnish. 3. [Lat. solum, bottom, 
soil.] Upper stratum of the earth ; 
mold. 4. Compost ; manure. 

SOIREE (sw;Vra'), n. [Fr., fir. soir, 
evening.] An evening party. 

So'joOrn, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
Lat. sub. under, about, and diurnus, 
belonging to the day.] To dwell for 
a time. — n. A temporary residence. 

So'JOURN-ER, n. A temporary resi- 
_dent. [porary residence. 

SO'JOURN-MENT (so'jurn-), n. Tem- 

Sol (20), n. A syllable applied to the 
fifth tone of the diatonic scale. 

Soi/ace, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] I. To 
cheer in grief. 2. To assuage. 

Syn. — To comfort; alleviate; allay. 
— n. [Lat. solatium, fr. solari, to 
comfort.] Alleviation of grief, anx- 
iety, or distress. 
Stn. — See Comfort. 

Sol'ace-ment, w. Act of solacing, or 
state' of being solaced. 

So'LAR, a. [Lat. solan's; sol, the 
sun.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceed- 
ing from, the sun. 2. Measured by 
the progress of the sun. 

Sold, imp. Sep. p. of Sell. 

SOL'DER, V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] [Lat. 
solidare, fr. solidus, solid.] To unite 
che surfaces of, as metals, by means 
of a more fusible metal. — n. A me- 
tallic composition for uniting the 
surface of metals. 

Sol'dier (sol'jer, 77), n. [Lat. soli- 
dus, a piece of money, pay of a sol- 
dier.] 1. One who is engaged in 
military service, especially a private. 
_2. A brave warrior. 

Sol'dier-ly (solder-), a. Like or 
becoming a real soldier ; brave ; 
martial. [body of soldiers. 

Sol'dier-y (sol'jer-), n. A collective 

SOLE.n. [A.-S.; Lat. solea.] 1. Bot- 
tom of the foot. 2. -Bottom of a 
shoe or boot. 3. Bottom or lower 



part of any thing. 4. [Lat. solea.] 
A marine flat fish. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To furnish with a sole. — a. 
[Lat. solus.] 1. Being or acting with- 
out another. 2. Unmarried. 

S5l'e-CISM, n. [Gr. croAoiiacrju.6?, fr. 
the corruption of the Attic dialect 
by the Athenian colonists of 26Aoi, 
in Cilicia.] 1. Impropriety in lan- 
guage, or a gross deviation from the 
rules of syntax. 2. Any absurdity. 
Syk. — Barbarism. 

Sol'e-cist, n. One wh^ commits a 
solecism. 

Sol'e^ist'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
involving, a solecism. 

Sole'ly (109), adv. Singly ; alone. 

Sol'emn (sol'em), a. [Lat. solemnis, 
solennis, from Oscan sollus, all, and 
Lat. annus, a year, prop, that which 
takes place every year, esp. religious 
solemnities.] 1. Marked with religious 
rites and pomps. 2. Fitted to awaken 
or express serious reflections. 3. Af- 
fectedly grave. 
Syn.— See Grave. 

Sovlem/ni-ty, n. 1. A religious rite 
or ceremony. 2. A steady serious- 
ness. 3. Affected gravity. 4. Ap- 
pearance calculated to inspire with 
solemn feelings. 

Sol'EM-NI-ZA'TION; n. Act of sol- 
emnizing ; celebration. 

S6L'EIYI-NiZE,1\ t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To perform with solemn ceremonies 
or legal forms. 2. To celebrate ; to 
make famous. [emn manner. 

Sol'emn-ly (-em-), adv. In a sol- 

Sol-fX', v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 144.] [From 
the syllables sol, fa.] To pronounce 
the notes of the gamut. 

Sol-feg'gio (sol-ied'jo), n. [It., 
fr. sol/a, the gamut.] (Mus.) Sys- 
tem of arranging the scale by the 
names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by 
which singing is taught. 

So-l1'9'it, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
sollicitare, solicitare, fr. sollicitu-*- 
wholly moved, from Oscan sollus, 
whole, and citus, moved.] 1. To ask 
from with earnestness. 2. To en- 
deavor to obtain. 3. To excite to 
action ; to invite. 

SynJ— To ask; request; supplicate; 
entreat; implore; importune. 

So-LfelT-A'TlON, n. 1. Act of so- 
liciting. 2. Invitation. 

So-LIC'IT-OR, n. 1. One who solicits. 
2. One admitted to practice in a 
court of chancery or equity. 

SO-LI^IT-OR-GEN'ER-AL, n. A legal 
officer of the crown. [Eng.] 

So-LIC'IT-Otis, a. Eager to obtain, or 
anxious to avoid ; concerned. 

SO-LIC'IT-OUS-LY, adv. Anxiously. 

So-lic'IT-ress, n. A woman who 
solicits. 

So-Li9'l-TUDE (30), n. Uneasiness 
of mind occasioned by the fear of 
evil or the desire of good. 

Sol'id, a. [Lat. solidus, from, solum, 
the bottom.] 1. Having the con- 
stituent parts firmly cohering. 2. 
Not hollow or spongy ; dense. 3. 



Cubic. 4. "Worthy of credit, trust, 
or esteem. 

Syn-.— Hard. — Solid and hard both 
relate to the internal constitution or* 
bodies; but hard denotes a firmer ad- 
herence of the component parts than 
solid. Hard is opposed to soft, and 
solid to fluid or liquid. Wood is always 
solid ; but some kinds of wood are hard, 
and others are soft. 

— n. 1. A firm, compact substance 
held in a fixed -"orm by cohesion 
among its particles. 2. A magnitude 
which has length, breadth, and 
thickness. 

SdL'l-DAR'I-TY, n. [Fr. solidarity, 
fr. solide, solid.] Consolidation of 
interests and responsibilities. 

So-lid/i-fi-€a'TION, n. Act of mak- 
ing solid. _ 

So-lid'i-fy, v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing, 
142.] [Lat. solidus, solid, and facere, 
to make.] To make or become solid. 

So-lid'i-ty, n. 1. State of being 
solid. 2. Moral firmness or sound- 
ness. 3. Solid contents of a body. 

S6l'id-ly,' adv. Densely ; compact- 
ly ; firmly. 

Sol'id-ness, n. Quality of being 
solid ; solidity. 

SoLaD-UN'GU-LOUSja. [Lat. solidus, 
solid, and ungula, a hoof.] Having 
hoofs that are not cloven. 

Sol'i-fid'I-an, n. [Lat. solus, alone, 
and fides, faith.] One who main- 
tains that faith alone is sufficient for 
justification. — a. Pertaining to the 
Solifidians._ 

SO-LIL'O-QUIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING./ 
To utter a soliloquy. 

So-lil'o-quy, n. [Lat. soliloquium ; 
solus, alone, and l<Wii, to speak.] A 
talking to one's self. 

S6l'[-ped, n. [Lat. solus, alone, and 
pes, pedis, a foot.] An animal whose 
hoof is not cloven. « 

Sol'i-taire', n. [Fr. See Solita 
RY.] A certain game which one per- 
son can play alone. [solitary. 

Sol'1-ta-ri-ness, n. State of being 

Sol'I-ta-ry, a. [Lat. solitarius, fr. 
solus, alone.] 1. Inclined to be alone ; 
living alone. 2. Not much visited ; 
retired. 3. Single ; individual. — n- 
One who lives alone ; a recluse. 

Sol'I-tude (30), n. [Lat. solitudo, 
fr. solus, alone.] 1. A state of being 
alone. 2. Destitution of company. 
3. A lonely place. 

Syn. — Loneliness; seclusion ; retire- 
ment. — Retirement is a withdrawal from 
general society. Solitude describes the 
tact that a person is alone; seclusion, 
that he is shut out from others, usually 
by his own choice; loneliness, that W 
feels the pain and oppression of bein'" 
alone. 

Sol'MI-za'TION, n. [From the no. 
sical notes sol, mi.] Act of sol-faing. 

So'LO, n. ; pi. so'lo§. [It., from 
Lat. solus, alone.] A tune or strain, 
played by a single instrument, or 
sung by a single voice. 

SoL'STigE, n. [Lat. solstitium, from 
sol, sun, and sistere, stiti, to cause 
to stand.] Point in the ecliptic at 
which the sun is furthest from the 



or, do, wolf,tgo s 200ii; Orn,rue,pt;ll; e, i, o, silent ; 
26 



9, G, soft; «, S, hard} AS.; ejist; n as ng; this 



SOLSTITIAL 



402 



SOREL 



#quafor, or time of the sun's enter- 
ing such point. 

Sol-stPtial (-stish'al), a. Relating 
to, or happening at, a solstice, esp. 
the summer solstice. [solution. 

Sol'U-BIL'I-TY, n. Susceptibility of 

Sol'u-ble, a. [Lat. solubilis, fr. sol- 
vere, to loosen, dissolve.] Capable 
of solution. 

So-LU'TION, n. [Lat. solutio, from 
solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] 1. Dis- 
entanglement of any intricate prob- 
lem or question. 2. Disintegration. 
3. Action by which a solid becomes 
fluid when brought in contact with 
a fluid. 4. Preparation made by 
dissolving a solid in a liquid. 

Soi/U-TfVE, a. Tending to dissolve. 

S6lVA-bIl'I-ty, n. Ability to pay 
all just debts. 

SolVa-BLE, a. 1. Capable of being 
solved. 2. Capable of being paid. 

SolVa-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing solvable. 

Solve, v. t. [-ed; -inc.] [Lat. sol- 
vere.] 1. To loosen or separate the 
parts of. 2. To clear up, as what is 
obscure. [debts. 

Solv'e n-^y, n. Abilitv to pay all 

SOLV-END', n. [Lat. so'vendus, from 
solvere. See Solution.] A sub- 
stance to be dissolved. 

Solvent, a. 1. Having the power 
of dissolving. 2. Able to pay all 
just debts. — n. A fluid that dis- 
solves any substance. 

^olVer. n. One who solves. 

SO'MA-TOL'O-UY,?/. [Or. <TOifjia,ad!)iJLa- 
tos, body,A6-yos, discourse.] Doctrine 
of the general properties of bodies. 

Som'ber, ) a, [From Lat. sub umbra, 

SSm'bre,) under shade.] Dull; 
dusky ; cloudy ; gloomy. 

SOM'BROUS, a. Gloomy ; somber. 

SOME (sum), a. [A.-S. sum.] 1. Con- 
sisting of a greater or less portion. 
2. A certain. 3. Not much; a lit- 
tle. 4. About; near. 5. Apart; a 
portion ; — used pronominally. 

S6me'bod-y (sum'-), n. 1. A person 
unknown or indeterminate. 2. A 
person of consideration. [other. 

Some'how, adv. In one waj' or an- 

SOM'ER-SAULT ) (stiui'er-), n. [Cor- 

S6m'er-set • J rupted fr. Fr. sou- 
bresaut, fr. Lat. jupra, over, and 
saltus, a leap.] 1 . A leap with heels 
over head. 2. A sudden and com- 
plete change. 

S6me'tk:ng, n. 1. A thing unde- 
termined. 2. A part ; a portion, 
more or less. — adv. In some de- 
gree ; somewhat. 

S6me'time, adr 1. Once; former- 
ly. 2. At one time or other here- 
after, [and then. 

Some'TIMES, adv. At times; now 

Some'what, n A certain quantity 
or degree, ind^nrminate. — adv. In 
some degree ot quantity. 

S6me'where, adv. In one place 
or another. 

Som-nAm'bu-la'tion, n. [Lat. som- 
nus, sleep, and ambulatio, a walking 
about.] Act of walking in sleep. 



SOM-NXM'BU-LIC, a. Walking in 

sleep. [sleep. 

Som-nam'bu-lIsm, n. A walking in 

Som-nAm'BU-lIst, n. One who walks 
in his sleep. 

SoM-NJfF'ER-ous, a. [Lat. sornnifer ; 
somnus, sleep, audferre, to bring.] 
Causing or inducing sleep. 

SoM-NiVl€, a. [Lat. sownijicus ; som- 
nus, sleep, and fucere, to make.] 
Causing sleep. [in bis sleep. 

Som-nil'o quIst, n. One who talks 

Som-njl'o-quoOs, a. [Lat. somnus, 
sleep, and loqui, to speak.] Apt to 
talk in sleep. [sleep. 

SOM-NlL'o-QUY, n. A talking in 

SoM'NO-LENf ( 'E, In. [Lat. somno- 

Som'no-len-cy, ) lentia.] Sleepi- 
ness ; drowsiness. 

Som'NO-lent, a. Sleepy ; drowsy. 

Soiu'no-lent-LY, adv. In a somno- 
lent manner. 

Son (sfln), n. [A.-S. sunu, Skr. sunn, 
from sfi, to beget. J 1. A male child. 
2. A male descendant, however dis- 
tant. 3. Any male person spoken 
of as a child. 4. Produce of any 
thing. 5. Jesus Christ. 

So'nant, a. [Lat. son ans, sounding.] 
1. Pertaining to sound. 2. (Pron.) 
Uttered with intonated or resonant 
breath ; vocal, not surd. 

So-na'ta, n. [It , from sonare, to 
sound.] An extended musical com- 
position for one or two instruments. 

SONG, n. [A.-S., ft-, singan, to sing.] 
1. A short poem to be sung. 2. A 
lay ; a poem. 3. A mere trifle. 

Song'ster, n. One who siugs ; espe- 
cially a bird that sings. 

Song'stress, n. A female singer. 

So-nI'f'er-OUS, a. I Lat. sonus, sound, 
and. ferre, to produce.] Producing 
sound. 

Son'-in-law (155), n. A man mar- 
ried to one's daughter. 

Son'net, n. [It. sonetto, fr. suono,& 
sound, song, fr. Lat. sonus, a sound.] 
A rhymed poem of fourteen lines. 

SSn'NET-EER', n. A composer of son- 
nets or small poems ; — usually in 
contempt. 

So-no'roOs (118), a. [Lat. sonorus, 
fr. sonor, a sound.] 1. Giving a clear 
or loud sound. 2. Yielding sound : 
vocal. 3. Magnificent in respect of 
sound. [manner. 

So-NO'ROfrs-LY, adv. In a sonorous 

So-NO'ROtJS-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing sonorous, [son ; filiation. 

SqN'SHfP, n. State or character of a 

SOON (28), adv. [A.-S. sona, suna.] 
1. In a short time. 2. Readily ; wil- 
lingly. 

SOOT (so"bt or stTot), n. [A.-S. & Icel. 
sot.] A black substance formed by 
combustion. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To foul with soot. 

Soot'er-kIn,tc. [Of. Prov. Ger. sut- 
tern, to boil gently.] A kind of false 
birth. [ality. 

SOOTH, n. [A.-S. sodh.] Truth ; re- 

SOOTHE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
gesddhian, to soothe, flatter.] 1. To 
flatter. 2. To soften ; to assuage. 



Sojdth'er, n. One who soothes. 

Sooth'say, v. i. To predict. 

Sooth'say-er, n. A prognosticator. 

Sooth'say-ing, n. The foretelling 
of events. 

Soot'i-ness (sc/bf- or sow-), n. 
Quality of being sooty. 

Soot'y (scTot'y or soot'5-), a. [-ER; 
-EST, 142.] Producing, pertaining 
jto, consisting of, or soiled b\ , soot. 

Sop, n. [A.-S. sype, fr. sTipav , to sip, 
taste, soak.] i. Something eatable 
steeped in any liquid. 2. Any thing 
given to pacify. — v. t. [-PED; 
-PING.] To steep or dip in liquor. 

S5'PHt, n. See Sofi. 

SoPH'I.sm, n. [Lat. <r6<f>io-fioL, fr. crotfu- 
£eo-0ai, to play the sophist.] Any fal- 
lacy designed to deceive. 

Soph'ist, n. [Gr. o-o^io-Tvys.] A cap- 
tious or fallacious rcasoner. 

S6ph'ist-er,ti. [See supra.] (Eng. 
Univrrs'nifs.) A student advanced 
beyond the first year of his residence. 

So-phist'I€-al, a. Pertaining to a 
sophist, or embodying sophistry. 

So-phist'I€-AL-LY, adv. In a sophis- 
tical manner. 

SO-PHlST'I-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To remler worthless by admixture ; 
to pervert. 

So-phIst'i-€ATE, \ a. Adulter- 

So-phIst'i-ca'ted, ) ated ; not 
genuine. 

So-PHisT'i-eA'TiON, n. Adulteration ; 
debasement^ [achdterates. 

So-phIst'i-ca'tor, v. One who 

Scph'ist-ry,m. Fallacious reasoning 

ScPH'o-MORE, n. [Prob. fr. Soph or 
Sopliistfr, and Gr. juwpc?, foolish.] 
One belonging to the second of the 
four classes in an American college. 

Sopb'O-mor'ic, / a. Pertaiuing 

Soph'o-m6r'I€-al, ( to, or like, a 
sophomore: inflated in style. \Amer.] 

SoP'O-RiF'I-e, a. [Lat. sopor, a heavy 
sleep, &n&Jacere, to make.] Causing, 
or tending to cause, sleep. — n. A 
medicine to induce sleep. 

Sop'o-ROSE^^), ) a. [Lat. soporus.] 

Sop'O-rous, J Causing sleep. 

^O-PRA'NO, n. [It., fr. soprano, su- 
perior, highest.] The treble ; the 
highest female voice. 

Scr'c/ER-er. n. [L. Lat. sortiarius, 
fr. Lat. sors, sortis, a lot, fate.] A 
conjurer : an enchanter. 

Sgr'cer-ess, n. A female sorcerer. 

SoR r 9ER-ous, a. Relating to sorcery. 

SoR'^ER-Y, n. Divination by the as- 
sistance of evil spirits : magic. 

Sor'did, a. [Lat. sordidus.] 1. Vile ; 
base. 2. Meanly avaricious. 

Sor'did-LY, adv. Meanly; basely; 
covetously. [liness. 

Sor'did-ness, n. Baseness ; niggard- 

Sore, n. [A.-S. sar.] 1. A part of 
flesh ruptured or bruised, so as to be 
painful. 2 An ulcer. — a. [-ER, 
-EST ] 1. Tender ; painful. 2. Easily 
pained, grieved, or vexed. 3. Severe; 
afflictive ; distressing. — adv. 1. 
With pain. 2. Greatly; violently. 

SoR'EL, n. [Dim. of sore, a buck.] A 
buck of the third year. 



I, e, I, o,v.y, long; A,E,I,6,tJ,-£,s/u?r*; cAre, fXr, ask, all, what; ERE, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



SORELY 



4.03 



SOVEREIGN 



SORE'LY,a/7v. Grievously ; greatly, 

Sore'ness, n. State of being sore; 
tenderness ; painfullness. 

Sor'ghum (sor'gum), n. A genus of 
caues, of which some species are used 
for the manufacture of sugar. 

So-RI'TES, n. [Gr. o-ajpeiVrj? (sc. crvA- 
Aoyioyw)?), lit. heaped up; hence, a 
heap of syllogisms.] An abridged 
form of stating a series of syllogisms. 

So-ROR'I-C'IDE, n. [Lat. sororicida, 
fr. soror, a sister, and aedrre, to kill.] 
The murder, or the murderer, of a 
sister. 

Sor'rel, a. [0. Fr. sor, sore, yellow- 
ish brown.] Of a yellowish or red- 
dish brown color. — n. 1. A yellowish 
or reddish brown color. 2. [A.-S. stir, 
sour.] A plant having a sour juice. 

S6r'RT-LY, adv. In a pitiful manner. 

SoR'ROW, n. [A.-S. sorg, sork, allied 
to sor?.] Pain of mind produced by 
the loss of any good, real or sup- 
posed, or by disappointment in the 
expectation of good; regret. 

Syx. — Grief; sadness. — Sorroto de- 
notes suffering of mind, from the loss of 
some good, or disappointment in our ex- 
pectation of good. Grief expresses a 
poignant or uncontrollable degree of 
sorrow, which presses down the mind 
under a sense of loss. Sadness is that de- 
pression of thought and f'-eling Which is 
a frequent but not invariable result of 
sorrow. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To feel pain 
of mind in consequence of evil expe- 
rienced, feared, or donfe. 

S6R ? ROW-FUL,a. 1. Full of sorrow. 
2. Producing sorrow. 3. Expressing 
8orro_w. [ful manner. 

Sor'row-ful-ly, adv. In a sorrow- 

Sor'row-ful-ness, n. State of be- 
ing sorrowful ; grief. 

Sor'ry, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Allied 
to sorrow and sore.] 1. Grieved ; 
pained for some evil. 2. Melancholy ; 
dismal. 3. Poor ; mean. 

S6rt,m. [Lat. sors,sortis, a lot, part.] 

1. A kind or species. 2. Manner ; 
form. 3. Degree of any quality. 

Out of sorts, in ill-humor; unwell. 

Syh". — Kind. — Kind originally de- 
noted things of the same family, or 
bound together by some natural affinity; 
and hence, a class. Sort signifies that 
which constitutes a particular lot or par- 
cel, notimplying, necessarily, the idea of 
affinity, but of mere assemblage. The 
two words are now used to a great extent 
interchangeably. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To separate 
and place in distinct classes. 2. To 
reduce to order. 3. To select; to 
cull. — v. i. 1. To be joined with 
others of the same species ; to agree. 

2. To associate. 3. To suit ; to fit. 
S6rt'a-ble, a. Capable of being- 
sorted. 

Gor'tie, n. [Fr., from snrtir, to go 
out.] The issuing of troops from a 
Jbesieged place to attack the besiegers. 

Sor'TI-lege, n. [Lat. sors, sortis, a 
lot, and legere, to select.] A drawing 
_of lots. 

S5'-so, a. Passable; tolerable. 

Sot, n. [A.-S. sot, L. Lat. sottus, fr. 



Chald. shoteh, foolish.] An habitual 
drunkard. 

Sot'tish, a. Dull or stupid, especially 
with intemperance. 

SoT'TlSH-LY, adv. Stupidly. 

S6t'tish-ness,7i. Stupidity, especial- 
ly from intoxication. 

Sotto Voce (sot'to vo'cha). [It.] 
With a restrained voice. 

Sou (sob),n. ; pi. sous (sob). [Fr. sou, 
sol, from Lat. solidus. See SOLDIER.] 
A French mone.y , and coin, worth the 
20th part of a franc. 

Spu-CHONG', n. [Chin, se ou chong, 
i. e., small, good quality.] A kind of 
black tea. 

Sough (suf) ; r.?\ [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
seqfian, siofian, to groan. Cf. SIGH 
and Sob.] To whist, e or sigh, as the 
wind. — n. A buzzing or hollow mur- 
mur. 

Sought (sawt), imp. & p. p. of Seek. 

Soul, n. [A.-S. s&wel, sap}/., saul.] 1. 
The spiritual, rational, and immortal 
part in man. 2. The animating or 
essential part. 3. Leader ; inspirer. 
4. Any noble manifestation of the 
moral nature. 5. A person ; a man. 

Soul'less (109), a. Without a soul ; 
mean ; spiritless. 

Sound, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. svnd.] 
1. Entire; unbrokeu. 2. Healthy. 

3. Firm ; strong. 4. Founded in 
truth ; weighty. 5. Heavy ; laid on 
with force. 6. Profound ; undis- 
turbed. 7. Free from error. 8. Legal , 
valid. — adv. Soundly; heartily. — 
n. 1. [A.-S. sund, a swimming.] Air- 
bladder of a fish. 2. [A.-S. sund, for 
swumd, fr. sivimman, to swim.] A 
narrow passage of water ; a strait. 3. 
[A.-S. sundline, a sounding line.] A 
probe of any kind. 4. [0. Eng. sovn, 
Lat. sonus, noise.] A sensation re- 
ceived by means of the ear. 5. Noise 
without signification. — v. i. 1. To 
use the lead in searching the depth 
of water. 2. To make a noise. 3. To 
be spread or published. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To measure the depth of 
by means of a line and plummet. 2. 
To examine ; to test. 3. To play on. 

4. To utter audibly. 5. To cause to 
be reported. 

Sound'-board, n. A sounding-board. 

Sound'ing, p. a. Sonorous ; making 
a noise. — n. 1. Act of emitting 
sound. 2. pi. Any part of the ocean 
or other water where a line will reach 
the bottom. 

SOUND'ING-BOARD, n. 1. A thin 
board to propagate the sound in an 
organ, violin, &c. 2. A structure 
with a flat surface, over a pulpit to 
give distinctness to a speaker's voice. 

SouND'LY, adv. In a sound manner. 

Sound'ness, n. State of being sound ; 
freedom from error or fallacy. 

Soup, n. [See Sop and Sup.] Broth, 
highly seasoned. 

Sour, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. shr.] 

1. Sharp to the taste; acid; tart. 

2. Coagulated, as milk ; rancid. 3. 
Harsh of temper. 4. Disagreeable to 
the feelings. 5. Expressing discon- 



tent. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
make acid. 2. To make harsh or 
unkindly. 3. To make cross or crab- 
bed. — v. i. 1. To become acid. 2 
To become peevish or crabbed. 

SOURCE, n. [Fr. source, fr. sourdre, 
to spring forth or up, fr. Lat. surge??, 
to lift or spring up.] 1. That from 
which any thing proceeds. 2. Spring 
fountain-head. [See ORIGIN.] 

SoUR'-«ROUT, \ n. [Ger. sauej-kravtj 

Sour'-krout, J i. e., sour-cab- 
bage.] Cabbage cut fine, and suf- 
fered to ferment. 

Sour'ish, a. Somewhat sour. 

Sour'ly, adv. In a sour manner. 

Sour'ness, n. State of being sour. 

Souse, n. [A modif. of sauce.] 1. 
Pickle made with salt. 2. Something 
pickled; esp. the ears, feet, &c, of 
swine. 3. A plunging into water. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To plunge into 
water. 2. To steep in pickle. — v. i. 
[Cf. Ger. sausen, to rush, bluster.] 
To fall suddenly, as a bird on its prey. 

South, n. [A.-S. sfidh, for sundk, fr. 
sunne, the sun.] 1. Point of com- 
pass opposite to the north. 2. Any 
particular land considered as opposed 
to the north. — a. Lying toward the 
south, or in a southern direction. — 
adv. Toward or from the south. 

South, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
move toward the south. 2. To come 
to the meridian ; — said of the moon. 

South-east', n. The point equally 
distant_from the south and east. 

South-east'er-ly, ( a. Pertaining 

South-east'ern, J to, or pro- 
ceeding from, the south-east. 

South'er-ly (suth'er-ly ), I a. Be- 

SoOth'ern (siith/ern), ) longing 
to, or proceeding from, the south ; 
proceeding toward the south. 

South'ern-er, n. A native of the 
south or Southern States. 

South'ern-most (stitib/ern-most, 
20), a. Furthest toward the south. 

Southing, n. 1. Motion to the 
south. 2. Time at which the moon 
passes the meridian. 3. Course or 
distance south. 

South'ron (sutb/-), n. An inhab- 
itant of the south ; a southerner. 

South'ward (or siitb/ard), adv. To- 
ward the south. — n. Southern re- 
gions. 

South-west', n. Point equally dis- 
tant from the south and west. 

South-west', ) a. Pertaining 

South-west'er-ly, | to, proceed- 
ing from, or lying in the direction of, 
the south-west. 

Soufh-west'er, n. A storm from 
the south-west. 

South-west'ern, a. In the direc- 
tion of south-west, or nearly so. 

Souvenir (soov/neer'), n. ' [Fr.] A. 
remembrancer : a keepsake. 

Sov'er-eign (s6Ver-in or sttv'er-in, 
22), a. [0. Fr. soverain, suverain, 
fr. Lat. svperus, upper, higher.] 1. 
Supreme in power : chief. 2. Effica- 
cious in the highest degree ; predom- 
inant. — n. 1. A supreme ruler. 2. 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent : C, G, soft ; -e, G,hard; Ag ; E£IST ; N as NG : THIS. 



SOVEREIGNTY 



404 



SPECIALITY 



A .cold coin of England, worth 20 

shillings sterling, or about $4.84. 

Sov'ER-EIGN-TYf (soVer-in- or suv'- 

er-in-), n. Exercise of, or right to 

exercise, supreme power, [hog kind. 

Sow, n. [A.-S. sugu.] Female of the 

Sow, v.t. [-ed ; -ed, or -N ; -ING.] 

[A.-S. sawan.] 1. To scatter, asseed. 

2. To spread abroad; to propagate. 

3. To scatter over. — v. i. To scatter 
seed for growth. 

JSow'ER, n. One who sows. 

SOY, n. A kind of sauce for fish. 

Spa , n. A spring of mineral water ; — 
from a place of this name in Belgium. 

SPACE, n. [Lat. spatium ; spatiari, 
to walk about.] 1. Extension ; room. 
2. Interval between two or more ob- 
jects. 3. Quantity or interval of 
time. 4. A small piece of metal, 
used to separate words or letters. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ING.] {Print.) To ar- 
range the spaces in or between. 

Spa'cious, a. 1. Vast in extent. 2. 
Having large or ample room. 

Syn. — Ample; capacious. — Ample 
implies largeness in quantity or amount, 
as, ample room, ample resources ; spa- 
cious denotes wide physical extent or 
space, as, a spacious hall; capacious de- 
notes, literally, the power of holding 
much, and hence wide or comprehen- 
sive, as, a capacious mind. 

Spa'cious-LY, adv. Widely ; exten- 
sively, [tent. 

Spa'cious-ness, n. Largeness of ex- 

Spade, n. [A.-S. spadu, spad, Gr. 
o-rrdOi).] 1. An instrument for dig- 
ging. 2. pi. A suit of cards. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ing.] To dig with a spade. 

Spa-di'ceous (-djsh'us), a. [Lat. 
spadix, spad ids, a date-brown color.] 
Of a light red color. 

Spa-dille', n. [Sp. espadilla, dim. 
of espada, a sword.] Ace of spades. 

SPAN, n. [A.-S. spann.] 1. Space 
from the end of the thumb to the 
end of the little finger when extend- 
ed ; nine inches. 2. A brief portion 
of time. 3. Extent of an arch be- 
tween its abutments. 4. [From A.-S. 
spannan, to span, join.] A pair of 
horses driven together. [Amer.] — 
v. t. [-ned ; -king.] 1. To meas- 
ure with the fingers extended. 2. To 
measure ; to compass. 

Span'drel, n. [Eng. span, Eng. 
spande.] The irregular triangular 
space between the. curve of an arch 
and the rectangle inclosing it. 

Span'gle, n. [Prob. fr. A.-S. span- 
nan, to span, clasp, join.] A small 
plate or boss of shining metal. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To set or sprinkle 
with spangles. [Spain. 

Spaniard (-vard), a. A native of 

Span'iel (-vel), 
n. [From Hh- 
paniola, where 
was the best 
breed of this 
dog.] A vari- 
ety of dog. Spaniel. 

Span'ish, a. Pertaining to Spain. — 
n. The language of Spain. 

SpXnk, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 




span,] To strike on the breech with 
the open hand ; to slap. 

SPANK'ER, n. 1. [From spank.] Af- 
ter-sail of a ship or bark. 2. A stout 
person. [Eng.] 3. Something very 
large. 

Spank'ing, p. a. Moving with a 
quick, lively pace. 

Span'ner, n. 1. One who spans. 2. 
An instrument used to tighten nuts 
on screws. 

Spar, n. 1. [0. Eng. spaad , spat. Cf. 
M. II. Ger. spat, a splinter.] Any 
earthy mineral that breaks with reg- 
ular surfaces, and has some degree 
of luster. 2. [Icel. sparra.] A mast, 
yard, boom, or gaff. — v. i. [-RED ; 
-RING.] [Cf. A.-S. spyrian, to in- 
quire, argue, dispute.] 1. To con- 
tend with the fists ; to box. 2. To 
dispute- to quarrel. 

SPAR'A-ELE, n. [Corrupted fr. spar- 
row-bill^] A small nail used by shoe- 
makers. 

SPARE (4), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
spar i an.] 1. To use frugally; to 
save. 2. To part with reluctantly; 
to give up, 3. To dispense with. 4. 
To save from danger or punishment. 

— v. i. To he frugal or parsimoni- 
ous. — a. [-ER ; -est.] 1. Not abun- 
dant. 2. Parsimonious. 3. Over and 
above what is necessary. 4. Held in 
reserve. 5. Wanting flesh. 

Spare'ness, it. Thinness ; leanness. 

Spare'-r'ib, n. Ribs of pork with 
little tiesh on them. 

Spar'ing, a. 1. Scarce. 2. Scanty. 
3. Saving ; chary. 

Spark, n. [A.-S. spearca, and sprin- 
gan, to spring.] 1. A small particle of 
fire. 2. A small, transient light. 3. A 
feeble germ. 4. A brisk, showy, gay 
man. 5. A lover. 

Spark'ish, a. 1. Airy ; gay. 2. 

• Showy ; well-dressed. 

Spark'le (spark'l), n. A little spark. 

— v. ?'. [-ed: -ing, 140.] 1. To 
emit sparks. 2. To twinkle. 3. To 
flash, as with sparks. 

Spark'ler, 11. One who, or that 
which, sparkles. 

Spark'LING, jo. a. Emitting sparks. 

SPAR'ROW,n. [A.-S. spearwa , speara.] 
One of several species of small birds. 

Spar'row-hawk, ii. A species of 
short-wiDged hawk. 

Spar'ry, a. Resembling spar. 

Sparse, a. [-er;-est.] [Lat. spar- 
sus, p. p. of spargere, to scatter.] Set 
or planted here and there. 

Sparse'LY, adv. Thinly. 

SpXrse'ness, n. State of being sparse. 

SPAR'TAN, a. Pertaining to Sparta ; 
hence, hardy ; undaunted. 

SPASM, n. [Gr. 0-7ra.a7u.6s, fr a-n-deip, 
a-rrav, to draw, convulse.] 1. An in- 
voluntary and morbid contraction of 
muscles. 2. A sudden, violent effort. 

SPAS-MOD'IC. a. 1. Relating to 
spasm ; consisting in spasm. 2. Soon 
relaxed or exhausted. 

SpXs'TTC, a [Gr. a-rrao-TiKos.] Re- 
lating to spasm. 

Spat, imp. of Spit. 



SPA-THA'CEOCs, a. Having or re- 
sembling a spathe. 

Spathe, u. [Lat. spat/ta, Gr. airde-r}.] 
A sheath -formed involucre. 

SPATH'iC, a. [Ger. spath, spar.] Like 
spar ; foliated or lamellar. 

Spatu'1-foem, a. [N. Lat. spathvm. 
spar, and Lat. forma, form.] Re- 
sembling spar in form. 

Spath'ose, I a. 1. Having a spathe ; 

SPATH'OUS, ) spathaceous. 2. Hav- 
ing the characters of spar. 

SPAT'TER, r. t. [-ED;-ING.] [From 
the root of spit.] To sprinkle with 
any wet substance, as water, mud, 
or the like. 

SPAT'TER-DXSH'ES, ii. pi. [Spatter 
and dash.] Coverings for the legs. 

Spat'u-la, n. [Lat. spalvla, dim. of 
spatha. Cf. Spade.] A thin.broad- 
bladed knife, for spreading plasters. 

Spat'u-eate, a. Shaped like a spat- 
ula, or .like a battledoor. 

Spav'in, n. [From 0. H. Ger. spar- 
u-ari, a sparrow-hawk, because it 
makes a horse raise its leg, like a 
sparrow-hawk.] A swelling in or 
near some of the joints of a horse. 

SpAv'injbd, a. Affected with spavin. 

Spawn, v. [A.-S. spanu, spana, a 
teat : 0. II. Ger. spanian, to milk.] 

1. Eggs offish or frogs when ejected' 

2. Any product cr offspring. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ing] 1. To produce or de- 
posit, as fishes their eggs. 2. To 
bring forth;- -in contempt. — v.i. 
To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs. 

Spay, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. W. 
yspaddu, to geld, Gr. a-irdhwv, a 
eunuch, fr. o-Traeiv, a-nqv, to draw 
out.] To extirpate the ovaries of. 

Speak, v. i. [spoke (spake, nearly 

obs.); SPOKEN; SPEAKING.] [A.-S. 
spreran, specan.] 1. To utter words 
or articulate sounds. 2. To express 
opinions. 3. To utter a speech or 
harangue. 4. To give sound. — v. t. 
1. To utter with the mouth. 2. To 
declare. 3. To converse in. 4. To 
accost. 5. To make known. 6. To 
communicate. [spoken. 

Speak'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Speak'er,??. 1. One who speaks. 2. 
One who presides over a deliberative 
assembly ; a chairman. 

Speak'er-ship, ii. Office of speaker. 

Spear, 7i. [A.-S. spere, speore.] 1. A 
long, pointed weapon ; a lance. 2. 
A shoot, as of grass. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To pierce or kill with a spear. 
— v. i. To shoot into a long stem. 

Spear'man (ISO), n. One who is 
armed with a spear. 

Spear'mint, n. A species of mint. 

Spe'cial (spesb/al), a. [Lat. speci- 
alis, fr species.] 1. Pertaining to, 
or constituting, a species. 2. Ex- 
traordinary ; uncommon. 3. Lim- 
ited in range. 

Syn. — See Peculiar. 

Spe'cial-ist (spesh'al-ist), n. One 
who devotes himself to a specialty. 

Spe'ci-al'i-ty (spSsh'!-), n. 1. A 
particular or peculiar case. 2. A 
special occupation ; a specialty. 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y,lo.ng; AjSjijO, t), %, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TEEM; PIQU2, FIRM; SON. 



SPECIALLY 



405 



SPHINX 



SrEciAL-LY (spesh'al-), adv. Par- 
ticularly ; especially . 

SPE'CIAL-TY (spesh'al-), n. 1. A par- 
ticular or peculiar case. 2. A con- 
tract uuder seal 3. That which one 
makes an object of special attention. 

Spe'cie (sp5'shy-), n. [Of. obs. spe- 
cies, coin] Coin ; hard money. 

GPE'cies, (spS'shdz), n. sing. & pi. 
[Lat., fr. specere, to behold.] 1. A 
conception subordinated to another | 
conception, culled a genus. 2. A 
Glass of beings, associated according | 
to attributes, or properties deter- 1 
mined by scientific observation. 3. >. 
Sort : kind. 

SPE-CIF'I€. a. [Lat. species, a par- i 
ticular sort, and facrrc, to make]; 
1. Pertaining to, characterizing, or | 
constituting a species. 2. Definite : ; 
limited; precise. — //. A remedy j 
supposed to be infallible, [manner, j 

Spe-cif'ic-al-ly, adv In a specific 

Spec'i-fi-ca'tion, ». 1. Act of j 
specifying. 2. Particular mention. 
3. A written statement containing 
an enumeration of particulars. 4. j 
Any thiug specified. 

Sp£c"'i-fv, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] ! 
[See Specific] To mention, as a 
particular thing. 

Spec'i-mex, n. [Lat., fr. spectre, to 
behold. J A part intended to exhibit 
the kind and quality of the whole. 

Syx. — Sample. — A specimen is a rep- | 
resentative of the class of things to | 
•which it belongs: as. a sjiecimen of pho- i 
tography. A sample is a part of the 
thing itself, designed to show the qual- 
ity of the whole ; as, a sample of sugar 
or of broadcloth. 

Spe'CIOUS, a. [Lat. speciosus ; species, 
look, appeai-ance.] Apparently right ; 
superficially fair, just, or correct. 
Syx.— See Plausible. 

Spe'cious-ly, adv. With a fair ap- 
pearance. 

SPE'CIOlJS-NESS, n. Plausible ap- 
pearance ; fair external show. 

Speck, n. [A.-S. specca.) 1. A small 
spot or blemish, extraordinary or 
noteworthy. 2. A very small thing. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To stain in 
spots : to spot. 

SpEck'le (spek'l), n. [Dim of speck."] 
A little spot ; a speck. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING ] To mark with small spots of 
a different color. 

SPE€'TA-€LE, n. [Lat. spertacvlum , 
fr. spectare, to look at.] 1. Some- 
thing exhibited to view. 2. pi. An 
optical instrument used to correct 
some defect of vision. [cles. 

Sp£e'TA-CL£D, a. Wearing specta- 

Spec-tac'u-lar, a. Pertaining to 
spectacles. 

Spec-ta'tor, n. One who sees or 
beholds : a witness. [er 

Spec-ta'tress, n. A female behoid- 

Spe-C'ter, I n. [Lat. spectrum, an ap- 

Spec'TRE, j pearance, fr. spectre, to 
look.] An apparition; a ghost; a 
phantom. [ter : ghostly. 

Spec'tral, a. Pertaining to a spec- 

SPEe'TRUM, n.; pi. spp.e'TRA. 



[Lat.] The colored and other rays 
of which light is composed, sepa- 
rated by a prism. 

Spec'u-lar, a. Having the qualities 
of a speculum or mirror. 

SPEC'U-LAXE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat speculari. -lalus, to spy out, 
observe, fr. specere, to look.] 1. To 
think philosophically or abstractly : 
to meditate. 2. To buy with the 
expectation of selling at a profit. 

SPEC'U-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of spec- 
ulating ; as, (a.) Meditation; con- 
templation, (b.) A buying, in ex- 
pectation of selling at an advance. 
2. Mere theory ; conjecture. 

SPEC'U-LA-TIVE, a. Given to, or 
concerning, speculation ; theoretical. 

SPEC'U-LA'TlVE-LY, adv. In a spec- 
ulative manner. [lates. 

Spec'U-la/tor, n. One who specn- 

SPEC'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Exercising spec- 
ulation ; speculative. 

SPE€'U-LUJM, n.; pi. SPE€'V-LA. 
[Lat., fr. specere, to behold.] A mir- 
ror or looking-glass ; a reflector. 

Sped, imp. Sep. p. of Speed. 

Speech, n. [See Speak.] 1. Power 
of speaking. 2. Words, as express- 
ing ideas. 3. A particular language. 
4. A formal discourse. 

Syx. — See Hakaxgue and Lax- 

GUAGE. 

SPEECH'I-FV, V. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. speech, and Lat. factre, to 
make.] To make a speech. 

Speech'LESS, a. Destitute or de- 
prived of speech ; dumb ; mute. 

SPEECH'LESS-NESS, n. State of being 
speechless. 

Speed, v. ?'. [sped ; speeded ; 
SPEEDING.] [A.-S. spedan, fr. spO- 
u-an, to succeed.] 1. To make haste. 
2. To prosper ; to succeed. — v. t. 1. 
To cause to make haste. 2. To cause 
to succeed. 3. To bring to a result. 

4. To ruin. 

Syx. — To dispatch ; hasten ; accele- 
rate; hurry. 

— n. 1. A moving forward with ce- 
lerity. 2. Favorable issue ; success. 
Srx.— See Haste. 

Speed'i-ly, adv. . In a speedy man- 
ner , quickly. 

Speed'i-ness, n. Haste : dispatch. 

SPEED'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Swift ; 
nimble ; rapid in motion. 

Spell, v.t. 1. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
spelian, to supply another's place.] 
To relieve; to help. 2. [SPELLED; 
or SPELT ; SPELLING.] [A.-S. spel- 
lian, to relate.] To read ; — with 
out. 3. To tell the letters of, as a 
word. 4. To write or print with the 
proper letters. — v. i. To form words 
with the proper letters. — n. 1. Re- 
lief of one by another in any work. 
2. A short period ; a season. 3. [A,- 

5. spell, history, tale, speech, a magic 
charm.] A verse repeated for its 
magical power ; hence, any charm. 

Spell'-bound, a. Locked up by a 

spell or charm. 
Spell'er. n. 1. One who spells. 2. 

A spelling-book. [Amer.] 



Spell'ing, n. 1. Act of naming the 
letters of a word. 2. Formation of 
words with letters ; orthography. 

Spell'ing-book (27). n. A book 
for teaching to spell and read. 

SPEL'TER, n. [L. Ger. spialter.] [See 
Pewter. \ Zinc. 

SPEN'CER,n. [From a certain Lord 
Spencer.] A short over-jacket. 

Spend, v. t. [spent ; spending.] 
[A.-S. spendan, fr. Lat. e.rpende re or. 
dispendere, to weigh out, expend., 
dispense.] 1. To dispose of ; to part 
with. 2. To bestow for any purpose. 
3. To consume ; to waste. 4. To 
• pass, as time. 5. To exhaust of 
strength. — v. i. 1. To make ex- 
pense. 2. To be lost or wasted. 

Spend'er, «. One who spends. 

Spendthrift, n. One who spends 
money profusely ; a prodigal. 

Sp£RM (14), n. [Gr. <mep\xa., fr. cnrei- 
peiv, to sow.] 1. Animal seed. 2. 
Spermaceti. [Colloq.] 3. Spawn. 

Sperm' a-ce'ti, n. [Lat. sperma, 
sperm, cetus, a whale.] A fatty mat- 
ter from the head of a kind of whale. 

SPER-BIAT'IC, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Sper-mat'1€-AL, j orconsisting of, 
semen. 

Sper-mXt'O-CELE, n. [Gr. <nr£pp.a., 
a-rrepfiaros , sperm, and kijAtj, a tu- 
mor.] A swelling of the spermatic 
vessels. 

Spew (spu), v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. speqwian.] To vomit. 

SPHXC'E-LA'TION, n. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Gr. o-^xxKeAos, gangrene.] A becom- 
ing gangrenous; mortification. 

Speie'noid, { a. [Gr. a^v, a 

Sphe-noid'al, ) wedge, and elSos, 
likeness.] Resembling a wedge. 

SPHERE, n. [Lat. spkera. Gr. o-^aipa.] 
1. A body, every part of the surface 
of which is equally distant from a 
point within, called its center. 2. 
An orb or star. 3. Circuit of action, 
knowledge, or influence. 4. Rank ; 
order of society. 

Syx.— See Globe. 
— v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To place in 
a sphere. 

SphEr'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

Spher'ic-al, j having the form of, 
a sphere ; globular. [a sphere. 

Spher'IC-AL-ly, adv. In the form of 

SPHE-RIC'I-TY, ii. Quality of being 
spherical ; roundness. [sphere. 

Spher'ICS. n. sing. Science of the 

SPHE'ROID, n. [Gr. er<£aipoei6'7Js, 
spherical ; o-^cupa, sphere, and etSos, 
form.] A body nearly spherical. 

Sphe-roid'al, ) a" Having the 

Sphe-roid'ic-AL, j form of a sphe- 
roid. 

SPHER'ULE (53), n. A li*tle sphere. 

Sphinx'.' n. [Lat. <^^prw?> 
sphinx, Gr. or^)iy£, ^J|||3Ep 
from a4>lyyfw, to^) 



bind tight, as if the 
throtrler.] Afnhled 
monster, which 
proposed riddles 
and put to death all who were un- 
able to solve them. 



Sphinx. 



DO, wol*\TOO,TOOH; t>RN 3 rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9,&, soft; €,&,hard; As; ; EXIST; NasN&; THIS. 



SPHRAGISTICS 



406 



SPLENDIDLY 



SPHRA-Gls'Tl€S, n. sing. [Gr. cr^pa- 
»/ts, a seal ] The scieuce of seals. 

SPICE, n. [L&t. species, a species ; Late 
Lat. spices, drugs, &c, of the same 
sort.] 1. An aromatic and pungent 
vegetable production. 2. That which 
resembles spices ; also, a small quan- 
tity. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To season 
or perfume with, or as with, spice. 

SPi'CER-Y, n. Spices in general. 

Spie'u-LAR, a. [Lat. spkulum, a 
dart.] Resembling a dart. 

SPICULE, n. [Lat. spiculum, die . of 
spicum, spica, a point, dart.] A mi- 
nute, slender granule or point 

Spi'cy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] I. Per- 
taining to, or abounding with spices. 
2. Pungent; pointed. 

Spi'der, n. [For spinder, fr. spin, so 
named from spinning his web.] 1. 
An animal that spins webs for taking 
its prey. 2. A frying-pan. 

Spi'g'ot, n. [From spick, for spike.] 
A peg to stop a small hole in a cask. 

Spike, n. [Icel. sp'tkari, allied to Lat. 
spica, & point, dart.] 1. A sort of 
large nail. 2. An ear of g~"ain. 3. 
A shoot, —v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
fasten or set with spikes. 

Spike'let, n. A small spike. 

SPIKE'NARD [colloq. spik'nard), n. 
[See Spike and Nard.] 1. An aro- 
matic plant. 2. A fragrant essential 
oil. [points. 

Spik'y, a. Having a sharp point or j 

Spile, n. [D. spijl.] 1. A small peg 
to stop a hole. 2. A stake driven in- 
to the ground ; a pile. 

Spill, v. t. [spilled ; spilt ; 
SPILLING.] [A.-S. spillan.] 1. To 
suffer to fall or run out. 2. To shed, 
or suffer to be shed, as in battle. — 
v. i. To be shed ; to be lost or wasted. 

BPiN,V.t. [SPUN; SPINNING.] [A.-S. 
spinnan, allied to span.] 1. To draw 
out and twist into threads. 2. To 
extend to a great length. 3. To pro- 
tract, 4. To twirl. — v. i. 1. To 
practice spinning. 2. To draw and 
twist threads. 3. To whirl, as a top. 
4. To stream or issue iu a thread. 

SpLn'ACH I (sphVej), n. [Lat. spina, 

SPIN'AGE ) a thorn, prickle ; — from 
its pointed leaves.] A garden plant. 

Spi'nal, a. Pertaining to the spine. 

Spin'dle, n. [A.-S. spindel, fr. spin- 
nan, to spin.] 1. The rod in spin- 
ning-wheels by which the thread is 
twisted. 2. An axis or arbor. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To grow in a long, 
slender stalk or body. [person. 

Spin'dle-shanks, n. A tall, slender ' 

Spine, n. [Lat. spina, a thorn, the 
spine.] 1. A sharp woody process; a 
thorn. 2. The back-bone. 

Spi'nel, or SpT-nel', ) n. [L. Lat. 

fJPI-NELLE' (spi-neP), ) spinellus, fr. 
Lat. spina, a thorn, prob. from its 
pointed crystals.] A mineral of great 
hardness. 

Spin'et, or SpT-n£t', n. [From Lat. 
spina, a thorn, because its quills re- 
semble thorns.] An instrument of 
music resembling a harpsichord; — 
now superseded by the piano-forte. 



SPlN'NER,n. One who spins. 

Spin'ner-et, n. An organ with which 
spiders and some insects form their 
silk or webs. 

Spin'ning-jen'ny, n. A machine for 
spinning wool or cotton. 

Spi'n'ning-wheel, n. A machine 
for spinning, in which a wheel drives 
a single spindle. 

Spi-n6s'I-ty, n. State of being spiny. 

Spinous, a. Full of spines ; thorny. 

CPIW'STER, n. [From spin and the 
termination ster. ] An unmarried wo- 
man ; — used in legal proceedings. 

SPIN'Y, a. 1. Full of spiues ; thorny. 
2. Perplexed ; difficult. 

SPiR'A-€LE {or spl'ra-kl, 89), n. [Lat. 
spiraculum, fr. spirare, to breathe.] 
A small aperture in animal and veg- 
etable bodies, by which air or other 
fluid is exhaled or inhaled. 

SPI'RAL (89), a. [Lat. spira, a coil, 
spire.] Winding like a screw. 

Spi'RAL-ly, adv. In a spiral form. 

SPJ'RANT, n. [Lat. sr>irans,spirantis, 
breathing.] A consonant sound ut- 
tered with perceptible emission of 
breath ; — said of/, v, th, &c. 

Spire, n. [Lat. spira, Gr. anelpa, a 
coil, spite; Iccl. spira, pinnacle.] 1. 
A winding line like the threads of a 
screw. 2. A body that shoots up to a 
point ; a steeple. 3. A stalk or blade. 

SPIR'IT, n. [Lat. spiritus, fr. spirare, 
to breathe.] 1. Breath. 2. Life, 
considered independently of corpo- 
real existences. 3 The intelligent and 
immortal part of man. 4. A disem- 
bodied soul. 5. A specter ; a ghost. 
6. Any remarkable manifestation of 
life. 7. One of great activity or pe- 
culiar characteristics of mind. 8. 
Temper or disposition of mind ; often 
in the pi., animation : cheerfulness. 
9. pi. Hence, a liquid produced by 
distillation ; esp. alcohol. 10. In- 
tent ; real meaning. — r. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To excite ; to encourage. 
2. To convey rapidly and secretly . 

Spir'it-ed,£>. a. Animated; full of 
spirit or fire. [manner. 

SPlR'IT-ED-LY, adv. In a spirited 

SpTr'it-lesr, a. Wanting auimation ; 
dejected ; depressed. 

Spi'R'it-less-ly, adv. In a spiritless 
manner. [or vigor. 

SPIR'IT-LESS-NESS. n. Want of life 

Spir'it-oDs, a. Like spirit; refined. 

SP1R'IT-U-AL, a. 1. Consisting of 
spirit ; incorporeal. 2. Mental : in- 
tellectual. 3. Pertaining to the soul; 
pure : holy. 4. Ecclesiastical. 

Spir'it-u-al-Ism, n. 1. State of be- 
ing spiritual." 2. Doctrine that all 
which exists is spirit or soul. 3. A 
belief in the frequent communication 
of intelligence from the world of 
spirits. [in spiritualism. 

SpiR'IT-U-AL-Ist, n. One who believes 

Spir'it-u-al'i-ty, n. 1. State of. be- 
ing spiritual. 2. That which belongs 
to the church, or to an ecclesiastic. 

Spir'it-u-al-i-za'tion, n. Act of 
spiritualizing. 

Spir'it-u-al-ize , v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 



1. To refine. 2. To imbue with spir. 
ituality. [manner. 

SpTr'it-U-AL-ly, adv. In a spiritual 

Spik'it-u-ous, a. 1. Having the qual- 
ity of spirit; active; pure. 2. Con- 
sisting of refined spirit ; ardent. 

Spi-Rom'e-ter. n. [Lat. spirare, to 
breathe, and Gr. p.erpov, measure.] 
An instrument for measuring the ca- 
pacity of the lungs. 

SPIRT, v. t. & i. See SPURT. 

SPiR'Y, a. 1. Of a spiral form. 2. 
Pyramidical. 

SpIs'si-tude (30), n. [Lat. spissiliido; 
spissus, dense.] Thickness of soft 
substances. 

Spit, n. [A.-S. spitu, Icel. sp'ita, a 
wooden nail, spidt, a spear.] 1. An 
iron prong on which meat is roasted. 

2. A point of laud running into the 
sea. 3. Saliva.— v. t. [-ted ; -TING.] 
1. To thrust a spit through. 2. To 
pierce. 3. [spjt ; spitting.] [A.-S. 
spit tan, spsBtan.] To eject from the 
mouth, as saliva. — v.i. To throw 
out saliva from the mouth. 

Spite, n. [Abbreviated from despite.] 
Itaucorous ill-will ; malignity. 

S yx. — Malice. —Malice denotes a spir- 
it which desires evil to others. Spite is 
a temper which delights to express itself 
in bitter and cutting language, or in low 
and irritating actions. 

— v.t. [-ed:-ing.] 1. Tobeangry 
at ; to hate. 2. To injure ; to thwart. 

SPlTE'FUL, a. Filled with spite ; ma- 
lignant; malicious. [manner. 

SpIte'ful-ly, adv. In a spiteful 

SpIte'ful-ness, n. State of being 
spiteful malice. 

Sp'it'fire, n. A passionate person. 

Spit'ter, n. One who spits. 

SpIt'tle, ?i. [From. Eng. spit.] The 
matter secreted by the salivary 
glandsj saliva. [spittle. 

Spit-toon', n. A vessel to receive 

Splash, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] Allied 
to plash.] To spatter with water, or 
mud. — v. i. To strike and dash 
about water. — v. * Water, or water 
and dirt thrown upon any thing. 

Splash/y, a. Full of dirty water; 
wet and muddy. 

Splay', a. [Abbrev. fr. display.] Dis- 
played : tvrrned outward. 

Splay'-foot, n. A foot having the 
sole flattened instead of concave. 

SPLAY'-FOOT'ED, a. Having a wide 
foot. [in derision. 

Splay'-mouth, n. A mouth stretched 

Spleen, n. [Gr. o-rrX-qv.] 1. A gland- 
ular organ to the left of the stomach ; 
the milt. 2. Anger; ill-humor. 3. 
Melancholy. 

Spleen'ish, a. Spleeny. 

Spleen'y, a. 1. Peevish ; fretful. 2. 
Melancholy. 

Splen'dent, n. [Lat. splendens.] 1. 
Shinine. 2. Illustrious. 

SPLEN'DID, a. [Lat. splmdidus, fr. 
splendero, to shine.] 1. Shining; 
very bright, 2 Showv : magnifi- 
cent. 3. Illustrious ; famous. 

Splen'did-LY, adv. In a splendid 
manner ; brightly. 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y, ZongV&jikljOj tJ,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, r j2r.:.I; PIQUE . FIRM ; 



SPLENDOR 



407 



SPRIGHTLINESS 



Splen'dor, n. 1. Great brightness ; 
briiliaucy. 2. Great show of richness 
and elegance. 3. Eminence. 

SPLEN'£-TI€ (123), a. Affected with 
spleen. — n. A person affected with 
spieen. 

Splice, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied 
to split.] 1. To unite as two ropes, 
by interweaving. 2. To unite, by 
lapping two ends together, and bind- 
ing. — n. 1. Union of ropes by inter- 
weaving the strands. 2. Connection 
by means of overlapping parts. 

Splint, n. [See Splinter.] 1. A 
piece split off; a splinter. 2. A thin 
piece of wood to protect a broken 
bone when set. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To confine with splints, as a broken 
limb. 

Splin'ter, n. A thin piece of wood 
split oif. — v. t. or i. [See Split.] 
To split or be split into long thin 
pieces ; to shiver. 

SplIn'ter-y, a. Resembling spliuters. 

Split, v. t. [split; splitting.] 
[Icel. splita.] 1. To divide length- 
wise ; to cleave. 2. To burst ; to 
rend. 3. To separate into parts or 
parties. — v. i. 1. To part asunder. 
2 To burst with laughter. — n. 1. 
A crack, or longitudinal fissure. 2. 
A breach, as in a political party. 

SplCt'ter, n. A bustle; a stir. — v. 
i. [-ejo ; -ing.] To speak hastily 
and confusedly. 

Spoil, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. spo- 
liare.] 1. To plunder ; to rob. 2. To 
seize by violence. 3. To vitiate ; to 
mar. i. To ruin ; to destroy. — v. i. 
1. To practice plunder. 2. To be 
corrupted; to decay. — n. That 
which is taken by violence ; pillage. 

SPOIL'ER, n. 1. One who spoils; a 
plunderer. 2. One who corrupts. 

Spoke (20), imp. of Speak. — n. [A.-S. 
spaka.] 1. One of the small bars of 
a_ wheel. 2. Round of a ladder. 

SPOK'EN (spok'n. 20), p. p. of Speak. 

SPOKES'MAN (150), n. [From speak, 
spoke, and man.] One who speaks 
for another. 

Spo'li-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
spoliate, -acum.] To plunder; to pil- 
lage. — v. i. To practice plunder. 

Spo'LI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of plunder- 
ing; despoliation. 2. Robbery in 
war, esp. at sea, under authority. 

Spon-da'I€, a. Pertaining to a spon- 
dee : consisting of spondees. 

Spon'dee, n. [Gr. o-nwSeto? (sc. 
ttous), fr. <nrovSrj, a libation : slow, 
solemn melodies, chiefly in this me- 
ter, having been used at libations.] 
A poetic foot of two long syllables. " 

Sponge (spuuj), n. [Lat. spongia, Gr. 
a-TToyyta..] 1. A fibrous and porous 
marine substance. 2. One who lives 
on others. 3- Dough before it is knead- 
ed.— t-.r. [-ED; -ing.] I. To cleanse 
with a sponge. 2. To eiface; to de- 
stroy all trace of. — v. i. 1. To im- 
bibe, as a sponge. 2. To gain or live 
by mean arts. 

Sp6n'GER, n. 1. One who uses a 
sponge. 2. A hanger-on. 



Sp6n'gi-ness, n. Quality of bei^g 
spongy. 

Spon'ging-house, n. A bailiff'^ 
house to put debtors in before being 
taken to jail. 

Spon'GY, a. 1. Soft and full of cavi- 
ties. 2. Wet; drenched. 

SPON'SAL, a. [Lat. sponsalis, from 
sponsus, a betrothal.] Relating to 
marriage. 

SPON'SION, n. [Lat. sponsio, from 
spondere, to promise solemnly.] Act 
of becoming surety for another. 

Spon'sor, n. [Lat.] 1. A surety. 2. 
A godfather or godmother. 

Spon'ta-ne'i-TY, n. Quality or state 
of being spontaneous. 

Spon-ta'ne-oDs, a. [Lat. spontaneus, 
fr. sjwnte, of free will.] 1. Proceed- 
ing from natural feeling or disposi- 
tion, or from a native internal prone- 
ness or tendency. 2. Proceeding 
from internal impulse, without ex- 
ternal force. 

Syx. — Voluntary. — What is volun- 
tary is the result of a volition, or act of 
choice: it therefore implies some degree 
of consideration, and may be the result 
of mere reason, without excited feeling. 
What is spontaneous springs wholly from 
feeling by a kind of outburst of the mind 
which admits of no reflection : as, a spon- 
taneous burst of applause. Hence, the 
term is sometimes applied to things in- 
animate. 

Spon-ta'ne-ous-ly, adv. 1. Of one's 
own accord. 2. By its own force. 

SPON-TOON', n. [It. spontone, from 
spuntare, to break off the point.] A 
kind of half pike. 

Spo"*ol, n. [D. spoel.] A hollow cyl- 
inder of wood, used to wind thread 
on. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To wind 
on_ spools. 

Spoon, n. [A.-S. spOn, spoon, a chip.] 
A small concave basin with a handle, 
used in partaking of food. 

Spoon'b'ILL, n. A wading bird, al- 
lied to the heron ; — so named from 
the shape of the bill. 

Spoon'ful (155), n. As much as a 
spoon wiU hold. 

Spoon'-meat, n. Pood eaten with a 
spoon : liquid food. 

Spo-rad'io, \a. [Gr. o-7ropa5t- 

Spo-RAE('I€-AL, i kos, scattered, fr. 
o-neipeiv, to sow seed.] Occurring 
singly or in scattered cases ; single. 

Spore", I n. [Gr. o-Tropo?, a sow- 

SPOR'ULE, I in<r, seed.] One of the 
minute grains iu flowerless plants 
vvhich performs the function of seeds. 

Sport, n. [Abbrev. fr. disport,.] 1. 
That which diverts and makes mirth. 
2. Contemptuous mirth. 3. A toy. 
4. Diversion of the field, as fowling, 
fishing, &c. — v. t. 1. To divert ; to 
make merry ; — used retiexively. 2. 
To bring out iu public. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To play ; to frolic. 2. To 
trifle. [some. 

Sport'ful. a. -Full of sport : frolic- 

Sport'lve, a. Gay ; frolicsome. 

Sport'Ive-LY, adv. Playfullv. 

Sports'MAN (150), n. One who hunts, 
fishes, and fowls. [sportsmen. 

Sports'man-shiP, n. Practice of 



Spot, n. [From the root of spit.] 1 
A mark on a substance made by 
foreign matter. 2. A stain on char- 
acter. 3. Any particular place. — 
v. t. [-ted ; -ting.] 1. To dis- 
color ; to stain ; to blot. 2. To note 
so as to insure recognition. 3. To 
tarnish, as reputation. 

Spot'less, a. Without a spot ; esp. 
free from reproach or impurity. 

Spot'less-ly, adv. In a spotless 
manner. 

Spot'less-ness, n. Freedom from 
spot or stain. [spotty. 

Spot'ti-ness, n. State of being 

Spot'ty, a. Full of spots. 

Spous'al, a. Pertaining to a spouse, 
or to a marriage. — n. Marriage; 
nuptials ; — generally in the plural. 

Spouse, n. [0. Fr. espous, espos, fem. 
espouse, spouse, Lat. sponsus, sponsa, 
from spondere, to promise solemnly.] 
A married person ; husband or wife. 

Spouse'less, a. Destitute of a 
spouse. 

Spout, n. [Allied to spit.] 1. A pipe 
for conducting a fluid. 2. A pro- 
jecting mouth for directing a stream 
of a liquid poured out. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ing.] 1. To throw out, as liquids, 
through a narrow orifice. 2. To 
throw out. as words, with affected 
gravity. — v. i. 1. To issue with 
violence, as a liquid through a nar- 
row orifice. 2. To utter a speech, 
especially in a pompous manner. 

Sprain, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [O. Fr. 
espreindre, to press, to force out, fr. 
Lat. exprimere. See EXPRESS.] To 
weaken or overstrain, as a joint or 
muscle. — n. Excessive strain of 
the muscles or ligaments of a joint. 

SprXng, imp. of Spring. See 

Spring. [herring. 

Sprat, n. A small fish, allied to the 

Sprawl, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Dan. 
spralle, spralde, to palpitate.] 1. To 
lie with the limbs stretched out or 
struggling. 2. To spread irregularly, 
as vines. 

Spray, n. 1. [A.-S. spree, a twig, 
branch. 0. H. Ger. sprahhOn, to cut. 
Cf. Sprig.] (a.) A small shoot; a 
twig, (b.) Small branches collect- 
ively. 2. [A.-S. spregan, to pour.] 
Water. 

Spread, v. t. [spread ; spread- 
ing.] [A.-S. sprxdan ] 1. To ex- 
tend in any direction. 2. To divulge ; 
to publish. 3. To set and furnish 
with provisions. — v. i. 1. To ex- 
tend in any or every direction. 2. 
To be propagated. — n. 1. Extent; 
compass. 2. Expansion of parts. 3. 
A table, furnished with a meal. 

SPREE, n. [Fr. sprc, a spark, spirit.] 
A merry frolic : a carousal. 

SprTg, n. [A.-S. spree. See SPRAY.} 
A small shoot or twig. — v. t. [-GED ; 
-gtng.] To mark or adorn with 

SprTg'gy, a. Full of sprigs, [sprigs. 

SPRIGTIT (sprit), n. [Contr. fr spirit.] 
A^pirit: a soul ; an apparition. 

Spright'li-ness (sprit'-), n. Qual- 
ity of being sprightly ; liveliness. 



or. do, wolf, too, TOOK; URNjRUE, pull; E, I, G, silent ; e,G,so/2V e.&Jiard; As; exist; 3 as N&; THIS. 



SPRIGHTLY 



408 



SQUARE 



Spright'ly (sprit'-), a. Spirit-like, 
or spright-like ; lively ; animated. 

Spring, v. i. [SPRUNG (formerly 
SPRANG); SPRUNG; SPRINGING.] 
[A.-S. springan.] 1. To leap ; to jump. 

2. To issue suddenly. 3. To tly back ; 
to start. 4. To proceed ; to result. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to spring up or 
forth. 2. To produce unexpectedly. 

3. To cause to explode. 4. To burst ; 
to break. 5. To crack or split. — ». 

1. A leap ; a jump. 2. A flying back. 
3. Elastic force. 4. An elastic body. 
5- Any source of supply ; esp. a foun- 
tain. 6. Cause; origin. 7. Season 
of the year when plants begin to 
vegetate. 

Springe, n. [From spring, v. i.] A 

noose or snare. [which, springs. 

Spring'er, n. One who, or that 

SPRING'-HALT, n. A lameness in 

which a horse suddenly twitches up 

his legs. [source. 

Spring'-head, n. A fountain or 

SprL\g'i-ness, n. 1. Elasticity. 2. 

Wetness or sponginess, as of land. 

SprTng'-Tide, n. 1. The tide at, or 

soon after, the new and full moon. 

2. Time of spring. 
SpRiNG'Y,a. [-ER; -EST, 142 ] 1. 

Elastic; light. 2. Wet ; spongy. 

SprInk'le (sprink/1), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Dim. of A.-S. sprengan, 
sprencan, to sprinkle.] 1. To scatter 
in small drops or particles*. 2. To 
scatter on. 3. To baptize ; hence, to 
purify. — v. i. 1 To perform the 
act of scattering small drops or par- 
ticles. 2. To rain moderately. — n. 
A small quantity scattered. 

Sprink/eing, n. 1. Act of scattering 
in small drops or particles. 2. A 
small quantity. 

SprIt, n. [A.-S. spredt, a sprit, spear.] 
A small pole, crossing the sail of a 
boat diagonally. 

Sprite, n. [Contr. from spirit.] A 
spirit; an apparition. [a sprit. 

SPRIT'-SAIL, n. A sail extended by 

Sprout, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
speed tan, spryttan.] To shoot as a 
seed ; to germinate. — n. The shoot 
of a plant. 

Spruce, a. [-ER; -est.] [Perh. fr. 
spruce, or Prussia, leather, which was 
an article of finery. Cf. also Prov. 
Ger. spreuszen, to boast of.] Neat, 
without elegance or dignity. 

Syn. — See Finical. 
.r-v. t. ovi. [-ed : -ING.] Todresswith 
affected neatness. — n. [0. Eng. 
Pru.se, so named because it was first 
known as a native of Prussia.] A 
certain coniferous tree: — applied in 
the United States to the hemlock 
spruce. [spruce. 

SPRUCE'-BEER, n. Beer flavored with 

SPRUCE'LY, adv. With affected neat- 
ness, [spruce; trimness. 

Spruce'NESS, n. State of being 

SPRUNG, imp. & p. p. of Spring. 

Spry, a. [-er ; -est.] Nimble: act- 
ive ; vigorous. [Prov. or Co'loq.] 

SPtlD, n. [Dan. spyd, a spear.] An 
implement for destroying weeds. 



SPUME, n. [Lat. spuma, from spuere, 
to spew.] Froth ; foam ; scum. — v. 
i. [-ED ; -ING.] To froth ; to foam. 

Spu-MES'^EN^'E. n. Frothiness. 

SPUM'OUS, I a. [Lat. spurn osus ; spu- 

Spum'y, ) ma, foam.] Consisting 
of froth or scum ; foamy. 

SPUN, imp. & p. p. of Spin. 

SPJNGF,«. See SPONGE. 

Spunk, n. [A.-S. sponge, a sponge, 
spon, spoon, a chip, tinder. Cf. 
PUNK.] 1. Touchwood ; also, a kind 
of tinder made from a species of 
fungus; punk 2. Spirit; pluck. 

SpDnk'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Full 
of spunk ; spirited. [Colloq.] 

SpGn'-yarn, n. A line formed of 
two or three rope-yarns twisted. 

SPUR, n. [A.-S. spura. .allied to spear.] 
1. An instrument with sharp points, 
worn on a horseman's heels, to prick 
a horse. 2. Incitement. 3. The pro- 
jection on a cock's leg. 4. A moun- 
tain that shoots laterally from any 
other mountain or range. 5. Ergot. 

— v. t. [-red; -ring.] 1. To prick 
with spur.-; ; to incite. 2. To urge 
or encourage to action. — v. i. 1. 
To hasten. 2. To press forward. 

SPUR'-GALL, n. A place galled or 
excoriated by much using of the spur. 

SPU'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. spurius.] 1. 
Not genuine. 2. Not legitimate. 
Syn. — Counterfeit; false; fictitious. 

Spu'RI-OUS-ly, adv. Falsely. 

Spu'ri-oDs-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing spurious. 

SPURN, r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
spurnan, allied to spura, heel.] 1. 
To kick. 2. To reject with disdain. 

— v.i. 1. To kick. 2. To manifest 
disdain in rejecting any thing — n. 
1. A kick. 2. Contemptuous treat- 
ment. 

Spurred, p. a. 1. Wearing spurs, 
or having shoots like spurs. 2. Af- 
fected with ergot. 

Spurt, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Written 
also spirt, formed fr. 0. Eng. sprit, to 
sprout, by transposing the i and r.] 
To throw out, violently, as aliquid in 
a stream. — v. i. To gush out in a 
stream. — n. A sudden gushing of a 
liquid from a tube or orifice ; a jet. 

SPUT'TER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
the root of spout and spit ] 1. To 
emit saliva from the mouth in small 
portions, as in rapid speaking. 2. 
To utter words hastily and indis- 
tinctly. — v. t. To utter with indis- 

. tinctness. — n. Moist matter thrown 
out in small particles. 

Sput'ter-er, n. One who sputters. 

Spy, n [See Espy.] 1. One who 
constantly watches the conduct of 
others. 2. A person sent into an 
enemy's camp to gain information, 
and secretly communicate it to the 
proper officer. — v. t. [-ED: -ING, 
142.] 1. To discover at a distance ; 
to espy. 2. To examine secretly. — 
r. i. To search narrowly. 

Spy'-glass, n. A small telescope. 

SQUAB, a. [Tcel. qvap, soft, fat, 
qvapa, to tremble with loose fat, Ger. 



quabbe, a dewlap.] 1. Fat; thick, 
bulky. 2. Unfledged. — n. 1. A >oui g 
pigeon. 2. A person of a short, fat 
figure. 

Squab'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Al- 
lied to L. Ger. kabbeln, to quarrel.] 
1. To contend for superiority. 2. To 
debate peevishly. — n. A wrangle; 
a brawl ; a petty quarrel. [sou. 

SQUAB'BLER, n. A contentious per- 

Squad (skwod), n. [Lat. ex and qua- 
dra, a square, fr. qvatvor, four.] A 
small party of men for drill, inspec- 
tion, or service. 

Squad'ron, n. [See supra.] 1. A 
body of cavalry comprising two com- 
panies or troops. 2. A detachment 
of vessels under the command of 
the senior officer. 

Squal'id (skwol'id), a. [Lat. squali- 
dus.] Foul ; filthy. [ness. 

Squa-lId'1-TY, n. Foulness ; filthi- 

Squal'id-ness, n. State or quality 
of being squalid. 

Squall, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Sw. 
sqvWa, to cry out.] To scream or 
cry violently. — n> 1. A loud scream 
or cry. 2. A sudden and violent gust 
of wind. 

Squall'er, n. One who squalls. 

SQUALL'w a. Abounding with squalls. 

SQUA/LOID. a. [Lat. sqvalvs, a shark, 
and Gr. elfios, likeness.] Resembling 
a shark. 

Squa'zoR, n. [Lat.] Filthiness ; 
squalidity. 

Squa-mose' (125), ) a. [Lat. squa- 

SQUA'MOUS, } mosus ; squa- 

ma, a scale.] Covered with, or con- 
sisting of. scales. 

Squan'der (skwon'-), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ing.] [0. H. Ger. svandian, sti en- 
tan, fr. swindan, swintau. to vanish, 
dwindle.] To spend lavishly or prod- 
igally, [ders. 

Squan'der-er, n. One who squan- 

SquAre (4), a. [From Lat. ex, and 
quadra, a square.] 1. Having four 
equal sides and four right angles. 2. 
Forming a right angle. 3. Exactly 
correspondent; true; just. 4. Ren- 
dering equal justice: fair; honest. 
5. Even : leaving no balance. 6. Of 
greater length than usual : as. a 
square sail. — ». 1. A figure having 
four equal sMcs and four right an- 
gles. 2. That which is square, or 
nearly so, or is reckoned by squares. 
3. An area of four sides, 
with houses on each 
side. 4. An instrument 
used to la\ out or test 
square work. 5. Prod- 
uct of a number or„ 
quantity multiplied by, 1 ) 
itself. 6. Relation of ex- CoTpenter'3 
act agreement: equali- Square. 
ty. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To forn 
with four equal sides and four right 
angles. 2. To form to right angles. 

3. To reduce to any given measure. 

4. To adjust ; to regulate. 5. To 
make even ; to leave no difference or 
balance. 6. To multiply by itself. — 
V i To suit ; to fit. 




A, 1,1, 6, U, Y,long; AjfijIjdjU,^, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ere, veil, TEEM; Pi'QUE, fIrm; s6n 



SQUARELY 



409 



STALACTITE 



SQUARE'LY. adv. In a square form 
or manner. [square. 

Square'ness, n. State of being 

Square '-rigged, a. Haying the 
chief sails extended by yards, sus- 
pended by the middle. 

Squash (skwush), v. t. [Eng. quash, 
or from 0. Fr. tscacher, esquacluer.] 
To press into pulp : to crush. — n. 1. 
A sudden fall of a heavy, soft body. 
2. [Mass. Ind. asq, pi. asquash, raw, 
green; askutasquash, Tine-apple.] A 
gourd-like plant and its fruit. 

Squat (skwot), v. i. [-ted; -ting.] 
[Of. It. quatto, squat, cowering, from 
Lat. coactus. driven or urged to- 
gether.] 1. To sit upon the hams or 
heels. 2. To settle on another's land 
without title. [Amer.]. — a. 1. Sit- 
ting on the hams or heels ; cowering. 
2. Short and thick. 

Squat'ter, «.. 1. One who squats or 
sits close. 2. One who settles on new 
land without a title. [Amer.'] 

SQUAW, n. [Massachusetts squa,esh- 
qua.] An Indian woman. 

Squeak, v. i. [-ed:-ing.] [0. Sw. 
sqvaka, to cry out, II. Ger. quieken, 
to squeak, squeal.] To utter a sharp, 
shrill cry ; or to make a sharp noise. 
— n. A sharp, shrill sound suddenly 
uttered. 

Squeal, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Sw. 
sqvtila, to cry out. See SQUALL.] 
To cry with a shrill , prolonged sound, 
as certain animals do. — n. A shrill, 
and somewhat prolonged cry. 

SQUEAM'ISH, a. [From qualmish.] 
Having a stomach that is easily nau- 
seated ; heuce, nice to excess in taste. 
Syx.— See Fastidious. 

SQUEAM'isk-LY, adv. Fastidiously. 

Squeam'ish-ness, n. Fastidiousness. 

Squeeze, v. t. [-ed:-ixg.] [A.-S. 
cwisan, ewissan, to crush, squeeze.] 
1. To press between two bodies. 2. 
To oppress. 3. To compel, or cause 
to pass. — v. )'. To urge one's way ; 
to pass by pressing. — n. Act of one 
who squeezes ; compression. 

SQUIB, n. 1. A little pipe, filled with 
combustible matter ; a cracker. 2. 
[Allied to quib.] A brief, sarcastic or 
witty essay or paragraph. 

Squid, n. The cuttle-fish. 

Squill, n. [Lat. squilla, Gr. o-kLXao..] 

1. A lily-like plant, with a medicinal 
root. 2. A crnstaceous sea animal. 

Squint, a. [D. schuinte, a slope. Cf. 
Askant.] 1. Looking obliquely. 2. 
Looking with suspicion. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To see obliquely 

2. To hare the axes of the eves not 
coincident. — n. 1. Act, or habit, of 
squinting. 2. Want of coincidence 
of the axes of the eyes. [squints. 

SQUlNT'-EYE (-i), n. An eye that 
SQUIRE, re. Same as Esq aire. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To attend as a 
squire. 2. To attend as a beau, or 
gallant. [Colloq.] 
Squirm (18), v. i. or t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Allied to Skr. krimi, a worm. Cf. 
Swarm, v. i.,5.] 1. To move, or 
cause to move, like a worm. 2. To 



climb, by embracing with the hands 
and feet. 

Squir'rel (skwir'rel or skwur'rel), n. 
[L. Lat. squirelus, dim. of Lat. sciu- 
rus, Gr. ovaoupos, from <r»aa, shade, 
and ovpoi, tail.] A small, rodent 
mammal having a bushy tail. 

Squirt (18), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
L. Ger. sivirtjen, to squirt, 0. Sw. 
squdtta, id.] To eject out of a nar- 
row pipe, in a stream. — v. i. To 
throw out liquid from a narrow ori- 
fice, in a rapid stream. — n. An in- 
strument with which a liquid is 
ejected. 

Stab, v. t. [-bed; -bing.] [From 
the root of staff, stave.] 1. To wound 
with a pointed weapon. 2. To injure 
secretly. — v.i. To give a wound 
with a pointed weapon. — n. A 
thrust or wound with a pointed 
weapon. 

St A' BAT Ma'TER. [Lat.] A cele- 
brated Latin hymn, beginning with 
these words. 

Stab'ber, re. One who stabs. 

Sta-bil'i-ty, re. 1. State of being 
stable or firm. 2. Steadiness of 
character or purpose. 

STA'BLE, a. [Lat. stabilis, fr. stare, 
to stand.] 1. Firmly established. 
2. Steady in purpose. — n. [Lat. sta- 
bulum, fr. stare, to stand.] A build- 
ing for beasts. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To put or keep in a stable. — v. i. 
To dwell or lodge in a stable. 

Sta'bling, n. 1. Act of keeping 
cattle in a stable. 2. A house for 
horses and cattle. 

Sta'bly, adv. Fixedly ; steadily. 

STA€-€A'TO, a. [It.] (Mus.)' Dis- 
connected ; distinct : — a direction to 
perform the notes of a passage in a 
short, distinct, and pointed manner. 

Stack, n. [From the root of stick.] 
1. A large pile of hay or grain, &c. ; 
a conical pile of muskets. 2. A num- 
ber of funnels or chimneys standing 
together. 3. Chimcey of a locomo- 
tive or steam-vessel. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To make into a conical or 
other pile. 

Stad'DLE, re. [From the root of stead, 
steady.] 1. Support of a stack of hay 
or_ grain. 2. A small forest tree. 

STA'DI-TTM,n.; pi. STA'DI-A. [ r at., 
from Gr. trrafitov.] A Greek measure 
of length, equal to 606 feet 9 inches 
English. 

Stadt'hold-er (s^W-), n. [D. stad- 
houdfr ; stud, a city, a town, and 
houder, a holder.] Formerly, the 
chief magistrate of Holland. 

Staff, n. ; pi. staves or staffs (in 
the first three senses), STAFFS (in 
the last sense). [A.-S. stdf, a staff, 
prop.] 1. A stick for support or de- 
fense ; hence, a support. 2. The five 
lines and the spaces on which music 
is written. 3. A pole to hoist a flag 
upon. 4. [From staff, as an ensign 
of authority.] A corps of officei*s 
attached to a superior officer. 

Staff'-of'fi-cer. n. An officer be- 
longing to the staff of a regiment. 



StXg, n. [Tcel. steggr, male of several 
animals.] 1. The male red deer. 2 
A young bull castrated. 

Stage,»i. [0. Fr. eslage, N. Fr. ctage, 
as if fr. a Lat. staticus, fr. stare, to 
remain.] 1. A platform slightly ele- 
vated. 2. A scaffold. 3. A theater; 
hence, also, the drama. 4. A place 
where any thing is publicly exhib- 
ited. 5. Distance between two places 
of rest on a road. 6. A degree of 
advancement or progress. 7. A pub- 
lic coach running from station to 
station. [coach. 

Stage'-€OACH (20), n. A public 

Stage'-play, n. A dramatic enter- 
tainment. 

STA'GER, n. 1. One who has long 
acted on the stage of life. 2. A horse 
used in drawing a stage. 

Stag'ger, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
D. staggeren, fr. staken, slaecken, to 
stop.] 1. To reel ; to vacillate. 2. 
To begin to give way. 3- To hesi- 
tate. — v. t. To make less steady or 
confident. 

Stag'gers, n. pi. Apoplexy in horses 
and other" animals. 

Sta'ging, w. A structure of posts 
and boards for supporting workmen, 
&c, in building. [nant. 

Stag'nan-cy, re. State of being stag- 

Stag'nant, a. [Lat. stagnans.] 1. 
Motionless ; impure from want of 
motion. 2. Not active : dull. 

Stag'nate, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
stagnare, -natum, from stagnum, 
standing water.] 1. To cea c eto flow. 
2. To cease to be brisk or active. 

Stag-na'tion, n. 1. Cessation of 
flowing, as of a fluid. 2. State of being 
dull. 

Staid, imp. & p. p. of Stay. — a. 
[From stay, to stop.] Sober ; not 
wild, volatile, flighty, or fanciful. 

Staid'ness, n. State or quality of 
being staid. 

Stain, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Abbrev. 
from distain.] 1. To discolor by the 
application of foreign matter. 2. To 
color, as wood, glass, &c. 3. To im- 
press with figures, in colors different 
from the ground. 4. To bring re- 
proach on. — v. 1. A discoloration. 
2. Taint of guilt. 3. Cause of re- 
proach . 

Stain'er, n. One who stains. 

Stain'LESS, a. Free from any stain. 

STAIR, h. [A.-S. st&ger, fr. stigan, to 
ascend.] 1. One step of a series. 2. A 
series ofsteps ; — usually in the pi. 

Stair'-case. n. A flight of stairs with, 
their supporting framework, &c. 

Stake, v. [From the root of stick.] 
1. A stick, pointed at one end. 2. 
Martyrdom, esp. by fire. 3. That 
which is laid down as a wager. — r. t* 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To fasten, defend, 
or mark off, with stakes. 2. To 
wager. 

Sta-lXc'TT€, a. Pertaining to stalac- 
tites : resembling a stalactite; stalac- 
titic. 

Sta-la€'ttte (147), re. [From Gr. 
crraAa/cTos, oozing out in drops.] A 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK j URN, rue, pull ; E, I, O, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; As; E£IST; Nojng; this 



STALACTITIC 



410 



START 



pendent cone of carbonate of lime, 
resembling an icicle. 

STAi/AC-TiT'ie, ) a. Relating to, 

STAL/Ae-TiT'ie-Ai,, J or resembling, 
a stalactite. 

STA-LXG'MlTE, ft. [Gr. <rraka.yixa., 
that which drops, a drop.] A deposit 
of earthy or calcareous matter, made 
by calcareous water dropping on the 

• floors of caverns. [of stalagmites. 

EtXl'AG-mIt'IC, a. Having the form 

(Stale, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [From A.-S. 
steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] To dis- 
charge urine ; — said of beasts. — a. 
[From stale (obs. ), urine, — first used 
of beer.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from 
age. 2. Not freshly made. 3. Worn 
out by use ; trite; common. 

Stale'ness, ft. State of being stale. 

Stalk (stawk), ft. [Cf. A.-S. stealc, 
Steele, high, steep.] 1. Stem or main 
axis of a plant. 2. Petiole, pedicel, or 
peduncle of a plant. 3. Stem of a 
(juill.— it. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
stxlcan, stealcian, from stvelc, stealc, 
high.] To walk with high, proud 
steps. — v. t. To approach under 
cover of a screen, or by stealth. 

Stalk'er (stawk'er), n. One who 
stalks. 

Stalk'ing-horse (stawk'-), ». 1. 
A horse, or a figure resembling a 
horse, behind which a fowler con- 
ceals himself from the sight of game. 
2. Hence, a pretense. [stalk. 

Stalk'y (stawk'y), a. Resembling a 

Stall, n. [A.-S. steall, stall, a place, 
station, a stable, condition, fr. the 
root stal, Skr. st.'.al, to stand.] 1. 
Place where a hoi-se or an ox is kept 
and fed. 2. A stable. 3. A slight 
shed for the sale of merchandise. 4. 
Seat of -an ecclesiastic in the choir 
of a church.— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
1. To put into a stall or stable. 2. 
To plunge into mire so as not to be 
able to proceed. 

Stall'age, n. Rent paid for a stall. 

Stall'-feed, r. t. [-fed; -feed- 
ing.] To feed and fatten in a sta- 
ble, or on dry fodder. 

Stall'ION (stal'yun), n. [FromA.-S. 
steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] A male 
horse used for raising stock. 

Stal'wart,«. [Cf. A.-S. stselweordh, 
worth stealing or taking, afterward 
extended to other causes of estima- 
tion.] Brave; bold; strong. 

Sta'men, n. ; Eng. pi. STA'MENg 
(used only in the fourth sense) ; hat. 
pi. STAaPi-NA (in the first three 
senses). [Lat. stamen, a thread, 
fiber, fr. Gr. ia-ja.va.1, to stand.] 1. 
A thread. 2. pi. Fixed, firm part 
of a body. 3. pi. Whatever consti- 
tutes the principal strength of any 
thing. 4. The male organ of flow- 
ers for furnishing the pollen. 

Stam'I-nal, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting in, stamens or stamina. 

Stam'1-nate, a. Furnished with, or 
producing, stamens. 

Sta-MIN'e-oOs, a. Consisting of, or 
pertaining to, stamens. 

StXm'mer, v. i; [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H. 



Ger. stammalun, stammen, A •-?.. 
stommetlan.] To hesitate in speak- 
ing ; to stutter. — v. t. To utter with 
hesitation , or imperfectly. — n. De- 
fective utterance ; a stutter. 

StXm'mer-er, n. One who stammers. 

Stamp, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
stamp/ion.] 1. To strike with the 
bottom of the foot. 2. To impress 
with some mark. 3. To imprint ; to 
fix deeply. 4. To coin; to mintl — 
v. i. To strike the foot forcibly down- 
ward. — n. 1. Act of stamping- 2. 
Any instrument for making impres- 
sions. 3. Mark made by stamping. 
4. A thing stamped. 5. A stamped 
or printed device, required by law to 
be affixed to certain papers. 6. An 
instrument for cutting out mate- 
rials. 7. Make ; form ; character. 

StXmp'-Xct, n. An act of the Brit- 
ish Parliament, imposing a duty on 
all paper and parchment used in 
the British American colonies. 

STAM-PEDE', n. [From stamp.] A 
sudden fright and running away of 
large bodies of cattle or horses. 

Stanch (G6) v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. stancare, fr. Lat. stagnare, to be 
or make stagnant.] To stop the flow- 
ing of, as blood. — it. i. To stop 
flowing, as blood. — a. [-ER ; -EST.] 
[From stanch, v. t., and hence, lit. 
stopped.] 1. Strong and tight. 2. 
Firm in principle ; steady. 

Stan'chion (stitn'shun), n. [See 
Stanch, v. t.] A prop ; a small 
post. 

Stand, v. i. [stood; standing.] 
[A.-S. standan.] 1. To remain at 
rest in an erect position. 2. To be 
situated. 3. To stop ; to halt. 4. 
To endure. 5. To be fixed, steady, 
or firm. 6. To be in some particu- 
lar state. 7- To continue in force. 
— v. t. 1, To endure; to sustain. 

2. To withstand. 3. To abide by; 
to admit. — «. 1. A place whereone 
stands. 2. A stop; a halt. 3. An 
structure erected for spectators. 4. 
Something on which a thing rests or 
is laid. 5. Resistance. 

StXnd'ARD, n. [From Lat. extendere, 
to spread out.] 1. A staff with a 
flag or colors. 2. That which is es- 
tablished as a rule or measure of 
quantity. 3. Model ; criterion. 4. 
A standing tree or stem. 5. An up- 
right support. — a. Having a fixed 
or permanent value. 

Stand'ING, p. a. 1. Established; 
settled ; permanent. 2. Stagnant. 

3. Remaining erect. — ft. I. State 
of being erect. 2. Duration ; con- 
tinuance. 3. Power to stand. 4. 
Reputation : rank. 

Stand'ish (146), n. [From stand and 
dish.] A stand for pen and ink. 

STAND'-POINT, ft. A fixed point or 
station; point of view. [Recent.] 

Stand'-still, «. A stop. 

STAN'HOPE (colloq. stan'up), n. A 
light carriage, without a top ; — 
named from Lord Stanhope. 

StXn'NA-RY, a. [Lat. stannum, tin.] 



Pertaining to tin. — n. A tin-mine ; 
or tin-works. [tained from, tin. 

StXn'nic, a. Pertaining to, or oh 

StXn'za, n. [It. stanza, lit. a stop, 
fr. Lat. stans, standing.] A combi- 
nation of verses, whether like or un- 
like in measure. 

Sta'ple, m. [A.-S. stapul, stapel, 
step, prop, post, fr. stapan, to step, 
go, raise.] 1. A principal production 
of a country. 2. Principal element. 
3. Thread or pile of wool, cotton, or 
flax. 4. A loop of metal to hold a 
hook. — a. Chief ; principal. 

Star, n. [A.-S. steorra, Ski: stri.] 1. 
One of the innumerable luminous 
bodies in the heavens. 2. Figure 
of a star. 3. A person of brilliant 
and attractive parts. — v. t. [-red ; 
-RING.] To set or adorn with stars. 

STAR'EOARD (colloq. star'burd), n. 
[A.-S. steorbord, fr. stedran, to steer, 
and bord, a board, border.] The 
right-hand side of a ship, looking 
forward. — a. Pertaining to the 
right-hand side of a ship. 

Starch, a. [A.-S. stearc, strong, 
rough. See Stark.] Stiff ; precise. 

— ft. A granular substance, used for 
stiffening cloth. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To stiffen with starch. 

Star'-cham'ber, ft. [Either from 
A.-S. steoran, to steer, govern, or 
from being held in a room where cer- 
tain Jewish contracts and obliga- 
tions called Starrs were kept.] Ad 
ancient criminal court in England. 

Starciisd (starcht), p. a. Stiff', 
precise; formal. [starched. 

Starcii'ed-ness, n. State of being 

Starcii'ly, adv. Formally ; stiffly. 

StXrch'ness, n. Stiffness ; precise- 
ness. [starch ; stiff. 

Starch'y, a. Consisting of, or like, 

STARE, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. sta- 
rt' an.] To look with fixed eyes wide 
open. — v. I. To look earnestly at. 

— ft. A fixed look with eyes wide 
open. 

Star'ER, ft. One who stares. 

Star'-gaz'er, n. One who gazes at 
the stars ; an astronomer ; — in con- 
tempt. 

Star'-ga7/ing, ft. Act of observing 
the stars with attention. 

Stark, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. stearc, 
strong, rough ; formed on the root 
of Cer. starr, stiff.] 1. Stiff; strong. 
2. Mere ; sheer ; downright. — adv. 
Wholly ; absolutely. 

Star'less, a. Having no stars visible. 

Star'light (-lit), h. Light proceed- 
ing from the stars. — a. Lighted by 
the stars. 

Star'ling.m. [See Stare.] A small 
bird, common in Europe. 

STAR'RY,a. 1. Adorned with stars. 2. 
Consisting of the stars ; stellar. 3- 
Shining like stars. 

Start, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
stirtf, sterte, allied to the root of stir.] 
1. To move suddenly, as with a 
spring. 2. To shrink ; to wince. 3. 
To set out ; to begin. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to move suddenly. 2. To pro- 



k, E, I, o, u, Y 



long; AjiijLjOjtJjY.sWJ; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, vglL, i£m; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



STARTING-POST 



411 



STEEL 



duce suddenly to view. 3 To bring 
within pursuit. — n. 1. A sudden mo- 
tion. 2. An unexpected movement ; 
a sally. 3. Act of setting out. 4. 
[A.-S. steort, a tail, an extremity.] 
A projection ; a horn ; a tail. 

Start'ing-post, n. A post from 
which competitors in a race start. 

Start'le (staxf\),v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Dim, of start.] To shrink on feeling 
a sudden alarm. — v.t. To excite 
by sudden alarm. — n. A sudden 
motion or shock occasioned by an 
unexpected alarm, surprise, or ap- 
prehension of danger. 

Star-va'tion, n. Act of starving, 
or state of being starved. 

STARVE, v. i. [A.-S. steorfan, ste.ar- 
fian; N. H. Ger. sterben, to die.] 1. 
To perish or die with cold. [Eng.] 
2. To perish with hunger ; to be very 
indigent. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] i. 
To kill with cold. [Eng.] 2. To kill 
with hunger or want. 

Starve'ling (starv'ling), a. Hun- 
gry ; pining. — n. An animal or 
plant pining from want of nutri- 
ment. 

State, n. [Lat. status, a standing, 
position.] 1. Circumstances or con- 
dition. 2. Any community of a par- 
ticular character. 3. Whole body of 
people united under one government. 
4. A commonwealth. 5. Pomp. 

Syx. —Situation; condition.— State is 
generic; the situation of a thin^ is its 
state in reference to external objects and 
influences; its condition is its internal 
state or what it is in itself considered. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To express 
the particulars of; to narrate. 

Stat'ed, a. Settled; occurring at 
regular times. 

STAT'ED-L¥,«f/i'. Atappointed times. 

StAte'-house, n. The building in 
which a legislature holds its sessions. 

State'li-ness, n. Condition of being 
stately. 

State'ly. a. [-er; -EST, 142.] 
Evincing state or dignity. — adv. 
Majestically : loftily. 

State 'me nt, n. 1. Act of stating. 
2^ A narrative ; a x'ecital. 

State'-room(28), ii. 1. A magnifi- 
cent room. 2. A iodging-room in a 
ship's cabin. 

States'man (150). ii. A man versed 
in the arts of government. 

States'man-shTp, n. Qualifications 
or employments of a statesman. 

Stat'IC, I a. [Gr. ora-ruco?, from 

StAT'I€-AL, i tcn-avai, to cause to 
stand.] 1. Pertaining to bodies at 
rest, or in equilibrium. 2. Acting 
by mere weight. 

JBt.at'ics, n. sing. That branch of 
mechanics which relates to bodies as 
held at rest by the forces acting on 
them . 

Sta'TION, n. [Lat. statio, fr. stare, 
statum, to stand.] 1. Place where 
any thing stands, or is appointed to 
remain for a time; esp. (a.) A stop- 
ping-place on railways, (b.) Rendez- 
vous of a police force. 2. Situation ; 



position, 
tion. 4. 



3. Employment ; occupa- 
Condition of life. 



Srif. — Depot. — It is unfortunate 
that, in America, the stopping-places on 
our railways first received the name of 
depot — a gross misapplication of the 
term, since it means simply a store-house, 
or magazine. In England, the" name 
has always been "station," or "station- 
house; " and there is now a strong ten- 
dency to adopt this in America as the 
only proper word. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To place; to 
set. [tion. 

Sta'TION-al, a. Pertaining to a sta- 

StA'tion-a-ry, a. 1. Not moving- 
stable; fixed 2. Not improving. 

Sta'tion-er, it. One who sells pa- 
per, pens, ink. &c. 

StA'tion-er-y, 11. Articles usually 
sold by stationers. [man. 

STA'TIST, n. [From state.] A states- 

Sta-tIs'tic, I a. Pertaining to 

Sta-tis'ti€-al, ( statistics. 

STATas-Tl'ciAN (-tish'an), n. A per- 
son familiar with statistics. 

Sta-tist'ics, ii. pi. [From Eng. sta- 
tist, a statesman.] 1. A classified col- 
lection of facts, respecting the con- 
dition of a people or class. 2. sing. 
The science which has to do with the 
collection of such facts. 

Stat'u-a-ry, n. 1. Art of carving 
statues. 2. One who makes statues. 
3. A collection of statues. 

STAT'UE. v. [Lat. statua. i. e., stat- 
iva effigies, from stativus. standing 
still.] An image carved out of mar- 
ble or other solid substance. 

Stat'U-esque' (-esk'), a. Statue- 
like in character or appearance. 

StaT'U-ette', n. A small statue. 

STAT'URE, ii. [bat. statura, fr. stare, 
statum, to stand.] Natural height 
of_the body. 

Sta'tus,ii. [Lat.] State; condition. 

Stat'U-ta-ble, a. Made by, or be- 
ing in conformity to, statute. 

Stat'ute, w.. [L. Lat. statutum , fr . 
staluere, to set, ordain.] An act of 
the legislature of a country ; a posi- 
tive law. 

ST.XT'U-TO-RY,a. Enacted by statute. 

Staunch, a See Stanch. 

St^VE, ii [Eng. staff, Ger. stab.] 1. 
A thin, narrow piece of wood for a 
cask. 2. A stanza, — v. t. [staved, 
or STOVE : STAVING.] From store, 
staff, n.] 1. To break a hole in ; to 
burst. 2. To push, as with a staff. 
3. To delay ; to drive away. 

Stay, v. i. [stayed, or staid ; 
STAYING.] [Sw. sta. to stand. Cf. 
Lat. stare.] 1. To remain ; to con- 
tinue in a place ; to stop. 2. To wait : 
to attend. 3. To dwell ; to tarry. 4. 
To rely; to trust. — v. t. 1. To 
withhold : to restrain. 2. To delay ; 
to obstruct. 3. [0. Fr. estayer, to 
prop, fr. Icel. stedia, to confirm.] To 
prop; to support. — n. 1. Continu- 
ance ; sojourn. 2. Stand : stop. 3. 
That which serves as a prop. 4. pi. 
A corset. 5. A large, strong rope, to 
support a mast. [a stay. 

Stay '-SAIL, n. Any sail extended on 



STEAD, n. [A.-S. stedt, a place, sta- 
tion.] Place or room which another 
bad, or might have. 

Stead'fast, a. [From stead and 
fast. i. e., fast in place.] 1. Fast 
fixed; firm. 2. Constant; resolute. 

Stead'fast-LY, adv. In a steadfast 
manner. [steadfast. 

Ste ad'fast-ness, n. State of being 

Stead'1-ly, adv. Firmly. 

Stead'i-ness, n. State of being 
steady ; firmness. 

Stead'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Firm in standing or position. 2 
Constant in feeling, purpose, or pur> 
suit. 3. Constant; uniform. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING, 142.] To hold or keep 
firm ; to support. 

Steak, n. [Icel. steik, broiled meat, 
steikia, to broil. Cf. A.-S. sticce, a 
piece, steak.] A slice of beef, pork, 
or venison, &c, broiled or cut for 
broiling. 

Steal, v. t. [stole; stolen; 
STEALING.] [A.-S. stelan, st&lan.] 
1. To take without right or leave. 2. 
To gain or win by address or imper- 
ceptible means. 

Syjs'.— To filch; pilfer; purloin. 

— v. i. 1. To practice theft. 2. To 
slip in, along, or away, un perceived. 

STEAL'ER, n. One who steals ; a thief. 

Stealth, n. A secret or clandestine 
procedure. 

Stealth'i-ly, adv. By stealth. 

Stealth'i-ness, ii. State of being 
stealthy. 

Stealth'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 
D_one by stealth ; secret ; private ; sly. 

Steam,?i. [A.-S. steam, stem. Low 
Ger. st-i'nn, weather when snow or 
rain is drifted.] 1. Vapor into which 
water is converted, when heated to 
the boiling point. 2 Mist formed 
by condensed vapor. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To rise or pass off in va- 
por. 2. To travel by the agency of 
steam. — v. t. 1. To exhale. 2. To 
apply steam to. [by steam. 

Steam'-BOAT, n. A vessel propelled 

Steam'-boil'er, n. A boiler for 
generating steam. 

Steam'-en'gIne, n. An engine 
moved by steam. 

Steam'er, n. 1. A vessel propelled 
by steam. 2. A steam fire-engine. 
3. A culinary vessel in which articles 
are subjected to the action of steam. 

Steam'-pack/et, n. A packet or 
vessel propelled by steam. 

Steam'-ship, n. A ship propelled by 
steam. [bling, steam. 

Ste AM ; Y, a. Consisting of, or resem- 

STE'A-RINE, ii. [Gr. ore'ap, tallow, 
suet.j One of the proximate princi- 
ples ofanimal fat. 

STE'A-TITE, ii. [Gr. o-Teap, area/ros, 
fat, tallow.] A soft magnesian rock ; 

— called also soap-stone. 

Steed, n. [A.-S. stcda, stedha, from 
stod, a stud of breeding steeds.] A 
spirited horse for state or war. 

STEEL, n. [A.-S. stel, styl, for st&hel.j 
1. Iron combined with carbon. 2. 
An instrument made of steel. 3. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOGIl; URN, rue, pull; E,i, o ; silent ; c,G,so/*/ €,G,hard; As; E^ist ; N. as ng ; Tfiis. 



STEELY 



412 



STIBIUM 



Hardness : sternness ; rigor. — v. t. 
[-EU ; -ING.] 1. To overlay, point, 
or edge with steel. 2. To harden. 3. 
To cause to resemble steel. 

Steel'y, a. 1. Made of steel. 2. Re- 
sembling steel ; hard; firm. 

HTEEL'YARD (col- 
loq. stll'yard), n. \r 

A form of balance. ^ a ™™™™»^fe* 

Steep, a. [-er ; | JrE 

-est.] [A.-S. (/ 

siedp.] Descend- steelyard, 
ing with great in- 
clination ; precipitous. — n. A pre- 
cipitous place, hill, or mountain. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Ger. stippen, 
to steep, dip.] To soak in a liquid 5 
to macerate. [are steeped. 

Steep'er, n. A vat in which things 

Stee'ple,w. [Cf. steep,] A tower of a 
church, ending in a point ; a spire. 

Stee'ple-chase, n. A race between 
a number of horsemen, to see which 
can first reach some distant object 
(as a church steeple) in a straight 
course. 

Steep'ly, adv. With steepncfs. 

STEEP'NESS,n. State of being steep ; 
precipitous declivity. 

Steer, n [A.-S. sledr, Skr. sthourin, 
sthCrin, Gr. raGpo?.] A young ox. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. steoran, 
stioran, to establish.] To guide ; to 
govern; — applied to a vessel in the 
water. — v. ?'. 1. To direct and gov- 
ern a vessel in its course. 2. To be 
directed and governed. 

Steer'age, ?i. 1. Act or practice of 
steering. 2. An apartment in a ship 
for an inferior class of passengers. 8. 
That by which a course is directed. 

Steers/man (150), n. One who steers. 

Steeve,v. i. [Cf. O.D. steve, staff.] 
To make an angle with the line of a 
vessel's keel ; — said of the bowsprit. 

STEG'A-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. areya- 
vds, covered, and ypafciv, to write.] 
The art of writing in ciphers. 

Stel'lar, la. [Lat. stellaris ; siel- 

Stel'la-ry, ) la, a star.] Pertain- 
ing to. or full of, stars ; starry. 

STEL'LATE, a. [Lat. stellatus, set or 
covered with stars ; Stella, a star.] 
Resembling a star ; radiated. 

SlEL-LiF'ER-ous, a. [Lat. stellifer ; 
Stella, a star, and ferre, to bear.] 
Abounding with stars. 

Stel'li-form, a. [Lat. Stella, &sta,v, 
and forma, a form.] Like a star ; 
radiated. 

Stel'lu-lar (stePyu-), a. [Lat. stel- 
lula, dim. of Stella, a star.] Shaped 
like little stars. 

Ste-eog'ra-PHY, n. [Gr. cmjArj, a 
post, pillar, and ypa<£eii>, to write.] 
Art. of inscribing characters on pil- 
lars. 

STEM, n. [A.-S. stemn, stefn ; allied to 
the root of staff.] 1. Main body of a 
tree, or other plant. 2. A little branch 
bearing a fruit or flower. 3. Stock of 
a family. 4. [A.-S. stefn, Icel. stqfn.] 
A curved timber at the fore end of 
a vessel ; hence, the forward part of a 
vessel. — v. t. [-med; -ming.] 1. To 



oppose, or cut, as with the stem of 
a vessel ; to make progress against, 
as a current. 2. To oppose, as a stream 
or moving force. 

STENCH (66), n. [A.-S. stene, fr. stin- 
can, to stink.] An ill smell ; stink. 

STEN'CIL, n. [Cf. A.-S. stenge, a bar, 
stake, pole.] A thin plate of metal, 
or other material, on which a pat- 
tern is cut, used in painting, mark- 
ing, &.C — V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 137.] 
To paint or mark with stencils. 

Ste-nog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in 
stenography. 

Sten'o-grXph'ic, ) a. Pertain- 

Sten'o-graph'ic-AL, j ing to ste- 
nography. 

Ste-NOG'RA-PIIY. n. [Gr. o-revo?, 
narrow, close, and ypd<f>eiv, to write.] 
The art of writing in short-hand. 

Sten-to'ri-an, a. [From Stentor, a 
herald, spoken of by Homer, having 
a very loud voice.] Extremely loud. 

Step, v. i. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. 
steppan. stapan.] 1. To advance or 
recede by moving the feet. 2. To 
walk gravely or slowly. — v. t. 1. To 
set, as the foot. 2. To fix the foot 
of, as a mast, in its place. — n. 1. 
An advance made by one removal of 
the foot ; a pace. 2. One remove in 
ascending or descending. 3. Space 
passed by the foot in walking or run- 
ning. 4. A small distance. 5. Gra- 
dation ; degree. 6. Footprint ; trace. 
7. Proceeding ; action. 8. pi. A port- 
able frame-work of stairs. 

STEP'-BROTH'EK, n. A brother by 
marriage. ' [riage only. 

Step'-child, n. A child by mar- 

Step'-daugh'ter (-daw'ter), n. A 
daughter by marriage only. 

Step'-fath'er, n. A father by mar- 
riage only. 

Step'-motpPer (-mfith'er), n. A 
mother by marriage only. 

Steppe , n. [Russ. stepj.] One of the 
vast barren plains in South-eastern 
Europe and Asia. 

STEr'riNG-ST5NE, n. I. A stone to 
raise the feet above the water or 
mud. 2. A means ot advancement. 

Step'-sis'ter, n. A sister by mar- 
riage only. [riage only. 

Step'-SON (-stin) L «. A son by rr.ar- 

StEr^o-ra'ceous, a. [Lat. stercus, 
stercoris, dung.] Pertaining to dung, 
or partaking of its nature. 

Ste're-o-graph'ic, a. Delineated 
on a plane. 

STE'RE-OG'RA-PTTY-, n. [Gr. cnepeo^, 
firm, solid, and ypdfciv, to write.] 
Art of delineating the forms of solid 
bodies on a plane. 

STE'RE-OM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. crrepe6<;. 
firm, solid, and p-erpov, a measure.] 
Art of measuring solid bodies. 

STE'RE-O-SCOPE, n. [Gr. crreped?, 
firm, solid, and aiconelv, to view.] 
An optical instrument for giving to 
pictures the appearance of solid 
forms, as seen in nature. 

Ste're-o-scop'i*;, a. Relating or 
adapted to the stereoscope. 

Ste'RE-ot'o-MY, n. [Gr. crepeo?. 



firm, solid, and tojuij, a cutting.^ 
Science or art of cutting solids into 
certain figures. 

STE'RE-O-TYPE, n. [Gr. orepeds, 
firm, solid, and Ti/7ros, type.] 1. A 
plate of type-metal, resembling a 
page of type. 2. Art of making plates 
of type-metal in imitation of pages of 
type. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To mako 
stereotype plates for. as for a book. 

Ste're-o-typ'er, n. One who makes 
stereotype plates. 

STER'lLE,a. [Lat. sterilis.] 1. Bar- 
ren ; unfruitful. 2. Destitute of 
ideas. 

Ste-rIl'i-ty, n. Quality or state of 
being sterile ; unproductiveness. 

Ster'ling, a. [From Easterling, the 
name of German traders in England, 
whose money was of the purest qual- 
ity.] 1. Pertaining to the British 
coinage. 2. Genuine; pure. 

Stern (14), a. [-er; -est] [A.-S. 
Sterne, allied to 0. H. Ger. star, stiff ] 
1. Severe in look or manner. 2. Rigid- 
ly steadfast. — n. [A.-S. stearn, from 
the root of steer.] 1 Hind part of 
a vessel, or boat. 2. Hinder part of 
any thing. [bone. 

StErn'AE, a. Pertaining to the breast- 

Stern'-chase, n. A chase in which 
one vessel follows in the wake of the 
other [from the stern. 

StErn'-chas'er, n. A gun to fire 

STERN'LY, adv. In a stern manner. 

Stern'ness (109), n Rigor ; severity. 

Stern'-sheets, n. pi. Part of a boat 
between the stern and the aftermost 
seat of rowers. 

Ster'num, n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. <rrep- 
vov.] The breast-bone. 

STER'NU-TA'TIOV, n. [Lat. sternu- 
tntio.] Act of sneezing. 

Ster-ntI'ta-tIve, 1 a. Provoking 

Ster-nu'ta-to-ry, ) to sneeze. 

StErn'-way, n Movement of a ship 
with her stern foremost. 

StER'TO-ROt"js, a. [Lat. stertere, to 
snore.] Breathing hoarsely or heav- 
ily ; snoring. 

STETH'O-SC'OPE, n. [Gr. <rryftos, 
breast, and criconetv, to examine.] 
An instrument used to distinguish 
sounds in the human chest. 

Steve, v. t. [From the root of stow.] 
To stow,_as in a ship's hold. 

Ste've-dor.e, n. One whose occu- 
pation is to load and unload vessels. 

STEW(stu), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Stove.] To boil slowly and gently ; 
to seethe. — v. i. To be seethed in a 
slow, gentle manner. — n. 1. A house 
for bathing, sweating, &c. 2. A house 
of prostitution. 3. A dish cooked by 
stewing. 4. Confusion. [ Colloq.] 

Steward (stu'ard), n. [A.-S. stige- 
weard, stiweard.]!. A man who man- 
ages the domestic concerns of an- 
other. 2. A waiter on board a ship. 

Stew'ard-ess, n. A female waiter 
on shipboard. [ard. 

Stew'ard-ship, n. Office of a stew- 

Stib'i-al, a. Like, or having the qual- 
ities of, antimony. 

Stib'i-um, n. [Lat.] Antimony. 



A, E, I,0,U, V -long; AjEjIjOjtfjY.wWJ/CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; f RE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



STICH 



413 



STOCKHOLDER 



St'ich (stik), n. [Gr. orixos, a row, 
line.] A verse or line in poetry. 

Stick, n. [A.-S. sticca, allied to ste- 
can, stician, to stab, prick.] 1. A 
small shoot of a. tree or shrub, cut 
otf. 2. Any stem or branch cut for 
fuel or timber. 3. Any thing shaped 
like a stick. — v. I. [stuck ; STICK- 
ING.] 1. To pierce ; to stab. 2. To 
set ; to fix in or on. — v. i. 1. To ad- 
here. 2. To be united closely. 3. To 
be hindered from proceeding. 4. To 
hesitate. [sticky. 

Stick'I-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Stick'le (stlk'l), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From the practice of piize-tightei-s, 
who placed seconds with sticks to 
interpose occasionally.] To con- 
tend pertinaciously on insufficient 
grounds. 

StTck'ler, n. One who stickles. 

Stick'y, a. [-er : -EST, 142.] . In- 
clined to stick ; adhesive ; tenacious. 

Stiff, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. sttf.] 

1. Not easily bent. 2. N T ot liquid or 
fluid. 3. Not easily subdued ; firm. 
4. Formal in manner. 

Stiffen, r. t. or /. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make or become stiff. 

Stiff'ey, a rf v . ( n a stiff manner. 

STiFF'-NECK_ED(-nekt),a. Stubborn. 

Stiff'ness, n. State of being stiff. 

Sti'fle, v. t. [-ED; -l|TG.] [Dim. 
of stive.] 1. To stop the breath ; to 
choke. 2. To extinguish ; to quench. 

3. To suppress ; to conceal. — n. 
[From stiff.] 1. Joint on the hind 
leg of a horse next, to the flank. 2. 
A disease in the knee-pan of a horse. 

STIG'MA, n. ; Eng.pl. STlG'MAS ; Lat. 
pi. STI&'MA-TA. [Gr. crxty/jia, from 
a~rt£e<.v, to prick, brand.] 1. A brand. 

2. Any mark of infamy. 3. {Bot.) The 
top of the pistil. [ma. 

Stig-mat'ic, a. Marked with a stig- 
STIG'MA-TIZE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

set a mark of disgrace on ; to brand. 
STILE, n. [A.-S. stigel, ladder, fr. sti- 

gan, to ascend.] A set of steps, for 

passing a fence or wall. 
STI-LET'TO, n.; pi. STI-LET'TOS. 

[It., dim. of stilo, a dagger, fr. Lat 

stilus, stylus } a pointed instrument.] 

1. A small round dagger. 2. A point- 
ed instrument for making eyelet 
holes.— v.t. [-ED; -ING, 144.] To 
stab with a stiletto. 

Still, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. [A.-S. 
stillan, fr. stille, still.] To stop, as 
noise, motion, or agitation ; to quiet. 

2. [Abbrev. from distill.] To distill. 
— a. [-er; -est.] 1. Silent. 2. 
Undisturbed. 3. Motionless. — adv. 
1. To this time. 2. Habitually ; al- 
ways. 3. By an additional degree. 

4. Nevertheless ; — sometimes used 
as a conjunction. 5. After that. — n. 
A vessel used in distillation. 

Stil'la-ti'tious (-ti'sh'us), a. [Lat. 

stillatitius ; stilla, a drop.] Falling in 

drops. 
Still'-born, a. Dead at the birth. 
Still'-life, n. The class or style of 

painting which represents fruits, 

flowers, dead game, &c 



STlLL'NESS, n. Freedom from noise, 
motion, agitation, or excitement, &c. 

Stil'ly (109), adv. 1. Silently. 2. 
Calmly ; quietly. 

Stilt, n. [0. H. Ger. stelza.] A piece 
of wood constructed to raise the foot 
above the ground in walking. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To raise on stilts. 
2. To raise by unnatural means. 

StiM'U-lant, a. Serving to stimu- 
late. — n. That which stimulates, 
provokes, or excites. 

Stim'u-late, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
stimulare, -latum ; stimulus, a goad.] 
To excite, rouse, or animate to action 
or more vigorous exertion. 

Stim'u-la'tion, n. Act of stimu- 
lating, or state of being stimulated. 

Stim/u-LA'tI've, a. Having the qual- 
ity of stimulating. — n. That which 
stimulates. [lates. 

StYji'U-la'TOR, n. One who stimu- 

STIM'U-LVS, n. ; pi. STIM'U-LI. 
[Lar.] Something that rouses the 
mind or spirits, or increases vital ac- 
tion. 

Sting, n. [A.-S. sting, stincg. Cf 
Stick.] 1. A sharp-pointed weapon 
with which certain animals are armed 
by nature for their defense. 2. Wound 
made by a sting. 3. Any thing that 
gives, acute pnin. 4. Point of an epi- 
gram, or sarcasm. — v. t. [stung ; 
stinging.] 1. To pierce with a 
sting. 2. To pain acutely. 

Sting'er, n. One who, or that which, 
stings. 

Stin'gi-ly, adv. In a stingy manner. 

Stin'gi-ners, n. State or quality of 
being stingy. 

Stin'gy, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [Orig. 
eager, greedy, stimulated, fr. sting.] 
Meanly avaricious ; niggardly. 

Stink, v. i. [stank or stunk; 
stinking.] [A.-S. stincan.] To 
emit a strong, offensive smell. — n. 
A strong, offensive smell. 

Stint, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. stin- 
tan, to blunt. Cf. Stunt.] 1. To 
restrain within certain limits. 2. To 
assign a certain task to. — n. 1. Lim- 
it ; restraint ; extent. 2. Quantity 
assigned. 

Stipe, n. [Lat. stipes, a stock, post.] 
(Bot.) (a.) Base of a frond, as of a 
fern, (b.) Stalk of a pistil, (c.) Stem 
of a fungus or mushroom. 

STI'PEND, n. [Lat. stipendium ; stips,& 
gift in small coin, and pendere, to pay 
out.] Settled pay or compensation. 

Sti-pend'I-A-ey, a. Receiving wages. 
— n. One who receives a stipend. 

StIp'ple, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [D. stip- 
pelen, to spot, dot ; slip, stippel, a 
dot, spot.] To engrave by means of 
dots. — n. A mode of engraving by 
means of dots instead of lines. 

Stip'u-late, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
stipulari, -latus, orig. to conclude a 
money transaction, from stips, a gift 
in small coin.] To make an agree- 
ment ; to bargain ; to contract. — a. 
Furnished with stipules. 

Stip'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of stipu- 
lating. 2. That which is stipulated. 



One who stlpo* 



STlP'U-LA'TOR, n. 

lates. 

Stip'tjle, n. [Lat. stipula, a stalk, 
straw.] A leaf-like appendage at tne 
base of petioles or leaves. 

StIr (18),f. t. [-red; -ring.] [A.-S. 
styrian.] 1. To change the place of 
in any manner. 2. To bring into de- 
bate. 3. To instigate ; to prompt. 

— v. i. 1. To move one's self. 2. 
To be in motion. — n. 1. Agitation; 
tumult 2. Public commotion. 

STIR'RUP (stuVrup or stirrup), n. 
[A.-S. stigerap, stirap ; st'igan, to 
mount, and rap, a rope.) A ring for 
the foot of a rider, attached to a 
strap which is fastened to the saddle. 

Stitch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
stician, to prick.] 1. To form stitches 
in. 2. To sew together. — v. i. To 
practice stitching. — n. 1. A single 
pass of a needle, or the loop made by 
it. 2. Space between two double 
furrows in plowed ground. 3. An 
acute pain. 

Stith'y, n. [Icel. stedhi.] An anvil 

Stive, v. t. [Allied to stew, stow, 
stuff.] To make hot and close. 

Sti'ver. n. [D. stuiver.] A Dutch 
coin, worth two cents. 

Stoak, v. t. |X!f. Ger. stocken, to 
stop.] To choke. [dish color. 

Stoat, n. The ermine, when of ared- 

Stoc-cade', n. See Stockade. 

Stock, n. [A.-S. stocc, a stock, stick. 
See Stick.] 1. Stem of a tree or 
plant. 2. Something fixed, solid, 
and senseless. 3. One who is as dull 
and lifeless as a post. 4. The prin- 
cipal supporting part. 5. Original 
progenitor; also , lineage ; family. 6. 
Mouej invested in business ; pi. 
shares in joint-stock companies 
[Amer.], or in the obligations of a 
government for its funded debt. 
[Eng.] 7. Supply provided. 8. Do- 
mestic amimals 
used, or raised, 
on a farm. 9. A 
stiff, wide baud 
for the neck. 10. 
pi. A frame in 
which the feet or 
feet and hands of 
criminals were Stocks (10). 

confined. 11. pi. Frame on which 
a ship rests while building. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To provide with ma- 
terial requisites ; to store ; to supply. 

— a. Standard; permanent. 
Stock-ade', n. [See Stock.] Aline 

or enclosure of posts, set as a fence 
or barrier. — v.t. [-ED:-ING.] To 
fortify with sharpened posts fixed in 
the ground. [deals in stocks. 

Stock'-bro'ker, n. A broker who 
Stock'-dove (-duv), n. The wild 

pigeon of Europe. 

Stock'-ex-change', n. 1. Place 

where stocks are bought and sold. 

2. An association of stock -brokers. 

[Eng.] - [without salt. 

Stock'-ftsh, n. Cod dried in the sun 

Stock'hold-er, n. A proprietor of 

stock in any public funds. 




OR, Dp, WOLF, too, TOOK; tlIiN,RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent : C, G, soft; €, S, hard; Ag; SglST ; N as NG ; TfilS- 



STOCKING 

3TOCK'lNG,n. [From stoc k.] A close- 
fitting covering for the foot and leg. 

ST6cK'-j6B'BER,n. One who spec- 
ulates in stocks. 

Stock'-job'bing, n. Act or art of 
dealing in stocks. [post. 

Stock'-stIll, a. Still as a fixed 

Stock'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [From 
stock.] Thick and firm ; stout. 

ijTO'I€, n. [Gr. o-rwtKos, from o-roa, a 
porch, esp. one where Zeno taught.] 

1. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno. 

2. Oue n r fc easily excited ; an apa- 
thetic pevson. 

Sto'I€, ) a. Unfeeling : manifest- 

STO'I€-A T ,, ) ing indifference to 
pleasrie or pain. 

STO'HJ-AL-LY, adv. In the manner 
of the Stoics. ' [stoical. 

Sto'io-al-ness, n. State of being 

STO'l-clgM, n. 1. Opinions and max- 
ims of the Stoics. 2. Indifference to 
pleasure or pain. 

STOK'ER, n. [Prov. Eng. stoke, to 
stir the fire, fr. stoke, a stock, stick.] 
One who tends the furnace of a loco- 
motive or steam-engine. 

STOLE, imp. of Steal.— n. [Gr. cnoXrj, 
dress, robe, from arikXeiv, to array.] 
1. A long, loose garment. 2. A nar- 
row band worn by Roman Catholic 
deacons, bishops, and priests. 

Stolen (stolu, 58), p. p. of Steal. 

Stol'id, a. [Lat. stolidus.] Hope- 
lessly insensible or stupid. 

Sto-lid'i-ty, n. Dullness of intel- 
lect ; stupidity. 

St6m'A€H (stQm'ak), n. [Gr. <rro/a- 
c-xos, from o-roixa, a mouth, outlet.] 

1. The principal organ of digestion. 

2. Appetite. 3. Inclination ; liking. 
— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To resent. 
2. To brook. 

St6m'a-cher (-cher), n. An orna- 
ment worn on the breast by women. 

STO-MA€H'I€, a. Exciting the action 
of the ' stomach. — n. A medicine 
that strengthens the stomach and 
excites its action. 

Stone (20), n. [A.-S. start.} 1. A 
mass of concreted earthy or mineral 
matter. 2. A monument to the 
dead. 3. A calculous concretion in 
the kidneys or bladder. 4. Nut of a 
drupe. 5. A weight which legally is 
fourteen pounds, but in practice 
varies. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
pelt or kill with stones. 2. To free 
from stones. 3. To wall with stones. 

Stone'-blind, a. Perfectly blind. 

STONE'-€OAL, n. Anthracite coal. 

Stone'-cut'ter, n. One who cuts 
or hews stones. 

Stone'-fruit, n. Fruit whose seeds 
are covered with a hard shell envel- 
oped in the pulp ; a drupe. 

Ston'er, n. 1. One who stones. 2. 
One who walls_with stones. 

Stone'j'-tijrow, n. Distance which 
a stone may be thrown. 

Stone'-still, a. Motionless. 

Stone '-ware, n. A species of pot- 
ter's ware. 

Ston'i-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being stony. 



414 

STON'Y, a. Relating to, made of, 
abounding in. or resembling, stone. 

Sto"od, imp. of Stand. 

Stook, n. A small collection of 
sheaves set up in the field. 

Sto"ol, n. [A.-S. stol, allied to 0. II. 
Ger. stellan, to put, set.] 1. A seat 
without aback. 2. A discharge from 
the bowels. 

STO~OP, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
stupian.] 1. To bend downward and 
forward. 2. To descend from rank or 
dignity. 3. To come down on prey, 
as a hawk; to swoop. 4. To alight 
from the wing. — n. 1. Act of stoop- 
ing. 2. Condescension. 3. Fall of 
a bird on its prey ; a swoop. 4 [0. 
D. stoepen, to sit.] A porch with 
balustrade and seats on the sides. 
[Amer.] 5. [A.-S. stoppa, a large 
cup ] A vessel of liquor ; a flagon. 

Stop, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [From 
Lat. stvpa,stvppa, coarse part of flax, 
oakum.] 1. To close, as an aperture, 
by filling. 2. To arrest the progress 
of. 3. To hinder .iodi moving. 4. To 
punctuate. — v. i. To cease from 
any motion or course of action. — n. 

1. Act of stopping or state of being 
stopped. 2. That which stops. 3. A 
contrivance by which the sounds of 
a musical instrument are regulated. 
4. A mark of punctuation. 

Stop'-gock, n. A pipe for a fluid, 
stopped by a turning-cock. 

Stop'-gap, n. 1. That which closes 
a gap. 2. A temporary expedient. 

Stop'page, n. Act of stopping, or 
state of being stopped. 

Stop'per, n. One who, or that 
which, stops; that which closes a 
hole in a vessel. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To close or secure with a stopper. 

Stop'ple, n. That which stops the 
mouth of a vessel ; a stopper. 

Stor'age (45), n. 1. A putting in a 
store. 2. Price for keeping goods in 
astore. 

Sto'rax, n. [Lat.] A fragrant resin 
resembling benzoin. 

Store, n. [Cf. A.-S. star, great, large, 
vast.] 1. A great quantity , or num- 
ber. 2. A store-house; a magazine. 
3. Any place where goods are sold. 
[Amer.] 4c.pl. Articles accumulated 
for some object. 

Syn. — Shop. — The Engli-h call the 
place where goods are sold a shop, and 
confine the word store to its original 
meaning; viz., a warehouse or place 
where goods are stored. Our American 
application of the word store to all places, 
except the lowest, where goods are sold, 
marks a tendency to " scale upward " in 
the use of terms, which we have in com- 
mon with the French, among whom 
boutique has, in like manner, given place 
to magasin as a place for the sale of 
goods. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To fur- 
nish ; to supply. 2, To lay up 
against a future time. 3. To deposit 
for preservation. 

Store'-house, n. A building for 
keeping goods ; a ware-house. 

Sto'rTed, p. a. 1. Told in a story. 

2. Having a history. 



STOWAGE 







StOrk, n. [A.-S. stored A large 
wading bird. 

Storm, n. [From 
the root of si 
1. A violent dis- 
turbance of the at- 
mosphere, pro- 
ducing wind, rain, 
snow, hail, or 
thunder and light- 
ning; hence, often, 
a fall of rain or M$%? 
snow. 2. A civil, '"* 
political, or domes- Stork, 

tic commotion. 3. Assault on a for- 
tified place, — v. t. [-EU ; -ING.] To 
attack and attempt to take by scal- 
ing the vails, &c. — v. i. 1. To 
raise a tempest. 2. To blow with 
violence: also, to rain, hail, snow, 
or the like. 3. To rage. 

Storm'-beat, a. Beaten by storms. 

Storm'i-ness, n. Tcmpestuousness. 

Storm'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Agitated with furious winds; bois- 
terous. 2. "Violent: passionate. 

StoRTH'ING (stort'ing), n. [Norw. 
storting, fr. stor, great, and tins, 
court.] The Parliament of Norway. 

STO'RY (20), n. [From history.] 1. 
A recital of that which has occurred ; 
esp. a short narrative ; a tale. 2. A 
falsehood! 3. [Either frcm store, or 
allied to stair.) A set of rooms on 
the same floor ; a loft. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To narrate or describe. 

STO'RY-TELL'ER,n. One who tells 
stories. 

Stoup, n. [See Stoop.] Basin for holy 
water at the entrance of churches. 

Stout, a. [-er;-est.] [Icel. stoltr, 
D. stout.] 1. Strong; vigorous; ro- 
bust. 2. Bold ; valiant ; brave. 3. 
Big in stature ; large. 

Svn.— Corpulent.— Stout, in ourearly 
writers, was used chiefly or wholly in 
the sense of strong or told: as, a flout 
champion, a stoul heart, a stout resist- 
ance.^ At a later period it was used for 
thick-set or bud:;/: and more recently, 
especially in England, the idea has been 
carried still further, so that Taylor says 
in his Synonyms, " The stout man has 
the proportions of an ox: he is corpu- 
lent, fat, and fleshy in relation to his 
size." Few in America entirely drop 
the original sense; and many who have 
read Washington Irving's story of the 
" Stout Gentleman " never suspected 
that he was merely si very fat man. 
— n. A strong kind of beer. 

Stout'ly, adv. Lustily; boldly- 
obstinately. [stout 

Stout'ness, n. Condition of being 

STOi r E, n. [A.-S. stqfe, a stove, bath.] 
An apparatus forwarming a room or 
house, or for culinary or other pur- 
poses. — v. imp. of Stave. 

Sto'ver, n [0. Fr. estover, neces- 
sity, provisions.] All kinds of pro- 
vision for cattle. 

Stow, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
stov, a place, a fixed mansion ] 1. 
To arrange in a compact mass. 2. 
To fill, by packing closely. 

Stow'aGe , n. 1. Act of stowing. 2. 
Room for the reception of things. 
3. State of being laid up. 



A., E, I, 0,V,Y, long; X.,E,I, 6, U, It, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL X£SMj PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



STRABISMUS 



415 



STRETCHED 



STRA-Bls'MUS, n. [Gr. <TTpa^icr,«.6s ; 
0Tpa/3i£eiv, to squint, arpecf>eiv, to 
twist, turn.] Squinting. 

StrXd'dle, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From the root of stride.] To stand 
or walk with the legs far apart. — 
v. t. To stand or sit astride of. — n. 
Act or position of one who straddles. 

STRAG'GLE,^. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
stray.] To wander from the direct 
course : to rove. 

Strag'GLER, n. One who straggles. 

Straight (strat), a. [-er; -est.] 
[A.-S. streht, p. p. of streccan, to 
stretch.] 1. Direct; not deviating 
or crooked. 2. According with jus- 
tice ; upright. — adv. Directly; in 
the shortest time. 

Straight'en (strat'n), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make straight. 

Straight'for-ward (strat'-), a. 
Proceeding in a straight course ; not 
deviating. [right line. 

Straight'ly (strat'ly), adv. In a 

STRAIGHT'NESS (strat'-), n. Quality 
of being straight ; rectitude. 

Straight'way (strat'-), adv. Im- 
mediately . 

Strain, r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
straindre, Lat. stringere, to draw or 
bind tight.] 1. To draw with force ; 
to stretch. 2. To exert to the ut- 
most. 3. To harm by over-exertion. 

4. To filter. — v. i. 1. To make vio- 
lent efforts. 2. To be filtered. — n. 1. 
A violent effort. 2. A sprain. 3. A 
particular portion of a tune. 4. Style. 

5. Tendency ; inborn disposition. 
STRAIN'ER, re. 1. One who strains. 

2. That through which any liquid 
passes for purification. 

Strait, a. [-er ; -est.] [From Lat. 
strictus, drawn together, close, tight.] 
1. Narrow. 2. Difficult ; distress- 
ful. — n. 1. A narrow pass or pas- 
sage ; — chiefly in the pi. 2. Dis- 
tress ; difficulty . 

Strait'en, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
narrow; to confine. 2. To make tense 
or tight. 3. To distress. [coat. 

Strait'-jXck'et, n. A strait-waist- 

Strait'-lAced (-last), n. 1. Bound 
tightly with stays. 2. Strict in man- 
ners or morals. 

Strait'ly, ad i'. Narrowly ; strictly. 

Strait'ness, a. State or quality of 
being strait. 

Strait'-waist'€5at, n. A dress 
used for restraining maniacs. 

Strake, n. [See Streak.] 1. An 
iron band by which felloes are se- 
cured to each other. 2. A continu- 
ous range of planks on the bottom or 
sides of a vessel, from stem to stern. 

Stra-mo'ni-um, n. [N. Lat.] A plant 
used in medicine as a narcotic. 

StrXnd, n. [A.-S.] 1. Shore of the 
sea, or of a lake. 2. One of the 
twists of a rope. — v. t. or i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To drive or run aground 
on a shore. 2. To break one of the 
strands of, as a rope. 

StranGe, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [0. Fr. 
estrange, fr. Lat. extraneus, being 
without, externally.] 1. Not before 



known, heard, or seen. 2. Causing 
surprise ; exciting curiosity. [ner. 

Strange'ey, adv. In a strange man- 

Strange'ness, n. Condition of be- 
ing strange ; reserve ; uncouthne3S ; 
estrangement ; wonderfulness. 

Stran'ger, n. One who is strange ; 
a foreigner ; a guest. 

StrXn'gle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
strangidare , Gr. a-TpayyaKav, from 
<TTpa.yy6.kri, a halter.] 1. To destroy 
the life ot by stopping respiration ; 
to suffocate ; to choke. 2. To sup- 
press. 

Stran'gler, n. One who strangles. 

StrXn'gles, n. A swelling in a 
horse"s throat. 

StrXn'gu-la'tion, n. 1. Act of 
strangling, suffocation. 2. Inordi- 
nate constriction. [strangury. 

Stran-gu'ri-ous, a. Of the nature of 

STRAN'GU-RY, n. [Lat. stranguria, 
Gr. arpayyovpia, fr. crrpay^, arpdy- 
yos, a drop, and ovpelv, to make 
water.] . A painful discharge of 
urine, drop by drop. 

StrXp, n. [Lat. stroppus, Gr.orpot^os, 
from uTpi^eiv, to twist.] 1. A long, 
narrow slip of leather, or other mate- 
rial. 2. An iron plate for connecting 
timbers. — v. t. [-PEi>; -ping, 136.] 
1. To chastise with a strap. 2. To 
fasten with a strap. 3. To sharpen by 
rubbing on a strap, as a razor. 

Strap-pa'do, n. [It. strappata, a 
pull.] A military punishment con- 
sisting in drawing an offender to the 
top of a beam, and letting him fall. 

STRAP'PING, a. Tall ; lusty. 

Stra'ta, n. ; pi. of Stratum. 

StrXt'a-Gem, n. [Qt. (TTpa.Tfiyy)ii.o. ; 
trrpciTrj-yos, a commander.] 1. A 
scheme for deceiving an enemy. 2. 
Any artifice. 

Stra-te'Gi-s, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Stra-te'gic-al, ) or effected by, 
strategy. [egy. 

Strat'e-gist, n. One skilled in strat- 

StrXt'e-gy, n. Science of directing 
great military movements. 

StrXt'i-fi-ca'tion, n. A forming 
or being formed into layers in the 
earth. 

STRXT'l-FORM,a. [Lat. stratum and 
forma form.] Having the form of 
strata . 

StrXt'i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. stratum and face re, to maKe.] 
To form or deposit in strata. 

STRA-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. arparos, 
an army, and ypdfyziv, to write.] 
Description of an army. 

STRA'TUM (147), n. ; Lat. pi. stra'- 
ta. [Lat.,fr. stemere, stratum, to 
spread.] A layer of earth or rock. 

Straw, n. [From the root of strew. .] 
1. Stalk of certain species of grain, 
pulse, Sec. 2. A mass of such stalks. 
3. Any thing proverbially worthless. 

Straw'ber-ry, n. A plant and its 
fruit. [lowish color. 

Straw'-€6l'OR, n. A delicate, yel- 

Str^w'y, a. Made of, or like, straw. 

Stray, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
estrayer, fr. Lat. extra, without, and 



vagare, to stroll about.] To wander, 
as from a direct course or from com- 
pany , or the proper limits. — a. Wan- 
dering. — n. Any domestic animal 
that is lost. 
Streak, n. [A.-S. strica, a line, 
stroke, fr. strlcan, to go.] 1. A line 
of a different color ; a stripe, i 
(Ship-building.) A range of planks, 
reaching from the stem to the stern. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form streaks 
or stripes in ; to stripe. 

Streak'y, a. Having streaks ; striped. 

Stream, n. [A.-S. stream.] 1. A 
current of water or other fluid. 2. 
Any thing continuously issuing from 
a source. 3. Drift ; tendency. 

Syn". — Current. — Current gives us 
but one idea, that of running; stream 
adds the idea of this onward flow beir.g 
the resr.lt of some uniform force ; hence 
we speak of a shifting current and a 
steady stream. 

— v. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To flow 
in a current, as a fluid or whatever 
resembles fluids. 2. To emit an 
abundant stream. — v. t. To send 
forth in a current or stream. 

Stream'er, n. A flag ; a pennon. 

Stream'let, n. A small stream. 

Stream'y, a. 1. Abounding with 
streams. 2. Flowing with a current. 

Street, n. [L. Lat. strata (sc. via), 
a paved way ; Lat. sterner e, stratum, 
to pave.] A way or road in a town. 
Syn. - See Road. 

Street'-walk'er (-wawk'-), n. A 
common prostitute who offers her- 
self to sale in the streets. 

Strength, n. [A.-S. strengdhu, 
strengdh. See Strong.] 1. Capac- 
ity for exertion or endurance. 2. 
Power of resisting attacks. 3. Legal 
or moral force. 4. Amount or num- 
bers of any body. 5. Vigor of style. 
6. Intensity of the distinguishing 
and essential element. 
Sttt.— See Force. 

Strengthen, v. i. or r. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make or grow strong or 
stronger. 

Strength'en-er, n. One who, or 
that which, increases strength. 

Stren'u-ous, a. [Lat. strenuus.] 
Eagerly pressing or urgent. 

Stren'u-ous-l i , adv. Vigorously. 

Stren'u-ous-ness, ?i. Eagerness ; 
earnestness ; active zeal. 

Stress, n. [Abbrev. from distress.] 
That which bears with weight ; that 
which constrains ; pressure. 

Stretch, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
streccan.] 1. To extend, esp. in 
length. 2. To spread ; to expand. 
3. To reach out. 4. To strain. 5. 
To exaggerate. — v. i. 1. To bo 
drawn out in length or hi breadth, 
or both. 2. To be extended. 3. To 
exaggerate. 4. To make violent efforrg 
in running. — n. 1. Act of stretcn- 
ing, or state of being stretched ; ef- 

• fort. 2. Any extended portion or 
division. 3. Reach or extent: a tack. 

Stretch'er, ti. 1. One who, or 
that which, stretches. 2. A brick or 



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STREW 



416 



STUCCO 



stone laid with its longer dimension 
in the line of direction of the wall. 
8. A frame for carrying wouuded or 
dead persons. 

Strew (stru or stro), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [A.-S. strewian, stredwian, 
Goth, straujan.] 1. To scatter ; to 
spread by scattering. 2. To cover by 
scattering. 

&TRl>A,n.; pi. STRI'^E. [Lat.] A 
small channel, or thread-like line, in 
the surface of a shell, ice. 

Stri'ate I a. [Lat. strinlus.] 

Stri'a-ted, } Formed with small 
channels. 

STRICKEN, p. p. of Strike, and p. a. 
Struck ; smitten. 

StrI'ck'le (sfcrnVl), n. An instru- 
ment to strike grain to a level with 
tbe measure. 

Strict, a. [-ER; -est.] [Lat. stric- 
tas, drawn or bound tight.] 1. Drawn 
close ; tight. 2. Tense. 3. Exact ; 
rigorously nice. 4. Observing exact 
rules ; rigorous. 5. Rigidly inter- 
preted ; restricted. 

Syn. — Severe. — Strict points to a 
person or thins, as one that binds closely 
or keeps under control, as, strict in dis- 
cipline, strict rules ; severe marks a 
readiness or disposition to inflict pain. 

Strict'ly, adv. Tightly; exactly; 
rigorously. [tion of being strict. 

Strict'ness, n. Quality or condi- 

Strict'ure (53), n. 1. Critical re- 
mark ; censure. 2. A morbid con- 
traction of any passage of the body. 

Stride, v. i. [strid, strode ; 

STRID, STRIDDEN ; STRIDING.] 
[A.-S. stridan, to walk about.] 1. 
To walk with long steps. 2. To 
straddle. — v. t. To pass over at a 
step. — n. [See infra. J A long, meas- 
ured, or pompous step. 

StRID'U-LOUS, «. [Lat. stridulus.] 
Making a small, harsh, creaking 
sound. 

StrTfe, n. [See Strive ] 1. Ex- 
ertion or contention for superiority. 
2. Contention in battle. 

Str'i-gose', «. [Lat. strigosus : strin- 
gzre, to scrape.] Set with stiff bristles. 

Strike, v. t. [strttck; struck, 
stricken; STRIKING.] [A.-S. strl- 
can.) 1. To touch or hit with some 
force. 2. To cause to sound by one 
or more beats. 3. To let or take 
down. 4. To impress strongly. 5. 
To affect by a sudden impression. 6. 
To make and ratify. 7. To level, as 
a measure of grain, &c. — v. i. 1. 
To make a quick blow or thrust. 2. 
To hit ; to dash. 3. To sound by 
percussion. 4. To combine in order 
to compel an increase, or prevent a 
reduction, of wages. 5. To lower a 
flag in token of respect or surrender. 
— ft. 1. An instrument for leveling 
grain, &c. 2. Act of combining and 
demanding higher wages for work. 

Strik'er, n. One who strikes. 

Striking, a. Impressive. 

{String, n. [A.-S.j I. A slender line 
or cord. 2. A line or a series of 
things. — v.t. [STRUNG; STRING- 



ING.] 1. To furnish with strings. 
2. To make tense. 3. To strip the 
strings from. 

StrIn'gen-cy, n. Severe pressure. 

STRl'N'GENT, a. [Lat. stringtns, draw- 
ing or binding tight.] Urgent; mak- 
ing severe requirements. 

String'ER. n. 1. One who strings 
or makes strings. 2. (Railways.) A 
longitudinal sleeper. 

StrTng'-halt, n. A convulsive 
twitching of the hinder leg of a horse ; 
spring-halt. [stringy. 

StrIng'I-ness, n. State of being 

Strin&'y, a. 1 Consisting of strings; 
fibrous. 2. Ropy ; viscid. 

Strip, v.t. [-ped; -ping, 136.] [A.- 
S. strypan.) 1. To pull or tear off, 
as a covering. 2. To deprive of a 
covering. 3. To bereave — v.i. To 
undress. — n. A narrow piece, com- 
paratively long. 

STRIPE, n. [See STRIP, v. t.] 1. A 
line or long narrow piece of a differ- 
ent color from the ground. 2. A 
blow with a rod or scourge. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To form with stripes. 

STRl'p'LING, ft. [As if a small strip 
from the main stock.] A lad. 

StrIp'pings, n. pi. The last milk 
drawn from a cow at a milking. 

Strive, v. i. [strove, striven ; 
STRIVING.] [0. Fr. estriver, 0. H. 
Ger. streban.] 1. To make efforts ; 
to use exertions ; to labor hard. 2. 
To struggle in opposition. 3. To con- 
tend reciprocally. 
Syk. — To emulate ; endeavor. 

Striv'er, n. One who strives. 

Strob'ile, n. [Gr. o-Tp6/3<Ao?, from 
<TTpe(j>eiv, to twist.] A cone, as that 
of _the hop or pine. 

Stroke, n. [From strike.] 1. A blow. 
2. A sudden attack, as of disease or 
death. 3. Sound of a clock. 4. Touch 
of a pen or pencil. 5. A masterly 
effort. 6. An effort suddenly pro- 
duced. 7. Sweep of an oar in rowing. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. stracian, 
fr. strican, to strike.] 1. To rub gently 
with the hand. 2. To make smooth. 

Strokes'man (150), n. (Rowing.) 
The man who rows the aftermost oar. 

Steoll, u. ;'. [-edj-ing.] To ram- 
ble idly or leisurely. — n, A wan- 
dering idly and leisurely ; a ramble. 

Stroli/er, n. One who strolls. 

Strong, a. [-er; -est, 82.] [A.-S. 
Strang,' strong, fr. the root of string.] 
1. Having great power to act or to 
endure. 2. Violent; impetuous. 8. 
Zealous ; earnestly engaged. 4. Full 
of spirit ; intoxicating. 5. Affecting 
any sense forcibly. 6. Having great 
vigor or power, as the mind. 
Syn. — See Robust. 

Strong 'hold, n. A fortified place. 

STRONG'LY, adv. With strength. 

Strcn'ti-a ) (-shT-), n. [From 

STRON'TI-AN ) Strontian, in Ar- 
gyleshire.] An earth of a white color. 

Strop, n. [See Strap.] An instru- 
ment for sharpening razors, &c. — I 
v. t. [-ped ; -ping, 136.] To ! 



draw over a strop with a view to 
sharpen. 

STRO'PHE, n. [Gr. cn-potfnj, fr. <rrp#- 
etv, to turn.] That part of an an- 
cient song, or dance, which was per- 
formed by turning from the right to 
the left of the orchestra. 

Strove, imp. of Strive.. 

STROW, v. t. Same as STREW. 

StrCck, imp. & p. p. of Strike. 

Structural, a. Pertaining to 
structure. 

StrDct'ure, n. [Lat. structura, fr. 
strvere, to join together.] 1. Form ; 
construction. 2. Arrangement of 
parts. 3. Manner of organization. 
4. An edifice. 

STRUG'GLE, v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
Icel. striugr, a hostile disposition. ] 
1. To use great efforts. 2. To labor 
in any kind of difficulty or distress. 

Syn. — To strive ; contend ; labor. 
See Endeavor. 

— n. 1. Great labor or effort. 2> 
Contention ; strife. 3. Agony. 

Syx. — See Exdeavok. 
StrOg'gler, n. One who struggles 
STRU'MA,n. [Lat.] SameasSCROF 
ULA. 

Stru-mose', ) a. Scrofulous ; having 

Stru'mous, J struma. 

Strum'pet, n. [Lat. stuprata, from 
stuprare / to debauch.] A prostitute. 

Strung, imp. &;>. p. of String. 

Strut, v. i. [-ted; -ting. J [Dan. 
slrutte.] To walk affectedly with a 
lofty, proud gait, and erect head. — 
n. 1. Affectation of dignity in walk- 
ing. 2. A brace. 

Strych'ni-A, In. [From Gr. o-rpvx- 

Strych'nine, J vos, a kind of night- 
shade.] A vegetable alkaloid, used 
as a medicine, but very poisonous 
when taken in excess. 

Stub, n. [A.-S. stybb, steb, allied to 
Lat. stipes.] Stump of a small tree. 

— v.t. [-BED; -BING.] 1. To grub 
up by the roots. 2. To strike, as the 
toes, against a stump or stone, &c. 

STUB'BED (60), a. Short and thick. 

Stub'eed-ness, n. State or quality 
of being stubbed. 

Stub'ble, n. [Dim. of stub.] Stumps 
of grain, left in the ground. 

StOb'born, a. [From stub.] 1. Un- 
reasonably obstinate ; not to be per- 
suaded. 2. Enduring without com- 
plaint ; hardy. 

Syx.— Obstinate. — Stubborn describes 
a high degree of obstinacy. He who is 
obstinate is one who will not yield to the 
appeals we make to his reason and his 
better feelings. He who is stubborn 

frows more obstinate the more clearly 
is unreasonableness is exposed. 

STUB'BORN-LY adv. Obstinately. 

Stub'born-ness (109), n. Obstinacy ; 
contumacy. 

STUB'BY,a. 1. Abounding with stubs. 
2. Short and thick. 

Stub'-nail, n. A short, thick nail. 

StCc'co, n. fit., fr. O. H. Ger. stuc- 
chi, shell, stucco.] 1. Plaster for 
walls : esp., a tine kind used for in-i 
ternal dec orations. 2. Work made 



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STUCK 



417 



SUBDUE 



of stucco. — v. t. [ ED ; -ING, 144.] 
To overlay with stucco. 

STUCK, imp. & p. p. of Stick. 

Stud, n. [A.-S. studuJ] 1. A small 
piece of timber used to support 
beams. 2. A large-headed orna- 
mental nail. 3. An ornamental but- 
ton for a shirt. 4. [A.-S. stud. Cf. 
Uteed.] A collection cf breeding 
horses and mares ; or the place where 
they are kept. — i\ t. [-DED ; -ding, 
136.] To adorn or set with studs. 

Stud'ding-sail, n. A light sail set 
outside of a square sail of a vessel. 

Stu'dent, n. [Lat. studens, study- 
ing.] 1. One engaged in study ; a 
scholar. 2. A bookish man. [ing. 

STUD'-HORSE, n. A horse for breed- 

STUD'I.£D, p. a. 1. Well-considered. 
2. Premeditated. 

Stu'di-o (147), n. [It., study, school.] 
The workshop of an artist. 

Sxu'Di-ofrs, a. 1. Given to study. 
2. Diligent; attentive. 3. Planued 
with study. 

Stu'di-ous-ly, adv. With study ; 
attentively. [studious. 

STU'Dl-oDs-NESS, n. Quality of being 

STOD'Y, n. [Lat. studium, fr. sludere, 
to study.] 1. Application to books, 
to arts or science, or to any subject. 

2. Thoughtful attention. 3. Any 
object of attentive consideration. 4. 
A room devoted to study. — r. i. 1. 
To apply the mind to books or to 
any subject. 2. To endeavor dili- 
gently. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 1. 
To apply the mind to. 2. To con- 
sider attentively. 

Stuff, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. stuppa, tow, 
oakum.] 1. Material to be manufac- 
tured. 2. Cloth not made into gar- 
ments. 3. Refuse or worthless mat- 
ter ; hence, nonsense. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To fill by crowding. 2. To 
thrust or crowd. 3. To fill by being 
put into. 4. To fill with seasoning. 
— v. i. To feed gluttonously. 

STUFF'ING, n. 1. That which is used 
for filling^ 2. Seasoning for meat. 

STUL'Tt-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. stultu*, foolish, facer e. to make.] 
1. To make a fool of. 2. To allege 
or prove to be insane. 

STUM, n. [D. stom.] Unfermented 
grape-juice; must. — v. t. To re- 
new, as wine, by mixing must with it. 

Stum'ble, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Prov. 
Eng. stummer, to stumble.] 1. To 
trip in walkiug or running. 2. To 
err. 3. To light by chance. — n. 1. 
A trip in walking or running. 2. A 
blunder ; a failure. 

Stum'bler, n. One who stumbles. 

Stum'bling-block, ) n. Any cause 

Stum'bling-stone, J of stumbling 
or error. 

Stump. n. 1. The part of a tree re- 
maining in the earth after the trunk 
is cut off. 2. Part of a limb or other 
body remaining after a part is lost. 

3. pi. Legs. [ Colloq.] 
Stump-orator, one who harangues the 

populace from the stump cf a tree, or 
other elevation. [Amer.] 



—v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To strike 
with the toe. 2. To travel over, de- 
livering speeches for electioneering 
purposes. [Ajner.] 

Stump'y, a. Pull of stumps. 

Stun, v. t. [-ned ; -ning.] [A.-S. 
stunian.] 1. To make senseless with 
a blow. 2. To overpower the hear- 
ing of. 

Stung, imp. & p.p. of Sting. 

Stunk, imp. & p. p. of Stink. 

Stunt, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
stintan, to blunt, stunt, blunt.] To 
hinder from growth. 

Stupe, n. [Lat. stupa, st-uppa, tow. 
Cf. Stuff.] Medicated cloth applied 
| to a hurt or sore. 

STU'PE-FAG'TION, n. 1. Act of stu- 
pefying. 2. Insensibility ; stupidity. 

STU'PE-F ACTIVE, a. Causing insen- 
sibility^ [which, stupefies. 

STU'PE-FUER, n. One who, or tuat 

Stu'pe-fv, v. t. [-ed ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. stupefacere ; stupere, to be 
struck senseless, and facere, to 
make.] To make stupid ; to blunt 
the sensibility of. 

Stu-pen'dous, a. [Lat. stupendus.] 
Astonishing ; especially, of aston- 
ishing magnitude or elevation. 

Stu-pen'dous-ly, adv. In a stu- 
pendous manner. 

Stu-pen'dous-ness, n. Quality or 
state of being stupendous. 

SttI'PID, a. [Lat. stupidus ] 1. Yery 
dull ; wanting in understanding. 2. 
Resulting from, or evincing, stu- 
pidity. 
Syn. — See Silly. 

Stu-p'Id'i-ty, n. Extreme dullness of 
perception or understanding. [ner. 

Stu'PID-LY, adv. In a stupid man- 

Stu'pid-ness, n. Stupidity. - 

Stu'POR, n. [Lat., from stupere, to be 
struck senseless.] Great diminution 
of sensibility ; numbness. 

Stu-PRA'TION, n. [Lat. stuprare, 
-prat urn, to ravish.] Yiolation of 
chastity by force. 

STUR'EI-LY, adv. In a sturdy man- 
ner : hardily ; stoutly. [sturdy. 

Stur'di-ness, n. Quality of being 

Stur'dy, a. [-er; -est, 742.] [0. 
Fr.| estourdi, stunned,, thoughtless, 
rash. Cf. Icel. styrdr, rigid, hard.] 
1. Foolishly obstinate. 2. Charac- 
terized by strength or force. 

Stur/geo'n (stfir'jun), n. [L. Lat. 
sturio, sturgip, A.-S. styria, styriga.] 
A large cartilaginous fish. 

Stut'ter, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [H. 
Ger. stottern.] To hesitate in utter- 
ing words ; to stammer. — n. Actof 
stuttering. 

Stut'ter-er, n. One who stutters. 

STY f n. 1. [A.-S. sfigend, fr. stlgan, 
to rise.] An inflamed tumor on the 
edge of the eyelid. 2. [A.-S. stige.] 
A pen for swine. — 1», t. To shut up 
in a sty. 

Styg'i-an, a. [Lat. Stygius, fr. Gr. 
2tv£, 2-rvyos, Styx, i. e., the Hate- 
ful.] Relating to Styx, a fabled 
river of hell over which the shades 
of the dead passed ; hence, infernal. 




Style, n. [Lat. stylus, Gr. 
crruAos, a pillar, a writing 
instrument.] 1. An instru- 
ment for writing on waxed 
tablets. 2. Any thing 
resembling the ancieut 
style ; as, (a.) The pin of 
a dial, (b.) The cylin- 
drical and tapering por- 
tion of a pistil. 3 Choice 
of words. 4. Mode of st *' le < 2 ' 6 >- 
presentation, in music or the fino 
arts. 5. Fashion. 6. Title ; official 
designation. 7. A mode of reckon- 
ing time. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
give a title to in addressing. 
Sy>*. — To call; name; denominate. 

Styl'et, n. [Dim. of style.] A small 
dagger ; a stiletto. [genteel. 

Styi/ish, a. Highly fashionable; 

STYP'TI€J, n. Something which serves 
to arrest hemorrhage. — a. [Gr. 
a-rvuTi-Kos , fr. o"rv<f>eLv, to contract.] 
Having the quality of restraining 
Jaemorrhage ; astringent. 

Su^A-BLE, a. Capable of being sued. 

Sua'sion, n. [Lat. suasio.] Persua- 
sion. 

Sua'sive, a. Persuasive. [suade. 

Sua'so-RY, a. Able or tending to per- 

SuAv'I-TY (swav'i-ty), n. [Lat. suav- 
itas, fr. suavis, sweet.] Agreeable- 
ness ; pleasantness ; sweetness. 

Sub'-ac'e-tate, n. An acetate hav- 
ing an excess of the base. 

Sub-ac'id, a. Moderately acid or sour. 

Sub-a€'rid, a. Moderately acrid. 

Sub-AL'tern (113), a. [Lat. sub, un- 
der, and alter mis, one after another.] 
Subordinate; inferior. — n. A per- 
son holding a subordinate position. 

Sub'al-tEr'nate, a. Succeeding by 
turns ; successive. [ter. 

Sub-a/que-ous, a. Being under wa- 

Sub-as'tral, a. Beneath the stars. 

Sub'as-trin'gent, a. Moderately 
astringent. 

Sub'au-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. 
subauditio, fr. sub, under, and au- 
dire, to hear.] Act of understanding 
something not expressed. 

SOb'-base (109), I n. Deepest pedal 

Sub'-bass, J stop, or the low- 

est tones of an organ. 

SUB'eoM-MlT'TEE, n. An under 
committee. [servant. 

S0b-dea'€ON (-de'kn), n. A deacon's 

SDb'di-vide', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
divide again, as what has already 
been divided. 

Sub/di-vis'ion (-vTzh'un), n. 1. Act 
of subdividing. 2. Part made by 
subdividing. [above the tonic. 

SDb-dom'i-nant, n. The fourth tone 

Sub-dDct', v. t. [Lat. subducere, 
-ductum.] 1. To withdraw. 2. To 
subtract by arithmetical operation. 

Sub-DU€'tion, n. Act of subducting. 

Sub-due', v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 140.] 
[Lat. sub, under, andducere, to lead.] 
1. To conquer permanently ; to over- 
power. 2. To overcome by persua- 
sion, or other mild means. 3. To 
make mellow ; to break, as land. 
Stn. — See Conquer. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o„ silent \ c, G, so/*; e,G,hard; As; E^IST ; 5 osNGj THIS; 
27 



SUBDUER 



418 



SUBSIDY 



SUB-DO'ER, n. One who subdues. 

Su-BER'I€, a. [Lat. suber, the cork- 
tree.] Pertaining to cork. 

Sub'I-ta'ne-ous, a. Sudden ; quick. 

SfJB-jA'CENT, a. [Lat. subjacent, ly- 
ing under.] Being in a lower situa- 
tion, though not directly beneath. 

SOb'ject, a. [Lat. subjectus, lying 
under.] 1. Placed or situate under. 
2. Placed under the power of an- 
other. 3. Exposed ; disposed. 

Syn.— See Liable. 
— n. 1. One under the authority of 
a ruler. 2. That which is brought 
under any physical operation or ex- 
amination ; that which is taken up 
for discussion. 3. That of which 
any thing is affirmed or predicated. 
4. That in which any quality, attri- 
bute, or relation, inheres ; sub- 
stance, —v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To 
bring under the power of. 2. To 
make liable. 3. To make accounta- 
ble. 4. To cause to undergo. 

Sub-J£€'tion, n. 1. Act of subject- 
ing. 2. State of being subject. 

SUB-JE€T'IvE, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
subject. 2. Pertaining to, or de- 
rived from, one's own consciousness. 
Syn.— See Objective. 

Sub-JE€T'Ive-ly, adv. In relation 
to the subject. 

Sub-ject'ive-ness, n. State of be- 
ing subjective. 

SDb/ject-iv'i-ty, n. 1. State of be- 
ing subjective. 2. That which is 
treated in a subjective manner. 

SOb'JECT-mat'ter, n. The matter 
presented for consideration. 

Sub-join', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
add after something else has been 
said or written. 

SDb'JU-GATE, t'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[fiat, subjugare, -gatum ; sub, un- 
der, and jugum, a yoke.] To sub- 
due and bring under the absolute 
control of another. [gating. 

SGb'JU-GA'TION, n. Act of subju- 

Sub-junc'tion, n. A subjoining, or 
being subjoined. 

Sub-jDnc'tI've, a. [Lat. subjunc- 
ticas.] 1. Added to something be- 
fore said or written. 2. Expressing 
contingency, hypothesis, or condi- 
tion. — n. The subjunctive mode. 

Sub-la'tion, n. [Lat. sublalio, fr. 
sublollere, sublatum, to take away.] 
Act of taking away. 

SUB-LET', V. t. [-LET; -LETTING.] 
To underlet ; to lease, as a lessee to 
another person. [sublimated. 

Sub-lIm'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

SUB'LI-M ATE , V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. sublimare, -matum, to elevate, 
fr. sublimis, high.] 1. To bring by 
heat, as a solid, into the state of va- 
por. 2. To refine and exalt. 

Sub'li-M ate , n. Product of a subli- 
mation. — a. Vaporized by heat, and 
again condensed, as solid substances. 

SiJB'Ll-MA'TiON, n. Act of sublimat- 
ing, or state of being sublimated. 

SUB-LIME', a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. 
sublimis.] 1. High in place. 2. Dis- 



tinguished by lofty traits. 3. Awak- 
ening or expressing the emotion of 
awe, adoration, heroic resolve, &c. 
— n. A grand or lofty st3le. — v. t. 
[■ed; -ING.] 1. To sublimate. 2. 
To dignify ; to ennoble. [ner. 

Sub-l}me'ly, adv. In a sublimeman- 
Sub-lime'ness, n. Sublimity. 
Sub-lim'i-ty, n. 1. Lofty height. 2. 
Nobleness of nature or character. 3. 
Feeling of astonishment and awe, at 
the contemplation of what is lofty or 
exalted. 4. Loftiness of sentiment or 
style. 

Syn. — Grandeur. — The mental state 
indicated by these two words is the same; 
namely, a mingled emotion of aston- 
ishment and awe. In speaking of the 
quality which produces this emotion, we 
call it grandeur when it springs from 
what is vast in space, power, &c. ; we 
call it sublimity when it springs from 
what is elevated far above the ordinary 
incidents of humanity. An immense 
plane is grand. The heavens are not 
only grand, hut sublime (as the predom- 
inating emotion), from their immense 
height. 

SOb-lin/e-A'TION, n. A mark under 
a word in a sentence. [tongue. 

SOb-lIn'gual, a. Situated under the 

SOb-lu'nar, ) a. Being beneath the 

Sub'lu-na-ry, j moon ; terrestrial. 

StJB'arA-RINE', a. Being, or growing, 
under water, in the sea. [scale. 

SOb-me'di-ant, n. Sixth tone of the 

Sub-merge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
submergere, fr. sub, under, and mer- 
ger e, mersum, to plunge.] To put 
under water ; to plunge ; to drown. 

SUB-MfiRSJBD^-merst/Jjrt. [See supra.] 
Being or growing under water. 

Sub-Mer'sion, n. 1. Act of sub- 
merging. 2. State of being putunder 
water or other fluid. 

Sub-mis'sion (-nrish'un), n. 1. Act 
of submitting ; obedience. 2. State 
of being submissive ; meekness ; res- 
ignation. 3. Acknowledgment of a 
fault. [submit. 

Sub-mis'sive, a. Inclined or ready to 

Sub-mis'sIve-ly, adv. With submis- 
sion, [submissive. 

Sub-m'is'sive-NESS, n. State of being 

SUB-MIT', V. t. [-TED; -TING.] [Lat. 
submittere ; sub, under, and mittere, 
to send.] 1. To yield to power, will, 
or authority. 2. To leave to the dis- 
cretion or judgment of another. — 
v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the 
power, or one's opinion to the opin- 
ion, of another. 2. To yield without 
murmuring. 

Sub-mDl'ti-ple, n. A number or 
quantity which is contained in an- 
other an exact number of times. 

SOb-nas'CENT, a. [Lat. subnascens.] 
Growing underneath. 

Sub-6r'di-na-CY, n. [Lat. sub, under, 
and ordinans, arranging.] State of 
being subordinate. 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sub, under, and ordinare, -na- 
tum, to arrange.] 1. To place in a 
lower order. 2. To subdue. 

Sub-or'di-nate, a. 1. Holding a 
lower position. 2. Inferior in order, 



nature, power, or importance, &c. ■— 
n. One who ranks below another. 

Sub-or'di-nate-ly, adv. In a sub- 
ordinate manner. 

SUB-OR'DI-NA'TIGN, n. 1. Act of sub- 
ordinating. 2. State of being subor- 
dinate. 3. Place of rank among in- 
feriors. 

SUB-ORN', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
subornare; sub, under, secretly, and 
ornare, to furnish.] 1. To cau.«e to 
take a false oath. 2. To procure by 
collusion. [ing, 

SBb'or-na'tion, n. Act of suborn- 

Sun-ORN'ER, n. One who suborns. 

SDb-o'val. a. Nearly oval. 

Sub-pce'na, n. [Lat. sub, under, t nd 
poena, punishment.] A writ com- 
manding the attendance in court of 
a witness, under a penalty. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ing, 144.] To serve with -. 
writ of subpoena. 

SOb'salt, n. A compound of an acid 
containing oxygen and a salifiable 
base, but having fewer equivalents 
of the acid than of the base. 

SUB-S€RIBE',r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
subscribere; sub, under, and scribere, 
to write.] 1. To sign with one's own 
hand ; to bind ones self by writing 
one's name beneath. 2. To attest. 3. 
To promise to give, by writing one's 
name. — v. i. 1. To give consent by 
signing one's name ; hence, to as- 
sent. 2. To enter one's name for a 
newspaper or a book, &c. 

Sub-scr'ib'er, n. One who subscribes. 

SUB'SCRiPT, a. Written underneath. 

Sub-scrip'tion. n. 1. Act of sub- 
scribing. 2. That which is sub- 
scribed. 3. Sum subscribed. 

Sub'se-quence, n. State of being 
subsequent. 

StJB'SE-QUENT, a. [Lat. subsequens.] 
Following in time or order of place. 

SOb'se-QUENT-ly, adv. In a subse- 
quent time, manner, or position. 

Sub-serve', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
subservire ; sub, under, and servire, 
to serve.] To serve in subordination 
or instrumentally ; to promote. 

Sub-s£rv'i-ence, ) n. Use or oper- 

Sub-s£rv'i-en-cy, { ation that pro- 
motes some purpose. 

Sub-serv'i-ent, a. Fitted or dis- 
posed to subserve ; subordinate. 
Syn. — Subject ; inferior ; submissive. 

Sub-side', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
subsidere ; sub, under, below, and si- 
dere, to settle.] 1. To sink or fall to 
the bottom. 2. To fall into a state of 
quiet. 3. To descend ; to sink. 
Syn.— See Abate. 

Sub-sid'ence, n. Act of subsiding. 

Sub-sid'i-a-ry (44), a. Furnishinga 
subsidy ; auxiliary. — n. One who 
contributes aid ; an auxiliary. 

SUB'SI-DIZE, V. t. [-ED; ING.] To 
purchase the assistance of by pay- 
ment of a subsidy. 

SOb'si-dy, n. [Lat. subsidium, orig., 
troops stationed in reserve, fr. sub- 
sidere, to sit down.] 1. Support ; 
aid. 2. Money paid by one prince or 



A, E, I, O t V,Y, long; X,£,I,6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, XfiRM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N r 



SUBSIST 



419 



SUCCULENT 



nation to another, to purchase the 
service of auxiliary troops. 

Syn. — Tribute. — A subsidy is volun- 
tary ; a tribute is exacted. A subsidy is 
paid to an ally for his services ; a tribute 
is given in acknowledgment of depend- 
ence or subjection. 

SUB-SIST', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
subsistere ; sub, under, and sistere, to 
stand, be fixed.] 1. To be ; to have 
existence. 2. To continue. 3. To 
be supported : to live. — v. t. To 
feed ; to maintain. 

Sub-sist'ence, n. 1. Real being. 2. 
Inherency. 3. Means of support. 

Sub-sist'ent, a. 1. Having real be- 
ing. 2. Inherent. 

SDb'soil, n. The bed or stratum of 
earth which lies immediately beneath 
the surface soil. [of a species. 

SlJB-SPE'CIES (-shez), ft. A division 

SlJB'STAN^E^ft. [Lat. substantia, fr. 
sub, under, and stare, to stand.] 1. 
That which constitutes any thing 
what it is ; nature. 2. The charac- 
teristics of any thing. 3. Body ; mat- 
ter. 4. Estate ; property. 

Sub-stan'tiae, a. 1. Belonging to 
substance ; actually- existing. 2. Real ; 
true. 3. Strong ; stout ; solid. 4. Mod- 
erately wealthy. 

SUB-STAN'TI-AI/I-TYf-shl-SPl-ty^ft. 
State of being substantial. 

Sub-stan'tial-ly, adv. Really; 
essentially. [material parts. 

SUB-STAN'TIALS, n. pi. Essential or 

SUB-STAN'TI-ATE (-shl-at), V. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To establish by proof 
or competent evidence. 

StJB'STAN-Tl VE , a. 1. Betokening ex- 
istence ; real. 2. Enduring ; firm. — 
«. A noun ; the part of speech which 
designates something that exists. 

Sub'STAN-tive-ly, adv. 1. In sub- 
stance. 2. As a substantive name, or 
noun. 

StJB'STI-TUTE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. substituere, -tutum ; sub, under, 
and statuere, to put.] To put in the 
place of another. — n. One who, or 
that which, is put in the place of an- 
other. 

SOb'sti-tu'tion, n. Act of substi- 
tuting, or state of being substituted. 

SUB'STt-TU'TiON-AL, a. Pertaining 
to substitution. 

SUB-STRA'TUM, ft. ; pi. SUB-STRA'- 
TA. [Lat. substratus, strewed under.] 

1. That which is laid or spread under. 

2. The subsoil. 3. Substance. 
Sub-strDc'TION, ft. [Lat. substruc- 

tio, from sub, under, and struere, to 
build.] Dnder-building ; foundation. 

SUB'STYLE, ft. A right line, on which 
the style of a dial is erected. 

SUB-sOl/TO-RY. a. [Lat. subsilire, 
-sultum, to spring up.] Moving by 
sudden leaps. 

Sub-tend', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
subtendere, fr. sub, under, and ten- 
dere, to extend.] To extend under, 
or be opposite to. 

Sub-tense', n. [Lat. subtendere, -ten- 
sum, to stretch underneath.] A line 
subtending; chord. 



Sub-t£r'flu-ENT, ) a. [Lat. subter- 

Sub-ter'feu-ous, ) fluens, flowing 
beneath.] Running under. 

SDb'ter-fuge, n. [L. Lat. subter- 
fugium, fr. Lat. subter, under, and 
fugere, to flee.] That to which a per- 
son resorts for escape or concealment ; 
an evasion. 

SOb'ter-ra'ne-an (124), ) a. [Lat. 

SUB'TER-RA'NE-OUS, ) Subter- 

raneus ; sub, under, and terra, earth.] 
Being under the surface of the earth. 

SUB'TILE , a. [Lat. subtilis ; sub, under, 
slightly, and tela, a web, warp.] 1. 
Thin ; rare. 2. Nice ; fine ; delicate. 
3. Acute ; piercing. 4. Refined. 

Syn. — Acute. — In acute the image is 
that of a needle's point ; in subtile that 
of a thread spun out to extreme fineness. 
Hence, he who is acute has a piercing 
judgment, which enables him to discern 
and discriminate with the nicest accu- 
racy ; he who has a subtile intellect can 
spin the finest thread of thought, and 
follow out a subject in its most compli- 
cated relations. Acuteness guards against 
error ; subtilty carries forward our inves- 
tigations into tenuous and recondite 
truths. 

SOb'tile-ly (109), adv. In a subtile 
manner. [of being subtile. 

SUB'TILE-NESS, ft. State or quality 

SUB'TIL-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
making subtile. 2. A making so 
volatile as to rise in steam or vapor. 
3. Refinement. 

SUB'TIL-IZE, V. 1. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To make thin or fine. 2. To refine. 

SOb'til-ty, ft. 1. Thinness; fine- 
ness. 2. Refinement. 3. Cunning. 

SDbt'EE (sut'l), a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[Contr. fr. subtile.) 1. Sly ;. artful ; 
cunning. 2. Cunningly devised. 

SUBT'LE-NESS (sut'1-nes), ft. Quality 
of being subtle. 

StJBT'LE-TY (sut'l-tj'), ft. 1. Cun- 
ning ; craftiness ; artfulness. 2. 
Acuteness; shrewdness. 

SBbt'ly (sut'ly), adv. 1. Slyly ; art- 
fully. 2. Delicately. [consonant. 

SUB-TON're, ft. A vocal or sonant 

SUB-TRACT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
subtrahere, -tractum ; sub, under, and 
trahere,, to draw.] To withdraw or take 
from the rest, as a part. [tracts. 

Sub-tragt'er, n. One who sub- 

Sub-trac'tion, ft. The taking of a 
lesser number or quantity from a 
greater. 

Sub-tra€'tive, a. Tending, or hav- 
ing power, to subtract. 

SOb'tra-hend', ft. Number to be 
subtracted from another. 

StJB / -TREAs/u-RY,ft. A subordinate 
treasury or place of deposit. 

StJB'URB,n. [Lat. suburbium ; sub, un- 
der, near, and urbs, a city.] Region 
on the confines of any large town, 
including buildings, streets, &c. 

SUB-UR'BAN, a. Relating to, or being 
in, the suburbs of a city, [variety. 

SOb'va-ri'e-ty, ft. A subordinate 

SUB-VER'SION, ft. Act of subverting ; 
entire overthrow ; utter ruin. 

SUB-VER'stVE, a. Tending to subvert 
or overthrow and ruin. 

Sub- vert', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 



subvertere, -versum; sub, under, and 
vertere, to turn.] 1. To overthrow 
from the foundation ; to ruin utterly. 
2. To pervert, as the mind. 

Sub-v£rt'er, ft. One who subverts. 

SuB-VERT'l-BL,E,a. Capable of being 
subverted. [ordinate worker. 

SOb-work/er (-wurk'er), rA A sub- 

Suc^e-da'ne-ous, a. [See Suc- 
ceed.] Supplying the place of 
something else. 

SU€' fE-DA'NE-UM, ft. ; pi. SU€'~ 
pE-DA'NE-A. [Lat. See infra.} A 
substitute. 

SUC-CEED', V . t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
succedere, -r.essum ; sub, under, and 
cedere, to go, to go from.] 1. To fol- 
low in order. 2. To be subsequent 
or consequent. 
Syn. — See Follow. 

— v. i. 1. To come next in order. 

2. To come in the place of another. 

3. To obtain the object desired. 

Suc-ceed'er, ft. One who succeeds. 

SUC-CESS', ft. [Lat. successus.] Fa- 
vorable termination of any attempt. 

SUC-^ESS'FUL, a. Resulting in, as- 
suring, or promotive of, success. 

Suc-CESS'FUL-LY, adv. In a success- 
ful manner. [conclusion. 

Sue-CESS'FUL-NESS, ft. Prosperous 

Sue-9ES'SION(-sesiyun), ft. 1. A fol- 
lowing of things in order of time or 
place, or a series of things so follow- 
ing. 2. Line of descendants. 3. Power 
or right of inheritance. 

Suc-CES'sroN-AL, (-seWun-), a. Per- 
taining to succession ; consecutive. 

SU€-CES'S1VE , a. Following in order. 

Suc-^es'sive-ly, adv. In a series or 
order. [ing successive. 

Suc-9ES'sive-ness, ft. State of be- 

Suc-^es'sor, ft. One who succeeds or 
follows. 

Suc-9'iNCT', a. [Lat. succinctus, gird- 
ed befow, or from below, tucked up.] 
Compressed into a narrow compass. 
Syn. — Short; concise; compendious. 

Suc-^inct'ly, adv. Briefly ; con- 
cisely, [ciseness. 

Suc-CINCT'ness, ft. Brevity; con- 

Suc-9'i'n'ic, a. [Lat. suceinum, am- 
ber.] Pertaining to amber. 

Stic'ci-Nous, a. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, amber. 

SV€'€OR,V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [It. SOC- 
corre.re, Lat. succurrere, fr. sub, un- 
der, and currere, to run.] To relieve 
when in difficulty, want, or distress. 
Syn.— To relieve; deliver; comfort. 

— n. Aid ; help ; assistance, especial- 
ly in distress. [cor. 

SOc'COR-er, ft. One who affords suo 
SiJC'CORY, n. [Corrupt, fr. ckicory\ 

A plant ; chicory. 
Suc'co-tash, n. [Narraganset Ind. 
msickquatash, corn boiled whole.j 
Green maize and beans boiled to- 
gether. 
SOc'cu-lence, )ft. Condition of 
Su€'€U-len-cy, ) being succulent. 
SOe'CU-LENT, a. [Lat. " sur.culentus, 
from succus, juice.] Full of juice ; 
juicy. 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TCTok. ; URN, RUE, PULL ; e, J, o, silent; C, G,so/£; €, 5, hard; A§; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS 



SUCCUMB 



420 



SULPHATE 



8U€-et5MB' (62), V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sue cumber e ; sub, under, and 
cumber*, for cubare, to lie down.] To 
yield ; to submit unresistiugly. 

Su-e-eus'SION (-kush'un). n. [Lat. suc- 
cussio ; sub, under, below, and qua- 
tere, to shake.] A shaking; a shake. 

SUCH, a. {0. Eng. swicke, swilk, A.-S. 
swelic, swilc, Goth, svaleiks, fr. sva, 
so, and Idles, like.] 1. Of that kind ; 
of the like kind. 2. Of a character 
specified. 3. The same that. 

Su"CK,i\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. sucan.] 
1. To draw up, in, or out, with the 
mouth. 2. To draw milk from, with 
the mouth. 3. To inhale ; to absorb. 
4. To draw in, as a whirlpool. — v. i. 

1. To draw by exhausting the air. 

2. To draw the breast. — n. 1. Act 
of drawing with the mouth. 2. Milk 
drawn from the breast. 

S&ck'er, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, sucks. 2. The shoot of a 
plant. 3. A fish. [at the breast. 

SUCK'LE, v. t. [-ED ; -IMG.] To nurse 

Suck'ling, n. A child or animal 
nursed at the breast. 

Suc'tion, n. [Lat. sugere, suctum, to 
suckj Act of sucking. [ing. 

Su€-to'ri-al, a. Adapted for suck- 

Su'DA-TO-RY, a. [Lat. sudatorius.] 
Sweating ; perspiring. — n. A sweat- 
ing-bath. 

SCd'den (58), a. [0. Fr. sodain, su- 
dain,soubdain, fr. Lat. subitus, sud- 
den, fr. sub, under, secretly, and ire, 
to- go.] 1. Coming unexpectedly. 2. 
Hastily prepared or employed ; quick. 

Sf/D'DEN-LY, adv. In an unexpected 
manner. 

Sud'den-ness, n. A coming or hap- 
_pening without previous notice. 

Su'DOR-lF'ie', a. [Lat. sudor, sweat, 
andfacere, to make.] Causing sweat. 
— n. A medicine that produces sweat. 

SUDS, n. sing. [Ger. sud, a seething ; 
sieden, to seethe.] Water impreg- 
nated with soap. 

Sue (64), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See 
Sew.] 1. To follow up. 2. To pros- 
ecute judicially. — v.i. 1. To peti- 
tion ; to plead. 2. To prosecute ; to 
make legal claim. 

Su'et,w. [Fr. si/,?/, Lat. sevum.] Hard 
fat about the kidneys and loins. 

Su'ET-Y, a. Consisting of suet. 

StJF'FER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
sufferre ; sub, under, and ferre, to 
bear.] 1. To feel with pain or an- 
noyance ; to undergo. 2. To endure 
without sinking. 3. To allow. — v.i. 

1. To feel or undergo pain. 2. To 
be injured. [suffered. 

SijF'FER-A-BEE, a. Capable of being 
S&F'FER-A-RLE-NESS, n. State or 
quality of beins; sufferable ; tolerable- 
ness. [manner. 

Suf'fer-A-bly. adv. Tn a sufferable 
Suf'fer-ance, n. 1. Pain endured. 

2. Submission. 3. Negative consent 
by not forbidding. 

S&F'FER-ER, n. One who suffers. 

SDf'fer-ing, n. The bearing of pain ; 
pain endured ; distress, loss, or in- 
jury incurred. 



SUF-FlCE f (-fiz', 65), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sufficere ; sub, under, and fa- 
cere, to make.] To be enough. — v. t. 
To satisfy ; to content. 

SUF-FI'CIEN-CY (-fTsh'en-), n. 1. 
State of being sufficient. 2. Ability ; 
capacity. 3. Competence. 4. Ample 
stock. 

SUF-Fi'CIENT (-fish'ent), a. 1. Ade- 
quate to suffice. 2. Of competent 
power or ability. [Enough. 

SUF-FI'CIENT-LY (-fTsh'ent-), adv. 

SUF'FIX, n. [See infra.] A letter or 
syllable added to the end of a word. 

SUF-Fix', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. suf- 
Jigere, -fixum, to fix below or on.] To 
add to the end, as a syllable to a word. 

SUF-FL,ATE',r. t. [Lat. sufflare, -fa- 
turn, from sub, under, aud fare, to 
blow.] To inflate. 

Suf-fla/tion, n. Act of inflating. 

SUF'FO-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sufforare, -catum; sub, under, 
and fauces, the throat.] To kill by 
stopping respiration ; to smother. — 
v. i. To become choked. 

SUF'FO-eA'TiON, n. Act of suffocat- 
ing, or state of being suffocated. 

SuF'FO-CA'TlVEja. Tending to suffo- 
cate. 

SUF-FOS'SION, n. [Lat. suffosio.] A 
digging under ; an undermining. 

StJF'FRA-GAN, a. [Lat. suffragans, fr. 
suffragium , a vote.] Assisting. — n. 
A bishop considered as an assistant 
to his metropolitan. 

SUF'FRAGE, n. [Lat. suffragium.] A 
voice given in deciding a question, or 
choosing a man for an office ; vote. 

SUF-FU'MI-GATE, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. suffumigare, -galum.; sub, un- 
der, below, and fumigare. to smoke.] 
To apply fumes or smoke to the parts 
of. 

Suf-fu'mi-ra'TION, n. Operation of 
smoking any thing; fumigation. 

Suffuse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
suffundere, -fusum ; sub, under, and 
fund ere, to pour.] To overspread, as 
witha fluid or tincture. 

Suf-fu'sion, n. 1. Act of suffusing. 
2. State of being suffused. 3. That 
which is suffused. 

Sug'ar (shdbg / ar), n. [Lat. saccha- 
rum, Gr. o-aKxap, aaKxa.pov,Ar. suk- 
kar.] 1. A sweet, crystalline vegeta- 
ble substance. 2. That which re- 
sembles sugar in taste or appearance, 
&c — v.t. [-ED, -ING.] To sweet- 
en or cover with sugar. 

Sug'ar-cane (shdbg/ar-), n. The 
plant from whose 
juice sugar is ob- 
tained. 

S UG 'AR-LOAF 
(shobg'ar-), n. 
A conical mass 
of refined sugar. 

SUG'AR-PLUM 
(shdbg'ar-), n. A 
small ball . or 
disk of candy ; a 
sweetmeat. 

Sug'ar-y (shdbg/- Sugar-cane. 
ar-), a. Like, or containing, sugar 




SUG-GEST' (sug-jgst' or sud-jest/), v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. suggfrere, -ges- 
tum; sub, under, and gerere, to car- 
ry.] 1. To introduce indirectly to 
the thoughts. 2. To propose with 
diffidence. 
Syn. — To hint; allude; insinuate. 

SUG-GES'TION (sug-jest'yun or sud- 
jSst'yun), n. 1. Act of suggesting. 
2. A diffident proposal or mention. 

Syn.— Hint. — A hint is literally a 
nod, and is the briefest mode of culling 
one's attention to a subject; a saggi stion 
is literally a throwing of something be- 
fore the mind, a modest or delicate mode 
of presenting argument or advice. A 
hint is usually something slight or cov- 
ert, and may be merely negative in its 
character; a suggestion is ordinarily in- 
tended to furnish us with some practical 
assistance or directions. " He gave me 
a hint of my danger, and added some sug- 
gestions as to the means of avoiding it." 

SUG-GEST'IVEfsug-jC-st'-OT-sud-jest'-), 
a. Containing a suggestion. 

Su'i-CID'al (110), a. Partaking of, or 
pertaining to, the crime of suicide. 

Su'I-cide (92), n. [L. Lat. suicidium, 
fr. Lat. sui, of one's self, and csedere, 
to kill.] 1. Self-murder. 2. One 
guilty of self-murder. 

SUIT, n. [Fr. suite, fr. suivre, to fol- 
low.] 1. Act of suing; endeavor. 2. 
Courtship. 3. Prosecution of right 
before any legal tribunal. 4. A ret- 
inue ; company of attendants. 5. 
Individuals of a series, as of rooms, 
cards, &c. 6. A number of things 
used together ; a set. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To fit; to adapt. 2. To 
become. 3. To please. — v. i. To 
agree ; to accord. 

Suit'a-ble, a. Capable of suiting; 
likely to suit. [prietv. 

Suit'A-Ble-ness, n. Fitness; pro- 

Suit'a-bly, adv. Fitly ; agreeably. 

Su'iTE (sweet), n. [Fr. See SUIT, n.] 
1. Retinue. 2. A connected series, 
_as of objects ; a set, as of rooms. 

Suit'or, n. 1. One who sues; a peti- 
tioner ; esp. a wooer ; a lover. 2. One 
who prosecutes a demand in court. 

StJL'CATE , ) a. [Lat. svlcatvs, fur- 

SUL'ga-ted, ) rowed, fr. sulcus, a 
furrow.] Furrowed or grooved lon- 
gitudinally. 

SiJLK'l-LY, adv. Sullenly ; morosely. 

Sulk'I-ness, n. State or quality of 
being sulky. 

Sulks, n. pi. A sulky mood or humor. 

StJLK'Y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
sulk.] Sullen; sour; morose. — n. 
[From sulky, a., from the owner's 
desire of riding alone.] A two- 
wheeled carriage for a single person. 

StJl/LEN, a. [0. Eng. solein, solain, 
fr. Lat. solus, alone.] 1. Gloomy ; 
dismal. 2. Gloomily angry and si- 
lent ; cross. 3. Obstinate. [ly. 

Sui/een-ly, adv. Gloomily ; morose- 

StJL'LEN-NESS (109), n. State or qual- 
ity of being sullen. 

SiJL'LY,^. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [See 
Soil.] 1. To soil ; to dirt. 2. To 
tarnish. 3. To injure, as the purity 
of reputation. — v. i. To be soiled. 

SOl'phate (45), n. A salt formed by 



A, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, tj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT: ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; s6N, 



SULPHUR 



421 



SUPERFICIALLY 



sulphuric acid in combination with 
any base. 

Sul'phur, n. [Lat.] A combustible 
mineral of a yellow color ; brimstone. 

Sul'phu-rate, a. Belonging to, or 
resembling, sulphur. 

SDl'phu-ra'tion, n. The subjecting 
a thing: to the action of sulphur. 

SUL-PHU'RE-OIJS, a. Consisting of, 
or having the qualities of, sulphur. 

GOl'PHU-RET, n. A combination of 
sulphur with another element. 

Sul/phu-ret'ed, a. Containing, or 
combined with, sulphur. 

Sul-puu'rig, a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, sulphur. 

Slil/PHUR-ous, a. Pertaining to, re- 
sembling, or containing, sulphur. 

StJL'PHUR-Y, a. Partakiug of sulphur. 

SUX'TAN, n. [Ar. sultan, sulutan, fr. 
salita, to be strong]. Emperor of the 
Turks. t a sultan. 

Sul-ta'na, or Sul-ta'nA, n. Wife of 

Sue'tan-ess, n. A sultana. 

SlJL'TRl-NESS, n. Heat with a moist 
or close air. 

SEjl'try, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Cor- 
rupted from sweltry.] Hot, close, 
stagnant, and oppressive. 

Su"M,\ n. [Lat. sum ma, from summits, 
highest.] 1. Aggregate of two or 
more numbers, quantities, or par- 
ticulars. 2. A quantity of money or 
currency. 3. Amount ; substance ; 
compendium. 4. Height ; completion. 
5. A problem to be solved in arith- 
metic. — V. t. [-MED; -MING.] 1. 
To cast up, as a column of figures. 
2. To bring into a small compass. 

Sy'MA€ I {colloq. shn/mak), n. [Ar. 

Sy'MAGH ) summak ; samaka, to be 
"high or tall.] A shrub of many species. 

SUM'MA-RI-LY,atfi\ 1. Briefly ; con- 
cisely. 2. -Without delay. 

SU3f'MA-RY, a. 1. Summed up ; re- 
duced into a narrow compass. 2. 
Quickly performed. — n. An abridged 
account ; an abstract. 

SUM-MA'TlON, n. 1. Act of summing. 
2. An aggregate. 

SfJM'MER, n. 1. [A.-S. sumor, sumer.] 
Warmest period of the year. 2. 
[Fr. sommier, a rafter.] A large stone 
ar beam placed horizontally on col- 
umns, piers, or posts, &c. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To pass the summer. 

Sum'mer-fXl'low, n. A fallow 
made during the warm months. 

Sum'mer-house, n. A house in a 
garden, to be used in summer. 

S&M'MER-SET.n. See SOME R.SET. 

Sum'mit, n. [Lat. summits, highest.] 
The top ; the highest point. 

SOm'mon, v t. [ED; -IJNG.] [Lat. 
summonere, to give a hint, fr. sub, un- 
der, secretly, and monere, to warn.] 

1. To call, cite, or notify to appear. 

2. To excite into action or exertion. 
Syn.— To convene; invite; bid. 

SOm'mon-e r, n. One who summons. 

SDM'MONg, n. sing. ; pi. sum'MON§- 
Es.] 1. Command to appear at a 
place named, or to attend to some 
public duty. 2. A warning to ap- 
pear in court at a day specified. 



SUMP'TER, n. [N. Fr. sommier, a 
beast of burden, Lat. sagmarius, a 
pack-horse; sagma, a pack-saddle. ] 
An animal that carries packs or bur- 
deus. 

SUMPT'U-A-RY, a. [Lat. sumptuarius, 
fr. surnere, sumptum, to take, spend.] 
Regulating expense or expenditure. 

SiJMPT'u-ous (84), a. Involving large 
expense. 
Syn. — Costly; splendid; magnificent. 

S&mpt'U-ous-ly, adv. In a sumpt- 
uous manner. [expensiveness. 

Sumpt'u-ous-ness, n. Costliness ; 

Sun, n. [A.-S. sunna, sunne, Skr. 
suryr,fr. svar, heaven.] 1. The lu- 
minous orb, round which the earth 
and planets revolve. 2. The sun- 
shine. 3. Whatever resembles the 
sun. — v. t. [-ned ; -ning.] To 
warm_or dry in the light of the sun. 

StJN'-BEAM, n. A ray of the sun. 

SOlN'BURN, V. t. [-BURNED, or 
-BURNT ; -BURNING.] To burn or 
tan by the sun. 

Sun'day, ii. [Anciently dedicated to 
the Sun.] First day of the week. 
Syx.— See Sabbath. 

SUN'DAY-S€HOOL, ii. A school for 
religious instruction on Sunday. 

SUN'DER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
sunderian, fr. sundor, sunder, sepa- 
rate, apart.] To disunite in almost 
any manner ; to part ; to sever. — n. 
A separation into parts. 

SOn'-DUAl, n. An instrument to 
show the time of day by a shadow on 
a plate, marked off for the hours. 

Sun'down, n. Sunset. 

Sun'dries, n. pi. Many different or 
small thing's. 

SUN'DRY, a. [A.-S. sundrig, fr. sun- 
dor, sunder, separate.] Several; 
more than one or two. 

Sun'feow-er, n. A plant having a 
large flower, with yellow rays, which 
turns toward the sun. 

Sung, imp. & p. p. of Sing. 

Sunk, imp. & p. p. of Sink. 

Sunken (sunken), a. Lying at the 
bottobi of water ; sunk. 

Sun'eess, a. Destitute of sunlight. 

SOn'light (-lit), n. Light of the sun. 

Sun'ny, a. [-er ; -est. 142.] 1. Re- 
lating to, proceeding from, or like, 
the sun. 2. Exposed to the sun : s 
jays 1 

SfiN'RlsE, jft. First appearance, 

SiJN'RIs-ING, } or time of appear- 
ance, of the sun above the horizon in 
the morning. 

Sun'set, ) n. Descent of the 

Sun'set-ting, ) sun below the ho- 
rizon ; hence, evening 

SOn'shine, n. Light of the sun, or 
the place where it shines. 

SUN'SHIN-Y, a. 1. Bright with the 
sun's rays. 2. Bright like the sun. 

Sun'-str5ke, n. A sudden prostra- 
tion of the physical powers, occa- 
sioned by excessive heat. 

Sup, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. sn- 
pan, to sip, drink. See SIP.] To take 
into the mouth with the lips ; to sip. 



— v. i. To eat the evening meal. — n 
A small mouthful, as of liquor ; a sip 

Su'PER-a-ble, a. [Lat. superabilis, 
fr. super, above, over.] Capable of 
being overcome. 

Su'per-a-bound', v. i. To be very 
abundant. [enough. 

Su'per-a-bun'dance, n. More than 

Su'per-A-bun'dant, a. Abounding 
_to excess. [than sufficient. 

SU/PER-A-BUN'DANT-LY, adv. MorO 

Su'per-add', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
_add over and above. 

Su'PER-AD-Dl'TION (-dish'un), n. 1. 
Act of adding to something. 2. That 
which is added. 

Su/per-an-gel'ig, a. Superior in 
_nature or rank to the angels. 

SU'PER-AN'NU-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. super, above, over, and annus, 
a year.] To impair or disqualify by 
_old age. 

SU'PER-AN'NU-A/TION, n. State of 
being superannuated ; decrepitude. 

Su-PERB', a. [Lat. superbus, fr. su- 
per, above, over.] 1. Grand ; mag- 
nificent ; stately. 2. Rich ; elegant. 
3. Showy ; pompous. [ner. 

Su-PERB'LY, adv. In a superb man- 

Su'PER-GAR'GO, n. A person in a 
merchanl ship, whose business is to 
superintend the commercial concerns 
of the voyage. 

Su'per-cil'i-ous, a. [Lat. supercil- 
iosus, fr. super cilium, an eyebrow, 
pride.] 1. Lofty with pride ; haugh- 
ty. 2. Manifesting haughtiness ; 
overbearing. 

Su'per-cil'j-ous-ly, adv. In a su- 
percilious manner. 

Su'PER-ci'l'i-ous-ness, n. An over- 
bearing manner ; haughtiness. 

Su'per-dom'I-nant,h. (Mus.) Sixth 
tone of the scale ; that which is next 
_above the dominant. 

Su'per-em'i-nence, n. State of 
being superemineut. 

Su'per-em'i-nent, a. Eminent in 
_a superior degree. 

SU'PER-EM'I-NENT-LY, adv. In a 
_superior degree of excellence. 

SU'PER-ER'O-GATE, V. 1. [-ED ; 

-ING.] [Lat. supererogare, -gatum, 
to spend or pay out over and above.] 
_To do more than duty requires. 

Su'PER-ER'O-GA'TION, It. A doing 
_more than duty or necessity requires. 

Su'per-e-rog'a-to-ry, a. Per- 
formed to an extent not required by 
duty or necessity. 

SU/PER-EX'CEL-LENCE,«. Superioi 
excellence. 

Su/PER-EX'CEL-LENT, a. Excellent 
in an uncommon degree. 

Su'per-fe-ta'tion, n. [Lat. super, 
above, over, and fetare, to bring 
forth.] A second conception after a 
prior one, and before the birth of 
the first. 

Su'per-fi'cial (-fish'al), a. [See 
Superficies.] 1. Lying on, or 
pertaining to, the surface. 2. Not 
_profound ; shallow. 

Su'per-fi'cial-ly (-flsb/al-), adv. 
On the surface only. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN, rue, pull ; JS, I, O, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag ; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



SUPERFICIALNESS 



422 



SUPPLICATE 



Su'per-fY'cial-ness (-fish'al-), n. 
State of being superficial. 

SfJ/PER-Fi'CIES (-flsh'ez), n. [Lat., 
from super, above, over, and fades. 
make, figure.] Surface ; exterior part 
of a thing. 

Su'per-fjne (110), a. Yery fine ; sur- 
passing others in fineness. 

Cu'PER-FLU'I-TY, n. 1. A greater 
quantity than is wanted. 2. Some- 
thing beyond what is wanted. 

Syn. — Superabundance; excess; re- 
dundancy. 

Su-p£R'FLU-otJS, a. [Lat. superftmrs, 
fr. superfluere, to overflow.] More 
than is wanted or sufficient. 
Syit . — Unnecessary ; exuberant. 

Su-per'flu-oOs-ly, adv. In a su- 
perfluous manner. 

Su-per'flu-ous-ness, n. State of 
being superfluous. 

Su'per-hu'man, a. Above what is 
human ; divine. 

SO'PER-IM-POSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

To lay or impose on something else. 
Su'PER-lN-CUM'BENT, a. Resting on 
something else. 

SU'PER-IN-DUOE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To bring in, or upon, as an addition. 

StJ/PER-IN-DUG'TION,??,. Act of su- 
perinducing. 

SO'PER-IN-TEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To have or exercise the charge and 
oversight of. 

Su'per-IN-tend'en^e, In. Care 

Su'per-in-tend'en-cv, J and over- 
sight for the purDO>e of direction. 

SfJ'PER-IN-TEND'ENT. (110), n. One 
who has the oversight and charge of 
something. 

Su-PE'RI-OR (89), a. [Lat. superior, 
compar. of superus, being above, fr. 
super, above.] 1. More elevated in 
place, rank, or character, &c. ; sur- 
passing others. 2. Beyond the power 
or influence of. — n. 1. One older or 
more elevated in rank. 2. One who 
surpasses others in excellence, or 
qualities of any kind. 3. Chief of a 
monastery, convent, or abbey. 4. A 
small letter or figure standing near 
the top of the line, as, a or 1. 

Su-pe'ri-or'i-ty (89), n. State or 
quality of being superior. 

Su-per'la-tive (14), a. [Lat. super- 
lativus, fr. super, over, and ferre, 
latum, to bear.] 1. Most eminent; 
supreme. 2. Expressing the highest 
degree of a quality, as among ob- 
jects that are compared. — n. 1. That 
which is most eminent. 2. Highest 
degree of comparison. 

Su-p£r'LA-TiVE-LY, adv. In a su- 
perlative manner, [ing superlative. 

Su-per'la-tive-ness, n. State of be- 

Su'per-lu'nar. ) a. Being above 

Su'per-lu'na-ry, I the moon. 

Su-PER'NAL, a. [Lat. supernus, from 
super, above.] 1. Being in a higher 
place or region. 2. Relating to things 
_above ; celestial. 

Su'PER-na'tant, a. [Lat. superna- 
tans, swimming above.] Swimming 
or floating on the surface. 



SC'per-nXt'u-ral, a. Being beyond 
the powers or laws of nature ; mirac- 
ulous. 

Syn. — Preternatural.— Preternatural 
signifies beside nature, and supernatural, 
above or beyond nature. The dark day 
which terrified all Europe nearly a cen- 
tury ago was preternatural ; the resur- 
rection of the dead is supernatural. 

Su/per-nat'u-RAL^Ism, n. 1. State 
of being supernatural 2. Doctrine 
of a supernatural agency in the mir- 
acles and revelations of the Bible. 

SU'PER-NAT'U-RAL-LY, adv. In a 
supernatural manner. 

SO'per-nu'mer-a-ry, a. Exceeding 
the number stated, prescribed, nec- 
essary, or usual. — n. A person or 
thing beyond what is necessary or 
usual. 

Su / per-po-si'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. 
A being placed above. 2. That which 
i.-! situated above something else. 

Su'PER-ROY'AL, a. Denoting the 
largest regular size of printing paper. 

Su'PER-SALT, n. A salt with a greater 
number of equivalents of acid than 
of the base. 

Su'per-sXt'U-rate, v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To add to beyond saturation. 

Su'per-scribe'. v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. super scribere.] To write on the 
top, outside, or surface : to write the 
address of a person on the cover of. 

Su'PER-seRiP'TiON, n. 1. Act of 
superscribing. 2. That which is su- 
perscribed. 

SfJ'PER-SEDE', f. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supersedere, to Bit above, omit.] 
1. To displace ; to replace. 2. To 
set aside ;_to render unnecessary. 

Sv'PER-SE'DE-As, ii. [Lat., sus- 
pend, set aside.] A writ to stay pro- 
ceedings under another writ. 

Su'PER-sed'ure, n. Act of super- 
seding. 

Su'per-stI'tion (-stTsh'un), n. [Lat. 
superstitio, orig. a standing still over 
a thing ; hence, amazement.] 1. Ex- 
cessive exactness or rigor in religious 
opinions or practice. 2. Worship of 
false gods. 3. Belief in omens and 
prognostics. 

Syn. — Fanaticism. — Superstition 
springs from the imagination in a 
gloomy state; fanaticism from this same 
faculty in a state of high-wrought and 
self-confident excitement. The former 
leads to weak fears or excessive scrupu- 
losity as to outward observances; the 
latter to an utter disresard of reason un- 
der the false assumption of enjoying a 
direct guidance from on high. 

Su'per-stT'tioDs (-stlsh'us), a. 1. 
Pertaining to superstition. 2. Full 
of idle fancies and scruples in regard 
to religion. 

SU-PER-STI'TIOUS-LY (-stjsh'us-). 

adv. In a superstitious manner. 

Sil'PER-STl'TIO&S-NESS (-stl'tious-), 
n. Superstition. 

SU'PER-STRA'TUM, n. ; pi. SU'PER- 
STRA'TA. A stratum or layer above 
another. 

Su'PER-STRUO'TlON, n. [Lat. super- 
struere, -structum ; super, over, and 
struere, to build.] 1. Act of build 



ing upon something. 2. That which 
is built upon some foundation. 

Su'per-struot'ure (53), n. Any 
structure built on something else. 

SU'PER-VENE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supervenire , to come over or 
upon.] To come upon as something 
extraneous ; to happen. 

Su'per-ven'ient, a. Coming upon 
as something additional. [vening. 

Su'per-ven'tion, it. Act of super- 

SO'per-vis'al, n. Act of supervis- 
ing ; supervision. 

SU'PER-VISE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. super, over, and visere, to look 
at attentively, survey.] To oversee 
for direction ; to superintend. 

Su'per-vIs/ion (-vizh'un), n. Act 
of overseeing ; superintendence. 

Su/PER-vis'OR, n. An overseer. 

Su'per-vis'o-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or having, supervision. 

Su'pi-na'tion, n. [See Supine.] 
Lying with the face upward. 

SO'PINE, n. [Lat. supinus, thrown 
backward ; — though furnished with 
substantive case-endings, it throws 
itself back, as it were, on the verb.] 
A substantival modification of the 
infinitive mood, in Latin. 

Su-PiNE', a. 1. Lying on the back. 
2. Inclining with exposure to the 
sun. 3. Negligent ; heedless. 

Su-pine'ly, adv. In a supine man- 
ner : carelessly. [ing supine. 

Sij -pine 'ness (109), 7?. State of be- 

Sup'per. n. [See Soup and Sup.] A 
meal taken at the close of the day. 

Sup'per-less, a. Wanting supper. 

SUP-PLANT'. V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
supplantare, to trip up one's heels, 
to throw down.] 1. To displace by 
stratagem ; or to remove and take 
the place of. 2. To undermine. 

SlJP'PLAN-TA'TION, n. Act of sup- 
planting, [plants. 

Sup-plXnt'er, n. One who sup- 

SUP'ple, a. [Lat. supplfx. bending 
the knees.] 1. Easily bent. 2. Com- 
pliant ; not obstinate. 3. Pending 
to the humor of others. — v. t. or i. 
[-ed; -ing.] To make or become 
soft and pliant. 

SDp'PLE-MENT, n. [Lat. supplemen- 
tum.] Something added to a book 
or paper to supply deficiencies or 
correct errors. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
To supply by additions. 

SiJP'PLE-MENT'AL, ) a. Added to 

SUP'PLE-MENT'A-RY, J supply what 
is wanted ; additional. [supple. 

Sup'ple-ness, n. Quality of being 

SDp'ple-to-ry, a. Supplying defi- 
ciencies. 

StJP'PLl-ANT. a. [Fr. suppliant, p. 
pr. of supplier, to entreat.] 1. Ask- 
ing earnestly and submissively. 2. 
Manifesting entreaty. — n. A hum- 
ble petitioner. 

SDp'pli-ant-ly, adv. In a suppli- 
ant manner. [cates. 

Sup'pli-cant, n. One who suppli- 

SUP'PLI-CATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supplicate, -ratum, fr. supplex, 
kneeling down.] 1. To seek by ear- 



I, 6,u, Y,long; &,£,f,o,tt, y, short- ;are, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; son. 



SUPPLICATION 



423 



SURREJOIN 



nest petition. 2. To address in 
prayer. — v. i. To offer a petition. 

SOp/PLl-CA'TiON, n. Act of suppli- 
cating ; humble petition or prayer; 
earnest request. 

SDp'PLl-€A-TO-RY,a. Containing sup- 
plication ; submissive. 

Sup-pli'er, n. One who supplies. 

SUP-PLY', v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
suppltre fr. sub, under, and plere, to 
fill.] 1. To furnish with what is 
wanted. 2. To serve instead of. 3. 
to bring or furnish. — n. Sufficiency 
of things for use or want. 

Sup-port', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
supporlare ; sub, under, and portare, 
to carry.] 1. To keep from falling. 
2. To endure 3. To keep from faint- 
ing. 4. To furnish with the means 
of livelihood. 5. To carry on ; to 
enable to continue. 6. To uphold 
by aid or countenance. * 

Syn.— To maintain; nurture; shield; 
protect; forward. 

— n. 1. Act of upholding or sustain- 
ing. 2. That which upholds. 3. 
That which preserves from being 
overcome, failing, sinking, &c. 

Sup-port'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing supported. 

Sup-port'er, n. One who, or that 
which, supports. 

Sup ^os'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
supposed. 

Sup-pos'al, n. Supposition. 

Sup-pose', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
sub, under, and pansare, to pause ; 
or Lat. supporter e, -position, fr. sub, 
under, and ponere, to put.] 1. To 
assume to be true. 2. To require to 
exist or be true. 
Syx. — To imagine ; conjecture; assume. 

— v. i. To think ; to believe. 
SUP'PO-si'TlON (-zish'un),^. 1. Act 

of supposing. 2. That which is sup- 
posed; hypothesis. 

Sup-pos/i-ti'tious (-tTsh'us), a. 
[Lat. supposititius.] Put by trick in 
the place of another; spurious. 

SUP-POS/l-Tl'TIOUS-LY (-tish'us-ly"), 
adv. By trickish substitution. 

Sup-Pos'l-TiVE, a. Implying suppo- 
sition." 

Sup-press', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
supprimere, -pressum, fr. sub, under, 
a.xid premere, to press.] 1. To over- 
power and crush. 2. To restrain 
from utterance or vent. 3. To re- 
tain without disclosure. 

SUP-PRES'siON(-presh / un),»?. 1- Act 
of suppressing, or state of being sup- 
pressed. 2. Concealment ; obstruc- 
tion. 

Sup-PRESS'1've , a. Tending to sup- 
press ; subduing ; concealing. 

Sup-press'or, n. [Lat.] One who 
suppresses. 

gtJP'PU-RATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supvurare , -ration ; sub, under, 
and pus, puris, matter.] To gener- 
ate pus. [ing pus. 

SOp'pu-ra'tion,h. Process of form- 

^Op'pu-ra-tive, a. Promoting sup- 
puration. — n. A medicine that pro- 
motes suppuration. 



Su'pra-mun'dane, a. Being above 

the world. 
Su'pra-nat'u-ral-ism, n. Same as 

SUPERNATURALISM. 

Su-PREM'A-CY, n. State of being su- 
preme ; higher authority. 

Su-PREME' (92), a. [Lat. supremus, 
superl. of superus, being above.] 1. 
Highest in government or power. 2. 
Highest, greatest, or most excellent. 
3. Utmost. [degree. 

Su-PREME'LY, adv. In the highest 

Su'RAL,a. [Lat. sura, calf of the leg.] 
Pertaining to the calf of the leg. 

Sur'base, n. A cornice on the top of 
the base of a pedestal, &c. 

SUR-CHARGE' V V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr. surcharger. See CHARGE ] To 
overload; to overburden. — n. An 
excessive load or burden, [charges. 

Sur-char'ger, n. One who sur- 

SUR'CIN-GLE (-sing-gl), n. [Prefix 
sur and cingle.] A girth, which 
passes over a saddle, or over any 
thing laid on a horse's back. 

SUR'cdAT, n. [Prefix sur and coat.] 
A short coat worn over the other 
garments. 

Surd, a. [Lat. surdus, lit. deaf.] 1. 
Not capable of being expressed in 
rational numbers. 2. Uttered with 
simple breath ; not sonant. — n. A 
quantity which cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers. 

Sure (shjjr), a. [-eu; -est.] [Fr. 
"s<lr. See Secure.] 1. Certainly 
knowing. 2. Certain to find or re- 
tain. 3. Certain not to fail. 

Srx. — Certain ; unfailing ; firm ; 
stable ; secure ; confident ; positive. 
— adv . TTi thou-t doubt. 

Sure'-foot'ed (shur'-), a. Not apt 
to stumble. 

SURE'LY (shijr/-), adv. Certainly ; 
undoubtedly ; steadily. [sure. 

Sure'ness (shur 7 -), n. State of being 

SuRE'YY (shur'-), n. 1. Certainty; 
security. 2. Ground of confidence. 

3. Security against loss or damage. 

4. A bondsman; a bail. 
Sure'ty-ship (shijr/-), n. State of 

being surety. 

SURF n. [Cf. 0. Fr. surflot, the rising 
of billow upon billow.] Swell of the 
sea which breaks upon the shore. 

SUR'FACE, n. [Fr. surface. See 
Superficies, and Face.] 1. Ex- 
terior part of any thing that has 
length and breadth ; superficies ; 
outside. 2. Outward appearance. 

SUR'FEIT, n. [0. Fr. surfait, excess, 
arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire, to aug- 
ment, exaggerate, from sur, over, and 
faire, to make, do, Lat. facere.] 1. 
Fullness and oppression, occasioned 
by excessive eating and drinking. 2. 
Disgust caused by excess : satiety. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To overfeed, and 
produce sickness or uneasiness. 

Sur'feit-ER, n. One who surfeits. 

Surge, n. [Lat. surgere, to rise.] A 
large wave. — v."i. [-ED;-ING.] 1. 
To swell; to rise high and roll, as 
waves. 2. To slip back, as a cable. 

SUR'GEON (sQVjun ), n. [Contr. from 



chirurgeon.] One who undertakes to 
cure injuries of the body by manual 
operation. 

SUR'GEON-CY,n. Office of a surgeon. 

Sur'ger-y, n. [Contr. from 0. Eng. 
surgeonry.} 1. Art of healing by 
manual operation. 2. A place where 
surgical operations are performed, or 
medicines prepared. • [or surgery. 

SUR'GIC-AL, a. Relating to surgeoni 

StJR'GY, a. Rising in billows. 

Sur'li-ly, adv. In a surly manner. 

Sur'LI-ness, n. State of being surly. 

SUR'LOIN, n. [Fr. surlonge ; sur, 
upon, and longe, loin.] Upper part 
of the loin of beef. See Sirloin. 

Sur'ly, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [From 
sour.] 1. Gloomily morose ; crab- 
bed ; 2. Rough ; tempestuous. 

SUR-MI.SE',rc. [0. Fr. surmise, accusa- 
tion.]" The thought that something 
may be, on feeble or scanty evic. ;nce. 
— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To imagine with- 
out certain knowledge ; to suppose. 

SUR-MOUNT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
surmonter ; fr. sur, over, and monter, 
to mount.] 1. To rise higher than. 
2. To overcome. 3. To surpass. 

Sur-mount'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being surmounted. [mounts. 

Stjr-mount'er, ii. One who sur- 

SUR'NAME, n. [Prefix sur and name.] 
1. A name added to the baptismal of 
Christian name ; a family name. 2 
An appellation added to the original 



SUR-NAME', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
call by an appellation added to the 
original name. 

Sur-pass', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Fr- 
surpasser ; sur, over, and jmsser, to 
pass.] To go beyond in any thing. 

Sur-pass'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
surpassed. [eminent degree. 

Sur-pass'ing, p. a. Excellent in an 

SUR'PLICE, n. [Fr. surplis, L. Lat. 
superpellicium, from super, over, and 
pelliciion, a robe of fur.] A white 
ecclesiastical garment. 

SUR'PLUS, n. [Fr. surplus, from sur, 
over, and plus, more.] Excess be- 
yond what is prescribed or wanted. 

SUR'plus-age, n. 1. Surplus; ex- 
cess. 2. Matter in pleading not 
necessary or relevant to the case. 

Sur-pris'al, n. Act of surprising, or 
state of being surprised. 

SUR-PRISE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
surprendre. p. p. surpris, fr. Lat. su- 
per, over, and prend 'ere ,prehendere, to 
take.] 1. To come on unexpectedly. 
2. To strike with astonishment. 3. 
To confuse. — n. 1. Act of surprising 
or state of being surprised. 2. A 
moderate degree of sudden wonder. 

Sur-pris'ing./>. a. Exciting surprise ; 
wonderful ; astonishing. 

SuR-PRig'lNG-LY, adv. In a sur- 
prising manner or degree. 

SUR'RE-BUT', v. i. [Prefix sur and 
rebut.] To reply, as a plaintiff to a 
defendant's rebutter. 

SUR'RE-BUT'"TER, n. The plaintiff's 
reply to a defendant's rebutter. 

SUR'RE-JOIN', v. ?. [Prefix sur and 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN,RyE,PULL; E,I, O, silent; C,G,so/2; €,G,hard; Ag; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS 



SURREJOINDER 



424 



SWAMPY 



rejoin ] To reply, as a plaintiff to a 
defendant's rejoinder. 

SBr/re-join'der, n. Answer of a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

SUR-REN'DER, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. surrender ; sur, over, and rendre, 
to render.] 1. To give up possession of 
on compulsion or demand. 2. To yield 
to any influence, passion, or power. 
— v. i. To give up one's self into the 
power of another. — n. Act of sur- 
rendering or yielding to another. 

Sur-ren'der-or (127), n. One who 
makes a surrender. 

SUR'REP-TP" Tious (-tisb/us), a. [Lat. 
surreplitius .] Done by stealth or 
fraud. 

Sur'rep-ti'tious-ly (-tish'us-), 
adv. By stealth ; fraudulently. 

SUR'RO-GATl!, n. [Lat. surrogare, 
-gatus, to substitute, fr. sub, under, 
and rngare, to ask, propose.] 1. A 
deputy, esp. the deputy of an eccle- 
siastical judge. 2. An officer who 
presides over the probate of wills. 

SUR-ROUND',r. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Pre- 
fix sur and round.] 1. To inclose on 
all sides. 2. To lie or be on all sides of. 
Syn.— To encompass ; environ ; invest. 

Sur-sol'id, n. (Math.) Fifth power of 
a number. 

SUR-TOUT' (-toot'), n. [Fr. surtout ; 
sur, ov<>r, and tout, all.] An overcoat, 
esp. when long and fitting closely. 

SUR veillance (sur-val'yongss'), 
n. [b'r.] Watch; inspection. 

SUR-VEY' (115), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[0. Fr. surveoir, from sur, over, and 
ve'oir, Lat. videre, to see.] 1. To in- 
spect, as from a high place. 2. To 
view with a scrutinizing eye. 3. To 
examine with reference to condition, 
situation, and value. 4. To measure, 
as a tract of land or a coast, &c. 

SUR'VEY, n. 1. A general view. 2. 
A particular view ; esp. an official ex- 
amination. 3. Act of measuring any 
part of the earth's surface ; also, a de- 
lineation of any portion of country. 

SUR-VEY'ING, n. That branch of 
mathematics which teaches the art 
of measuring and delineating land. 

SUR-VEY'OR, n. 1. An overseer, in- 
spector, or examiner. 2. One who 
measures land. 3. ( Customs.) (a.) An 
officer who ascertains the contents of 
casks: a gauger. (b.) (U. S.) An offi- 
cer who ascertains the weight and 
quantity of goods subject to duty. 

Sur-vey'OR-shIp, n. Office of a sur- 
veyor, [another. 

Sur-viv'al, n. A living longer than 

Sur- vive', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Fr. 
survivre. from sur, above, beyond, 
and (vivre, to live.] To live beyond, 
or longer than. — v. i. To remain 
alive. [outlives another. 

Sur-viv'or, n. One who survives or 

Sur-viv'or-ship, n. 1. State of 
being a survivor. 2. Right of one 
who has a joint interest in an estate, 
to take the whole estate upon the 
death of the other. 

Sus-cep'ti-bil'i-ty, a. Capability 
of receiving impressions. 



SUS-CEP'TI-BLE, a. [Lat. suscipere, 
to take up, undertake, admit.] 1. 
Capable of admitting any thing ad- 
ditional, or any change. 2. Capable 
of impression ; tender. 3. Having 
nice sensibility. 

SUS-CIP'I-ENT, a. [Lat. suscipiens, 
taking up, admitting.] Receiving ; 
admitting. — n. One who admits. 

Sus-PE€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
suspicere, -spectum; sub, under, and 
specere, to look.] 1, To imagine to 
exist, or to be guilty, often upon weak 
evidence or no evidence at all. 2. To 
hold to be uncertain. — v. i. To 
imagine guilt. [suspected. 

Sus-pe€T'ed-ness, n. State of being 

SUS-PEGT'ER, n. One who suspects. 

SUS-PEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. SUS- 
pendere, -pensum, from sus or subs, 
for sub, under, and pendere, to hang.] 

1. To attach to something above. 

2. To make to depend. 3. To cause 
to cease for a time. 4 To hold in a 
state undetermined. 5. To debar 
from any privilege. 

Syn. — To hang; delay; intermit. 
— v. i. To cease from operation or 
activity ; especially, to stop payment. 

Sus-PEND'ER, n. 1. One who sus- 
pends. 2. pi. Straps for holding up 
pantaloons ; braces. 

Sus-pense', n. 1. A state of uncer- 
tainty. 2. Cessation for a time. 

Sus-pen'sion, n. 1. Act of suspend- 
ing, or state of being suspended ; 
esp. temporary delay or cessation. 
2. A conditional withholding, inter- 
ruption, or delay. [Suspending. 

Sus-pen'so-ry, a. 1. Suspended. 2. 

Sus-PI'CION (-pish'un), n. [Lat. sus- 
picio.] Act of suspecting. 

Syn. — Jealousy; mistrust; doubt. 

Sus-PI'cious(-pIsh / us),o. 1. Inclined 
to suspect. 2. Indicating suspi- 
cion. 3. Liable to suspicion. 
Syn.— See Jealous. 

Sus-Pi'cioirs-LY (-pTsh'us), adv. In 
a suspicious manner. 

Sus-Pi'ciotJS-NESS (-pisb/us), n. 
Quality of being suspicious. 

Sijs'pi-ra'tion, n. Act of sighing. 

Sus-PIRE', v. i. [Lat. suspirare, ft. 
sub, under, and spirare, to breathe.] 
To righ. 

Sus-TAIN', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
sustinere, from sus or subs, for sub, 
under, and tenere, to hold.] 1. To 
keep from falling; to bear. 2. To 
maintain ; to keep alive. 3. To aid, 
vindicate, comfort, or relieve. 4. To 
endure. 5. To suffer ; to undergo. 

Sus-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing sustained. 

Sus-tain'er, n. One who sustains. 

Sfis'TE-NANCE, n. [0. Fr. suste- 
nance. See Sustain.] 1. Act of 
sustaining. 2. That which supports 
life : foodj provisions. 

Sus'ten-ta'tion, n. [Lat. sustenta- 
tio. See Sustain.] Support ; susten- 
ance. 

SUT'LER, n. [0. D. soeteler, from 
soetelen, to undertake low offices.] 



One who follows an army, and sells 
to the troops provisions, liquors, 
cigars, &c. 

Sut-tee', n. [Skr. sati, f. of sat, 
real, true, good.] 1. A widow who 
burns herself on the funeral pile of 
her husband. 2. The burning it- 
self. [India.] 

Sut-tee'ism, n. Practice of self- 
immolation among widows in Hin- 
dostan. 

Sut'ur-AL,, a. Relating to a suture or 
seam. 

Sut'ure, n. [Lat. sutura, from 
suere, sutum, to sew.] 1. Act of 
sewing ; also, the line along which 
two things are sewed together ; a 
seam. 2. Seam or joint of the bones 
of the skull. 

Su'ze-rai\, n. [Fr. suzerain, from 
sus. above, over. See Sovereign.] 
A superior lord, to whom fealty is 
due. 

Swab, n. [From the root of sweep.] 

1. A mop. 2. A bit of sponge or 
cloth fastened to a handle for cleans- 
ing the mouth.— v. t. [-BED; -B1NG.] 
To clean with a swab. 

Swab'ber, n. One who uses a swab. 

Swad'dle (swod'dl), n. [A.-S. swsed- 
hil, swedkel, a bundle, fr. swedhian, 
to bind.] Clothes bound tight round 
thebody. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
bind, as with a bandage; to swathe. 

SWAD'DLING-BAND, i n. A cloth 

Swad'dling-gloth, j wrapped 

round an infant. 
Swag, v. i. [-ged ; -ging.] [Allied 

to siving.] To sink down by its 

weight ; to lean. 
Swage, n. A tool for shaping metal 

work. — v. t. To shape by means of 

a swage. 

SWAG'GER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. 

A.-S. swegan, to make a noise, swe- 
gian, to prevail.] To boast or brag 
noisily; to bluster. — n. Boastful- 
ness of manner. 

SwXg'ger-er, n. A blusterer; a 
bully. 

Swag'gy, a. Hanging by its weight. 

SWAIN, n. [A.-S. swan.] A rustic; 
especially, a country lover. 

Swale, n. [Gael, sgail, a shade, 
shadow.] A tract of iow, and usu- 
ally wet, land. [Amer.] — v. t. & i. 
To waste ; to sweal. 

Swal'low, n. [A.-S. swalewe, 
sivealwe.] A small bird with a 
forked tail. — v. t. [-ed : -ING.] [A.- 
S. swelgan, swilgan , 0. Ger. schwalg, 
the threat.] 1. To take into the stom- 
ach. 2. To draw into an abyss. 3. 
To receive, as opinions, without ex- 
amination. 4. To appropriate. 5. To 
exhaust. 6. To retract. — n. 1. The 
gullet or esophagus. 2. As much a,z 
can be swallowed at once. 

Swamp (swomp), n. [From the root of 
swim.] Land wet and spongy. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To plunge, or 
sink in a swamp, or as in a swamp 

2. To overset, or sink, as a boat. 
Swamp'y, a. Consisting of, or like, a 

swamp. 



A, E, 1, 5, U, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM j PIQUE, FIRM ; s6ji, 



SWAN 



425 



SWINGLE 



Swan, n. [A.-S.] 
A large web-foot- 
ed bird, like the 




Swan's' - down, 
n. A fine, soft, 
thick cloth of 
wool mixed with 
silk or cotton. Swan. 

Swan'-skin, n. A kind of fine flannel. 

Swap, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [O.Eng., 
to strike. Of. to strike a bargain.] | 
To exchange; to barter. — n. An 
exchange ; barter. 

SWARD, n. [A.-S. sweard.] The 
grassy surface of land ; turf. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To cover with sward. 

SWARM, n. [A.-S. swearm, from the 
root of Skr. swar, to sound.] 1. A 
large number of small animals or in- 
sects, esp. when in motion. 2. Any 
great number or multitude. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To leave a hive in 
a body, as bees. 2. To throng togeth- 
er. 3. To be crowded. 4. To be filled, 
as with a crowd of objects. 5. [Allied 
to worm.] To climb, as a tree, em- 
bracing it with the arms and legs. 

Swart, I a. [A.-S. sweart.] Being 

SWARTH, ) of a dark hue ; tawny. 

Swarth'1-ness, a. State of being 
swarthy. 

SWARTH'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 
[From swarth, or swart.] Eeing of 
a dark hue or dusky complexion ; 
black or tawny. 

Swash, v. i. [Sw. swassa, to bully ; 
Ger. schivatzm, to talk, prate.] 1. 
To bluster. 2. [From wash, with .s 
prefixed.] To dash or flow noisily , as 
water. — n. 1. Impulse of water 
flowing with violence. 2. A narrow 
channel of water within a sand-bank, 
or between that and the shore. 

Swath (swawth), n. [A.-S. swadhu.] 

1. A band or fillet. 2. A line of grass 
or grain cut down in mowing. 3. The 
whole sweep of a scythe. 

Swathe, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
swedliian, to bind.] To bind with a 
swath or bandage. — n. A bandage. 

SWAY,v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. swe- 
gian, to prevail. Cf. SwAG.] 1. To 
move or wield with the hand. 2. To 
influence or direct. 3. To cause to 
incline to one side. — v. i. 1. To bear 
rule. 2. To have weight or influence. 
3. To be drawn to one side by weight. 
— n. 1. Power exerted in governing. 

2. Influence, weight, or authority 
that inclines to one side. 3. Prepon- 
deration. 4. Swing of a weapon. 

SWEAL, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
swelan, to burn slowly and without 
a flame.] To melt and run down, as 
the tallow of a candle. 

Swear (4), v. i. [swore ; sworn : 
SWEARpG.] [A.-S. swerian, allied 
to swarian, to affirm.] 1. To affirm, 
with an appeal to God for the truth 
of what is affirmed. 2. To give evi- 
dence on oath. 3 To be profane. — 
v. t. 1. To administer an oath to. 2. 
To declare or charge upon oath. 

Swear'er, n. One who swears. 



SWEAT, n. [A.-S. swat, allied to Skr. I 
svedas.] 1. Sensible moisture ex- J 
creted from the skin. 2*. Moisture 
issuing from any substance. — v. i. or j 
t. [SWEAT ; SWEATED ; SWEAT- j 
ING.] 1. To excrete, or cause to ex- \ 
crete, sensible moisture from the skin. 
2. To toil ; to drudge. 3. To emit 
moisture, as green plants in a heap. | 

Sweat'1-ness, n. State of being I 
sweaty. [with sweat, j 

Sweat'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Moibt 

SWED'ISH, a. Pertaining to Sweden. 
— n. Language of the Swedes. 

Sweep, v. t. [swept ; sweeping.] 
[A.-S. swapan.] 1. To brush, or 
clean, with a broom. 2. To carry 
along or off by a long stroke. 3. To 
destroy or carry off many at a stroke. 
4. To carry with a long swinging or 
dragging motion. 5. To draw or drag 
over. — v. i. 1. To pass swiftly and 
violently. 2. To pass with pomp. 3. 
To move with a long reach. — n. 1. 
Act of sweeping. 2. Compass of a 
stroke or of any turning body. 3. Di- 
rection and extent of any motion not 
rectilinear. 4. One who sweeps. 5. The 
pole used to raise and lower a bucket. 

Sweep'er, n. One who sweeps. 

S WE EPTNGS,n.f>/. Things collected 
by sweeping. 

SwEEP'STAKES,n. sing, or pi. 1. The 
whole money or other things staked 
or won at a horse-race. 2. One who 
wiiw all. [a great compass. 

Sweep' Y, a. Passing with speed over 

Sweet, a. [-ee; -est.] [A.-S. 
swSte.] 1. Having a taste like that 
of sugar. 2. Pleasing to any sense. 3. 
Fresh, not salt. 4. Not changed from 
a sound or wholesome state. — n. 1. 
That which is sweet to the taste. 2. 
That which is pleasing to any of the 
senses or to the mind. 3. A darling. 

Sweet'-bread, n. Pancreas of an i 
animal, used for food. 

Sweet'-bri'er, n. A shrub of the 
rose kind. 

SWEET'.EN, f. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
make sweet to the taste. 2. To make 
pleasing to the mind. 3. To make 
delicate. 4. To restore to purity. — 
v. i. To become sweet. 

Sweet'J5N-er, n. One who, or that 
which, sweetens. [tress. 

Sweet'heart, n. A lover or mis- 

Sweet'ing, «. 1. A sweet apple. 2. 
A darling. 

Sweet'ish, a. Somewhat sweet. 

Sweet'LY, adv. In a sweet manner. 

Sweet'MEAT, n. Fruit preserved 
with sugar. sweet. J 

Sweet'ness. 7i. Quality of being j 

Swell, v. i. [swelled : swelled i 
(SWOLLEN or swoLN,obsolescent); I 
SWELLING.] [A.-S. sivrtlan.] 1. To I 
grow larger, esp. by matter added J 
within. 2. To be driven into billows, j 
3- To be puffed up. 4. To be bombast- 
ic. — v. t. 1. To increase the size of. J 
2. To aggravate. 3. To raise to arro- j 
gance. — n. 1. Act of swelling. 2. i 
Gradual increase. 3. A fluctuation of j 
the sea after a storm . 4. A gradual in- ' 



crease and decrease of the volume Jf 
sound. 5. A showy, boastful person. 

SWELL'lNG, n. 1. Protuberance; 
prominence. 2. A tumor. 

Swell'-mob, n. Well-dressed thieves. 

SWELT'ER, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.~ 
S. sweltan, to perish.] To be over- 
come with heat. — v. t. To oppress 
with heat. 

Swept, imp. & p. p. of Siveep. 

Sw£rve, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [D. 
zwerven. Cf. Swarm.] To wandei' 
from any line prescribed, or from a 
rule of duty ; to deviate. 

Swift, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. Cf. 
Sweep.] 1. Moving with celerity. 
2. Ready; prompt. — n. 1. A reel. 
2. A small bird, like the swallow- 3. 
A species of lizard. . 

Swift'ly, adv. With celerity. 

SwYft'ness, n. State or quality of 
being swift ; speed. 

Swig,^. t. and i. [A.-S. sivilgan, to 
swallow.] To drink by large draughts. 

— n. A large draught. [ Vulgar.] 
Sw'lLL, f. t. or*. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.- 

S. swilgan, to swallow, swilian, to 
wash.] To drink grossly or greedily. 

— 7i. 1. Large draughts of liquor. 2. 
Mixture of liquid substances, given 
to swine. 

Swill'er, n. One who swills. 

Swim, v. i. [swabi, swum ; swim- 
ming.] [A.-S. swimrnan.] 1. To float. 
2. To move in water by the hands and 
feet, or fins. 3. To be borne along by 
a current. 4. To glide along. 5. To 
be dizzy. 6. To abound. — v. t. l.-To 
pass by swimming. 2. To cause to 
swim or float. — «. Act of swimming. 

SwiM'MER, n. One who swims. 

SwiM'MiNG-LY, adv. In an easy, 
gliding manner, as if swimming ; 
hence, successfully. 

Swi'N'DLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [N. H. 
Ger. schwindeln, to be giddy, to 
cheat, from schwinden, to vanish, 
dwindle.] To cheat grossly, or with 
deliberate artifice. — n. Act of de- 
frauding by systematic imposition. 

Swin'dler, n. One who swindles. 

Syn. — Sharper. — One who obtains 
mongy or goods under false pretenses is 
a swindler; one who cheats by sharp 
practice, as in staking what he can not 
pay, is a sharper. 

Swine, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. swbi.] 
A hog ; a boar or sow ; a pig. 

Swine'-h£rd, 7i. A keeper of swine. 

Swing, v. i. [swung ; swinging.] 
[A.-S. swingan.] 1. To move to and 
fro, as a body suspended ; to vibrate. 
2. To piactice swinging. 3. To move 
or float. 4. To be hanged. — v.t. 
1. To cause to wave, or vibrate. 2. 
To move to and fro : to brandish. 

— n. 1. Act of swinging : vibratory 
motion. 2. A line suspended, on 
which any thing may swing. 3. Un- 
restrained liberty ; tendency. 

Swinge, v. t. '[A -S. swingan, to 

swing, whip.] To beat soundly. 
SwTnge'ing, a. Huge. [ Vulgar.] 
SwiN'GLE, v. t. [From swing.] To 
clean, as flax, by beating it with a 



or- do, wolf, too, TO~OK.j ukn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, g, hard; 



EXIST •, N as NG ; this. 



SWINGLE-T&EE 



426 



SYNiERESIS 



swingle. — n. A sort of large knife 
for cleaning flax. 

SwIn'gle-tree, n. A whiffle-tree. 

Swin'ish, a. Like swine : gross ; 

Swipe, n. A sweep. [ho-jgish. 

SwiP'LE (swip'l), n. Part of a flail 
which strikes the grain. 

Swirl, n. [Icel. swirra, to whirl.] 
An eddy ; a whirl. 

JiHvIss, n. dhg. & pi. A native, or 
the people, of Switzerland. — a. Per- 
taining to Switzerland. 

Switch, n. [From swing, swinge.] 
1. A small, flexible twig. 2. A mov- 
able part of a railway track, for 
transferring a car to another track. 
— v. t. [-ED; -iing.] 1. To strike 
with a small twig or rod. 2. To turn 
from one railway track to another. 

Swi'TCM'MAN(150), n. One who tends 
a switch on a railway. 

Swivel, n. [A.-S. 
swifan, to move 
quickly, revolve. 
Cf. SWIFT.] 1. Swivel and Chain. 
A turning ring, link, or staple. ?. A 
small cannon turning on a pivot. — 
v. i. To turn on a staple, or pivot. 

Swob, n. & v. Same as Swab. 

Swoon, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
swunan, to fail in intellect, allied to 
swanian, to faint.] To sink into a 
fainting fit. — n. A fainting fit. 

SwobP, r. (. [-ed; -ING.] [Allied 
to sweep.] To fall on with a sweep- 
ing motion and seize. — v. ?'. To de- 
scend with closed wings from a height 
upon prey. — n. A pouncing, as of 
a rapacious fowl on his prey. 

Swop, v. t. Same as Swap. 

Sword (sord), n. [A.-S. sweord, 
sword.] A weapon for cutting or 
thrusting. 

Sword'-belt (sord'-), n. A belt to 
suspend a sword by. [a sword. 

Sword'ed (sord'ed), a. Girded with 

Sword' - fish 
(sord'-), n. A 
large fish hav- 
ing the upper 
jaw elongated 
into a sword -shaped process. 

Sword'-knot (sord'not), n. A rib- 
bon tied to the hilt of a sword, 

Swords'man (sordz'-, 150), n. 
skilled'in the use of the sword. 

Swore, imp. of Swear. 

Sworn, p. p. or p. a. of Swear. 

Swum, imp. & p. p. of Swim. 

Swung, imp. & p. p. of Swing. 

SYB'A-RITE, n. [From Sybaris, 
Italy, noted for voluptuousness.] 
person devoted 
to luxury and 
pleasure. 

J3yb'a-rit'ig, a. 
Luxurious ; wan- 
ton. 

Syg'a-mine, n. 
[Or. o-VKap.ivo<; .] 
The mulberry- 
tree. 

SY€'A-MORE, n. Sycamore. 



Sword-fish. 



One 




[Gr. o-v/co^opos, the fig-mulberry, fr. 
(tvkov, a fig. and fiopov, the black 
mulberry; Heb. sik i mail.] A large 
Eastern tree allied to the fig; in Amer- 
ica, the plane tree, or button-wood ; 
in England, a large mapie. 
Sy-cee', n. Silver in the form of 
small lumps, used as a currency. 
[China.] [tery ; servility. 

Syg'o-phan-cy, n. Obsequious flat- 
SyCO-PHANT, n. [Gr. crv/co(/>aim)s, fr. 
(tvkov, a fig, and <\>aiveiv, to show.] 

1. Originally, au informer, who 
sought favor by denouncing those 
who exported figs contrary to law. 

2. A base parasite ; a mean flatterer, 
especially of great men. 

SyG'O-phXnt'ic, \ a. Obsequi- 

SY€'0-phant'I€-AL, \ ously flat- 
tering ; parasitic. 

Sy'e-nite. n. A crystalline rock re- 
sembling granite ; — named from 
Syene, in upper Egypt. 

Syl-LAB'IC, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a syllable or syllables. 

Syl-lab'I€-al-LY, adv. In a sylla- 
bic manner. 

Syl-lab'i-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To form into syllables. 

Syl-lab'I-ca'tion, n. Division of 
words into syllables. 

SYL-LAB'I-FY,r. t. (-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To divide into syllables. 

SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. o-vkka$r h from 
o~vWap.fS6.veiv, to take together.] 1. 
An elementary sound, or a combina- 
tion of elementary sounds, uttered 
by a single effort of the voice. 2. 
Part of a written or printed word 
separated from the rest. [See Prin. 
of Pron. § 129.] [and milk. 

Syl'la-bub, n. A drink made of wine 

Svl'la-bus, n.; Eng. pi. SYL'LA- 
BUS-es.; Lal.pl. syl'la-bi. [Lat., 
fr. the same source as syllable.] A 
compendium containing the heads 
of a discourse. 

SYL'LO-G'ISM, n. [Gr. oTiAAoyia>xd?, 
a reasoning, from <rvAAoyi£eo-0ai, to 
reckon all together, to infer.] The 
logical form of every argument, con- 
sisting of three propositions. 

Syl/lo-GIS'TIG, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, a syllogism. 

Syl'lo-gis'tic-al-ly, adv. In the 
form of a syllogism ; by means of 
syllogisms. 

Syl'lo-gize, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
reason by syllogisms. 

Sylph, n. [Gr. criA^rj. a kind of prrub 
or moth.] A kind of fairy inhabiting 
the air. 

Sylph'id, n. A little or young sylph. 

Syl'van, n. [From Lat. sylva, a 
wood or forest.] A fabled deity of 
the wood ; a satyr ; a faun ; some- 
times, a rustic. — a. 1. Forest-like ; 
also, rural ; rustic. 2. Abounding in 
forests or in trees. 

Sym'BOL, n. [Gr. o-vp.fioKov, &• ovfi- 
/3aAAeiv, to throw oi put together, to 
compare.] 1. Sign of something moral 
or intellectual by the images or prop- 
erties of natural things. 2. A siginfi- 
cant letter or character. 



SYM-BOL'i€, n. That branch of the- 
ology which treats of creeds. 

Sym-b6l'1€, I a. Pertaining to, or 

Sym-bol'I€-al. J in the nature of, 
a symbol ; representative. 

Sym-b6l'I€-al-ly, adv. By signs. 

Sym-bol'I€S, n. sing. Same as SYM- 
BOLIC. 

Sym'bol-Ism, n. 1. A system of sym- 
bols. 2. The science of creeds. 

Sym'bol-i-za'tion, n. Act of sym- 
bolizing^ 

Sym'bol-ize, V. i. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
have a resemblance of qualities or 
properties. — v.t. 1. To make rep- 
resentative of something. 2. To rep- 
resent by a symbol. 

Sym-bol'o-gy, n. [Gr. o~vp.$o\ov , 
symbol, and Aoyos, discourse.] Art 
of expressing by symbols. 

Sym-met'ric-al, a. Proportional or 
harmonious in its parts. 

Sym-m£t'ri€-al-ly, adv. In a sym- 
metrical manner. 

SYM'ME-TRJZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To reduce to symmetry. 

SYM'ME-TRY, n. [Gr. o-vp.p.eTpCa, fr. 
<rvv, with, together, and p-erpov, 
measure.] A due proportion of the 
several parts of a body to each other. 

SYM'PA-THET're, \ a. 1. Inclined 

Sym'pa-thet'ic-al, J to,orexhibit- 
ing, sympathy. 2. Produced by sym- 
pathy. 

Sym'pa-thet'fg-al-ly, adv. With 
or by sympathy. 

SYM'PA-THlZE,r. ?. [-ED; ING.] To 
have a common feeling. 

Si'M'PA-THY, n. [Gr. o-vp-TtaQeia, fr. 
crvv, with, and tt<£0o?, suffering.] 1. 
Feeling corresponding to that which 
another feels. 2. An agreement of 
affections or inclinations. 3. Recip- 
rocal influence of the parts of the 
body on one another. 

Sin. — Commiseration. — Sympathy is 
literally q fellow-fei ling with others in 
their viried conditions of joy or of grief. 
This term, iiov/ever, is now more com- 
monly appMed to a fellow-feeling with 
others under affliction, and then coin- 
cides very nearly with commiseration- 

Sym-pho'ni-ous, a. Agreeing in 
sound ; harmonious. 

S\M'PHO-NY, «. [Gr. trvH>a>via, from 
o-vv, with, and <£<ovij, a sound.] 1. A 
consonance or harmony of sounds. 2. 
An elaborate instrumental composi- 
tion for a full orchestra. 

Sy:.i-po'si-ac, n. [See Symposium.] 
A conference, as of philosophers at a 
banquet. 

Syjt-po'si- um, n.:pl.s ym- po'^i-a . 
[L..t. : Gr. o~vp.7r6o~iov, fr. o~vv, with, 
and niveiv, to drink.] A drinking to- 
gether ; a merry feast. 

SYMP'TOM (84), ii. |Gr. o-vpurrcopia, fr. 
o-vfj-TriiTTeiv, to fall together.] 1. A 
perceptible cha»;ge which indicates 
disease. 2. That which indicates the 
existence of something else. 

SYMP'TOM-AT're, a. Pertaining to, 
or according to, symptoms. 

Syn-jer'E-sis, n. TGr. crv.-'aipeo-is, a 
taking or drawing together.] A figure 
by which two vowels that are ordi- 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y,long; X,E,I, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM, $ PIQUE . FIRM ; SON. 



SYNAGOGICAL 



427 



TABLE-D'HOTE 



narily separated are drawn together 
into one syllable. [synagogue. 

Syn'a-GOG'ic-AL, a. Pertaining to a 

SYN'A-GOGUE, n. [Gr. ovvayuyr), an 
assembly, fr. o-vvayeiv, to bring to- 
gether, from a-vv, with, and ayeiv, to 
lead.] An assembly of Jews met for 
worship, or their place of worship. 

Syn'chro-nal (sink'ro-), a. Same as 
Synchronous. 

Syn'CHRO-NISM, n. [Gr. <rvyxpovio- 
ju.6s.] Concurrence of two or more 
events in time. 

Syn'chro-nize, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To agree in time ; to be simultaneous. 

Syn'chro-no&s, a. Happening at 
the same time ; simultaneous. 

Syn'co-pate (stnk/o-), v. t. [-ed ; 
-Fng.] [See Syncope.] Tocontract, 
as a word, by taking one or more 
letters or syllables from the middle. 

Syn/co-pa'tton, n. Contraction of 
a word by taking a letter or letters 
from the middle. 

SYN'eo-FE, n. [Gr. a-vyKOTr-q, from 
(TvyKowTeLv, to beat together.] 1. Re- 
trenchment of one or more letters 
from the middle of a word. 2. A 
fainting. 

SYN'CRE-TIgM, «. [Gr. oTryKpTjTio-fAOS, 
from cmyKpTjTt^eii', to make two par- 
ties join against a third.] Attempted 
union of principles or parties irrecon- 
cilably at variance with each other. 

Syn'DIC, n. [Gr. <twSiko? , helping 
in a court of justice, an advocate.] 
A magistrate or agent 

SYN'DIC-ATE, n. A body of syndics, 
or persons chosen to transact busi- 
ness for others ; an association of 
persons authorized to negotiate some 
business. 

SYN-EC'DO-CHE. n. [Gr. crvveicSoxrj ; 
<rvv, with, and e^Se^ec-flai. to receive.] 
A trope by which the whole is put for 
a part, 'or a part for the whole. 

Syn'EC-doch'ic-al (-dok'-),a. Ex- 
pressed by synecdoche. 

Syn'od, n. [Gr. cnivoSos, a meeting.] 



1. An ecclesiastical council. 2. A 

meeting or convention. 
Syn-6d'I€, I a. Relating to, or 
Syn-6d'I€-AL, j transacted in, a 

synod. 

Syn-6d'I€-al-LY, adv. By the au- 
thority of a synod. 

SYiN'o-NYM, f n. [See Synony- 

Syn'o-nyme, j mous] One of two or 
more words in the same language 
which are equivalents of each other. 

Syn-on'y-mize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.) 
To express in different words of the 
same meaning. 

Syn-ON'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. o-vvoiwfj.o'i ; 
criiv, with, together, and bvon.a.,bvvfxa, 
name.] Conveying the same idea; 
pertaining to synonyms. 

Syn. — Identical. — If no words are 
sj/nonymous except those which are iden- 
tical in use and meaning, so that the one 
can in all cases be substituted for the 
other, we have scarcely ten such words 
in our language. But the term more 
properly denotes that the words i n ques- 
tion approach so near to each other, 
that, in many or most cases, they can be 
used interchangeably. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOUS-LY, adv. In a syn- 
onymous manner. [synonymous. 

Syn-6n'y-my, n. Quality of being 

Syn-op'sis, n.; pi. syn-op'ses. [Gr. 
avvoipis, avv, with, together, and 
oi/fis, view.] A collection of parts so 
arranged as to exhibit a general view 
of the whole. 
Syx. — See Abridgment. 

Syn-op'tic, ) a. Affording a gen- 

Syn-op'tic-al, ) eral view of the 
whole. 

SYN-TA-e'TIC, la. Pertaining to, 

Syn-tac'tic-al, ) or according to 
the rules of, syntax. 

Syn'tax,m. [Gr. <ruvTa£ i? ; o~6v, vi\th., 
and rdcro-eif , to put in order.] Due 
arrangement of words in sentences, 
according to established usage. 

SYN'THE-s'IS, 11. ; pi. SYN'THE-SES. 
[Gr. awflecris, fr. <rwri0eVai, to put 
together.] 1. The putting of two or 



more things together. 2. Combina- 
tion of separate elements of thought 
into a whole. 

Syn-thet'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Syn-thet'ic-AE, ) or consisting in, 
synthesis. [thesis. 

Syn-THET'ic-al-LY, adv. By syn- 

Syph'i-lis, n. [From Syphilus, r, 
shepherd in a Latin poem, published 
in 1530; from Gr. crvs, swine, and 
</h'Aos, loving, a friend.] An in- 
fectious venereal disease. 

Syph'I-lit'k;, a. Pertaining to, or 
infected with, syphilis. 

Sy'ren, n. The same as Siren. 

Syr'i-ac, n. The ancient language of 
Syria. — a. Pertaining to Syria. 

SY-RIN'GA, n. [Gr. crvpiyf , crupiyyos, 
a pipe, tube.] A genus of plants ; 
the lilac ; also, the mock orange. 

SYR'INGE, ii. [Gr. (rvpiyf, a pipe or 
tube.] An instrument for injecting 
or expelling liquids. — v. t. [-ED : 
-ING.] To inject or cleanse by means 
of a syringe. 

Syr'up, n. See Sirup. 

Sys'TEM, n. [Gr. (Tvcnrffia. ; cruvio-ra.- 
vat, to place together.] 1. An assem- 
blage of objects arranged after some 
distinct method. 2. The universe. 3. 
Regular method or order. 4. The 
body as a functional unity or whole. 

Sys'tem-at'ic, I a. Pertaining 

Sys'tem-at'ic-AL, ) to, or consist- 
ing in, system ; methodical. 

Sys'tem-at'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
systematical manner. 

Sys'tem-a-tize, v. t. [-ed; -ing. 3 
To arrange methodically. 

Sys'tem-A-tiz'er, n. One who sys- 
tematizes. 

Sys'TO-LE, n. [Gr. ctvo-toAtj, fr. avv 
reAAeiv, to contract.] 1. The shorten- 
ing of a long syllable. 2. The con- 
traction of the heart and arteries. 

SYZ'Y-GY, 11. [Gr. <rvi,vyia, union.] 
Point of an orbit, as of the moon, at 
which it is in conjunction or opposi- 
tion ; — commonly in the plural. 



T, 



T(te), the twentieth letter of the 
English alphabet, is a simple con- 
sonant. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 96 — 
100. [ladies' bonnets. 

T\B, n. A border of lace, worn in 

TAb'ard, n. [W. tabar.] A sort of 
tunic formerly worn over the armor. 

Qab'ard-er, n. One who wears a 
tabard. 

Tab'by, n. [Per. utabi, a rich, undu- 
lated silk.] 1. A waved silk, usually 
watered. 2. A cat of a tabby color. 
— a. 1. Having a wavy appearance. 
2. Brindled ; diversified in color. — 
*. t. [-ed : -ING, 142.] To water, 
or cause to look wavy by calendering. 

Tab'ERNA-CLE, n. [Lat. tabernacu- 
lum, dim. of taberna, a hut, shed 



1. A slightly built habitation ; a tent. 

2. A portable structure for worship, 
used by the Jews during the exodus. 

3. The Jewish temple ; sometimes, 
any place of worship. — v. i. [-E D ; 
-ING.] To dwell or reside for a time. 

Tab'id, a. [Lat. tabidus.] Wasted 
away by disease. 

Tab'la-ture (53), n. [Lat. tabula, 
a board, tablet.] A painting on a 
jvall and ceiling. 

Ta'ble, ii. [Lat. tabula, a board, 
tablet.] 1. A smooth, flat surface. 
2. A slab, leaf, or flat superficies of 
wood, stone, metal, or other mate- 
rial ; a tablet. 3. A condensed state- 
ment which may be comprehended 
by the eye in a single view ; a synop- 



sis : an index. 4. An article of fur- 
niture used to eat, work, or write 
upon. 5. Fare ; sty le of living. — v.t. 
[-ed; -ing.] 1. To form into a table ; 
to tabulate. 2. To postpone the con- 
sideration of, by a formal vote. 
Tableau (tab-lo'), n. ; pi. tab- 
leaux' (tab-lozM. [Fr. See TA- 
BLE.] A vivid representation ; esp. 
the representation of some sceue by 
persons grouped in the proper man- 
ner, and remaining silent and per- 
fectly still. [dum-book. 
Ta'ble-book (27), n. A memoran- 
TABLE-D'HOTE (ta/hl-dof), n. 
[Fr., lit. landlord's table.] A com- 
mon table for guests at a French 
hotel. 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; e, G, liard; AS$ exist ; N as KG ; THIS 



TABLE-LAND 



428 



TALK 



Ta'blb-lXnd (109), n. Elevated flat 
Jand ; a plateau. 

Ta'ble-spoon, n. One of the lar- 
ger spoons used at the table. 

Tab'let, n. [Dim. of table.] 1. A 
small table or flat surface. 2. pi. A 
kind of pocket memorandum-book. 
3. A solid kind of medicinal confec- 
tion ; a lozenge or troche. 

: .Ta'ble-tal,k. (-tawk), n. Conversa- 
tion at table. 

Ja'bling, n. 1. A forming into ta- 
bles. 2. The letting of one timber 
into another by alternate scores or 
projections. 

Ta-boo', n x A political and religious 
prohibition among the inhabitants 
of the islands of the Pacific ; hence, 
a total prohibition of intercourse 
with or approach to any thing. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING, 144.] To interdict 
approach or use. 

TA'BOR, n. [Ar. & Per. tumbur, tam- 
bUr, a drum.] A small drum. 

Tab'o-rine, n. [Cf. Tambourine.] 
A small, shallow drum ; a tabor. 

Tab'ou-REt, n. [Fr. ; from its re- 
semblance to a drum. See Tabor.] 
1. A cushioned seat without arms 
or back. 2. An embroidery frame. 

TAB'U-LAR, a. [Lat. tabular is ; tabu- 
la., a board, table.] Having the form 
of, or pertaining to, a table. 

Tab'u-late, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. labulare.] 1. To reduce to ta- 
bles or synopses. 2. To shape with 
a flat surface. 

Ta€'A-ma-HA€ (110), n. A tree of 
North America. 

TA-€H¥G'ra-phy, n. [Gr. to^us, 
quick, and ypdfatv, to write.] Ste- 
nography ; short-hand writing. 

TAC'IT, a. [Lat. taritus, fr. tacere, to 
be silent.) Implied, but not ex- 
pressed ; silent. [cation. 

TXe'IT-LY, udc. Silently ; by impli- 

TAC'I-TURN, a. Habitually silent; not 
free to converse. 

Syn. —Silent. — Silent has reference 
to the act: taciturn, to the habit. A man 
may be silent from circnmstLinc.es; lie is 
taciturn from disposition. The loqua- 
cious man is at times silent ; one who is 
taciturn may now and then make an ef- 
fort at conversation. , 

Tac'1-turn'i-ty, n. Habitual si- 
lence or reserve in speaking. 

SiCK, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Allied to 
take.] 1. To fasten or attach, esp. in a 
slight or hasty manner, as by stitch- 
ing or nailing. 2. To change the 
course of, as a ship by shifting the 
position of the sails and rudder.— v. i. 
To change the course of a ship, by 
shifting the tacks and position of the 
sails and rudder. — n. [D. tak.] 1. A 
small, short, sharp-pointed nail. 2. 
(a.) A rope to confine the foremost 
lower corners of a sail, (b.) Part of 
a sail to which the tack is fastened, 
(c.) Course of a ship as to the posi- 
tion of her sails. 

TXck'le (tak'l, not ta'kl), n. [Allied 
to take.] 1. A machine for raising 
or lowering heavy weights. 2. Weap- 
ons. 3. Rigging and apparatus of a 



ship. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
harness. 2. To seize ; to lay hold of. 

TAck'ling, n. 1. Furniture of the 
masts and yards of a ship. 2. Car- 
riage-harness. 

TA€T, n. [Lat. tangere, taction,' to 
touch.] Ready power of appreciating 
and doing what is required by cir- 
cumstances. 

Ta€'TI€, a. Pertaining to tactics. 

Tac-tT'cian (-t!sh / an), n. One versed 
in tactics ; hence, an adroit manager. 

TA€'TI€S, n. sing. [Gr. raKTi/ca, pi., 
fr. rda-a-eiv, rdrreLV, to put in order.] 
Science and art of disposing military 
and naval forces in order for battle, 
and performing evolutions. 

TA€'TILE,a. [Lat. tactilis, fr. tan- 
gere, to touch.] Capable of being 
touched or felt. [touch. 

TA€-tiL'i-ty, n. Perceptibility by 

TXe'TlON, n. [Lat. lactio.] Act of 
touching ; touch. 

TA€T'U-AL, a. Pertaining to touch. 

TXd'pole, n. [0. Eng. tadde, now 
toad, and the root of Lat. pullus, a 
young animal, Eng. foal.] Thejoung 
of a frog, in its first state. 

TM'T>i-VM,n. See Tedium. 

Ta\e.\ (tan). A contraction of Taken. 

Taf'fer-el, n. SeeTAFFRAiL. 

Taf'fe-ta, i n. [Per. taftah, i. e., 

Taf'fe-ty, J orig., twisted, woven.] 
A fine, glossy stuff of silk. 

Taff'RAIL, n. [D. tafereel, a panel, 
picture, from tafel, table.] The rail 
around a ship's stern. [molasses. 

TAF'FY, n. A kind of candy made of 

Tag, n. [Allied to tack.] 1. A metal- 
lic point at the end of a string. 2. A 
direction-card, or label. 3 Some- 
thing paltry ; the rabble. 4. [Allied 
to tack, to fasten, attach.] A play in 
which one runs after and touches an- 
other, then runsaway. — v. t. [-GED ; 
-GING, 136.] 1. To fit with a point 
or points. 2. To fit, as one thing to 
another. — v. i. To follow closely. 

Taglia (tal'ya), n. [It.] A peculiar 
combination of pulleys. 

Tail, n. [A.-S. tsegel, tcegl, fr. Goth. 
tagl, hair.] 1. The part of an ani- 
mal which terminates its body be- 
hind. 2. Back, lower, or inferior part 
of any thing. 3. Side of a coin op- 
posite that which bears the effigy. 4. 
Whatever resembles the tail of an an- 
imal. 5. [Fr. tailler, to cut.] Limita- 
tion ; abridgment. — a. [See supra.] 
_Limited ; abridged : curtailed. 

TAI'LOR, n. [Fr. tailleur. fr. tailler, 
to cut.] One who cuts out and makes 
men's garments. 

Tai't.or-ess, n. A female tailor. 

TAINT, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. teindre, 
teint, to dye, tinge, fr. Lat. tingere, 
to tinge.] 1. To impregnate, as with 
some extraneous matrer, esp. with 
something odious, noxious, or poi- 
sonous. 2. To stain : to sullv. — i\ i. 
1. To be infected. 2. To be affected 
with incipient putrefaction. — n. 1. 
Tincture ; stain. 2. Infection ; cor- 
ruption. 3. A blemish on reputa- 
tion. 



Taint'Ore (53), n. Taint. 

Take, v. t. [took; taken; tak- 
ing.] [A.-S. tacan.] 1. In a more ac- 
tive sense, to lay hold of; to seize ; to 
get into one's hold or possession; 

— often used in general senses, lim- 
ited by the following complement, in 
many rather idiomatic phrases. 9. 
In a more passive sense, (a.) To ac- 
cept, as something offered, (b ) To 
swallow, (c.) To undertake readily. 
(d.) To submit to; to tolerate. (e.\ 
To admit mentally ; also, to under- 
stand ; to suppose. (/.) To admit ; 
to receive ; to bear ; to submit to ; 
to agree with ; — used in general 
senses. 3. With prepositions, to con- 
vey, move, or remove ; to conduct ; 
to transfer ; to recover ; to assume ; 
&c. — v. i. 1. To catch. 2. To have 
effect. 3. To gain reception. 4. To 
betake one's self ; to go. — n . Quan- 
tity of fish caught at one haul. 

Take'-off (147), n. An imitation ; 

especially, a caricature. 
TAK'ER, n. One who takes. 
Tak'ing, p. a. Alluring ; attracting. 

— n. 1. Act of gaining possession. 
2. Distress of mind. 

Tal'bot, n. A quick-scented dog. 
TAL€, n. [Ar. talk.] A soft magne- 

sian mineral, of a soapy feel. 
Talck'y, i a. Pertaining to, com- 
Tal-COSE', [ posed of, or resembling, 
Tal€'o0s, ) talc. 
TALE, n. [A.-S. talu, fr. tdian. to tell.] 

1. That which is told. 2. Enumera- 
tion ; a number reckoned or stated. 

Tale'-bear'er. n. One who offi- 
ciously tells tales. 

Tale'-bear'ing, n. Act of inform- 
ing officiously. 

Tal'ent, n. [Lat. tahntum, fr. Gr. 
rdkavTov, a balance, a definite weight, 
a talent, fr. r\dv, to bear.] 1. Among 
the ancient Greeks, a weight (about 
57 lbs. ) and a denomination of money 
(about $1180). 2. Among the He- 
brews, a weight (93f lbs.) and a de- 
nomination of monev. variously es- 
timated at from $ 1645 to $1916. 3. 
Intellectual ability, natural or ac- 
quired : a special gift. See Matt. xxv. 

Tal'ent-ed, a: Furnished with tal- 
ents or skill. 

TA'zftg, n.pl. [Lat. , pi. of talis, such.] 
A supply of persons from those in or 
near the court-house to make up any 
deficiency in the number of jurors. 

Tale£'man (150), n. A person called 
to make up the deficiency in the 
number of jurors. 

Tal'is-man (150), n. [Ar. tilism, a 
magical image, pi. talashn, from Gr. 
re\ea-(xa, tribute, tax, Late Gr., in- 
cantation.] 1. A magical figure, to 
which wonderful effects are ascribed. 

2. Something that produces extraor- 
dinary effects ; a charm. 

TAL'Ig-M^N'IC, a. Pertaining to, or 
having the properties of, a talisman. 

Talk (tawk), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Al- 
lied to tell.] To converse familiarly. 

— v. t. 1. To use for conversing. 2. 
To mention in talking. 3. To spend 



A. E, I, O, U, Y,long; A, 22,1, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TEEM 3 PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



TALKATIVE 



429 



TAPESTRY 



in talking — n. 1. Familiar con- 
verse. 2. Report ; rumor. 
Syx.— See Conversation. 

Talk'a-tive (tawk'-), a. Given to 
much talking ; loquacious. 
Stn. — See Garrulous. 

Talk'a-tive -ness (tawk'-),n. Qual- 
ity or condition of beiDg talkative. 

Talkie R(tawk / -),n. 1. Oue who talks. 
2. A loquacious person. 

Sale. a. [-er : -est.] [W. ta ', talau, 
to make or grow tall.] High in stat- 
ure ; long and comparatively slender. 
Stn. - Hish: lofty. — High is the ge- 
neric term, and is probably allied to the 
verb to hang, as hung up. 'Tall describes 
that which has a small diameter in pro- 
portion to its height: hence, we speak of 
a tall man. a tall steeple, a tall mast, &c, 
but not of a tall hill, or a tall house. 
Lofty has a special reference to the ex- 
panse above us, and may be applied to 
extension in breadth as well as height; 
as, a lot'ty mountain, a loft)/ room. Tall is 
applied only to physical objects; high 
and lofty have a moral acceptation, as, 
high thought, lofty aspirations. 

Tall'NESS, «. State of being tall. 

Tal'low, n. [A.-S. ielg, ta'g.] 1. 
Fat of certain animals, esp. those 
of the sheep and ox kinds. 2. The 
fat obtained from certain plants. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To grease or 
smear with tallow. 

Tal'low-chasd'ler, n. One who 
makes or sells tallow candles. 

TAl'low-ish, a. Resembling tallow. 

Tal'low-v, a. Having the qualities 
of tallow ; greasy. 

Tal'LY, n. [Fr. tnille, a cutting, 
tally, fr. tailler, to cut.] 1. A stick 
on which notches are cut, as the 
marks of number. 2. One thing 
made to suit another. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-INS, 142.] To score with corre- 
spondent notches ; to make to cor- 
respond. — v. i. To be fitted ; to suit. 

TAL'LY-HO, interj. & n. The hunts- 
man's cry to urge on his hounds. 

TAl'ly-MAN (150), n. One who keeps 
the tally. 

Tal/mud, n. [Chald. talmfid, in- 
struction.] The body or the book of 
the Hebrew laws, traditions, &c. 

TAL-MIJD'I€, a. Relating to, or con- 
tained in, the Talmud. [Talmud. 

TAl'mtjd-ist, n. One versed in the 

Tal/MUD-ist'IC, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, the Talmud. 

TAl'on, n. [L. Lat. talo, from Lat. 
talus, ankle, heel.] Claw of a fowl. 

Ta'lus, n. [Lat., ankle.] 1. That 
bone of the foot which articulates 
with the leg. 2. The slope of a work. 

Tam'a-ble,«. Capable of being tamed. 

Tam'A-rack, n. The larch. 

TAm'a-rind, n. [Ar. tamar-hindi, ! 
i. e., Indian date.] (a.) A tropical 
tree and its fruit which abounds with 
an acid pulp. [tree or shrub. 

TAm'a-risk, n. [Lat. tamariscus.} A 

TAm'bour, n. [Fr. tambour, a drum. 
See Tabor.] 1. A small flat drum ; 
a tambourine. 2. A small circular 
frame, for embroidery ; also, em- 
broidery in which threads of gold 
and silver are worked. 




Tambourine. 
Skr. dam, Gr. 



TAM/BOUR-INE', n, 
[See supra.] 1. A 
shallow drum, 
with one skin, 
played on with 
the hand. 2. A 
French dance. 

Tame, v. t. [-ed ; 
-IN^.] [A.-S. 
tamian, allied to 
dafj.au.} 1. To reduce from a wild to 
a domestic state ; to reclaim : to do- 
mesticate. 2. To subdue; to conquer. 

— a. [-ER; -EST.] 1. Having lost its 
native wildness ; accustomed to man. 
2. Crushed ; spiritless. 3. Deficient 
in animation. 

Tame'ly, adv. In a tame manner. 

TAbie'ness, n. Quality or state of 
being tame. 

Tam'er, n. One who tames. 

Tam'is, )n. A woolen cloth, often 

Tam'ky, ) used for straining sauces. 

TAmp, v. t. [See Tap.] To fill up, as 
a hole for blasting, esp. by driving 
in something with frequent strokes. 

Tam'per, v. ?. [-ed; % -ing.] [A 
modif. of temper.} To meddle ; to 
try little experiments. 

TAm'pi-on, n. [Fr. tampon, fr. Eng. 
tap. See Tap, n., 4.] Stopper of a 
cannon, &c. 

Tan, n. [Prob. fr. Armor, tann, an 
oak, and oak- bark, allied to Ger. 
tanne, a fir.] 1. Bark of certain 
trees, broken and used for tanning 
hides. 2. A yellowish-brown color. 
— v.t. [-NED; -NING.] 1. To con- 
vert into leather, as skins. 2. To 
make brown by exposure to the sun. 

— v. 7. To become tanned. 
Tan'dem, flrfv. [Lat., at length.] One 

after another ; — said of horses har- 
nessed one before another. 

TANG, n. [Icel. tangi; Gr. rayyo?, 
rancid.] 1. A strong taste, esp. of 
something extraneous to the thing 
itself. 2. Relish. 3. A projecting 
part by means of which a thing is 
secured to some other part. [ing. 

TAn'gen-cy, n. A contact or touch- 

TAn'gent, >j. [Lat. 
tang ens, p. pr. of tan- 
gere, to touch.] A 
right line vhich 
touches a curve but 
does not cut it. — a. 
Touching at a single 
point. 

TAN-GEN'TIAL, a. Per- 
taining to, or being in the direction 
of, a tangent. 

TAn'gi-bil'1-TY, n. Quality of being 
tangible. 

TAn'gi-BLE, a. [Lat. tangibilis, from 
tangere, to touch.] 1. Perceptible 
by the touch. 2. Readily apprehen- 
sible by the mind. 

TAn'gi-bey, adv. So as to be felt ; 
palpably. 

TAn'gle, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Prob. 
aided to Goth, tagl, hair.] 1. To 
unite or knit together confusedly. 
2. Toinsnare; to entrap. — v.i. To 
be entangled or united confusedly. 



Tangent. 
c, tangent ; 
ad, tangen- 
tial radius ; 
6c, arc. 



— n A knot of threads, or othe. 
things not easily disengaged. 

TANK, i. [0. Fr. estanc, Lat. stag 
num. j A large basin or cistern. 

TAnk'ARD, n. [0. Fr. Vinquart, 
D. tanckaerd.] A drinking vesseL, 
with a cover. 

Tan'ner, n. One who tans hides. 

TAn'ner-y. n. The house and appa- 
ratus for tanning. [from, tan. 

Tan'nio, a. Relating to, or derived 
I TAn'nin, n. [See TAN.] The as- 
tringent principle of oak-bark, &c. 

TAN'§Y, n. [Fr. tanaisie, from Gr. 
aOavao-ta. immortality.] An extreme- 
ly bitter plant. [hopes. 

TAn'ta-lism, 77. A teasing with vain 

Tan'ta-li-za'tion, n. Act of tan- 
talizing^ 

TAn'ta-eize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[From Tantalus. See infra.] To 
torment with a prospect of good that 
can not be realized. 

Syn. — To disappoint. —To disappoint 
is literally to do away what was ap- 
pointed ; hence, the peculiar pain from 
hopes thus dashed to the ground. To 
tantalize describes a most distressing 
form of disappointment, as in the case 
of Tantalus, a Phrygian king in fabu- 
lous history, who was condemned to 
stand up to his chin in water, with a tree 
of fair fruit over his head, both of which, 
as he attempted to allay his hunger or 
thirst, fled from his approach. Hence, to 
tantalize is to visit with the bitterest 
disappointment, — to torment by ex- 
citing hopes or expectations which can 
never be realized. 

TAn'ta-mount', a. [Lat. tantus, so 
much, and Eng. amount.] Equiva- 
lent in value or signification. 

Tan-tiv'y, or TAn'ti-vy, adv. [From 
the note of a hunting-horn.] Swift- 
ly ; — a hunting term. 

TAn'trum, n. A whim or burst of 
ill-humor. [leather is tanned. 

TAn'-yard, n. An inclosure where 

TAP, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [Prov. Ger. 
tapp, tapps r a blow, tappe, a paw, 
fist.] 1. To strike with a very gentle 
blow. 2. To put a new sole or heel on. 
3. [A.-S. tdppan, tappian.] To pierce 
so as to let out a fluid. 4. To draw 
from in any analogous way. — v.i. To 
strike a gentle blow. — n. 1. A slight 
blow. 2. The piece of leather used in 
repairing a sole or heel. 3. [A.-S 
tdppa. Cf. Tampion.] A hole or pipe 
through which liquor is drawn. 4. 
A plug for stopping a hole in a cask 
5. A place where liquor is drawn for 
drinking ; a bar. 6. A conical screw, 
for cutting threads in nuts. 

Tape, 77. [A.-S. tappe, a fillet. Cf. 
Tippet ] A narrow piece of woven 
fabric used for strings, &c. 

Ta'per, n. [A.-S. tapur, taper.] 1. 
A small wax-candle or light. 2. A 
gradual diminution of diameter.— 
a. [Prob. from the form of a taper.] 
Regularly narrowed toward the point. 

— v.i. [-ED ; -ing.] To become 
gradually smaller toward one end. 

Ta'per-ing, a. Becoming smaller in 

diameter toward one end. 
TAp'es-try, n. [Fr. tapisserif,, from 

tapis, a carpet, carpeting ; from Lat. 



dR,DO.-vrQLF,TOO, TCfaK; fJRN.RyE, ptjll, ; E,i, o, silent; <},&,soft: €,5, hard; AS; EJIST; N. asNG; THI3. 



TAPE-WORM 



430 



TAUNT 



•tapes, or tapete, tapetis, carpet, tap- 
estry.] Woven hangings of wool and 
silk, often enriched with figures in 
gold and silver. 

Tapestry carpet, a kind of two-ply or 
ingrain carpet, in which the warp or weft 
is printed before weaving. 

— v. t. To adorn with tapestry. 

TAPE'-WORM (-wfirm), n. A broad, 
flat, many-jointed intestinal worm. 

TXp'-HOUSE, n. A house where 
liquors are retailed. 

TXp'i-o'cja, n. A granular substance 
from the roots of a Brazilian plant. 

Ta'PIR, n. [Braz. tapifra.] A hoofed 
mammal, somewhat like a pig. 

TA'PIS (or ta-pe'), n. [Fr. See TAP- 
ESTRY.] Carpeting; tapestry; for- 
merly the cover of a council-table. 

Upon the tapis, on the table, or under 
consideration. 

TXp'-room, n. A room where liquors 
are served; — commonly applied to 
the kitchen of a public house in 
England, where the meaner custom- 
ers drink and smoke. 

TXp'-root, n. The root which runs 
directly do wu ward. 

TAP'STEE,, n. [From top. to pierce.] 
One who draws ale or other liquor. 

TAR, n. [A.-S. te.ru, teor.] 1. A thick, 
resinous substance, obtained from 
pine and fir-trees, by burning the 
wood with a close, smothering heat. 
2. A sailor ; — from hia tarred 
clothes. — v. t. [-red ; -ring.] To 
smear with tar. 

Ta-rXnt'u-la, n. 
[From Taranti, in 
Italy.] A species 
of spider. 

TAR'DI-LY, adv. 
Slowly. 

tAR'DI-NESS, n. 

Slowness ; lateness. Tarantula. 

/AR'DY, a. [er ; -EST, 142.] [Lat. 
'ardus, *low.] 1. Moving with a 
slow motion. 2. Not in season ; late. 
S v ir. — See Siow. 

TARE, n. [Cf. Frov- Eng. tare, brisk, 
eager.] 1. A weed growing among 
other grain. 2. (a.) A plant of sev- 
eral species, which are troublesome 
weeds. 3. [Ar. tarak, thrown away, 
removed.] Allowance of a certain 
..weight or quantity from the weight 
or quantity of a commodity sold in 
a cask, chest, bag, &c. 

Tar'get, n. [A.-S. targe. Cf. 0. H. 
Ger. zarga, frame, edge.] 1. A kind 
of small shield. 2. A mark for 
marksmen to fire at. [a target. 

TXr'get-eer', n. One armed with 

TXr'gum, n. [Chald. targUm, inter- 
pretation.] A paraphrase of the 
Scriptures in Chaldee. 

TXr'iff, n. [Ar. ta^rif, information, 
explanation, definition.] (a.) A list 
or table of goods with the duties or 
customs to be paid for the same. (b. ) 
A list of duties. [muslin. 

TXr'la-tAN, n A tain, transparent 

TXrn, n. [Icel. tibrn.} A small lake 
among the mountains. 




Tar'nish,*. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. trr- 
nir, p. pr. ternissant, to tarnish, fr. 

0. H. Ger. tarnjan, A.-S. dernan, to 
hide.] To diminish or destroy the 
luster or the purity of. — v. i. To lose 
luster ; to become dull. — n. A being 
soiled or tarnished ; soil ; blemish. 

Tar-pau'lin, n. [Cf. 0. Eng. pull, a 
sort of fine cloth, and Prov. Eng. 
pauling, a covering for a cart.] 1. 
Canvas covered with tar or a water- 
proof composition. 2. A sailor's 
painted or tarred hat ; hence, a sailor. 

Tar'ras, n. See Trass. 

TXr'ry (5), t». ?'. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[0. Fr. larger, targier, as if fr. a Lat. 
word tardicare, fr. tardare, to make 
slow.] 1. To stay behind. 2. To 
delay. 3. To remain. 

Syn. — To abide; continue; lodge. 
— n. Stay ; 6top ; delay. 

TXr'ry (5), a. Consisting of, covered 
with, or like, tar. 

TXrt, a. [A.-S. Uart, fr. tearan, to 
tear, split.] 1. Sharp to the taste ; 
acid. 2.' Keen ; severe. — n. [Lat. 
tortus, twisted, bent ; — because orig. 
of a twisted shape.] A species of small 
open pie, containing jelly or conserve. 

TXr'tan, n. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey- 
woolsey, Sp. tiritana, a thin silk, fr. 
tiritar, to shiver with cold.] Woolen 
cloth, checkered, worn in Scotland. 

TXr'TAR, n. [L. Gr. rdprapov.] 1. 
An acid concrete salt, deposited from 
wines. When it is pure, it is called 
cream of tartar. 2. A concretion 
which often incrusts the teeth. 3. A 
native or inhabitant of Tartary. 

Tar-ta're-an, a. Pertaining to Tar- 
tarus; hellish. 

TAR-TA'RE-ous,a. 1. Consisting of , or 
like, tartar. 2. Relating to Tartarus. 

Tar-TXr'I€, a. Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, tartar. 

TXR'TAR-IZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
impregnate with tartar. 

TXr'TA-RUS, n. [Lat. ; Gr. TapTapo?.] 
( Gr. Myth. ) The place of punish- 
ment for the spirits of the wicked. 

TXrt'ly, adv. Sourly ; sharply. 

TXrt'NESS, n. Quality of being tart. 
Syx Acrimony; emrness ; keen- 
ness; poignancy; severity; asperity. 

TXR'TRATE,n. A salt formed by com- 
bining tartaric acid with a base. 

Tar-tuffe', n. A hypocritical dev- 
otee ; — so called from the name of 
the hero in a comedy of Moliere. 

Tar'-wa'ter, n. A cold infusion of 
tar, used as a medicine. 

Task, n. [L. Lat. tasra, taxa. Cf. 
Tax.] 1. Business or study imposed 
by another 2. Business ; undertak- 
ing. 3. Burdensome employment. 
4. A lesson. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To impose a task upon. 2. To op- 
press with burdens. 

TAsk'er, ) n. One who im- 

Task'-mAs'TER, J poses a task ; an 
overseer. 

TXs'SEL, n. [Lat. taxillus, a little die.] 

1. A sort of pendent ornament, end- 
ing in loose threads. 2. Pendent 



flower or head of some plants. — v.t 
[-ed.-ing; or -LED, -LING, 137.] To 
adorn with tassels. [beiug tasted. 
Tast'a-BLE, a. Capable or worthy of 
Taste, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. tas- 
ter, fr. Lat. taxare, to touch sharply, 
to estimate, from tangere, to touch.] 

1. To try the relish or flavor of by the 
touch of the tongue. 2. To eat a small 
quantity of. 3. To experience ; to 
undergo. 4. To partake of; to par- 
ticipate in. — v. i. 1. Toeat or drink; 
sometimes to eat or drink a little only. 

2. To have a particular quality or 
character. 3. To partake. — n. 1. Act 
of tasting. 2. Sensation excited by 
the application of a substance to the 
tongue. 3. Sense by which the savor 
of bodies is ascertained. 4. Intellec- 
tual relish. 5. Nice perception ; crit- 
ical judgment ; discernment. 6. Man- 
ner ; style. 7. A small specimen ; a 
bit. 8. A narrow ribbon. 

Syn.— Sensibility ; judgment.— Some 
consider taste ns a mere sensibility, and 
others as a simple exercise of judgment ; 
but a union of both is requisite to the 
existence of any thing which deserves 
the name. 

Taste'FUL, a. 1. Having a high rel- 
ish . 2. Having, or showing, good taste. 

TASTE'FUL-LY,arfr. With good taste. 

Taste'ful-ness, n. State or quality 
of being tasteful. 

Taste'less, a. Having no taste ; in- 
sipid; vapid. [tasteless. 

Taste'less-ness, n. State of being 

Tast'er, n. One who tastes. 

Tast'i-ly, adc. With good taste. 

Tast'y,«. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. Hav- 
ing a nice perception of excellence. 
2. Being in conformity to the princi- 
ples of good taste. 

Tat'ter, v. t. & i. [Cf. Icel. tetr, 
tetur, a torn garment.] To tear into, 
or to be in, tatters; — obsolete, ex- 
cept in the p. p. — n. A rag, or a 
part torn and hanging. 

TXt'ter-de-mXl'ion, n. [Eng. tat- 
ter, andO. Fr. maillon, long-clothes.] 
A ragged fellow. [woven or knit. 

TXt'ting, n. A kind of lace edging 

TXt'tle, v. i. [-ED : ING.] [L. Ger. 
tateln, tatern, Upper Ger. tattern.] 1. 
To prate. 2. To tell taies or secrets. 

— n. Idle, trifling talk ; prate. 
Tat'tler, n. One who tattles. 
Tat-too', n. 1. [D. taptoe, fr. tap, 

a tap, faucet, and toe, to shut (i. e., 
the taps, or drinking-houses, shut 
from the soldiers).] A beat of drum 
at night, to call soldiers to quarters. 
2. Indelible figures made by intro- 
ducing some pigment under the skin. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ING, 144.] [Prob. by 
reduplication of Polynesian ta, u. 
strike.] To color indelibly, as the 
flesh, by pricking in dye-stuffs. 

Taught (tawt, 75), a. [From the root 
'of tight.] Tightly drawn or strained. 

— v., imp. & p. p. of Teach. 
TXUNT, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Sw. 

tanta, danta, to reproach, 0. D. tan- 
den, to attack.] To reproach with 
severe or insulting words. 



5,E, I, 5 : U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6,tJ, Y.sAorf; CARE, fXr, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N 



TAUNTER 



431 



TEETHING 



Syn.— To revile; upbraid. See Dekide. 

— n. Upbraidiug words ; bitter or 
sarcastic reproach. 

Taunt'er, n. One who taunts. 

Tauxt'ing-ly, ouiv. Insultingly. 

TAU'RI-FORM. a. [Lat. tauriformis , 
taurus, a bull, and forma, a form.] 
Having the form of a bull. 

Tau'RINE, a. [Lat taurinus; taunts, a 
bull.] Relating oo a bull, or to the 
common ox and cow. 

TAU'RUS, n. [Lat. ; Gr. ravpo?.] The 
Bull, one of the 12 signs of the zodiac. 

Taut, a. Tight. See Taught, a. 

Tau-TOG', n. [PL of taut, the Indian 
name.] A fish found on the coast of 
New England. 

Tau'to-l6g'I€-al, a. Having the 
same signification. [tautology. 

Tau-tol'o-gist, n. One who uses 

Tau-tol'o-gize, v. i. [-ED : -ING.] 
To repeat the same thing in different 
words. 

Tau-TOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. ravroXoyia ; 
tclvto, the same, and Aoyos, speech.] 
A repetition of the same meaning in 
different words. 

Syn. — Repetition. — There may be 
frequent repetitions (as in legal instru- 
ments) which are warranted either by 
necessity or convenience; but tautology 
is always a fault, being a sameness of ex- 
pression which adds nothing either to 
the sense or the sound. 

TAU'TO-PHON'ie-AL, a. [Gr. ravro- 
fyoivos, fr. ravro. the same, and c/xoi/tj, 
sound.] Repeating the same sound. 

Tau-toph'o-ny, n. Repetition of 
the same sound. 

Tav'ern, n. [Lat. taberna.] A pub- 
lic house' for the accommodation of 
travelers ; an inn ; a hotel. 

Taw, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. tawi- 
an, to prepare, to taw, Goth, taujan, 
to do.] To dress and prepare in white, 
as skins for gloves, &c. — n. I. A 
large marble. 2. A game at marbles. 

TaWdri-ly, adv. In a tawdry man- 
ner, [being tawdry. 

Taw'dri-ness, n. State or quality of 

Taw'dry, a. [-er; -est, 142 ] [Cor- 
rupt, fr. Saint Audrey, ovAuldrey, i.e. 
Saint Etkelreda; originally implying, 
bought at the fair of St. Audrey.] 
Very showy in colors, without taste. 

Taw'er, n. A dresser of white leather. 

Taw'ny, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [Fr. 
ianne, p. p. of tanner, to tan.] Of a 
dull yellowish - brown color, like 
things tanned. 

Tax, n. [L. Lat. taxa, for Lat. taxa- 
tio, from taxare, to estimate.] 1. A 
charge, especially a pecuniary burden 
imposed by authority. 2. A task ex- 
acted. 3. A disagreeable or burden- 
some duty. 

Syn. — Imposts tribute; duty; assess- 
ment; exaction. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To subject 
to pay a tax or taxes. 2. To assess, 
as the amount of cost on actions in 
court. 3. To accuse. 

TXx'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

taxed ; liable to be taxed. 
Tax-a'tion, n. Act of laying a tax, 

or of imposing taxes. 



TXx'ER, n. One who taxes. 

TAx'i-der'mist, it. A person 
in taxidermy. 

TAx'I-der'my, n, [Gr. T<££ts, ar- 
rangement, Sepixa, skin.] Art of pre- 
serving the ski us of animals, so as to 
represent their natural appearance. 

Tea, v.. [Chin, tshd, Prov. Chin, tha, 
the.} 1. Leaves of a Chinese shrub, 
or an infusion of them in boiling 
water. 2. Any decoction, esp. when 
made of the dried leaves of plants. 
3. The evening meal ; supper. 

Teach, r. /. [taught ; teaching.] 
[A.-S. tsecan, to show, teach, allied 
to tihan, teon, to say, accuse] 1. 
To impart the knowledge of ; to tell. 
2. To guide the studies of. 

Teach' a-ble, a. Capable of being 
taught ; also, readily receiving in- 
struction, [being^teachable. 

Teach'a-BLE-ness, n. Quality of 

Teach'er, n. One who teaches. 

Teach'ing, n. Act or business of 
instructing. 
Syn. — See Education. 

Tea'-€UP, n. A small cup for drink- 
ing tea from. 

Teak, n. [Malabar thelca, telclca.] A 
tree of the East Indies, which fur- 
nishes very excellent ship timber ; 
also, the timber of the tree. 

TEAL., n. A web-footed water -fowl, 
nearly allied to the common duck. 

TEAM, n. [A.-S. team, for teaharn, off- 
spring, any thing following in a row 
or team, from tedmian, teman, to 
bear, teem.] Two or more horses, 
oxen, or other beasts harnessed to- 
gether for drawing. 

Team/ster, n. [From team and the 
Jerm. ster.] One who drives a team. 

Tea'-p5t, n. A vessel to serve tea in. 

Tear, n. [A.-S., Goth, tagr ; Gr. 
daKpv, Scucpujua, Lat. lacrima, for 0. 
Lat. dacrima.] 1. A drop of the fluid 
secreted by the lachrymal gland, and 
flowing from the eyes. 2. Something 
in the form of a transparent drop. 

Tear, v. t. [tore ; torn ; tear- 
ing.] [A.-S. teran, Goth, tairan.] 1. 
To separate by violence ; to pull apart 
by force ; to rend ; to lacerate. 2. To 
moye violently. — v. i. To move or 
rush with violence ; hence, to rage ; 
to rave. — n. A rent ; a fissure. 

Tear'er, ft. One who rends or raves. 

Tear'ful, a. Abounding with tears. 

Tear'less, a. Free from tears. 

Tease, v.t. (_-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. tse- 
san. Cf. Touse.] 1. To comb or card, 
as wool or flax. 2. To annoy by petty 
requests, or by jests and raillery. 

Syn. — To vex. — To tease is literally 
to pull or scratch, and implies a pro- 
longed annoyance in respect to little 
things. Vex meant originally to seize 
and Dear away hither and thither, and 
hence, to disturb ; as, to vex the ocean 
with storms. This sense of the term now 
rarely occurs; but vex is still a stronger 
word than tease, denoting the disturb- 
ance or anger created by minor provoca- 
tions, losses, disappointments, &c. 

TEA'gEL (te'zl), n. [See supra.] 1. 
A plant which bears a bur used for 



raising a nap on cloth. 2. The bu* 
of the plant, or any substitute there- 
for. — v. t. [-ED; -ING, 137.] To 
subject to the action of teasels. 

TEAS'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
teases. _ [drinking tea, &c- 

Tea'-spoon, n. A small spoon used in 

Teat.w. [A.-S. tit, titt.} That organ 
through which milk is drawn from 
toe breast or the udder. 

Tea'-ta'BLE, n. A table on which 
tea furniture is set. 

Tech'i-ly, adv. Touchily. 

Tech'i-ness, n. Touchiness. 

TE€H'NI€, ) a. [Gr. Texvocds, fr. 

TE€H'NI€-AL, ) re'\i^,an art.] Re- 
lating to, or specially appropriate to, 
any art, science, business, or the like. 

TE€H'ni-€al/i-ty, n. 1. State or 
quality of being technical. 2. That 
which is technical. ' [manner. 

TE€H'NI€-AL-LY. adv. In a technical 

Tech'nics, n. sing, or pi. Doctrine 
of arts in general ; such branches of 
learning as respect the arts ; in the 
pi., technical terms. [technology. 

TE€H'NO-l6g'I€-AL, a. Relating to 

Te€H-n6l/o-gist, n. One who treats 
of the terms of art. 

Te€H-n6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. rexvv, an 
art, and koyos, discourse.] 1. A 
treatise on the useful arts. 2. An 
explanation of technical terms. 

TECH'Y, a. [Corrupted from touchy.] 
Peevish ; fretful. 

TE€-TON're, a. [Gr. TeKT0i/c./c6s,fr. t£k- 
raiv, a carpenter, builder.] Relating 
to building. 

Ted, v. t. [-ded ; -ding.] [W. teddu, 
to spread out, display.] To spread, 
as new-mowed grass from the swath. 

Ted'der, n. A tether. See Tether. 

Te De'um. [Lat.] An ancient 
Christian hymn ; — so called from 
the first words, " Te Deum lauda- 
mus " — We praise thee, God. 

TE'DI-OtJS (or ted'yus), a. [Lat. t&di- 
osns, fr. tsedium. See Tedium.] Tire- 
some from continuance, prolixity, or 
slowness. 

Syn. — "Wearisome ; fatiguing ; elug- 
gish. See Irksome. 

TE'Di-ous-LY(or tJd'yus-), arft>. In a 
tedious manner. 

TE'DI-OUS-NESS (or ted'yus-), n. 
Quality of being tedious ; wearisome- 
ness. 

Te'di-um, n. [Lat. t&dium, fr. txdet, 
it disgusts, wearies one.] Irksome- 
ness ; wearisomeness. 

TEEM, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. ty- 
man, teman, tedmian] 1. To bring 
forth , as an animal ; to produce fruit j 
to bear. 2. To be pregnant ; to con« 
ceive. 3. To be full or prolific— 
v. t. To produce ; to bring forth. 

Teem-ER, n. One who teems. 

Teens, n.pl. The years of one's ago, 
beginning with thirteen and ending 
with nineteen. 

Tee'ter,!'. i. To ride on the ends of a 
balanced board. 

Teeth, n. ; pi. of Tooth. [teeth 

Teeth, v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] To breed 

Teeth'ing, n. Process by which first 



OR, DQ, WOLF, TOO, XO~OS. 5 URN, RUE, PULL. ; E, I, o, silent : c.G.so/*; €,S,Aard/ AS; EXIST; N as NG; THIS 



TEETOTAL 



teeth make their way through the 
gums. 

TEE-TO'TAL, a. Total. [Colloq.] 

Tee-to'tum, n. A child's toy. 

TEG'U-LAR, a. [L. Lat. tegularis ; 
tegula, a tile.] Pertaining to, or 
arranged like, tiles. 

Teg'u-ment, n. [Lat. tegumentum ; 
tegere, to cover.] A covering, esp. 
of a living body, or of some organ. 

Teg'u-ment'a-ry, a. Relating to, or 
consisting of, teguments. [linden. 

TEIL, n. [Lat. tilia.] The lime-tree or 

TEL'E-GRAM, n. [Gr. rijKe, afar, and 
ypafx/xa, that which is written.] A 
message sent by telegraph. 

Tel'e-GRAPH, n. [Gr. -rr\\e, afar, far 
off, and ypdfciv, to write.] An ap- 
paratus for communicating intelli- 
gence rapidly between distant points, 
by means of certain signals. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To convey or announce 
iy telegraph. [operator. 

Fel'e-GRAPH'ER, n. A telegraphic 

TEL'E-GrXph'IG, ) a. Pertaining 

TEL'e-grXph'ig-al, i to, or com- 
municated by, telegraph. 

Te-leg'ra-phist, or TEl'e- 
grAph'ist, n. A telegrapher. 

Te-leg'RA-PHY, n. Science or art of 
constructing, or of communicating 
by means of, telegraphs. 

Te'LE-OL'O-GY (110), n. [Gr. re'Ao?. 
re'Aeos, end, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Doctrine of the final causes of things. 

TEL/E-PHONE, n. [Gr. rfyAe, far, and 
<pb>vf), sound.] An instrument for 
reproducing articulate speech at a 
distance, by the aid of electricity or 
electro-magnetism. 

TEL/E PHON'IC, n. Relating to the 
telephone. 

TEL'E-SCOPE, n. [Gr. rqkeo-K ottos, 
viewing afar, fr. Trj\e, far, far off, 
and <TKonelv, to view.] An optical in- 
strument for viewing distant ob- 
jects. 

TEL'E-S€OP'I€, ) a. Relating to 

TEL'e-scop'ig-AL, J a telescope. 

TE-LES'TI€H, n. [Gr tAo?, end, and 
oti'xos, line, verse.] A poem in which 
the final letters of the lines make a 
name ; — the reverse of an acrostic. 

Tell, v. t. [told; telling.] [A>- 
S. tellian, tellan.] 1. To enumerate ; 
to count. 2. To give an account of. 
3. To make known ; to publish. 4. 
To teach. 5. To find out ; to dis- 
cover. — v. i. 1. To give an account. 
2. To produce a marked effect. 

lELL'ER, n. 1. One who tells. 2. 
A bank officer who pays money out on 
checks. 3. One appointed to count 
votes in a public meeting. 

TELL'-TALE, a. Telling tales ; bab- 
bling^ — n. An officious informer. 

TEL-LU'Ri€, a. [Lat. tellus, telluris, 
the earth.] Pertaining to, or pro- 
ceeding from, the earth. 

Tel-lu'ri-um, n. [From Lat. tellus, 
telluris, the earth.] A metal of a 
silver-white color. 

TE-mer-i-ty, n. [Lat. temeritas, fr. 
temeri, rashly.] Unreasonable con- 
tempt of danger. 



432 

Svn. — Rashness. — Temerity refers to 
the disposition, rashness to the act. "We 
show temerity in our resolutions, con- 
clusions, &c. We show rashness, from 
time to time, in the actions of life. 

TEM'PER.r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
temperare, from tempus, time, orig. a 
piece cut off, a part, Gr. refivetv, to 
cut off.] 1. To mingle in due pro- 
portion ; to modify, as by adding 
some new element. 2. To soften ; to 
assuage. 3. To bring to a proper de- 
gree of hardness. — n. 1. Due mixt- 
ure of different qualities. 2. Con- 
stitution of body ; temperament. 3. 
Constitution of the mind, particularly 
with regard to the passions and affec- 
tions. 4. Proneness to anger. 5. State 
of a metal, esp. as to its hardness. 

Tem'per-a-ment, n. 1. Act of tem- 
pering or modifying. 2. A system 
of compromises in the tuning of or- 
gans, piano fortes, &c. 3. The pecul- 
iar physical and mental character of 
an individual. 

TEM'per-ance, n. [Lat. lemperan- 
tia. See TEMPER.] Habitual mod- 
eration in regard to the indulgence 
of the natural appetites and passions. 

Tem'per-ate, a. [See Temper.] 1. 
Moderate, esp. in the indulgence of 
the appetites and passions. 2. Not 
violent. [perate manner. 

Tem'per-ate-ly, adv. In a tem- 

Tem'per-ate-ness, 7i. Moderation. 

TEM'per-a-ture,?i. 1. Constitution; 
state. 2. Degree of heat or cold. 

Tem'pest, n. [Lat. tempestas, sea- 
son,weather, storm, fr. tempus, time.] 

1. A storm of extreme violence. 2. 
Any violent tumult or commotion. 

Syn. — See Stokm. 

Tem-pest'u-oOs, a. Involving, like, 
or pertaining to, a tempest ; stormy. 

Tem-pest'u-ous-ly, adv. In a tem- 
pestuous manner. 

Tem-pest'u-ous-ness, n. State or 
quality of being tempestuous. 

TEM'plar, n. 1. One of a religious 
military order, who occupied an 
apartment near the Temple at Jeru- 
salem. 2. A student of law, so called 
from having apartments in the 
Temple at London. 

TEM'PLE,™. [Lat. templum, for tem- 
pulum, as a dim. of tempus, accord- 
ing to its primary sense, a piece cut 
off.] 1. An edifice for the worship 
of some deity. 2. The edifice at Je- 
rusalem for the worship of Jehovah. 
3. A church. 4. [Lat. tempora, tem- 
pus, prop, the right place, fatal spot, 
from tempus, temporis, fitting or ap- 
pointed time.] Portion of the head 
between the forehead and ear. 

TEM'plet, n. [L. Lat. templatus, 
vaulted, from Lat. templum, a small 
timber.] 1. A mold used by brick- 
layers and masons. 2. A thin mold or 
pattern used by machinists, &c. 3. A 
short piece of timber under a beam. 

Tem'po-ral, a. [Lat. temporalis, fr. 
tempus, time.] 1. Pertaining to the 
present life, or this world ; secular. 

2. Pertaining to the temples of the 



TENDER 

head. — n. Anything temporal or 
secular ; a temporality.- 

Tem'po-rXl'i-TY, n. 1. State of be- 
ing temporary. 2. pi. Revenues of 
an ecclesiastic proceeding from lauds, 
tenements, tithes, &c. 

Tem'po-ral-LY, adv. In a temporal 
manner. [rary manner. 

Tem'po-RA-rt-LY, adv. In a tempo- 

Tem'po-ra-ri-ness, n. State of be- 
ing temporary. 

Tem'po-ra-ry (44). a. [Lat. tempo- 
rarily.] Lasting for a time only. 

TEM'PO-RIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. temjms, temporis, time.] To 
humor or yield to the current of 
opinion or to circumstances. 

TEM'PO-Rlz'Er, n. A time-server. 

TEMPT (84), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
tentare, temptare, intens. form of 
tendere, to stretch.] 1. To try. 2. 
To incite ; to instigate. 3. To test ; 
to prove. 4. To lead, or endeavor to 
lead, into evil. 

Syn. — To allure ; seduce. 

TEMPT'A-BLE,a. Liable to be tempt- 
ed ; exposed to temptation. 

Temp-ta'tion (84), n. 1. Act of 
tempting. 2. State of being tempted. 
3. That which tempts ; allurement 

TEMPT'ER, n. One who tempts. 

TEN, a. 6c n. [A.-S. ten, tin, tyn, Lat 
decern, Skr. dacan.] Nine and one 

TEN'A-BLE (110), a. [Fr. unable, fr 
tmir, to hold. J Capable of being 
held or maintained. 

TE-NA'CIOIJS, a. [Lat. tenax, tenacis, 
fr. ttnere, to hold.] 1. Apt to retain ; 
retentive. 2. Adhesive. 3. Obsti- 
nate ; stubborn. [firmly 

Te-na'cioDs-ly, adv. Retentively, 

Te-na'cioOs-ness, n. Quality or 
state of being tenacious. 

Te-nA^'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
tenacious 

Tenancy, n. [L. Lat. tenentia, te- 
nantia.] A holding, or a mode of 
holding, an estate ; tenure. 

Ten'ant, n. [Fr. tenant, holding.] 
1. One who has the occupation of 
lands or tenements whose title is in 
another. 2. A dweller. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To hold as a tenant. 

TEN'ANT-A-BLE,a. Fit to be tenanted 
or rented ; in a state of repair suit- 
able for a tenant. 

TEN'ANT-LESS.a. Having no tenants. 

TEN'ANT-RY, n. The body of tenants. 

TEND. v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Abbrev- 
fr. attend.] 1. To care for the wants 
of; to watch. 2. To note carefully; 
to attend to.— v. i. [Lat. tendere.] 
1. To move in a certain direction. 2. 
To be directed, as to any end or pur- 
pose. 3. To contribute. 

Tend'en-CY, n. Direction or course 
toward any place, object, or result. 

Syn. — Inclination; drift; scope; aim. 
See Disposition. 

TEND'ER, n. [From tend.] 1. One 
who tends another. 2. A small vessel 
employed to attend a larger one with 
provisions, &c. 3. A car attached to 
a locomotive, to supply fuel and wa- 
ter. 4. [See Tender, v. t.] An offer; 



A, E, I, '6,V,Y,long; A,£,S,6, iJ, H, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VE,IL, TERM 5 PIQUE , FlRM ; Sd«i 



TENDER 



433 



TERRIBLE 



aproposal. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. tendere. See TEND, v. i.] To 
offer cr present for acceptance. 

Ten'der, a. [-er ; -est.] [Fr. ten- 
dre, Lat. tener.] 1. Easily impressed, 
broken, or injured. 2. Easily pained. 
3. Weak and feeble. 4. Easily ex- 
cited to pity, forgiveness, or favor. 

Syn. — Delicate; soft ; compassionate; 
humane; pitiful. 

Ten'der-loin, n. A tender part of 
the hind quarter of beef. 

Ten'der-lv. adv. With tenderness. 

Ten'der-ness, n. State or quality of 
being tender. 

Syn. — Benignity; humanity; benev- 
olence; kindness; clemency. 

TEn'di-NOUS, a. Pertaining to,orfull 
of, tendons : sinewy. 

Ten'DON, n. [Lat. tendere, to stretch, 
extend.] A hard, insensible cord, by 
which motion is communicated from 
a muscle to a bone. 

Ten'dril, v. [from render, prop, the 
tender sprig of a plant.] A slender 
spiral shoot of a plant that winds 
round another body for support. 

Te-NE'BRI-ous, ) a. [Lat. tenebrosus ; 

Ten'e-broOs, ) tenebrse, dark- 
ness.] Dark; gloomy; obscure. 

Te.\'E-MENT,}i. [L.Lat. tenementum, 
fr. Lat. tenere, to hold.] A dwelling- 
house ; often, an inferior dwelling- 
house rented to poor persons. 

Syx. — House. — There v.iay be many 
houses under one roof, but they are com- 
pletely separated from each other by par- 
tv-walls. A tenement may be detached 
by itself, or it may be part of a house di- 
vided off for the use of a distinct family. 

Ten'et, m [Lat., he holds.] Any 
opinion, principle, or doctrine, which 
one holds or maintains as true. 
Syx. — See Dogma. 

Ten'fold, a. Ten times as much. 

TEN'NIS, n. [Fr. tenez, hold or take 
it.] A play in which a ball is contin- 
ually kept in motion. 

TEN'ON,n. [Fr., from tenir, to hold.] 
End of a piece of wood cut for inser- 
tion into a cavity in another piece. 
— r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To fit for in- 
sertion into a mortise. [tenons. 

Ten'on-saw, n. A saw for cutting 

TEN*OR, n. [Lat. tenor, fr. tenere, to 
hold, i. e., a holding on in a contin- 
ued course.] 1. General drift or 
course of thought ; purport ; intent. 
2. (a.) The higher kind of adult 
male voice, (b.) One who sings tenor. 

TENSE, a. [Lat. tendere, tensus, to 
stretch.] Stretched; strained to 
stiffness; rigid.— n. [Fr. temps, 
Lat. tempus, time.] Form of a verb 
indicating the time of action. 

Tense'ness, n. State of being tense. 

Ten'sile, a. [Lat. tendere, tensum, to 
stretch.] Capable of extension. 

TEN'siON, n. [Lat. tensio, fr. tendere, 
to stretch.] 1. Act of stretching or 
straining. 2. State of being stretched, 
or degree of being bent or strained ; 
hence, strong excitement of feeling. 

Tent, n. [L. Lat. tenta, prop, some- 
thing stretched out, fr. Lat. tendere, 



to stretch.^ 1. A pavilion or portable 
lodge of canvas or other coarse cloth. 
2. [Lat. tentare, to handle, feel.] A 
roll of lint or linen used in surgery. 
— v. t. [-ED: -ING.] 1. To cover 
with tents. 2. To probe. 

TEN'TA-€iiE,n. [Lat. tentare, to han- 
dle, feel.] A filiform process from the 
head of a snail, insect, or crab, &c, 
for feeling or motion. 

Ten-ta€'u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or 
in the nature of, tentacles. 

Ten'ta-tive, a. [Lat, tentare, to 
try.] Trying ; experimental. 

TEN'TER, n. [Lat. tendere, tentnm, 
to stretch.] A frame for stretching 
cloth, by means of hooks. — v. t. To 
stretch on tenters. 

Ten'ter-hook, n. A hook used in 
stretching cloth on a tenter. 

Tenth, a. 1. Next after the ninth. 2. 
Being one of ten equal parts into 
which any thing is divided. — n. 1. 
One of ten equal parts. 2. Interval 
between any tone and that on the 
tenth degree of the staff above it. 

Tenth'ly, adv. In the tenth place. 

TE-NU'I-TY, n. [Lat. tenuitas ; tenuis, 
thin.] 1. Smallness in diameter ; 
thinness or slenderness. 2. Earity ; 
rareness. 

Ten'u-ous, a. [Lat. tenuis, thin.] 1. 
Thin ; slender. 2. Rare ; subtile. 

TEN'URE,ra. [Lat. tenere, to hold.] 1. 
Act or right of holding, as real estate. 
2. Consideration or service given for 
the use of land. 3. Manner of hold- 
ing in general. 

Tep'e-fac'tion, n. Making tepid. 

Tep'e-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 14i?.] 
[Lat. tepefacere ; tepere , to be tepid, 
and facer e, to make.] To make mod- 
erately warm, [warm ; luke-warm. 

TEP'ID. a. [Lat. tepidus.] Moderately 

Te-pId'I-ty, I n. Moderate warmth ; 

Tep'id-ness, I lukewarmness. 

Te'por, n. [Lat.] Gentle heat. 

TER'A-PHtM, n. pi. [Heb. teraphim.] 
Household deities or images. 

Teece'-ma'jor, n. [See Tierce.] 
A sequence of the three best cards. 

TER'E-BINTII, n. [Gr. Tepe^ivOo?.] 
The turpentine-tree. [pentine. 

Ter'e-bin'thine, a. Relating to tur- 

TE-RETE', <7. [Lat. teres, teretis, 
rubbed or rounded off; terere, to 
rub.] Cylindrical and slightly taper- 
ing. 

T£r'GI-VER-SA'TION, n. [Lat. tergi- 
versatio ; tergum, the back, and ver- 
sare, to turn.] 1. A shift; subterfuge; 
evasion. 2. Fickleness of conduct. 

Term (14), n. [Lat. termen, and ter- 
minus.] 1. A bound or boundary ; 
limit. 2. Any limited time. 3. Time 
during which instruction is regularly 
given to students. 4. Time in which 
a court is held. 5. A word or expres- 
sion, esp. one peculiar to an art. 6. 
pi. Propositions stated or promises 
made ; conditions. 

Syn . — Word. — Term, signifies a word 
of specific meaning, applicable to a defi- 
nite class of objects. It is therefore more 
determinate and technical than word, 
which denotes an utterance that repre- 



sents or expresses our thoughts and feel* 
ings. Hence we speak of a scientific term 
(not word), and of stating things in dis- 
tinct terms, &c. Still, in a looser sense, it 
is used to a great extent interchangeably 
with word, for variety of expression. 

— v t. [-ED; -ING.] To name; to 
denominate, [multuousness. 

TEr'ma-gan-CY, n. Turbulence ; tu- 

TEr'ma-gant, n. [Orig. a supposed 
deity of the Mohammedans, very vo- 
ciferous in the ancient moralities.] A 
boisterous, brawling woman. — a. 
Boisterous or furious ; scolding. 

Term'er, n. One who has an estate 
for a term of years or for life. 

TER'MEg, n.: pi. TER'MI-TEfjS. 
[Lat.] A tropical species of ant very 
destructive to wood. [bounded. 

T£r'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of being 

TEr'mi-nal, a. [Lat. terminuiic .} 
See Term.] Pertaining to, or form- 
ing, the end. 

TEr'mi-nate , v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
terminate, -natum. See Term.] 1. 
To set a limit to. 2. To put an end to- 
Sys. — To complete; finish; end. 

— v. i. 1. To be limited; to stop 
short. 2_. To end ; to close. 

TEr'MI-na'tion, n. 1. Act of termi- 
nating. 2. Limit in space or extent. 
3. End in time or existence. 4. Con- 
clusion ; result. 5. Ending of a word. 

TEr'mi-na'tion-ae, a. Pertaining 
to, or forming, a termination. 

TEr'MI-NER, n. [Fr. terminer, to 
limit, end.] A determining. 

TEr'MI-nol'O-gy,?!. [Lat. terminus, 
term, and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] 1. 
The doctriue of terms ; a treatise on 
terms. 2. The terms actually used 
in any business, art, science, or the 
like ; nomenclature. 

TER'Ml-NTTS, n.; pi. TER'MI-NT. 
[Lat.] 1. A boundary. 2. Extreme 
point at either end of a railway. 

TEr'mite, n.; pi. TERMITES. The 
white ant. See Termes. 

Tern, n. [Icel. therna, sea-swallow, 
maid-servant.] An aquatic fowl. 

T£R'NA-RY, a. [Lat. ternarius ; terni, 
three each ; three.] Proceeding by 
threes ; consisting of three. 

Ter'race, n. [Lat. terra, the earth.] 
1. A raised platform of earth, sup- 
ported by a bank of turf. 2. Flat 
roof of a house. — v.t. [-ED; -ING] 
To form into a terrace. 

Terra cotta. [It.] A kind of pottery 
made from fine clay hardened by heat. 

Ter'ra-pin, n. A kind of tortoise. 

Ter-ra'QUE-oDs, a. [Lat. terra, the 
earth, and aqua, water.] Consisting 
of land and water, as the earth. 

Ter-rene', a. [Lat. terrenus ; terra, 
the earth.] 1. Pertaining to the 
earth ; earthy. 2. Terrestrial. 

Ter-RES'tri-al, a. [Lat. terrestris.] 

1. Pertaining to the earth ; earthly. 

2. Representing, or consisting of, the 
earth. 3. Pertaining to the present 
state. 

Ter-res'tri-al-ly, adv. After an 

earthly manner. 
Ter'RI-BLE, a. [Lat. terribilis.] 1 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK. ,* URN, RUE, PULL 

28 



I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, S, hard} AgJ EJIST ; N. as NG ; THIS 



TERRIBLENESS 



434 



TEUTONIC 




Adapted to excite terror, awe, or 
dread. 2. Excessive ; severe. 
Syn. — Fearful; formidable; awful. 

TER'ri-ble-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being terrible. 

Ter'ri-bly, adv. 1. In a manner to 
excite terror. 2. Very greatly. 

Ter'ri-er, n. 
[From Lat. terra, 
the earth.] A 

« dog, remarkable 
forgoing into the 
ground after ani- 
mals that bur- 
row. 

Ter-rif'I€, a. 

[Lat. terrificus; terrere, to frighten, 
and facere, to make.] Causing, or 
adaptedto cause, terror. 

Ter'ri-fy, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
To alarm with fear ; to frighten. 

TER/RI-TO'RI-al, a. 1. Pertaining 
to territory or land. 2. Limited to 
a certain district. 

Ter'ri-to-ry (110), n. [Lat. territo- 
riurn, fr. terra, the earth.] 1. Extent 
of land within certain limits or juris- 
diction. 2. A distant tract of land 
belonging to a prince or state. 3. 
In the United States, a portion of the 
country not yet admitted as a State 
into the Union, but organized with a 
separate legislature, a governor, &c. 

Ter'ROR, n. [Lat.] Extreme fear. 
Syn. — See Alakm. 

Ter'ror-Y§M, n. A state of impress- 
ing terror. 

Terse (14), a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. 
tersus, rubbed or wiped off.] Ele- 
gantly concise or compact. 

Syn. — Concise. — Terse was defined 
by Johnson " cleanly written," i. e., free 
from blemishes, neat, or smooth. Its 
present sense is compact, with smooth- 
ness, grace, or elegance, as in the follow- 
ing lines of Whitehead: — 
" In eight terse lines has Phaedrus told 
(So frugal were the bards of old) 
A tale of goats; and closed with grace, 
Plan, moral, all, in that short space." 
It differs from concise in not implying 

Eerhaps quite as much condensation, 
ut chiefly in the additional idea of 
" grace or elegance." 

Terse 'ly, adv Neatly ; concisely. 

TErse'ness. n. Neat conciseness. 

Ter'tial, n. [Lat. tertius, third, be- 
cause feathers of the third row.] One 
of the large feathers near the junc- 
tion of the wing with the body. 

TEr'TIAN, a. [Lat. tertianus ; tertius, 
the third.] Occurring every third 
day. — n. A fever whose paroxysms 
return every third day. 

TeR'ti-a-ry (-shi-, 44, 95), a. [Lat. 
tertiarius ; tertius, the third.] Of 
the third formation, order, or rank. 

Ter'ti-ate (-shi-), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To do for the third time. 

TES'SEL-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. tessellare, from tessella, a little 
cube, dim. of tessera, a square piece, 
fr. Gr. TeVcrepes, four.] To form in- 
to squares or checkers. 

Tes'sel-la'tion, n. Mosaic work. 

Test, n. [Lat. testa, an earthen pot.] 



1. Any critical trial and examina- 
tion. 2. Means of trial. 3. A stand- 
ard of comparison. 4. A substance 
employed to detect any unknown 
constituent of a compound. 

Syn.— Trial. — Trial is the wider term ; 
test is a searching and decisive trial. It 
is derived from the Latin testa, which 
term was early apnlied to the Jininy-pot , 
or crucible, in which metals are melted 
for trial and refinement. Hence, the pe- 
culiar force of the word, as indicating a 
trial or criterion of the most decisive 
kind. 

— v. t. [-EU ; -ING.] To prove the 
truth or genuineness of by experi- 
ment, or by some fixed principle or 
standard. 

Test'A-BLE. a. [Lat. testabilis.] Ca- 
pable of being given by will. 

Tes- ta'ce-a (-she-), ( n. pi. Marine 

Tes-ta'ceans,, I animals cov- 

ered with shells ; shell-fish. 

Tes-TA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. testareus ; 
testa, a shell.] Consisting of, or hav- 
ing, a hard, continuous shell. 

TES'TA-MENT, n. [Lat. testamen- 
tum, fr. testari, to be a witness, to 
make one's last will.] 1. An instru- 
ment in writing, by which a person 
gives directions as to the disposal of 
his property after death ; a will. 2. 
One of the two general divisions of 
the Scriptures. [testament. 

TES'TA-JIEHT'AL, a. Pertaining to a 

TES'TA-MENT'A-RY, a. Pertaining 
to, or given by, a testament or will. 

Tes'tate, a. Having left a will. 

Tes-TA'tor, a. A man who leaves a 
will at death. 

Tes-ta'trix, n. A woman who leaves 
a will or testament. 

TES r TER,«. [Lat. testa, earthen pot, 
skull.] 1. A flat canopy, as over a 
pulpit or tomb, &c. 2. Top covering 
of a bed. supported by the bedstead. 
3. [0. Fr. teston, from teste, head, 
the head of the king being impressed 
on it.] An old French silver coin. 

TES'Tl-€LE, n. [Lat. testiculus, dim. 
of testis, a testicle.] A gland which 
secretes the seminal fluid in males. 

Tes'ti-fi-ga'tion, n. Act of testi- 
fying, [mony. 

Tes'ti-fi'er, n. One who gives testi- 

Tes'ti-fy, v. i. [-ed ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. testificari ; testis, a witness, 
and facere, to make.] To make a 
solemn declaration ; to establish 
some fact ; to give testimony. — v. t. 
To bear witness to ; to affirm or de- 
clare solemnly, or Tinder oath. 

Tes'ti-ly, adv. In a testy manner. 

Tes'ti-mo'ni-al, n. A certificate in 
favor of one's character or good con- 
duct. — a. Relating to testimony. 

Tes'ti-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. testi- 
monium, from testari, to testify, at- 
test.] 1. A solemn declaration made 
to establish some fact. 2. Affirma- 
tion. 3. Open attestati< n. 4. Wit- 
ness ; proof of some fact. 

Syn. — Proof ; evidence. — Proof is 
used more frequently as to facts and 
things of common occurrence. Evidence 
is more generally applied to that which, 
is moral or intellectual; as, the evidences 



of Christianity, &c. Testimony is strictly 
the evidence of a witness given under 
oath; when used figuratively or in a 
wider sence, the word testimony has still 
a reference to some living agent as its 
author, as when we speak of doing a 
thing in testimony of our affection, &c. 

Tes'ti-ness, n. Fretfulness. 

Tes-tu'di-nal, a. Relating to, or 
resembling, the tortoise. 

Teh-tu'do, n. [Lat.,fr. testa, shell 
of shell-fish. 1 1. The tortoise. 2. A 
cover or screen formed by troops with 
their shields held over their heads. 

TEs'ty, a. [-er;-est, 142.] [0. 
P'r. testu, fr. teste, the head.] Fret- 
ful ; peevish ; petulant. 

Te te-A-tete (tat'a-taf), n. [Fr., 
head to head.] 1. Private conversa- 
tion. 2. A sofa for two persons, so 
curved as to bring them face to face. 

TETtt'ER, n. [See TEDDER.] A rope 
or chain by which a beast is confined 
for feeding. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
confine, as a beast, with a rope or 
chain, for feeding within certain lim- 
its. 

TET'RA-CHORD, n. [Gr. rtrpd\ophov, 
from rerpd\op&os, four-stringed.] A 
series of four sounds, of which the 
extremes, or first and last, consti- 
tuted a fourth. 

Tet'ra-gon, n. [Gr. / -j i — j 

rerpdyutvov ; rerpa ,/ // / 

four, andywi/ia, an- ' L — ' 

gle.] A plane figure, 
having four angles ; 
a quadrangle. 

Te-trXg'o-NAE, a. 
Having four angles 
or sides. 

Tet'ra-he'dral, a. 
Having four sides. 

TET'RA-HE'DRON, 
[Gr. rerpa, four, 



and 
eSpa, seat, base.] A sol- 
figure inclosed by 



id 




four triangles. Tetrahedron. 

Te-trXm'e-ter, n. [Gr. 
rerpdfj.erpo<;, from rerpa, four, and 
p-erpov, a measure.] A verse con- 
sisting of four measures, or of four 
feet. 

TE'TKAR€H, n. [Gr. rerpdpxy?, re- 
Tpapxos, from rerpa, four, and apxos, 
ruler.] A Roman governor of the 
fourth part of a province. 

Te-TRAR€H'ATE, ) n. Fourth part 

Tet'rarch-y, ) of a province un- 
der a Roman tetrarch. 

Te-tras'tI€H (-tras'tik), n. [Gr. 
rerpdo~rix ov > "rerpa, four, and cti- 
^os, averse.] A stanza of four verses. 

TET'RA-STYLE, «. [Gr. rerpdo-rvkov; 
rerpa, four, and arvkos, column.] A 
building with four columns in front. 

Tet'ra-syl-lab'I€, la. Consist- 

Tet/ra-syl-lab'kj-al, J ing of 
four syllables. • 

TET'RA-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. rerpa- 
trvAAa^o?, of four syllables ; rerpa, 
four, and (rvAAajS^, syllable.] A word 
of four syllables. 

TET'TER, n. [A.-S. teter, tetr. Cf. 
Tatter.] A cutaneous disease. 

Teu-t6n'I€, a. Pertaining to the 



A, E, I, O, U,Y, long; A,E, 1,6,0, t, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VIIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N, 



TEXT 



435 



THEORY 



Teutons, a people of ancient Ger- 
many, or to their descendants. 

TEXT, n. [Lat. textus, structure, con- 
text, fr. texere, to weave, compose.] 
1. A composition on which a note or 
commentary is written. 2. A verse 
or passage of Scripture. 

Text'-book, n. A manual of in- 
struction ; a school-book, [writing. 

TEXT'-HAND, n. A large hand in 

TEX'TlLE, a. [Lat. tfxtilis; texere, 
to weave.] Woven, or capable of be- 
ing woven, [ing. 

Tex-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to weav- 

TEXT'U-AL, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
tained in, the text. 

Text'(J-a-rist, ) n. One well versed 

Text'u-a-ry, ) in the Scriptures. 

Text'u-A-ry, a. 1. Contained in the 
text. 2. Serving as a text. 

Text'URE (53), n. [Lat. textura ; tex- 
ere, to weave.] 1. A fabric formed by 
weaving 2. Connection of threads or 
other slender bodies interwoven. 3. 
Disposition of the several parts of any 
body in connection with each other. 

T-HXN, conj. [A.-S. tkanne, thenne. 
See Then.] A particle expressing 
comparison. 

Thane, n. [A.-S. tkegen, thegn, then, 
a servant of a king, a nobleman, a 
soldier.] An Anglo-Saxon dignitary, 
corresponding to baron. 

Thank. «. [Generally in the pi.] [A.- 
S. thane, thonc, thought, thanks, 
allied to thencean, thencan, to think, 
remember.] Expression of gratitude. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To express 
gratitude to for a favor. 

THANK'FUL, a. Disposed to acknowl- 
edge kindness received ; grateful. 

Thank'ful-LY, adv. Gratefully. 

Thank/ful-ness, n. State of being 
thankful. [grateful. 

Thank/less, a. Unthankful; un- 

Thank/less-ness, n. Ingratitude. 

Thanks'giv-er, n. One who ac- 
knowledges a kindness. 

Thanks'giv-ing, n. 1. Act of giving 
thanks. 2. Public celebration of 
divine goodness, or a day set apart 
therefor. [of gratitude. 

Thank'-of'fer-ing, n. An offering 

Thank'-wor'thy (-wiir'thy), a. De- 
serving thanks ; meritorious. 

That (128), pi. THOSE. 1. [A.-S. 
the, se, m.,the6, sed, 1'., that.] A pro- 
noun referring usually to something 
before mentioned or understood, or 
to something more remote ; — often 
used adjectively. 2. [A.-S. that, 
Goth, thatei, contr. fr. thaia and ei, 
that.] A conjunction, introducing a 
clause, as the object of the preceding 
verb, or introducing a reason or pur- 
pose, and sometimes a result. 

Thatch, n. [A.-S. thac, thac] Straw 
or other substance used to cover roofs 
or stacks. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
cover with straw, reeds, or the like. 

THATCH'ER, n. One who thatches. 

Thau'MA-tur'gic, a. Exciting won- 
der. 

THAU'MA-TUR'GUS, n. [Gr. 6a.vix.a- 
Tovp-yos, wonder-working ; 6avfx.a, a 



wonder, and epyeiv, to work.] A 
miracle-worker. 

Thau'ma-tur'gy, «. Act of perform- 
ing something wonderful. 

Thaw, v. i. {-~e.o\ -ing.] [A.-S. 
thawan, Icel. thama, to consume, 
digest.] 1. To melt, as ice or snow. 
2. To become so warm as to melt ice 
and snow. — v. t. To cause to melt, 
as ice or snow. — n. The melting of 
ice or snow, &c. 

THE (128), definite article, or definitive 
a. [A.-S. the or se.] A word placed 
before nouns, and before adjectives 
in the comparative and superlative 
degree, and used to limit or qualify 
the meaning more or less definitely. 

THE'AR-CHY, n. [Gr. 6eapxCa., ©eos, 
God, and ap\eiv, to rule.] Govern- 
ment by God. 

THE'A-TER, I n. [Gr. Oearpov, from 

THE'A-TRE, ) eeaa-Oai, to see.] 1. A 
buildiug for dramatic performances ; 
a playhouse. 2. Any room adapted 
to the exhibition of any performance 
before an assembly. 3. That which 
resembles a theater in form or use. 

THE-AT'RIC. ) a. Pertaining to 

THE-AT'Rie-AL, ) a theater, or to 
scenic representations ; resembling 
the manner of dramatic performers. 

The-at'rI€-al-ey, adv. In a theat- 
rical manner. [performances. 

The-at'ric-Als, n. pi. Dramatic 

The'ban, n. A native or inhabitant 
of Thebes; also, a wise man. — a. 
Of, or pertaining to, Thebes. 

THEE, pron. ; objective case of Thou. 

Theft, n. [A.-S. theofdh. See 
Thief.] Act of stealing. 

THE'INE, n. A bitter principle, ob- 
tained from tea and coffee. 

THEIR (12), a. pron. [A.-S. thara, 
thsera, prop. gen. pi. of the, se. See 
That.] Of them; — employed in 
the sense of a pronominal adjective. 
When the word qualified by it is 
omitted, it has the form theirs ; and 
may be the subject of a verb, or the 
object of a verb or preposition. 

THE'ISM, n. [Gr. ©eos, God.] Belief 
or acknowledgment of the existence 
of a God. 

The '1ST, n. One who believes in the 
existence of a personal God. 

The-ist'ic, I a. Relating to the- 

The-IST'ic-AL, f ism, or to a theist. 

TflEM, pron. ; objective case of They. 

T-HEME, n. [Gr. 0e>a,fr. TifleVat, to set, 
place.] 1. A subject or topic on which 
one writes or speaks. 2. A short dis- 
sertation. 3. A verb in its primary 
state, not modified by inflections. 

T-HEM-SELVEg', pron. ; pi. of Him- 
self, Herself, or Itself. 

'Men, adv. [A.-S. thonne, thanne, 
thenne. Cf. THAN.] 1. At that time. 
2. Soon afterward. 3. Therefore. 4. 
At another time. — conj. In that 
case ; in consequence. 

Syn. — Therefore. — Both these words 
are used in reasoning ; but therefore 
takes the lead, while then is rather sub- 
ordinate or incidental. Therefore states 
reasons and draws inferences in form ; 
then, to a great extent, takes the point as 



proved, and passes on to the general con- 
clusion. " Therefore, being justified by 
faith, we have peace with God." " So, 
then, faith cometh by hearing, and hear- 
ing by the word of God." 

Thence, adv. [0. Eng. thenne, or 
with the termination of a genitive, 
thennes, thens. Cf. supra.] 1. From 
that place. 2. From that time. 3. 
For that reason. [time. 

Thence'forth, adv. From thai 

Tben^e-for'warb, adv. From tha6 
time onward. 

THE-OC'RACY, n. [Gr. OeoKptnia ; 
©eos, God, and Kparos, strength.] 1. 
Government of a state by the imme- 
diate direction of God. 2. The state 
thus governed. 

The'o-crat'ic, ) a. Pertaining 

The'o-crat'ic-al, j toa theocracy. 

The-od'o-lite, n. [Prob. either fr. 
Gr. Oedo/xai, deai/j-ai, I see, or 6e<a, I 
run, and fioAixds, long.] An instru- 
ment used for the accurate measure- 
ment of angles. 

THE-OG'O-NY, n. [Gr. OeoyovCa; 0e6s, 
a god, and yovrj, yo^os, yeVos, race, 
birth.] The generation or genealogy 
of heathen deities. 

THE'O-LO'Gl-AN, n. [Gr. 0eo\6yos ; 
©eos, God, and Aeyeiv, to speak.] 
One well versed in theology ; a divine. 

THE'O-LOG'IC, ) a. Pertaining to 

The'o-log'ic-AL, ) theology. 

The'o-log'ic-al-ly, adv. Accord- 
ing to the principles of theology. 

The-ol/o-gy, n. Science that treats 
of the existence, character, and at- 
tributes of God, his laws and govern- 
ment, the doctrines we are to believe, 
and the duties we are to practice. 

THE-OM'A-CHY, n. [Gr. Oeofiaxia ; 
0e6s, a god, and i^a-xn, a battle.] A 
fighting against the gods. 

The-OP'A-thy, n. [Gr. ©eos, God, 
and 7rd0os, suffering, violent feeling.] 
Capacity for religious affections or 
worship. 

The-6r'BO, n. [Fr. theorbe,It. tiorba.] 
A musical instrument made like a 
large lute, but with two heads. 

THE'O-REM, n. [Gr. 6euipnp.a, from 
6euipelv, to look at.] 1. A principle ; 
a rule. 2. A statement of a principle 
to be demonstrated. 

The'o-rem-at'ic, I a. Pertaining to, 

THE'o-REm'ie, \ or comprised in, 
a theorem. 

The'o-ret'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

The'o-ret'ic-al, ] to, or depend- 
ing on, theory ; speculative. 2. Un- 
practical, [theory. 

The/o-ret'ic-al-ly, adv. In or by 

The'o-rist, n. One given to theory. 

The'o-rize', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
form theories ; to speculate. 

The'o-riz'er, n. One who theorizes. 

THE'O-RY, n. [Gr. 6e<apia, fr. 0e<ope«> T 
to look at.] 1. Speculation. 2. An 
exposition of the general principles 
of any science. 3. The science dis- 
tinguished from the art. 4. Philo- 
sophical explanation of phenomena. 
_ Syn. — Hypothesis. — A hypothesis is, 
literally, a supposition, and is brought 
forward to account for certain phenom- 



6r, do, wolf, TOC^TCfoK*, URN, rue, pull; E, J, O, silent; c, &,sqft; €,&, hard; Ag; Exist; n as ng; this. 



THEOSOPHIC 



436 



THIRST 



ena ; it rests for its proof solely on the 
fact that it explains the phenomena. 
Theory is a deduction from established 
truths, from which it follows as a neces- 
sary consequence. Hypothesis might at- 
tempt to explain the tides by assuming 
a magnetic virtue in the sun and moon ; 
theory does it by deducing them from 
the known laws of gravitation. 

The'O-SOPH'IC, 1 a. Pertaining 

Tuii'o-soPH/i-e-AL, ) to theosophy. 

'j?he-6s'o-phism, n. Theosophy, or 
a process of it. 

The-os'o-phist, ft. One addicted to 
theosophy. 

The-(5s'0-PHY, n. [Gr. 0eo<ro$ta, fr. 
©eo?, God, and <ro</>6s, wise.] A di- 
rect, as distinguished from a revealed, 
knowledge of God, thought to be at- 
tained by extraordinary illumination. 

THER'A-PEU'TIC, I a. [Gr. 0epa- 

THER'A-PEU'TIC-AL, i 7reUTi/cos, fr. 
Oepairevetv, to serve, to heal.] Per- 
taining to the healing art ; curative. 

Ther'a-peu'tigs, n.sing. That part 
of medicine which respects the use 
of remedies for diseases. 

TfiERE (12), adv. [A.-S. thser, thcr.] 
In that place. 

©2T" There is used to begin sentences, 
or before a verb, without adding essen- 
tially to the meaning. 

Theresa-bout', \adv. l.Nearthat 
Theue'a-bouts', } place. 2. Near 

that number, degree, or quantity ; 

nearly. [afterward. 

There-aft'er, adv. After that; 
There -at', adv. 1. At that place. 

2. On that account. 
There-by', adv. By that; by that 

means ; in consequence of that. 

There-for', adv. For that, or this. 

T-HERE'FORE (theV- or tbur 7 -), conj. 
& adv. [From there and for.] 1. For 
that or this reason. 2. Consequently. 

3. In return for this or that. 
Syn.— See Then. 

There-from', adv. From this or 

that. 
There-1'n', adv. In that or this place, 

time, or thing. [that place. 

TflERE'lN-TO', adv. Into that, or 
T-HERE-OF' (ther-Sff' or ther-ov', 71), 

adv. Of that or this. 
Trere-on', adv. On that or this. 
There-out', adv. Out of that or this. 
There-to', adv. To that or this. 
There-un'to, adv. Unto that or 

this ; thereto. 
Trere'up-on', adv. 1. Upon that 

or this. 2. In consequence of that. 

3. Immediately. 
There-w'ith' (-with' or -with', 99), 

adv. With that or this. 
The'ri-ac, n. [Gr. O-qpiaKos, good 

against the poison of animals, from 

Orjpiov, a beast.] An ancient compo- 
sition, esteemed efficacious against 

poison. 
The'ri-Xc, \ a. Pertaining to 
The-ri'ac-AL, [ theriac ; medici- 
The'ri-al, ) nal. 
Ther'MAL, a. [Gr. Oepfxai, hot 

springs.] Pertaining to heat ; warm. 
Thf.r'mo-e/leg-tb.Tc'1-ty, n. [Gr. 

Qepixos, hot, and Eng. electricity.] 



Electricity developed by the action 
of heat. 

THER-MOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. Oep/xr), 
heat, and /u.e'rpoi', measure.] An in- 
strument to measure temperature. 

THER'MO-MET'RIC, ( a. Pertain- 

Ther'mo-met'ri€-al, J ing to, or 
made by means of, a thermometer. 

THER'MO-SGOPE, n. [Gr. 0epja6s,hot, 
and o-Koirelv, to view.] Any instru- 
ment for indicating changes of tem- 
perature. 

THE-SAU'RUS,n. [Lat.] A treasu- 
ry ; — often applied to a dictionary 
or_ cyclopedia, &c. 

These, pron. ; pi. of This. 

THE'SIS, ft. ; pi. THE'SES. [Gr. flecris, 
fr. TiOevcu, to place, set.] 1. A prop- 
osition which a person advances and 
offers to maintain, or which is main- 
tained by argument. 2. An essay 
upon a specific theme. 

THES'PI-AN, a. [From Thespis, the 
founder of the Greek drama.] Re- 
lating to tragic acting. 

THE-UR'GlG, ) a. Pertaining to 

THE-UR'GIG-AL, J theurgy. 

THE'UR-GY,ft. [Gr. 0eovpyia ; Geo?, 
God, and epyeiv, to work.] Among the 
Egyptian Platonists, a supposed abili- 
ty, by means of certain acts, words, 
&c, to move the gods to impart se- 
crets surpassing the powers of reason , 
and to render themselves visible. 

Thew (thu), n. [A.-S. theaw.] Muscle 
or strength. ; nerve ; brawn. 

THEY,»ro«. [A.-S. tha.] The plural 
of He, She, or It. 

Thick, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. thicce. 
Of. TIGHT.] 1. Dense; not thin. 
2. Not transparent or clear. 3. 
Close or crowded in space. 4. Measur- 
ing in general dimension other than 
length. 5. Deeper from one surface 
to its opposite than usual. 6. Some- 
what deaf. 7. Intimate ; familiar. — 
ft. Thickest part, or time when any 
thing is thickest. — adv. 1. Fast ; 
quick. 2. Closely. 3. To a great depth. 

ThIck'sn, v. t. or ?'. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make or become thick. 

Thick'en-ing, ft. Something put 
into a liquid or mass to thicken it. 

Thick'et, «. A collection of trees or 
shrubs closely set. 

Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick. 

ThI'ck'ly, adv. In a thick condition 
or manner. [being thick. 

ThIck'NESS, ft. Quality or state of 

Thick'set, a. 1. Close planted. 2. 
Having a short, thick body. 

Thick'-skule, ft. Dullness, or a dull 
person . 

Thief (149), ft. [A.-S. thedf, thidf, 
the/.] One who secretly and feloni- 
ously takes the goods or personal 
property of another. 

Syn. — Robber. — A thief takes our 
property by stealth; & robber attacks us 
openly, and strips us by main force. 
The robber braves the laws; the thief en- 
deavors to evade them. 

Thieve, r.?'. [-ed; -ing.] To practice 

theft ; to steal. [theft. 

THIF V'ER-Y, «. Practice of stealing ; 



Thiev'ish, a. 1. Given to stealing 

2. Acting by stealth ; sly ; secret. 
THiEV'lSH-LY^atfr. By theft. 
Thiev'ish-ness, ft. State or quality 

of being thievish. 
Thigh (thl), n. [A.-S. thedh.] The 

thick, fleshy portion of the leg above 

the knee. 
THILL, «. [A.-S. thile, thill, allied to 

Eng. deal.] A shaft of a carriage. 
THlM'BLE, ft. [Prob. a dim. oUhvmb.] 

1. A kind of metallic cap for the 

finger, used in sewing to protect the 

finger. 2. Any thiuible-sh;«TjeJ ap> 

pendage or fixture. 
Thim'ble-ber/ry, n. A kind of 

black raspberry. 
Tui'M'BLE-RiG, ft. A sleight-of-hand 

trick played with three small cupa 

and a ball. 
Thin, a. [-NER ; -NEST.] [A.-S. thyn- 

ne, thin, allied to thtnian, to extend.] 

1. Having little thickness. 2. Rare ; 
not dense. 3. Not close ; not crowd- 
ed. 4. Not full or well grown. 5. 
Lean; gaunt. 6. Slight; flimsy. — 
adv. Not thickly or closely ; in a 
scattered state. — v. t. or i. "[-ned ; 
NING.] To make or become thin. 

Thine, pronominal a. [A.-S. thin, 
orig. gen. of thu or t/tii, thou.] Be- 
longing to thee ; thy. 

ThIng, ft. [A.-S. thing, thincg, allied 
to tkingan, to become heavy.] 1. 
Whatever exists or is conceived to 
exist, as a separate being, whether 
animate or inanimate. 2. Any ob- 
ject viewed as merely existing. 

Think, v. i. [thought ; think- 
ing.] [A.-S. thencean, thynceav, 
thynr.an.] To employ any of the in- 
tellectual powers except sense and 
perception. 

Syn. — To expect ; guess ; reflect : 
ponder; contemplate; meditate; muse; 
imagine; suppose; believe. See Expect. 

— V. t. 1. To imagine. 2. To plan or 

design. 3. To believe ; to consider. 
Think'er, ft. One who thinks. 
Thi'nk'ing, p. a. Having the faculty 

of thought. — ft. Imagination ; 

judgment. 
Think'ing-LY, adv. By thought. 
Thin'ly, adv. In a thin, scattered 

manner. 
Thin'ness (109), ft. State of being thin . 
ThIn'-skjnn.ed. a. 1. Having a thin 

skin. 2. Sensitive; irritable. 
Third (18), a. [A.-S. thridda. See 

Three.] 1. Next after the second. 

2. Being one of three equal parts 
into which any thing is divided. — n . 
1. One of three equal parts. 2. 
Sixtieth part of a second. 3. (Mus.) 
Interval of a tone and a semitone, 
embracing three diatonic degrees of 
the scale. 4. pi. The third part of 
an estate, which the widow is enti- 
tled by law to enjoy during her life. 

Third'EY, adv. In the third place. 

ThTrst (18), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
thyrstan, allied to Goth, thairsnn, to 
be dry.] 1. To experience a painful 

■ sensation of the throat, or fauces, 
for want of drink. 2. To have a 



A, E, 1,5, V, Y,foftgvX,E,I,6,U,Y ) sA0'«-t- CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM 5 PIQUE, FIRM; s6n, 



THIRSTER 



437 



THRIFTINESS 



rehement desire. — n. 1. The de- 
•ire or suffering occasioned by want 
of drink. 2. A want and eager de- 
sire after any thing. 

kHIrst'er, n. One who thirsts. 

fHlRST'l-LY, adv. In a thirsty man- 
ner ; with thirst. 

Thirst'I-ness, n. State of being 
thirsty ; thirst. 

ThIrst'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142] 1. 
Feeling a distressing sensation from 
want of drink. 2. Deficient in moist- 
ure; dry; parched. 3. Having a ve- 
hement desire of any thing. 

ThIr'TEEN , a. & n. [A.-S. threotynp, 
fr. thri, m., three, and tyn, ten, ten.] 
Ten and three. 

ThIr'teenth, a. 1. Next after the 
twelfth. 2. Being one of thirteen 
equal parts into which any thing is 
divided. — n. One of thirteen equnl 
parts into which any thing is divided. 

Thir'ti-eth. a. 1. Next after the 
twenty-ninth. 2. Being one of thirty 
equal parts into which a thing is di- 
vided. — n. One of thirty equal parts. 

THiR'TY, a. & n [0. "Eng. tkritty, 
A.-S. thrUig.] Three times ten. 

This, pron. ; pi. these. [A.-S. thes, 
m., theos, f. , this, n.] A pronoun or 
pronominal adjective, denoting some- 
thing present or near in place or time, 
or something just mentioned, or just 
about to be mentioned. 

THis'TLE (thTs'sl), n. [A.-S. thislel, 
allied to Eng. teasel.'] One of nu- 
merous prickly plants. [thistles. 

This'TLY (thls'ly), «. Overgrown with 

THiTH'ER,a</i\*[A.-S. thider, tkyder. 
See That.] 1. To that place. 2. To 
that point or result. 

Srx.— There— Tldther denotes mo- 
tion toward a place; there denotes rest 
in a place ; as, I am going thither, and 
shalL meet you there. But thither lias 
now become obsolete, except in poetry, 
or a style purposely conformed to the 
past, and hence there has taken the place 
of thither ; as. I shall go there to-morrow; 
we shall go there together. 

Thith'er-ward, adv. Toward that 
placei 

Thole, n. [A.-S. thol.] A pin in the 
gunwale of a boat, to confine the oar 
in rowing. 

THONG, n. [A.-S. thivang, thwong, 
Ir. 0. Sax. thuingan, to press, force.] 
A strap of leather, for fastening any 
thing. [thorax. 

Tho-rac'I€, a. Pertaining to the 

Tho'ral, a. [Lat. t/wrus, torus, a 
couch.] Pertaining to a bed. 

Tho'rax (89), n. [Gr. 0wpa£.] Por- 
tion of the trunk between the neck 
and abdomen ; the chest. 

Thorn, n. [A.-S.] 1. A sharp, woody 
shoot from a tree or shrub ; a spine. 

2. A tree or shrub armed with spines. 

3. Any thing troublesome. 
THORN'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 

Full of thorns. 2. Sharp : pricking. 

3. Troublesome ; vexatious. 
THOR'OUGH(thi1r / o).rt. [A.-S. thimth, 

thurh. See THROUGH.] Passing 

through or to_the end ; complete. 
Thor'ough-base (thur'o-), n. Rep- 



resentation of chords by figures 
placed under the base. 

Thor'ough-brace (thuVo-), n. A 
leather strap supporting the body of 
a carriage. 

Thor'ough-bred (thuVo-), a. 1. 
Bred from the best blood, as horses. 
2. Ccmipletely accomplished. 

Thor'ough-fare (thur'o-), n. A 
passage through ; a frequented street. 

Thor'ough-go'ing (thur'o-), a. 
Yery_thorough ; complete. 

TH6R'ouGH-LY(thur / o-),a<^y. Fully ; 
entirely; completely. 

Thor'ough-ness (thur'o-), n. State 
or quality of being thorough. 

Tiior'ough-pac.ed (thur'o-pust), a. 
Perfect in what is undertaken. 

Th6r'6ugh-\vort (thur/o-wQrt), n. 
Amedicinal plant ; boneset. 

Those, pron. ; pi. of That. 

THOU, pron. [A.-S. tlui, thu.] The 
second personal pronoun, in the sing, 
number ; — used in the solemn or po- 
etical style: 

Though (tho, 75), adv. & conj. [A.-S. 
tliea.li, thch.] 1. Granting; admit- 
ting. 2. However. 

Syx.— Although. — These words dif- 
fer only in one respect; although is the 
stronger and more emphatic of the two, 
and is therefore usually chosen to begin 
a sentence, as, " Although I have many 
competitors, I still hope to succeed." See 
While. 

Thought (thawt), n. [A.-S. theaht, 
tko/U, from thencean, thencan, to 
think.] 1. Act of thinking ; reflec- 
tion ; meditation. 2. That which is 
thought. 3- A small degree or quan- 
tity. — v., imp. & p. p. of Think. 

Thought'ful (thawt'-), a. 1. Em- 
ployed in meditation. 2. Having the 
mind directed to an object. 3. Fa- 
vorable to meditation. 

Svn. — Considerate. — He who is ha- 
bitually thoughtful rarely neglects his 
duty or his true interest; he who is con- 
siderate pauses to reflect and guard him- 
self against error. One who is not 
thoughtful by nature, if lie can be made 
considerate, will usually be guarded 
against serious mistakes. 

Thought'ful-ly (thawt'-), adv. In 
a thoughtful manner. 

THOpGHT'FUL-NESS (thawt/-), n. 
State or quality of being thoughtful. 

THOUGHT'EESS (thawt'-), a. Lacking 
or free from thought ; careless. 

Thought'less-ly (thawt/-), adv. 
Without thought ; carelessly. 

Thought'less-ness, n. State or 
quality of being thoughtless. 

THOU'SAND, a . or n. [A.-S thUsend, 
Goth, thusundi, fr. thus, for tigus, 
tnilmn, teu, and hund, hundred.] 
Ten hundred. 

Thou'sandth, a. 1. Next after nine 
hundred and ninety-nine. 2 Be- 
ing one of a thousand equal parts 
into which anything is divided. — n. 
One of a thousand equal parts. 

THRALL, n. [A.-S. thral, thrall, fr. 
thrdla , to serve , drudge . ] 1 . A slave ; 
a bondman. 2. Slavery : bondage. 

Thrall'dom, I n. Slavery ; bond- 

Thral'DOM, ) age; servitude. 



ThrSsh, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
thriscan, threscan.] 1. To beat out 
grain from. 2. To beat soundly. 

Thrash'er, n. One who thrashes 
grain. 

Thra-SON'I€-AL, a. [From Thraso, 
a braggart soldier in Terence's 
" Eunuch. r ] Braggart ; boastful. 

THREAD, n. [A.-S. thrsed, fr. thrawan, 
to twist.] 1. A small twist of flax, 
wool, cotton, silk, or the like, drawn 
out. 2. A filament. 3. The promi- 
nent spiral part of a screw. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To pass a thread 
through the eye of. 2. To pass 
through, as a narrow channel. 

Thread'bare, a. 1. Having the nap 
worn off. 2. Trite ; hackneyed. 

Thread'y, a. Like thread. 

Threat, n. [See infra.] Declaration 
of an intention to inflict punish- 
ment, loss, or pain, on another. 

Svn. — Menace.— Threat is the more 
familiar term ; the latter is employed 
only in the higher kinds of style. We 
are threatened with a drought ; the 
country is menaced with war. 

Threaten, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
threatian, to urge, threaten.] 1. To 
hold up to the expectation of evil ; 
to menace. 2. To exhibit the appear- 
ance of something evil or unpleasant 
as approaching to. — v. i. To use 
threats. [threat. 

Threat'en-ing,^. a. Indicating a 
Syn. — See Isimixent. 

Three, a. or n. [A.-S. thri, allied to 
Lat. tres, Skr. tri.] Two and one. 

Three'-decr/er, n. A vessel of 
war, carrying guns on three decks. 

Three'fold, a. Consisting of three, 
or thrice repeated. 

Threepence (thrip/ens),n. A small 
silver coin worth three pennies. 

Three'pen-ny (thrlp/en-ny), a. 
Worth three pence only; hence, 
poor; mean. 

Three'-ply, a. [From ply, a fold.] 
Consisting of three distinct webs in- 
Avrought together in weaving. 

Three'sgore, a. Thrice twenty ; 
si xty. 

Thre'n'O-DY, n. [Gr. OpyvuSia; dpr)- 
vos, lamentation, and o>St;, a song.] 
A song of lamentation : a dirge. 

Thresh, v. t. See Thrash. 

Thresh'er, n. A thrasher. 

Thresh'OLD, n. [A.-S. threscwald^ 
prob. fr. threscan, to rhrash, and 
wald, wood.] 1. A door-sill ; hence, 
entrance, door. .2. Place or point of 
entering or beginning; outset. 

Threw (thru), imp. of Throw. 

Thrice, adv. [0. Eng. thries, from 
three.] Three times. 

ThrId, f. (. [-ded ; -ding.] [From 
thread, v. t.] To slide through, by 
a narrow passage ; to thread. 

Thrift, n. [From thrive.] 1. A 
thriving state or condition. 2. Suc- 
cess in the acquisition of property. 

ThrIft'I-ly, adv. In a thrifty man- 
ner. 

Thrift'i-ness, n. State or quality 
of being thrifty. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, XOOC j fJKH, RUE, pull ; JE, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag J E£IST ; N, as NG ; THIS 



THRIFTLESS 



438 



TICKET 



Thrift'less, a. Not thrifty ; not 

thriving. [thriftless. 

Thrift'less-ness, n. State of being 
ThrIft'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 

Given to, or evincing, thi-ift. 2. 

Thriving by industry and frugality. 

3. Growing rapidly , as a plant. 

Syn. — Frugal; sparing; economical. 

Shrill, v. t. [-ed; -in&.] [A.-S. 
thyrhelian, thyrlian. See DRILL.] 1 

i To bore ; to drill. 2. To affect, as 
if by something that pierces, pricks, 
or causes a tingling sensation. — v. i. 

1. To penetrate ; esp. to cause a 
tingling sensation that runs through 
the system. 2. To feel a sharp, 
shivering sensation. — n. 1. A drill. 

2. A warbling ; a trill. [See TRILL.] 

3. A thrilling sensation. 
Thrive, v. i. [-ed; -ed or -en: 

-ING.] [Icel. tkr'ifa, to care, thrifuz, 
to grow, flourish, A.-S. t/irajian, to 
urge, allied to Eng. drive.] 1. To 
prosper by industry and good man- 
agement. 2. To grow 'vigorously, as 
a plant. 

THRiy'ER, n. One who thrives. 

Throat (20), n. [A.-S. throle.] 1. 
Portion of the neck anterior to the 
spinal column. 2. Passage into the 
lungs or the stomach. 

Throb, v. i. [-bed; -bing.] [Prob. 
contr.fr. throw up.] To beat forcibly, 
as the heart or pulse ; to palpitate. — 
n. A strong pulsation ; a palpitation. 

THROE, n. [A.-S. thred, chiding, afflic- 
tion.] Extreme pain ; anguish ; esp., 
the_ anguish of travail in childbirth. 

Throne, n. [Gr. 0p6vos, allied to 
Bpavos, a bench.] A chair of state, 
commonly a royal seat. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To enthrone. 2. To exalt. 

Throng, n. [A.-S., fr. thringan, to 
press] A multitude of people press- 
ing or pressed into a close body. 

Syn. — Multitude; crowd.— Any great 
number of persons form a multitude; a 
throng is a large number of persons who 
press together into a. collective body; a 
crowd is a mass of persons who press 
so closety together as to bring their 
bodies into immediate contact. 

— v. i. or t. [-ed ; -ING.] To crowd 
together ; to press, as persons. 

ThrSs'tle (thros'l), n. [A.-S.] See 
Thrush. — n. A machine for spin- 
ning wool, cotton. &c. 

Throt'TLE, n. [Dim. of throat.] The 
windpipe. — v.t.ovi. [-ed; -ing.] 
To choke ; to strangle ; to suffocate. 

Through (throb, 21), prep. [A.-S. 
thurh, thuruh.] 1. From end to end 
of, or from side to side of. 2. Ey 
weans of. 3. Over the whole extent 

1 of. 4. From beginning to end. — 
adv. 1. From one end or side to the 
other. 2. From beginning to end. 

Through-out' (thro~o-), prep. Quite 
through ; in every part of. — adv. In 
every part 

Throw, v. t. [threw; thrown; 
THROWING.] [A.-S. thrawan, to 
twist, turn, throw.] 1. To fling or cast 
in any manner ; to propel. 2. To twist 
two or more filaments of, as silk, so 



as to form one thread. 3. To over- 
turn in wrestling. — v. i. To per- 
form the act of casting; to cast. — n. 
1. Act of hurling or flinging. 2. A 
cast of dice. 3. Distance which a 
missile is or may be thrown. 

Throw'er, n. One who throws. 

ThrSw/ster, n. One who throws or 
twists silk. 

ThrDm, n. [Icel. thrcm, edge, lip.] 
1. One of the ends of weaver^ 
threads. 2. Any coarse yarn. — v. 
?'. [Icel. thruma, to groan, thunder.] 
To play rudely or monotonously on 
an instrument with the fingers. — v. 
t. [-MED; -MING.] 1. To insert tufts 
in. 2. To play, as an instrument, 
in a rude or monotonous manner. 

THRlJSH, n. [A.-S. thrysce.] 1. A 
small singing bird. 2. [From thrust.] 
Minute ulcers in the mouth and 
throat. 

TlIRtJST, V. t. [THRUST ; THRUST- 
ING.] [Icel. thrista, to force, urge.] 
To push with force ; to drive or im- 
pel. — v. i. To attack with a pointed 
weapon. — n. 1. A violent push. 2. 
Outward pressure, as of an arch 
against its abutments. 

TmrOst'er. n. One who thrusts. 

Thug, n. [Hind, thag, a deceiver, 
robber.] One of a Hindoo sect who 
practiced murder stealthily and from 
religious motives. 

Thumb (thum), n. [A.-S. thuma or 
tkHma.] The short, thick finger of 
the hand. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.; 1. 
To handle awkwardly. 2. To soil or 
wear with the thumb or the fingers. 

ThOmb'-screw (thQm'skru), n. A 
screw having the head flattened in 
the direction of its length. 

ThOmb'-STALL (thum'-), n. A kind 
of thimble of iron or leather, for 
protecting the thumb. 

THUM'MlM,7\.pl. [See URIM.] Per- 
fections; — name of an ornament 
worn in the breastplate of the Jewish 
high priest. 

ThDmp, n. [An onomatopoeia.] Sud- 
den fall of a heavy weight or the 
sound made by it. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To strike or beat with some- 
thing thick or heavy, -^v. i. To 
strike or fall with a heavy blow. 

THGN'DER, n. [A.-S. thunor, thunder.] 
1. The sound which follows light- 
ning. 2. Auy loud noise. 3. De- 
nunciation published. — v. i. ' [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To rattle or roar, as an ex- 
plosion of electricity. 2. To make a 
loud noise of some continuance. — 
v. t. To emit with noise and terror. 

Thun'DER-BOLT, n. 1. A shaft of 
lightning. 2. Ecclesiastical denun- 
ciation ; fulmination. 

ThOn'der-clap, n. Sudden report 
of an explosion of electricity. 

Thun'der-ER,«. One who thunders. 

Thun'der-shower. n. A shower 
accompanied with thunder. 

ThDn'der-storm, n. A storm with 
lightning and thunder. 

Thun'der-strDck, p. a. Struck 
dumb with amazement ; astonished. 



THU'RI-BLE (30), n. [Lat. thuribulum, 
from thus, thuris, frankincense.] A 
censer of metal, for burning incense. 

TllU-RlF'ER-OUS, a. [I,at. thurifer ; 
thus, thuris, frankincense, and ferre, 
to bear.] Producing frankincense. 

Thu'ri-fi-ca'tion, n. [Lat. thus, 
thuris, frankincense, and facere, to 
make.] Act of burning incense. 

ThOrs'day, n. [Orig. consecrated to 
Thor, the god of thunder.] Fifth 
day of the week. 

T«US, adv. [A.-S.] 1. In this or that 
manner. 2. To this degree ; so. 

Thwack, v. t. [-eu; -ing.] [A.-S. 
thaccian, to touch gently, to stroke.] 
To strike with something flat or 
heavy. — n. A heavy blow ; a thump. 

THWART, a. [A.-S. ihweorh, thweoi , 
oblique, athwart. Of. Queer.] 
Across something else : transverse. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. Tomoveacross. 
2. To cross, as a purpose ; hence, to 
frustrate. — n. Seat of a boat on 
which the rowers sit. [ship. 

Thwart'-ships, adv. Across the 

T^av ','pron . [Abbrev. fr. thine.] Of 
thee, or belonging to thee. 

THYME (tun), n. | Lat. tlnjmuw , thy- 
mus, Gr. Gvfxov, #i'/uos, fr. 0i5eii>. to 
sacrifice, to smell.] A pungent aro- 
niatic plant. [th\me; fragrant. 

Thym'Y (tlm'y), a. Abounding in 

THY'ROID, a. [Gr. flvpeoeto^s, shield- 
shaped. J Resembling a shield. 

Thy-self', pron. An emphasized 
lorm of Thou. 

Tl-A'RA,n. [Gr. tv- 
dpa.] 1. A sort of 
hat with a high 
crown, worn by the 
ancient Persians. 
2. The pope's triple 
crown . 

TlB'l-A, v. [Lat.] 
The shin-bone. 

TiB'I-AL, a. 1. Per-, 
taining to the large 
bone of the leg. 2. 
Pertaining to a pipe or flute. 

1l€, n. [See infra.] An habitual con- 
vulsive motion of some of the mus- 
cles of the face. 

Tic-douloureux (tTk'do~o-loo- 
rob'), n. [Fr., fr. tic, a knack, and 
douloureux, painful.] Neuralgia in 
the face. 

TICK, v. 1. [Prob. abbrev. fr. ticket.] 
Credit; trust. 2. [Fr. tique, D.teek.] 
A little insect that infests sheep, 
dogs, cows, &c. 3. [Lat. theca, case, 
Gr. 07jK7).] Cover or case of a bed. 
4. A. kind of cloth, for making such 
a cover. 5. The beat of a watch or 
clock. 6. Any small mark to direct 
attention.— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To go on credit. 2. To trust. 3. To 
make a small noise, as a watch or 
clock ; to click. [ing. 

TIck'en, n. Cloth for bed-ticks : tick- 

TIck'ET, n. [For sticket, fr 0. Fr. es- 
ticquetle, a label, ticket, small point- 
ed piece of wood, fr. L. Ger. stikke, 
a tack, peg.] A small piece of paper 
serving as a notice, certificate, or 




Tiara (2). 



I, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A,E,I,6, t), ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL* T£RM J PIQUE , FIRM; SON, 



TICKING 



439 



TIMOROUSLY 



distinguishing token of something. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To distinguish 
by, or furnish with, a ticket. 

Tick'ing, n. [From tick.] . Cloth for 
making bed-ticks. 

TlCK'LE (tlk'l), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Dim. of tick, to beat, pat.] 1. To 
touch lightly, so as to cause a pecul- 
iar thrilling sensation. 2. To please 
by slight gratification. — v. i. To 

1 feel, or to excite the sensation of, tit- 
illation. 

TlCK'LER, n. One who tickles. 

TlCK'LISH, a. 1. Easily tickled. 2. 
Liable to totter and fall at the slight- 
est touch. 3. Critical. 

Tick'lish-ness, n. State or quality 
of being ticklish. 

TlD'AL, a. Pertaining to tides ; peri- 
odically rising and falling. [sel. 

TiD'BlT, n. A delicate or tender nior- 

TlDE, n. [A.-S. tirj, for tlhadh, time.] 

1. The alternate rising and falling 
of the waters of the ocean, &c. 2. 
Stream ; current. 3. Tendency of 
causes, influences, or events. — v. t. 
or i. To drive with the tide or 
stream . 

Tide'-lock, n. A lock situated be- 
tweeu an entrance-basin and a canal, 
harbor, or river. 

Tidej'-man (150), n. An officer who 
remains on board of a merchant ship 
till the goods are landed. 

TlDE'-WAlT'ER, n. An officer who 
watches the landing nf goods. 

Tl'Dl-LY, adi: With neat simplicity. 

Ti'DI-ness, n. State of being tidy. 

Tl'DiNGg, n. pi. [A.-S. tlrlian, to hap- 
pen. Eng. betide, fr. tide.] Account 
of what has taken place, and was 
not before known. 

Syn. — News. — The term news de- 
notes recentintelli^ence from any quar- 
ter; the term tidings denotes intelligence 
expected from a particular quarter, 
showing what lias there betidea. We 
may be curious to hear the news; we are 
always anxious for tidings. 

TI'DY, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [From 
tide, time.] Arranged in gooi order ; 
neat ; cleanly. — n. A cover for the 
back of a chair, arms of a sofa, &c. 

TIE, V. t. [TIED ; TYING, 141.] [A.-S. 
tygan. contr. tyan, tian.] 1. To 
fasten with a band or cord and knot. 

2. To knit ; to complicate. 3. To 
constrain ; to restrain ; to confine. 

— n. 1. A knot; fastening. 2. Bond ; 
obligation, moral or legal. 3. An 
equality in numbers, as of votes, &c. 
4. A beam, rod, or the like, for hold- 
ing two bodies or 
parts together. 5. 
A curved line over 
or under notes, sig- 
nifying that they 
are to be closely united in perform- 
ance. 

Tl'ER, n. 1. One who ties. 2. A child's 
apron, covering the breast. 

TIER (tor), v. [A.-S. tier, rank, heap, 
attire.] A row or rank, esp. when two 
or more are placed one above another. 

Tierce {or terss), n. [From Lat. ter- 





Bengal Tiger. 



tins, the third.] 1. A cask holding 
one third of a pipe, or 42 wine gal- 
lons. 2. A certain thrust in fencing. 

Tiers-eta rfte-erz'a/ta'), n. [Fr.] 
The third estate, or commonalty ; — 
so called as inferior to the nobles and 
clergy. [France.] 

Tiff, n. [Allied to tip, with reference 
to pouring liquor from one vessel in- 
to another.] 1. A small draught of 
liquor. 2. A fit of peevishness. 

T'If'fa-ny, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. tiffe, orna- 
ment.] A species of gauze. 

Tl'GER,n. [Or. ti- 
•ypis.] A fierce and j 
rapacious animal 
found in Southern | 
_Asia. 

Ti'ger €Xt, n. A, 
carnivorous ani- 
mal resembling 
the tiger, but 
smaller. 

Tight (tit), a. [-er ; -est.] [0. Eng. 
tight, p. p. ottie, to bind.] 1. Com- 
pact. 2. Not leaky ; close. 3. Fitting 
close to the body. 4. Parsimonious. 
5. Somewhat intoxicated. [Colloq.] 

TlGHT'-EN (flt'n), 1'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To draw tighter : to straighten. 

Tight'ly (tTt'ly), adv. In a tight 
maimer; closely. 

Tight'ness (tit'-), n. Quality or con- 
dition of being tight ; closeness ; 
_compactness. [taloous. 

Tights (tits), n. pi- Close-fitting pan- 

Tl'GRESS, n. The female of the tiger. 

Tike, n. [Armor, tick, a housekeeper, 
farmer, fr. ti, a house.] 1. A coun- 
tryman or clown. 2. [Icel. tik.] A 
dog ; a cur. 

TlL'BU-RY, n. [Prob. fr. Tilbvryfort, 
in Essex, Eng.] A two-wheeled car- 
riage, without a top or cover. 

TILE, n. [Lat. tegula, fr. tegere, to 
cover.] 1. A plate of slate-stone or 
of baked clay, for covering roofs, or 
for floors, drains, &c. 2. A hat. — v. 
J. [-EP ; -ING.] To cover with tiles. 

Tii/er, n. 1. A man who lays tiles. 
2. A doorkeeper at a masonic lodge. 

TILL, n. [A.-S. tilian, to prepay, pro- 
vide^ compute.] A money-box in a 
shop. — prep. [A.-S. til, prob. ace. 
of til, till, an end.] 1. To the time 
of. 2. Up to the time ; — that is, to 
the time specified. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. tilian, teolian. Cf. 
Toil.] To plow and prepare for 
seed ; to cultivate. 

Till'a-ble, a. Capable of being tilled. 

TlLL'AGE,rc. 1. Operation or art of 
• tilling. 2. A place tilled. 

TlLL'ER, n. 1. A husbandman. 2. 
The bar used to turn a rudder. 3. 
The shoot of a plant, springing from 
the root. — v. i. [-ed;-ING.] To 
put forth new shoots from the root 
of the original stalk 

TILT, n. [A.-S. teld, geteld, fr. teldan, 
to cover, shut in.] 1. A covering 
overhead ; an awning ; a tent. 2. 
Cloth covering of a cart. 3. A thrust, 
as with a lance. 4. A sportive com- 
bat on horseback. 5. A tilt-hammer. 



6. Inclination forward. — v. t. [A.S. 
tealtrian. tealtian, to waver.] 1. To 
raise one end of. 2. To point or 
thrust, as a lance. 3. To hammer or 
forge with a tilt-hammer. — v. i. 1. To 
run, or ride, and thrust with a lance. 
2. To lean ; to fall, as on one side. 

TlLT'ER. n. One who tilts, [culture. 

Tilth, n. State of being tilled ; 

TlLT'-HAM/MER, n. A heavy ham- 
mer in iron-works ; a trip-hammer. 

TlM'BER, n. [A.-S. timbor, timber, 
wood, building.] 1. Wood proper 
for buildings or for tools, utensils, 
&c. 2. Trunk of a tree. 3. A 
single squared stick of wood for 
building. — r. t. [-ED,; -ING.] To 
furnish with timber. 

Tim'bered,/?. a. 1. Furnished with 
timber. 2. Wooded. 

TlM'BREL, n. [It. tamburello, dim. 
of tamburo, a tabor.] A kind of 
drum or tabor. 

Time, n. [A.-S. tima, for tlhama, fr. 
tlhan, to say.] 1. A particular period 
or part of duration. 2. An oppor- 
tunity. 3. Duration of one's life. 
4. Age ; period. 5. Repetition: 6. pi. 
State of things at a particular period. 
7- The present life. 8. Measure of 
sounds; tone. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To adapt to the occasion. 2. To 
regulate as to time. 3. To ascer- 
tain the time or rate of. 

Time'-keep'er, n. A clock or watch. 

TlME'LI-NESS, n. Seasonableness. 

TIME'LY, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Being 
in good time; seasonable. — adv. 
Early ; in good season. 

Time'-piece, n. A clock or watch. 

Time'-sErv/er, n. One who suits his 
opinions and manners to the times. 

TlME'-sfiRvaNG, a. Obsequiously 
complying with the spirit of the 
times, or the humors of men in pow- 
er. — n. An obsequious compliance 
with the spirit of the times, cr the 
humors of men in power. 

Syn. — Temporizing. — Both these 
words are applied to the conduct of one 
who adapts himself servilely to times 
and seasons. A time-server is rather 
active, and a temporizer, passive. One 
whose policy is time-serving comes for- 
ward to act upon principles or opinions 
which may promote his advancement,- 
one who is temporizing yields to the cur- 
rent of public sentiment or prejudice, 
and shrinks from a course of action 
which might injure him with others. 
The former is dishonest; the latter is 
weak; and both are contemptible. 

TTme'-ta'ble, n. A tabular state- 
ment of the time when something is 
to take place. 

TtM/lD, a. [Lat. timidiis.] Wanting 
courage to meet danger ; afraid. 
Syn. — Fearful; timorous; cowardly. 

Tl-MID'I-TY, n. Want of courage. 

TlM'ID-LY, adv. Without courage. 

TlM'lST, n. A performer spoken of 
with reference to his ability to keep 
good time. 

TlM'O-ROUS, a. [L. Lat. timorosus, 
from Lat. timor, fear.] Fearful of 
danger : timid. 

TlM'o-ROiJS-LY, adv. Fearfully. 



OR, do, wqlf,TOO,TO"OK; t)RN, RUE, PULL; E,i, O, silent; q,G,soft; e,G,hard; A§; EXIST; N as NG • THIS 



TIMOROUSNESS 



440 



TOAST 



TlM'O-ROUS-NESS, n. Timidity. 

TiM'o-THY, I n. [From Tim- 

Tim'O-thy-grass, } othy Hanson.] 
A kind of grass prized for fodder. 

TIN, n. [A.-S.] 1. A well-known white 
metal. 2. Thin plates of iron covered 
with tin. — v. t. [-NED ; -ning.J To 
cover with tin or tinned iron. 

TlNG'AL, n. [Malay, tingkal, Per. 
tinkar, tinkal.] Crude borax. 

TInct'URE (53), n. [Lat. tinciura, fr. 
tingere, to dye.] 1. A tinge or shade 
of color. 2. One of the metals, 
colors, or furs used in armory. 3. 
A spirit containing medicinal sub- 
stances in solution. 4. Slight taste 
or quality added to any thing. — v. t. 
[■ED; -ING.] 1. To tinge; to im- 
pregnate with some extraneous mat- 
ter. 2. To imbue the mind of. 

TlN'DER, n. [A.-S. tender, tynder, fr. 
tendan, iindan, to kindle.] Some- 
thing very inflammable, used for 
kindling fire. [tinder is kept. 

TIN'DER-BOX, n. A box in which 

TINE, n. [A.-S. tind, a prickle, tindas, 
a harrow.] Tooth or spike, as of a 
fork; a prong. [leaf. 

TlN'-FOIL, n. Tin reduced to a thin 

TING, n. [An onomatopoeia.] A sharp 
sound, as of a bell ; a tinkling. 

Tl\GE,f. t. [TINGED; TINGEING, 
140.] [Lat. tingere.] To imbue or 
impregnate with something foreign ; 
esp., to color slightly. — n. A slight 
degree of some color, taste, or the 
like, infused into something else. 

TJN'GLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of ting.] To feel a thrilling pain or 
a slight pricking sensation. 

TInk'ER, n. [From the tinkling noise 
he makes.] A mender of metal ware. 
— v. t. To mend, as metal wares; 
hence, generally, to mend. 

TInk/le (tlnk'l), v. i. [Allied to tingle.] 
1. To make small, sharp sounds, as 
by striking on metal. 2. To resound 
with a small, sharp sound. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To cause to clink. — n. 
A small, sharp, metallic sound. 

Tin'man (150), n. A manufacturer 
of, or dealer in, tin ware. [ware. 

Tin'ner, n. One who works in tin 

TfN'NY, a. Pertaining to, consisting 
of, or like, tin. [with tin. 

TIn'-plate, n. Sheet-iron coated 

TIn'sel, n. [Fr. etincelle, a spark, 
Lat. scintilla.] 1. A shining material 
used for ornament. 2. Something 
shining and gaudy, of little value. 3. 
A kind of lace.— v. t. [-ED, -ING ; 
or -led, -LING, 137-] Toadornwith 
cheap but showy ornaments. 

TiNT,rc. [Fr. teinte. leint, from Lat. 
tinctus, p. p. of tingere; to dye.] A 
slight coloring distinct from the 
principal color. — v. t. [-ED; -ING ] 
To give a slight coloring to ; to tinge. 

TIn'tin-nab'u-la-ry. a. [Lat. tin- 
tinnabulum, a little bell.] Having 
or making the sound of a bell. 

TIn'tin-nab'u-la'tion, n. A tink- 
ling sound, as of a bell. 

Ti'ny, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [Prob. a 
dim. of thin, Dan. tynd.] Very small. 



TIP, n. [Icel. typpi.] Extremity of 
any thing small ; end. — v. t. [-PED ; 
-PING.] 1. To form a point on ; to 
cover the end of. 2. [L. Ger. tippen.] 
To tap. 3. To give to. [Eng.] 4. To 
lower one end of. — v. i. To fall on 
or toward one side ; to fall headlong. 

TlP'PET, n. [A.-S. tappet; t'dppe, tape.] 
A narrow covering for the neck. 

TlP'PLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of tip.] To drink spirituous or strong 
liquors habitually, esp., without ab- 
solute drunkenness. — v. t. To drink, 
as strong liquors, in excess. 

Tip'pler, n. One who tipples. 

TiP'STAFF, n. A constable. 

TlP'SY,a. [Cf. Tipple.] 1. Fuddled; 
partially intoxicated. 2. Staggering. 

TiP'TOE,n. End of the toe or toes.. 

Tip'-tSp, n. Highest or utmost de- 
gree. — a. Very excellent ; perfect. 

TI-RADE', n. [Fr., fr. titer, to draw.] 
A strain of invective ; a series of 
violent declamation. 

Tire, «. [See Tier.] 1. A row or 
rank. 2. A head-dress. 3. Attire. 
4. A child's apron, covering the 
breast; a tier. [See TIER.] 5. A 
hoop of iron for a wheel. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. terian, tirian, 
to vex, irritate, teorian, to weary, fr. 
te.ran, to tear.] To exhaust the 
strength of, by toil. 

Syn. — To jade ; weary ; fatigue ; 
harass. Sec Jade. 

— v. i. 1. To become weary. 2. [Fr. 
tirer, to draw or pull.] To seize aud 
tear pre«y, as a bird does. 

TIRE'SOME, a. Exhausting the 
strength or patience; fatiguing; te- 
dious. 

Tire'some-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being tiresome. [a theater. 

TIRE'-WOM^AN (150), n. A dresser in 

Tir'ing-room, n. Room where play- 
ers dress for the stage. 

TIS'SUE (flsh'shu), n. [Fr. tissu, fr. 
tisser, tistre, to weave.] 1. Cloth 
interwoven with gold or silver. 2. 
The texture of anatomical elements 
of which any part of the body is 
composed. 3. A connected series. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING, 144.] To form 
tissue of; to interweave. 

TIt, n. [Cf. Icel. tita, a tender thing.] 
1. A small horse. 2. [Cf. Eng. TEAT 
and Titmouse.] A small bird; a 
titmouse. 

Tl-TA'Ni-UM, n. [So called from the 
Titans, giants of the Greek mythol- 
ogy.] A metal of a deep-blue color. 

TIt'b'j't, n. See Tidbit. 

Tith'a-ble, a. Subject to the pay- 
ment of tithes. 

TI-FHE, n. [A.-S. teodha, the tenth.] 
Tenth part of any thing, esp. of the 
increase from the profits of land and 
stock. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To tax 
to the amount of a tenth. 

Tith'ing, n. Act of taking tithe; 
_that which is taken as tithe : a tithe. 

TrFH'lNG-MAN (150), n. 1. An under 
constable. 2. A parish officer elect- 
ed to enforce the observance of the 
Sabbath. 



TlT'IL-LATE,V. l. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
titiilare, -latum.] To tickle. 

TIt'il-la'tion,/?. 1. Act of tickling, 
or state of being tickled. 2. Any 
pleasurable sensation. 

TI'tle (tl'tl), n. [Lat. titulvs.] 1. An 
inscription, esp. one in the beginning 
of a book, containing the subject of 
the work. 2. An appellation of dig- 
nity or distinction. 3. A just cause 
of exclusive possession ; right. 4. In- 
strument which is evidence of a right. 

Syn.— See Epithet, Name. 
— v.t. [-ED; -fNG.] [Lat. titvlare] 
To call by title; to name; to entitle. 

Ti'tle-page, n. The page of a book 
which contains its title. 

Tit'mouse (150), n. [From tit, 
small, and A.-S. inase, a titmouse.] 
A small perching bird. 

TIt'ter, v. i. [-ED : -ING.] [Cf. Icel. 
titra, to tremble, N. 11. Ger. ziltern, 
to tremble. See DIDDER.] To laugh 
with the tongue striking against the 
root of the upper teeth. — n. A re- 
strained laugh. 

TIt'tle,?!. [Dim. of tit, small.] A 
small particle : a jot ; an iota. 

TlT'TLE-TAT'TLE, n. [A reduplica- 
tion of tattle.] Idle, trifling talk. 

TIt'U-lar, a. [See Title.] Existing 
in name only ; nominal. 

TlT'U-LAR-LY, adv. Nominally. 

TlT'u-LA-RY, n. A person invested 
with a title, in virtue of which he 
holds an office. — a. Consisting in, 
or_ pertaining to, a title. 

TME'SIS (me'sis), n. [Gr. r/u-rjo-i?, fr. 
refj.veiv, to cut.] A figure by which a 
compound word is separated, by the 
intervention of one or more words. 

TO (128), prep. [A.-S. to.] 1. It in- 
dicates approach and arrival ; also, 
motion or tendency without arrival. 
2. It indicates motion, course, or ten- 
dency toward a time, condition, aim, 
or any thing capable of being regard- 
ed as a limit to movement or action. 
ESP- To is also used as the sign of the 
infinitive; and it is used adverbially to 
modify the sense of verbs. 

TOAD (20), n. [A.-S. tadie, tadige.] A 
jmall reptile, having a warty body. 

Toad'-eat'er, w. [From an old 
practice among mountebanks' boys 
of eating toads (supposed to be pois- 
onous), that their masters might 
have an opportunity of pretending 
to effect a cure.] A fawning, obse- 
quious parasite ; a toady. 

Toad'-stool, n. A mushroom; a 
fungous plant. 

TOAD'Y, n. [See TOAD-EATER.] A 
toad-eater ; a sycophant. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING, 142.] To fawn upon 
with mean sycophancy. 

Toast, v. t. [-ed ; -iNG.],[Lat. torrere, 
tostum, to parch.] 1. To dry and 
scorch by the heat,, 2. To warm 
thoroughly. 3. To' drink to the 
health of, or in honor of. — n. 1. 
Bread dried and scorched ; — former- 
ly thought to be a great delicacy 
when put into liquor. 2. The name of 
any person, in honor of whom health 



A, E, I, O, V, Y, long; X, E,I, O, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON.. 



TOASTER 



441 



TONNAGE 



is drunk ; also, any thing commemo- 
rated in a similar way. 

Toast'ER, n. 1. One who toasts. 2. 
An instrument for toasting. 

Toast'-mas'TER, n. One who, at 
public dinners, announces the toasts. 

TO-BAC'CO, n. [Ind. tabaco. pipe in 
which the Indians smoked the plant, 
transferred to the herb itself.] A 
plant or its leaves, used for smoking 
and chewing, and in snuff. 

To-BA€'€0-njst. n. A dealer in, or a 
manufacturer of, tobacco. 

To€'SIN, n. [Fr., fr. 0. Fr. toquer, to 
touch, strike, and sein, seint, a bell.] 
An alarm-bell. 

TOD, n. [Icel. toddi,& piece of a thing. 
tota, a little branch.] 1. A bush : a 
thick shrub. 2. Twenty-eight pounds 
of wool. 

To-day', n. The present day. — adv. 
On this day. 

ToD'DLE, v. i. [Allied to totter, dad- 
die, and topple.] To walk with short 
steps, as a child. 

Tod'DY, n. [Hind, iari, juice of the 
palmyra tree, vulgarly toddy.] 1. 
A spirituous liquor prepared from va- 
rious kinds of palm in the East In- 
dies. 2. Spirit and water sweetened. 

To-do', 71. Bustle ; stir ; ado. 

TOE, n. [A.-S. toh, to.] 1. One of the 
small members at the extremity of 
the foot. 2. The member of a beast's 
foot corresponding to the toe in man. 
— v. t. [-ED; ing, 140.] To touch 
or reach with the toes. 

To'GA. n. [Lat. tegere, to cover.] The 
loose outer garment worn by the 
ancient Romans. 

To'GA-TED, ) a. [Lat. togatus, from 

To'ged, ) toga.} Dressed in a 
gown ; wearing a gown. 

To-Seth'er, adv. [A.-S.'togddere, 
i. e.,at gadert, together, fr. gador, at 
once. Cf. Gather.] 1. In the same 
place. 2. In the same time. 3. In com- 
pany ; unitedly. 4. In or into union. 

ToG'ger-y, n. [0. Eng. toge, a toga, 
gown.] Clothes ; articles of dress. 

ToG'GLE, n. [Cf. tag-, and Ger. stockel, 
a little stick.] A small wooden pin 
tapering toward both ends with a 
groove around its center. 

TOG'GLE-JOINT. n. ["l^-^J^r - ! 
An elbow-like joint. i^^^^h) 

Toil, v. i. [-ed;I — I L_J 

-ING.] A.-S. teo- To ggie-joint. 
lian, tilian. See 
Till.] To labor; to work hard. — 
st. 1. Labor with pain and fatigue. 
Syn. — Labor; drudgery. — Lahor im- 
plies strenuous exertion, but not neces- 
sarily such as overtasks the faculties; 
toil denotes a severity of labor which is 
painful and exhausting; drudgery im- 
plies mean and degrading work, or, at 
least, work which wearies or disgusts 
from its minuteness or dull uniformity. 

2. [Fr. toilrs, pi. toils, nets,fr. toile, 

cloth, fr. Lat. tela, any woven stuff.] 

A net or snare. 
TOIL'ER, n. One who toils. 
TOI'LET, n. [Fr. toilette, from toile, 

cloth, linen.] 1. A dressing-table. 

2. Mode of dressing ; attire ; dress. 



Toil's6me, a. Laborious. 

Toil'some-ness, n. Laboriousness. 

Toise, n. [Fr.] A fathom in France, 
or^about 6.39459 English feet. 

To-KA Y', n. A wine produced at Tokay 
jn Hungary. 

To'KJSN, n. [A.-S. t&con, tacun, fr. 
tsecan, to teach, show.] 1. Some- 
thing intended or supposed to repre- 
sent or indicate something else. 2. A 
memorial : a souvenir. 

Syn. — Sign; note; symbol; badge. 

Told, imp. & p. p. of Tell. 

Tole,^. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Prob.fr. 
toll, to call by a bell.] Co allure by 
some bait. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. tolerabilis.] 
1. Capable of being endured ; sup- 
portable. 2. Moderately good. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE-NESS, 11. State of 
being tolerable. [manner. 

T6l'er-a-bly, adv. In a tolerable 

Tol'er-ANCE, n. Toleration. 

Tol'er-ant, a. [Lat. tolerans.] For- 
bearing: indulgent. 

TOL'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
tolerare, -ratum, fr. the root tol, 
to bear.] To suffer to be or to be 
done without hindrance. 

TOL'ER-A'TION, n. Act of tolerating ; 
allowance of that which is not wholly 
approved. 

TOLL, 11. [A.-S. toll, fr. Gr. Te'Aos, a 
tax, toll.] 1. A tax or fee for passing 
over a bridge or on a highway. 2. 
Portion of grain taken by a miller as 
a compensation for grinding. — v. t. 
or i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Cf. W. tol, tolo, 
a loud sound.] To sound, as a bell, 
with strokes uniformly repeated at 
intervals. — n. The sounding of a 
bell with strokes slowly and uniform- 
\y repeated. 

Toll'booth, n. [From toll and 
booth.] A prison. 

Toll'-bridge, n. A bridge where 
_toll is paid for passing it. . 

Toll'-house, 11. A house occupied 
by a receiver of tolls. [toll. 

TOLL'MAN (150), «. One who collects 

To-LU', n. A resin, or oleo-resin, first 
brought from Santiago de Tolu, in 
N.ew Granada. 

TOM'A-HAWK. n. 

[Ind.] "A kind 

of war -hatchet 

used by the 

American In- 
dians. — v. t. 

[-ED ; -ING.] To 

cut or kill with 

a tomahawk. 
TO-MA'TO, or Tomahawks. 

To-MA'TO. n. [Of American origin.] 

A plant and its fruit 
TOMB (toom), n. [Gr. tvjujSo?.] 1. A 

grave. 2. A vault for the reception 

of the dead. 3. A tombstone. — v. t. 

[-ED ; -ing.] To place in a tomb ; 

to bury ; to inter. [a tomb. 

Tqmb'less (toom'-), a. Destitute of 
TOM'BOY,». [From Tom. for Thomas, 

and hoy ] A rude, romping girl. 
Tomb'stone (toom''-), ii. A memorial 

stone erected over a grave. 




T6m'€AT, n. A full-grown male cat 

Tome, n. [Gr. tojuos, a piece cut off, 
a volume.] A ponderous volume ; a 
book. 

To-mor'row, n. Day after the pres- 
ent. — adv. On the day after the 
present day. 

Tom'pi-on, n. See Tampion. t 

Tom'tit, or Tom- tit', n. [VromTom 9 
for Thomas, and tit.] The titmouse. 

Ton, n. [Fr. See Tone.] Prevail- 
ing fashion. 

TON (tun),?/.. [See TUN.] I. The weight 
of 2240 pounds. In the U. S. com- 
monly estimated at 2000 pounds, this 
being sometimes called the short ton. 

2. Forty cubic feet, — by which the 
burden of a ship is estimated. 

Syn. — Tun.— The spelling ton has 
long been appropriated to the dry meas- 
ure, and tun to the wet measure, denot- 
ing a large cask, and also a certain 
measure for liquors, which varies in 
different countries. This distinction is 
a convenient one, and is now generally 
prevalent. 

Tone, n. [Gr. toVos, a straining, rais- 
ing of the # voice, tone, accent, fr. 
retVeiv, to stretch.] 1. Sound, or the 
character of a sound. 2. Modulation 
of the voice. 3. A whining style of 
speaking. 4. A sound considered as 
to pitch. 5. The larger kind of in- 
terval between contiguous sounds in 
the diatonic scale. 6. Healthy state 
of the system. 7. General or pre- 
vailing character or style, as of 
morals, manners, &c. 8. Prevailing 
color of a picture. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To utter with an affected 
tone. 2. To tune. 

Tone'less, a. Having no tone. 

Tongs, n. jjI. [A.-S. tange.] An in- 
strument fjr handling fire or heated 
metals. 

Tongue (tung), n. [A.-S. tunge, O. 
Lat. dingua, afterward lingua.] 1. 
The instrument of taste, and, in man, 
of articulation. 2. Speech ; discourse. 

3. A language, or a nation, as distin- 
guished by language. 4. Something 
considered as resembling an animal's 
tongue. 

Syn ^- See Language. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To modify with 
the tongue in playing the flute, &c. 

TONGUJBD (tungd), a. Having a 
tongue. [tongue. 

Tongue'less (tBng'-), a. Having no 

TONGUE'-TIED (tuug'tid), a. Unable 
to speak free)", from whatever cause. 

Ton'ig, a. [See Tone.] 1. Relating 
to tones or sounds. 2. Increasing 
strength, or the tone of the animal 
system. — n. 1. A medicine thai 
gives vigor to the system. 2. (Mit.\ 
Key-tone, or first tone of the scale.* 

TO-NIGHT' (-nit/), 11. The present 
night. — adv. On this night. 

TON'NAGE (tun'naj, 45), n. [From 
ton.] 1. Weight cf goods carried in 
a boat or ship. 2. The cubical con- 
tent of a ship or ships in tons. 3. A 
duty or impost on ships, estimated 
per ton. 4. Whole amount of ship- 
ping estimated by tons. 



OR , do, wqlf, TOO, TO~OK ; fjRN, rue, pyLL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; AS ; EJIST ; NosNG; this 



TONSIL 



442 



TORY 



TbN'siL,n. [Lat. tonsillse, pi.] One 
of two glands in the throat. 

Ton'sile, a. [Lat. tonsdis ; londere, 
to clip.] Capable of being clipped. 

Ton-so'ri-al, a. [Lat. tonsorius.] 
Pertaining to a barber, or to shaving. 

Ton'SURE (ton'shyr), n. [See supra.} 
Act of shaving the crown of the 
head ; or the state of being shorn. 

SJon-tine' (-ten'), n [From its in- 

, ventor, -Tonti, an Italian.] An an- 
nuity or survivorship, or a loan. 

litoo, adv. [A.-S. to.) 1. More than 
enough. 2. Likewise ; also. 
Sy^.— See Likewise. 

TOOK (27), imp. of Take. 

TOOL, n. [A.-S. tol. for tawil, fr. ta- 
wian, to make, prepare.] 1. Any in- 
strument, used in the manual arts ; 
an implement. 2. A person used as 
an instrument by another person. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING-.] To shape, form, 
or finish with a tool. 

ToOT,r. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Oer. tuten, 
tuten, to blow the horn.] To make a 
peculiar noise by contact of the 
tongue with the upper gum. 

TOOTH (150), n. [A.-S. tOdh, pi. tedh, 
allied to Skr. danta, fr. dang , dag , to 
bite.] 1. One of the small bones at- 
tached to the jaws for chewing food. 
2. Taste ; palate. 3. Any projection 
resembling the tooth of an animal. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING-.] 1. To furnish 
with teeth. 2. To indent. 

TOOTH'ACHE (-ak), n. Pain in the 
teeth. [extracts teeth. 

Tooth'-braw'er, v. One who 

Toothed (tCotht), p. a. Having 
teeth or jags. 

Tooth'-edge, ii. Sensation excited 
by grating sounds, and by the touch 
of keen acids. 

TOOTH'LESS, a. Having no teeth. 

TOOTH'-PlCK, n. An instrument for 
cleaning the teeth. 

TOOTH'SOME, a. 

Top, n. [A.-S.] 1. 
Highest part ; the 
upper eud, edge, 
or side. 2. Utmost 
degree. 3. Highest 
rank. 4. A plat- 
form, surrounding 
the head of the 
lower mast. 5. 
[Up. Ger. top/.] A 
child's toy. — v. % 
1. To be eminent, 
nate. 3. To rise above others. — r. t 
1. To cover on the top. 2. To rise 
above or to the top of. 3. To take 
off the top or upper part of. 

3o'PAR€H, v. [Gr. TOTT-apx*}?, from 
T07ro?, a place, and apxeii/, to rule.] 
yhe principal man in a place. 

lo'PAR-CHY, n. A small state, con- 
sisting of a few cities or towns. 

3?Q'PAZ, n. [Gr. T07ra£o?, tottcL^lov, 
prob. fr. Skr. tapus, fire, the sun.] 
A yellowish mineral, highly valued 
as a gem. 

Top'-boots, n. pi. Boots with bright- 
colored leather around the top. 

Tope,i>. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf.O. Eng. 



Grateful 




Top (,Xmit.). 
[-PED ; -PING.] 
2. To predonii- 



to top off, to empty at one draught.] 
To drink spirituous liquors to excess. 

To'PER, n. A drunkard ; a sot. 

Top'-gal'lant, a. Situa&d between 
the topmast and the royal mast. 

TOP'-HEAV'Y, a. Having the upper 
part too heavy for the lower. 

To'PHET, n. [Heb. tdphet, literally, a 
place to be spit upon.] A place south- 
east of Jerusalem, where fires were 
continually kept to burn dead bod- 
ies ; hence, hell. 

T6p'i-A-ry, a. [Lat. lopiarhis, belong- 
ing to ornamental gardening.] Shaped 
by cutting^. 

Top'io, n. [Gr. tottlko.. See infra.] 
Subject of any distinct portion of a 
discourse, argument, or literary com- 
position ; also, a matter treated of ; a 
point ; a head. 

ToP'ic-AL, a. [Gr. totti/cos; toVos, a 
place, topic] 1. Pertaining to a 
place ; local. 2. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a topic or topics. [ner. 

Top'I€-AL-LY', adv. In a topical man- 

ToP'-KNOT (-not), n. A crest of feath- 
ers, or an ornamental knot, on the 
head. 

Top'mast, n. The second mast, or 
that next above the lower mast. 

Top'most, a. Uppermost. 

To-pog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in 
topography. 

TOP'O-GRAPH'IC, ) a. Pertaining 

T6p'o-graph'I€-al, J to topogra- 
phy ; descriptive of a place. 

Top'o-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
topographical manner. 

TO-POG'RA-PHY, «. [Gr. TOnoypa&a, 
fr. T07ros*a place, and ypafyeiv, to de- 
scribe.] Exact and scientific delinea- 
tion and description in minute detail 
of any place or region. 

Top'ping,/;. a. 1. Kising above ; sur- 
passing. 2. Proud. 

TOP'PLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of top.] To fall forward ; to pitch or 
tumble down. 

Top'-sail, n. A sail extended across 
the topmast. 

T6p'SY-TUR'VY,rt//f. [ Tops, or heads, 
in the turf.} With the head down- 
ward ; upside down. 

Toque (tok), \n. [Fr.] A kind 

TO-QUET' (to-ka'), I of head-dress. 

Torch, n. [Fr. torche, fr. Lat. tor- 
quere, tortinn, to twist, because it is 
twisted like a rope.] A light formed 
of some combustible substance, to be 
carried in the hand. 

Topch'-light (-lit), n. Light of a 
J:orch, or of torches. 

Tore, imp. of Tear. 

To-REU'TPe, a. [Gr. ropevriKos, be- 
longing to work in relief.] Highly fin- 
ished ; — applied to figures in hard 
wood, ivory, &c. 

Tor'ment, n. [Lat. tormentum, prop, 
an instrument with which any thing 
is turned or twisted, fr. torquere, to 
turn, to twist.] 1. Extreme pain; 
anguish. 2. That which gives pain. 

TOR-MENT', v. t. [-ed: -ING.] 1. To 
put to extreme pain. 2. To distress ; 
to afflict. 3. To tease ; to vex. 



TOR-MENT ER, ) n. One who tor 

Tor-ment'or, J ments or tortures. 

Torn, p. p. of Tear. 

TOR-NA'DO, n. ; pi. TOR-NA'DOES. 
[From L. Lat. lornare, to turn.] A 
tempest distinguished by a whirling, 
progressive motion ; a hurricane. 

TOR-PE'DO, n. ; pi. TOR-PE'DOES. 
[Lat., fr. torpere. to be stiff or numb!' 

1. A species of ray, having electric 
power. 2. An engine for blowing 
up ships. 3. A small pellet, which ex- 
plodes when thrown on a hard object. 

Tor'PID, a. [Lat torpidus.} 1. Hav- 
ing lost motion, or the power of ex- 
ertion and feeling; numb. 2. Dull; 
stupid ; sluggish ; inactive. [ness. 
TOR-PiD'i-TY, n. Numbness; dull- 
Tor'pid-ness, ) n. 1. Stateof being 
Tor'pi-tude, ) 'orpid ; numbness. 

2. Dullness ; sluggishness. " 
Tor'por, n. [Lat.] 1- Loss of motion, 

or of the power of motion. 2. Dull- 
ness ; sluggishness. 

Tor'POR-jf'jc-, a. JL.at. torpor and 
facere, to make.] Tending to produce 
torpor. 

Tor're-fac'tion, n. Operation of 
torrefying, orstate of being torrefied. 

TOR'RE-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. lorrefarere ; torrer* , to dry by 
heat, and facere, to make.] 1. To 
parch. 2. To roast, as metallic ores. 

ToR'RENT, n. [Lat. torrents, torrenlis, 
fr. torrms, burning, boiling.] 1. A 
violent stream. 2.' A strong current. 

Tor'RID, a. [Lat. torridus.] 1. 
Parched ; dried with heat. 2. Vio- 
lently hot. 

TOR'siON, n. [Lat. torquere, torsi, tor- 
turn, to twist.] Turning or twisting. 

Tor^so, n. ; Eng. pi. tor'sos ; Il.pt. 
TOR' si'. [It. torso, fr. Gr. 0upcros, a 
straight staff, a stalk.] Trunk of a 
statue, mutilated of head and limbs. 

Tort, n. [From Lat. tortus, twisted, 
crooked.] Any wrong or injury for 
which an action will lie. 

TOR'TILE, a. [Lat. tortilis, fr. tor- 
quere, to twist.] Twisted ; wreathed. 

ToR'Tlous,a. [From tort.] Injurious; 
done wrongfully. 

TOR'TIVE, a. [From Lat. tortus, 
twisted.] Twisted; wreathed. 

Tor'TOISE (tor'- 
tis),n. [0. Fr., 
from tortis, tor- 
tisse, crooked, 
from Lat. tortus, 
twisted, crook- Tortoise, 

ed ; — from its crooked feet.] A rep- 
ti'e inclosed in a scaly or horny case. 

TORT'U-oiJs, a. [Lat. tortuosux ; tor- 
tus, twisted, crooked.] 1. Twisted; 
winding. 2. Wrong ; deceitful. 

TORT'URE (53), n. [Lat. tortnra; tor- 
quere, tor turn, to twist, torture.] Ex- 
treme pain ; anguish of body or 
mind; torment. — v. t. [-ED: -ING] 
To put to torture : to pain extremely. 

T6rt'UR-ER, n. One who tortures. 

To'RVS,n. [Lat., protuberance.] A 
large molding used in the bases of 
^olumns. 

To'RY, n. [Said to be an Ir. word,de- 



A, e, i, o,v,y, long; A, £,1,6,0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; P'fQUE, fTrm ; SOW, 



TORYISM 



443 



TRACTILITY 






noting a robber or a savage, or fr. to- 
ree/give me (your money).] 1. A mem- 
ber of the conservative party in Eng- 
land. 2. One who, in the time of the 
Anier. Revolution, favored the claims 
of Great Britain agaiust the colonies. 
_ — a. Relatiug to the tories. [ries. 

To'RY-lsM, n. Principles of the to- 

ioss (21), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [W. 
losiaw, tosio.] 1. To throw with the 
hand ; to throw upward. 2. To cause 
to rise and fall. 3. To agitate. — v. 
i. 1. To roll and tumble. 2. To be 
tossed. — n. A throwing upward, or 
with a jerk. [drunkard. 

Toss'pot, n. A toper : an habitual 

Tost, imp. & p.p. of Toss. 

To'tal, a. [Lat. totus, all, whole.] 
1. Full ; complete. 2. Not divided. 

Syn. — "Whole; entire; integral. 

— n. The whole. [amount. 

To-tal'I-ty, a. The whole sum or 
To'TAL-LY, rirlv. Wholly; entirely. 
Tote, v. t. [-ed; -inc. J [Said to be 

of African origin ] To carry or bear. 

[Southern States.] 
ToT'TER, v. i. [-eb;-ing.] [Allied 

to Prov. Ger. dattern, dottern, to 

tremble, shake, Eng. titter, didder.] 

1. To shake so as to threaten a fall. 

2. To reel ; to lean. 

TOU'CAN, ». [Sp. & S. American tuca, 
tidcan.] A bird of tropical America. 

TofiCH, v. t. [-ed;-ing.J [Fr. tou- 
cher* Cf. Goth, tj/can, to touch; 
Lat. tangere, orig. tagere.] 1. To ex- 
tend the hand or foot, &c, so a3 to 
come in contact with. 2. To reach ; 
to attain to. 3. To relate to. 4. To 
speak of, or deal with, gently or 
slightly. 5. To meddle or interfere 
with. 6. To affect. 7. To make an 
impression on. — v. i. 1. To be in 
contact. 2. To treat any thing slight- 
ly in discourse. — n. 1. Contact. 2. 
The sense of feeling. 3. Power of ex- 
citing the affectious. 4. A stroke ; 
hence, animadversion ; censure. 5. 
A small quantity intermixed ; a little. 

TOUCH'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
touched ; tangible. 

Touch '-hole, n. Tent of any fire- 
arm, by which fire is communicated 
to the powder. 

ToDch'I-ness, n. Irritability. 

TOUCH'ING, p. a. Affecting; mov- 
ing; pathetic. — prep. Concerning. 

TofrCH'-STONE, n. 1. A variety of 
schist, used for ascertaining the pu- 
rity of gold and silver by the streak 
impressed on the stone. 2. Any test 
or criterion. 

(IoDch'-\vo~o:d, n. Decayed wood, 
used like a match for taking tire from 
a spark. [cible. 

TOL r CH'Y,rt. Peevish; irritable; iras- 

TofJGH (tuf). a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. 
toll.] 1. Flexible brittleness. 2. Not 
easily broken ; firm ; strong. 3. Se- 
vere ; violent. 

To&GH'£N (tuf'n), v. t. or*. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make or grow tough, or 
tougher. [manner. 

Tough'ey (tuf If), adv. In a tough 



ToOgh'NESS (tufnes), n. Quality of 
being tough. 

Tou-PEE', I n. [Fr. toupet, 

Tou-pet' (toft-pa 7 ), J dim. of 0. Fr. 
'top, a tuft.] 1. A curl or artificial 
lock of hair. 2. A small wig. 

Tour (tobr), n. [Fr., fr. Gr. Topi/os, a 
turner's chisel, a circle.] 1. A jour- 
ney in a circuit. 2. Any thing done 
successively , or by regular order. 

Syn. — Excursion ; circuit ; jaunt. 
See Joukney. 

Tour'ist, n. One who makes a tour. 

TOUR'MA-LJNE, n. [Ce\ lonese tour- 
namal.] A mineral of a black color. 

Tour'na-MEiNT (tfrr'na-), n. [See 
Tourne Y.] A mock-fight or military 
sport on horseback. 

ToOr'ney, v. i. [From the root of 
turn ] To perform tournaments ; to 
tilt. — n. A tournament. 

Tour'ni-QUET, n. [Fr.,from tovrner, 
t£> turn.] A surgical instrument or 
bandage, used to check hemorrhage. 

TOURNURE (tuor'iu7ur'), n. [Fr., 
from tourner, to turn.] 1. Turn: 
contour ; figure. 2. A bustle for ex- 
panding a lady's skirt. 

TOUSE, v. I. & i. [L. Ger. thsen. Cf. 
Tease.] To pull ; to haul ; to tear. 

TOU'SLE (tou'zlj.r. t. [Dim. of touse.] 
To put into disorder; to tumble. 

TOW,v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. tco- 
han, teon, to lead, draw.] To drag 
through the water by a rope. — n. 
[A.-S. taw, tow.] Coarse broken part 
^)f flax or hemp. 

Towage, ii. 1. Act of towing. 2. 
Price paid for towing. 

TO'WARD (to'ard), {prep. [A.-S. 

TO'WARDS (to'ardz), | tZweard , tu- 
weardes. See To and "WARD.] 1. In 
the direction of. 2. With respect to ; 
regarding. 3. Nearly ; about. — adv. 
JS T ear ; at hand. 

TO'WARD (t5'ward), a. [A.-S. to- 
weard.] Ready to do or learn : apt. 

To'ward-li-ness (to ; ward-),' n. 
_Quality of being toward ; docility. 

To'WARD-LY (to'ward-), a. Ready to 
jlo or learn ; apt ; docile. 

To'ward-ness (to' ward-), n. To- 
_wardliness. 

Tow'-boat, n. A steamer used for 
towing other vessels. 

TOWEL, n. [0. H. Ger. duahilla, 
dwahilla, from dwahan, to wash.] 
A cloth used for wiping the hands, 
and for other purposes. 

Tow'ER, n. [A.-S. ton, Lat. turn's ] 
1. A lofty building much higher 
than broad. 2. A citadel ; a fortress. 
— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To be lofty; 
hence, to soar. 

TOW'ER-ING, p. a. 1. Very high ; 
elevated. 2. Extreme; violent. 

Tow'ER-Y, a. Adorned or defended 
bv towers. 

Tow'-lIne, n. A small hawser, to 
tow a ship, &c. 

Town, n. [A.-S. ff/n,inclosure, house, 
town, tynan, to inclose, shut.] 1. A 
collection of houses larjrer than a 
village ; in Eng., one having a regu- 
lar market. 2. The inhabitants resi- 



dent in a town. 3. A township. 

[Local, Amer.] 

Town'-clerk, n. An officer who 
keeps the records of a town. 

TOWN'-CRVER, n. A public crier. 

Town'-hall, n. A public hall for 
transacting the business of a town. 

Town'-iiouse, n. 1. The house for 
transacting public town business. 2. 
A house in town. 

Town'ship, n. Territory of a town. 

Towns'man (150), ii. An inhabitant 
of the same town with another. 

Town'-talk (-tawk), n. Common 
talk of a place ; subject of common 
conversation. [toxicology. 

T6x'i-€0-log'I€-AL, a. Relating to 

Tox'i-eoL'o-yy, n. [Gr. to^ikov, 
poison, and Adyo<r, a discourse.] The 
science which treats of poisons. 

Toy, 11. [D. toot, attire, ornament, 
allied to toogen, toon, to show.] A 
plaything. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
trifle ; to play ; to wanton. [sold. 

Toy'-shop, n. A shop where toys are 

TRACE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. tra- 
cer, fr. Lat. trahere, tractus, to draw.] 
1. To walk over. 2. To draw or de- 
lineate with marks. 3. To follow by 
footsteps, or some mark that has 
been left. — n. 1. A mark left by 
any thing passing ; a footprint. 2. 
A visible appearance of any thing 
left when the thing itself no longer 
exists. 3. One of the two straps or 
ropes by which a vehicle is drawn 
by horses. [traced. 

Trace'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Tra/cer, ii. One who traces. 

Tra'cer-y, n The subdivisions of 
groined vaults, &c. 

Tra'che-a (tra/ke-a), n. [N. Lat. 
trachea; Gr. rpaxeia (sc. apTr]pCa), 
from Tpaxus, rough.] The windpipe. 

TRA'€HE-OT'0-MV, ll. [Gr. rpa X ela, 
windpipe, and -riixveiv, to cut.] Op- 
eration of making an opening into the 
windpipe. 

Track, ii. [D. trech. trek, a drawing, 
trec.ken, trekke.n, to draw.] 1. A mark 
left by something that has passed 
along; trace; vestige; footprint. 2. 
A beaten path. 3. Permanent way 
of a railroad, —v. t. [-ED; -ING ( 
To follow when guided by a trace, or 
by footsteps. [as of a boat. 

Track/age, n. A drawing or towing, 

Track/less, a. Having no track. 

Tract, n. [Lat. trahere, trac.tum, to 
draw.] 1. A region, or space, of in- 
definite exttnt. 2. A short treatise, 
especially one on practical religion. 

TrXct'a-bil/i-ty, n. Quality or 
state of being tractable ; docility. 

TR\€T'A-BLE, a. [Lat. traclabilis ; 
tracwre, to handle, treat ] Capable 
of being easily led, taught, or man- 
aged ; doci'e. 

TR \€T'A-BLE-NESS, 11. Quality of 
beina: tractable. [manner. 

TrXct'a-BLY, adv. In a tractable 

Tract'jle, a. [Lat. trahere, tractum, 
to draw.] Capable of being drawn 
out in length : ductile. 

Trac-tIl/i-ty, n. Ductility. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO^OK. ; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E, J, O, silent ; C,G,sq/i; ■e,G,/iOfrf; ASj E£IST; N.OSNG; THIS 



TRACTION 

TrX€'T10N, n. [Lat. trahere, tractum, 
to draw.] Act of drawing, or state 
of being drawn. 

TRl€T'ivE,a. Serving to draw. 

TrX€T'or, n. That which draws, or 
isused for drawing. 

TRADE, n. [Fr. traite, fr. trailer, to 
handle, trade, Lat. traetare.] 1. Busi- 
ness of buying and selling for money. 
2. Mechanical employment. 3. Busi- 
ness pursued. 4. Men engaged in 
the same occupation. 

Syn. — Business ; occupation; com- 
merce; traffic. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To barter, or 
to buy and sell ; to traffic ; to bargain. 

— v. t. To sell or exchange. 
Trade'-mark, n. A distinguishing 

mark or device used by a manufac- 
turer on his goods or labels. 

Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade ; 
amerchant. [for booksellers. 

TRADE'-SALE, n. An auction by and 

Tradesman (150), n. One who 
trades ; a shopkeeper. 

TRADES/-UN'ION, n. A combination 
among workmen for maintaining 
their rights and privileges. 

TRADE'- WIND, n. A wind which 
blows fr. the same quarter through- 
out the year, — of great advantage to 
navigators and "to trade. 

Tra-di'tion (-dish'un), n. [Lat. tra- 
ditio, fr. tradere, trad i turn, to give 
up, transmit.] 1. Delivery. 2. Trans- 
mission of opinions, practices, a&d 
customs, from father to son. 3. 
Knowledge or belief transmitted 
without the aid of written memorials. 

Tra-di'tion-al (-dlsh'un-), a. Per- 
taining to, or derived from , tradition . 

Tra-di'tion-al-lv (-dish'un-), adv. 
By tradition. [al. 

Tra-dT'tion-a-ry (44), a. Tradition- 

Tra-di'tion-er ( (-dish'un-), n. One 

Tra-di'tion-ist j who adheres to 
tradition. 

Tra-duce', v. t. [-ED; -TNG.] [Lat. 
tradur.ere, to lead along, esp. as a 
spectacle, to di-grace, from trans, 
across, over, and ducere, to lead.] To 
misrepresent willfully. 

Syn.— To calumniate; defame; slan- 
der. 

Tra-du'cer, it. One who traduces. 

TRA-DU€'T[ON, n. 1. Derivation from 
one of the same kind. 2. Transmis- 
sion from one to another; tradition; 
also, a translation. 3. Conveyance ; 
transportation. 

Traf'FI€, v. i. [-ed : -ING, 135.] [L. 
Lat. traficare, traffigarr.] To barter ; 
to trade. — v.t To exchange in traf- 
fic. — n. Commerce; trade. 

Traf'FICK-ER, n. A trader. 

TRAG'A-€ANTH, n. [Gr. rpa.yaKa.v0a, 
from rpdyos, a he-goat, and a.Kai>6a. 
a thorn.] The concrete juice of 
several plants. [actress 

Tra-Ge'di-an, n. A tragic actor or 

TRAG'E-DY, n. [fir. Tpayr/Sia, lit. a 
goat-song, either fr. tragedies being 
orig. exhibited when a goat was sac- 
rificed, or because a goat was the 
prize.] 1. A dramatic poem repre- 



444 

senting some signal action having a 
fatal issue. 2. A fatal and mournful 
event. 

TraG'I€, ) a. Pertaining to trag- 

TrXg'I€-al, ] edy ; calamitous ; 
mournful. [manner. 

Trag'ic-al-LY, adv. In a tragical 

Trag'ic-al-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing tragical ; sadness. 

Trag'I-€OM'E-dy, n. A composition 
partaking "both of tragedy and com- 
edy. 

Trag'i-€OM'[€, \a. Partaking 

Trag'i-€6m'I€-ai,, ) of a mixture 
of grave and comic scenes. 

Trail, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Norm. 
Fr. trailler, to search after, Fr. trail- 
ler, tiraiUer, to trail a fishing-line ; 
D. treiltn, to draw with a rope, to 
tow.] 1. To hunt by the track. 2. 
To draw along the ground. 3. To 
carry, as a fire-arm, with the breech 
near the ground. — v. i. To be drawn 
out in length. — n. 1. Scent left on 
the ground by an animal pursued. 2. 
Any thing drawn behind in long un- 
dulations ; a train. 3. Entrails of a 
fowl, especially of game. 

Train, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. Lat. 
trahinare, trainare, fr. Lat. trahere, 
to draw.] 1. To draw along ; to trail. 
2. To entice ; to allure. 3. To exer- 
cise ; to discipline. 4. To break, 
tame, and accustom to draw, as ox- 
en. 5. To lead or direct, and form 
to a wall. — n. 1. Persuasion, arti- 
fice, or enticement. 2. That which 
is drawn along in the rear of or after 
something. 3. A retinue. 4. A suc- 
cession of connected things ; a series. 
5. Process ; course. 6. A line of 
gunpowder, to lead fire to a charge. 
7. A continuous line of carriages on 
arailroad. [of militia. 

Train'- band, n. A band or company 

Train'er, n. One who trains. 

TrAin'-oil, n. [Allied to Ger. thrdne, 
a tear, drop.] Oil from the blubber 
or fat of whales. 

Traipse, v. i. [Ger.' trapsen, trapp- 
sen, to tread or walk noisily.] To 
walk or run about sluttishly or 
thoughtlessly. 

Trait (tr.lt), n. [Fr. ; Lat. tractus, 
from trahere, to draw.] 1. A stroke. 
2._ A marked feature or peculiarity. 

TRAI'TOR, n. [0. Fr. tralteur, tradi- 
ttur, Lat. traditor, fr. tradere, to give 
up, betray.] 1. One guilty of trea- 
son. 2. A betrajer. [trays. 

Trai'tor-ess, n. A woman who be- 

TRAl'TOR-oOs, a. 1. Guilty of trea- 
son ; treacherous ; perfidious. 2. 
Consisting in treason. 

Trai'tor-oDs-ness, n. Treachery. 

TRAI'TRESS, n. A female traitor. 

TRA-JEGT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
trajicere, -jeetum, fr. trans, across, 
and jacere, to throw.] To throw or 
cast through. 

Tra-JE€'tion, n. A throwing or 
casting through or across. 

Tra-JECT'o-RY, n. Curve which a 
moving body describes in space. 

TRAL/A-Ti'Tlorrs (-tish'us), a. [Lat. 



TRANSCEND 



tralatitius, fr. transferre, translation 
or tralatum. See TRANSFER.] Met- 
aphorical ; figurative. 

TrXm, n. [See TRAIN, and cf. 0. Ger 
tram, a beam.] 1. A coal wagon used 
in some parts of England. 2. One 
of the rails of a tram-road. 

TrXm'mel, n. [L. Lat. tramallum, 
tramela, a net for taking fish.] 1. A 
kind of long net. 2. Shackles for 
regulating the motions of a horse. 
3. Whatever impedes activity, pro- 
gress, or freedom. 4. A hook for 
hanging other vessels over the fire. 
— V.t. [-ED,-ING; or -LEO, -LING, 
137] To confine ; to hamper. 

Tra-mon'tane, or TrXm'on-tane, 
a. [It. tram ontano, from Lat. trans, 
across, and mons, mountain.] Being 
bevond the mountain ; foreign. 

TkAmp. v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
trampa, Ger. trappen.] To tread 
forcibly and repeatedly. — v.i. To 
wander or stroll. — n. 1. A foot- 
journey. 2. A foot-traveler. 

Tramp'er, n. A stroller ; a vagrant. 

TRAM'PLE, v. t. [-ED;-1NG.] [Ger. 
trampeln, fr. trampen. See supra.} 
1. To tread under foot; especially 
with contempt or scorn. 2. To pros- 
trate by treading. 

Tram'pler, n. One who tramples. 

Tram'-ROAD, 1 n. A road laid with 

Tram'-way, ) narrow tracks of 
iron, &c, for wagons. 

Trance, n. [Lat. transitu.*, a pas- 
sage, fr. transire, to pass over. 1 A 
state in which the soul seems to have 
passed out of the body ; an ecstasy. 

TRAN'QUIL (trank-'wil), a . [Lat. tran- 
quillus.] Quiet ; calm ; undisturbed. 

Tran'quil-Tze ) (trank'wil-), v. t. 

TrXn'quil-lize ) [-ED; -ING.] To 
render tranquil ; to calm. 

Tran'quil-iz'er, I n. One who 

Tran'QUIL-liz'ER, ) tranquilizes. 

Tran-qui'l'li-ty, «.. [Lat. tranquil- 
litas.] State or quality of being tran- 
quil ; a calm state. [manner. 

Tran'quil-ly, adv. Tn a tranquil 

Tran'quil-ness. n. State or quality 
of being tranquil. 

TRANS-A€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
transigere, -actum; trans, across, 
through, and agere, to lead, act.] To 
do ; to perform; to manage, — v. i. 
To conduct matters. 

Trans-A€'tion, n. 1. Management 
of any affair. 2. That which is done. 

Syn. — Proceeding. — A transaction is 
something already done and completed; 
a proceeding ia either something which 
is now going: on, or, if ended, is still con- 
templated with reference to its progress 
or successive stages. The proceedings &t 
the trial of Lord Russell were marked by 
deep injustice, and they led to a transac- 
tion, in his beheading, of flagrant enor- 
mity. 

Trans-Xct'OR, n. One who transacts. 

Trans-alp'i'ne, a. [Lat. transalpi- 
mis ; trans, beyond, and Alpinus, 
Alpine.] Being beyond the Alps in 
regard to Rome. [the Atlantic. 

Trans'AT-lAn'TIC,^. Being beyond 

Tran-scend', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 



ed 



A, E, I, 6, v,y, longs A,£,I, 6, tJ, Y, short,- cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, i£rm; pique, fIrm; son, 



TRANSCENDENCE 



445 



TRANSOM 



Superior 
excellence ; 

1. Very excel- 



transce.ndere ; trans, beyond, over 
and scandere, to climb.] To surpass 
to excel ; to exceed. 

Tran-scend'ence, 

Tran-s<?end'en-£ y 
supereminence. 

Tran-s^end'ent, a 

lent ; surpassing others. 2. ( Kant- 
ian Philosophy.) Transcending the 
bounds of human knowledge. 

SrXn'scend-ent'AL. a. 1. Super- 
eminent. 2. Pertaining to that 
which can be determined a priori, in 
regard to the fundamental principles 
of all human knowledge. 

Syn.— Empirical. —These terms, with 
the corresponding nouns, transcendent- 
alism and empiricism, are of compara- 
tively recent origin. Empirical refers to 
knowledge which is gained by the expe- 
rience of actual phenomena, without ref- 
erence to the principles or laws to which 
they are to be referred, or by which they 
are to be explained. Transcendental has 
reference to those beliefs or principles 
which are not derived from experience, 
and yet are absolutely necessary to make 
experience possible or useful. 

TrXn'scend-ent'al-Tsm, n. A go- 
ing beyond empiricism, and ascer- 
taining a priori the fundamental 
principles of human knowledge. 

TrXn's^end-ent'al-ist, n. One 
who believes in transcendentalism. 

TrXn'SCEnd-ent'al-ly, adv. In a 
transcendental or very excellent 
manner. 

Tran-s^end'ent-ly, adv, In a 
transcendent manner. 

Tran-s^end'ent-ness, a. Superior 
or unusual excellence. 

TRAN-S€RIBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. transcriber e ; trans , across, over, 
and scribere, to write.] To write 
over again ; to copy. 

Tran-scrib'er, n. A copyist. 

TRAN'seRIPT, n. [Lat. transcriptum. 
See supra.} 1. A written copy. 2. 
A copy of any kind ; an imitation. 

Tran-s€RHP'tion, n. Act of tran- 
scribing. 

TrXn'sept, n. [Lat. trans, across, 
and septum, an inclosure.] A part 
of a church projecting at right angles 
to the body ; in a cruciform church, 
one of the arms of the cross. . 

TRANS-FER',*\ t. [-RED ; -RING.] [Lat. 
trans/err e ; trans, over, across, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. To convey from 
one place or person to another. 2. 
To make over the possession or con- 
trol of. 

TRANS'FER,n. 1. Act of transferring, 
or of being transferred. 2. That 
which is transferred. 

Trans-FER'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being transferred or conveyed. 2. 
Negotiable, as a note, &c. 

'.TrXns'fer-ee', n. One to whom a 
transfer is made. 

TrXns'fer-en^e, n. Act of trans- 
ferring ; transfer. [a transfer. 

Trans-fEr'rer, n. One who makes 

Trans-f£r'ri-ble, a. Same as 
Transferable. 

Trans-fig'u-ra'tion, n. A change 
of form ; especially, the supernatural 



change in the personal appearance of 
our Savioron the mount. 
TRANS-FIG'URE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. transjigurare ; trans, across, 
over, and figurare, to form, shape.] 

1. To change the outward appearance 
of; to transform. 2. To change to 
something glorious. 

Trans-fIx', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
transfigere, -fixum ; trans, across, 
through , and figer e , to fi x . ] To pierce 
through. 

Trans-form', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. transformare ; trans, across, 
over, and formare, to form.] To 
change the form or substance of. 

TrXns'for-MA'tion, n. Act of 
transforming, or state of being trans- 
formed ; metamorphosis. 

Trans-form'ing, p. a. Effecting, or 
able to effect, a change of form or 
state. 

Trans-fu§e', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
transfundere, -fusum ; trans, over, 
across, and fundere, to pour.] 1. To 
pour out of one vessel into another. 

2. To transfer, or cause to pass from 
one to another. [ing transfused. 

Trans-fus'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 

TRANS-FU'"glON, n. A transfusing, or 
pouring from one into another. 

Trans-gress', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. transgredi, -gressus; trans, 
across, and gradi, to pass.] To over- 
pass or break, as a law, civil or 
moral. — v. i. To offend by violat- 
ing a law. 

Trans-gres'SION (-gresh/un), n. 1. 
Act of transgressing. 2. Fault ; of- 
fense. 

Trans-gress'ive , a. Disposed to 
transgress ; faulty ; culpable. 

Trans-gress'or, n. One who breaks 
a law ; a sinner. 

Tran-shIp', v. t. See Tranship. 

Tran'sIent (-shent), a. [Lat. tran- 
siens, going or passing over.] 1. 
Passing over, as it were, or away ; 
hence, of short duration ; not sta- 
tionary. 2. Hasty ; momentary. 

TrXn'sient-ly (-shent-), adv. In 
passage ; for a short time. 

TrXn'sient-ness (-shent-), n. State 
of being transient. 

Tran-sil'i-en^e, \n. [Lat. tran- 

TRAN-SIL'I-EN-CY, ) siliens, p. pr. 
of transilire, to leap across or over.] 
A leap across or from thing to thing. 

TrXn'SIT, n. [Lat. transitus, fr. tran- 
sire, to go over.] 1. Act of passing 
through or of causing to pass ; con- 
veyance. 2. A line of conveyance 
through a country. 3. Passage of a 
heavenly body over the meridian of 
a place. 4. Passage of a smaller 
body across the disk of a larger. 

TRAN-SI'TION (-sizh'un or -zish'un, 

' 109), n. [Lat. transitio.] A passing 
from one place, state, or subject, to 
another ; change. 

Tran-si'tion-al (-sizh'un- or -zlsh'- 
un-), a. Containing or denoting 
transition. 

TrXn'si-tIve, a. Effected by trans- 
ference of signification. 



Transitive verb, one which is or may 
be followed by an object. 

Tran'si-to-ri-ness, n. Speedy de 
parture or evanescence. 

Tran'si-to-ry (50), a. Continuing 
only for a short time. 
Syn. — See Fleeting. 

Trans-late', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
transferre, -latum. See TRANSFER. J 
1. To remove. 2. To render into 
another_ language ; to interpret. 

Trans-la'tion, n. 1. Act of trans- 
lating. 2. State of being translated. 
3. That which is translated ; version. 

TRANS-LAT'OR,n. One who translates. 

Trans'lo-ca'tion, n. [Lat. trans, 
across, and locatio, a placing.] Re- 
moval of things reciprocally to each 
other's places. [parency. 

Trans-lu'cen-^y, n. Partial trans- 

Trans-LU'CENT, a. [Lat. translu- 
cens, p. pr. of translucere, to shine 
through.] Transmitting rays of light 
without permitting objects to be dis- 
tinctly seen. 

Syn. — Transparent. — A thing :a 
translucent when it merely admits the 

Sassage of light without enabling us to 
istinguish objects through it; it is trans- 
parent when we can clearly discern ob- 
jects placed on the other side of it. Glass, 
water, &c, are transparent; ground 
glass, horn, &c, are translucent. 

Trans'MA-rine', a. [Lat. transma. 
rinus ; trans, beyond, and marinus^ 
marine.] Being beyond the sea. 

Trans'mi-grant, a. Migrating. 

TrXns'mi-grate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. transmigrare., -gratum; trans, 
across, and migrare, to migrate.] To 
pass from one country, body, or 
state, into another. 

TrXns'mi-gra'tion, n. Act of trans- 
migrating. 

Trans-mis'si-ble , a. Capable of 
being transmitted. 

Trans-mis'sion (-nnWun),^. Act of 
transmitting, or state of being trans- 
mitted, [transmitted. 

Trans-mis'sive, a. Capable of being 

Trans-mit', v. t. [-ted ; -ting.] 
[Lat. transmitter ; trans, across, 
over, and mittere, to send.] 1. To 
send from one person or place to an- 
other. 2. To suffer to pass through. 

Trans-MIT'ter, n. One who trans- 
mits, [ing transmitted. 

Trans-MIT'ti-ble, a. Capable of be- 

Trans-mut'A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing transmitted. 

Trans-MUT'a-BLY, adv. In a trans- 
mutable manner. 

TrXns'mu-ta'TION, n. Act of trans- 
muting, or state of being trans- 
muted. 

Trans-mute', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.^ 
[Lat. transmutare ; trans, across, and 
mutare, to change.] To change from 
one nature, form, or substance, into 
another. [mutes. 

Trans-MUT'ER, n. One who trans- 

TrXn's6m, n. [Lat. trans, across, 
and sumere, sumptum, to take. Cf. 
Lat. transenna, a rope, noose, L. Lat. , 
a lattice, window.] 1. (Arch.) (a.) A 
crossbar in a window, (b.) A linte) 



OR. DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; je, /, o, silent ; $,&,soft; €.5, hard; A§J E£IST ; gasN&; THIS. 



TRANSPARENCY 



446 



TREASON 



over a door. 2. A beam across the 
stern-post of a ship. 

Trans-pAr'en-cy, n. 1. Quality or 
state of being transparent. 2. That 
which is transparent ; esp. a picture 
on thin cloth, porcelain, or the like. 

Trans-pArTSNT, a. [Lat. trans, 
across, through, and parere, parens, 
to appear.] Transmitting rays of 
light, so that bodies can be distinctly 
seen through. 
Syn. — See Translucent. 

Trans-pAr'ent-ly, adv. In a trans- 
parent manner. [parency. 

Trans-pAr'ent-NESS, n. Trans- 

Tran-spIc'u-oijs, a. [Lat. transpi- 
cere, to see or look through.] Trans- 
parent. 

TrXns'pi-RA'TION, n. Cutaneous 
exhalation. 

Trans-pire', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
trans, across, through, and spirare, 
to breathe.] To emit through the 
pores. — v. i. 1. To pass off in in- 
sensible perspiration. 2. To become 
public. 

Trans-plXnt', v. t. [-ed; -TNG.] 
To remove and plant or settle in an- 
other place. 

TrXNS'PLAN-TX'TION, n. Act of 
transplanting, or state of being trans- 
planted, [plants. 

Trans-plXnt'er, n. One who trans- 

TRANS-PORT',1". t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
transportare ; trans, across, and^or- 
tare, to carry.] 1. To carry or con- 
vey from one place to another. 2. 
To carry iDto banishment. . 3. To 
ravish with pleasure. 

TrXns'port, n. 1. Carriage ; con- 
veyance. 2. A ship or vessel em- 
ployed for transporting. 3. Ecstasy ; 
rapture. 4. A convict transported or 
sentenced to exile. 

Trans-port'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being transported. 

TrXns'por-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of 
transporting. 2. State of being 
transported. [ecstatic. 

TRANS-PORT'TNG,p. a. Passionate; 

Trans-pos_'al, n. Act of transposing, 
or stateof being transposed. 

Trans-pose', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. transponere, -positum ; trans, 
across, and ponere, to put, place.] 
To change the place or order of. 

TrXns'po-sI'tion (-zish/un), n. Act 
of transposing, or state of being 
transposed. 

TrXns'po-sPtion-al (-zish'un-), a. 
Relating to, or involving, transposi- 
tion. 

Trans-ship', v. t. To transfer from 
one ship or other conveyance to an- 
other, [shipping. 

Frans-ship'ment, n. Act of trans- 

TrXn'sub-stXn'ti-ate (-shi-, 91),.v. 
t. [-ED ; -TNG.] [L. Lat. transubstan- 
tiare, -atum, from Lat. trans, across, 
over, and substantia, substance.] To 
change into another substance. 

TrXn'sub-stXn'ti-X'tion (-stan'- 
shi-), n. 1. A change into another 
substance. 2. The doctrine that the 
bread and wine in the eucharist is 



converted into the body and blood of 
Christ. 

Tran'su-da'TION, n. Act or process 
of transuding. 

TRAN-SUDE',^. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
trans, across, through, and sudare, to 
sweat.] To pass through the pores or 
interstices of texture. [ing across. 

Trans-ver'sal, a. Running or ly- 

TRANS-vfiRSE', a. [Lat. transvertere, 
transversus, to turn or direct across.] 
Lying across, or in a crosswise direc- 
tion, [an ellipse. 

TrXns'verse, n. The longer axis of 

Trans-verse'ly, adv. In a trans- 
verse manner. 

TrXp, n. [A.-S. treppe, trappe.] 1. 
A contrivance that shuts suddenly, 
used for taking game. 2. An am- 
bush ; a stratagem. 3. pi. Goods ; 
furniture. 4. [Sw. trapp, fr. trappa, 
stairs, because often occurring in 
large masses, rising above one an- 
other.] A heavy, igneous rock, of a 
greenish-black or grayish color. — v. 
t. [-ped ; -ping.] 1. To catch in 
a trfip. 2. To insnare. 

TRA-pXN', V. t. [-NED ; -NING.] To 
insnare ; to catch by stratagem. — n. 
[Fr. trappe, a trap, and pan, a piece 
of string, noose.] A snare ; a strat- 
agem. 

Tra-pXn^nER, n. One who insnares. 

Trap'-door, n. A door, as in a floor, 
which shuts like a valve. 

Tra-PEZE', «. A trapezium. 

Tra-pe'zi-um, n. ; Eng. pi. tra-pe'- 
ZI-UM§ ; Lat. pi. TRA-PE'ZI-A. 
[Gr. rpane^iov, a little 
table, an irregular 
four-sided figure.] A 
plane figure contained 
under four right lines, 
of which no two are Trapezium, 
parallel. 

TrXp'E-ZOID, n. [Gr. Tpane^tov, and 
etfios, shape.] A plane, four-sided 
figure, having two of the opposite 
sides parallel to each other. 

TrXp'per, n. One who sets traps to 
catch animals. 

TrXp'pings, n. pi. Ornaments ; esp. 
ornaments put on horses. 

TrXsh, n. [See Thrash.] That which 
is worthless ; especially loppings of 
trees, and the like. 

TrXsh'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Like 
trash ; waste ; worthless. 

TrXss, n. [Prob. allied to Fr. terrasse, 
earth-work, fr. Lat. terra, earth.] 1. 
A volcanic earth, used as a cement. 
2. A coarse sort of mortar, durable in 
water. 

TRAU-mXt'I€, a. [Gr. rpav^anico? , 
fr. Tpav(t.a, a wound.] Pertaining, or 
applied, to wounds. — n. A medi- 
cine useful in the cure of wounds. 

TrXv'ail (42), ij. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
travailler, to labor, toil, torment.] 1. 
To labor with pain. 2. To suffer the 
pangs of childbirth. — n. 1. Severe 

i toil. 2. Parturition. 

TRXv'EL, V. i. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] [A different form and 
use of travail.] To go in any manner ; 




to journey. — v. t. To journej over 

— n. 1. Act of traveling fiorn place 
topl'tce; a journey. 2. pi. Account 
of a journpy. 

Trav'el-er 1(137), n. One who 

TrXv'el-ler ) travels iu any way. 

TrXv'ers-a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing traversed or denied. 

TrXv'ERSE, a. [It. trasverso, Lat. 
transversus, p. p. of transvertere,, to 
turn or direct across.] Lying across. 

— n. Any thing that traverses or 
crosses. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
lay in across direction ; to cross. 2. 
To thwart ; to obstruct. 3. To wan- 
der over. 4. To pass over and view. 
6. To deny formally. — v. i. 1. To 
use the posture or motions of oppo- 
sition or counteraction, as iu fencing. 
2. To turn, as on a pivot. 

TrXv'ers-er, n. One who, or that 
which, traverses. 

TrXv'erse-sail'ing, n. The meth- 
od of finding the resulting course 
and distance from a series of different 
shorter courses and distances passed 
over by a ship. 

TrXv'es-TY, a. [Fr. trnvestir, to dis- 
guise, fr. Lat. tra, trans, across, over, 
and vestire, to clothe.] ' A burlesque 
translation or imitation. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To translate so as to 
render ridiculous. 

Trawl, n. A long line, having short 
lines with baited hooks attached to 
it, used for catching certain fish. — 
v. i. To take fish with a trawl. 

Trawl'er, n. One who trawls. 

Trawl'-net, n. A drag-net to 
catch fish that live near the bottom. 

TrAy, n. [Same as trough, differently 
written.] A waiter or salver. 

TREACH'ER-oiJS. a. Like a traitor ; 
involving treachery; betraying a 
trust. [Iy. 

TREACH'ER-OfJS-LY, adv. PerfidiQUS- 

Treach'er-oOs-ness. n. Perfidy. 

TREACH'ER-Y, n. [Fr. tricherie, a 
cheating, trickery. See Trick.] "Vio- 
lation of allegiance, or of faith and 
confidence. 

TREA'CLE, n. [Gr. 6r)piaKov, an anti- 
dote against poisonous bites, fr. 6-q- 
piov, a wild beast.] A viscid, uncrys- 
tallizable sirup of sugar ; molasses. 

Tread, v. i. [trod; trod, trod- 
den; TREADING. 1 [A.-S. tredan.] 
1. To set the foot. 2. To walk or go. 

— v.t. 1. To step or walk on. 2. 
To crush under the foot. — n. 1. A 
step or stepping. 2. Manner of step- 
ping; gait. 

Tread'er, n- One who treads. 

Tread'le (tred/1), n. The part of •a 
loom, or other machine, which i3 
moved by the foot. 

Tread'- mill, n. A mill worked by 
persons treading on steps on a wide 
wheel. It is used as a punishment. 

Trea'son, n. [0. Fr. tra'ison, tra'is- 
son, Lat. traditio, fr. tradere, to give 
up, betray.] The offense of attempt- 
ing to overthrow or betray the gov- 
ernment of the state to which the of- 
fender owes allegiance. 



Y, long; A, £, 1, 6, tJ, Y, short; cAre, fAr, Ask, ALL, WHAT J ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON 



A, e, i, o, u. 



TREASONABLE 



447 



TRIBRACH 



Tuea'son-a-ble, a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, treason. 

TREA'gON-A-BLE-NEss, n. State or 
quality of being treasonable. 

TREASURE (trezh'ur),re. [Gr. 6r)o-av- 
pos, from Be, root of rtdevai, to put, 
place.] 1. Wealth accumulated. 2. 
A great quantity collected for use. 3. 
That which is very much valued. — 
v. t. [-EC : -ING.] To collect and 
lay up_; to hoard. 

Treas'ur-er (trezh'jjr-), n. One 
whe^has the care of a treasure or a 
treasury. 

Treas'ure-trove (rrezh'ur-), re. 
[From treasure, and 0. Fr. trove, 
trouve, found.] Any money, &c, 
found hidden, the owner of which is 
not known. 

Trea§'ur-y (trezh'ur-y), re. 1. A 
place where public revenues or any 
collected funds are deposited and 
kept. 2. A repository of abundance. 

TREAT, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. traiter, 
fr. Lat. tractare, to handle, treat.] 1. 
To manage ; to use. 2. To handle, 
in writing or speaking. 3. To enter- 
tain with food or drink. 4. To sub- 
ject to the action of. — v.i. 1. To 
discourse. 2. To come to terms of 
accommodation. 3. To give an en- 
tertainment. — re. 1. An entertain- 
ment gi/en as an expression of re- 
gard. 2. Something which affords 
pleasure. 

Trea'tIse, re. A written discussion or 
explanation on a particular subject. 

TREAT'MENT, re. 1. Manner in which 
a subject is treated. 2. Manner of 
using : behavior toward a person. 

TREA'TY, n. [Yr.tra.it6. See TREAT.] 
1. Negotiation. 2. A formal agree- 
ment, league, or contract between 
two or more independent nations or 
sovereigns. 

Treb'le (treb'l), a. [0. Fr. See 
Triple.] 1. Threefold ; triple. 2. 
(a.) Acute; sharp, (b.) Playing or 
singing the highest part. — re. The 
part usually sung by women ; sopra- 
no.— v. t. or ?'. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make or become threefold. 

TREB'LY, adv. With a threefold num- 
ber or quantity. 

Tree, re. [A.-S. treow, tre.] A large 
plant, woody, branched, and peren- 
nial. — v. t. [-D; -ing, 144.] To 
cause to ascend a tree. [trees. 

Tree'-frog, re. A frog which climbs 

TREE 'NAIL (commonly jrron. trBn'- 
nel), n. [Tree and nail.} Along, 
wooden pin, for fastening the planks 
of a ship to the timbers. [frog. 

Tree'-toad, re. Same as Tree 

Tre'foil, re. [Lat. 
trifolium, fr. tre.s. 
three, and folium 
a leaf.] 1. A plant 
of many species, 
including the white clover, red clo- 
ver, &c. 2. An ornament of three 
cusps in a circle. 

TREIL'LAGE, n. [Fr. treillage. See 
infra.} Rail-work for supporting es- 
paliers, &c. 



:^AY 



TREL'LIS, n. [Fr. treillis, fr. treille, 
fr. Lat. trichila, a bower, arbor.] A 
frame of lattice- work, used for va- 
rious purposes. 

Trem'BLE, v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
tremulus, trembling, fr. tremere, to 
tremble.] 1. To shake involuntarily, 
as with fear or cold ; to shiver. 2. 
To totter. 3. To quaver, as sound. 

Trem'bler, n. One who trembles. 

Tre-men'doDs, a. [Lat. tremendvs, 
that is, to be trembled at, fearful.] 
Such as may astonish or terrify by 
its magnitude or violence. 

Syn. — Terrible; dreadful; awful. 

Tre-men'dous-ly, adv. In a tre- 
mendous manner. 

Tre'mor, or Trem'or, re. [Lat., fr. 
tremere, to tremble.] An involun- 
tary trembling or shaking. 

TREM'U-LOUS,rt. [Lat. tremulus, fr. 
tremere, to tremble.] Shaking ; shiv- 
ering ; quivering. 

Trem'U-lous-ly, adv. In a tremu- 
lous manner. [tremulous. 

Trem'u-lous-ness, n. State of being 

Trench (66), v. t. [-ed; -ing. J 
[Prob. fr. Lat. truncare, to cut off.] 
To dig, as a ditch, or a channel for 
water. — v. i. To encroach. See In- 
trench. — n. A long, narrow cut 
in the earth ; a ditch. 

Trench'ant, a. [0. Fr. trenchant, 
p. pr. of trancher, trencher. See su- 
pra.] 1. Cutting; sharp. 2. Un- 
sparing; severe. 

Trench'er, n. A large wooden plate. 

TRENCH'ER-MAN (150), n. A great 
eater ; a gormandizer. 

Tr£nch'-plow, ) n. A plow for 

TRENCH'-PLOUGH, } opening land 
to a greater depth than usual. — v. 
t. To plow with deep furrows. 

Trend, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Orig, to 
bend round, from Dan. & Sw. trind, 
round.] To have a particular direc- 
tion; to run. — n. Inclination in a 
particular direction ; tendency. 

TREN'DLE, n. [A.-S. trendel, tryndel, 
circle, ring. See TREND.] A little 
wheel ; a trundle. 

TREN'TAL, n. [L. Lat. trentale, from 
trenta, Lat. triginta, thirty.] An 
office for the dead, consisting of 30 
masses rehearsed for 30 days. 

Tre-pan', n. 1. [L. Lat. trepanum, 
from Gr. rpviravov, a borer, auger.] 
A cylindrical saw for perforating the^ 
skull. 2. A snare ; a trapan. — v\t. 
[-NED ; -NIN&.] 1. To perforate with 
a trepan. 2. [See TRAPAN.] To 
insnare ; to trapan. 

Tre-phine', or TRE-PHINE', re. 
[Dim. of trepan.] An instrument for 
trepanning. — v. t. [-~ed; -INGc.] To 
perforate with a trephine. 

Trep'I-da/tion, n. [Lat. trepidatio, 
from trepidare, to hurry with alarm, 
to tremble.] An involuntary trem- 
bling ; a state of terror. 

Syi*. — Tremor ; agitation ; fear. 

Tresspass, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. trespasser, transpasser, from Lat. 
trans, across, over, and passare, to 



pass.] 1. To pass unlawfully over 
tbe boundary line of another's land. 
2 To intrude. 3. To commit any 
offense ; to violate any known rule 
of duty. — re. 1. Any offense done 
to another. 2. Any violation of a 
known rule of duty. 

Tres'pass-er, re. One who commit.J 
a trespass ; a transgressor : a sinner. 

TRESS, re. [Gr. rpi'xa, threefold, be- 
cause formed by interlacing threo 
pieces.] A braid or curl of hair; c 
ringlet 

Tres'tle (treVl), re. [D. driestal, a 
tripod, from drie, three, and stal, a 
place, stall.] A frame or support for 
any thing. 

Tres'tle-board (treVl-), re. A 
board used by architects, draughts- 
men, &c, for drawing designs upon. 

Tret, re. [Norm. Fr. trett, draught, 
from Lat. trahere, to draw.] An al- 
lowance in weight for waste or refuse 
matter, after tare is deducted. 

Trev'et, re. [From Lat. tripes, tripe- 
dis, having three feet.] A sto^l or 
other thing supported bv three legs. 

TREY (tra), re. [0. Fr. trei, trois, three.] 
A three at cards, or dice. 

Tri'a-ble , a. Fit, possible, or liable, 
to be tried. 

TRI'AD, re. [Gr. Tpid?, TpidSos, from 
rpe2<;, three.] Three objects united. 

TRi'AL.re. [See Try.] 1. Act of try- 
ing or testing in any manner. 2. 
That which tries, afflicts, or tempts 
to evil.. 3. State of being tried. 
Syk.— See Test. 

TrI'an-gle, re. 
[Lat. triangu- 
lum, from tres, 
three, and angit- 
lus, corner.] A 
figure bounded 
by three lines, 
and containing 
three angles. 

Tri'an-gled, 1 

TRI-AN'GU-LAR, ( Triangles. 

a. Having three L equilateral trian- 
gle ; 2, isosceles 
triangle ; .3, right- 
angled triangle: 4, 
obtuse-angled tri- 
angle ; 5, scalene 
triangle. 1,2, and 
5, are also aeute- 
angled triangles. 




angles. 

TrI-an/gu-la/- 
TION, re. Men- 
suration by a se- 
ries of triangles. 

Tri'arch-y, re. 
[Gr. Tpiapxta ; rpi 

' and apxn, sovereignty.] Government 
by three persons. 

Tri'bal, a. Belonging to a tribe. 

TRIBE, re. [Lat. tribus, orig. a third 
part of the Roman people, afterward 
a tribe.] 1. A family, race, or series 
of generations from the same progen- 
itor. 2. Any division or class of per- 
sons or things. 

TRIB'LET, re. [Fr. triboulet.] A gold* 
smith's tool for making rings. 

TRI-BOM'E-TER, re. [Gr. rpifieiv, to 
rub, and p.erpov, measure.] An in- 
strument to ascertain the degree of 
friction in rubbing surfaces. 

TRI'BRA€H, re. [Gr. Tpij3paxvs, from 
rpi and /3poxvs, short.] A poetic foot 
of three short syllables. 



6r, do, wolf, TOO, TO"bit$ Orn, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; c, G, soft; €, 5, hard; A§ •, EXIST ; N. as ng ; this. 



TRIBULATION 



448 



TRIPP, 



TrTb'u-LA'TION, n. [Lat. tribulatio.] 
Severe affliction. 

Tri-bu'nal, n. [Lat., fr. tribunus, a 
tribute.] 1. Seat of a judge in court. 
2. A court of justice. 

TrIb'une, n. [Lat. tribunus, prop, 
chief of a tribe (tribus).] 1. (Rom. 
Antiq.) A magistrate chosen by the 
people. 2. An elevated place in a 
legislative assembly for a speaker. 

Trib'une-shIp, ii. Office of atribuue. 

'I'RlB'u-Ni'TlAii (-nlsh'al), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or suiting, a tribune. 

Trib'u-ta-ry, a. 1. Paying tribute 
to another. 2. Paid in tribute. 3. 
Contributing. — n. One who pays 
tribute. 

Trxb'ute, n. [Lat. tributum, from 
tribuere, to bestow, pay.] 1. A tax 
paid by one prince or nation to an- 
other. 2. A personal contribution. 

TRICE, v. t. [Ger. trisse, brace.] To 
haul by means of a rope. — n. [Perh. 
fr. thrice, while one can count three.] 
An instant ; a moment. 

TRI-CEN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. tricennalis, 
fr. triginta, thirty , and annus, year.] 
Consisting of, or occurring once in, 
thirty years. 

TRI-€H1'NA, n. ; pi. TR1-€HI'NJE. 
[Gr. rpi'xivos, hairy, made of hair.] 
An animal parasite found in the 
muscles of animals. 

TRICK, n. [D. trek, a pull, or draw- 
ing, a trick ; 0. Fr. tricher, trecher, to 
trick.] 1. Artifice; a sly procedure. 
2. A peculiarity. 3. The whole num- 
ber of cards played in one round. — 
v.t. 1. [-ED; -ING.] To deceive; 
to cheat. 2. [Cf. W. treciaw, to fur- 
nish, equip.] To dress ; to decorate. 
— v. i. To live by fraud. 

TrTck'er-y, n. Artifice; stratagem. 

Trick'ish, a. Given to tricks ; kna- 
vish, [trickish. 

TrIck'ish-ness, n. State of being 

TRICK'LE (trik'l), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Cf. Dribble.] To flow in a small, 
gentle stream. 

Trick'ster, n. A deceiver ; a cheat. 

Trick'y, a. Given to tricks ; knavish. 

Tri'c6l-or, n. [Lat. tri and color.] 
A three-colored flag. 

TRl-eOR'po-RAL, ) a. [Lat. tricor- 

TRI-COR'PO-RATE, j for.] Having 
three bodies. 

Tri-cus'pid, a. [Lat. tricuspid, -cus- 
pidis; tri, three, thrice, and cuspis, 
apoint.] Having three points. 

TRI'DENT, n. [Lat. tridens, v ^ A 
-dentis, from tri, and dens, 
tooth.] A scepter or spear 
with three prongs. 

^Eri'dent, I a. Having 

Sri-dent'ate, J three teeth 
or prongs. 

Sri-en'ni-ae, a. [Lat. trien- 
:iium, space of three years; 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and an- 
nus, year.] 1. Continuing 
three years. 2. Happening once in 
every three years. [years 

Tri-EN'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in three 

TRI'ER, n. One who tries. 

TrI'fXl-LOW, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



Tri- 
dent. 



[Prefix tri, three, thrice, and fallow.] 
To plow the third time before sowing. 

TRI'FID, a. [Lat. Irijidus ; tri, three, 
thrice, and Jindere, fidi, to split.] 
Divided half way into three parts. 

TrI'fle, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [0. D. 
treyfelen, to trifle.] To act or talk 
with levity or folly. — v. t. To spend 
in vanity ; to dissipate. — n. 1. A 
thing of little value or importance. 
2. A dish of sweetmeats and cake, 
with syllabub. 

TrI'fler, n. One who trifles. 

TRI'FLING, p. Being of small value 
or importance ; trivial. [ner. 

TrI'fling-ly, adv. In a trifling man- 

TRl-FO'LI-ATE, a. [Lat. tri, and/o- 
lium, leaf.] Having three leaves. 

TRI'FORM, a. [Lat. triformis; tri, 
tris, three, thrice, and forma, form.] 
Having a triple form. 

TrIg, v. t. [A.-S. thrycran, to stay, tar- 
ry.] To stop, as a wheel, by placing 
something under it. — a. [Allied to 
trick, to decorate.] Trim ; neat. 

TrTg'ger, h. [From trig.] 1. A catch 
to hold a wheel. 2. Catch of fire- 
arms, used to loose the lock for stiik- 
ing fire. 

Tri'glyph, n. [Gr. 
TptyAix^os, from Tpl, 
Tpis, three, thrice,and 
ykvfyeiv, to carve.] An ^ 
ornament in the frieze Triglyphs. 
of the Doric column. 

TRtG'o-NAL. (110), a. Having three 
angles or corners ; triangular. 

Trig/o-no-met'ric, 1 a. Per- 

TrIg'o-no-met'ric-al, J taining 
to, or performed by, trigonometry. 

TRlG/O-NOM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. Tpiyto- 
vov, a triangle, and (j-erpov, measure.] 
That branch of mathematics which 
treats of triangles. 

Tri'GRAPH, n. [Gr. Tpl, rpi's, three, 
thrice, and ypajfy-q, a writing.] Three 
letters with but one sound. [sides. 

Tri-he'dral, a. Having three equal 

Tri-he'dron, n. [Gr. rpi, Tpis, three, 
thrice, and eSpa, a seat, base.] A 
figure of three equal sides. 

TrIj'u-goGs, or TrI-ju'gous, a. 
[Lat. trijugus, threefold, fr. tri, tris, 
three, thrice, and jugum, a yoke.] 
In three pairs. 

Tri-LAT'er-AL, a. [Lat. trilaterus; 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and latus, side.] 
Having three sides. 

Tri-lit'er-al, a. [Lat. tri, tris, 
three, thrice, and litera, letter.] Con- 
sisting of three letters. 

TrIll, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [D. trillen, 
to tremble, to shake. Cf. Thrill.] 
To utter with a quavering ; to shake. 
— v. i. To flow in a small stream. — 
n. A quaver of the voice in singing, 
or of the sound of an instrument. 

TrIll'ION (-yun), n. [Lat. tri, and 
Eng. million.] According to the 
Eng. notation, a million involved 
to the third power, or the number 
represented by a unit with 18 ciphers 
annexed ; according to the Fr. nota- 
tion, a unit with 12 ciphers annexed. 

Tri-lo'bate, or Tri'lo-bate, a. 



[Gr. Tpl, rpi's, three, thrice, and \o 
/36s, a ltfbe.] Having three lobes. 

TRI-LOC'U-LAR, a. [Lat. tri, iris 
three, thrice, and loculus, a little 
place.] Having three cells. 

TRIM, a. [-MER ; -MEST.] [A.-S. 
trum, firm, strong. See infra.] Be- 
ing in good order, or made ready for 
use. — v. I. [-MED; -MING.] [A.-S. 
trymian, trymman, to prepare, make 
strong.] 1. To put in order ; toad- 
just. 2. To dress; to adorn. 3. To 
clip or lop. 4. To dress, as timber; 
to make smooth. 5. To balance or 
adjust, as a ship. — v.i. To fluctu- 
ate between parties. — n. 1. Dress ; 
gear. 2. State or condition. 3. State 
of a ship or of her cargo, ballast, &c. 

TRIM'E-TER, n. [Gr. rpi>€Tpos ; Tpl, 
Tpis, three, thrice, and p.irpov, mea- 
sure.] A division of veri-e, consist- 
ing of three measures. 

Tri-met'ric-al, a. Consisting of 
three poetical measures. 

TrTm'ly, adv. Nicely ; in good order. 

Trim'mer, n. One who trims. 

TrIm'ming, n. That which serves to 
trim ; esp. ornamental appendages. 

Trim'ness, n. State of being trim. 

Tri'nal, a. [Lat. trinus, trini, three 
each.] Threefold. 

TRINE, n. Aspect of planets 120° 
apart, or one third of the zodiac. 

Trin'gle, n. [Fr., of Celtic origin.] 
A little square ornament in building. 

TrIn'I-ta'ri-an, a. Pertaining to the 
Trinity. — n. One who believes the 
doctrine of the Trinity. 

Trin'i-ta'ri-an-Isjsm, n. Doctrine of 
Trinitarians. 

TrIn'1-ty, n [Lat. trinitas, fr. trini, 
three each.] The union of three per- 
sons in one Godhead. 

TrInk'et, n. [Perh. orig. tricket, fr. 
Prov. Eng. trick, trig, elegant, neat] 
1. A small ornament, as a jewel. 2. 
A thing of little value. 

Tri-no'mi-al, n. . [Gr. Tpl, rpi's, three, 
thrice, and vo/u.17, distribution.] A 
quantity consisting of three terms. 

TRI'O, or Tri'o, n. [It., fr. Lat. tres, 
three.] 1. Three persons acting to* 
gether. 2. (Mus.) A composition for 
three parts. 

Trip,?;, i. [-ped; -ping.] [Ger. trip- 
pen, trippeln, Goth, trimpan.] 1. 
To move nimbly. 2. To make a false 
step. 3. To commit an offense ; to 
err. — v. t. 1. To cause to take a 
false step. 2. To loose, as the anchor, 
from the bottom, by its cable. — n. 
1. A brief journey or voyage. 2. A 
false step ; a misstep. 3. A slight er- 
ror ; a failure. 4. A stroke by which 
a wrestler supplantshis antagonist 

TrIp'ar-tite, or Tri-part'ite, a. 
[Lat. tripartitus; tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and partitus, divided.] 1. Di- 
vided into three parts. 2. Made be- 
tween three parties. 

TrIp'ar-tI'tion (-tish'un), n. A di- 
vision by threes. 

TRIPE, n. [Fr. tripe, 0. D. tripe.] The 
large stomach of ruminating ani« 
mals, prepared for food. 






A., E, I, O, ii, Y, long; A,E,I, 6,0,$, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N, 



TRIPEDAL 



449 



TROUBLESOMELY 



TRIP'E-DAL, a. [Lat. triperlalis ; tri, 
tris, three, thrice, and pes, a foot.] 
Having three feet. 

Tri-p£r'son-al, a. [Lat tri, and 
persona, a person.] Consisting of 
three persons. 

TrI-per'son-Xl'i-ty, n. Existence 
of three persons in one Godhead. 

TRI-PET'AL-OITS, a. [Gr. rpi, rpi?, 
three, thrice, and Tre'raAoj', a leaf.] 
Having three petals. 

Trip'-ham'mer, n. A heavy hammer, 
raised or tripped by projecting teeth, 
on a revolving shaft. 

TRIPH'thong (trlf- or trip'-),?!. [Gr. 
rpi, rpi's, three, thrice, and fyOoyyq, 
voice, sound.] 1. A combination of 
three vowels in a single syllable, 
forming a simple or compound sound. 
2. A trigraph. 

Triph-th5n'GAL (trif- or trip-, 82), 
a. Of, or pertaining to, a triphthong, 

TRIP'LE (trip'l), a. [Lat. triplex, from 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and pit care, to 
fold.] 1. Consisting of three united. 
2. Three times repeated ; treble. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make thrice 
as much ; to treble.- 

Triplet, n. [From triple.] Three 
verses rhvming together. 

Trip'li-cate, a. Made thrice as 
much. — n. A third paper or thing 
of the same kind. 

Trip'li-ca'tion, n. Act of tripling, 
or state of being tripled. 

Tri-PL1C'I-TY , n. State of being triple. 

TRI'POD, n. [Gr. Tpurovs, rpiTroSos ; 
rpi. rpi?, three, thrice, and ttous. tto- 
86s, a foot.] Any utensil supported 
on three feet. 

TrIp'o-li, n. An earttiy substance 
(orig. from Tripoli), used in polishing. 

TRi'POS (147), n. [Of uncertain ety- 
mology.] A university examination 
of candidates for honors. [Cam- 
bridge, Eng.] 

Trip'per, n. One who trips. 

Trip'ping, n. 1. Act of one who 
trips. 2. The loosing of an anchor 
from the ground by its cable or buoy- 

TRiP'PING-LY, adv. Nimbly, [rope. 

TRIP'TOTE. n. [Gr. rpirrrwrov ; rpi, 
Tpts, three, thrice, and 7ttcot6s, fall- 
ing.] A noun having three casts only. 

TRl'REME, n. [Lat. triremis ; tri, tris, 
three, and remus, an oar.] A galley 
with three ranks of oars on a side. 

TRI-SE€T'. v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
tri, three, thrice, and secare, sectum, 
to cut ] To cut into tnree equal parts. 

Tri-se€'tion, n. Division of a thing 
into three equal parts. 

Tris'YL-Lab'IO, la. [Gr. Tpurv'A- 

TRIS'YL-LAB'IC-AL, j Aa/Sos; rpi, 
three, thrice, and trvXXafir). a sylla- 
ble.] Consisting of three syllables. 

Tri-syl'la-ble, n. A word consist- 
ing of three syllables. 

Trite, a. [Lat. tritus, p. p. of terere, 
to rub] Used until po common as to 
have lost its novelty and interest. 

Trite'ly, adv. In a trite manner. 

TRITE'NESS, n. Quality of being trite. 

TRI'THE-ISM, n. [Prefix tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and theism.] The opinion 



that the Father, Son. antf Holy Spirit 
are three distinct Gods. 

Tri'the-ist, ii. One who holds to 
Tri theism. [theism. 

TRi'THE-isT're, a. Pertaining to tri- 

Trit'u-ra-bee, a. Capable of being 
ground down to a fine powder. 

TRIT'U-RATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. triturare, -ratum, to thrash.] 
To rub to a very fine powder, [ing. 

TRIT'U-RA'TION, n. Act of triturat- 

Tri'UMPH, 11. [Lat. triumphus, allied 
to Gr. 0pt'a^)3os, a procession in hon- 
or of Bacchus.] 1. {Rom. Antiq.) 
1. A magnificent ceremonial in honor 
of a victorious general. 2. Exultation 
for success. 3. Victory. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To celebrate victory with 
pomp or exultation. 2. To obtain 
victory ; to prevail. 

Tri-umph'al, a. Relating to, indicat- 
ing, or in honor of, a triumph. 

TRI- UMPH'ANT, a. 1. Rejoicing for, or 
celebrating, victory. 2. Victorious. 

Tri-UMPH'ant-LY, adv. In a tri- 
umphant manner. 

Tri-um'vir, n.; Lot. pi. TRI-UM f - 
ri-Rl ; Eng.pl. TRI-UM'VIRS. [Lat., 
fr. tres, gen. trium, three, and vir, a 
man.] One cf three men united in 
ojfice. [umvirate. 

Tri-ijm'vi-ral, a. Relating to a tri- 

Tri-um'VI-RATE, n. Government by 
three in coalition. 

Tri'une, a. [Lat. tri, three, andunus, 
one.] Being three in one ; — an epi- 
thet used to express the unity of the 
Godhead in a trinity of persons. 

TRI-U'NI-TY, n. Trinity. 

Triv'et, n. See Trevet. 

Triv'1-AL, a. [Lat. trivialis, prop, 
that which is in, or belongs to, the 
cross-roads or public streets ; hence, 
common, from trivium,s, cross-road, 
public street.] Of little importance ; 
inconsiderable ; trifling. [ner. 

Triv'i-al-ly, adv. In a trivial man- 

Triv'I-al-ness, ii. State or quality 
of being trivial. 

TrI'-WEEK'ly, a. Performed or ap- 
pearing three times a week. 

TRO'CAR, ii. [Fr. trocar, or trois 
quarts, i. e., three quarters, fr. trois, 
three, and quart, a fourth; — from 
its triangular point.] A surgical in- 
strument. 

TRO-€HA'l€, \a. Pertaining to, 

Tro-€HA'I€-al, J or consisting of, 
trochees. 

Tro'ohe (tro'kee), n. [Gr. Tpoxos, 
any thing round, a wheel, fr. rpe\eiv, 
to run.] A medicine in a circular 
cake, to be dissolved in the mouth. 

TRO'€HEE,?j. [Gr. rpoxcuos, (sc. 7rovs), 
fr. rpoxaios, running.] A poetic foot 
of two S) llables, the first long and 
the second short, or the first accented 
and the second unaccented. 

TRO-GHlL'ies, n. sing. [Gr. rpoxiKCa, 
a cylinder revolving on its own axis, 
fr. rpexeiv, to run.] The science of 
rotary motion. 

Tro€H'le-a, n. [Lat.] See Tro- 
chilics.] A pulley-like cartilage. 

TROD, imp. of Tread. 



TR6B' D *N,!^ 0f »«* 

TROG'LO-DYTE,«. [Gr. TpwyAoSvTijs ; 
TpwyArj, cavern, and dveiv, to enter .j 
A dweller in a subterraneous cave. 

Troll, .t\ t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. 
trollen, YV. troliaic] 1. To roll; to 
turn. 2. To sing the parts of in suc- 
cession. — v. i. 1. To roll; to run 
about 2. To fish by drawing the 
hook through the water. 

Trol'lop, ii. [From troll, to roll, to 
stroll.] A nlattern ; a slut. 

TROM'BONE, n. [It. augm. of tromba, 
a trumpet.] A deep-toned brass in- 
strument of the trumpet kind. 

Tromp, ii. [See Trump.] A blowing 
apparatus. 

TROOP, n. [Fr. troupe, prob. fr. Lat. 
turba, acrowd, troop.] 1. Amultitude. 
2. pi. Soldiers taken collectively. 8. A 
small body of cavalry, light-horse, or 
dragoons. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To come or gather in crowds. 2. To 
march on. 

Troop'er, n. A horse-soldier. 

TROPE, n. [Gr. rpoTros, fr. rpiireiv, to 
turn.] Use of a word or expression 
in a different sense from that which 
properly belongs to it. 

TRO'PHY, n. [Gr. Tpo7nxiov, strictly a 
monument of the enemy's defeat, fr. 
rpoirq, a turn, a rout] Any memo- 
rial of victory. 

Trop'io, n. [Gr. Tpon-tKos, (sc. kwcAo?, 
fr. TpeVeiv, to turn.] 1. One of the 
two small circles that bound the sun's 
greatest declination from the equa- 
tor. 2. (pi.) The regions between or 
near the tropics. 

TROP'l€-AL,a. 1. Being within, or in- 
cident to, the tropics. 2. Figurative. 

Tro-POL'O-GY, ii. [Gr. rpoTros, a 
trope, Aoyos, discourse.] A rhetorical 
mode of speech, including tropes. 

Trot, v. i. [-ted ; -ting.] [Fr. 
trotter, Ger. trotten, W. trotiaiu.] To 
move faster than in walking. — v. t. 
To cause to trot. — n. Pace of a quad- 
ruped when he lifts one fore foot and 
the hind foot of the opposite side at 
the same time. 

Troth, n. [An oLl form of truth.] 1. 
Faith; fidelity. 2. Truth; veracity. 

Trot'ter, n. 1. A beast that trots. 
2. A sheep's foot. 

TROU'BA-DOUR/ (110), n. [Fr. trouba- 
dour, fr. trouver, to find, invent.] One 
of a school of poets who formerly 
flourished in the south of France. 

TroOb'le (trub'l), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[From Lat. turbare, to disturb, turba, 
a disorder, tumult, crowd.] 1. To ag- 
itate. 2. To give disturbance or dis- 
tress to. — n. [From Lat. turbula, a 
disorderly group, diminutive of tur- 
ba, a crowd.] 1. The state of being 
troubled. 2. That which gives dis^ 
turbance or annoyance. 

Troub'ler, n. One who troubles. 

TROliB'LE-soME, a. Giving trouble. 
Syn. — Uneasy; perplexing; harass- 
ing; annoying; wearisome; importunate. 

Troub'le-some-ly, adv. So as to 
give trouble. 



OR, DO, WQLF. TOO.TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; JB, 7, O, silent : 9,G,SO/*; €,G,hard; A§; EJIST; NfliNG,; THISv. 

29 



TROUBLESOMENESS 



450 



TRY 



Troub'le-s6me-ness, n. State or 
quality of being troublesome. 

TroDb'lous, a. Full of trouble ; agi- 
tated; afflicted. 

Though (trawf, 21), n. [A.-S. trog. Cf. 
Tray.] A long, hollow vessel, or 
narrow receptacle, or depression. 

TROUNCE,!', t. [-ED; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
troncer, to cut.] To punish or beat 
severely. 

Tr oupe (troop), n. [Fr. See Troop.] 
A company ; esp. of performers in a 
^^ play or opera. 

*#Trou'§er§, n. pi. [0. Fr. trousses, 
breeches worn by pages, fr. trousse, 
trosse, a bundle, a truss.] A loose 
lower garment worn by males. 

Syn. — Pantaloons. — In the United 
States, the original word trousers is al- 
most laid aside, the term being only ap- 
plied to the loose garment of sailors or 
laborers, while pantaloons is used in all 
other cases. The English adhere to the 
old term in respect equally to the dress 
of gentlemen and all others, making 
much less use than we do of the word 
pantaloons in speaking of this part of 
the dress. 

Trousse au (troo'so'), n. [Fr., from 
trousse, a bundle.] The collective 
lighter equipments of a bride. 

TROUT, n. [A.-S. truht, Lat. tructa, 
tructus, fr. Gr. tpomcttjs, a sea-fish 
with sharp teeth, from Tpwyeii/, to 
gnaw.] A fresh-water fish. 

TRO'VER, n. [0. Fr. trover, truver, to 
find.] (Law.) (a.) The gaining pos- 
session of any goods, (b.) An action 
to recover damages against one who 
found and would not restore goods. 

TROW (tro), v. i. [A.-S. tredwian, 
. treowan.] To believe ; to think. 
fTROW'EL, n. [Lat. trulla, dim. of 
trua, a ladle.] A mason's or a gar- 
dener's tool. [SERS. 

Trow'§er§>, n. pi. Same as Trou- 

Troy, ) n. [Said 

TROY'-WEJGHT (-wat), ) to have its 
name fr. Troyes, in France.] A weight 
of 12 ounces to the pound, used for 
weighing gold, silver, jewels, &c. 

Tru'an-cy, n. Act of playing, or state 
of being, truant. 

Tru'ant, n. [0. Fr., a vagrant, beg- 
gar ; of Celtic origin.] An idler, esp. 
a pupil who absents himself from 
school. — a. Idle, and shirking duty. 

TRUCE, n. [0. Eng. trewis, trewse, fr. 
0*. H. Ger. triwa, triuwa, faith, com- 
pact. See True.] 1. A temporary 
cessation of hostilities. 2. Short 
quiet. [lates a truce. 

Truce'-break/er, n. One who vio- 

Trock, v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Fr. 
troquer.] To barter. — n. 1. Ex- 
change of commodities ; barter. 2. 
Commodities appropriate to barter ; 
hence, small commodities, and some- 
times, luggage. [Colloq.] — n. [Gr. 
rpoxos, a wheel.] 1. A small, solid 
wheel. 2. A low carriage for heavy 
articles. 3. A frame with wheels, 
&c. , to carry one end of a locomotive 
or car. 4. A small wooden cap at 
the summit of a mast, &c. 

TrOck'age, n. 1. Exchange ; barter. 
2. Pay for conveyance on a truck. 



TRUCK'LE, n. [Dim. of trvrlc, a 
wheel.] A small wheel or caster. — 
11. i. [A.-S. trucian, to fail ; diminish.] 
To yield obsequiously to the will of 
another; to submit. 

Truck/le-BED, n. A bed that runs 
ou wheels, and may be pushed under 
another. 

TrDck'man (150), n. One who con- 
veys goods on a truck. 

Tru'cu-lence, In. 1. Ferocious- 

Tru'€U-len-CY, ) ness. 2. Ter- 
ribleness of countenance. 

TRU'eu-LENT (110), a. [Lat. trucu- 
lentus, fr. trux, wild, fierce.] 1. 
Fierce ; savage. 2. Of ferocious as- 
pect. 3. Cruel ; ruthless. 

Trudge, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Allied to 
tread.] 1. To go on foot. 2. To 
travel or march with labor. 

True, a. [-er ; -est, 140.] [A.-S. 
treorve, triwe, faithful. Cf. TROW.] 
1. Conformable to fact, or to a rule 
or pattern; exact. 2. Faithful ; 
loyal. S._ Genuine ; pure ; real. 

TRUE'-BLUE, a. Of inflexible honesty 
and fidelity ; — alluding to the once 
celebrated true or Coventry blue. 

True'-born, a. Of genuine birth. 

True'-heart'ed, a. Honest; sin- 
cere. 

True'lOve'-knot (-nCt), n. A com- 
plicated knot ; — an emblem of inter- 
woven affectfon. [truth. 

True'ness, n. Quality of being true ; 

True'-Pen'ny, n. An honest fellow. 

Truf'FLE (trn/fl), n. [0. Fr. trufle, 
Lat. tuber.] A kind of mushroom 
found buried in the soil. 

Tru'ism, n. An undoubted or self- 
evident truth." 

Trull, n. [See Trollop and 
Troll.] A strumpet. [fact. 

TRJJ'ly, adv. According to truth ; in 

TRUMP, n. 1. [Fr. trompe, Lat. tuba; 
Icel. trumba, drum.] A trumpet. 2. 
[See Triumph.] A winning card. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To take with 
a trump card. 2. [Fr. tromper.] To 
trick. 3. To impose unfairly ; to 
obtrude. 

Trump'er-y, «. [Fr. tromperie, de- 
ceit.] Worthless but showy matter ; 
hence, rubbish. — a. Worthless or 
deceptive in character. 

Trump'et, n. [See Trump.] A wind 
instrument of music. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To publish by sound of 
trumpet ; to proclaim. 

TrOmp'et-er, n. 1. One who sounds 
a trumpet. 2.* One who proclaims, 
publishes, or denounces. 

TRUNC'ATE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
truncate, -catum, fr. truncus, trunk 
of a tree.] To cutoff; to maim. — a. 
Appearing as if cut off at the tip. 

Trun-ca'tion, n. Act of truncating, 
or state of being truncated. 

TrOn'cheon (trun'shun), n. [Fr. 
troncon, Fr. tronchon, fr. Lat. 
thyrsus, a stalk, stem, staff.] 1. A 
club. 2. A staff of command. 

Trun'dle, n. 1. A little wheel. 2. A 
low cart with small wooden wheels. 
— v. t. 1. To roll, as a thing on little 




wheels. 2. To cause to roll. — v. i, 
[-ed: -ing.] [A.-S. tryndfled, made 
round, fr. tryndel, a sphere, a circle.] 

1. To roll, as on little wheels. 2. To 
roll, as a hoop. [little wheels. 

Trun'dle-bed, n. A low bed on 

Trunk, n. [Lat. truncus.] 1. Stem 
or body of a tree. 2. Body of an 
animal, apart from the l'mbs. 3. 
Main body of any thing. 4. Pro- 
boscis of an elephant. 5. A chest 
covered with leather or hide, for con- 
taining clothes, &c. 

Trunk'-hose, 
Large 
formerly worn. 

Trun'nel, n. A 
tree-nail. 

Trunn'ion (-yun), 
n. [0. Fr. trognon, 
stump or trunk 
of a tree. See 
TRUNK ] A knob Trunk-hose, 
on each side of a cannon, &c, serv- 
ing to support it on the carriage. 

TRUSS, n. [Fr. trousse, from trousser, 
to pack, pack up, fr. Lat. torquere, 
to twist.] 1. A bundle, as of straw. 

2. An apparatus used in cases of 
hernia. 3. The rope or iron used to 
keep the center of a yard to the 
mast. 4. A framed assemblage of 
timbers. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
bind close. 2. To skewer, as a fowl. 

Trust, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
treysta. to confide, confirm, traustr, 
faithful, firm ; 0. Sax. trdstian, to 
console.] 1. To confide in ; to rely 
on. 2. To believe ; to credit. 3. To 
commit, as to one's care ; to intrust. 
— v. i. To be confident, as of some- 
thing present or future. — n. 1 . Re- 
liance on, or confidence in, another. 
2. Credit given ; belief. 3. Depen- 
dence upon something future or con- 
tingent. 4. That which is committed 
to one. 

TRUST-EE', n. One to whom property 
is legally committed in trust. 

Trust'ful, n. Full of trust ; trusting. 

TrOst'i-LY, adv. Faithfully; hon- 
estly, [ness. 

TrDst'I-ness, n. Fidelity; faithful- 

Trust'worth-y (-wur/thy), o. 
Worthy of trust ; trusty ; reliable. 

TRUST'Y, a. [-er ; -E&T, 142.] 1. Fit 
to be confided in ; reliable. 2. Not 
liable to fall ; strong. 

TRUTH, n. ;pl. TRUTHS (99) 1. The 
quality of being true. 2. Real state 
of things ; reality. 3. An established 
principle, fixed law, or the like. 

TRUTH'FyL, a. Veracious ; reliable. 

Truth'ful-LY, adv. In a truthful 
manner. [truthful. 

Truth'ful-ness, n. State of being 

Try, v. t. [-ed; -ing. 142.] [Fr. 
trier, to cull, to pick out, as if from 
a Lat. word tritare, fr. terere, tritum, 
to rub, bruise, grind.] 1. To prove; 
to test. 2. To refine, as metals ; to 
melt out, as tallow, lard, &c. 3. To 
subject to severe trial. 4. To ex- 
amine judicially. 6. To experience. 
6. To essay. 



A, £, i, o,u, Y,long; A,£,I s 6jti,Y,sAor«/ cAre, f£r, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TERM; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



TRYING 



451 



TURGESCENCY 



Syn.— To attempt.— To try is the 
generic, to attempt is the specific, term. 
We may be indifferent as to the result 
of a tr-ml, but we rarely attempt any 
thing without a desire to succeed. 
— - v. i. To endeavor ; to attempt. 

Try'ING, p. a. Adapted to try ; se- 
vere : afflictive. 

Tryst, n. An appointed meeting, or 
a place for such meeting. 

TUB, n. [D. tobbe ; 0. II. Ger. zuipar, 
fr. zivi, two, and beran, to bear.] An 
open wooden vessel for various do- 
mestic purposes. 

Tube, n. [Lat. tubus.] A hollow 
cylinder; a pipe ; a duct ; a conduit. 

Tu'ber, n. [Lat., a hump, knob.] A 
fleshy, rounded root, as the potato. 

Tu'BER-OLE, n. [Lat. tuberculum, 
dim. of tuber.] A small mass, or 
aggregation of diseased matter. 

Tu-bEr'€U-LAR, a. Having tubercles. 

TUBE'RO?E, or TU'BER-OSE, n. [Lat. 
tuberosum, tuberous.] A beautiful 
plant with a tuberous root. 

Tu'ber-os'I-TY, n. State of being 
tuberous. 

TU'BER-OUS, a. [Lat. tuberosus.] 
Covered with, or full of, tubers. 

Tub'ing, n. A series of tubes ; mate- 
rial for tubes. 

Tu'bu-lar, 1 a. [From Lat. tubu- 

TO'BU-LATE, I lus, dim. of tubus, a 
tube.] Consisting of a pipe ; fistular. 

Tu'BULE, n. A small tube, 

Tu-bu'li-form/, a. [Lat. tubulus, a 
little tube, and forma, form.] Having 
_the form of a small tube. 

Tu'bu-loDs, a. Resembling, or in 
the form of, a tube. 

Tuck, n. [W. twca, a kind of knife, 
twc, a cut, or chip. See infra.] 1. 
A long, narrow sword. 2. A hori- 
zontal fold in a garment. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [H. Ger. zucken, to 
draw with a short and quick motion.] 
1. To fold under. 2. To inclose by 
pushing the clothes closely around. 

TDck'er, n. A small, thin piece of 
the dress for covering the breast. 

Tues'day (tuz'dy), n. [A.-S. Tiwes- 
dag, fr. Tiw, the god of war, and 
dag, a day.] Third day of the week. 

Tu'fA, or Tu'FA, n. [It. tufo, soft, 
sandy stone.] A soft porous or 
friable stone. 

TUFT, n. [Fr. touff'e, for touppe, Prov. 
Fr. touffecte, Icel. toppr, a curl, tuft 
of hair.] 1. A collection of small, 
flexible things in a bunch. 2. A 
cluster — u. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
separate into, or adorn with, tufts. 

TOft'Y, a. Growing in tufts. 

TDg.u. t. or*', [-ged; -GING,] [A.-S. 
tedhan, teon (p. p. togen), tedgan, to 
pull, draw.] To pull or draw with 
great effort. — n. 1. A pull with the 
utmost effort. 2. A steam-vessel to 

' tow ships. 3. A drawing-strap, of a 
harness. 

Tu-I'TION (-lsh'un), n. [Lat. tuitio, 
from tueri, to see, watch.] 1. Guar- 
dianship. 2. Instruction. 3. Money 
paid for instruction, [ing to tuition. 

Tu-I'TION-A-RY (-Tsh'un-^a. Pertain- 

Tu'lip, n. [Turk. & Per. tulbend, 



ducbend, a turban ; — from its shape.] 

A bulbous plant, and its beautiful 

flower. 
Tulle , n. [Fr. , from Tulle, in France, 

"where it was first made.] A kind of 

silk lace. 
TDm'ble, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. H. 

Ger. tumilGn, tumOn, A.-S. tumbian.] 

1. To roll about by turning one way 
and the other. 2. To be precipitated. 
— v. t. 1. To turn over for exami- 
nation ; to precipitate. 2. To dis- 
turb. — n. A rolling over ; a fall. 

TUM'BLER, n. 1. One who tumbles. 

2. Part of a lock. 3. A drinking 
glass. 4. A variety of pigeon. 5. A 
sort of dog. 

TiJM'BREL, I 71. [0. Fr. tomberel, fr. 

TDm'bril, ) tomber, to tumble.] 1. 

A ducking-stool. 2. A rough cart. 

3. A military wagon. 4. A kind of 
cage for keeping food for sheep. 

Tu'me-fag'tion, n. Act or process 
of swelling. 

Tu'me-fy, v. t. ovi. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. tumef/icere ; tumere, to swell, 
and facere, to make.] To swell; to 
puff up ; to distend. 

Tu'MID, a. [Lat. tumidus, fr. tumere, 
to swell.] 1. Swelled or distended. 
2. Protuberant. 3. Bombastic. 

Tu-mid'i-ty, In. State or quality of 

Tu'mid-ness, I being tumid. 

TO'MOR, n. [Lat., from tumere, to 
swell.] A morbid swelling on any 
part of the body . 

Tump, n. [W. twmp, twm, a round 
heap.] A little hillock ; a knoll. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To form a mass 
of earth round, as a plant. 

Tu'MU-LAR, a. [Lat. tumulus, a 
mound.] Formed or being in a heap. 

Tu'MULT, n. [Lat. tumultus, fr. tu- 
mere, to swell.] 1. Commotion, or 
agitation of a multitude, usually ac- 
companied with great noise. 2. High 
excitement. 

Syn. — Uproar ; disturbance ; dis- 
order ; confusion ; hubbub. 

Tu-mult'u-A-RI-ly, adv. In a tu- 
multuary manner. 

Tu-MULT'U-A-RY (44), a. Attended 
by, or producing, a. tumult. 

Tu-MiJLT'u-ous,a. 1. Conducted with 
tumult. 2. Greatly agitated. 3. Tur- 
bulent ; violent. 

Tu-MULT'u-OUS-LY, adv. In a tu- 
multuous or disorderly manner. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS-NESS, n. Commotion. 
Tv'mu-lus, n. ; pi. tu'mu-li. 
[Lat., a mound.] An artificial hill- 
ock, especially one raised over an 
ancient grave. 

TUN,n. [A.-S. tunne .] 1. Alargecask. 
2. A measure for liquids, consisting 
of two pipes or four hogsheads. — v. 
t. [-NED ; -NING.] To put into 
tuns or casks. 

TUN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being tuned; 
hence, musical ; tuneful. 

TUNE, n. [A different spelling of tone.] 
1. A rhythmical, melodious series of 
musical tones ; a melody. 2. Pitch 
of the voice or an instrument. 3. 
Order ; concord. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



To put in tune. — v. %. To form ac 
cordant musical sounds. 

Tune'ful, a. Melodious ; musical. 

TuNE'LESS,a. Unmusical. 

TUN'ER, n. One who tunes. 

TU'NI€, n. [Lat. tunica.] 1. (Antiq., 
An under-garment worn by both 
sexes. 2. A natural covering ; aa 
integument. 

T0'NI-€LE, n. [Lat. tunicula, dim. dJ 
tunica, & tunic] A natural covering. 

Tun'ing-fork, n. An instrument 
for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. 

TuN'NAGE,n. See Tonnage. 

TDn'nel, n. [From tun.] 1. A ves- 
sel with a tube at one end, for trans- 
ferring liquors. 2. An arch or pas- 
sage under ground for railways, &c. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing, 137.] 1. To 
form into a tunnel. 2. To make an 
opening for passage through or un- 
der, as a mountain or river. 

TUN'NY, n. [Gr. 0wvos, 0wo?, from 
Bvvetv, to rush or dart along.] A fish 
of the mackerel family. 

TUR'BAN, n. [0. Eng. turband, tuli- 
bant, from Per. dulband, from dulai, 
double, and band, a bandage.] A 
head-dress, consisting of a cap and a 
sash wound about the cap. 

TtJR'BA-RY, n. [L. Lat. turbaria, from 
Lat. turba, turf.] 1. A right of dig- 
ging turf on another man's land. 2. 
Ground where turf is dug. 

TUR'BID, a. [Lat. turbidus, fr. turba, 
tumult, disturbance.] Roiled ; mud- 
dy ; thick. [being turbid. 

Tur'bid-ness, n. State or quality of 

TUR'Bl-NATE, \a. [Lat. turbinatus, 

TUR'BI-NA'TED, } fr. turbo, turbinis, 
a whirl, top.] Shaped like a top or 
cone inverted. 

Tur'bi-na'tion, n. Act of spinning 
or whirling, as a top. 

Tur'bine, n. [Lat. turbo, turbinis, 
that which whirls round.] A hori- 
zontal water-wheel, with a series of 
curved floats upon the periphery. 

TUR'BOT, n. [Fr. turbot, AY. torbiot.] 
A flat fish, nearly circular. 

Tur'bu-lence, n. Quality of being 
turbulent ; a disturbed state. 

TfjR'BU-LENT, a. [Lat. turbulentus, 
fr. turba, disorder.] 1. In violent com- 
motion. 2. Disposed to insubordina- 
tion. 3. Producing commotion. 

Syn. — Disturbed ; agitated; tumult- 
uous ; riotous. 

Tur'bu-lent-ly, adv. In a turbu- 
lent manner ; tumultuously. 

TU-REEN', n. [From Fr. terrine, from 
terre, earth.] A large, deep vessel for 
soup, at table. 

Turf. n. ; pi. TURFg. [A.-S., allied 
toGael. tarp, a clod.] 1. Upper stra- 
tum of earth filled with roots ; sward. 
2. Peat. 3. Horse-racing. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To cover with turf. ' 

TfJRF'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Abound- 
ing with turf. 

Tur'gent, a. [Lat. turgevs, swelling.] 
1. Swelling. 2. Bombastic. 

TUR-GES'CENCE, ) 71. 1. Actofswell- 

Tur-ges'9EN-9Y, ) ing, or state of 
being swelled. 2. Pompousness. 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TOOK J URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; <?, G, soft; €, g, hard; Ag; E£IST ; NosNS; THIS 



TURGID 



452 



TWINGE 



TUR'GID, a. [Lat. turgidus, from tur- 
gere, to swell.] 1. Distended beyond 
the natural state ; bloated. 2. Swell- 
ing in style or language ; bombastic. 

Syn.— Tumid ; pompous ; inflated. 

Tur-gid'i-ty, ) n. State or quality 

TUR'GID-NESS, ] of being turgid. 

Sur'key, n. [Erroneously thought 

t to have come orig. from Turkey.] A 

' large fowl, a native of America. 

QCOrk'ish, a. Relating to Turkey or 
the Turks. [TURQUOIS. 

Tur-kois/ (-keez', 38), n. Same as 

TUR'MER-IC (123), n. [N. Lat. terra- 
merita, turnierica.] An East Indian 
plant and its root, used for dyeing. 

TUR'MOIL, n. [From turn and moil, 
to labor.] Harassing labor; trouble. 

Turn, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Gr. Topvos, 
a turner's chisel, ropveveiv, to turn, 
to work with a lathe; A.-S. tyrnan, 
to turn.] 1. To form in a lathe. 2. 
To give form to. 3. To cause to re- 
volve. 4.. To cause to present a 
different side. 5. To give another di- 
rection or tendency to. 6. To use or 
employ. 7. To alter ; to transform. 
— v. i. 1. To have a circular mo- 
tion ; to change position. 2. To 
hinge ; to depend. 3. To be changed ; 
also, to become by changes. 4. To 
become acid; to sour. — n. 1. Act 
of turning. 2. Change of direction. 
3. Change; alteration. 4. A wind- 
ing; a brief walk. 5. Incidental oc- 
casion or deed. 6. Occasion ; pur- 
pose. 7_. Form ; shape ; fashion. 

TfjRN'-COAT, n. One who forsakes 
his party or principles ; a renegade. 

TURN'ER, n. One who turns; esp. 
one who forms articles with a lathe. 

TURN'ER-Y, n. Art of fashioning solid 
bodies by means of a lathe. 

TURN'ING, n. 1. A winding: flexure. 
2. Deviation from the proper course. 

TURN'ING-POINT, n. Point on which 
a question turns, and which decides 
a case. 

TfJR'NiP, n. [Perh. fr. W. turn, round, 
and meipen, maip, a turnip, A.-S. 
nape, Lat. napus.] A plant and its 
bulbous edible root. 

Turn'key (148), n. One who has 
charge of the keys of a prison. 

Turn'-out (147), n. 1. A short side 
track on a railroad; 2. An equipage. 

TURN'PIKE, n. 1. A turnstile. [Obs.] 
2. A toll-gate, or gate set across a 
road. 3. A turnpike-road. — v. t. 
[-ED : -tng.] To form in the man- 
ner of a turnpike-road. 

Turn'pike-road, n. A road on 
which_toll-gates are established. 

Turn'SOLE, n. [Fr. tournesol, from 
tourner, to turn, and Lat. sol.] A 
heliotrope. 

Turn'spit, n. One 
who turns a spit; 
hence, a menial. 

TURN'STlLE, n. A 
revolving frame in 
a footpath. 

Turn'-ta'ble, n. 
A large revolving 




Turnstile. 




platform, for turning locomotives, 
and the like. 

TUR'PEN-TINE, n. [Lat. terebinthinus, 
of the turpentine-tree. See TERE- 
BINTH.] An oleo-resinous substance, 
from several species of trees. 

TUR'PI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. turpitudo; 
turpis, foul, base.] Inherent base- 
ness of principle, words, or actions. 

Tur-quois' (-koiz' or -keez', 38), n. 
[Fr. turquoise. ; — it came first from 
Turkey.] A bluish green mineral. 

TijR'REL,,n. A cooper's tool. 

Tur'ret, n. [0. Fr. tourette, dim. 
of tower, tower.] A small eminence 
or spire attached to a building. 

TUR'RET-ED,/». a. Having turrets. 

TUR'TLE (tiir'tl), n. 1. [A.-S. turtle, 
Lat. turlur, dim. 
turturilla.] A gal- 
linaceous bird ; — 
called also turtle- 
dove. 2. [Prob. 
corrupted fr. tor- 
toise.] A sea-tor- 
toise ; — often ap- 
plied to any kind of tortoise. 

TUR'TLE-DOVE, n. See TURTLE. 

Tus'CAN, a. Pertain- 
ing to one of the or- 
ders of architecture. 

TUSH, interj. Indi- 
cating check, rebuke, 
or contempt. 

TOsk, n. [A.-S. tusc, 
tux.] The long, poiut- 
ed tooth of certain 
animals. 

Tusked (tuskt), a. 

Furnished with tusks. Tuscan Order. 

T0s'SLE,ra. [See Tousle andTousE.] 
A struggle; a conflict. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ing.] To struggle ; to scuffle. 

TUT, interj. Be still; — an exclama- 
tion used for checking or rebuking. 

Tu'TE-LAGE, n. [Lat. tutela, protec- 
tion.] 1. Guardianship. 2. State of 
being under a guardian. 

Tu'te-lar, \a. Guardian; pro- 

TU'TE-LA-RY, J tecting. 

Tu'TOR, n. [Lat. tutor, fr. tueri, to 
watch, defend.] One who watches 
over, or has the care of, another ; 
specifically, (a.) A private or public 
teacher. (6.) An instructor of a lower 
rank than a professor. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To have the guardianship 
or care of ; to teach ; to instruct. 2. 
To treat with authority or severity. 

Tu'tor-age, n. Office of a tutor. 

Tl"'TOR-ESS, n. A female tutor. 

Tu-to'ri-AL. a. Belonging to, or ex- 
ercised by, a tutor. 

Twad'dle, d. ?'. [See Tattle.] To 
talk in a weak and silly manner. — 
n. Silly talk ; gabble. 

Twad'dler, n. One who twaddles. 

Twain, a. or n. [A.-S. twegen, twa, 
two.] Two. 

Twang, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Tang, 
3, and Ger. zwang, constraint, 
force.] To make the sound of a tense 
string suddenly pulled. — v. t. To 
make to sound, as a tense string. — 
n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like 




that made by a stretched string sud- 
denly pulled and let go. 2. A nasal 
sound of the voice. 

Twat'tle, v. i. [See Tattle.] To 
prate ; to talk much and idly. 

Tweak, v. t. [A.-S. twiraan, to 
twitch, pull. See Twitch.] To pinch 
and pull with a sudden jerk and 
twist. — n. A sharp pinch or jerk. 

Tweed, n. A light, twilled cotton or 
woolen stuff. 

Twee'dle, v. I. To handle lightly; 
hence, to coax ; to allure. 

Twee'zers., n. pi. [0. Eng. twerze, 
a surgeon's box of instruments, fr. 
Fr. etui, a case.] Small pincers 
used to pluck out hairs, &c. 

Twelfth, a. The ordinal of twelve 

— n. One of twelve equal parts. 
Twelfth'-night (-nit), n. The 

evening of ,the twelfth day after 
Christmas, or Epiphany. 

Twelve, a. & n. [A.-S. tivelf 
Goth, tvalif, from tva, two, and -lif, 
ten.] Two and ten ; a dozen. 

Twelve'month (101), n. A year, 
or twelve calendar months. 

Twelve'-pence, n. A shilling ster- 
ling, or about twenty-four cents. 

Twelve'score, a. & v. Twelve 
times twenty. 

Twen'ti-eth, a. Ordinal of twenty. 

— n. One of twenty equal parts. 
TWEN'TY, a. & n. [A.-S. Uvcntig, 

twentig, fr. ticegen, two, and tig, a 
decade.] Twice ten. 

Twice, adv. [Cf. Thrice.] 1. Two 
times. 2. Doubly. 

Twi'fXl-l5w, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. twi, two, and Eng. fallow.] 
To plow a second time ; — said of 
land that is fallowed. 

Twig, n. [A.-S. twig, from twi, twig, 
two, i. e.,& bisection of the trunk.] 
A small shoot of a tree or shrub. 

Twig'gy, a. Abounding with twigs. 

Twi'LIGHT (-lit), n. [A.-S. twedn- 
leoht, i. e., doubtful light, fr. tweona, 
doubt, fr. twi, two, and led/it, light.] 
The faint light before sunrise and 
after sunset. — a. 1. Shaded; ob- 
scure. 2. Seen or done by twilight. 

Twill, v. t. [See Quill.] To weave, 
so as to produce diagonal lines on 
the surface. — n. 1. An appearance 
of diagonal lines in textile fabrics. 
2. A fabric with a twill. 

Twin, n. [A.-S. twin, double; twi, 
two. Cf. Twine.] l.One of two pro- 
duced at a birth. 2. pi. A constella- 
tion and sign of the zodiac. — a. Be- 
ing one of two born at a birth, or of 
a pair much resembling one another. 

Twine, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
twinan, fr. twi, two.] 1. To twist 
together ; to form by twisting. 2. To 
embrace ; to entwine. — v. i. 1. To 
unite closely. 2. To wind ; to bend. 

— n. [D. twijn, Icel. tvinni, a 
double thread. See supra.] 1. A 
twist. 2. Act of twining or winding 
round. 3. A small cord or string. 

Twinge, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied 
to tweak, and twang.] 1. To pinch. 
2. To torment with pinching or sharp 



i, E.I, 5,tj, Y,long; 1,% } 1, 6,tj,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE. YELL, TERMj PIQUE, FIRM; S6lf 






TWINKLE 



453 



ULCERATE 



pains. — v. i. To have a sudden, 
sharp pain. — n. 1. A pinch. 2. A 
darting, local pain. 

TWINK'LE (twlnk'l), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. Uvindian.] 1. To wink. 2. 
To sparkle ; to flash at intervals. 

Twink'le, In. 1. A quick motion 

TwInk'ling, \ of the eye ; a wink. 
2. Time of a wink ; a moment. 3. 
Scintillation ; a sparkling. 

TWlRL (18), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
thwiril, a churn-staff, a flail. Cf. 
Thwart, Quirl.] To move and 
turn rapidly with the fingers. — v. i. 
To revolve with velocity. — n. A 
rapid circular motion; a whirling. 

TwIst, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S., 
cloth of double thread, fr. twi, two.] 
1. To contort. 2. To pervert. 3. To 
wreathe ; to wind. 4. To unite by 
winding one thread or strand round 
another. — v. i. To be contorted or 
united by winding round each other. 
— n. 1. A contortion; a bending. 2. 
Form given in twisting. 3. That which 
is formed by twisting. [twists. 

TWIST'ER, n. One who, or that which, 

Twit, v. t. [-ted ; -ting.] [A.-S. dt- 
witan, to blame, from at, at, to, and 
witan, to know, reproach.] To vex 
by reminding of a fault or defect, &c. 

Twitch, r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S.twic- 
cian.] To pull with a sudden jerk ; 
to snatch. — n. A pull with a jerk. 

TwiT'TER,r. t. [-ed;-ing.] [O.H. 
Ger. zivizarGn. Cf. TITTER.] 1. 
To make a succession of small, trem- 
ulous, inteimitted noises. 2. To have 
a slight trembling of the nerves. — 
n. 1. A small, intermitted noise. 2. 
A slight trembling of the nerves. 

Two (t(Fo), a. & n. [A.-S. twrsan, trod, 
two, Lat. duo, Gr. Svo, Skr. dwi.\ 
One and one. 

Two'-edged (to"o/-ejd), a. Having 
an edge on both sides. 

Two'fold (too'-), a. Double; mul- 
tiplied by two. — adv. In a double 



Two'-hand'ed (to~o/-), a. 1. Having 
two hands. 2. Used with both hands. 

Two'-PENCE (too 7 -), n. A small Eng- 
lish coin , equivalent to two pennies. 

Two'-PLY (tc~o / -), a. Woven double 
by incorporating two sets of threads 
of the warp and two sets of the weft. 



TvKE,n. [See Tike, 2.] A dog, or 
one who is as contemptible as a dog. 

TYM'BAL, ii. [Gr. tv^.ito.vov, fr. tvtt- 
tslv, to beat.] A kind of kettle-drum. 

TYM'PAN, n. [Gr. TVfx-rvavov, a kettle- 
drum, a door-panel.] 1. A panel. 

2. A frame on which the blank sheets 
are put for printing. 

TYM'PA-NUM, n. [Gr. rvftiiavov, a 
kettle-drum, panel of a door.] 1. 
Middle portion of the ear, or the 
membrane separating it from the ex- 
ternal passage. 2. Panel of a door. 

TYM'PA-NY, n. [Gr. rufjuravias, from 
Tv/x-rravov, a kettle-drum.] A flatu- 
lent distention of the belly. 

TYPE, n. [Gr. rviros, from tvittscv, to 
beat, strike.] 1. Mark or impression 
of something ; stamp. 2. Kind ; sort. 

3. Aggregate of characteristic qual- 
ities ; the representative. 4. A token ; 
a sign. 5. (a.) A letter or other 
character for printing from, (b.) 
Types collectively. 

GO" The types which compose an or- 
dinary book-font consist of Roman 
CAPITALS, small capitals, and 
lower-case letters, and Italic CAP- 
ITALS and lower-case letters, with ac- 
companying figures, points, and refer- 
ence-marks. Besides the ordinary 
Roman and Italic, the most impor- 
tant varieties of face are 

©in eitslfsj), or 3Slacfc Setter, 

Full-face, Antique, 
Old Style, GOTHIC. 

Type'-found'er, ii. One who man- 
ufactures type. 

TYPE'-MET'AL (-met'al or -met'l), n. 
A compound of lead and antimony, 
used fur making type. 

Ty'PHCID, a. [Gr. tv<£>woV, fr. tv<£os, 
stupor from fever, and elSo<;, like- 
ness. ]_Pertaining to, or like, typhus. 

Ty-phoon', n. [Lat. typlw'n, Gr. 
rvcjiiav, a violent whirlwind.] A vio- 
Jent tornado in the Chinese seas. 

Ty'phus, n. [Gr. tv(/)os, smoke, stu- 
por from fever, fr.Tu<f>e«/, to smoke ] 
A continuous fever attended with 
great prostration. 



~) a. Per- 
I taining 
f to ty- 



Typ'I€, ) a. [Gr. tvttikos, from 

Typ'I€-al, J twos, type.] Repre- 
senting something by a form, model, 
or resemblance ; figurative. 

Typ'I€- al-ly , adv. In a typical man- 
ner ; figuratively . 

Typ'1€-al-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being typical. 

TYP'I-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Gr. Timos, type, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To represent by an image, or 
resemblance. 

Ty-pog'ra-pher, or Ty-pog'ra- 
pher, ii. A printe^ 

Typ'o-graph'k:, or Ty'po- 
graph-i€, 

TYPjO-GRAPH'ie-AL, or 

Ty'po-graph'ic-al, J pogra- 

phy- 

Ti r P'0-GRAPH'l€-AL-LY, or TY'PO- 
graph'I€-al-ly, adv. By means 
of type. 

Ty-pog'ra-phy, or Ty-pog'ra-phy, 
n. [Gr. twos, type, and ypdfyeiv, to 
write.] Art of printing. 

TY-RAN'Nre, ) a. Pertaining to 

Ty-RAN'nI€-al, ) a tyrant ; unjust- 
ly severe in government. 

Ty-ran'NI€-al-ly, adv. In a ty- 
rannical manner. 

Ty-ran'ni-cide, ii. [From Lat. ly- 
rannus, a tyrant, and exdere, to 
kill.] 1. Act' of killing a tyrant. 2. 
One who kills a tyrant. 

TYR'AN-NIZE, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
act the tyrant ; to exercise arbitrary 
power. 

Tyr'an-nous, a. Like a tyrant ; ty- 
rannical ; arbitrary. 

TYR'AN-NY, ti. [Gr. rvpavvCa. See 
Tyrant.] 1. Arbitrary or despotic 
exercise of power. 2. Cruel govern- 
ment or discipline. 

TY'RANT, n. [Gr. Tvpavvos, orig. an 
absolute sovereign, afterward a cruel 
ruler.] 1. An absolute ruler. 2. A 
despotic ruler ; a cruel master. 

Tyr'i-an, a. 1. Relating to Tyre. 2. 
Being of a purple color, like a cele- 
brated dye formerly prepared at Tyre. 

Ty'ro, n. : pi. ty'ros. [Lat. tiro.] 

1. A beginner in learning; a novice. 

2. A person imperfectly acquainted 
with a subject. 

Tzar (zar), n. The emperor of Rus- 
sia. See Czar. 



U. 



U(yo~o) is the twenty-first letter and 
the fifth vowel in the English 

alphabet. See Principle-'! of Pronun- 
_ ciation, §§ 29-34, and §§ 52, 53. 
U-BI'E-TY, n. [Lat. ubi, where.] 

The state of being in a place ; local 

relation. 
fj-BIQ'UI-TA-RY, ) a. 'Existing every 
U-BlQ'ui-TOUS, } where at once ; 
_ omuipresent. 
fj-BIQ'UI-TY, n. [Lat. ubique, every 



where.] Existence in all places at 
the same time ; omnipresence. 

Cd'DER, n. [A.-S. ilder, ildr, Skr. 
dd/iar.] The gland of a female mam- 

_ mal in which milk is secreted. 

U-DOM'E-TER, ii. [Lat. udus, wet, 
moist, and Gr. (jLerpov, a measure.] 
A rain-gauge. 

&g'li-ness, n. 1. Want of beauty. 
2. Turpitude of mind. 3. Ill-na- 
ture ; crossness. 



tTG'LY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
egle, egele, troublesome, hateful.] 1. 
Offensive to the sight. 2. Ill-na- 
tured ; cross-grained. 

U-KASE', 11. [Russ. iikas, fr. Jcasatj, to 
show, say.] In Russia, an imperial 
order, having the force of law. 

tTL'^'ER, n. [Lat. ulcus, ulceris.] A 
continuous sore discharging pus. 

th/CER-ATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
become ulcerous. — v. t. [Lat. tdce- 



OR, DO,wpLF,TOO,TOOIij fjRN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; q,&,sojl; €,&,hard; A§; E£IST; N as ng; this 



ULCERATION 



454 



UNANSWERABLE 



rare, -ratum, fr. ulcus, ulcer.] To 
make ulcerous. 

UVcer-a'tion, n . 1. The forming 
of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. 

Bl'cer-ous, a. 1. Having the na- 
ture of an ulcer. 2. Affected with 
ulcers. 

U-liG'I-nous, a. [Lat. uliginosus, fr. 
uligo, moisture.] Oozy; slimy. 

tfo/LAGE, n. [Prob. fr. D. vullen, to 

ii fill.] What a cask wants of bein 
full. [the fore-arm.] 

UL'nar, a. Relating to the bones of 

Ul-TE'RI-OR, a. [Lat., compar. of id- 
ler, that is beyond.] 1. Situated 
beyond. 2. Remoter; more distant. 

tfl/Tl-MATE (45), a. [L. Lat. ultima- 
tus, last, extreme, fr. Lat. ultimus, 
furthest, last.] 1. Furthest; most re- 
mote. 2. Last in a train of progres- 
sion. 3. Incapable of further analysis. 

Syn.— See Final. 

fjL'TI-MATE , V. t. & i. [-ED ; -1NG.] 
To come or bring to an end. 

tjL'Tl-MATE-LY, adv. Finally. 

Ul'ti-ma'tum, n. [N. Lat.] A 
final proposition or condition. 

UL'TI-MO,n. [Lat. (sc. mense), in 
the last month.] The last month 
preceding the present. 

fjL'TRA, a. [Lat., fr. ulter, that is 
beyond or on the other side.] Dis- 
posed to go beyond others ; radical. 
— n. One who advocates extreme 
measures. 

tri/TRA-IsM, n. Principles of men 
who advocate extreme measures. 

E'L'TRA-IST, n. A radical. 

tjL/TRA-MA-RINE', a. [Lat. ultra, 
beyond, and marinus, marine.] Sit- 
uated or being beyond the sea. — n. 
[So called because it was originally 
brought/roTn beyond the sea, or from 
Asia.] A bluepigment. 

tjL'TRA-lVlON'TANE, a. [Lat. ultra, 
beyond, and montanus, belonging to 
a mountain.] Being beyond the 
mountains, or Alps. 

fjL'TRA-MON'TA-Ni.sM, n. The prin- 
ciples of those who maintain ex- 
treme views as to the Pope's su- 
premacy ; — so used by those living 
north of the Alps. 

fjL'U-LA'TION, n. [Lat. ululatio.] A 
howl, as of the wolf or dog. 

Om'BEL, «. [Lat. umbella, dim. of 
umbia. shade.] A kind of flower 
cluster, as in the carrot. 

fjM'BEL-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or 
having the form of, an umbel. 

fjM'BEL-LATE, ) a. Bearing um- 

Cm'bel-la'ted, ) bels; pertaining 
to, or resembling, an umbel. 

UM'BEL-LIF'ER-OIJR, a. [Lat. um- 
bella audferre, to bear.] Bearing 
umbels. 

Cm'BER, n. [From Umbria, in Italy, 
where it is said to have been first 
obtained.] An ocherous ore of iron, 
used as a pigment. 

Um-bil'I€, ) a. [Lat. umbilicus, 

Um-Bil'I€-al, i the navel.] Per- 
taining to the navel. 

fjM'BLEs (unVblz), n. pi. [See HUM- 



BLES and Nombles.] Entrails of 
a deer. 

fjM'BRAGE, n. [Lat. umbra, a shade.] 
1. Shade, or that which affords a 
shade. 2. Suspicion of injury ; 
offense ; resentment. 

UM-BRA'GEOtJS, a. [Lat. umbra, a 
shade.] 1. Forming a shade. 2. 
Shady; shaded. 

Um-bra'geous ness, n. State or 

, quality of being umbrageous. 

JflftjM-BREL'LA, n. [Lat. umbra, a 

shade. See Umbel.] A concave 

portable screen from the sun, or 

from rain or snow. 

fJM'Pl-RAGE, n. 1. Eight of an um- 
pire to decide. 2. Decision of an 
umpire. 

fJM'PlRE, n. [0. Eng. impier, um- 
pier, also nompeyr, fr. Fr. impair, 
nompair, uneven, i. e., a third.] A 
third person, to whose decision a 
controversy is referred. 
Syn.— See Judge. 

fjN. [A.-S. un, allied to Gr. av, a, 
Skr. an, a, Lat. in.] A negative 
prefix which may be attached at will 
to almost any English adjective, or 
participle used adjectively, while it 
is also attached to less numerous 
classes of nouns and verbs. As the 
former class of words is unlimited 
in extent, and such compounds may 
be formed by any writer or speaker 
from almost all the adjectives and 
participles in the language, very 
many of them will be omitted from 
this Dictionary, more especially such 
as are negations of the simple word, 
and are explained by prefixing a not 
to the latter ; also, derivatives of 
these words in ly and ness. A pretty 
full list of these words is subjoined. 

Un is prefixed to adjectives, or to 
words used adjectively; as, (1.) To ad- 
jectives, to denote the absence of the 
quality designated by the adjective : as, 
unaccordant, unalterable, unambitious, 
unanxious, vn appreciable, unapproach- 
able, unartificial, unattainable, unbear- 
able, unbroiherly, uncandid, uncanon- 
ical, unchangeable, uncheerful, unclassic- 
al, uncommercial, uncongenial, uncor- 
dial, uncourtly, indefinable, undemo- 
cratic, undesirable, undevout, undistin- 
gvishable, undutiful, unendurable, un- 
English, unenviable, uneventful, unfa- 
miliar, unfeminine, vnfraternal, unge- 
nial,ungenteel, ungentle, un gentlemanly, 
ungrammatical, unimportant uninhabit- 
able, unintelligible, unjustifiable, unking- 
ly, unmaidenly, unmanageable, unmeet, 
unmelodious, unmindjxd, unmotherly, 
unmusical, unobservant, unpardonable, 
unpatriotic, unphilanlhropic, unphilo- 
sophic, un poetic, unpronounceable, un- 
quenchable, unrational, unremvnerative, 
unromantic, unsalable, uncatis factory, 
unscholarly, unscientific, Unselfish, un- 
serviceable, un substantial, unsuspicious, 
untenable, unthankful, untidy, unrocal, 
unwarlike, unwatchful, unweary, unwel- 
come, unwomanly, unworldly, and the 
like. (2.) To past passive participles, to 
indicate the ahsence of the condition 
or state expressed by the participle ; as, 
unabated, unabridged, unaccented, una- 
dorned, unadulterated, unaided, unal- 
tered, unanswered, unappreciated, un- 
armed, unasked, unassisted, unattempted, 
unattended, unbaptized, unbiased, un- 
bleached, unbought, uncalled, unchanged, 



unchecked, uncircumcised, unclouded, 
uncompounded, unconjined, uncongealed, 
unconquered, unconstrained, uncultivat- 
ed, undecided, undefended, undefiled, 
undeserved, undesigned, undigested, un- 
diminished, undimmed, undisguised, un- 
disturbed, uneducated, unemployed, un- 
enlightened, unexhausted, unexplained, 
unexjjlored, unjathomed, unforeseen, un- 
Julfilled, unfurnished, unguarded, un- 
guessed, unharmed , unheeded, unhelped, 
unhonored, unimj/eached, uninclosed, 
uninhabited, uninspired, unleavened, un- 
lettered, unloved, unmarried, unmasked, 
unmatched, unmingled, unmitigated, un- 
mixed, unmoved, unnerved, unnoticed, 
unobserved, unobstructed, unornamented, 
unperceived, unpolished, unpracticed, 
unpremeditated, unprepared, unpro- 
tected, unprovoked, unpunished, unread, 
unreconciled, unrefined, unrelated, un- 
represented, unresisted, unrewarded, un- 
satisfied, unscathed, unsettled, unshared, 
unsheltered, unshod, unshorn, unskilled, 
unsolicitr,/, unsought, unstinted, unstud- 
ied, unsullied, unsurpassed, unsvsj ected, 
vntasted, untaught, unterrified, untried, 
untutored , unvaried, unwarranted, un- 
wedded, unwept, and the like. (3.) To 
present participles which come from 
intransitive verbs, or are themselves em- 
ployed as adjectives, to mark the ab- 
sence of the activity, disposition, or con- 
dition implied by the participle; as un- 
accommodating, unaspiring, unavailing, 
unblenching, uncalculating, unchanging, 
uncomplaining, unconsuming, unconvin- 
cing, undeserving, undiminisliing, undis- 
cerning, undoulting, unedifying, unenvy- 
ing, unfading, unfaltering, unflinching, 
ungrudging, unheeding, uninteresting, 
uninviting, unloving, unmoving, unob- 
serving, unoffending, unpi tying, unpleus- 
ing, unquestioning, unrejaning, unresist- 
ing, unresting, unsearching, unseeing, 
unshrinking, unsuspecting, unsympathiz- 
ing, unvarying, unwavering, and the like. 

Un-a'ble (-a'bl), a. Not able ; not 
having sufficient strength, knowl- 
edge, skill, or the like. 

tjN'AC-CEPT'A-BLE, a. Not accept- 
able ; not welcome : displeasing. 

fjN'A€-«6M'PLlSHjeD (-plisht), a. 1. 
Not performed. 2. Not refined by 
culture. 

thv'AC-eouNT'A-BLE, a. 1. Not re- 
sponsible. 2. Not to be accounted 
for ; inexplicable. 

thv'AC-COUNT'A-BLY, adv. In an un- 
accountable manner. 

TjN / AD-vTs'A-BLE, a. Not advisable; 
inexpedient. 

tjN'AD-vig£D', a. 1. Not advised; 
not discreet. 2. Rash ; inconsiderate. 

TJn'ad-vis'ed-ly, adv. Without due 
consideration. 

£n'af-fe€T'ed. a. 1. Not affected 
or moved. 2. Not affected or arti- 
ficial ; simple: natural. 

tWAF-FECT'ED-LY, adv. In an un- 
affected manner. [mixed ; pure. 

tjN'AL-LOY-ED', a. Not alloyed ; un- 

Un-A'mi-a-ble, a. Not amiable; un- 
lovely : ill-natured. 

IKna-nim'i-ty, n. Agreement in 
opinion or determination. 

U-NAN'I-MOtJS, a. [Lat. unanimus, 
fr. units, one, and animus, mind.] 1. 
Of one mind ; harmonious. 2- With 
the agreement of all. 

U-nXn'i-mous-ly, adv. In a unani- 
mous manner. 

Un-an'swer-a-ble (-ser-), «. Not an. 
. swerable ; not capable of refutation. 



A., E, i,o,u, y, long ,-X,E,I, 6, u, ¥, short; care, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 



UNANSWERABLY 



455 



UNDERMOST 



Un-Xn'swer-a-bly (-an'ser-), adv. 
In a manner Dot to be answered. 

Un-apt', a. Not apt; dull; unskill- 
ful ; unsuitable. [ner. 

UN-APT'LY, adv. In an unapt man- 
UN' as-sum'ing, a. Not assuming; 
not bold ; humble ; modest. 

Un'a-void'a-ble, a. 1. Incapable 
of being made null or void. 2. Ne- 
cessary ; inevitable. 

UVa-VOID'a-BLY, adv. Necessarily. 

tJN'A-WARE', a. Not aware ; without 
thought ; inattentive. 

thv'A-WARE', I adv. Without previ- 

fjN'A-WAREg', ( ous design or prep- 
aration ; suddenly. 

Un-BAR', v. t. To unfasten ; to open. 

UN'BE-eOM'lNG, a. Not becoming; 
unsuitable ; indecent ; indecorous. 

tTN'BE-KNOWN'f-non/), n. Unknown. 

Un/be-lief', «.. 1. Incredulity. 2. 
Skepticism ; infidelity. 
Syn. — See Di sbelief. 

Un / be-liev*er,»!. 1. An incredulous 
person. 2. A skeptic ; an infidel. 
Syn. — See Ixfidel. 

UN'be-liev'ing, a. 1. Incredulous. 
2. Infidel. 

Un-BEND', v. t. 1. To make straight. 

2. To set at ease for a time ; to relax. 

3. To unfasten from the yards and 
stays, as sails. 

UN-BEND'ING, p. a. 1. Not suffering 

flexure. 2. Unyielding , inflexible. 

UN-BIND', V. t. [-BOUND ; -BINDING.] 

To untie ; to loose. 

Un-blest', a. 1. Not blest. 2. 
Wretched; unhappy. 

Un-bolt', v. t. To remove a bolt 
from ; to open. 

Un-Born' (126), a. Not born ; still 
to appear ; future. 

Un-bq'som, v. t. To disclose freely ; 
to reveal in confidence. 

Un-bound'ed, a. Having no bound ; 
unlimited in extent ; infinite ; unre- 
strained. 

Un-braid', v. t. To undo, as a braid ; 
to disentangle. 

Un-bri'dled, p. a. Loosed, as from 
the bridle : unrestrained. 

Un-bur'den, v. t. 1. To relieve from 
a burden. 2. To throw off, as a bur- 
den. 

UN-CfiR'TATN,rc. 1. Not certain ; not 
positively known. 2. Not to be de- 
pended upon. 3. Not having certain 
knowledge. 4. Not sure of the direc- 
tion or the result. 

UN-CER'TAiN-TY, n. 1. Quality or 
state of being uncertain. 2. Some- 
thing unknown or undetermined. 

rpN-CHAIN', v. t. To free from chains 
or confinement. 

Un-char'i-ta-ble, a. Not charita- 
ble: severe in judging: censorious. 

Un-chaste', a. Not chaste : Jewd. 

UN-€HRls'TlAN(-krIst/.yan),a. 1. Not 
Christian : infidel. 2. Contrary to 
Christianity ; unbecoming a Chris- 
tian, [church. 

Un-church', v. t. To expel from a 

UN'cial (fin'shal), a. [Lat. uncialis, 
amounting to the 12th part of a 



pound or a foot, fr. uncia, an ounce, 
inch.] Pertaining to letters of a large 
size, compounded between the capital 
and smaller characters. — n. An un- 
cial letter. 

Un-civ'il, a. Not civil ; not courteous. 
Syn. — Uncourteous; impolite; rude. 

Un-ciVil-IzeD, a. Not civilized; 
not reclaimed from savage life. 

Un-civ'il-ly, adv. In an uncivil 
manner ; rudely. 

Un-€lAsp', v. t. To open or loose, as 
what is clasped. 

Un'€LE (urjk'l), a. [From Lat. avun- 
culus, a maternal uncle.] A father's 
or mother's brother. 

Un-ceean', a. 1. Not clean; foul; 
dirty. 2. Ceremonially or morally 
impure. 

UN-CLiNCH', v. t. To open, as the 
closed hand. [disclose. 

Un-close', v. t. 1. To open. 2. To 

L T N-€OM'FORT-A-BLE,rt. 1. Notcom- 
fortable : affording no comfort. 2. 
Giving uneasiness. 

Un-€6m'fort-a-bly, adv. In an 
uncomfortable manner. 

Un-€om'mon, a. Not common ; not 
usual ; hence , remarkable ; strange. 
Syn. — Hare; scarce; infrequent. 

Un-€OM'mon-ly, adv. In an uncom- 
mon manner or degree. 

Un-com'mon-ness (109), n. Rareness 
of occurrence ; infrequency. 

Un-coM'pro-mis'ing, a. Not admit- 
ting of compromise ; obstinate. 

Cn'GON-cErn', a. Want of concern ; 

^ freedom from solicitude. 

C'N^eoN-CERN.ED', a. Not concerned ; 
feeling no solicitude ; easy in mind. 

UN/CON-CERN'ED-EY, ««/v. In an un- 
concerned manner ; without anxiety. 

fjN'^ON-DI'TlON-AL (-dlsh'un-), a. 
Not conditional or limited ; absolute. 

Civgon-di'tion-al-ly (-disb/un-), 
adv. Without conditions. 

Un-€6n'scion-a-ble, af^L. Notcon- 
scionable ; unreasonable.^" 2. Enor- 
mous; vast. [sonably. 

Un-gon'scion-A-BLY, adv. Unrea- 

UN-GON'SCIOUS, a. 1. Not conscious ; 
not having consciousness. 2. Imper- 
ceptible. 

Un-con'scious-ly, adv. In an un- 
conscious manner. 

UN -eoN'scious-NESS, n. State of 
being unconscious. 

Un-gon'sti-tu'tion-al, a. Not 
agreeable to the constitution, or con- 
trary to it. 

UN/CON-VERT'ED, a. Not converted ; 
not regenerate ; sinful ; impenitent. 

Un-GOUP'LE, v. t. To set loose; to 
disjoin. [uncivil. 

Un-gourt'e-oOs, a. Not courteous ; 

Un-couth' (-kobthO, a. [A.-S. vn- 
rftdh, fr. vv, not. and tfldh, known.] 
Having awkward manners ; not 
pleasing in appearance. 

Syn. — Unfamiliar; strange; odd ; 
awkward; clumsy. 

Un-couth'ly, adv. In an uncouth 

manner. [oddness. 

Un-gouth'ness, n. Awkwardness ; 



Un-€6v'er (-kBVer), v. t. 1. To take 

the cover from ; to lay open. 2. To 

take off the hat or cap of. — v. i. To 

take off the hat. 
UNe'TION, n. [Lat. unctio,fv.ungere. 

to anoint.] 1. Act of anointing. 2. 

An ointment. 3. That quality which 

excites strong devotion ; religious 

fervor and tenderness. 
UNGT'u-os'l-TY. n. State or quality 

of being unctuous. 
Ungt'u-ous, a- [L. Lat. unctuosus, 

fr. Lat. unctus, an ointment.] Fat; 

oily ; greasy. 
Un-daunt'ed, a. Not daunted ; not 

to be subdued or depressed by fear. 

Syn. — Bold; fearless; brave ; intrepid. 

Un-deg'a-gon, n. [Lat. undecim, 
eleven, and Gr. ymvia. an angle.] A 
figure of eleven angles. 

UN'DE-CEIVE', v. t. To free from de- 
ception cheat, fallacy, or mistake. 

fjN/DE-Ni'A-BLE, a. Not deniable; 
palpably true ; obvious. 

Un'de-nI'a-bly, adv. In an unde- 
niable manner. 

UN'DER, prep. [A.-S. under, allied to 
Skr. antar.] 1. In a lower position 
with respect to ; beneath ; below. 2. 
In a state of subjection or inferiority. 
— adv. In a lower or subordinate 
condition. — a. Lower in rank or de- 
gree ; subject. [less than, 

tjN'DER-BiD', v. t. To bid or offer 

Un'der-brlsh, n. Shrubs and small 
trees growing beneath large trees. 

ttN'DER-GLOTHES (colloq. -kloz), tl. 
pi. Clothes worn under the others. 

UN'DER-euR'RENavi. A current be- 
low the surface of water. 

tjN'DER-DO', V. t. or i. [-DID ; -DONE ; 

-doing.]' To do less than is requi- 
site. 

Un/der-go', V. t. [-WENT ; -GONE ; 
-GOING.] To bear ; to pass through ; 
to suffer. 

tJN'DER-GRAD'U-ATE,n. A student 
in college, who has not taken his 
first degree. 

tj r N'DER-GROtiND, a. T.eing below 
the surfaceof the ground. 

Un'der-growtii, n. Shrubs or 
small trees growing among large 
trees. 

Un'der-hand, ) a. Secret ; clan- 

fjN'DER-HAND'ED, ) destine. 

UN'DER-LAY', V. t. [-LAID; -LAY- 
ING.] To lay beneath. 

UN'der-let', v. t. To let below the 
value, or at second hand. 

UN'DER-LIE', V. t. [^AY; -LAIN; 
-lying.] 1. To lie under. 2. To 
form the foundation of. — v. i. To 
lie belowor under. 

Un'der-line', v. t. To mark a lino 
below, as words. [or agent. 

Un'der-ling, n. An inferior person 

Un'der-mine', v. t. 1. To excavate 
the earth beneath ; to sap. 2. To 
remove the foundation or support of 
by clandestine means. [mines. 

UN'DER-JYlTN'ER, n. Onewho under- 

thv'DER-MOST, a. Lowest in place, 
rank, or state. 



6r,do,wolf,TOO,xo"C)KJ URN, rue, PULL; e, I, o, silent; C,G, soft; €,&,kard; Ag; E£IST; jasNG; thisl 



UNDERNEATH 



456 



UNGODLINESS 



Cn'DER-NEATH', or UVdER- 

NfiATH', adv. or prep. [A.-S. under, 
under, and neodhan, beneath, down- 
ward.] Beneath ; below. 
tfN'DER-PlN'NlNG, n. The stones on 

which a building rests. 
Un'der-plot, n, A subordinate 

plot ; a clandestine scheme. 

ttN'DER-RATE', v. I. To rate below 

the value ; to undervalue. [under. 

th^DER-RUN', v. t. To run or pass 

tjN'DER-scoRE', v. t. To draw a mark 

or line under. 
UNDERSELL', V. t. [-SOLD ; -SELL- 
ING.] To sell cheaper than. 
tJN'DER-SHOT, a. Moved by water 
passing beneath ; — said of a water- 
wheel. 
Un'der-sign' (-sin'), v. t. To write 

one's name at the foot or end of. 
On'der-stand', v. t. [-stood ; 
-standing.] 1. To have just and 
adequate ideas of; to apprehend the 
meaning of. 2. To have information 
of. 3. To suppose to mean. 4. To 
imply. 

Syn. — To comprehend. — To under- 
stand is simply to receive into the intel- 
lect; to comprehend, a subject is to em- 
brace it in all its relations and dependen- 
cies. It is easy to understand that there 
is a God, but impossible to comprehend 
the vastness of his existence, wisdom, 
and power. 

— v. i. I. To have the use of the in- 
tellectual faculties. 2. To be in- 
formed by another. 
thv'DER-sfAND'lNG, n. 1. An agree- 
ment of opinion or feeling. 2. Power 
to understand; intellectual faculty. 
Syn.— See Sense. 
Un'der-state', v. t. To state less 

strongly than the truth will bear. 
Ovn'der-strap'PER (110), n. An in- 
ferior agent. 
tjN'DER-TAKE', V. t. [-TOOK ; -TAK- 
EN ; -TAKING.] 1. To engage in ; 
to attempt. 2. To covenant or con- 
tract to perform. — v.i. To prom- 
ise ; to be bound. 
tTN'DER-TAK'ER, n. One who under- 
takes, especially one who takes the 
charge of funerals. 
fJN'DER-TAK'iNG, n. Any business 
or project whicli a person engages in. 
fJN'DER-TEN'ANT, ii. The tenant of 
a tenant. -[natetone. 

ttai'DER-TONE, n. A low or subordi- 
Cn'DER-to'ok', imp. of Undertake. 
Cn'der-tow, n. A current of water 

below, in a different direction. 
ftN'DER-VAL'UE, v. t. 1. To value 
below the real worth. 2. To esteem 
lightly ; to despise. 
t?N/DER-WENT', imp. of Undergo. 
Un'der-wood, n. Small trees that 

grow among larger ones. 
UN'DER-WORK' (-wurk'), «• *• 
[-WORKED, or -wrought; 
-working.] To do like work at 
a less price than, 
t?N'DER-WRlTE' (un'der-rlt'), v. t. 
[-WROTE ; -WRITTEN ; -WRITING.] 
1. To write under ; to subscribe. 2. 
To set one's name to, as a policy of 
insurance. 



t^N'DER-WRlT'ER (-rit'er, 110), n. An 

insurer. 
ttN'DE-siGN'lNG (-sm'-, or -zin'-), p. 

a. Sincere; upright; artless. 
Un-dine' (-deen'), n. [From Lat. ttn- 

da, a wave.] One of a class of fabled 

water-spirits. [plined ; raw. 

Un-dis'ci-plIn.ed, a. Not disci- 

UN-DO', V. t. [-DID ; -DONE ; -DO- 
ING.] 1, To reverse, as what has 
been done. 2. To loose ; to open ; to 
take to pieces. 3. To bring to pov- 
erty ; to ruin. 
Un-do'er, n. One who undoes. 
UN-DONE' (-dun'), p. p. of Undo. 
TJN-DOUBT'ED(-dout / -),a. Not doubt- 
ed ; indubitable ; indisputable. 
Un-doubt'ed-ly (-dout'-), adv. 

Without doubt ; indubitably. 
Un-dress', v. t. To divest of clothes ; 

to strip. 
fJN'DRESS, n. 1. A loose, negligent 
dress. 2. Authorized habitual dress 
of officers and soldiers, but not full 
uniform. 
Un-due', a. 1. Not due ; not yet ow- 
ing. 2. Not agreeable to a rule or 
standard, or to duty ; excessive. 
tfN'DU-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -1NG.] 
[From Lat. undula, a little wave.] To 
move backward and forward, or up 
and down, as waves. — v. i. To vi- 
brate ; to wave. • 
tfN'DU-LA'TlON, n. 1. A waving mo- 
tion or vibration. 2. A motion to 
and fro, up and down, or from side 
to side, in any fluid medium. 
fjN'DU-LA-TO-RY (50), a. Moving in 

the manner of waves. 
Un-du'ly, adv. In an undue man- 
ner ; excessively. 
Un-Earth', v. t. To drive or draw 

from the eavth ; to bring to light. 
UN-EARTH'LY, a. Not terrestrial ; su- 
pernatural ; preternatural. 
Un-ea'si-ly, adv. With uneasiness 

or pain. 
Un-ea'si-ness, n. Want of ease ; dis- 
quiet ; perturbation. 
Un-ea'sy, a. 1. Not easy ; restless; 
disturbed. 2. Not easy in manner ; 
stiff. 3. Cramping ; disagreeable. 
UN-END'ING, a. Everlasting ; eternal. 
Un-e'qual, a. 1. Not equal; not 
matched. 2. Not uniform ; not reg- 
ular, [different degrees. 
TJN-E'QUAL-LY, adv. Not equally ; in 
UN-ERR'JNG,a. 1. Incapable of er- 
ror. 2. Incapable of failure ; certain. 
Un-e'vjen, a. 1. Not even ; not lev- 
el ; rough. 2. Not of equal length. 
3. Not exactly divisible by two ; odd. 
Un-E'V£N-NESS (109), n. Quality of 

being uneven ; want of uniformity. 
tTN / EX-AM'PL.ED, a. Having no ex- 
ample ; without precedent. 
TJn/ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Not lia- 
ble to any exception or objection. 
Un'EX-CEP'tion-A-BLY, adv. In an 

unexceptionable manner. 
ttN'EX-PECT'ED, a. Not expected; 

coming without warning ; sudden. 
tfN'EX-PE€T'ED-LY. adv. Suddenly. 
UN-FAlL'lNG,p. a. Not failing ; not 
liable to fail. 



UN-FAIR'(4),a. Not fair; disingenu- 
ous ; dishonest ; partial. 

Un-fAir'ly, adv. In an unfair or 
unjust manner. 

Un-fAir'ness, n. State or quality of 
being unfair. 

Un-faith'ful, a. Not observant of 
promises, vows, allegiance, or duty. 
Syn.— Perfidious: treacherous; disloyal. 

Un-faith'ful-ly, adx\ In violation 
of promises, vows, or duty. 

Un-fAith'ful-ness, n. Quality of 
being unfaithful. 

Un-fas'T£N (-1'as'n), v. t. To loose; 
to unfix : to untie. 

Un-fath'om-a-ble, a. Not to be 
sounded with a line of ordinary 
length. 

Un-fa'vor-a-ble, a. Not favorable; 
not disposed or adapted to coun- 
tenance or support. 

Un-fa'vor-a-bly, adv. Unpropiti- 
ously ; unkindly. 

Un-feel'ing, a. 1. Void of sensibil- 
ity. 2. Hard-hearted. 

Un-fet'ter, v. t. 1. To loose from 
fetters. 2. To free from restraint. 

Un-fil'ial (-iil'yal), a. Unsuitable 
to a son or child ; undutiful. 

UN-FlN'iSHjBD (-iin'isht), a. Not fin- 
ished ; imperfect; incomplete. 

Un-f/t', a. Not fit ; unqualified; im- 
proper. 

Syn. — Unsuitable; inexpedient; in- 
competent. 

— v. t. [-ted; -ting.] 1. To make 
unsuitable. 2. To disqualify. 

Un-fit'ly, adv. Not properly ; un- 
suitably. 

Un-FJT'ness. v. Quality of being un- 
fit; want of suitable powers or quali- 
fications. 

Un-fold', v. t. 1. To open the folds 
of; to expand. 2. To lay open to view. 

Un-fort'u-nate, a. Not fortunate ; 
unlucky ; unhappy. 

UN fort'u-nate-ly, adv. In an 
unfortunate mam er. 

Un-found'ed, a. Having no founda- 
tion : baseless ; vain. 

Un-fre'Q_uent, a. Not frequent ; not 
happening often. 

Cn/fre-QUENT'ed^. Rarely visited. 

Un-friend'li-ness, ii. Quality of 
being unfriendly. 

Un-friend'ly, a. 1. Not friendly ; 
hostile. 2. Not favorable. 

Un-frtjit'ful, a. Not fruitful ; bar- 
ren ; unproductive. 

Un-frtjit'ful-ness, n. Barrenness ; 
unproductiveness. [state. 

Un-fOrl'. v. t. To loose from a furled 

UN-GAIN'LY, a. [A.-S. vngsegne, un- 
gengne, of no effect, vain.] Not ex- 
pert or dexterous ; awkward ; un- 
couth. 

Un-gen'er-ous, a. Not generous; 
illiberal ; igr;oble ; unkind. 

Un-GEN'er-oOs-ly, adv. In an un- 
generous manner. 

UN-&IRD', v. t. [-GIRDED, or -GIRT ; 
-girding.] To loose from a girdle 
or band ; to unbind. 

Un-god'li-ness, n. Impiety ; disre- 
gard of God and his commands. 



I, e, i, 6, u, y, long; X,£,I,6,u, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm ; s6n. 



UNGODLY 



457 



UNKNIT 



0"n~god'ly, a. Not godly ; wicked ; 
impious; sinful. 

5Jn-g6v'ern-a-ble . a. Not capable 
of being governed ; licentious ; wild 

}Jn-g6v'ern-a-bly, a. Without re- 
straint ; wildly. 

Un-GRACE'ful, a. Not graceful; 
wanting beauty and elegance ; awk- 
ward ■_ 

Un-GRACE'FUL-LY, adv. Awkwardly. 

Un-gra'cioOs, a. Not gracious ; 
without good-will ; offensive ; un- 
pleasing : unacceptable. 

Un-grate'ful, a. 1. Not grateful; 
not thankful. 2. Unpleasiug ; dis- 
agreeable. 

Un-g-rate'ful-ly, adv. In an un- 
grateful manner. 

UN'GUENT (-gwent), n. [Lat. unguen- 
tum, from unguere, to anoint.] A soft 
composition used as a topical remedy, 
as for sores, burns, &c. ; ointment. 

UN-GUIC'U-LATE, a. [From Lat. un- 
guiculus, dim. of unguis, a nail or 
claw.] Having claws. 

tJN'GU-LATE, a. [Lat. ungulatus, fr. 
ungula, a hoof.] 1. Shaped like a 
hoof. 2. Having hoofs. 

Un-hal'l5w, v. t. To profane. 

Un-hand'i-ly, adv. Awkwardly ; 
clumsily. 

UN-HAND'SOME (-han'sum), a. 1. 
Not handsome ; homely. 2. Unfair ; 
illiberal. 3- Uncivil ; impolite. 

Un-hand'some-l* (-han'suni-), adv. 
In an unhandsome manner. 

Un-hand'y, a. 1. Not handy; not 
dexterous ; awkward. 2. Not con- 
venient. 

Un-hap'pi-ly, adv. Unfortunately. 

Un-hap'pi-ness, n. State or quality 
of being unhappy. 

Un-h\P'PY, a. 1. Not happy ; un- 
fortunate : unlucky. 2. In a degree 

' miserable. 3. Marked by infelicity. 
Syn. — Distressed ; afflicted ; calam- 
itous ; wretched. 

fjN'HAR.-}l6'Ni-ous, a. Not harmo- 
nious ; inharmonious. 

Un-har'ness, v. t. 1. To strip of 
harness. 2. To disarm. 

UN-HE ALTH'FUL-NESS, n. Insalu- 
briousness; unwholesomeness. 

Un-health'I-ly, adv. In an un- 
healthy manner. 

Un-health'i-ness, n. Quality or 
condition of being unhealthy. 

Un-health'y,(i. 1. Wanting health ; 
unsound. 2. Unfavorable to the 
preservation of health. 3. Insalubri- 
ous : unwholesome. 4. Morbid. 

Un-heard', a 1. Not heard 2, 
Not known by fame : obscure. 

Un-hinge', v. t. 1. To take from the 
hinges. 2. To displace. 3. To ren- 
der unstable. [unholy. 

Un-ho'li-ness, n. Quality of being 

Un-ho'ly, a. Not holy; profane; 
wicked : impious. 

Un-horse', v. t. To throw from a 
horse ; to cause to dismount. 

Un-house', v. t. To dislodge; hence, 
to deprive of shelter. 

Un-hOrt', a. Not hurt; safe and 
sound. 




Unicorn (1). 



U'NI-€ORN.n. [Lat. 
unicornuus; unus, 
one, and cornu, a 
horn.] 1. A fabu- 
lous animal with 
one horn. 2. An 
animal of some un- 
known kind, so 
called in the Script- 

_ ures. 

U'Ni-FI-el'TION, n. 
Act of unifying, or 

_ state of being unified. 

U'Nl-FORM, a. [Lat. uniformis, from 
unus, one, and forma, form.] 1. 
Having always the same form, man- 
ner, or degree. 2. Conforming to 
one rule or mode. 3. Consistent with 
itself at all times. — n. A dress of 
the same kind, by which persons who 
belong to the same body are assimi- 

_ lated. 

U'ni-form'i-TY, n. 1. Resemblance 
to itself at all times. 2. Conformity 
to a pattern or rule. 3. Consistency : 
sameness. 4. Similitude between the 

_ parts of a whole. [tion. 

U'NI-FORM'LY, adv. Without varia- 

U'NI-FYT, V. t. [-ED; -ING,142.] [Lat. 
unus, one, and facere, to make.] To 
cause to be one ; to view as one. 

Un'iivi-peach'a-ble, a. Not to be 
impeached ; irreproachable. 

Un-in'ter-est-ed, a. 1. Not inter- 
ested ; having nothing at stake. 2. 
Not having the mind or the passions 
engaged. 

Un-in'ter-rupt'ed, a. Not inter- 

_ rupted : continuous. 

UN'ION (yun'yun), n. [Lat. unio, fr. 
unus, one.] 1. Act of uniting, or 
state of being united. 2. Agreement ; 
harmony. 3. Something formed by 
a combination of parts or members ; 
a consolidated body. 4. Upper and 
inner corner of an ensign. 

Syn. — Unity.— Union is the act of 
bringing two or more things together so 
as to make but one. Unity is a state of 
simple oneness, either of essence, as the 
unity of God, or of action, feeling:, &c, 
as unity of design, of affection, &e. Tlwis, 
we may speak of effecting a union of in- 
terests which shall result in a perfect 
unity of labor and interest in securing a 
given object. 

UN'lON-lST, v. A supporter of union, 
especially of a federal union, as that 

_ of the United States. 

UN'ION -jack, n. A small flag con- 
taining onlv the union. 

U-nip'a-rous, a. [Lat. tmus, one, and 
parere, to bring forth.] Producing 
one at a birth 

U-NIQUE' (yij-neek'), a. [Fr. ; Lat. 
unirus, from unus, one.] Without 
a like or equal ; unmatched. — n. 

_ Something unequaled. 

U'NI-SON, n. [Lat. units, one, and 
Sonus, a sound.] 1. Harmony ; 
agreement. 2. An accordance or 
coincidence of sounds. — a. 1. 
Sounding alone. 2. Sounded to- 
gether. 

U-Nis'o-NANCE, n. Accordance of 
sounds. 



U-Nls'O-NANT, ) a. [Lat. unus, one 

U-nis'O-nous, ) and sonans, sound- 

_ ing.] Being in unison. 

U'NIT, n. [Lat. unilum, from unus, 
one.]_ A single thing or person ; one. 

U'NI-TA'RI-AN, n. [From Lat. unitas, 
unity.] One who believes that God 
exists only in one person. — a. Per- 
taining to Unitarians, or to their 

_ doctrines. [Unitarians. 

U'nj-ta'RI-an-Ism, n. Doctrines of 

U-NITE', V. t. t-ED ; -ING.] [Lat 
unire, -itum, from unus, one.] 1. To 
put together or join, as two or more 
constituents ; to cause to adhere. 2 . 
To join by a legal or moral bond. — 
v. i. 1. To become one ; to coalesce. 
2. To act in concert. 

U-nit'ed-ly, adv. With union. 

U'NI-TY, n. [Lat. unitus, from unus, 
one.] 1. State of being one. 2. 
Agreement ; uniformity. 3. Any defi- 
nite quantity, or aggregate of quan- 
tities or magnitudes, taken as one. 
4. One o* the principles by which a 
uniform tenor of story and propriety 
of representation are preserved. 5. 
A combination of parts such as con- 

_ stitutes a kind of symmetry of style. 

U'ni-valve, n. A mollusk whose 

_ shell is composed of a single piece. 

U'NI-VALVE, ) n. [Lat., unus, 

U'NI-VALVED, J one, and valva, 

U'ni-valv'u-lar, ) a valve.] Hav- 

_ ing one valve only. 

U'NI-VER3'AL, a. 1. Unlimited. .2. 
Total ; whole. 3. Comprising all the 

_ particulars. 

U'ni-vErs'al-'ism, n. Belief that all 
_men will be saved. 

U'ni-vers'al-ist, n. One who holds 

_ that all men will be saved. 

U'NI-VER-sal'1-ty, n. State or qual- 

_ ity of being universal. 

U'ni-vers'al-ly, adv. With exten- 

_ sion to the whole. 

U'NI-VERSE, n. [Lat. universum, fr 
unus, one, and vertere, to turn, i. e., 
combined into one whole.] All cre- 
ated things viewed as constituting 

_ one system or whole ; the world. 

U'NI-VER'SI-TY. n. [Lat. universitas, 
from universus, universal.] A uni- 
versal school, in which are taught 
all branches of learning, or theology, 
medicine, law, and the sciences and 
arts. 

U-NiVo-eAL, a. [Lat. univocus, fr. 
units, one, and vox, a voice, word.] 

1. Having one meaning only. 2. 
Having unison of sound. 

Un-jDst', a. 1. Acting contrary to 
the standard of right established by 
the divine law. 2. Contrary to jus tieo 
and right. [ner. 

Un-jOst'ly, adv. Tn an unjust man., 

Un-kind', a. Wanting in kindness; 
cruel ; harsh. 

UN-KlND'LY,n. 1. Not kind ; unkind. 

2. Unnatural. 3. Unfavorable. — 
adv. 1. In an unkindly manner; 
without affection ; cruelly. 2. Un- 
naturally, [unkind. 

Un-kind'ness, n. Quality of being 
Un-knIt' (-nitf, 109), v. t. [-knit, 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, SOOtt; fjRN, rue, PULL,; -E, I, O, silent ; C, &,soft; €, G, hard; Ag\ EXIST ; jfajNft; THIS. 



UNLACE 



458 



UNSHIP 



Or -KNITTED ; -KNITTING.] To 
separate, as threads that are kuit. 

Un-lace', v. t. 1. To loose from 
lacing. 2. To loose the dress of. 

Un-LADE', V. t. [-LADED; -LADED, 
-LADEN ; -LADING.] To unload ; to 
discharge. [the latch. 

Un-latch', v. i. To open by lifting 

Un-law'ful, a. Not lawful ; illegal. 

Bn-laWful-LY, adv. In violation 
of law or right; illegally. 

Un-law'ful-ness, n. Contrariety 
to law ; illegality. 

Un-learn'ed, a. 1. Ignorant ; illit- 
erate. 2. Not gained by study. 3. 
Not suitable to a learned man. 

Un-less', conj. [Prefix vn and less.] 
Knot; supposing that not. 

Syn. —Except— Except and unless 
were formerly confounded, as, " I will 
not let thee go except thou bless me." In 
present usage, except has always refer- 
ence to some general fact, rule, &c, of 
which the speaker goes on to state an 
" exception," as, " none can enter except 
by permission." Unless has reference to 
some result as affected by our taking 
a.waij or setting aside some specified 
thing, as, "Unless we eat, we shall die ; " 
that is, if we take away the fact or sup- 
position of our eating, the certain result 
is death. 

Un-like', a. Not like ; dissimilar ; 
diverse. 

UN-LlKE'LY, a. 1. Not likely ; im- 
probable. 2. Likely to fail ; unprom- 
ising. — adv. Improbably. 

Un-like'ness, v. Want of resem- 
blance : dissimilitude. [ber from . 

Un-LIM'ber, r. t. To detach the liin- 

Un-LIM'it-ed, a. 1. Boundless. 2. 
Undefined ; indefinite. 3. Not re- 
strained, [to disburden. 

UN-LOAD', v. t. To take the load from ; 

UN-LOCK', v. t. To open, in general ; 
to lay open. fliness. 

UN-LOVE'Lt-NESS, n. Want of love- 

UN-LOVE'LY, a. Destitute of the 
qualities which attract love ; disa- 
greeable. 

Un-lOck'I-ly, adv. In an unlucky 
manner. 

Un-lOck'I-NESS, n. A being unlucky. 

UN-LUCK'Y, a. 1. Not lucky; un- 
fortunate ; not successful. 2. In- 
auspicious. 

UN-MAKE', V. t. [-MADE ; -MAKING.] 
To destroy the form and qualities of; 
to deprive of being. 

UN-MAN', r. .J. [-NED; -NING.] 1. 
To emasculate. 2. To deprive of 
courage and fortitude. 3. To de- 
prive of men. 

Un-matv'ly, a. 1. Unsuitable to a 
man; effeminate. 2. Not worthy of 
a noble mind. 

Un-man'ner-ly, a. Not mannerly ; 
ill-bred ; rude in behavior. 

Un-mAsk'. r. t. To strip of a mask r or 
of any disguise. 

Un-mea\'ing, a. 1. Destitute of 
meaning or signification. 2. Not in- 
dicating intelligence. 

Un-mEr'CI-ful, a. Not merciful ; 
cruel ; inhuman. 

Un-mer'ci-ful-ly, adv. Without 
mercy or tenderness ; cruelly. 



UN'MIS-tak'a-ble, a. Incapable of | 
being mistaken or misunderstood. 

UN-MOOR', v. t. 1. To cause to ride 
with a single anchor. 2. To loose 
from anchorage. [muzzle from. 

Un-mDz'zle, v. t. To remove a 

Un-NAT'U-RAL (109), a. Not natural -, 
contrary to the laws of nature or to 
natural feelings. 

Un-nXt'u-ral-LY, adv. In an un- 
natural manner. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. Without 
necessity ; needlessly. 

Un-NEC'es-sa-ry, a. Not necessary ; 
not required by the circumstances 
of the case ; needless. 

Un-neigh'bor-ly (-na'bur-), a. Not 
suitable to the duties of a neighbor. 

Un-n£rve' (109), v. t. To deprive of 
nerve or force ; to enfeeble. 

Un-os'ten-ta'tioOs, a. Not osten- 
tatious ; not making show and pa- 
rade ; modest. [packed. 

UN-PACK', v. t. To open, as thing3 

Un-pal'at-a-ble, a. Not palatable ; 
offensive to the taste ; nauseous. 

Un-par'al-leled, a. Having no 
parallel ; unequal ; unmatched. 

Un-par'lia-MENt'a-ry, a. Con- 
trary to the rules or usages of par- 
liament or of legislative bodies. 

Un-pin', v. t. To unfasten, as what 
is held together by pins. [pleasing. 

Un-pleas'ant, a. Not pleasant ; dis- 

Un-FLEAS'ANT-LY, adv. In an un- 
pleasant manner. 

Un-pleas'ant-ness, n. State or 
quality of being unpleasant. 

Un-pop'u-lar, a. Not popular ; not 
having the public favor ; disliked by 
the people. [unpopular. 

Un-poP'u-lXr'i-ty, n. State of being 

Un-prec'e-dent-ed, a. Having no 
precedent or example ; novel ; new. 

Un-prej'u-dioed ( dist-), a. Not 
prejudiced ; free from undue bias or 
prepossession : impartial. 

Gn'pre-tend'ing, a. Making no 
pretense ; modest. 

UN-PRiN'ci-PLED.a. Having no good 
moral principles: profligate. 

fJN/pRO-DUCTiVE, a. 1. Not pro- 
ductive ; barren. 2. Not producing 
profit or interest, as capital. 3. Not 
producing any effect. 

Un-prof'it-a-ble, a. Bringing no 
profit ; useless. 

Un-pr5f'it-A-bly, adv. Without 
profit or gain ; without any good ef- 
fect or advantage. 

UN-PRdM'is-iNG, a. Not affording a 
favorable prospect of success or good. 

Un-pros'per-oOs, a. Not prosper- 
ous; unfortunate. 

Un-qualT-fi ed, a. 1. Not qualified ; 
not having the requisite talents o* 
accomplishments. 2. Not having 
taken the requisite oath. 3. Not 
modified ; absolute ; unconditional. 

Un-ques'tion-a-ble, a. Not to be 
questioned or doubted ; indubitable ; 
certain. [doubt. I 

Un-Qu£s'TION-a-bly, adv. Without 

UN-QUI'ET, a. Not quiet ; restless ; 
uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. 



Un-rav'el (137), v. t. 1. To disen 
tangle. 2. To unfold ; to solve. 3 
To throw iuto di- order ; to confuse. 

Un-read'Y, a. Not ready or pre- 
pared ; awkward ; clumsy. 

UN-RE'AL,rt. Not real ; unsubstantial. 

Un-rea'son-a-ble (-rS'zn-), a. 1. 
Exceeding the bounds tw reason. 2. 
Immoderate ; exorbitart ; inordinate. 

Un-re a's on-a -BEE-NESS, n. State or 
quaHtylof being unreasonable. 

Un-rea'son-A-bly, adv. In an un- 
reasonable manner. 

UN're-mIt'ting, a. Not relaxing for 
a time ; incessant. 

Un're-s£rv.ed', a. 1. Not reserved or 
retained. 2. Not withheld in part ; 
full ; entire. 3. Free ; open ; frank! 

Un-rEst', n. Want of rest or repose. 

Un-ri'd'dle, v. t. To solve or explain. 

Un-r"ight'eoOs (-rl'chus) a. 1. Not 
righteous ; evil ; wicked. 2. Contrary 
to law and equity. 

Un-right'eoOs-ness f-rT'ehus-), n. 
Quality of being unrighteous. 

Un-rIpe', a. Not ripe ; not mature. 

Un-roll', v. t. To open, as what is 
rolled or convolved. 

Un-rDf'fled. a. Not ruffled ; calm ; 
tranquil ; quiet. 

Un-ru'ly, a. Disregarding restraint ; 
disposed to violate law. 

Syn.— Ungovernable; licentious; tur- 
bulent; refractory. 

Un-sad'dle, v. t. 1. To take the 
saddle from. 2. To throw from the 
saddle. 

Un-safe', a. Not safe ; dangerous ; 
perilous ; hazardous. 

Un-sa'vor-y, a. Not savory ; taste- 
less; insipid. 

UN-SAY', V. t. [-SAID ; -saying.] To 
recant or recall ; to retract. 

Un-S€REW (-skrp/), v. t. To draw 
the screws from. 

Un-S€RU'pu-lous, a. Having no 
scruples ; unprincipled. 

Un-seal', v. t. To break the seal of; 
to open, as what is sealed. 

Un-s£arch'a-ble, a. Not search- 
able ; inscrutable ; mysterious. 

Un-sea'son-a-ble, a. 1. Not in the 
proper season or time. 2. Not suited 
to the time or occasion. 

Un-sea'son-a-bly, adv. Not sea- 
sonably ; not in due time. 

Un-seat', v. t. To throw from, or 
deprive of, a seat. 

Un-sea'worth-y (-wfir'fM), a. Not 
fit for a sea voyage. * [coming. 

Un-SEEM'ly, a. Not seemly or be- 

IT>: sfen', a. Not reen ; invisible. 

Un-set'tle, v. t. To move or loosen 
from a fix^d state ; to unfix. 

Syn.— To disconcert; displace; re- 
move; confuse; disorder. 
— v. i. To become unfixe 1. 

Un-shack'le (-shak'l). v. t. Tolooso 
from shackles or restraint. 

Un-sheathe', v. t. To draw from 
the sheath or scabbard, as a sword. 

Un-ship', v. t. 1. To take out of a 
ship. 2. To remove, as any part or 
implement, from the place where it 
is fitted. 



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UNSIGHTLY 



459 



UPTURN 



Un-sight'ly (-sit'-), a. Not sightly ; 
disagreeable to the eye ; ugly. 

Un-skill'ful, i a. Not skillful ; 

Un-skil'ful, ( clumsy ; bungling. 

UN-SKILL'FUL-NESS, I n. Awkward- 

Un-skil'fitl-ness, ) ness. 

Un-so'CIA-ble (-s5'sha-bl), a. Not 
sociable ; averse to society ; reserved. 

Un-so'cia-bly, adv. In an unsocia- 
ble manner. 

TJn-sound', a. 1. Not sound ; defec- 
tive. 2. Infirm ; sickly. 3. Not 
orthodox. 4. Not close ; not com- 
pact. 5. Erroneous ; deceitful. 

Un-sound'ness, n. Quality or state 
of being unsound. [al ; profuse. 

UN-SPAR'ING, a. Not sparing ; liber- 

Un-speak'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being uttered. 

Syx. — Inexpressible ; unutterable ; 
ineffable. 

Un-speak'a-bly, adv. Inexpressibly. 

Un-spot'ted, a. Not spotted; free 
from moral stain ; immaculate. 

Un-stead'i-ly, adv. In an unsteady 
manner. 

Un-STEAE"I-ness, n. Inconstancy ; 
want of firmness ; irresolution. 

Un-stead'y, a. Not steady ; not 
constant ; mutable. 

Un-stop', v. t. To free from a stop- 
ple or from obstruction ; to open. 

Un-strIng', v. t. [-strung; 
-STRINGING.] 1. To deprive of 
strings. 2. To loosen. 3. To take 
from a string. 

Un'suc-cess'ful, a. Not successful ; 
notfortunate ; unhappy. 

Un-suit'a-ble, a. 1. Not suitable; 
unfit. 2. Unbecoming; improper. 

Un-TAN'gle, v. t. To disentangle. 

UN-TEACH', V. t. [-TAUGHT ; p. pr. 
-TEACHING.] To cause to forget, 
as what has been taught. 

Un-think'ing, a. Thoughtless. 

Un-thread', v. t. To take out a 
thread from. 

UN-TIE', v. t. [-TIED; -TYING.] To 
loosen, as a knot ; to free from any 
fastening ; to unbind. 

UN-TIL', prep. § conj. [Goth, und, 
unte. See TILL.] To ; till ; as far as. 

Un-time'ly, a. Not timely ; prema- 
ture ; unseasonable. 

T$N'TO,prep. [Goth. unte. See UN- 
TILjmd TO.] To. See To. 

Un-told', a. 1. Not told; not re- 
lated. 2. Not counted. 

Un-to'ward, a. 1. Froward ; per- 
verse. 2. Awkward ; ungraceful. 

Un-to'ward-ly, adv. Perversely. — 
a. Perverse ; froward ; awkward. 

Un-to'ward-ness, n. Perverseness. 

Un-trav'eled, ( a. 1. Not trav- 

Un- TRAVELLED, I .-led : not trod- 
den by passengers. 2. Having never 
seen foreign countries. 

UN- TRUE', a. 1. Not true ; false. 2. 
Inconstant ; false : disloyal. 

Un-tru'ly, adv. Not truly ; falsely. 

Un-truth', n. 1. Contrariety to 
truth; falsehood: want of veracity. 
2. A false assertion. 

UN-twine', v. t. To separate, as 
that which winds or clasps. 



Un-twIst', v. t. or i. To separate 
and open, as threads twisted. 

Un-U'§u-al (-yu'zhu-), a. Not usual ; 
uncommon ; rare. 

Un-u'su-al-ly (-yu/zhu-), adv. Not 
commonly ; rarely. 

Un-Ot'ter-a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being uttered ; inexpressible. 

UN- vail', v. t. To remove a vail from. 

Un-var'nishjbd (-var'nisht), a. 1. 
Not overlaid with varnish. 2. Not 
artfully embellished ; plain. 

Un-v^il', v.t. To remove a veil from ; 
to uncover. 

Un-wa'ri-ly (89), adv. In an un- 
wary or careless manner ; heedlessly. 

Un-wa'ri-ness, n. Carelessness ; 
heedlessness. 

Un-war'rant-A-BLE (-wor'rant-). a. 
Indefensible ; not justifiable ; ille- 
gal ; improper. 

Un-wa'ry (89), a. Not vigilant against 
danger ; not cautious. 

Un-wea'ri.ed (89), a. Not wearied 
or persistent ; indefatigable. 

UN- well', a. Not in good health ; 
somewhat ill. 

Un-whole'some (-hoFsum), a. Not 
wholesome ; unfavorable to health. 

Un-wield'y, a. Unmanageable ; 
bulky ; ponderous. 

Un-will'ing, a. Not willing ; disin- 
clined ; reluctant. 

Un-wIll'ing-ly, adv. In an un- 
willing manner ; reluctantly. 

Un-wTll'ing-ness, n. Disinclina- 
tion; reluctance. 

Un-wind', v. t. [-wound ; -wind- 
ing.] 1. To wind off. 2. To disen- 
tangle. — v. i. To be capable of be- 
ing unwound. 

UN-wigE', a. Not wise; defective in 
wisdom ; indiscreet. [manner. 

UN-WISE'LY, adv. In an unwise 

Un-wit'ting-ly, adv. Without con- 
sciousness ; ignorantly. 

UN-WONT'ED(-wfint'-), a. 1. Unac- 
customed : unused. 2. Unusual ; 
infrequent ; rare. 

Un-wor'thi-ly (-wuVthi-), adv. 
Notaccdrding to desert. 

Un-wor'thi-ness (-wur'thi-), n. 
Want of worth or merit. 

Un-wor'thy (-wfir'-), a. 1. Not wor- 
thy ; undeserving ; wanting merit. 2. 
Worthless ; base. 3. Unbecoming. 

Un-wrap' (-rapO, v. t. To open, as 
what is wrapped. 

Un-writ't.en (-rTt'tn), a. 1. Not 
written ; verbal. 2. Blank. 

Un-yield'ing, a. Not yielding; 
stiffj firm ; obstinate. 

TIn-yoke', v. t. To loose from a voke. 

UP, adv. [A.-S.] Aloft; on high; 
toward or in a higher place; in a 
higher position ; above. — n. A state 
of elevation or prosperity. — prep. 
From a lower to a higher place ; on 

_ or along : at the top of. 

U'PAS, n. [Malay, upas, poison.] An 
East Indian tree, the secretions of 
which are poisonous. 

UP-BEAR', v. t. [-BORE ; -BORNE ; 
-BEARING.] To bear up ; to raise 
aloft. 



UP-BRAID', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-8L 
upgebredan, to upbraid, reproach, 
from up, up, and gebredan, bredan, 
to braid, twist.] 1. To charge with 
something wrong or disgraceful. 2. 
To reprove severely. 

Syn. — To reproach; blame; censure. 

Up-braid'er, n. One who upbraids. 

Up-heav'al, n. Act of upheaving. 

Up-heave', v. t. To heave up from 
beneath. [cult. 

Up'hill, a. 1. Ascending. 2. Diffi- 

Up-hold', v. t. [-held ; -holding.] 
1. To lift on high. 2. To support ; 
to maintain. 3. To countenance. 

Up-hold'er, n. One who, or tnat 
which, upholds. 

Up-hol'ster, v. t. To cover anew 
andrepair, as furniture. 

Up-hol'ster-er (20), n. [A corrup- 
tion of upholder, and formerly also 
written upholster, upholdster.] One 
who furnishes houses with furniture, 
beds, curtains, &c. 

Up-hol'ster-y (20), n. Furniture 
supplied by upholsterers. 

fjP'LAND, n. High land ; ground ele- 
vated above meadows and intervals. 

— a. 1. High in situation. 2. Per- 
taining to uplands. 

UP-LiFT', v. t. To lift or raise aloft. 
UP-ON',prf;?. [From up and on.] On; 

— in all the senses of that word. 
UP'PER, a. ; comp. of Uv. [A.-S. 

ufor, higher, fr. ufa, above.] Fur- 
ther up, literally or figuratively ; 
higher in situation ; superior. 

ttP'PER-MOST, a. Highest in situa- 
tion, position, rank, or power, &c. 

fjP'PiSH, a. [From up.] Proud ; ar- 
rogant ; putting on airs. 

Up-raise', I v. t. To raise; to lift 

Up-rear', ( up. 

Up'right (Qp'rTt). a. 1. In an erect 
position ; perpendicular. 2. Adher- 
ing or conformable to rectitude ; 
honest ; just. — n. Something stand- 

w ing erect, [right manner. 

fjp'RlGHT-LY (-rlt-), adv. In an up- 

€ r P'RIGHT-NESS (-rit-), n. 1. Perpen- 
dicular erection ; erectness. 2. In- 
tegrity ; honesty. 

Up-rise', v. i. [-rose; -risen; 

^ -rising.] To rise up ; to get up. 

C'P'ROAR, n. [D. uproer, fr. op, upp, 
up, and D. roeren, A.-S. hrcran, to 
stir.] Great tumult ; bustle and 
clamor. 

UP-ROAR'l-ous, a. Making, or ac- 
companied by, a great uproar. 

UP-ROOT', v. t. To tear up by tho 
roots ; to eradicate. 

Up-ROUSE', v. t. To rouse from sleep. 

UP-SET'"^ V. t. [-SET ; -SETTING.] 
To overturn or overthrow. 

tfp'SET, n. An overturn. [sion. 

fjp'SHOT, n. Final issue ; conclu- 

tJP'siDE,n. The upper side ; the part 
that is uppermost. [ly. 

Up-START',i>. i. To spring up sudden- 

UP'START, n. One suddenly arisen 
from low life to wealth, power, or 
honor. 

Up-turn', v. t. To direct upward ; to 
throw up 



6r.do,wqlf, TOO, TOOK; urn, rue, PULL; E, I, O, silent ; $,Gr,soft; €,5, hard,- A£; EpsT; N. as ng ; this. 



UPWARD 



460 



UTOPIA 



OP'ward, a. Directed to a higher 
place. 

UP'WARD, ) adv. 1. Toward a high - 

UP'WARDg, ) er place ; toward the 
source. 2. In the upper parts. 3. 
Yet more, indefinitely. 

U-RA'NI-UM, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. 
ovpavos, heaven, or from Uranus, 
the planet.] A metal of a reddish- 

_ brown color. 

U'RA-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ovpavo- 
ypatj>Ca ; ovpavos, heaven, and ypd- 
(peiv, to describe.] A description of 

_ the heavens. 

U'RA-NOL'O-GY, 11. [Gr. ovpavos, 
heaven, and Aoyos, discourse.] A 
treatise on the heavens and the 

_ heavenly bodies. 

U'RA-NUS,n. [Lat., the father of 
Saturn.] One of the primary planets. 

Or'BAN, a. [Lat. urbanus, fr. urbs, a 
city.] Belonging to a city. 

UR-BANE', a. [See supra.] Courteous 
in manners ; polite ; refined. 

Ur-BAN'I-ty, ii. Civility or courtesy 
of manners. 
Syn. — Politeness ; affability ; courtesy. 

Or'CHIN, n. [0. Eng. hirchen, Fr. 
hcrisson, 0. Fr. erigon, iregon, from 
Lat. ericius, equiv. to erinaceus.] 1. 
A hedgehog. 2. A child ; a pert or 
rough little fellow. 

U-RE'TER, n. [N. Lat., fr. Gr. ovprj- 
Tr\p, same as ovpr)6pa, the passage of 
the urine.] One of the excretory 
ducts of the kidney. 

U-RE'THRA, n. [Gr. ovprjOpa, fr. ov- 
pelv, to make water.] Canal by which 
the urine is discharged. [urethra. 

U-RE'THRAL, a. Pertaining to the 

Urge, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. ur- 
gere.] 1. To press ; to push ; to force 
onward. 2. To ply with motives, ar- 
guments, or persuasion. 3. To follow 
closely. 4. To press upon attention. 
Syn. — To incite; impel; instigate; 
stimulate; encourage. 

UR'GEN-CY, n. 1. Earnest solicita- 
tion. 2. Pressure of necessity. 

UR'GENT, a. [Lat. urgens.] Urging; 
pressing : besetting. [manner. 

UR'GENT-LY, adv. Tn an urgent 

U'RIM, n. [Ileb. vrim, pi. of ur, 
flame, fire.] A part of the breast- 
plate of the high-priest among the 

_ ancient Jews. [urine. 

U'RIN-AL, ii. A vessel for containing 

U'RIN-A-RY, a. Pertaining to urine. 

U'RIN-ATE, v. i. To discharge urine. 

"O'RIN-A/TiVE, a. Provoking the flow 

>. of urine. 

CJ'RIN-A'TOR, n. [Lat., from urinari, 

_ to plunge under water.] A diver. 

U'rIne, n. [Lat. urina, Gr. ovpov. 
allied to Skr. van', water,] The fluid 
secreted by the kidneys. 

URN, n. [Lat. urna.] A vessel of va- 
rious forms, usually largest iu the 
middle, employed for different pur- 
poses. — v. t. To inclose in an urn. 

Cr'si-form, a. [Lat. ur.ms, a bear, 
and, forma, form.] In the shape of 
a bear. 

UR'SINE, a. [Lat. icrsinus, fr. vrsus, a 
bear.] Relating to, or like, a bear. 



UR'SU-LiNE, n. One of an order of 
nuns, so called from St. Ursula. 

Os, pron. pi. [A.-S. us.] Objective 

_ case of We. 

Us/A-BLE, a. Capable of being used. 

Us/AGE, n. [L. Lat. usagium, from 
Lat. usus, use, usage.] 1. Act or 
mode of using ; treatment. 2. Long- 
continued practice ; habitual use. 
3. Customary use, as of a word in 

_ a particular sense. 

Ug'ANCE, n. Time allowed in certain 
countries for the payment of a bill 

_ of exchange. 

Use, 11. [Lat. usus, from uti, to use.] 
1. Act of employing any thing ; ap • 
plication ; employment. 2. Occa- 
sion to employ. 3. Usefulness ; util- 
ity. 4. Customary employment ; 

_ usage ; custom. 

U§E (VJJZ), V. t. [-EDJ-iNG.] [Lat. 
uti, usus, to use.] 1. To make use 
of; to put to a purpose. 2. To be- 
have toward ; to treat. 3. To prac- 
tice customarily. 4. To habituate. 

Syn.— Employ.— We use a thing, 
when we derive from it some enjoyment 
or service. "We employ it when we turn 
that service into a particular channel. 
"We use words to express our general 
meaning; we employ certain technical 
terms in reference to a given subject. 

Use'fi.jl,, a. Producing good ; bene- 

_ ficial ; profitable. 

USE'FUL-LY, adv. In auseful manner. 

Use'ful-ness, ii. State or quality of 
being useful. 

Syn. — See Utility. 

Use'less, a. Having no use; un- 
serviceable ; answering no valuable 
purpose. 

Syn. — Fruitless ; ineffectual. —"We 
speak of an attempt, &c., ns useless when 
there are in it inherent difficulties which 
forbid the hope of success; us fruitless 
when it fails, not from any such'difficul- 
ties, but from some unexpected hin- 
drance or calamity arising to frustrate it. 
It is useless to attempt any thing without 
adequate means; and even when we do 
possess them, our efforts are often fruit- 
less. Ineffectual nearly resembles fruit- 
less, but implies a failure of a less hope- 
less character; as, after several ineffect- 
ual efforts, I at last succeeded. 

Use'less-ly, adv. Without profit. 

Use'less-ness, n. State or quality 

_ of being useless. 

Us'ER, n. One who uses. 

Csh'er, n. [From 0. Fr. tw, uis, a 
door.] 1. An officer whose business it 
is to introduce strangers, &c. 2. An 
assistant to the preceptor of a school. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To introduce, 
as an usher or forerunner ; to fore- 
run. 

fjs'QUE-BAUGH (-baw), w. [Ir. uisge 
beatha, I. e., water of life.] A kind 
of yvhiskey. 

fJST'ION (ust'yun), n. [Lat. ustio, fr. 
urere, to burn.] Act of burning ; 

_ state of being burned. 

Us'U-AL (yu/zhjj-), a. [Lat. usualis.] 
Such as occurs in ordinary practice ; 
customary; ordinary; frequent. 

tJg'u-AL-LY (yu'zhjj-), adv. Common- 
ly ; customarily ; ordinarily. 

U'su-eXP'TION, n. [Lat. usucaptre, 



usucaptum, to acquire by long use ; 
mam, by use, and capere, to take.] 
Acquisition of the title or right to 
property by undisputed possession of 

_ it for a certain term. 

U'su-FRO€T, n. [Lat. usufructus, fr. 
usus, use, tmdfructus, fruit.] Right 
of using and enjoying the profits of a 
thing belonging to another, without 

_ impairing the substance. 

U/su-FuueT'u-A-RY , n. A person who 
has the use of property and reaps 
the profits of it. — a. Of, or per- 
taining to, or being in the nature of, 

_ a usufruct. 

Ug'u-RER (yu/zhu-),?!. One who lends 
money at a rate of interest beyond 
that established by law. 

U-su'ri-ous (-zhu'ri-), a. 1. Practi- 
cing usury. 2. Partaking of usury. 

U-sOrp', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
vsurpare, contr. fr. usurapere, i. e., 
to seize to one's own use, from usus, 
use, and rapere, to seize.] To seize 
and hold in possession by force or 

_ without right. 

U'sur-pa'tion, n. Act of usurping, 
or state of being usurped. 

U-sURP'ER, n. One who usurps. 

U'§U-RY (yu/zhu-), 11. [Lat. usura, fr. 
uti, to use.] 1. Interest, or practice 
of taking interest. [Obs.] 2. Ille- 
gal interest. 

U-ten'sil(113), n. [Lat. ustensile, fr. 
uti, usus, to use.] An instrument or 
vessel used in domestic and farming 

_ business. 

U'TER-lNE, a. [Lat. uterinus ; uterus, 
the womb.] 1. Pertaining to the 
womb. 2. Born of the same mother, 
but by adifferent father. 

U-TiL/i-TA'Ri-AN (89), a. Consisting 
in, or pertaining to, utility, or to 
utilitarianism — n. One who holds 
the doctrine of utilitarianism. 

U-TIl/i-ta'ri-AN-Tsm, n. 1. The doc- 
trine that the greatest happiness of 
the greatest number should be the 
end and aim of all social and polit- 
ical institutions. 2. Doctrine that 
utility is the sole standard of virtue. 

U-Ti'L'i-TY, n. [Lat. utilitas ,fr. utilis, 
useful.] State or quality of being 
useful ; production of good. 

Syn. — Usefulness.— Usefulness is An- 
glo-Saxon, and utility is Latin: and 
hence the former Is used chiefly of things 
in the concrete, while the latter is em- 
ployed more in a general and abstract 
sense. Thus, we speak of the utility of 
an invention, and the usefulness of the 
tiling invented; of the utility of an in- 
stitution, and the usefulness of an indi- 
vidual. Still, the words are, in many 
cases, used interchangeably. 

U'TIL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
turn to profitable account or use. 

UT'MOST, a. [A.-S. utemost, utemest t 
from ute, ut, out, and truest, mest, 
most.] 1. Most distant; extreme; 
last. 2. Being in the greatest degree. 
— n. The most that can be. 

U-TO'PI-A, n. [Gr. ov, not, and toVos, 
a place.] 1. An imaginary island, 
represented by Sir Thomas More, as 
enjoying the greatest perfection in 



A, £, I, o,u, Y.tong; A, E,I, 6, ti, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, firm; s6n, 



UTOPIAN 



461 



VALLEY 



politics, laws, &c. 2. A place of ideal 
perfection. [fanciful. 

U-TO'PI-AN, a. Ideal; chimerical; 

U'TRI-€LE, n. [Lat. utriculus, dim. 
of uter, utris, a bag, skin.] A little 
bag or bladder ; a little cell. 

thr'TER.rt. [A.-S. titter, Uter, exte- 
rior, fr. (it, ute, out.] 1. Outer. [Obs.] 
2. Complete ; total. 3. Mere ; entire ; 
quite. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [See su- 
pra.] 1. To put in circulation , as 
money. 2. To give expression to ; to 
publish ; to speak. 



tfa'TER-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
uttered or expressed. 

fJT'TER-ANCE. n. Act of uttering ; 
sale ; circulation ; expression ; pro- 
nunciation. 

fJT'TER-ER, n. One who utters. 

fJT'TER-LY, adv. To the full extent ; 
to the greatest degree possible ; fully ; 
perfectly^ totally. 

t^T'TER-MOST, a. Extreme ; being in 
the furthest, greatest, or highest 
degree. — n. Extremest thing or de- 
gree possible. 



U'VE-oOs, a. [Lat. uva, a bunch of 
_ grapes, a grape.] Resembling a grape. 
U'ru-LA, n. [N. Lat., dim. of Lat 

uva, a grape.] The fleshy conical 

body depending from the middle of 

the lower border of the soft palate. 
Ux-O'Ri-ofJS (89), a. [Lat. uxorius, 

from uxor, a wife.] Excessively and 

foolishly fond of a wife. 
Ux-O'Rl-ous-LY, adv. With fond ox 

servile submission to a wife. 
Ux-o'ri-ous-ness, n. Excessive and 

foolish fondness for a wife. 



V. 



V(ve), the twenty -second letter of 
the English alphabet, represents 
a uniform consonant sound. See 
Principle s of Pronunciation, § 101. 

Va'€AN-9Y, n. 1. Emptiness ; hence ,- 
leisure ; idleness. 2. Empty space ; 
vacuity ; a chasm. 3. A post un- 
filled ; an unoccupied office. 

VA'€ANT, a. [Lat. vacans, p. pr. of 
vacare, to be empty, to be free from 
labor.] 1. Empty; not filled. 2. 
Unemployed ; unoccupied. 3. Not 
occupied with an incumbent. 4. Not 
occupied with study or reflection. 

Svx. — Empty. — A thing is empty 
when there is nothing in it; as, an empty 
room. Vacant adds the ideaof a thing's 
having been previously filled, or intend- 
ed to be tilled or occupied; as, a vacant 
seat at the table, &c. 

Va'cate, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
vacare, -cation, to be empty.] 1. To 
leave empty. 2. To annul ; to make 
void. 

Ya-€A'TION, n. [Lat. vacatio. See 
supra.] 1. The act of vacating. 2. 
Intermission of a stated employment, 
procedure, or office ; rest. 

YX-e'91-NATE, w. t. [-Ei> ; -iNG.l [Lat. 

' vaccinus, belonging to a cow ; vacca, 
a cow.] To inoculate with the cow- 
pox. 

YX€/£l-NA'TION, n. Act, art, or prac- 
tice of vaccinating. [nates. 

VXcNpi-NA'TOR, n. One who vacci- 

YXc'^ine ( vak/sin or vak'sin), a. Per- 
taining to cows, or to vaccination. 

VX^'IL-late, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. vacillare, -latum.] 1. To move 
one way and the other ; to reel. 2. 
To fluctuate in mind or opinion. 
Syn. — See Fluctuate. 

VX^'il-la'tion, n. 1. A wavering, 
reeling, or staggering. 2. Fluctua- 
tion of mind. 

Ya-€U'i-ty, n. [Lat. vacuitas.] 1. 
Emptiness. 2. Space unfilled or un- 
occupied : void ; vacuum. 

VX€Tj-fJM, n. [Lat., fr. vacuus.] Space 
devoid of all matter or body. 

Va'de-me'cum, n. [Lat., go with 
me.] A book or other thing that a 
person carries with him as a constant 
companion. 



Yag'A-Bond, a. [Lat. vagabnndus, 
fr. vagari, to stroll about.] Stroll- 
ing ; wandering. — n. One who wan- 
ders from place to place, having no 
certain dwelling ; a vagrant. 

Vag'a-bond'age, ) n. Condition of 

VXg'a-bond'ism, \ a vagabond; a 

YXg'a-bond'ry, ) state of wan- 
dering about in idleness. 

YA-GA'RY, n. [Lat. vagari, to stroll 
about.] A wandering of the thoughts; 
a wild freak ; a whim. 

VXG'l-NAL,a.[Lat. vagina, a sheath.] 
Relating to, or like, a sheath. 

YA'gran-^y, n. State of wandering 
without a settled home. 

Ya'grant, a. [Norm. Fr. vagarant, 

0. Fr. vagant, fr. vaguer, to stray, 
Lat. vagari.] 1. Moving without 
certain direction. 2. Wandering 
from place to place without any set- 
tled habitation. — n. An idle wan- 
derer ; a vagabond. [manner. 

Ya'grant-ly, adv. In a vagrant 
YAGUE (vag), a. [-ER ; -EST.] [Lat. 
vagus.] 1. Unsettled; undetermined. 
2. Proceeding from no known au- 
thority, [manner. 
Vague'ly (vagly"), adv. In a vague 
Yague'n£ss (vag'nes), n. Quality or 

condition of being vague. 
Yail,, n. [Written also veil.] A con- 
cealing screen. — v. t. [From 0. Eng. 
avail, to let down, fr. Lat. ad, to, and 
vallis, valley.] To lower in token of 
inferiority, reverence, or submission. 
Yain, a. [-ER;-EST.] [Lat. vanus.] 

1. Having no real substance, value, 
or importance. 2. Destitute of force 
or efficiency. 3. Elated with self- 
conceit, or with things more showy 
than valuable. 

Vain-glo'ri-ous, a. Yain to excess 
of one's own achievements ; boastful. 

Vain-glo'ry, n. Excessive vanity 
excited by one's own performances. 

Yain'ly, adv. Without effect ; proud- 
ly ; idly ; foolishly. 

VXl'ance, n. [From Norm. French 
valaunt, Fr. avalant, descending, 
hanging down. See VAIL,.] Hang- 
ing drapery for a bed, a couch, or a 
window, &c. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To furnish with a valance. 



Yale, 71. [Cf. Valley.] Low ground 
between hills. 

VXL'E-Dre'TION, n. [Lat. valedicere, 
-dictum, to say farewell.] A farewell. 

VXl'e-di€-to'ri-an, n. One who 
pronounces a valedictory address. 

VXl'e-dI€'to-ry, a. Bidding fare- 
well. — n. A farewell address at com- 
mencement in American colleges. 

VXl'en-tine, n. A sweetheart chosen, 
or a love-letter sent, on St. Valentine's 
day x the 14th of February. 

Va-le'ri-an, n. [Either fs. some one 
called Valerius, or fr. Lat. valere, to 
be powerful, on account of its me- 
dicinal virtues.] A plant, one species 
of which is used in medicine. 

YXl'et (val'et or val'a), n. [Fr. valet, 
L. Lat. vasletus, varieties, vassus. Cf. 
Varlet and Vassal.] A servant 
who attends on a gentleman. 

Valet de chamhre (va'la de shi'br). 
[Fr.] A body servant. 

VXl/e-tu/di-na'ri-an, a. [Lat. val~ 
etudinarius, fr. valere, to be strong 
or well.] Of infirm health ; seeking 
to recover health. — 71. A sickly per- 
son ; one seeking to recover health. 

VXl'e-tu'di-na-ry (44), a. Infirm ; 
sickly. — n. An infirm person. 

VXl'iant, a. [Fr. vaillant, Lat. vaU 
ens, p. pr. of valere, to be strong.] 
1. Intrepid in danger ; courageous ; 
brave. 2. Performed with valor. 

YAl'iant-ly', adv. In a valiant man- 
ner ; bravely ; heroically. 

VXl'id, a. [Lat. validus, fr. valere, to 
be strong.] 1. Having sufficient 
strength ; founded in truth. 2. Ex- 
ecuted with the proper formalities. 

Va-lid'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
valid ; power to convince. 2. Legal 
strength or force. 

Va-lise', n. [From a hypoth. Lat. 
valitia, vidulitia, from vidulus, a 
leathern trunk, knapsack.] A small 
sack or case, for clothing, &c. 

VAL-la'TION, n. [Lat. vallum, ram- 
part, fr. vallus, palisade.] A rampart 

VXl'LEY (148), n. [Lat. vallis, valles.l 
The space inclosed between ranges oi 
hills or mountains. 
Syn.— Vale; dale; dell; dingle; hollow. 



6r, do, wqlf, too. TOOK; ©rn,rue,pt;ll ; E,i, o, silent; 9,G,so/i; €?, 5, Iwtrd; Ag; ejistj jfosNG; this 



VALOR 



462 



VASCULAR 



vXl'OR, n. [Lat. valere, to be strong.] 
Strength of mind in regard to dan- 
ger ; personal bravery. 

Syn. — Courage ; bravery 5 boldness; 
fearlessness. See Heroism. 

VAl'OR-OUS, a. Possessing or exhib- 
iting valor. [manner. 

VAl'OR-oOs-LY, adv. In a valorous 

VAl'U-a-ble, a. 1. Having value or 
worth. 2. Deserving esteem; pre- 
cious ; costly. — n. A thing of value. 

VAl/U-a'TION, n. 1. The act of val- 
uing, or of setting a price ; appraise- 
ment. 2. Value set upon a thing. 

VAl/UE, n. [0. Fr.,from valoir, p. p. 
valu, to be worth, fr. Lat. valere.] 
1. Property or properties of a thing 
which render it useful 2. Precise 
signification. 3. Estimated worth ; 
amount obtainable in exchange. — 
v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To estimate the 
worth of; to appraise. 2. To rate at 
a high price ; to have in high esteem . 
Syn.— To compute; rate; esteem; re- 
Bpect; regard; prize. 

VAl/ue-less, a. Having no worth. 

VAlv'ate, a. Resembling or serving 
as a valve. 

VAlve, n. [Lat. valva, leaf of a door.] 
1. A door ; esp. a folding door. 2 
A lid or cover to an aperture, open- 
ing only in one direction. 

VALV'U-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
taining, jpalves . 

VAMP, n. [Abbrev. fr. Fr. avant-pied ', 
forefoot and vamp.] The upper 
leather of a shoe. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To piece with a new part ; to repair. 

VAMP'ER, n. One who vamps. 

VAM'PIRE, n. [Ger. & D. vampir.] 1. 
A dead person superstitiously be- 
lieved to wander about the earth do- 
ing every kind of mischief to the liv- 
ing. 2. An extortioner. 3. A large 
species of bat. 

VAm'pir-ism, n. 1. Belief in the ex- 
istence of vampires. 2. Practice of 
extortion . 

VAN, n. 1. [Abbrev. fr. van-guard.] 
The front of an army, or the front 
line of a fleet. 2. [Lat. vannus.] A 
fan for cleansing grain. 3. A large, 
light, covered wagon. 

VAn'-GOU'ri-er, n. [Fr. avantcour- 
rier, fr. avant, before, and courrier, 
a runner.] A light-armed soldier 
sent before an army to beat the road. 

YAn'dal, n. 1. One of a barbarous 
horde that invaded Rome in the 5th 
century. 2. One who is ignorant and 
barbarous. 

Van-dAl'ig, a. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, the Vandals ; barbarous. 

VAn'dal-I§M, n. Spirit or conduct of 
Vandals ; hostility to the arts and 
literature. 

Van-dyke', n. An indented and scol- 
loped cape for the neck formerly 
worn by women. 

VANE,n. [A.-S. fana, banner, Goth. 
/ana, cloth.] 1. A contrivance to 
show which way the wind blows. 2. 
Thin, membranous part of a feather. 

VXN'-GUARD, n. [Fr. avant-garde, fr. 
avant, before, and garde, guard.] 



Troops who march in front of an 
army. 

Va-nIl'lA, n. [N. Lat., fr. Lat. vagi- 
na, because its seeds are in little 
pods ] A genus of plants remarkable 
for a delicate and agreeable odor. 

VAn'ish, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
vanescere, evanescere, from vanus, 
empty, vain ] 1. To be lost to view ; 
to disappear gradually. 2. To pass 
away. — n. Closing portion of a syl- 
lable, or of a vocal element. 

VAn'i-ty, «. [Lat. vanitas.] 1 Want 
of substance to satisfy desire. 2. 
Empty pride; ostentation. 3. Any 
thing visionary, or unsubstantial. 

Syn. — Egotism ; emptiness ; self-suf 
ficiency; ostentation. See Pride. 

VAn'quish (vank'wish), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Fr. vnincre, pret. vainquis, 
Lat. vincere.] 1. To subdue in bat- 
tle. 2. To defeat in any contest ; to 
refute in argument. 

Syn. — To overcome; confute; silence. 
See Conquer. 

VAn'quish-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being vanquished. 

VAn'quish-er, n. One who van- 
quishes ; a conqueror ; a victor. 

VAn'tage, J n. [See Ad- 

VAN'TAGE-GROUND, ) VANTAGE.] 
Superior or more favorable situation 
or opportunity. 

VAp'id, a. [Lat. vapidus, lit. having 
emitted steam or vapor, fr. vapor, 
steam.] Having lost its life and 
spirit. 

Va-pid'i-ty, ) n. A being vapid ; 

VAp'id ness, J want of life or spirit. 

Va'por, n. [Lat.] 1. Any substance 
in the gaseous or aeriform state. 2. 
Any visible diffused substance float- 
ing in the atmosphere, as smoke or 
fog. 3 Something unsubstantial or 
fleeting. 4. (pi.) Hypochondriacal af- 
fections ; dejection. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To pass off in fumes ; to be 
exhaled. 2. To boast vainly ; to brag. 

VAp'o-ra-bTl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being vaporable. 

VAp'o-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 
converted into vapor. 

Va'por-bath, n. Application of va- 
por to the body in a close place. 

Va'por-er, n. A braggart. 

VAp'O-rif'IG, a. [Lat. vapor, vapor, 
and/acere, to make.] Forming into 
vapor. [manner. 

Va'POR-ING-LY, adv. In a boasting 

Va'por-Ish, a. Full of vapors ; af- 
fected by hysterics. 

VAp'o-ri-za'tion, n. Artificial for- 
mationof vapor. 

VAp'or-ize (110), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To convert into vapor by heat. — v. 
?'. To pass off in vapor. 

Va'POR-oOs, 1 a. 1. Full of vapors. 

Va'por-y, ) 2. Windy ; flatulent. 
3. Unreal ; vain. [ing variable. 

Va/ri-a-bYl'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 

V A'RI-A-BEE , a. [Lat. variabilis.] 1. 
Capable of alteration in any man- 
ner. 2. Liable to change. 

Syn.— Changeable ; mutable; fickle; 
unsteady; inconstant. 



— n. a. A quantity which may in- 
crease or decrease. 2. A shifting 
trade-wind. [aptness to vary. 

Va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. Liableness or 

Va'ri-A-bly, adv. Changeably. 

VA'Rl-ANCE,n. 1. Change of condi • 
tion. 2. A disagreement or incon- 
sistency between two parts of the 
same legal proceeding, which, to b« 
effectual, ought to agree together. 3. 
Dissension. 

Va'ri-a'tion, n. 1. A partial change 
in the form, position, state, or quali- 
ties of the same thing. 2. Amount 
or rate of change 

Syn.— Change ; vicissitude ; variety; 
alteration; diversity. 

VXR'I-GOSE (125), I a. [See supra ] 

VAr'I-GOUS, J Preteruafcurally 

enlarged,^ veins. 

Va'ri-e-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ING] 
[Lat. variegare, -gatum, fr. van us, 
various, and agere, to move, make.] 
To diversify in external appearance. 

Va'ri-e-ga'tion, n. Act of variegat- 
ing or state of being variegated ; di- 
versity of colors. 

Va-ri'e-ty, n. 1. Intermixture or 
succession of different things. 2. A 
number of different things. 3. Some- 
thing varying from others of the 
same general kind. 

Syn.— Diversity.— A man has a va- 
riety of employments when he does 
many things which are not a mere repe- 
tition of the same act; he has a diversity 
of employments when the several acts 
performed are unlike each other, that is, 
diverse. In most cases, where there is 
variety there will be more or less of di- 
versity, but not always. 

Va'ri-o-loid', or VAr'i-o-loid', n. 
[L. Lat. variola, the small-pox, fr. 
Lat. varius, various, and Gr eloo?, 
form.] The small-pox as modified 
by previous inoculation or vaccina- 
tion, [small-pox. 

VA-Rl'O-EOfis, a. Pertaining to the 

Va'ri-6'rum. [Lat., (with notes) of 
various persons.] Containing notes 
by different persons. 

VA'Rl-otrs, o. [Lat. varius ] 1. Dif- 
ferent ; diverse. 2. Changeable ; 
uncertain. 3. Diversified. 

VA'Rl-ous-LY, adv. In various ways. 

Var'let, n. [0. Fr. varht, vaslel, 
vallet, fr. W. gwas, a lad, page, ser- 
vant.] A low fellow ; a scoundrel. 

Var'nish, n. [See infra.] 1 A viscid, 
glossy liquid. 2. Glossy appearance. 
3. Outside show. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Fr. vernir, vernisser, as if 
fr. a Lat. vitrinire, to glaze, fr. vi- 
trum, glass.] 1. To lay varnish on. 
2. To give a fair coloring or external 
aspect to ; to gloss ; to palliate. 

VSR'NISH-ER, n. One who varnishes. 

Va'ry (89), v.t. [-ed; -ing, 14* J 
[Lat. variare, fr. varius, various.] 1. 
To alter in form, appearance, sub- 
stance, or position 2. To exchange- 
to alternate. 3. To diversify.— v. 1. 
1. To be altered in any manner. 2. 
To differ. 3. To deviate. 4. To 
disagree. 

VAs'€U-ear, a. [Lat. vasculum, a 



I, g, I, 6, u, Y,long; A,E,1, 6, 0,y, short; cAre, far, Ask, all,, what ; ere, veil, TESMj pique, fIrm; s6n, 



VASCULARITY 



463 



VENERATION 




small Tessel, dim. of vas, vessel.] 
Relating to, or consisting of, the ves- 
sels of animal or vegetable bodies. 

Yas'€U-l,Xr'I-t*-, n. State or qual- 
ity of being vascular. 

Vase (m Eng. commonly vaz), n. [Lat 
vas, vasum.] A ves- 
sel, of various forms 
and materials. 

VXs'sal, n. [L. Lat. 
vassallus, vasallus, 
from W. gwasawl, 
serving, fr. gwas, a 
youth, page, servant.] 
1. One who holds land 
of a superior, and 
vows fidelity to him. 2. 

Vas'sal-age,«. 1. State of being a 
vassal. 2. Dependence ; slavery. 

Vast, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. vastus, 
empty, waste, vast.] 1. Being of 
great extent. 2. Very great in num- 
bers or amount. 3. Very great in 
force or importance. 

Syn. — Enormous ; huge ; immense. 
— n. A waste region. 

VAS-TA'TlON,n. [Lat. vastatio, from 
vastare, to lay waste.] A laying 
waste ; devastation. [degree. 

Vast'ly, adv. To a vast extent or 

Vast'ness, n. Enormous magnitude, 
amount, or importance. 

Vast'y, a. Immense ; vast. 

VAT, n. [A.-S. fat, fat] A large 
cask-like receptacle. 

Vat 'I -e IDE, n. [Lat. vates, a prophet, 
and cze/Iere, to kill.] The murder, or 
the murderer, of a prophet. 

Va-tic'I-nal, a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, prophecy. 

Va-tic'i-nate, v. t. & i. [Lat. vatici- 
nari, -natus, fr. vates, a prophet.] To 
prophesy. 

VA-Tlc'I-NA'TION, *. Prediction ; 
prophecy. 

Vaude'ville (vod'vil), n. [Fr., 
fr. Vau-de-vire, a village in Norman- 
dy.] 1. A kind of song of a lively 
character. 2. A theatrical piece, 
intermingled with light or satirical 
songs. 

Vault, n. [L. 
Lat. volta, vo- 
luta, from Lat. 
volvere, volu- 
tum, to roll, 
turn about. 

1. An arched 
roof or ceiling. 

2. An arched 
apartment, es- 
pecially a cell ; 

bound. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
cover with a vault ; to arch. 2. To 
mount by leaping. — v. i. 1. To 
leap; to jump. 2. To exhibit feats 
of tumbling or leaping. 

VAULT'ER, n. One who vaults. 

VXUNT, v. i. [-ED; -ING-.] [Fr. van- 
tar, L. Lat. vanitare, fr. Lat. vanus, 
vain.] To boast; to brag. — v.t. 
To boast of. — n. A vain display of 
what one is, or has, or has done. 

Vaunt'ER, n. One who vaunts. 

VEAL,n. [0. Fr. veel, vedel, Lat. 




Vault 
a cellar. 3. A leap or 



vitellus, dim. of vitulus, a calf.] 
Flesh of a calf dressed for food. 

Ve/da, or Ve'da, n. [Skr. veda, 
knowledge.] The ancient sacred lit- 
erature of the Hindoos. 

Ve-dette', n. [It. vedetta, for ve- 
letta, as if from vedere, to see, Lat. 
videre, but really fr. veglia, Lat. vi- 
gilia, watch.] A mounted sentinel. 

Veer, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. virer.] 
To change direction ; to turn. — v. t+ 
To direct to a different course. 

Veg'e-ta-ble, a. [Lat. vegetabilis, 
enlivening, fr. vegetare, to enliven.] 
Relating to, or consisting of, plants. 

— n. [See infra.] An organized 
body destitute of sense and volun- 
tary motion ; a plant. [table. 

Veg'e-tal, a. Pertaining to a vege- 

Veg'e-ta'ri-an (89), n. One who 
holds that vegetables are the only 
proper food for man. — a. Pertain- 
ing to vegetarianism. 

VEG'E-TA'Rl-AN-lgM, n. Theory and 
practice of living solely on vegeta- 
bles. 

Veg'e-tate.-u. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
vegetare, -taturn, to enliven, fr. vege- 
tus, animated.] 1. To grow, as 
plants ; to sprout. 2. To do nothing 
but eat jind grow. 

Veg'e-ta'tion, n. 1. A vegetable 
growth. 2. Sum of vegetable life. 

Veg'E-ta'tive, a. Growing, or hav- 
ing the power of growing, as plants. 

Ve'he-MENCE, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing vehement ; impetuosity. 2. Vio- 
lent ardor ; animated fervor. 

VE'HE-MENT, a. [Lat. vehemens.] 

1. Acting with great force. 2. Very 
eager, urgent, or fervent. 

Syn.— Furious; violent; impetuous; 
passionate; ardent. 

Ve'he-ment-ly, adv. In a vehe- 
ment manner. 

Ve'hi-cle, n. [Lat. vehiculum ; ve- 
here, to carry.] 1. That in which 
any thing is or may be carried ; a 
conveyance. 2. Instrument of com- 
munication. 

VE-Hl€fu-LAR, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Ve-HI€'u-la-ry, j or serving as, a 
vehicle. 

VEJL, n. [Lat. velum, a sail, cover- 
ing, curtain, fr. vehere, to bear, car- 
ry.] 1. Something to intercept the 
view ; a screen to protect the face. 

2. A cover ; a disguise. 
Syn . — See Vail. 

— v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To cover 
with a veil. 2. To hide ; to conceal. 

VEIN, n. [Lat. vena.] 1. A vessel 
which receives the blood from the 
capillaries, and returns it to the 
heart. 2. A small rib of the frame- 
work of leaves, &c. 3. A seam or 
layer, intersecting a rock or stra- 
tum. 4. A streak in wood, or mar- 
ble, &c. 5. A current ; a course. 6. 
Tendency or turn of mind ; humor. 

— v.t. To form or mark with veins. 
Veined, ) a. Full of veins ; streaked ; 
VilN'Y, ) variegated. 
VEL'LI-€ATE, V. t. & i. [-ED ; -ING.] 



[Lat. vellicare, -catum.] To move 
spasmodically; to twitch. 

Vel'li-ca'tion, n. Convulsive mo- 
tion of a muscular fiber, especially 
of the face. 

Vel'lum, n. [Fr. velin, fr. Lat. viu 
ulus, a calf.] A fine kind of parch- 
ment. 

Ve-loc'i-PEDE, n. [Lat. velox, swift, 
and pes, pedis, a foot.] A light road- 
carriage for a single person, who 
propels it by his feet. 

Ve-loc'i-ty, n. [Lat. velodtas.] 1. 
Quickness of motion ; speed ; rapid- 
ity. 2. Rate of motion. 

Vel'vet, n. [0. Eng. veluet, L. Lat. 
velluetum, vellutum. from Lat. vil 
lus, shaggy hair.] A stuff having a 
short shag of silk on the surface. 

VEL/VET-EEN', n. Cloth made of 
cotton, in imitation of velvet. 

VEl'vet-y, a. Made of, or like, vel- 
vet ; soft. 

Ve'nal, a. [Lat. venalis, fr. venire, 
to be sold.] To be bought or ob- 
tained for money ; held for sale. 

Syn. — Mercenary. — One is mercena- 
ry who is either actually a hireling (as, 
mercenary soldiers, a mercenary judge, 
&c), or is governed by a sordid love of 
gain ; hence, we spealc of mercenary mo- 
tives, a mercenary marriage, &c. Venal 
goes further, and supposes an actual 
purchase, which places a person or thing 
wholly in the power of the purchaser ; 
as, a venal press. 

Ve-nal'i-ty, n. State or quality of 
being venal ; mercenariness. 

VEN'A-RY, a. [L. Lat. venarius, fr. 
Lat. venari, to hunt.] Relating to 
hunting. 

Vend, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. ven- 
der e.] To sell. 

Vend-ee', n. One to whom a thing 
is vended or sold. [seller. 

Vend'er, n. One who vends ; a 

Vend'i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being 
vendible or salable. 

Vend'i-ble, a. [Lat. vendibilis.] Ca- 
pable of being sold ; salable. 

Vend'i-ble-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being vendible. 

Vend'or, n. [See Vender.] A 
vender ; a seller. 

Ven-due', n. [0. Fr. vendue, from 
vendre, to sell.] Public sale to the 
highest bidder ; an auction. 

Ve-neer', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [From 
Fr. fournir, to furnish.] To over- 
lay with a thin layer of wood for 
decoration. — n. A thin leaf of a 
superior material for overlaying an 
inferior one. 

Ve-neer'ing, n. Act or art of over- 
laying a coarse or inferior wood with 
thin leaves of a superior material, or 
the covering thus laid on. 

Ven'er-a-ble, a. [Lat. venerabilis.] 
1. Worthy of veneration or rever- 
ence. 2. Rendered sacred by asso- 
ciations, [manner. 

Ven'er-a-BLY, adv. In a venerable 

VEN'ER-ATE,1>. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ve.nerari, -ratus.] To regard with 
respect and reverence. [with awe. 

Ven'er-a/tion, n. Respect mingled 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent; C, G, soft; €,&,hard; A§; E£IST ; NaslNG; THIS. 



VENERATOR 



464 



VERMICULAR 



VfiN'ER-A'TOR.n. One who venerates. 

Ve-ne're-al (89), d. [Lat. venereus, 
fr. Venus, the goddess of love.] Per- 
taining to sexual love. 

VEN'ER-Y, n. 1. [Lat. Venus, Veneris, 
goddess of love.] Sexual love or in- 
tercourse. 2. [Fr. venerie, from 0. 
Fr. vener, veneir, Lat. venari, to 
hunt.] Act or exercise of hunting. 

"VE'NE-sEf'TlON, n. [Lat. vena, a 
vein, and sectio, a cutting.] Act of 
opening a vein for letting blood. 

Ve-ne'tian, a. Pertaining to Ven- 
ice. — n. A native of Venice. 

VENGE'ANCE, n. [Lat. vindicare, to 
avenge. See Avenge.] Punishment 
inflicted in return for injury or of- 
iense ; — often, passionate revenge. 

Venge'FUL, a. Vindictive. 

Ve'ni-al, a. [Lat. venialis, fr. venia, 
forgiveness.] Capable of being for- 
given ; excusable. [nial. 

Ve'NI-al-ness, n. State of being ve- 

Ve-ni're, or Ve-nI're Fa'ci-as 
(fa'shi-as), n. [Lat., cause to come.] 
A writ to cause a number of quali- 
fied persons to appear in court to 
serve as jurors. 

VEN'i-son (or ven'zn), n. [0. Fr. fr. 
Lat. venatio, hunting.] Flesh of deer, 
hares, and certain birds called game ; 
— in the United States, applied ex- 
clusively to the flesh of deer. 

Ven'om, n. [Lat. venenum.] 1. 
Poison. 2. Spite ; malice. 

Syn.— See Poison. 

Ven'OM-oOs, a. [0. Eng. venemous ; 
Lat. venenosus, fr. venenum, poison.] 
1. Full of venom ; poisonous. 2. 
Noxious ; malignant. 

Ven'om-ous-ly, adv. Poisonously ; 
spitefully. [being venomous. 

V£n'om-ous-ness, n. Quality of 

Ve'nous, a. [Lat. venosus ; vena, a 
vein.] Pertaining to, or contained 
in, a vein or veins. 

Vent, n. [Prob. from Fr. vent, wind.] 
1. A hole, or passage for air or any 
fluid to escape ; esp., the opening at 
the breech of a fire-arm. 2. Oppor- 
tunity of escape from confinement or 
privacy; emission. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To let out at a small ap- 
erture. 2. To suffer to escape. 

VEN'TI-DtteT. n. [From Lat. ventus, 
wind, and ductus, a leading, con- 
duit.] A passage for ventilating 
apartments. 

VEN'TI-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ventilare, -latum; ventulus, a 
slight wind.] 1. To fan ; to expose to 
the free passage of air. 2. To sift and 
examine; to expose to discussion. 

VEn'ti-la'tion, n. Act of venti- 
lating, or state of being ventilated ; 
free exposure to air. 

Ven'ti-la'tor, n. A contrivance for 
drawing off foul air, and introducing 
that which is fresh and pure. 

Ten'tral, a. [Lat. ventralis; venter, 
the belly.] Belonging to the belly. 

Ven'TRI-€LE, n. [Lat. ventriculus, 
dim. of venter, the belly.] A cavity 
of the animal body ; esp. one of two 



cavities of the heart which commu- 
nicate with the auricles. 

Ven-tr!l/o-quI§m, n. Act or art of 
speaking in such a manner that the 
voice appears to come from some dis- 
tant or different place. 

VEN-TRtL'o-QUJST, n. One who prac- 
tices ventriloquism. 

Ven-tril'o-quoDs, a. [Lat. ven- 
triloquus, fr. venter, the belly, and 
loqui, to speak.] Speaking so that 
the sound appears to come from a 
place remote. 

VENT'URE,n. [See Adventure.] 1. 
An undertaking of chance or danger ; 
a hazard. 2. Chance; contingency. 3. 
Thing put to hazard ; a risk. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To have the courage 
or presumption to do, undertake, or 
say something. 2. To run a hazard 
or risk. — v. t. 1. To risk. 2. To put 
or send on a venture or chance. 

Vent'UR-er. n. One who hazards. 

VENT'URE-SOME,a. Inclined to vent- 
ure ; venturous. 

Syn. — Bold; dazing; intrepid. 

VENT'UR-oOs, a. Daring ; bold ; ad- 
venturous, [boldly. 

VENT'UR-OUS-EY, adv. Daringly ; 

VEN'UE,n. (Law.) The place where 
an action is laid. 

VE'NUS, n. 1. Goddess. of female 
beauty and of love. 2. One of the 
planets. 

Ve-RA'cioOs, a. [Lat. verax, veracis, 
fr. verus, true.] 1. Habitually dis- 
posed to speak truth ; truthful. 2. 
Characterized by truth. 

Ve-rAc'i-ty, n. Habitual observance 
of truth ; truthfulness. 

Ve-rXn'dA ? n. [Skr. waranda, Per. 
baramadan, from Per. bar, up, and 
ctmadah, p. p. of amadan, to come.] 
A kind of open portico. 

VER'a-tri'nA, I n. [Lat. veratrum, 

Ve-ra'trine, ) hellebore.] A veg- 
etable alkaloid, acrid and poisonous. 

VERB (14), n. [Lat. vtrbum, a word, 
verb.] A word expressing being, 
action, or the suffering of action. 

VER'BAL, a. [Lat. verbalis; verbum, a 
word.] 1. Spoken ; oral ; not writ- 
ten. 2. Dealing with words rather 
than things. 3. Having word an- 
swering to word ; literal. 4. De- 
rived directly from a verb, [orally. 

VER'BAL-I§M,n. Something expressed 

Ver'BAL-ly, adv. By words spoken ; 
orally. 2. Word for word. 

VER-BA'TiM,adv. [L. Lat.] "Word 
for word ; in the same words. 

Ver-be'na, n. [L. & N. Lat. ver- 
bena., vervain.] A genus of plants 

VER'BER-A'TION, n. [Lat. verberatio.] 
Act of beating, or striking blows. 

Ver'BI-AGE, n. [See VERB.] Supera- 
bundance of words ; verbosity. 

VER-BOSE', a. [Lat. verbosus ; verbum, 
a word.] Using or containing more 
words than are necessary. 

Ver-bos'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
verbose; wordiness. 

V£R'DAN-9Y, n. 1. Quality or condi- 
tion of being verdant ; greenness. 2. 
Rawness ; inexperience 



VER'DANT, a. [Lat. viridans. grow* 
ing green.] 1. Covered with growing 
plants ; green ; fresh. 2. Ignorant 
of the ways of the world. 

VerD'-AN-TJQUE' (-tek'), n. [Fr., ft. 
verd, vert, green, and antique, an- 
cient.] 1. A green incrustation on 
ancient coins, brass or copper, pro- 
duced by the action of time. 2. A 
mottled-green marble. 

VER'DER-ER, n. [L. Lat. viridarius, 
fr. Lat. viridis, green.] An officer of 
the king's forests. 

VEr'djct, n. [L. Lat. verdictum, fr. 
Lat. vere, truly, and dictum, a say- 
ing ; a word.] 1. Decision or answer 
of a jury in any cause committed to 
them. 2. Decision ; judgment. 

Ver'di-gris (-grees), n. [A corrupt, 
of N. Lat. viride seris, green of brass.] 
An acetate of copper. 

VER'DI-TER, n. [Fr. verd-de-terre, 
i. e., earth green.] An azure-blue 
pigment. 

VERD'URE (53), n. [Fr., fr. verd, Lat. 
viridis, green ] Greenness ; fresh- 
ness of vegetation, [ure. 

VErd'ur-OUS, a. Covered with verd- 

VErge (14), n. [Fr. ; Lat. virga, fr. 
virere, to be green.] 1. A kind of 
rod or mace. 2. Shaft of a column. 
3. Spindle of a watch-balance. 4. 
Compass or extent of the king's 
court. 5. [See VERGE, v. i.] Extreme 
side or end of any thing of some 
length. — %.i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
vergere.] 1. To bend ; to slope. 2. 
To border upon ; to approach. 

V£r'ger,«. [Fr., fr. verge, a rod.] 1 
One who carries a verge or emblem 
of office. 2. Beadle of a cathedral 
church. [verified. 

Ver'i-fPa-ble. a. Capable of being 

VER'i-Fi-eA'TiON,n. Act of verifying; 
state of being verified ; confirmation. 

VER'I-FI_'ER, n. One who verifies. 

VER'I-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [L. 
Lat. veriftcare ; Lat. verus, true, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To prove to be 
true; to confirm. 2. To establish 
the authenticity of. 

Ver'i-ly, adv. 1. In truth ; in fact. 2. 
With great confidence. 

VER'I-sTm'i-lar, a. [Lat. verisimilis, 
fr. verus, true, and similis, like, simi- 
lar.] Having the appearance of truth. 

VERa-sl-MJL'l-TUDE, n. Appearance 
of truth ; likelihood. 

VER'I-TA-BLE, a. [Lat. Veritas, truth.] 
Agreeable to truth or to fact ; real. 

Ver'I-ta-bey, adv. Really ; truly. 

Ver'I-ty, n. [Lat. Veritas.] 1. Con- 
sonance to fact. 2. A true assertion 
or tenet. 

Syn. — Truth; certainty; reality. 

VEr'jui^e, n. [Fr. verjus, ft. verd, 
vert, green, and jus, juice.] Sour 
juice of crab-apples, unripe grapes, 
and the like. 

Ver'me§, n. pi. [Lat.] Worms. 

Ver/mi-<?el'li (-chel'li or -sePH), n. 
[It. pi. of vermicello, strictly, a little 
worm.] A wheat paste, made into » 
slender, worm-like form. 

VER-Ml€'u-liAR, a. [N. Lat. vermicu- 



Y,long; A, £,I,6.tt,Y, short; cARE,FAR, Ask, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEU,, TfiRM; PIQUE, fIrm; s6n 



A. E. I. O, U, 



VERMICULATE 



465 



YETO 



can's, fr. vermiculus , a little worm.] 
Pertaining to, or resembling, the 
motiou of a worm. 

VER-MT€'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To form, by inlaying which resem- 
bles the tracks of worms. 

T^p-Mffyu-LA'TION, n. Act or opera- 
tion of moving in the form of a worm , 
or of forming so as to resemble the 
motion of a worm. 

Ver-mTcu-lous, a. Containing, or 
resembling, worms. 

Ver'MI-form, a. [Lat. vermis, a 
worm, and forma, form.] Having 
the shape of a worm. 

VEr'mi-fuge, n. [From Lat. vermis, 
a worm , and fugere, to flee.] A medi- 
cine that expels worms. 

VER-MIL'ION (-mil / yun), n. [L. Lat. 
verm ilium, from Lat. vermiculus, a 
little worm, esp. that which furnishes 
the scarlet color.] 1. Red sulphuret 
or sulphide of mercury. 2. Co- 
chineal. 3. A beautiful red color, 

VEr'MIN, n. pi. [From Lat. vermis, a 
worm.] Petty noxious little animals 
or insects, as rats, mice, grubs, &c. 

V£ R'MI-NA'TION, n. 1. Generation of 
vermin. 2. A griping of the bowels. 

VER'min-oDs, a. 1. Infested by ver- 
min. 2. Caused by vermin. 

VER-MiP'A-ROUS, a. [Lat. vermis, a 
worm, and parere, to bring forth.] 
Producing worms. 

VER-MlV'O-ROGs, a. [Lat vermis, a 
worm, and vorare, to devour.] Feed- 
ing on worms. 

VER-NA€'U-LAR, a. [Lat. vernaculus, 
native, fr. verna, a slave born in his 
master's house, a native.] Belong- 
ing to the country of one's birth ; 
native. — n. One's mother tongue, 
or native language. 

VEr'nal, a. [Lat. vernalis, fr. ver, 
vernis, spring ] 1. Belonging to 
spring. 2. Belonging to youth. 

VER'NIER, n. [From the inventor.] A 
short graduated scale for measuring 
parts of the smallest spaces of a 
graduated instrument. 

Ve-RON'I-GA, n. [From Santa Ve- 
ronica,* who, according to an old 
legend, as Christ was carrying the 
cross, wiped his face with a cloth, 
which received au impression of his 
countenance.] A portrait of our 
Saviour on handkerchiefs. 

Ver's A-TILE , a. [Lat versatilis ; ver- 
sare, to turn around.] 1. Liable to 
be turned in opinion. 2. Turning 
with ease from one thing to another. 
3. Capable of revolving. 

Syx. — Variable ; changeable ; un- 
steady ; fickle. 

V£r/sa-til/i-ty, n. State or quality 
of being versatile ; aptness to change. 

\erse (14), n. [Lat. versus, a furrow, 
row, line, fr. vertere, to turn.] 1. A 
line consisting of a certain number 
of long and short syllables, metrical- 
ly disposed. 2. Poetry. 3. A short 
division of any composition, espe- 
cially of the Bible. 

VERS.ED (vSrst),^. a. [Lat. versatus, 
p. p. of versari, to turn about fre- 



quently, to be engaged in a thing.] 
Acquainted ; skilled ; practiced. 

Vers'er, n. A versifier. 

VEr'si-coi/or (-kul'ur), ) a. 

VEr'si-col'gr-ED (-kul'urd), ) [Lat. 
versicolor ; versare, to change, and 
color, colorj Having various colors. 

Ver'si-FI-ca'tion, n. Act, art, or 
practice of versifying ; metrical com- 
position, [verses. 

VEr'si-fPer, n. One who makes 

VEr'si-fy, v. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. versificare ; versus, a verse, and 
facere, to make.] To make verses. — 
v. t. 1. To relate in verse. 2. To 
turn into verse. 

VEr'sion, n. [N. Lat. versio, fr. Lat. 
vertere, to turn, translate.] 1. Act 
of translating. 2. A translation. 

Verst, n. [Russ. verstd.] A Russian 
measure of length of 1501 feet. 

VER'SUS,prep. [Lat.] Against. 

VERT, n. [Fr. vert, green.] 1. (Eng. 
Forest Law.) Every thing that bears 
a green leaf. 2. A green color. 

VEr'te-ber, n. A vertebra. 

Ver'te-bra, n. ; pi. ver'te- 
BRJii. [Lat., from vertere, to turn.] 
A joint of the back-bone. 

VEr'te-brae, a Pertaining to the 
joints of the spine or back-bone. 

VEr'te-brate, n. An animal hav- 
ing an internal jointed skeleton. — 
a. Having a back-bone. 

VEr'tex, n.; Eng. pl_. vEr'tex-es ; 
Lat. pi. VER'Tl-pES. [Lat., prop, 
that which turns on or about itself.] 
Top, summit, or crown, especially of 
the head. 

VER'Ti€-AE, a. 1. At the vertex ; di- 
rectly overhead, or in the zenith. 2. 
Upright ; plumb. [manner. 

V£r'ti€-al-ly, adv. In a vertical 

VER-TIC'IL-LATE, a. [N. Lat. verti- 
cillatus. See Vertex.] Arranged 
in a ring or whorl. 

Ver-tig'I-nous, a. [Lat. vertigino- 
sus, fr. vertigo, giddiness.] 1. Turn- 
ing round ; rotary. 2. Giddy; dizzy. 

VER-TiG'I-NOUS-NESS, n. Giddiness. 

VEr'ti-GO, n. [Lat., from vertere, to 
turn.] Dizziness or swimming of the 
head ; giddiness. [plant. 

Ver'vain, n. [See Verbena.] A 

Ver'y, a. [Lat. verax, true, vera- 
cious.] True; real; actual. — adv. 
In a high degree ; exceedingly. 

Ves'I-gant, n. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
vesica, a blister.] A blistering ap- 
plication, [blisters. 

VES'l-CA'TlONjjt. Process of raising 

Ves'i-€A-to-ry, n. A blistering plas- 
ter. — a. Having a power to blister. 

Ves'i-€LE, n. [Lat. vesicula, dim. of 
vesica, a bladder.] A bladder-like 
vessel ; a membranous cavity ; a cell. 

Ve-sig'u-lar, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, vesicles. 2. Full of 
interstices ; hollow. 

Ve-sic'u-late, a. Full of bladders; 
vesicular. 

VES'PER, n. 1. [Lat. vesper, evening, 
evening star, allied to Gr. eoTrepo?, 
ea-nepa.] The evening star ; Venus ; 
hence, the evening. 2. pi. Evening 



service, in the Roman Catholic 
church. 

Ves'per-tine, a. [Lat. vespertinus.) 
Relating to, or being in, the evening. 

Ves'sel,, n. [Lat. vascellum, dim. of 
vas, a vessel.] 1. A hollow dish of 
any kind. 2. A structure made to 
float on the water, for purposes of 
commerce or war. 3. Any tube or ca- 
nal in which the blood or other fluid 

. is contained, secreted, or circulated. 

Vest, n. [Lat. vestis, a garment, vest, 
Goth, vasti, garment, vasjan, to 
clothe.] 1. An outer garment, or 
any outer covering. 2. A waistcoat. 
— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To clothe 
with, or as with, a garment. 2. To 
put in possession ; to furnish. — v. i. 
To descend ; to take effect, as a right. 

VES'TAL, a. 1. Pertaining to Vesta, 
a virgin goddess of fire among the 
Romans. 2. Pure; chaste. — n. A 
virgin consecrated to Vesta. 

VEST'ED,p.a. Not in a state of con- 
tingency ; fixed. [vestibule. 

Ves-tib'u-lar, a. Pertaining to a 

VES'TI-BULE, n. [Lat. vestibulum.} 
An antechamber between the hall 
and the outer doors ; a porch. 



Syn. — Hall; 



passage 



— A vestibule is 



a small apartment within the doors of a 
building; a hall is the first large apart- 
ment beyond the vestibule, and, in this 
country, is usually long and narrow, 
serving as a passage to the several apart- 
ments. 
Ves'tige, n. [Lat. vestigium.'] Mark 
of the foot left on the earth ; a track 
or footstep ; sign. 

Syn. — Trace. — Vestige is literally a 
foot-print ; a trace is something drawn 
out in a line. Vestige, therefore, always 
supposes something' left behind, while a 
trace is a mere indication that some- 
thing has beSn present or is present ; as, 
traces of former population ; a trace of 
poison in a given substance. 

VEst'ing, n. Cloth for vests. 

VEST'MENT, n. [Lat. vestimentum, 
fr. vestire, to clothe.] A garment ; a 
^ress ; a robe. 

VES'TRY, n. [Lat. vestiarium ; vestis, 
a garment.] 1. A room in a church, 
in which the sacerdotal vestments, 
&c, are kept. 2. (Episcopal Church.) 
A committee which manages the tem- 
poral concerns of a parish. 

VEST'URE (53), n. [From Lat. vestire , 
to clothe.] A garment ; a robe ; 
clothing ; dress ; apparel ; vestment ; 
habit; covering; envelope. 

Vetch, n. [Lat. vicia, 0. H. Ger. 
tvicce.] A leguminous plant. 

Vet'er-an, a. [Lat. veteranus ; vetus, 
old.] Long exercised in any thing. — 
n. One long exercised in any service 
or art, particularly in war. 

Vet'er-t-na'ri-an, n. [Lat. veteri- 
narius, fr. veterinarius, belonging to 
beasts of burden , fr. vehere, to carry.] 
One skilled in the diseases of cattle. 

Vet'er-i-na-ry, or. Pertaining to the 
art of healing the diseases of domes- 
tic animals. 

Ve'to, n. ; pi. ve'toes. [Lat. veto, 
I forbid.] 1. The power possessed 
by the executive of negativing a bill 



6R,DO, wpLF,TOO,T0"bKv fJRN,RyE,Pr/LL-, E, I, o, silent ; c,G,sq/i:/ €,&,hard; A§; EXIST; NasNG; THIS. 



VEX 



466 



VIGOR 



which has passed the legislative 
branch of the government ; also, the 
act of exercising this power. 2. Any 
authoritative prohibition. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING, 144.] To withhold as- 
sent to, especially to a bill for a law. 

? EX, v. t. [-ED ; -ING-.] [Lat. vexare, 
orig. to shake or toss, in carrying.] 
1. To make angry by little provoca- 
tions ; to irritate. 2. To disturb ; to 
disquiet ; to agitate. 
Syn.— See Tease. 

Vex-A'tion, n. 1. Act of vexing, or 
state of being vexed. 2. Cause of 
trouble. 3. A harassing by law ; a 
vexing, as by a malicious suit. 
Syn.— See Chagrin. 

VEX-a'TIOUS, a. 1. Causing vexation 
or disquiet. 2. Distressing ; harass- 
ing. 3. Full of vexation. 

Syn. — Afflictive ; provoking ; troub- 
lesome; teasing. 

Vex-a'tioOs-ly, adv. So as to give 
trouble or annoyance. 

Vex-a'tious-ness, n. Quality of 
being vexatious, or of giving trouble 
and disquiet. 

Vex'ing-ly, adv. So as to vex. 

Vl'A, adv. [Lat., ablative of via, way.] 
By the way of. 

Vl'A-BLE, a. [Fr. viable, fr. vie, life, 
Lat. vita.] Capable of living. 

Vi'a-dOct, n. [Lat. via, a way, duc- 
tus, a leading.] A structure for carry- 
ing a railway across a valley or river. 

Vl'AL, n. [See PHIAL.] A small bottle, 
— V.t. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING. 
137.] To put into a vial or vials. 

VI'AND, n. [L. Lat. vianda, vivanda, 
vivenda, from Lat. vivere, to live.] 
Food ; victuals ; — chiefly in the pi. 

VT-AT'I€, a. [Lat. vidtticus, from via, 
a way.] Pertaining to a journey. 

Vi-at'i-CUM, n. [Lat., fr. via, a way.] 
1. Provisions for a journey. 2. The 
communion given to dying persons. 

Vl'BRATE, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
vibrare, -bratum.] 1. To move to and 
fro, or from side to side. 2. To pro- 
duce a vibratory effect. 3. To pass 
from one state to another. — v. t. 

1. To brandish ; to swing. 2. To 
measure by moving to and fro. 

Yi'bra-tile , a. Adapted to, or used 
in, vibratory motion. 

Vi-bra'tion, n. Act of vibrating, or 
state of being vibrated ; quick mo- 
tion to and fro ; oscillation. 

Vl'BRA-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Consisting 
in vibration. 2. Causing to vibrate. 

Vic'ar, n. [See Vicarious.] Incum- 
bent of an appropriated benefice. 

VIc'ar-age, n. 1. Benefice c a vicar. 

2. Residence of a vicar. 
VI-CA'RI-AL, a. Pertaining tc vicar ; 

delegated 

VI-€A'RI-ATE, a. Having delegated 
power, as a vicar. — n. Office or 
oversight of a vicar. 

Vl-€A'RI-ous, a. [Lat. vicarius, from 
vicis, change, turn, office of one per- 
son as assumed by another ] 1. 
Pertaining to a vicar ; deputed ; dele- 
gated. 2. Acting or suffering for 



another. 3. Performed or suffered 

in the place of another. [tion. 

Vi-ca'ri-ous-ly, adv. By substitu- 
VlCE, n. [Lat. vitium.] 1. A defect; 

a fault. 2. A moral fault ; especially, 

immoral conduct or habit. 

Syn. — Crime ; sin ; iniquity ; fault ; 

wickedness. See Crime. 

3. An instrument consisting of two 
jaws, closing by a screw, for holding 
work. — [Lat. vice, in the place of.] 
A prefix denoting one who acts in the 
place of another, or who is second in 
rank or authority. [of. 

VI' pE, prep. In the place of ; instead 

VIce'-ad'mi-ral, n. (Navy.) The 
second officer in command. 

VIce'-ad'mi-ral-ty, n. Office of a 
vice-admiral. 

VlCE'-CHAN'CEL-LOR, n. An officer 
next in rank to a chancellor. 

Vice'-con'sul, n. One acting for 
the con.«>ul. 

"VTce-ge'ren-CY, n. Office of a vice- 
gerent ; deputed power. 

Vice-Ge'rent (89), n. An officer de- 
puted to exercise the powers of an- 
other. — a. Having, or exercising, 
delegated power. 

Vi^e'-pres'i-dent, n. An officer 
next inrank below a president. 

Yice'-re'gal, a. Pertaining to a 
viceroy or vice-royalty. 

VlCE'ROY, n. [Fr. vice-roi, from Fr. 
& Lat. vice, in the place of, and Fr. 
roi, roy, a king.] A governor who 
rules as the king's substitute. 

Vice-roy'al-ty, I n. Dignity, office, 

Vkje'roy-siiip, j or jurisdiction 
of a viceroy. 

Vic/i-nage, n. [Lat. vicinus, neigh- 
boring, a neighbor, fr. virus, a row 
of houses.] Places adjoining or near; 
neighborhood. 

VIc'I-NAL, a. [Lat. vicinqlis.] Near. 

Vl-C1N'I-TY, n. [Lat. vicinitas.] 1. 
Nearness ; proximity. 2. That which 
is near, or not remote ; near place. 
Syn. — See Neighborhood. 

Vl'CIOUS (vish'us), a. [Lat. vitiosus, 
fr. vitium, vice.] 1. Characterized 
by vice or defects. 2. Addicted to 
vice ; corrupt in principles or con- 
duct. 3. Not genuine or pure. 4. 
Not well tamed or broken. 

vTcious-LY (vish'us-), adv. In a 
vicious manner. 

Vi'cioDs-ness (vish'us-), n. State or 
quality of being vicious. 

Syn. — Corruptness; wickedness; im- 
morality; profligacy; unruliness. 

Vi-cis'si-tude (53), n. [Lat. vicissi~ 
tudo ; vicis, change.] 1. Regular 
change ; alternation. 2. Mutation, 
as in human affairs. 

Victim, n. [Lat. victima, a beast of 
sacrifice.] 1. A living being sacrificed. 
2. A person or thing destroyed in the 
pursuit of an object. 3. A dupe ; a 
gull. 

Vl€'TIM-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Tc 
make a victim of. [ Colloq.] 

VICTOR, n. [Lat., fr. vincere, to con- 
quer.] One who gets the better of 



another in any struggle ; esp. one 

who conquers in war. [tippet. 

Vfe'TOR-INE (-een'), n. A lady's fur 

Vl€-TO'RI-o0s, a. [Lat. victoriosus.] 

1. Having conquered or overcome aa 
enemy. 2. Producing conquest. 3. 
Indicating victory. 

Syn.— Conquering; vanquishn. 
umphant; successful. 

Vl€-TO'Rl-ous-LY, adv. In a victo- 
rious manner, [ing victorious., 

Vie-TO'Rl-ous-NESS, n. State of be- 

Vl€'TO-RY,n. [Lat. victoria.] Defeat 
of an enemy in battle, or of an antag- 
onist in contest ; conquest ; triumph. 

VICT'UAL ( vlt'l), V. t. [-ED, -ING ; or 

-LED, -ling, 137.] To supply with 
provisions for subsistence. 

VlCT'UAL-ER I (vlt'l-er), n. 1. One 

VIct'ual-ler ) who furnishes pro- 
visions. 2. One who keeps a house 
of entertainment. 

VlcT'UALg (vit'lz). n. pi [L.Lat.v/c- 
twdia, from Lat. victual is, belonging 
to nourishment, fr. vivere, victum, 
to live.] Food for human beings, pre- 
pared for eating ; provisions. 

Vi'DE. v. imper. [Lat.] See. 

VI-DEL'l-pET, adv. [Lat., contr. 
fr. v id ere licet, i. e., it is easy to see, 
one may see.] To wit ; namely; — 
abbreviated, viz. 

Vie,?;, i. [vied ; vying, 141.] [A.-S. 
wigian, tviggan, to contend, fight.] 
To strive for superiority ; to contend. 

View(vu), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
the n.] 1. To look at with attention ; 
to inspect ; to explore. 2. To survey 
intellectually; to consider. — n. [Fr. 
vue , fr. veoir, voir, to see.] 1. Act of 
seeing ; survey. 2. Mental survey. 
3. Reach of the sight ; power of see- 
ing. 4. That which is seen or beheld. 
5. A sketch. 6. That which is kept 
in sight, as object, or intention. 

Viewer (viVor), n. One who views. 

Viewless (vu'les), a. Not to be 
viewed ; invisible. 

VlG'IL, n. [Lat. vigilia ; vigil, awake, 
watchful.] 1. Sleeplessness ; watch. 

2. Watching for religious exercises. 

3. Evening before any feast, or a re- 
ligious service then performed. 

Vig'i-lance , n. State or quality of 

being vigilant ; forbearance of sleep. 

Syn.— Watchfulness; caution; guard. 

VlG'I-LANT, a. [Lat. vigilans, watch- 
ing.] Attentive to discover and avoid 
danger, or to provide for safety. 

Syn. — Wakeful ; watchful ; circum- 
spect. 

ViG'l-LANT-LY, adv. In a vigilant 
manner ; watchfully. 

Vignette (vin-yeV or vTn'yet), n. 
[Fr. vignette , from vigne, a vine.] 1. 
A running ornament consisting of 
leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic 
architecture. 2. A small wood-cut 
or engraving, not inclosed within a 
definite border. 

VIg'OR, n. [Lat.] 1. Active strength of 
body or mind ; intellectual force. 2. 
Strength or force in animal or vege- 
table nature. 3. Energy ; efficacy. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y 



long; jL l 1i i i i 6 3 U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM} PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



VIGOROUS 



467 



VIRILITY 



VlG'OR-OUS, a. 1. Possessing vigor. 
2. Exhibiting strength, either of 
body or mind ; powerful. 

VlG'OR-OUS-LY, adv. In a vigorous 
manner. [ing vigorous. 

VlG'OR-OUS-NESS, n. Quality ot'be- 

VlLE,a. [-ER : -est.] [Lat. vilis.] 
1. Low ; despicable. 2. Morally base 
or impure. 

VlLE'LY (1u9), ailc. 1. Basely ; mean- 
ly. 2. In a cowardly manner. 

Vile'ness, n. Quality of being vile. 

VlL'l-FPER, n. One who vilifies. 

VIl'i-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ing. 142.] [Lat. 
vilificare ; vilis, vile, and facere, to 
make.] To attempt to degrade by 
slander. 

Syn. — To debase; defame; revile; 
abuse ; traduce; vituperate. 

Vil'lA (147), n. [Lat.] A country- 
seat or residence, usually of a 
wealthy person. 

Vil'LAGe, rc. [From Lat. villa.] A 
small inhabited place ; an assem- 
blage of houses, less than a town or 
city. 

Syn.— Hamlet; town ; city. — In Eng- 
land, a hamlet denotes a collection of 
houses too small to have a parish church. 
A village has a church, hut no market. 
A town has both a market and a church 
or churches. A city is, in the legal seni.e, 
an incorporated borough town, which is, 
or has been, the place of a bishop's see. 
It is hardly necessary to say, that the last 
three words have a different acceptation 
in the United States. 

Vil'la-ger, n. An inhabitant of a 
village. 

Vil'lain, n. [0. Fr. ; L. Lat. villanus, 
fr. villa, a village, Lat , a farm.] 1. 
A feudal tenant of the lowest class ; 
a bondman. 2. A vile, wicked per- 
son ; a deliberate scoundrel. 

Vil'LAIN-ous ) (156), a. 1. Suited to, 

Vi'l'LAN-ous J or like, a villain. 2. 
Proceeding from extreme depravity. 
3. Sorry ; meau ; mischievous. 

VIl'lain-ous ly, l mlv. In a vil- 

Vil'lan-oOs-ly, ) lainous manner. 

VlL'LAIN-Y ( (156), n. 1. Extreme 

Vjl'lan-y J depravity ; atrocious 
wickedness. 2. A deed of deep de- 
pravity. 

Vil'lan aGe, n. [See Villain.] 
State of a villain ; servile tenure of 
lands. [Usually written villenage.] 

Vil'lan-oDs, a. See VILLAINOUS. 

Vil'lan-y, n. See Villainy. 

VlL-LAT'ie, a. [Lat. villaticus, from 
villa a country-house.] Pertaining 
to a village. 

VlL'LI, n. pi. [Lat. villus, shaggy 
hair.] 1. Minute papillary eleva- 
tions. 2. Fine hairs. 

v"IL-LOSE' (125), I a. [Lat. villosus.] 

VlL'LOUS, J 1. Abounding or 

covered with fine hairs ; nappy. 2. 
Downy ; velvety. 

VIm'I-nal, a. [Lat; vimen, a pliant 
twig.] Pertaining to, consisting of, 
or producing, twigs. 

VI-min'e-ous, a [Lat. vimineus.] 
Made of, or producing, twigs. 

Vr-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. vinaceus, fr. 
vinum, wine.] Belonging to wine or 
grapes 



VIn'ai-grette', n. [Fr., from 
vinaigre, vinegar.] A small box, or 
bottle, for aromatic vinegar, or smell- 
ing-salts. ' [querable. 

VlN'CI-BLE, a. [Lat. vincibilis.] Con- 

Vijy-e'u-LUM, n. ; pi. riNe'u-zA. 
[Lat., fr. vincire, to bind.] A bond 
of union ; a tie. 

"VlN-DE'MI-AL, a. [Lat. vindemialis, 
fr. vindtmia, a vintage.] Pertaining 
to a vintage. [vindicated. 

Vin'di-€a-ble , a. Capable of being 

VlN'DI-€ATE,V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
vindicate, -catum.] 1. To prove to 
be just or valid. 2. To support or 
maintain as true, against denial, cen- 
sure, or objections. 3. To maintain 
by overthrowing enemies. 

Syn. — To assert; defend; justify. 

Vin'di-ca'tion, n. Act of vindicat- 
ing, or state of being vindicated ; 
claim ; defense. 

VIn'di-ca'tI've, a. Tending to vindi- 
cate, [cates. 

Vin'di-ca/tor, n. One who vindi- 

VlN'Dl-€A-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Tending 
to vindicate. 2. Inflicting punish- 
ment ; avenging. 

VlN-Dle'TlVE, a. [Lat. v indicia, re- 
venge, punishment.] Giveu to re- 
venge ; revengeful. 

VlN-Bl€'TlVE-LY, adv. Revengefully. 

Vin-DI€'tive-NESS, n. Revengeful 
temper. 

Vine, n. [Lat. vinea, a vine.] 1. The 
plant that produces grapes. 2. A 
climbing or trailing plant. 

VIne'-dress'er, n. One who culti- 
vates vines. 

Vin'e-gar, n. [Fr. vinaigre, fr. vin, 
wine, and aigre, sour.] An acid liq- 
uor obtained from wine, cider, beer, 
and the like, by acetous fermenta- 
tion, [vines. 

VlN'ER-Y, n. A structure for rearing 

VlNE'YARD (vin'yard), n. A planta- 
tion of vines producing grapes. 

VT'nous, a. [Lat. vinosus.] Having 
the qualities of, or relating to, wine. 

VlNT'AGE (45), n. [From vine.] 1. 
Produce, in grapes or in wine, of the 
vine for the season. 2. Time of 
gathering grapes. [vintage. 

Vint'a-ger, n. One who gathers the 

VlNT'NER, n. [0. Eng. vintener, Lat. 
vinitor.] One who deals in wine. 

VlN'Y, a. Belonging to, or abounding 
in, vines. 

Vl'OL, n. [It. viola, L. Lat. vitula.] 
A stringed musical instrument. 

Vl'O-LA, n. An instrument resem- 
bling the violin. [violated. 

Vi'o-la-ble, a. Capable of beiug 

Vi'o-la'ceous, a. [Lat. violaceus.] 
Jtesembling violets in color. 

Vl'O-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
violare, -latum, fr. vis, force.] 1. To 
treat in a violent manner. 2. To do 
violence to, as to any thing that 
should be respected. 3. To commit 
rape on ; to outrage. 

Syn. — To injure; disturb; interrupt; 
infringe; transgress; profane; debauch. 

Vl'o-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of violating 



or state of being violated. 2. In- 
fringement ; transgression. 3. Con- 
temptuous treatment of sacred 
things. 4. Ravishment ; rape. 
Yi'O-LA'TOR, n. One who violates. 
Vl'o-LEN^E, n. [Lat. violentia.] 1 
Highly excited action, whether phys- 
ical or moral. 2. Injury done to thai 
which is entitled to respect. 3. Rav- 
ishment ; rape. 

Syn. — Vehemence ; outrage ; viola- 
tion ; infraction; infringement. 

Vi'o-lent, a. 1. Moving or acting 
with physical strength ; excited by 
strong feeling or passion. 2. Com- 
mitting outrage. 

Syn. — Fierce ; furious ; impetuous ; 
passionate; severe; extreme; unnatural. 

Vi'o-lent-LY, adv. In a violent 
manner. 

Vl'o-LET,n. [Lat. viola.] 1. A plant 
and flower of many species. 2. One 
of the seven primary colors of the 
solar spectrum. — a. Dark blue, in- 
clining to red. 

VPo-lin', n. tSp. See Viol.] (Mus.) 
An instrument with four strings, 
played with a bow ; a fiddle. 

VPO-LiN'IST, n. A player on a violin. 

Vl'OL-lST, n. A player on the viol. 

VFO-LON-CEL'LrsT, n. One who 
plays on the violoncello. 

Vi v o-LON-CEL'LO (-chel'lo or-sel'lo), 
n. [It., dim. of violone, a bass-viol.] 
A bass-viol of four strings. 

Violone (ve'o-lo'na), n. [It.] The 
largest instrument of the bass-viol 
kind. 

Vl'PER, n. [Lat. vi- 
pera.] 1. One of a 
family of poisonous 
snakes. 2. A malig- 
nant person. 

VI'PER-INE, a. Per- Viper, 

taining to a viper, 
or to vipers. [of a viper. 

Vi'per-ous, a. Having the qualities 

Vl-RA'GO, n. ; pi. VI-RA/GOES. [Lat. 
virago, fr. vir, a man.] 1. A female 
warrior. 2. A bold, impudent, tur- 
bulentwoman ; a termagant. 

VlR'E-LAY, n. [Fr. virelai, fr. virer, to 
turn, and lai, a lay.] An ancient 
French song, wholly in two rhymes. 

Vi-RES'CENT, a. [Lat. virescens, 
growing green.] Slightly green ; 
greenish. 

VIR'GIN (18), n. [Lat. virgo, virginis, 
fr. vivere, to be green.] A woman 
who has preserved her chastity; a 
maiden. — a. 1. Chaste; pure; un- 
dented. 2. Maidenly ; modest. 

Vir-GIn'i-ty, n. State of a virgin; 
maidenhood. 

Vir'go, n. [Lat., a virgin.] A sign 
and constellation of the zodiac. 

VI-rId'i-ty, 1 n. [Lat. viriditas\ 

Vir'id-ness, ) Greenness ; verdure. 

Vl'RlLE, or VlR'lLE, a. [Lat. virilis, 
from vir, a man.] 1. Pertaining to 
a man, or to the mate sex. 2. Mas- 
culine. 

Vl-RIL'I-TY, or Vl-RIL'I-TY n. 1. 
Manhood ; manly character. 2. Power 
of procreation. 




OR, do, wpLF,TO~O,T00iS.j URN, rue, pull; e,i, o, silent; c, G, soft; €,G,hard; Ag; exist; Nosng; this. 



VIRTU 



468 



VIVIFICAL 



VlR-TU', n. [It. virtu, virtue. See 
Virtue.] 1. A love of the fine arts ; 
a taste for curiosities. 2. Objects of 
art or antiquity. 

VlRT'U-AL, a. [L. L&t.virtvalis, from 
Lat. virtus, strength, power.] Being 
in essence or effect, not in fact. 

VIrt'u-al-LY, adv. In efficacy or 
effectonly. 

VlRT'UE (18), n. [Lat. virtus, strength, 
courage, virtue, fr. vir, a man.] 1. 
Active quality ; strength ; efficacy. 
2. Moral excellence ; uprightness. 3. 
Female_chastity ; virginity ; purity. 

VIr/tu-o'so, n. ; ^Eng. pi. yiR / TU- 
o'sos ; It. pi. VIR'TU-O'SI.] [It.] 
One skilled in the fine arts, in antiq- 
uities, curiosities, &c. 

TiRT'u-oDs, a. Possessing or exhib- 
iting virtue. [manner. 

YIrt'u-ous-ly, adv. In a virtuous 

Virt'u-ous-ness, n. State or char- 
acter of being virtuous. 

V'lR'u -lence , ) n. 1. Quality of being 

VlR'U-LEN-CY, ) virulent ; injurious 
activity ; poisonousncss. 2. Extreme 
bitterness or malignity. 

Syn — Malignancy ; acrimony ; ran- 
cor; venom; spite. 

VlR'y-EENT,a!. [Lat. vindentus.] 1. 
Extremely poisonous or venomous. 
2. Very bitrer in enmity. 

Svn. — Malignant: venomous; poison- 
ous; rancorous; bitter; spiteful. 

Vir'u-lent-ly, adv. In a virulent 
manner. 

VI'rus, n. [Lat., a slimy liquid, poi- 
son.] 1. Contagious or poisonous 
matter, as of specific ulcers, &c. 2. 
Spirit, aim , or drift, of any thing in- 
jurious. 

Vis/age (45), n. [L. Lat. visagium, 
fr. Lat. visits, a seeing, a look.] Face, 
countenance, or look of a person. 

Vls-A-^ris (viz'a-ve'), n. [Fr., face to 
face.] 1. One who is face to face with 
another. 2. A carriage in which two 
persons sit face to face. 

V1's'ce-rA, n. pi. [Lat.] The contents 
of the abdomen ; bowels 

Vis'cer-al, a. Pertaining to the vis- 
cera, or entrails. 

VlS'CER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To 
deprive of the viscera ; to embowel. 

VlS'^lD, a. [Lat. viscidus, fr. viscum, 
the mistletoe, bird-lime (made from 
mistletoe-berries).] Sticking ; adher- 
ing ; glutinous. 

Yls-cio'l-TY, n. 1. Glutinousness ; 
stickiness. 2. That which is viscid. 

VlS-eos'l-TY, n. [L. Lat. viscositas.] 
Quality of being viscous ; viscidity. 

VlS'-eouNT (vi'kount), n. [O.JFr. vis- 
comte, vicomte, L. Lat. vicecomes, 
fr. Lat. vice, and comes, a compan- 
ion, L. Lat., a count.] A nobleman 
next in rank below an earl ; also, his 
title. [Eng.] 

Vis'€OUNT-ess (vl'kount-), n. The 
lady of a viscount ; a peeress of the 
fourth order. 

VTs'-eous, a. [Lat. viscosus, fr. viscum, 
bird-lime.] Adhesive ; sticky ; glu- 
tinous. 

Vise, n. [Fr. vis, a screw, vise.] An 



instrument for griping and holding 
things, closed by a screw. 

Vise (ve'za'), n. [Fr. vise, from Lat. 
visus, seen.] An indorsement made 
by police officers of certain European 
countries, on a passport, denoting 
that it has been examined, and that 
the person who bears it is permitted 
to proceed. 

VISE (ve-za'), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
examine and indorse, as a passport. 

Vis/I-BIL'I-TY, n. State or quality of 
being visible. 

Yis/I-BLE, a. [Lat. visibilis, fr. videre, 
to see.] 1. Perceivable by the eye. 

2. Noticeable ; conspicuous. 
Vis'I -BEE-NESS, n. Visibility. 
VIs'I-BLY, adv. Noticeably; clearly. 
Yls'ION (vlzh'un), n. [Lat. visio, fr. 

videre, to see.] 1. Act or faculty of 
seeing; sight. 2. An object of sight. 

3. An apparition; a phantom. 4. 
Something imaginary. 

Vis'ion-a-ry (vizh'un-), a. 1. Affected 
by phantoms ; given to reverie. 2. 
Existing in imagination only. 

Syn. — Fanciful ; fantastic ; unreal. 
See Fanciful. 

— n. 1. One whose imagination is 
disturbed. 2. One who forms im- 
practicable schemes. 

Vis/it, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. via- 
{tare, fr. visere, to go to see, to visit.] 

1. To go or come to see; to attend. 

2. To inspect ; to. examine. 3. To 
appear before or judge. — v. i. To 
keep up the interchange of civilities 
and salutations. — -n. 1. Act r>f go- 
ing to see a person. 2. Official or 
formal inspection ; examination. 

VIs'it-a-ble, a. Liable or subject to 
be visited or inspected. 

Vis'it-ant, n. One who visits. 

Vis/IT-A'TION, n. 1. Act of visiting, 
or the state of being visited. 2. Com- 
munication of divine favor and good- 
ness, or, more usually, of divine 
wrath and vengeance. 

Vis'lT-OR, n. One who visits. 

Vi^it-o'ri-al, a. Belonging to a ju- 
dicial visitor or superintendent. 

Vis'OR, or Vl'gOR, n. [From Lat. vi- 
dere, to see.] 1. Part of a helmet, per- 
forated for seeing through. 2. A mask 
used to disguise. 3. The forepiece of 
a cap. 

VIs'ta (147), n. [It., sight, view.] A 
view between intervening objects, as 
trees ; hence, the trees or other 
things that form an avenue. 

YIs'U-AL (vizh'yj-al), a. [L. Lat. visu- 
alis, fr. Lat. visus, a seeing, sight.] 
Relating to sight ; used in sight. 

Vl'TAL, a. [Lat. vitalis, fr. vita, life] 
1. Relating to life. 2. Contributing 
or necessary to life. 3. Containing life. 

4. Being that on which life depends. 

5. Very necessary. 

Syn. — Essential; immediate; absolute. 
Vi-tal'i-ty, n. State or quality of 

being vital ; principle of life. 
Vi'tal-ly, adv. 1. So as to give life. 

_2. Essentially. 
Vi'tals, n. pi. Parts of animal bodies 

essential to life. 



VY'TI-ATE (vish'T-at, 95), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. vitiare, -alum, from 
vitium, a fault, vice.] 1. To make 
vicious or imperfect. 2. To cause to 
fail of effect, wholly or in part 

Syn. — To corrupt; deprave ; defile; 
pollute; taint; contaminate. 

VPti-A'tion (vish'T-a'shun), n. Act 
of vitiating, or state of being viti- 
ated; corruption; invalidation. 

VPti-6s'i-ty (vTsh'I-), n. Quality of 
being vicious ; corrupt state. 

VlT'RE-otJS, a. [Lat. vitreus, from vt- 
trum, glass.] 1. Pertaining to, de- 
rived from, or consisting of, glass. 2. 
Resembling glass. 

VlT'RE-ous-NESS. n. State or quality 
of being vitreous. [glass. 

V'I-tres'CENT, a. Tending to become 

VJ't / ri-fa€'tion, n. Act, process, or 
operation of vitrifying. 

Vit'RI-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing vitrified. 

Vit'ri-form, a. [Lat. vitrum, glass, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
or appearance of glass. 

VIT'RI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. vitrum, glass, and facere, to 
make.] To convert into glass by 
fusion. — v. i. To become glass. 

Vit'ri-ol, n. [N. Lat. vitriolum, fr. 
Lat. vitrum, glass ; from its translu- 
cency.] A soluble sulphate of any 
one of the_ metals. 

VlT'RI-C-LATE,f. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To convert into a vitriol. 

VitVri-ol'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, vitriol. 

Vit'ri-ol-ize, v. t. To vitriolate. 

ViT'U-LINE, a. [Lat. vitulinus ; vit- 
ulus, a calf.] Pertaining to a calf, 
or to veal. 

VI-tu'per-ate, v. t. [Lat. vitupe- 
rare, -ratum ; vilivm, a fault, and 
parare, to prepare.] To overwhelm 
with abuse ; to censure. 

Yi-tu'per-a'tion, n. Abuse ; se- 
vere censure ; blame. 

Yi-TtJ'PER-A TlvE.a. Abusive. 

Vi-va'cious, n. (Lat. vivax, vivacis, 
from vivere, to live.] Sprightly in 
temper or conduct. 
Syn. — Active ; gay ; merry. 

Vl-VA'ciofis-NESS, ) n. SprightlinesB 

Vi-VAC'i-ty, ) of temper or 

behavior. 
Syn.— See Liveliness. 

Vl-vI'RI-UM, ) n. [Lat. vivarium, 

Vl'VA-RY, J fr. vivus, alive.] A 

place for keeping or raising living 
animals. 

ViV'lD, a. [Lat. vividus, fr. vivere, 
to live.] 1. Exhibiting the appear- 
ance of life or freshness ; animated. 
2. Forming brilliant images, or paint- 
ing in lively colors. 

Syn. — Clear ; bright ; strong ; strik- 
ing; lively \ quick; active. 

Viv'ID-ey, adv. In a vivid manner. 

Viv'ID-NESS, n. 1. Life; sprightli- 
ness. 2. Strength of coloring - , 
brightness. 

Vi-viF'l€, \a. [Lat. vivificus ; vi- 

Vl-VIF'I€-AL, j vus, alive, and facere, 
to make.] Giving life ; reviving. 



I, E, I, 0,tJ, Y,long; A, £,1,6, V,¥, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM • PIQUE, FIRM; S6lf, 



VIVIFICATION 



469 



VOMIT 



YIVI fi-€A'tion, n. Act of vivify- 
ing, or state of beiug vivified. 

Viv'I-FI-e'A'TIVE, a. Able to vivify. 

Viv'i-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ing, 142.] [See 
Vivificate.] To endue with life 5 
to animate. 

Vl-VlP'A-ROUS, a. [Lat. viviparous, 
fir. vivus, alive, and parere, to bear, 
bring forth.] Producing young in a 
living state. 

VTvi-sec'tion, n. [Lat. vivus, alive, 
and seclio, a cutting.] Dissection 
of an animal wbile alive. 

VdCen, w. [A.-S. Jixen, a she-fox.] 
A cross, ill-tempered woman. 

PIx'EN-LY, a. Having the qualities 
of a vixen. 

Y"iZ'IER(viz'yer),orYl-ZIER', n. [Ar. 
wezir, wazir, prop, a bearer of bur- 
dens.] A councilor of state iu Tur- 
key and other oriental couutries. 

Vo'€A-BLE,»i. [Lat. vocabulum, fr. 
vox, vocis, a voice, word.] A word ; 
a term : a name. 

Vo-€AB'u-LA-RV,n. [L. Lat. vocab- 
ularium. See supra.] 1. A list or 
collection of words arranged in al- 
phabetical order and explained. 2. 
Sum or stock of words employed. 

Vo'€AL, a. [Lat. vocalis, from vox, 
voice.] 1. Having a voiw. 2. Ut- 
tered or modulated by tne voice. 3. 
Pertaining to a vowel or voice-sound. 

Yo-€AL'i€, a. Consisting of the voice, 
or vowel sounds. 

Yo'€AL-iST, n. A singer, or vocal 
musician. [cal. 

Vo-CAl/I-TY, n. Quality of being vo- 

Yo/€AL-I-ZA'TIOX, n. 1. Act of vo- 
calizing. 2. Formation of vocal 
pounds. 

VO'€AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To form into voice. 2. To practice 
singing on the vowel sounds. 

To'i'AL-LY, adv. With voice. 

^ 0-€A'TlON, n. [Lat. vocatio, fr. vo- 
care, to call.] 1. Call; summons; 
esp., designation to a particular state 
or profession. 2. Destined or appro- 
priate employment. 

Syn. — Calling ; trade ; destination. 

Vo€'A-TIVE , a. [Lat. vocativus, fr. 
vocare, to call.] Relating to, or used 
in, calling or address. — n. The case 
in which a word is put when the per- 
son or thing is addressed. 

YO-^IF'ER-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. vociferare, -ratum ; vox, vocis, 
voice, and ferre, to bear.] To cry 
out with vehemence. — v. t. To ut- 
ter with a loud voice. [cry. 

Yo-CIF'ER-A'TION, n. A violent out- 
Syn — Exclamation; clamor; bawling. 

Vo-cif'er-oqs, a. Making a loud 
outcry : clamorous : noisy. 

Yogue (vog), n. [From O. H. Ger. 
wogon, to move.] Temporary mode 
or custom ; popular reception. 

Voice, n. [Lat. vox, vocis.] 1. Sound 
uttered by the mouth ; utterance. 
2. Distinctive character or quality 
of tone. 3. Language ; expression. 
4. Opinion or choice expressed. 5. 
A particular form of a verb , or mode 



of inflecting verbs. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To fit for producing the prop- 
er sounds ; to regulate the tone of. 

Yoice'less, a. Having no voice. 

YOID, a. [0. Fr. void, vuid, fr. Lat. 
viduus, widowed, deprived' of.] 1. 
Vacant ; not occupied. 2. Desti- 
tute ; free. 3. Having no incum- 
bent. 4. Having no legal or bind- 
ing force. 5. Unsubstantial ; vain. 
Syn. — Empty; devoid; wanting; un- 
furnished; unsupplied. 

— n. An empty space; emptiness. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To quit; 
to leave. 2. To throw, emit, or send 
out. 3. To render of no validity ; 
to annul. [voided. 

Void'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
YOID'ANCE, n. 1. Act of emptying ; 
ejection. 2. State of being void; 
vacancy. [voids. 

Yoid'er, n. One who, or that which, 
YOID'NESS, n. State of being void. 
Yo'LANT, a. [Lat. volans.] 1. Fly- 
ing ; current. 2. Nimble ; active. 
Y6l/A-TIL,E, a. [Lat. volalilis ; vo- 
lar e, to fly.] 1. Capable of easily 
passing into the aeriform state. 2. 
Lively ; gay ; hence, fickle ; apt to 
change. 
Voi/a-tile-ness, | n. 1. Disposi- 
Yoi/a-til'I-TY, i tion to exhale 
or evaporate. 2. Great sprightli- 
r>ess ; mutability. 

Syn. — Lightness ; giddiness ; liveli- 
ness. See Levity. 

Voe/a-tii/i-za'tion, n. Act or 
process ofvolatiliziug. 

Y6L'A-TIL-IZE,r.«. [-ED; -ING.] To 
render volatile ; to cause to exhale. 

YOL,-€AN'ie, a. 1. Pertaining to vol- 
canoes. 2. Produced by, or affected 
by the heat of, a volcano. 

YOL-€A'NO, ft. : pi. VOL-€A'NOES. 
[It., fr. Lat. Vulcanus, Vulcan, the 
god of fire.] A mountain from which 
lava, steam, sulphureous gases, &c, 
are ejected. 

VOLE,n. |jFr.,fr. voter, to steal, to 
steal away, fr. Lat. involare, to fly 
at, to seize.] A deal at cards that 
draws all the tricks. 

VoLEE(\o'W),n. [Fr., a flight.] A 
rapid flight of notes. 

Vo-li'tion (-lish'un), n. [L. Lat. 
volitio, from Lat. volo, to will, be 
willing.] 1. Act of willing; exer- 
cise of the will. 2. Power of willing. 

Syx. — Choice. — Clioice is Saxon, and 
volition, Latin. The former is the fa- 
miliar, and the latter the scientific, 
term for the same state of the will; viz., 
an "elective preference.' When we 
have " made up our minds " to a thing, 
i. e., have a settled state of choice re- 
specting it, that state is called an imma- 
nent volition ; when we put forth any 
particular act of choice, that act is called 
an emanant, or executive, or imperative, 
volition. When an immanent, or settled 
state of choice, is one which controls or 
governs a series of actions, we call that 
state a predominant volition; while we 
give the name of subordinate volitions' to 
those particular acts of choice which 
carry into effect the object sought for 
by the governing or " predominant vo- 
lition." 



Voi/LEY (148), n. [Fr. volee, fr. vo- 
ter, to fly.] 1. A discharge of many 
small arms at once. 2. A burst or 
emissiou of many things at once. — - 
v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To discharge 
with a volley. — v. i. To be dis- 
charged in a volley. 

VOL-TA'I€, a. Pertaining to vo'uu,OT 
to electricity developed by chemicai 
action. 

Yol'ta-ism (44), n. Electricity de- 
veloped "by the chemical action be- 
tween metals and different liquids ; 
galvanism. 

Voltigeur (voPte'zhur'), n. [Fr., 
from voltiger, to vault.] A light in- 
fantry soldier. 

Voi/u-Bli/l-TY, n. State or quality 
of being voluble. 

Vol'u-ble, a. [Lat. volubilis ; vol- 
vere, volutum, to roll, turn round.] 
1. Easily rolling or turning ; apt to 
roll. 2. Of rapid speech ; fluent. 

V6i/u-BLY r , adv. In a voluble man- 
ner. 

Yol'ume (53), n. [Lat. volumen, lit. 
a thing rolled up, fr. volvere, to roll.] 
1. A roll or scroll. [Obs.] 2. Hence, 
a book ; esp., so much of a work as 
is bound up in one cover. 3. Dimen- 
sions ; compass. 4. Power or quan- 
tity _of voice or tone. 

VO-lu'MI-noDs, a. 1. Consisting of 
many coils or complications. 2. Con- 
sisting of many volumes or books. 
3. Having written much. 

Yol/un-ta-ri-ly, adv. In a volun- 
tary manner ; spontaneously. 
j Y61/UN-TA-RY (44), a. [Lat. volun- 
tarius, from voluntas, will, choice.] 
1. Proceeding from the will. 2. Of 
his or its own accord ; spontaneous. 
3. Done by design ; intended. 4. 
Subject to the will. 5. Endowed 
with the power of willing. 6. Free; 
gratuitous. — n. A piece played by 
a musician, often extern porarily, ac- 
cording to his fancy , especially at the 
opening of church service. 

Vol/un-TEER', n. One who serves of 
his own free will. — a. Entering into 
service of free will ; composed of vol- 
unteers. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To offer 
or bestow voluntarily. — v. i. To en- 
ter into any service of one's free will. 

Yo-lupt'u-A-ry, n. [Lat. voluptua- 
rius, from voluptas, pleasure.] One 
who makes his own bodily enjoy- 
ments his chief care. 

Syn. — Sensualist; epicure. 

YO-LUPT'U-oiJS, a. [Lat. voluptuo- 
sus.] 1. Ministering to sensual grati- 
fication ; sensual. 2. Given to lux- 
ury and sensual pleasure. 

Yo-lupt'u-ous-ly, ado. In a vo- 
luptuous manner : luxuriously. 

Yo-lupt'u-oOs-ness, n. State or 
quality of being voluptuous. 

Yo-LUTE',n. [Lat. volvere, volutitm, 
to roll.] A kind of spiral scroll, used 
in the Ionic and Composite capitals. 

Vom'IT, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
vomere, vomitum.] To eject the 
contents of the stomach by tho 
mouth ; to puke. — v. t. 1. To throw 



or, do.wqlf, too, TOOK ; Urn, rue, pull : E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; A§; EXIST ; nosNG; this. 



VOMITION 



470 



WADE 



up ; to puke. 2. To eject from any 
hollow place. — n. 1. Matter ejected 
from the stomach. 2. An emetic. 

Vo-MI'TION (-mish/un), n. Act or 
power of vomiting. [emetic. 

Vom'I-tIve, a. Causing to vomit ; 

Vo-MPTO, n. [Sp. See VOMIT.] The 
yellow fever in its worst form. 

V6m'I-TO-RY, a. Procuring vomiting ; 
emetic. — n. 1. An emetic. 2. A 
principal door of a large huilding, as 
of an amphitheater. 

Vo-RA/cioDs, a. [Lat. vorax, voracis, 
fr. vorare, to devour.] Greedy for 
eating ; very hungry. 

Syn.— Ravenous; rapacious; greedy. 

Vo-RA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Itavenously. 

Vo-ra'cious-ness, ) n. Quality of 

Vo-RAC'I-TY, \ being vora- 

cious ; greediness of appetite. 

Vo-RAG'l-NOUS,a. [Lat. voraginosus ; 
vorago, abyss, gulf.] Full of gulfs. 

VOR'TEX, n. ; Eng. pi. VOR'TEX-ES ; 
Lat. pi. V0R'TI-pE^. [Lat. vortex, 
fr. vorte.re, to turn.] 1. A whirling 
motion of any fluid ; a whirlpool. 2. 
A whirlwind. 

V6r'ti-cal, a. Pertaining to, or 
like, a vortex in form or motion. 

VO'TA-RESS, a. [See VOTARY, n.] 
A female votary. 

Vq'TA-RisT, n. A votary. 

Vo'TA-RY, a. [Lat. vovere, votus, to 
vow, devote.] Consecrated by, or 
consequent on, a vow : devoted ; 
promised. — n. One devoted, or en- 
gaged by a vow or promise. 

Vote, n. [Lat. votum, a vow, wish, 
■ fr. vovere, votum, to vow.] 1. Wish 
or choice expressed in some received 
way ; suffrage. 2. That by which 
preference is expressed in elections, 
&c. 3. Expression of will by a ma- 
jority. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
express the mind, will, or preference. 
— v. t. 1. To choose by suffrage ; 
to elect. 2. To enact, establish, or 
grant, by a vote. [titled to vote. 

Vot'ER, n. One who votes, or is en- 

Vo'TlVE, a. [Lat. votivvs.] Given by 
vow ; devoted. [ner ; by vow. 

Vo'tTve-ey, adv. In a votive man- 

VOUCH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Norm. 
Fr. voucher, fr. Lat. vorare, to call.] 
1. To call on to witness. 2. To 



maintain by affirmations. 3. To sup- 
port ; to establish. 

Syx. — To declare; affirm; attest; con- 
firm; asseverate; aver; protest; assure. 

— v. i. To bear witness ; to give 
testimony or full attestation. 

VOUCH-EE', n. One called into court 
to make good a warranty of title. 

Vouch'er, n. 1. One who gives wit- 
ness. 2. A paper, or document to 
vouch the truth of accounts, or to 
establish facts of any kind. 

Vouch'er ) (127), n. One who calls 

Vouch'OR, j in another to establish 
his warranty of title. 

VOUCHSAFE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From vouch, and safe, to vouch or 
answer for safety.] 1. To permit to 
be done without danger. 2. To con- 
descend to grant. — v. i. To conde- 
scend ; to deign. 

VOW, n. [Lat. votum, fr. vovere, vo- 
tum. to vow.] 1. A solemn promise 
to God, or to some deity. 2. A prom- 
ise of fidelity, —v. t. '[-ED; -ING.] 

1. To give or consecrate by a solemn 
promise. 2. To assert solemnly. — 
v. i. To make a vow, or solemn 
promise. 

Vowel, n. [Lat. voralis, from vox, 
vocis, a voice, sound.] 1. An utter- 
ance of the voice through a more 
open position of the organs than that 
with which a consonant is uttered. 

2. A letter representing such a 
sound. — a. Pertaining to a vowel ; 
vocal. 

VOY'AGE (colloq. voij), n. [Fr. voy- 
age, from Lat. viaticum, traveling- 
money, provision for a journey.] A 
passing by sea or water from one 
place or country to another. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To take a voyage ; to 
sail or pass by water. 

Voyageur (vwo'ya/zhfir'), n. [Fr. 
fr. voyager, to travel.] A traveler ; 

— the Canadian name of a class of 
men employed in transporting goods 
to and from the remote stations at 
the north-west. 

Vul-ca'NI-an, a. Pertaining to Vul- 
can, or to works in iron or other 
metal. 

VBl^can-i-za'tion, n. Art or pro- 
cess of vulcanizing. 



VtfL'€AN-lTE,n. A hard black com. 
pound of India rubber and sul- 
phur. 

VtJL'CAN-IZE.f. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
change the properties of, as India 
rubber, by causing it to combine 
with sulphur. 

VOl'GAR, a. [Lat. vulgaris ; vulgus, 
the common people.] 1. Pertaining 
to the mass of people ; commoi ; 
hence, in general use. 2. Relating 
to the common people or to common 
life ; plebeian. 3. Lacking refine- 
ment ; rustic ; boorish ; offensive to 
good taste. 

Syn.— Ordinary ; mean; rustic. 
— n. The common people. 

VuL'GAR-TgM, n. A vulgar phrase or 
expression. 

Vul-gar'i-ty, n. State or quality 
of being vulgar. 

VUL'GAR-IZE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
make vulgar. 

Vul'gar-ly, adv. 1. In a vulgar 
manner ; commonly. 2. Rudely ; 
clownishly. 

VCl'gate (45), n. [Lat. vvlgatus, 
usual, common ; — so called from its 
common use in the Roman Catholic 
Church.] An ancient Latin version 
of the Scriptures. — a. Pertaining 
to the old Latin version of the 
Scriptures. 

Vl.l/ner-a-bTl'1-ty, n. State of 
being vulnerable. 

ViJL'NER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. vulnerabilis; 
vulnerare. to wound.] Capable of 
being wounded, or of being affected 
injuriously. 

VUL'NER-A-RY, a. [Lat. vnlnerarivs, 
from vulnus, a wound.] Useful in 
healing^ wounds. 

VUL'P'iNE, a. [Lat. vulpinus ; vulpes, 
a fox.] Relating to, or resembling, 
the fox ; craftv. 

VULT'URE (53), «. 
[Lat. vu/tur.] A ra- 
pacious bird allied 
to the hawks and 
the owls. 

VfjLT'UR-INE, ) n. 

VnLT'UR-ofts, | Per- 
taining to, or resem- 
bling, the vulture ; 
rapacious. 




Vulture. 



w. 



W (double ii), the twenty-third 
letter of the alphabet, takes 
its form and name from the repeti- 
tion of a V, this being the form of 
ihe Roman capital letter which we 
call U. See Principles of Pronunci- 
ation, §§ 100-103. 
tVAB'BEE (wob/bl), V. 7. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To move staggeringly from one side 
to the other ; — said of a turning 
body. — n. A hobbling, unequal 
motion, as of a wheel. 



YfACK/E, n. [Ger. wacke, 0. H. 
Ger. waggo, a kind of stone, flint, 
pebble.] A rock nearly allied to 
basalt. 

Wad (wod), n. [D. & Ger. watte, al- 
lied to A.-S. wxd, garment, cloth- 
ing.] A little mass ; esp. of some soft 
material for stopping the charge of 
powder in a gun. — v. t. [-DED; 
-DfNG.] 1. To form into a wad, or into 
wadding. 2. To crowd a wad into. 

Wad'ding, n. 1. A wad, or the ma- 



terials used for wads. 2. Sheets or 
carded cotton used for stuffing gar- 
ments 

Wad'dle (wod'dl), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. wadlian, to wander, fr. wad an, 
to go.] To walk like a duck, or like 
a very fat person. 

Wade, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wadan, allied to Lat. vadere, to go.] 
1. To walk through any substance 
that yields to the feet, as water. 2. 
To move or pass with difficulty. — 



A f E. I; O.V,Y, long; i,EjI, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM,* PIQUE, FTRM ; s6N, 



WADER 



471 



WALTZ 



v . t. To pass or cross by walking in 
or through a liquid. 

Wab'er, n. One who, or that which, 
wades. 

Wad'Y (wod'y), n. [Ar. wadi, a 
valley, river,* river -chaunel.] Chan- 
nel of a water-course, which is dry 
except in the rainy season. 

Wa'FER, n. [See Waffle.] 1. A 
thin cake or leaf of hour, &c. 2. A 
thin leaf-like bread, used by the Ro- 
man Catholics in the eucharist. 3. 
A thin leaf of paste, used in sealing 
letters, &c. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] To 
seal with a wafer. 

Waf'fle (woffl), n. [N. II. Ger. 
waffel, L. Ger. & D. wafel.] A soft 
indented cake baked in an ironuten 
sil on coals 

Waft (6i, i\ t. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied 
to waff.] To bear through ; to convey 
through water or air. 

Syn. — To float; swim; fly. 
— v. i. To pass in a buoyant medi- 
um : to float. — n. A signal made 
by moving something. 

Waft'age, n Conveyance through 
a buoyant medium. [wafts. 

Waft'er, n. One who, or that which, 

WXg, v. t. [-GED; -GING.] [A.-S. 
wegan, wagian, to carry, move, 
wag.] To move one way and the 
other w'th quick turns. — v. i. 1. To 
move one way and the other. 2. To 
be in action : to move ; to stir. — n. A 
ludicrous fellow ; a humorist ; a wit. 

Wage. v. t. [-ed; -ing] [0. Fr. 
icager, gagrr, to pledge, promise, 
engagement, fr. Goth, varli, A.-S. 
wertd , toe//, a pledge, promise.] 1. To 
pledge ; to stake : to bet ; to wager. 
2. To venture 3. To carry on as a 
war. — n. That for which one labors ; 
stipulated pavment for service. 

WA'GER, n. [See supra.] 1. Some- 
thing deposited or hazarded, on the 
event of a contest: a bet; a stake. 
2. That on which bets are laid. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] To hazard on the 
issue of a contest, %c. ; to bet. 

Wa'GER-er, n. e who wagers. 

Wa'Ges, >/. [Plural in termination, 

but singular in signification. See 

WAGE. ] A compensation given to a 

hired person for his or her services. 

Syn. — Hire; stipend; salary; pay. 

WXg'ger-y, n. Sarcasm in good 
humor ; pleasantry. 

WAG'GISH, a. 1. Roguish in merri- 
ment or good humor. 2. Done, made, 
or laid in sport. 

Syn.— Sportive; merry; droll. 

Wag'GISH-LY, adv. In sport. 

Wag'gish-ness, n. State or quality 
of being waggish. 

"Wag'gle, v. t. or i. [-ed: -ing.] 
[Dim. of wag.] To reel or move from 
side to side ; to waddle. 

WAG'ON, n. [A.-S. wagev, w'ctgn, al- 
lied to Skr. vah< Lat. vehere, to bear, 
carry.] A four-wheeled carriage, used 
for carrying persons or freight. 

Wag'on-'aGe, n. Money paid for 
carriage in a wagon. 



WXg'ON-er, n. One who conducts or 
drives a wagon. 

Waif, n. [From waive, wave.] 1. 
Goods found of which the owner is 
not known. 2. That which comes 
along, as it were, by chance. 

WALL,*.*, [-ed; -ing.] [lcel. vtila, 
to lament, Ir. waill.] To lament; 
to bewail; to grieve over. — v. i. To 
express sorrow audibly ; to weep. 

Wain, n. [A.-S. wsen,w'agn,ivagen. 
See Wagon.] 1. A wagon. 2. A 
constellation. 

Wain's€OT, ti. [D. wagen-schot, a 
clapboard. J A wooden lining of apart- 
ments, made in panels. — v. t. [-E D ; 
-ing.] To line with boards or panei- 
work. 

WAIN's€OT-ING, n. 1. A covering 
with boards in panel. 2. Material 
used to wainscot a house, or the 
wainscot as a whole. 

Waist, n. [A.-S. ivdstin, form, stat- 
ure, Goth, vakstus, from vaksjan, to 

\grow, to wax.] 1. Part of the hu- 
man body immediately below the 
ribs. 2. Part of a ship between the 
quarter-deck and forecastle. 

Waist'BAND, n. The band or upper 
part of breeches or drawers. 

WAlST'€LOTH, n. A covering of can- 
vas or tarpauling for the hammocks, 
stowed on the gangways, in the waist 
of a ship. 

WXlST'€OAT (cnllnrj. wes'kut), n. A 
short garment, without sleeves, worn 
under the coat, covering the waist. 
Syn.— See Ve; t. 

Wait, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [0. II. Ger. 
iva/itcn, to keep, watch.] To stay 
in expectation : to remain stationary 
till the arrival of some person or 
event. — v. t. To stay for ; to await. 

— n. pi. Musicians who perform at 
night or in the early morning. 

Wait'er, n. 1. An attendant. 2. A 
salver : a server, &c. 

WAfT'ING-MAID, I n. A female 

Wait'jng-wot.i'an, ) servant who 
attends'a lady. 

Waive, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See 
Wave.] 1. To relinquish ; to give 
up claim to. 2. To throw away ; to 
reject. 

WAIV'ER, n. Act of waiving. 

Wake, v. i. [-ed ; -ing"] [A.-S. 
wacan, ivacian.] 1. To watch; not 
to sleep. 2. To hold a night revel. 
3. To awake ; to cease to sleep. — v. 
t. 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. To put 
in motion or action. 3. To bring to 
life again. 4 To watch with at 
night, as a dead body. — n. 1. Act 
of waking. 2. State of forbearing 
sleep. 3. The sitting up of persons 
with a dead bodv? 4. Track left by 
a vessel in the water. 

Wake'ful, a. Indisposed to sleep ; 
watchful. 

Wake'ful-n::ss, n. Indisposition to 
sleep : want of sleep. 

Wak'en, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Wake.] To wake : to cease to sleep. 

— v. t. 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. 
To excite to action or motion. 



Wale, n. [A.-S. walu, a mark o> 
stripes, Goth, valus, a rod, staff.] 1. 
Mark of a rod or whip on flesh. 2. 
A ridge or streak above the surface 
of cioth, &c. 3. One of the strong 
planks extending along a ship's sides. 
— v. t. To mark with wales. 

fVALK (wawk), v. i. [-ED; -ING.^ 
[A.-S. wealcan, to roll, turn, re- 
volve.] 1. To advance by steps at a 
slower or faster rate, but without 
running. 2. To go on the feet for 
exercise or amusement. 3. To con- 
duct one's self. — v. t. 1. To pass 
through or upon. 2. To lead, drive, 
or ride with a slow pace. — n. 1. Act 
of walking. 2. Manner of wa"~ : ng ; 
gait. 3. Place or distance walked 
over. 4. A place in which animals 
may graze. 5. Frequented track; 
sphere. 6. Conduct ; behavior. 
Syx.— Carriage; way; path; range. 

WALK'ER(wawk'-), n. Onewho walks. 

Walk'ing-staff (wawk'-), n. A 
staff carried in the hand in walking ; 
a cane. 

Wall, n. [A.-S., allied to Lat. val- 
lum.] 1. A solid and permanent in- 
closing fence. 2. One of the upright 
inclosing parts of a building or room. 
3. pi. Fortifications in general. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] To inclose, defend, 
or fill with a wall, or with walls. 

WAL'LET ( woPlet), n. [Fr. mallette, 
ma'ette, dim. of mall?, a mail, a 
trunk, fr. 0. H. Ger. malha, wallet, 
Gr. juoAyo?, an ox-hide.] 1. A bag 
or knapsack. 2. A pocket-book for 
keeping money about the person. 

Wall'-eye (wawl/I), n. 1. An eye 
in which the iris is of a very light 
gray color. 2. An eye in which the 
white is very large and distorted. 

WALL'-EYED, a. Having a wall-eve. 

WALL'-FLOW'ER, n. An evergreen 
plant, which grows in old walls, &c- 

Wall'-frutt, n. Fruit which, to be 
ripened, must be planted against a 
wall. 

WAL'LOP,t\ i. [-ED; -TNG.] [Formed 
on A.-S. weallan, wellan, to boil or 
bubble, Eng. to well.] To boil with 
a continued bubbling. — v. t. To 
beat soundly ; to flog. [Prov or 
Colloq.] 

Wal'low, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Eng. ivalwe, A.-S. wealnwian, allied 
to Skr. valg, to move one's self.] 1. 
To roll one's self about, as in mire. 
2. To live in filch or gross vice. 

Wal'l6w-er, n. One who wallows. 

Wal'NUT, ii. [A.-S. wealhhnut, a 
Welsh or foreign nut, from tvealh, a 
foreigner, a Welshman, and hnut, r- 
nut.] A nut-tree, and its fruit. 

WAL'RUS (woP- 
rus), n. [D. 
wnlri/s, fr. the 
root of u'hale, 
and ros, a 
horse.] An 
aquatic mam- 
mal, resem- 
bling the seal. Walrus. 

Waltz (wawlts), n. [Ger. walzer, 




or, do, wolf, TobjTOOKj fjRN, rue, pull; E, I, o, silent; q,G,soft; €,&,hard; As; E^IST; g as ng ; T-HIS. 



WAMBLE 



472 



WARY 



from walzen, to roll, revolve, dance.] 
A dance performed by two persons 
with a whirling motion ; also, a piece 
of music for this dance. — v. i. 
[-ED;-ING.] To dance a waltz. 

Wam'ble (wom'bl), v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
[Dan. vammel, squeamish, fastidi- 
ous.] To be disturbed with nausea. 

Wam'PUM (wom'pum)?!. [Ind.,from 
wompi, white.] Small beads made 
of shells, used by the North American 
Indians as money, and also wrought 
into belts, &c, as an ornament. 

WAN (won), a. [A.-S. wann, wan, 
orig., worn out by toil, fr. winnan, 
to labor.] Having a pale or sickly 
hue. 

WAND (wond), n. [Icel. vdndr, Goth. 
vandus.] A small stick ; a rod. 

WAN'DER (wonder), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. wandrian, wandorian ; 
allied to vendan, to change, to go, 
to wend.] 1. To ramble here and 
there. 2. To go away, or astray ; to 
stray ; to err. 3. To be delirious. 
Syn. — To roam; rove; range; stroll. 

Wan'der-er, n. One who wanders. 

Wane,-u.?'. [-ed; -ing.] [X.-S.wa- 
nian, woman, fr. wan. See WAN.] 

1. To be diminished ; to decrease. 

2. To decline; to fail. — n. 1. De- 
crease of the illuminated part of the 
moon. 2. Decline ; failure. 

Wan'ness (109), n. A sallow, dead, 
pale color; paleness. [pale hue. 

Wan'nish, a. Somewhat wan ; of a 
WANT, v. i. [Allied to wane.] 1. To 
be deficient or lacking. 2. Not to be 
present. 3. To omit ; to neglect. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To be with- 
out ; to lack. 2. To have occasion 
for ; to need. 3. To wish for ; to de- 
sire. 4. To be lacking in respect of. 
— n. 1. Lack of what is needed 
or desired. 2. Destitution; poverty. 

3. A thing of which the loss is felt. 
Syn.— See Indigence. 

Want'ING, p. a. 1. Absent; defi- 
cient. 2. Deficient. 

Wan'ton, a. [W. gwantan, variable, 
fickle, wanton.] 1. Moving or flying 
loosely ; hence, wandering in gayety 
or sport. 2. Running to excess. 3. 
Luxuriant ; overgrown. 4. Not 
turned or formed with regularity. 5. 
Licentious ; dissolute ; unchaste. — 
n. A lewd person. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To rove and ramble with- 
out restraint ; to revel. 2. To sport 
lasciviously. 

Wan'ton-ly, adv. In a wanton man- 
ner; loosely; sportively. 

Wan'ton-ness(109), n. Quality of 
being wanton. 

War, n. [0. Eng. & A.-S. we?re, from 
0. H. Ger. werran, to confound, 
mix.] 1. A state of opposition or 
contest. 2. A contest between na- 
tions or states, carried on by force. 
3. The profession of arms. — v. i. 
[-RED ; -ring, 136.] 1. To contend. 
2. To carry on hostilities. 

War'ble, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Ger. 
wirbeln, to turn, to warble ; Eng. 



whirl.] 1. To sing in a vibratory 
manner ; to trill. 2. To carol. 3. 
To cause to quaver. — v. i. 1. To 
be quavered or modulated. 2. To 
sing in a trilliug manner. — n. A 
quavering modulation of the voice. 
War'bler, n. One who, or that 
which, warbles ; a songster. [war. 
War'-cry, h. A cry or signal used in 
Ward, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
weardian, to keep, allied to werian, 
werigan, to defend. See GUARD.] 
1. To guard. 2. To defend; to pro- 
tect. 3. To fend off; to repel. — n. 

1. Act of guarding. 2. One whose 
business is to guard. 3. State of be- 
ing under guard or guardianship ; 
custody. 4. Means of guarding; de- 
fense; protection. 5. A defensive 
motion or position in fencing. 6. A 
person under the care of a guardian. 
7. A certain division of a town or 
city. 8. A division of a hospital. 9. 
A ridge of metal in a lock. 

Warden, n. [See Guardian and 

supra.] A keeper ; a guardian. 
AVARD'EN-RY, I n. Office or juris- 
Ward'jEIV-ship, ) diction of a warden. 
Wa.wti'erji. 1. A keeper ; a guard. 

2. A truucheon or stall' of command. 
WARD'ROBE, n. 1. A portable closet 

for wear' ng apparel. 2. Wearing ap- 
parel in jjeneral. 

Ward'room, n. A room occupied as 
a mess-room by the commissioned 
officers of a war-vessel. 

Ward'ship, n. 1. Office of a keeper ; 
guardianship. 2. State of being un- 
der a guardian ; pupilage. 

WARE,f. t. See WEAR. —n. [A.-S. 
warn.] Article of merchandise ; esp. 
in the plural, goods ; commodities. 

Ware 'HOUSE, n. A storehouse for 
goods. 

Ware'hou§e,t.j. [-ed;-ing.] l.To 
deposit in a warehouse. 2. To place 
in custom-house stores, to be kept 
until duties are paid. 

WAre'house-man (150), n. 1. One 
who keeps a warehouse. 2. One who 
keeps a wholesale shop for woolen 
goods. [Eng.] 

Wares, n.pl. See Ware. 

War'FARE, n. [War and fare, to go, 
to pass.] 1. Military service ; war ; 
hostilities. 2. Contest ; struggle. 

War'-horse, n. A horse used in 
war ; a charger. 

Wa'ri-ly (4, 89), adv. In a wary 
manner ; cautiously. 

Wa'ri-ness, n. Prudent care to fore- 
see and guard against evil. 

Syn. — Caution ; watchfulness ; cir- 
cumspection; foresight; care; vigilance. 

War'like, a. 1. Fit for war; dis- 
posed for war. 2. Relating to war. 
Syn. — See Martial. 

Warm, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. wearm, 
Goth, varms, allied to Skr. gharma, 
heat.] 1. Having moderate heat; 
not cold. 2. Subject to heat. 3. 
Not cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or 
the like. 4. Vehement; excited. 

Syn. —Ardent; zealous; fervent; cor- 
dial; furious. 



— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To heat mod- 
erately. 2. To make engaged or earn- 
est. — v. i. 1. To become moderate- 
ly heated. 2. To become ardent or 
animated. 

WARM'ing-pan, n. A covered pan 
for warming a bed with ignited coals. 

Warm'ly, adv. In a w;„rm manner. 

Warmth, n. 1. Gentle heat. 2. A 
state of excited interest. S. Earnest- 
ness ; enthusiasm. 
Warn, v. t. [ed; -ing.] [A.-S. war* 
nian, allied to Eng. ware, wary.] 1. 
To give previous notice to ; to ad- 
monish ; hence, to notify by author- 
ity. 2. To caution. 

WARN'ER, n. One who warns. 

W t arn'ing, n. 1. Caution against 
danger ; admonition. 2. Previous 
notice. 

Warp, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. weor- 
pan, iverpan, to throw, to cast.] 1. 
To be twisted out of a straight direc- 
tion, as a board. 2. To deviate ; to 
swerve. — v.t. 1. To twist out of 
shape. 2. To pervert. 3. To tow 
with a line attached to buoys, to an- 
chors, or the like. — n. 1. The 
threads that run lengthwise in the 
loom. 2. A towing-line. 3. State 
of being warped or twisted. 

WAR'RANT (wor'rant), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [0. Fr. ivarantir, garantir, 
guarantir, to warrant, O. H. Ger. 
ivercn.] 1. To make secure. 2. To 
justify. 3. To declare with assurance. 
4. To secure to; to assure. — n. 1. 
That which warrants or authorizes ; 
a commission. 2. A precept author- 
izing an officer to arrest an offender. 
3 Guaranty ; security. 4. That 
which attests ; a voucher. 

War'RANT-a-bee, a. Authorized; 
justifiable. 

W T AR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS, ». Quality 
of being warrantable. 

War'rant- a-blv, adv. Justifiably. 

War'ran-tee', n. The person to 
whom land or other thing is war- 
ranted. 

War'rant-er, n. One who warrants, 
or legally empowers. [rants. 

War'rant-or (127), n. One who war- 

War'ran-ty, n. 1. A covenant of 
security ; a promise or stipulation by 
deed. 2. Warrant ; guarantee. — v. 
t. To warrant ; to guaranty. 

WAR'REN, n. [From A.-S. warian, 
to beware, guard, defend.] An in- 
closed place for keeping rabbits, 
beasts, fowls, or fish. 

War'rior (wor'yur or wor'ri-ur), n. 
[See War.] A man engaged in warf 
a soldier. 

Wart, n. [A.-S. weart.] 1. A small, 
hard excrescence on the skin. 2. A 
hardened protuberance on plants. 

WART'Y, a. Having, or being of the 
nature of,_warts. 

War'-whoop (-hobp), n. [From war 
and whoop.] A shout uttered by In- 
dians in war. 

Wa'ry (4, 89), a. [-er ; -est, 142.] 
[From ware (obs.), taking notice, 
See Aware.] Carefully watching 



A. E, I, O, U, Y, long; & 3 EA 6, 0", Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, Vj2IL a T.EP.2I; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



WAS 



473 



WATER-WHEEL 



against deception, artifices, and dan- 
ger ; prudent ; circumspect. 

Was. Past tense of the verb To be. 

Wash, v. t. [-ed ; -ma.] [A.-S. was- 
can, wacsan.} 1. To scrub or cleanse 
with water, &c. 2. To wet; hence, 
to overflow or dash against. 3. To 
overlay with a thin coat of metal. — 
v. i. To perform the act of ablution, 
or of cleansing with water. — n. 1. 
Act of washing. 2. Quantity of 
clothes washed at once. 3. A piece 
of ground washed by the sea or a 
river. 4. Waste liquor, food, &c, 
from a kitchen. 5. That with which 
any thing is washed, smeared, tinted, 
or coated, &c, upon the surface. 

Wash'-ball, n. A ball of soap. 

Wash'-board, ?i. 1. A board on 
which clothes are rubbed in being 
washed. 2. A board skirting the 
wall next to the floor ; mop -board. 

Wash'er (wosh'er), re. 1. One who 
washes. 2. A ring of metal, leather, 
or the like, used to relieve friction, or 
secure tightness of joints. 

Wash'er-wom'an (150), re. A wom- 
an who washes clothes for hire. 

WASH'IXG, n. 1. Act of one who 
washes. 2. Clothes washed. 

Wash'-leath'er (wosh'-), n. Split 
sheep -skin dressed with oil. 

Wash'y (wosh'y), a. 1. Watery; 
damp. 2. Lacking substance ; weak. 

WASP, n. [A.-S. icdsp, ivaps, wesp, Lat. 
vespa.] An insect capable of stinging 
severely. [fling affront. 

Wasp'ish, a. Quick to resent a tri- 

WASP'ISH-LY, adv. Petulantly. 

Wasp'ish-ness, n. State or quality 
of being waspish ; irritability. 

Was 'sail (wos'sil, 42), n. [A.-S. wes- 
iial, be in health.] 1. A roistering 
festivity. 2. A liquor composed of 
wine or ale, sugar, roasted apples, 
&c. 3. A song sung at a festive 
gathering. — v. i. To hold a festive 
occasion ; to carouse. 

Waste , v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wislan, allied to Lat. vastare.] 1. 
To devastate ; to desolate ; to de- 
stroy. 2. To impair gradually. 3. 
To employ or expend prodigally. 

Stis-.— To squander; dissipate; lavish. 

— v. i. To be diminished ; to dwin- 
dle. — a. 1. Devastated; stripped; 
hence, uncultivated : dreary ; dismal. 

2. Lying unused ; valueless ; worth- 
less. — n. 1. Act of wasting. 2. Un- 
cultivated or wi'd country ; desert. 

3. Worthless remnant ; refuse. 
Waste'-book, n A book in which 

rough first entries of business trans- 
actions are made. 
Waste'ful, a. 1. Destructive to 
property. 2. Expending property, 
&c, without necessity or use. 
Svx. — Lavish; prodigal; extravagant. 

Waste'ful-ly, adv. Lavishly. 

Waste'ful-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing wasteful ; prodigality. 

Waste'-pipe, n. A pipe for convey- 
ing off waste water, and the like. 



Wast'er, n. One who wastes. 
Watch, n. [A.-S. wdece. See WAKE.] 

1. Forbearance of sleep. 2. One who 
watches, or those who watch ; a 
guard. 3. Post or office of a watch- 
man. 4. A division of the night. 5- 
A small timepiece for the pocket. 6. 
( Naut.) Time for watching, or being 
on duty, usually 4 hours. — v. i. 
| -ED ; -ING-.] 1. To be or keep awake. 

2. To be vigilant ; to keep guard. 3. 
To remain awake with any one as 
nurse or attendant. — v. t. 1. To 
keep in view. 2. To tend ; to guard. 

Watch'-dog, n. A dog kept to guard 
premises or property. 

Watch'er, n. One who watches, 
especially with the sick at night. 

Watch'ful, a. Careful to observe. 
Syn. —Vigilant; attentive ; cautious; 
observant; circumspect; wakeful. 

WATCH'FUL-LY, adv. Vigilantly. 

Watch'ful-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being watchful. 

Watcii'-house, re. 1. A house in 
which a watch or guard is placed. 2. 
A place for keeping persons Mho are 
under temporary arrest ; a lock-up. 

Watch'man (150), re. One set to 
watch ; a sentinel ; a guard. 

Watch'-tow'er, n. A tower on 
which a sentinel is placed. 

Watch'-word (-wQrd), n. A word 
used as a signal by which a friend is 
known from an enemy ; a pass-word. 

WA'TER, re. [A.-S. water, Skr. uda, 
the sea, und, to flow.] 1. The fl\uid 
which descends from the clouds in 
rain. 2. A body of water, standing. 
. or flowing. 3. One of various liquid 
secretions, esp. urine. 4. Luster of 
a diamond. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To wet with water. 2. To supply 
with water for drink. 3. To wet and 
calendar, as cloth. — v. i. 1. To 
shed water. 2. To take in water. 

Wa'ter-€ART, n. A cart bearing 
water for sprinkling streets. 

WA'TER-CEM'ENT, or Wa'TER-OE- 
ment', re. A cement that hardens 
under water. 

Wa'ter-clos/et, n. A privy, often 
with a contrivance for introducing a 
st; earn of water to cleanse it. 

Wa'ter-€OL'or (-kul'ur), re. A color 
ground with water and gum or size. 

Wa'ter-gourse, n. 1. A stream of 
water. 2. A channel or canal for 
the conveyance of water. 

WA'TER-efJRE, n. System of treating 
diseases with water: hydropathv. 

Wa'ter-fall, 11. 1. A cascade; a 
cataract. 2. A female head-dress. 

Wa'TER-GAUGE. n. An instrument 
for measuring or ascertaining the 
depth or quantity of water. 

Wa'ter-gru/el, n. A liquid food, 
composed of water and meal boiled. 

Wa'ter-1-ness, re. State or quality 
of being watery. 

Wa'ter-ing-place, n. 1. A place 
where water may be obtained, as for 
a ship. 2. A place to which people 
resort for mineral water, or for bath 
ing, &c. 



WA'TER-Ish, a. Resembling water, 
thin ; watery. 

Wa'ter-ish-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being waterish. 

Wa'ter-lev'el, n. The level formed 
by the surface of still water. 

Wa'ter-LIL/y,?!. An aquatic plant, 
with beautiful, and usually very 
fragrant, flowers. 

Wa'ter-line, n. A horizontal line 
supposed to be drawn about a ship's 
bottom at the surface of the water. 

Wa'ter-loggjed, a. Rendered log- 
iike, heavy, or clumsy in movement, 
from beiug filled with water. 

Wa'ter-man (150), n. A boatman ; 
a ferryman. 

Wa'ier-mark, n. 1. A mark indi- 
cating the height to which water has 
risen. 2. A device wrought into pa- 
per during the manufacture. 

Wa'ter mel'on, re. A plant, and 
its pulpy, juicy fruit. [water. 

Wa'ter-mill, n. A mill moved by 

Wa'ter-pot, n. A vessel for hold- 
ing or conveying water. 

Wa'ter-pow'er, n. A fall of water 
which may be used to drive ma- 
chinery ; a source of power from 
water. 

Wa'TER-PROOF, a. So firm and com- 
pact as not to admit water. 

Wa'ter-ram, n. A machine by 

• means of which water is raised by 
the momentum of a larger stream 
than the one which is raised. 

WA'TER-ROT, V. t. [-TED; -TING.] 
To rot by steeping in water. 

Wa'ter-shed, n. A range of high 
land between two river-basins, and 
discharging its waters into them from 
opposite directions. 

WA'TER-SOAK, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
soak in water. je -^s^:^^--~-^t^Bi^ 

W A ' T E R - 

spout, n. ■ - m 

A phenome- JE- ; r W=jp^:^ "t -J|± 

noil of the ifh^ -. : > -*& '":." ~- — =-± 

nature of a Jlji 

whirlwind 

usually ob- ^L 

served over f 

the sea. 
W A ' T E I 

TIGHT(-tTt), 

a. So tight 

as not to admit water ; not leaky. 
Wa'ter - wheel, 

n. Any wheel 

for propelling ma- 
chinery or other 

purposes, that is 

made to rotate by 

the direct action 

of water. 




Water-spout. 




U n dershot- wheel. 




Breast-wheel. 



or, do, wolf, too, 20<?£; Orn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent j c, G, soft; €, §, hard; AS J E£ISI ; N as NG ; THIS. 



iVATER-WORKS 



474 



WEATHER-BOARD 



WVTER-WORKS (-wfirks^n. pi. Hy- 
draulic machines; works by which 
a supply of water is furnished for 
useful or ornamental purposes. 

Wa'ter-y, a. 1. Resembling water ; 
thin <»r transparent. 2. Abounding 
in thin, insipid fluid. 3. Abounding 
with, or consisting of, water. 

Wat'TLE, n. [Allied to withe.] 1. 
A twig or flexible rod ; hence, a hur- 
dle. 2. The fleshy excrescence un- 
der the throa*, of a cock or turkey. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To bind 
with twigs. 2. To interweave, as 
twigs ; to plat. 

Waul, f. i. [-ed ; -ins.] [Allied to 
wail.] To cry as a cat. 

WAVE, n. [A.-S. w&g, weg, from we- 
gan, to move.] 1. An advancing 
swell of water. 2. Vibration propa- 
gated from particle to particle 
through a body or elastic medium. 
3. Inequality of surface. 4. Undu- 
lating streak of luster on watered 
cloth. 5. An undulating motion. 
Syn. — Billow ; surge ; breaker ; ine- 
quality; unevenness. 

— v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To move 
like a wave ; to undulate. 2. To 
be moved, as a signal. — v. t. 1. To 
raise into inequalities. 2. To move 
one way and the other ; to brandish. 
3. To beckon. 4. [Norm. Fr. wey- 
we.r ; 0. Fr. guever, guesver, to 
abandon. Of. A.-S. wafian, to hesi- 
tate.] To put off; to relinquish, as 
a right or privilege. 

Wave'less, a. Free from waves. 

Wave'let, n. A little wave ; ripple. 

Wave'-of'fer-ing, n. An offering 
in the Jewish services by waving the 
object toward the 4 cardinal points. 

WA'VER,r.?'. [-ED;-ing.] [A.-S. ua- 
Jian, to totter, hesitate. Cf. Wave, 
V. t.] 1. To play or move to and fro. 
2. To be unsettled in opinion. 

Syn. — To fluctuate ; reel ; vacillate. 
See Fluctuate. 

Wa'VER-ER,)!. One who wavers. 

WAV'Y, a. 1. Rising in waves. 2. 
Playing to and fro ; undulating. 

WAX, n. [A.-S. weax, wax.] 1. A 
fatty substance, produced by bees. 
2. A thick secretion in the ear. 3. 
A composition for sealing letters, 
&c. 4. A composition used by shoe- 
makers for rubbing their thread. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ed, or -en; -ing.] 
To smear or rub with wax. — v. ?'. 
[A.-S. wcaxan.] 1. To increase in 
size ; to grow. 2. To pass from one 
state to another. 

WXx'-can'dle, n. A candle made 
of wax. 

WXX22D'-END (w&kst/), n. A thread 
pointed with a bristle and covered 
with shoemaker's wax, used in sew- 
ing leather. 

WAx'.EN, a. Made of, or resembling, 
wax. 

Wax'-work (-wurk), n. Work made 
of wax ; especially, figures of wax, 
in imitation of real beings. 

WAx'y, a. Resembling wax; adhe- 
sive ; soft ; hence, yielding 



WAY, n. [A.-S. weg, from wegan, to 
move.] 1. A moving ; passage. 2. 
Road or path. 3. Distance ; inter- 
val. 4. Course, or direction of mo- 
tion. 5. Means; scheme; device. 
6. Manner; method. 7. Habitual 
method of life or action. 8. pi. The 
timbers on which a ship is launched. 



Syn. — Street; highway; road.— W ay 
is generic, denoting any line for passage 
or conveyance; a hi(/hwaj/ is literally 
one raised for the sake of* dryness and 
convenience in traveling; a road is, 
strictly, a way for horses and carriages; 
a street is, etymologically, a paved way, 
as early made in towns and cities; hence, 
the word is distinctively applied to roads 
or highways in compact settlements. 

Way'-bill, n. A list of passengers 
in a public vehicle, or of the bag- 
gage or goods transported by it. 

Way'fAr-ER, n. A traveler. 

AVAY'FAR-ING,rt. Traveling; passing. 

WAY'LAY, V. t. [-LAID; -LAYING.] 
[From way and lay.] To lie in wait 
for, esp. with a view to seize, rob, 
or slay. 

Way'-mark, n. A mark to guide in 
traveling. 

Way'-sta'tion. n. An intermediate 
station on a railroad. 

WAY'WARD, a. [A.-S. it'cTU-rirdlare, 
wantonly ; wea, woe, evil.] Liking 
one's own way ; froward ; perverse. 

WAY'WARD-LY, adv. Perversely. 

AVay'ward-ness, n. Quality ot be- 
ing wayward. 

We, pron. ; pi. of I. 

Weak, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. war, 
from tvican, to yield, totter.] 1. 
Wanting physical strength. 2. Not 
possessing, or manifesting, intellec- 
tual, logical, moral, or political 
strength, vigor, or the like. 

Syn. — Feeble; infirm; frail; soft; 
small; unwise; foolish; inconclusive. 

WEAK'UN, r. (. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
make weak; to enfeeble. 2. To re- 
duce in strength or spirit. 

Weak'£N-er, n. He who, or that 
which, weakens. 

Weax'ling, n. A weak creature. 

WEAK'LY, adv. Feebly ; with little 
strength. — a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Not 
sjrong of constitution : infirm. 

Weak'ness, n. 1. State or quality 
of being weak ; want of physical 
strength. 2. Want of intellectual, 
moral, logical, or physical strength. 
Syn. — Feebleness: debility; languor; 
imbecility; frailty; faintness. 

Weal, n. [A.-S. icela, xvsela. See 
Well.] A sound, healthy, or 
prosperous state : prosperity. 

AVE ALT H, n. [0. H. Ger. welitha, 
riches. See WEAL.] Large posses- 
sions of money, goods, or land. 
Syn. — Riches ; affluence ; opulence. 

Wealth'1-ly, adv. Richly. 

WE A lth'i-ness, n. Sta*^ of being 
Avealthy. 

Wealth'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 
Having great wealth ; opulent ; af- 
fluent ; rich. 

WEAN.r. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-». weni- 
ax,io accustom, wean.], I. To accus- 



tom to a deprivation of the breast. 

2. To alienate, as the affections. 
Wean'ling, n. One newly weaned 
Weap'on, n. [A.-S. waepen, waspun.] 

An instrument of offensive or de- 
fensive combat. 

Weap'on-less.o. Having no weapon. 

WeAr (4), v. t. [wore ; worn ; 
WEARING.] [A.-S. werian,ivemn, 
to carry , to wear, as arms or clothes.] 
1. To carry or bear upon the person ; 
to have on. 2. To have an appear- 
ance of. 3. To consume, waste, or 
diminish, by use. 4. To cause by 
friction. 5. To affect by degrees. 6. 
[Cf. Ware.] To put on another 
tack, as a ship, by turning her 
round, with the stern to the wind. 
Syn.— To waste: bear: spend; veer. 

— v. ?'. 1. To suffer use; to bear the 
consequences of use. 2. To be wasted 
by slow degrees. — r\. 1. Act of wear- 
ing, or state of being worn. 2. The 
thing worn ; style of dress. 

Wear, n. [A.-S. wser, w£r, an in- 
closure, a fish-pond, fr. v.arav, wa- 
rian, to defend, protect.] 1. A dam 
in a river. 2. A fence of stakes or 
twigs for catching fish. 

WeAr'er, n. One who wears. 

Wea'ri-ly (89), adv. In a weary 
manner. 

Wea'ri-ness (89), n. State of being 
weary or tired ; exhaustion of 
strength ; fatigue. 

Wea'ri-some, a. Causing weariness. 
Syn. - Irksome ; tiresome ; tedious ; 
fatiguing; annoying; vexatious. 

Wea'ri-s6me-LY, adv. In a weari- 
some manner. 

Wea'ri-some-ness, n. Tiresome- 
ness ; tediousness. 

WeA'ry (89), a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 
[A.-S. wcrig.] 1. Having the strength 
exhausted by toil. 2- Causing weari- 
ness. 

Syn. — Tired ; fatigued; jaded ; tire- 
some ; irksome ; wearisome. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 1. To re- 
duce the strength of. 2. To make 
impatient by continuance. 3. To har- 
ass by any thing irksome. 

Syn.— To jade ; tire j fatigue ; fag ; 
dispirit. See Jade. 

Wea'sand, n. [A.-S. wsesend.] The 
windpipe. 

Wea'sel, n. [A.- 
S. we.sle.] A small 
quadruped, re- 
markable for its 
slender form and ' 
it> agility Weasel. 

WEATil'ER,n. [A.-S. weder, allied to 
Skr. w&, to blow.] The atmosphere 
with respect to its state as regards 
heat or cold, wetness or dryness, 
clearness or cloudiness, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To expose to the 
air. 2 To sail to the windward of. 

3. To endure ; to resist. 
WEATH'ER-BEAT'EN, a. Worn by 

exposure to the weather. 
Weath'er-board, n. 1. That side 
of a ship which is toward the wind. 




1,1, 0,U, Y,long; i,"a,I 3 6,rj, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, USBM J PIQUE , j'tRM ; SON 



WEATHER-BOUND 



475 



WELSH 



2. A board extending from the ridge 
to the eave3, and forming a close 
junction between the shingling of a 
roof and the side of the building be- 
neath. — v. t. To nail boards upon 
so as to lap one over another, in or- 
der to exclude rain or snow. 

Weath'er-bound, a. Delayed by 
bad weather. 

Weath'er-gock, n. 1. A vane; — 
often in the figure of a cock. 2. A 
fickle, inconstant person. 

WEATfi'ER-GAGE, n. Position of a 
ship, to the windward of another ; 
hence, a position of advantage. 

Weath'er-glass, «. An instrument 
to indicate changes of weather. 

Weat-h'er-mold'ing, ) n. A cor- 

Weath'er-mould'ING, ) nice over 
doors or windows, to throw off the 
rain. 

Weath'er-wjse, a. Skillful in fore- 
seeing the state of the weather. 

Weave, v. t. [wove ; woven, or 
WOVE ; WEAVING.] [A.-S. wefnn, 
Skr. toap.] 1. To unite, as threads, 
so as to form a texture, or by close 
connection or intermixture. 2. To 
form, as cloth, by interlacing 
threads ; hence, to form into a fabric. 

Weav'er, n. One who weaves. 

\V*ea'Z£N, , a. [Cf. WlZEiN.] Thin ; 
sharp ; pinched. 

WEB, n. [A.-S. wehb. See WEAVE.] 
1. That which is woven ; texture. 2. 
A cobweb. 3. A film on the eye. 4. 
Membrane uniting the toes of many 
water-fowl. 

Web'bed, a. Having the toes united 
by a membrane. 

Web'BING, h. A strong narrow fabric 
of hemp, for suspenders, straps, &c. 

WEB'-FOOT (150), n. A foot the toes 
of which are connected by a mem- 
brane. _ 

Web'-FOOT'ed, a. Having webbed 
feet. 

Wed, v. t. [-ded ; -DING.] [A.-S. 
weddian, to promise, to marry.] 1. 
To marry. 2. To join in marriage. 

3. To connect indissolubly or strong- 
ly. — v. i. To contract matrimony. 

Wed'ded, a. Pertaining to wedlock 
or marriage. 

Wed'ding, n. Nuptial ceremony or 
festivities ; marriage ; nuptials. 

Wedge, n. [A.-S. wecg, ivacg.] 
A piece of metal, or other 
hard material, sloping to a 
thin edge at one end, for 
splitting, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To drive as a 
wedge is driven. 2. To fast- Wedge. 
en with a wedge, or with wedges. 

Wed'lock, n. [A.-S. wedlar, a pledge, 
ft. wedd, a pledge, and lac, an offer- 
ing.] Marriage ; matrimony. 

Wednes'day (wenz'dy), n. [From 
Woden, or Odin, the highest god of 
the Germans and Scandinavians.] 
Fourth day of the week. 

WEED, «. 1. [A.-S. wedd, wiod.] Any 
useless or troublesome plant. 2. [A.- 
S. wxd H fr. Goth, vidan, to bind.] 
A garment. 3. An article of dress 



worn in token of grief; mourning 
garb. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
free from noxious plants. 2. To take 
away, as noxious plants. 

Weed'v, a. [-ER ; -est, 142] Relat- 
ing to, or consisting of, or full of, 
weeds. 

Week, n. [A.-S. weoce, wice.] A pe- 
riod of seven days. [but Sunday. 

Week'-day, n. Any day of the week 

WEEK'LY, a. 1. Pertaining to a week, 
or to week-days. 2. Happening, or 
done, once a week. — n. A publica- 
tion issued once in a week. — adv. 
Once a week. 

Ween, v. i. [A.-S. ivcnan, wsenan.] 
To think ; to imagine. 

Weep, v. i. [wept; weeping.] 
[A.-S. lucpan. Cf. WHOOP.] 1. To 
shed tears ; to cry. 2. To lament. 3. 
To run in drops. 4. To drip ; to be 
very wet. 5. To droop. — v. t. 1. To 
lament ; to bewail. 2. To shed, as 
tears, or as if tears. 

Weep'er, n. Onewho weeps. 

Weep'ing-wil/low, n. A species 
of willow with very long, slender, 
and drooping branches. 

Wee'v/L, n. [A.-S. wifel, wibil, al- 
lied to ivefan, to weave.] A small 
destructive insect of the beetle tribe. 

Weft, n. [A.-S., fr. wefan, to weave.] 
The woof of cloth. 

Weigh (wa), r. t. [-ed;-ING.] [A.-S. 
wegan, to bear, move, weigh, allied 
to Lat. vehrre, to carry, Skr. ra" ] 
1. To raise, so that it hangs in the 
air. 2. To ascertain the weight of. 
3. To counterbalance. 4. To take by 
weight. 5. To ponder in the mind. 

— v. i. 1. To have weight. 2. To 
be considered as important. 3. To 
bear heavily. — n. A certain quan- 
tity estimated by weight. 

Weigh'a-ble (wa'-), a. Capable of 
being weighed. 

WElGH'ER.(wa / er),n. Onewho weighs. 

Weight (wat), n. [See Weigh.] 1. 
Quality df being heavy ; gravity. 2. 
Quantity of matter as estimated by 
the balance. 3. Pressure; import- 
ance. 4. A graduated standard of 
heaviness. 5. Something heavy. 6. 
A definite mass oi metal, used for as- 
certaining the weight of other bodies. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To load with 
a weight or weights. 

WEIGHT'I-LY (wat'-), adv. 1. Pon- 
derously. 2. With force or impres- 
siveness. 

Weight'i-ness (wat'-), n. State or 
quality of being weighty. 

WlJIGHT'Y (wat'y), a. [-ER: -EST, 
142.] 1. Having weight ; heavy. 2. 
Important ; adapted to convince. 

Syx.— Ponderous; forcible; momen- 
tous; efficacious. 

Weir, n. [See Wear ] 1. A dam in 
a river. 2. A fence of stakes or twigs 
in a stream for taking fish. See 
Wear. 

Weird, a. [A.-S. wyrd, fate, fortune.] 
1. Skilled in witchcraft. 2. Super- 
natural ; unearthly. 

Wei/€6me (wel'kum), a. [A.-S. wil- 



cuma, a welcome guest, wilcume, in- 
terj. , fr. wil, for wel, well, and cuman, 
to come.] 1. Received with gladness. 

2. Grateful ; pleasing. 3. Free to en- 
joy gratuitously. — n. Kind reception. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To salute 
with kindness, as a new comer; to 
entertain hospitably and cheerfully. 

Wel'€OM-er, )i. One who welcomes. 

Weld, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. & D. 
iveUen. Cf. Wield.] To press or beat 
into permanent union, as two pieces 
of iron when heated almost to fusion. 

— n. Joint made by welding. 
Wel'FARE, n. [From well and fare, 

to go, to be in any state.] Well- 
doing or well-being in any respect ; 
enjoyment of the common blessings 
of life. 

Syn. — Prosperity; happiness. 

Wel/kin, n. [A.-S. woken, welcn, 
cloud, sky, Skr. valahaka, a cloud.] 
The sky. 

WELL, n. [A.-S., fr. tveallan, to boil.] 
1. A spring; a fountain. 2. A source. 

3. A cylindrical hole sunk into the 
earth till it reaches water. 4. Any 
inclosure similar to this. 5. An ex- 
cavation in the earth in mining. — 
v. i. [-ed;-ing.] To issue forth, 
as water from the earth ; to spring. 

— adv. [A.-S. wela, wel.] 1. In a 
good or proper manner. 2. Suita- 
bly ; abundantly ; fully ; adequate- 
ly, b. Favorably ; advantageously. 

4. Considerably. — a. [BETTER; 
BEST.] 1. Good in condition or cir- 
cumstances. 2. Being in health ; 
not sick. 3. Being in favor. 

Syx. — Fortunate; convenient; ad- 
vantageous; happy. 

Well'a-day, interj. [Corrupted fr. 
A.-S. walawa, from wa, woe, lu, lo, 
oh, and wa, woe.] Alas! 

Well'-be'ing, n. Welfare; pros- 
perity. 

Well'-born, a. Born of a respect- 
able family. 

Well'-bred, a. Polite; cultivated; 
refined. _ 

Well'-fa'vored, a. Handsome; 
pleasing to the eye. [tain. 

Well'-head, n. A spring or fouu- 

Well'-hole, n. The open space in 
the middle of a staircase, beyond thn 
ends of the stairs. 

Well'-mAn'NERED, a. Polite-, 
well-bred_. 

Well'-mean'ing, a. Having a good 
intention. 

Well'-meant, a. Rightly intend- 
ed ; kind ; friendly. 

Well'-nigh (-nT), adv. Almost ; 
nearly. 

WELL'-SPOK/.EN,a. 1. Speaking well 
or kindly. 2. Spoken with propriety. 

Well'-sprTng, n. A fountain;? 
source of continual supply. 

Well'-sweep, h. A long pole bal 
anced upon a post and used to raise 
a bucket from a well. 

WELL'- w'iSH'E R, n. One who wishes 
another well. 

Welsh, a. Relating to Wales, or its 
inhabitants. — n. sing, or pi. 1. 



6r,do,wqlf,too,took; Arn, rue, pvll ; e, i, o,silent; c,g, soft; -e,G,/iard; as; e$istj ij m ng ; this 



WELSH-RABBIT 

sing. The language of Wales. 2. pi. 
The natives of Wales. 

Welsh'-rab'bit,«. [Corrupted fr. 
Welsk rare-bit.] Cheese melted and 
spread on toasted bread. 

WELT, n. [Prob. from W. gwald, a 
hem, a welt, fr. gwaliaw, to inclose.] 
A kind cf hem or edging on a gar- 
ment or on a shoe. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To furnish with a welt. 

WfiL'TER, l'. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
weltan, wdltan, to roll, to welter, 
Icel. velta, Goth, valljan, valvjan.) 
1. To wallow ; to tumble about, esp. 
in any thing foul. 2. To rise and 
fall, as waves. 

Wen,'m. [A.-S. xoenn.] A kind of tu- 
mor, without inflammation. 

Wench, n. [Cf. A.-S. wencle, a maid, 
a daughter.] 1. A low, vicious young 
woman ; a strumpet. 2. A negress. 
[Amer.] — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
frequent the company of women of 
ill fame. 

Wench'er, n. A lewd man. 

Wend, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. wen- 
dan, to turn, to go.] To go ; to pass. 
— v. I. To direct ; to betake. 

Wen'ny, a. Having the nature of a 
wen. 

Went, imp. of Wend ; — now used as 
the preterit of Go. 

Wept, imp. & p. p. of Weep. 
. * Were (wer, 57), imp. ind. pi. & imp. 
subj. sing. & pi. of Be. 

WERST, n. See VERST. 

WEST,n. [A.-S.] 1. Point or quar- 
ter where the sun sets. 2. A region 
toward the sunsetting. — a. 1. Sit- 
uated in the direction of the setting 
sun ; relating to the west. 2. Coin- 
ing from the west. — adv. To or at 
the westward. 

West'ER-LV, a. 1. Being toward or 
in the west. 2. Moving from the 
westward. — adv. Tending or going 
toward the west. 

West'ern, a. Situated in, or mov- 
ing toward, the west. 

West'ward, adv. Toward the west. 

Fest'WARD-ey, adv. In a direction 
toward the west. 

Wet, a. [-ter; -test.] [A.-S. wset, 
tveaht.] 1. Containing water or 
moisture. 2. Very damp; rainy. — 
n. 1. Water ; moisture in considera- 
ble degree. 2. Rainy or misty weath- 
er. — v.t. [WET; WETTING.] To 
fill or moisten with water or other 
liquid. [tratedram. 

WETK'ER, n. [A.-S. wedher.] A cas- 

WET'NESS, n. 1. State of being wet ; 
moisture ; humidity. 2. A moist 
state of the atmosphere. 

Wet'-nurse, n. A nurse who suckles 
a child not her own. 

Whack, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
thwack.] To strike with a heavy or 
resounding blow. — n. A smart, 
resounding blow. 

Whale, n. [A.-S. 
hival.l A marine 
animal of the class 
of Mammals, and Whale 

family of Cetaceans. 



476 

WHALE'BONE, n. A firm, elastic sub- 
stance taken from the upper jaw of 
the right whale. 

Whale'man (150), n. A man em- 
ployed in the whale-fishery. 

Whal'er, n. A ship or a person em- 
ployed in the whale-fishery. 

Whap'per. n. Something uncom- 
monly large of the kind; — applied 
especially to a bold lie. 

Wharf (hworf), n. ; pi. properly 

WHARFS, but WHARVE§ is also 
used. [A.-S. hwearf, iiwarf, fr. hvoeor- 
fan, to turn.] A mound extending 
into the water, for landing goods ; a 
mole ; a pier. 

AYharf'age, n. Fee paid for the use 
of a wharf. 

Wharf'in-ger. n. [From wharfing.] 
Keeper or proprietor of a wharf. 

What (hwot), pron. [A.-S. hwat, al- 
lied to Lat. quid.] 1. An interroga- 
tive pronoun, used with reference to 
inanimate objects. 2. How remark- 
able ; how great ; — used exclama- 
tively. 3. How; — used adverbially. 
4. How strange a thing ! — used in- 
dependently. 5. A compound rela- 
tive, equivalent to that which, or to 
the . . . which. 6. Whatever; — 
used indefinitely. 7. In part; partly. 

What-EVer, pron. Being this or 
that ; all that. 

What'-not, n. [From the abbrevi- 
ated phrase ivhat not, used at the 
c^ise of an enumeration ; hence, 
substantively, a miscellany, a va- 
riety.] A piece of furniture, having 
shelves for books, ornaments, &c. 

Wh^t'so-ev'er, a. AVhatever. 

Wheal, n. [A.-S. hwcle, putrefac- 
tion. Cf. Wale.] A wale. 

Wheat, n. [A.-S. hwsete, allied to 
hwlt, white.] A plant and its seed, 
which furnishes a white flour for 



Wheat'.en, a. [A.-S. hwseten.] Made 
of wheat. 

Whee'DLE (hwe'dl), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Cf. A -S. wddlian, to be 
poor, to beg.] 1. To entice by soft 
words. 2. To gain by flattery. 

Syx. — To flatter; coax; cajole. 

Wheel, n. [A.-S. hiveol, allied to 
Goth, valvjan, to roll.] 
1. A rotating disk or 
circular frame. 2. Any 
instrument having a 
similar form; as, (a.) 
A spinning-wheel, (b.) 
An instrument for- Wheel and 
merly used for pun- Axle, 
ishing criminals, (c.) A, wheel; B, 
A circular frame hav- ax e ' 

ing handles on the rim, used in steer- 
ing a ship, (d.) (Pottery.) A wooden 
disk revolving horizontally, on which 
the clay is shaped. 3. A turn or 
revolution; rotation. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To convey on wheels. 2. 
To cause to revolve. — v. i. 1. To 
revolve ; to rotate. 2. To go round 
in a circuit. 

Wheel'bar-row, n. A light car- 




WHEREOF 

riage, with one wheel, rolled by a 
single person. 

Wheel'-house, n. 1. A small house 
on deck, containing the steering- 
wheel. 2. Paddle-box of steamers. 

Wheel'ing, n. 1. Act of conveying 
on wheels. 2. Convenience for pass- 
ing on wheels. 

Wheel'wright (hweel'rlt), n. A 
man who makes wheels. 

Wheeze, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hweosan, to hiss, whiz ] To breathe 
hard, and with an audible sound. 

Whelk, n. [A.-S. hwylca, a varicose 
vein, hylca, a bend.] 1. An ine- 
quality on the surface. 2. A stripe 
or streak. 3. A mollusk having a 
one-valved, spiral shell. 

Whelm, «. r. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
for-welman, to overwhelm, to suffo- 
cate.] 1. To cover with water or 
other fluid. 2. To immerse deeply ; 
to overburden. 

Whelp, n. [A.-S. hwelp.] 1. The 
young of the canine species, and of 
beasts of prey ; a puppy ; a cub. 2. 
A child. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
bring forth young, as the female of 
the canine species, &c. 

When, adv. [A.-S. hwenne.] 1. At 
what time ; — used interrogatively 
or relatively. 2. While; whereas. 

Whence, adv. [0. Eng. whennes. 
ivhens, with the term, of a genitive.] 
From what place ; from what or 
which source, origin, antecedent, 
&c. ; — used interrogatively or rela- 
tively. 

WHENCE'SO-EV'ER, relative adv. or 
conj. From what place, cause, or 
source soever. 

When-e /'er, relative adv. or conj. 
At whatever time. 

When'so-ev'er, relative adv. or 
conj. Whenever. 

WHERE (4), adv. [A.-S. hwar, hwdr.] 

1. At what place ; in what situa- 
tion ; — used interrogatively. 2. At 
which place ; — used relatively 3. To 
what or which place ; whither ; — 
used interrogatively and relatively. 

Syx. — See Whitheb. 

Where'a-bout', ) adv. 1. About 

Where'a-bouts', ) where; near 
what or which place : — used inter- 
rogatively and relatively. 2. Con- 
cerning which. [The word is often 
used colloquially as a noun.] 

Where-as', conj. 1. Considering 
that ; since. 2. The case being in 
truth that. 

Where-at', adv. At what. 

Where-by', adv. By which ; by what. 

WHERE'FORE, adv. [From where 
and for.] 1. For which reason. 2. 
For what reason; why. 

Where -in', adv. 1. In which; — 
used relatively. 2. In what ;— used 
interrogatively. 

Where'in-to', adv. 1. Into which. 

2. Into what. 

Where-of' (hwer-Sfl 7 or hwer-ov'), 
adv. 1. Of which; — used relatively. 
2. Of what ; — used indefinitely. 3. 
Of what ; — used interrogatively. 






I, e, i, o, u, v,long; a,£j S, 6, tr, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, xEEJC; pique, firm; s6n, 



WHEREON 



477 



WHISK 



WHERE-ON'. adv. On which. 

Where'so-ev'er, adv. Wherever. 

WHERETO', adv. 1. To which. 2. 
To what ; to what. end. 

Where'up-on', adv. Upon which ; 
in consequence of which. 

Wher-ev'er (146), adv. At what- 
ever place. 

Where-wi'th', or TThere-with' 
(99), adv. 1. With which; — used 
relatively. 2. With what : — used 
interrogatively. 

Where'Vitm-al', adv. Same as 
Wherewith! 

Wher'ry, n. [Allied to ferry ] A 
long, narrow, shallow boat, sharp at 
both ends for fast rowing or sailing. 

Whet, v. t. [-ted ; -ting, 136.] [A.- 
S. hwettan, ft*, hwtit, sharp.] 1. To 
rub in order to sharpen. 2. To stim- 
ulate. 3. To excite ; to provoke. — 
n. 1. Act of sharpening by friction. 
2. Something that stimulates the ap- 
petite. 

WHETH'ER, pron. [A.-S. hwddher.] 
Which of two. [Antiquated.'] — conj. 
Used to introduce the first of two 
or more alternative clauses, the other 
or others being connected by or, or 
by or whether. 

Whet'stone , n. A stone for sharp- 
ening edged instruments by friction. 

Whew, n. or interj. A half-formed 
whistle, expressing astonishment, 
scorn, or dislike. 

Whey (hwa), n. [A.-S. hwseg. Cf. 
WHIG.] The watery part of milk, 
separated in making cheese. 

WHEY'EY (hwa'y), a. Partaking of, 
or resembling, whey. 

WHICH, pron. [0. Eng. whilke, A.-S. 
hwylic, hivylc, Goth, hveleiks, fr. hv§, 
to whom, and leiks, like.] 1. An in- 
terrogative pronoun, signifying who, 
or what one of a number, sort, or the 
like. 2. A relative, used for all objects 
excepting persons. 3. A compound 
relative, standing for that which, 
those which, the . . . which, &c. 

WHICH-Ev'ER, \pron. Whether 

Which'so-ev'er, j one or the other. 

Whiff, n. [Cf. Icel. veifa, to shake, 
whirl.] A sudden expulsion of air 
from the mouth ; a quick puff of 
air. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
puff out. 2. To convey by a puff. 

WhIf'FLE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S 
wseflan, wsiflian, to babble, to whif- 
fle.] To waver or shake, as if moved 
by gusts of wind ; to be fickle and 
unsteady. 

WhTf'fler, n. One who whiffles. 

Whif'fle-tree, n. The bar to 
which the traces of a carriage are 
fastened for draught. 

WhIg, n. [From tvhig, whey, which 
the Scottish Covenanters used to 
drink, and hence a name given to 
them , or fr. Scot, whiggamore, one 
who drives horses, contr. to whig. 
In 1648, a party of these people 
marched to Edinburgh to oppose the 
king ; hence the name was given to 
the party opposed to the court.] 1. 
One of a political party in England. 



2. A friend and supporter of the 
American Revolution. 3. One of a 
political party in the United States 
from about 1829 to 1853. 

Whig'ger-y, I n. The principles of 

Whig'gism, ) a whig. 

Whig'gish, a. Pertaining to, or par- 
taking of the principles of, whigs. 

While, n. [A.-S. hwil.] Space of 
time. — adv. 1. During the time 
that ; as long as. 2. In which case. 
Syn". — Though. — Both these words 
are used in comparing things or draw- 
ing parallels between them ; but though 
also implies contrast, which while does 
not. For instance, we may say, '• While 
I admire his courage, I honor him for 
his self-command;" and "Though I ad- 
mire his courage, 1 detest his ferocity." 
While might, indeed, be used in both 
cases; but if we mean distinctly to im- 
ply a contrast, we must use though. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To cause to 
pass pleasantly ; to spend or pass. 

WhI'LOM, adv. [A.-S. hwilum, hivi- 
lon.] Formerly ; of old. 

Whilst, adv. Same as While . 

Whim, n. [Tcel. hvini, a quick move- 
ment.] A fancy ; capricious notion. 
Syn. — Freak. — A freak is literally a 
sudden start or change of place, and 
hence denotes some particular actwhich 
is hasty or fanciful, perhaps humorous 
or childish; a whim is dictated by ca- 
price, and usually implies a state of 
mind more or less permanent. The 
young are apt to have their freaks, and 
the old to indulge themselves in whims. 

WHIM'PER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cry with a low, whining, broken 
voice. 

Whim'§ey, n. A whim ; a freak. 

WHIM'S>€AL, a. 1. Full of whims ; 
having odd fancies. 2. Singular ; 
curious ; odd. 

Syn. — Quaint ; freakish : capricious; 
fanciful; fantastical. See Quaint. 

Whim / si-€al'I-ty, \n. State or 

WHiM'si-eAL-NESS, j quality of be- 
ing whimsical ; whimsicalness. 

Whim'si-€AL-ly, adv. In a whim- 
sical manner. 

Whim'wham, n. [From whim by re- 
duplication.] A whim or whimsey. 

Whin, n. [W. chwyn, weeds.] 1. 
Gorse ; furze. 2. A leguminous 
plant, having yellow flowers. 

WhIne,<-.i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wanian, cwanian, to mourn, howl.] 
To utter a plaintive, long-drawn cry ; 
hence, to complain in a mean, un- 
manly way. — n. A nasal puerile 
tone of mean complaint. 

WhIn'er, n. One who whines. 

Whin'ny, v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[From the root of whine.] To utter 
the sound of a horse. — n. Cry of 
a horse; a. neigh. 

Whin'-stone, n. Trap or green- 
stone ; — applied by miners to any 
kind of dark-colored, hard, unstrati- 
fied rock. 

Whip, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. 
hweopian.] 1. To strike or punish 
with any thing lithe ; to lash ; to 
flog. 2. To form into gathers by 
overcasting a rolled edge and draw- 
ing up the thread. 3. To overlay, 



as a cord, rope, &c, with other 
cords. 4. To take or move by a sud- 
den motion. — v.i. To move nim- 
bly. — n. 1. An instrument for 
driving horses, &c, or for correc 
tion. 2. A coachman, or driver of 
a carriage. 3 A small tackle with ?, 
single rope, to hoist lignt bodies. 

Wh1p'-€6rd, n. A hard-twisted o:.' 
braided cord for making lashes. 

WhIp'graft, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
graft by cutting the scion and stock 
in a sloping direction, so as to fit 
each other, and by inserting a tongue 
on the scion into a slit in the stock. 

WhTp'per, n. 1. One who whips. 2. 
One who raises coal with a tackle 
from a ship's hold. 

Whip'per-Tn 7 , n. 1. A huntsman 
who keeps the hounds from wander- 
ing. 2. One who enforces the disci- 
pline of a party. 

Whip'per-snap'PER, n. A diminu- 
tive, insignificant person. [Collou.] 

Whip'ping-post, n. A post to which 
offenders are tied to be whipped. 

Whip'ple-tree , n. [Cf. Whiffle 
tree.] The bar to which the traces, 
of a harness are fastened. 

Whip'-poor-will, n. An American 
bird, so called from its note. 

Whip's *w, n. A saw for dividing 
timber lengthwise, commonly worked 
by two persons. 

Whip'-staff (149), n. A bar by 
which the rudder is turned ; a 
tiller. 

Whip'ster, n. [From whip.] A nim- 
ble little fellow. 

WhIp'-stock, n. The rod to which 
the lash of a whip is fastened. 

WhIr (18), v. i. [-red ; -ring, 136.] 
[A.-S. hweorfan, to turn.] To whirl 
round with noise. — n. A buzzing 
sound produced by rapid or whirling 
motion. 

Whirl (hwM, 18), v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
[Icel. hvirfla, to whirl. See supra.] 
1. To turn round rapidly. 2. To 
remove quickly with a revolving mo- 
tion. — v. i. 1. To be turned round 
rapidly ; to gyrate. 2. To move 
hastily. — n. 1. Rapid rotation. 2. 
Any thing that is turned with ve- 
locity. 

Whirl'-bXt, n. Any thing moved 
with a whirl in order to strike hard. 

Whirl'- bone, n. The knee-pan. 

Whirl'I-GIG', n. [From whirl and 
gig.] A child's toy, spun around 
like a wheel on an axis. 

Whirl'pool, n. A vortex or gulf 
in which the water moves round in 
a circle. 

Whirl' wind, n. A violent wind 
moving in a circle round its axis. 

WhIsk, n. [0. H. Ger. wise] 1. A 
rapid, sweeping motion. 2. A small 
bunch of grass, straw, or the like ; 
hence, a brush or small besom. 3. A 
kind of tippet. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To sweep or agitate with a light, 
rapid motion^ 2. To move with a 
quick, sweeping motion. — v.i. To 
move nimbly and with velocity- 



6r, do, WQLF,TO0 9 T0t>Es URN, RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent : c,G, soft; €,5,hard; Agj EglST; H as NG; this 



WHISKER 



478 



WICKED 



WhIsk'ER, n. [Usually in the pi.] 1. 
That part of the beard which grows 
on the sides of the face. 2. The long, 
projecting hairs at the sides of the 
mouth of a cat, &c. 

WH1SK/ER.ED, a. Having whiskers. 

WhIs'ky, ) n. [Corrupted fr. usque- 

Whis'key, ) baugh.) A spirit dis- 
tilled from barley, wheat, rye, or 
maize. 

Whis'per, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hwisprian. Cf. Whistle.] 1. To 
utter words without sonant breath. 
2. To make a low, sibilant sound. — 
v. t. 1. To utter in a low, and not 
vocal, tone. 2. To address iu a 
whisper. — n. 1. A low, soft, sibi- 
lant voice. 2. A cautious or timor- 
ous speech. 

Whis'per-er, n. One who whispers. 

Whist, a. [Cf. IIist.] Silent; mute; 
still. — n. A certain game at cards 
requiring close attention. — interj. 
Be still ; hush. 

Whis'tle (hwis'sl), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. hwistlan, to whisper.] 
1. To utter a kind of musical sound, 
esp. by pressing the breath through 
a small orifice formed by the lips. 2. 
To sound shrill. — v. t. 1. To form 
or modulate by whistling. 2. To 
send or call by a whistle. — n 1. A 
sharp, shrill sound, made by forcing 
the breath through the compressed 
lips, or a similar sound in whatever 
way produced. 2. An instrument 
producing a sound like that de- 
scribed. 

Whis'tler (hiws'ler), n. One who 
whistles. 

Whit (hwit), n. [A.-S. wiht, a creat- 
ure, a thing. See Wight.] Tbe 
smallest part or particle imaginable ; 
a bit ; a jot ; — used adverbially. 

White, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. hwit.] 

1. Having the color of pure snow. 

2. Pale ; pallid. 3. Pure ; clean ; free 
from blemish. 4. Gray, as the effect 
of age. 5. Innocent ; fortunate ; 
happy; favorable; 

BQf* White lead, a carbonate of lead, 
much used in painting, and for other 
purposes. — White swelling, a strumous 
inflammation of the synovial mem- 
branes of the knee-joint; — applied also 
to a lingering, chronic tumor, of almost 
any kind.— White wine, any wine of a 
light,clear, transparent color, aa Madeira, 
sherry, &c. 

Syn. — Snowy ; pure ; unblemished. 
— n. 1. The color of pure snow; 
strictly a composition of all the 
colors. 2. Something having the 
color of snow. 3. One of the white 
race of men. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make white ; to whiten. 

White'-bait, n. A very small, deli- 
cate fish of the herring kind. 

White'-liVered, a. Having a 
pale look ; feeble ; cowardly. 

White'-meat, n. 1. Meats made of 
milk, butter, cheese, eggs, &c. 2. 
Young or delicate flesh, as poultry, 
rabbits, &c. 

Whit'en, v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make or turn white ; to bleach. 



WhITE'ness, n. 1. State or quality 
of being white. 2. Paleness. 3. 
Purity ; cleanness. 

WhItes, n. pi A disease of women. 

White'-smith, n. 1. One who works 
in tinned iron. 2. A worker in iron 
who finishes or polishes the work. 

White'wash, n. A wash or liquid 
composition for whitening some- 
thing, esp. the plaster of walls. — v. 
t.. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To cover with 
a white liquid composition. 2. To 
give a fair external appearance to. 

WHlTE'WASH-ER, n. One who white- 
washes. 

Whith'er, adv. [A.-S. hwader, 
hwider.] 1. To what place ; — used 
interrogatively. 2. To what or which 
place ; — used relatively. 3. To what 
point or degree ; whereto. 

Syn. — Where. — Whither is now, to a 
great extent, obsolete, except in poetry, 
or in compositions of a grave and serious 
character. Where has taken its place, as 
in the question, " Where are you going? " 

WhTth'er-SO-EV'ER, adv. To what- 
ever place. 

Whit'ing, n. [From white.] I. A 
sea-fish, allied to the cod. 2. Pure 
ground ch.*ik. 

WHIT'ISH, a. Somewhat white. 

Whit'ish-ness, n. Quality of being 
whitish. 

Whit'leath-er, n. 1. Leather 
dressed with alum, salt, &c. 2. A 
tough, white ligament on the neck 
of quadrupeds. 

Whit'low, n. [From white and low, 
flame, fire.] Au inflammation of the 
fingers or toes, terminating usually 
in suppuration. 

Whit'sun-day WhwhVsn-),w.[From 

WhIt'sun-TIDE ) white and Sun- 
day, or tide.] The seventh Sunday 
after Easter ; — so called, because, in 
the primitive church, newly baptized 
persons appeared at church in white 
garments. 

Whit'tle, n. 1. [A.-S. hwitle, a little 
knife.] A knife. 2. [A.-S. hwitel, 
a cloak. See White.] A grayish, 
coarse blanket worn by west country- 
women, over the shoulders. [Eng.] 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To pare the 
surface of with a small knife. — v.i. 
To cut a piece of wood with a 
knife. 

WHlz, v. i. [-zed; -ZING.] [Cf. 
Wheeze and Hiss.] To make a 
hissing sound, like a ball flying 
through the air. — n. A hissing or 
humming sound. 

Who (hob), pron. sing, or pi. [A.-S. 
hwa, hwa.] What or which person 
or persons ; — used relatively or in- 
terrogatively. 

Whoa (hwo), interj. See Ho. 

Who-EV'er (hob-), pron. Any one 
without exception. 

Wh5le (hoi, 20), a. [A.-S. hal, 
healthy, sound, whole.] 1. Contain- 
ing the total amount or number. 2. 
Not defective or imperfect. 3. Un- 
impaired ; uninjured. 4. Being in a 
state of health and soundness. 



Syn. — All ; complete ; undivided ; 
healthy; sound. 

— n. 1. The entire thing. 2. A regular 
combination of parts ; a e-ystein. 
Syn. —Totality; aggregate; gross. 

Whole'ness (hoi'-), n. State of be- 
ing whole, entire, or sound. 

Wholesale (hoi'-), n. Sale of goods 
by the piece or large quantity. — a, 
1. Buying and selling by the quan- 
tity. 2. Pertaining to trade by the 
quantity. 

Whole's6me (hol'sum,20),a. [-ER; 
-est.] 1. Tending to promote 
health. 2. Favorable to morals, re- 
ligion, or prosperity. 

Syn.— Salubrious ; sound ; salutary; 
useful; kindly. 

Wh5le's6me-ly (hoP-), adv. In 
a wholesome manner ; salubriously. 

Whole'some-ness (hol'sum-), n. 
Quality of being wholesome. 

Whol'ly (hol'y, 20), adv. 1. En- 
tirely ; completely ; perfectly. 2. 
Totally. [ Who. 

Whom (hobm), pron. Objective of 

Whom'SO-EV'er (hobm'-), pron. Ob- 
jective of Whosoever. 

Whoop (hoop), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A... 
S. hwOpan, to cry out.] To utter a 
loud cry; to shout; to hoot. — n. 
A shout of pursuit or cf war ; a 
halloo. 

WHo"bP'lNG--eoUGH (hcTop'ing- 

kawf), n. A convulsive cough, end- 
ing with a sonorous inspiration or 
whoop. 

Whore (hor), n. [A.-S. hore.] A 
woman who practices unlawful sex- 
ual commerce with men, esp. one 
who does it for hire. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To have unlawful sexual 
commerce. 

Whore'dom (hor'-), n. 1. Practice 
of unlawful commerce with the other 
sex; lewdness. 2. (Script.) Idolatry. 

WHORL (hwurl or hworl), n. [Allied 
to whirl.] 1. An arrangement of 
leaves or flowers, &c, around a 
stem, in the same plane with each 
other. 2. A turn of the spire of a 
univalve shell. 

Whort'le-ber'ry (hwfirt'l-), n. 
[Cf. A.-S. wyrt, herb, root.] A shrub, 
and its small, round, edible berry; 
the huckleberry. 

Whose'so-E v'er (h6"oz / -), pron. Pos- 
sessive of Whosoever. 

Who'so-EV'er (hob'-), pron. Any 
person whatever that. 

Why, adv. [A.-S. hwy, hw£, hu, why, 
instrumental form of hwa, hwtit, 
who, what.] 1. For what cause, 
reason , or purpose ; — used inter- 
rogatively. 2. For which reason or 
cause; — used relatively. 3. Reason 
or cause for which ; — used as a 
compound relative. 

Wick, n. [A.-S. weoca, wecca.] A 
cotton cord, which draws up the oil, 
melted tallow or wax, or other ma 
terial used for illumination, to be 
burned. 

WIck/ed (60), a. [Prob. from A.-S. 
wiccian, to bewitch, because crimes 



i, E, I, 5,u. V,long; X s £,l,6, 0, t, short; care, far, ask, all, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, l£RM i PIQUE , FIRM; s6n, 



WICKEDLY 



479 



WIND-GALL 






were attributed to witchcraft.] Evil 
in principle or practice ; contrary to 
the moral law ; addicted to vice. 

Syn.— Sinful ; criminal; immoral; 
unholy; ungodly. See Iniquitous. 

Wick'ed-ly, adv. In a wicked man- 
ner ; viciously. 

Wick'ed-ness, n. 1. State or qual- 
ity of being wicked. 2. A wicked 
thing or act. 

WlCK'ER, a [See WlTHY.] Made 
of, or covered with, twigs or osiers. 
— n. A small twig or osier. 

WlCK'ET, n. [0. Fr. wiket, guischet, 
from A.-S. wic, recess, port.] 1. A 
small gate or door, esp. when form- 
ing part of a larger one. 2. A gate- 
like frame-work of rods, in playing 
cricket. [wicks are made. 

Wick'ING, n. Material of which 

Wide, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. wid.] 
1. Having a great extent every way ; 
extensive ; spacious. 2. Having con- 
siderable distance between the sides ; 
broad; not narrow. 3. Of a certain 
measure between the sides. 4. Re- 
mote ; distant. — adv. To a distance. 

WlDE'LY, adv. 1. To a wide degree ; 
far ; extensively. 2. Very much ; 
to a great degree. 

WlD'EN, v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make or grow wide or wider. 

WIDE 'ness, n. Quality or state of 
being wide ; breadth ; width. 

WlD'GEON (wlj'un), n. [Fr, vingeon, 
gingeon.] A water-fowl of the duck 
group. 

WId'OW, n. [A.-S. widuwe ; Skr. 
vidhava, fr. vi, without, and dhava, 
husband.] A woman whose husband 
is dead. — v. t. [-ED; -1NG.] 1. 
To bereave of a husband. 2. To 
make desolate ; to bereave. 

Wid'6w-er, n. A man whose wife 
is dead. [widow. 

Wid'ow-hcTod, n. State of being a 

Width (108), n. Extent from side to 
side ; breadth. 

Wield, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wealdan, to rule.] 1. To use with full 
command or power. 2. To employ ; 
to control. 

Wife (149), n. [A.-S. w\f.] The law- 
ful consort of a man. 

WIfe'hood, n. State of a wife. 

WIfe'ly, a. Becoming or like a wife. 

WIG, n. [An abbrev. of periwig.] An 
artificial covering of hair for the 
head. 

Wight (wit), n. [ A.-S. wiht. wuht, 
a creature, animal. Cf. Aught.] 
A being ; a person ; — used chiefly in 
irony or burlesque. 

WlG'WAM, n. 
[Algonquin 
wek, " his 

house; " with 
possessive and 
locative affixes, 
wekou - om - ut, 
" in his (or 
their) house ; " 
contr. by the 

English to wig- Wigwam. 

warn.] An Indian cabin or hut 




Wild, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. wild.] 
1. Living in a state of nature ; not 
tamed. 2. Growing or produced 
without culture. 3. Desert ; not in- 
habited. 4. Ferocious ; rude. 5. Not 
submitted to restraint, training, or 
regulation. 6. Exposed to the wind 
and sea. 7. Indicating strong emo- 
tion or bewilderment. 

Kl"~ Wild- is prefixed to the names of 
many plants, to distinguish them from 
such of the name as are cultivated. — 
Wild cat, an animal of the cat family, 
stronger and fiercer than the domestic 
cat, very destructive to the smaller do- 
mestic animals. — Wild-goose chase, the 
pursuit of something as unlikely to be 
caught as a wild goose. 

Syn. — Savage; desert; uncivilized; 
ungoverned; inconstant; loose; irregu- 
lar; disorderly. 

— n. An uninhabited and uncul- 
tivated region; a desert. 

WlL'DER, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Eng. 
wild.] To cause to lose the way ; to 
bewilder. 

Wil'der-ness, n. A forest or a 
wide, barren plain ; a waste ; a des- 
ert. 

WTld'-fire, n. A composition of 
inflammable materials, very hard to 
quench. [keeper. 

Wild'GRave, n. A head forest- 

Wild'ing, n. A wild crab-apple. 

Wild'ly, adv. In a wild condition 
or manner. [being wild. 

WIld'ness, n. State or quality of 

Syn. — Rudeness: savageness ; bru- 
tality ; irregularity; alienation. 

Wile, n. [A.-S. wile. Cf. Guile.] 
A trick or stratagem practiced for 
insnaring or deception. 

WIL'FUL. a. See WILLFUL. 

Wi'Ll-NESS, n. Guile; craft. 

Will, n. [A.-S. willa, wille. See the 
v.] 1. Power of choosing. 2. Choice 
which is made ; a volition. 3. A 
decree ; a command. 4. Strong wish. 
5. That which is strongly wished or 
desired. 6. Legal declaration of a 
person, as to how he would have his 
property disposed of after his death ; 
testament. — v. t. This verb has 
an irregular and a regular form. 1. 
[Irregular, imp. WOULD.] (a.) To 
wish ; to desire, (b.) As an auxiliary, 
used to denote futurity dependent on 
the subject of the verb. 2. [Regular. 
WILLED; WILLING.] (a.) To or- 
dain ; to decree, (b.) To give by 
testament; to bequeath. — v.i. 1. 
To exercise an act of volition. 2. To 
be disposed. 3. To determine. 

WlLL'FUL I (146), a. Governed by the 

Wil'ful J will without yielding to 
reason. 
Syn.— Obstinate ; perverse ; stubborn. 

Will'ful-ly, » adv. Obstinately ; 

Wil'ful-LY, J stubbornly. 

WIll'ful-ness, 1 n. Quality of be- 

Wil'ful-ness, ) ing willful. 

WTll'ing, a. [From will, v. t.] 1. 
Free to do or grant ; having the 
mind inclined ; disposed. 2. Received 
of choice ; chosen. 

Will'ing-ly, adv. With free will. 



WfLL'lNG-NESS, n. Quality of being 
willing ; free choice. 

Wil'low, n. [A.-S. wilig.] 1. A tree 
of many species. 2. A machine in 
which cotton is opened and cleansed. 

— v. t. To open and cleanse, as 
cotton, by means of a willow. 

Wil'low-y, a. 1. Abounding with 
willows. 2. Pliant ; drooping. 

Wil'ly, n. A machine for opening, 
and cleansing wool, similar to the 
willow used in cotton manufactures. 

Wilt, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A modif. 
of 0. Eng. welk, to fade, wither, fr. 
A.-S. hwile, lean.] To lose freshness 
and become flaccid ; to droop. [Amer.] 

— v. t. To make flaccid, as a green 
plant. 

WlL'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Full 
of wiles ; mischievously artful. 

Syn.— Insidious; sly; crafty; subtle. 
See Cunning. 

WIm'ble. n. [0. D. wimpel. See 
Gimlet.] A gimlet. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To bore or pierce, as with a 
wimble. 

Wim'ple, n. [M. H. Ger. wimpel, a 
vail. Cf. Gimp.] A covering laid in 
folds over the neck, chin, and sides 
of the face, worn by women. 

Win, v. t. [won; winning.] [A.-S. 
winnan, to strive, fight, gain.] 1- 
To gain in competition or contest. 
2. To allure to kindness. 3. To gain 
over to one's side or party. — v. i. To 
gain the victory. 

Wince, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
wincian, to bend one's self, to nod.] 

1. To shrink ; to flinch ; to start 
back. 2. To kick or flounce. 

WINCH (66), n. [A.-S. wince.] 1. A 
crank-handle. 2. An axle turned 
by a crank -handle ; a windlass. 

Wind, n. [A.-S. ; Lat. ventus, Skr. 
wata, fr. w&, to blow.] 1. Air in 
motion with any degree of velocity. 

2. Breath modulated by the lungs and 
vocal organs, or by an instrument. 

3. Power of respiration. 4. Flatu- 
lence. 5. A point of the compass ; 
esp., one of the cardinal points. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To winnow ; 
tc ventilate. 2. To perceive by the 
scent. 

Wind, v. t. [wound ; winding.] 1, 
[From wind, pron. wind.] To sound 
by blowing. 2. [A.-S. windan.] To 
turn, esp. about something fixed ; 
to coil ; to twist. 3. To regulate ; to 
govern. 4. To insinuate. — v.i. 1. 
To turn completely or repeatedly. 
2. To have a circular direction. 3. 
To meander. 

Wind'age, n. Difference between the 
diameter of the bore of a gun and 
that of the shot fired from it. 

WiND'BOUND, a. Prevented from 
sailing by a contrary wind. 

WlND'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
winds. 

Wind'fall, n. 1. Fruit blown off 
from a'tree by the wind. 2. An un- 
expected gain. 

Wind'-gall, «. A soft tumor on 
the fetlock joint of a horse. 



or, do, wolf, TOO, XOOS j URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, o, silent ; c , G, soft ; €, G, hard; Ag ; exist ; {J as ng ; this- 



WIND-GUN 



480 



WISTFUL 





WInd'-gun, to. A gun discharged by 

compressed air. [being windv. 

Wind'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
WInd'ING.to. 1. A turn or turning ; 

a bend. 2. A call by the boatswain's 

whistle. 
Wind'ing-SHEET, w. A sheet in 

which a corpse 

is wrapped. 

WllND'LASS, TO. 

[Apparently 

from ivind &vA 

lace ; but cf. 

D. wind as, fr. 

winden, to Windlass. 

wind, and as, axis.] A cylinder or 

roller for raising weights, turned by 

a crank or lever. 
Wind'less, a. Having no wind. 

WlND'MILL, TO. A 
mill turned by 
the wjnd. 

WTn'dow, to. [Icel. 
vindauga, win- 
dow, lit. wind- 
eye.] 1. An open- 
ing in a building 
for the admission 
of light and air. Windmill. 

2. The sash that ^oses the opening. 

3. A Jattice or casement. 
WInd'pipe,to. The passage for the 

breathto and from the lungs. 

WInd'row (wTn'ro), n. A row or line 
of hay raked together. 

WInd'ward, n. The point from 
which the wind blows. — a. Situated 
toward the point from which the 
wind blows. — adv. In the direction 
from which the wind blows. 

WlND'Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of wind. 2. Windward. 3. 
Tempestuous ; boisterous. 4. Flatu- 
lent. 5. Empty ; airy. 

Wine, to. [A.-S. win, Lat. vinum, 
MoWc Gr Foii/os.] 1. The expres8ed v 
and usually the fermented juice of 
grapes. 2. A similar liquor, from 
other kinds of fruit. 3. Intoxication. 

WIne'-bib'ber, n. One who drinks 
much wine. [which wine is drank. 

WIne'-glass, n. A small glass in 

WlNE'-MEAs/URE (-mezh'ur), ra. The 
measure by which wines and other 
spirits are sold. 

WlNE'-PRESS, to. A place where, or 
an engine by which, wine is pressed 
from grapes. 

WlNG, n. [Icel. vangr, wing, rings, 
agitation, fanning.] 1. One of two 
anterior limbs of a fowl. 2. Any 
similar instrument used for flying. 
3. Passage by flying; flight. 4. 
Motive of flight. 5. That which 
agitates the air, as a wing does. 6. 
A side-piece; as, (a.) A side-build- 
ing, less than the main edifice, (b.) 
(Fort. ) The longer side of crown- 
works, horn-works, and the like, 
(c.) Right or left division of an 
army, regiment, &c. (d.) That part 
of the hold or orlop of a vessel 
which is nearest the sides; also, 
one of the extremities of a fleet.— 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To furnish 



with wings. 2. To transport by 
flight. 3. To wound or disable a 
wing of. 

WIng'ed (60), p. a. 1. Furnished 
with wings. 2. Swift; rapid. 3. 
Wounded in the wing. 

WIng'less, a. Having no wings. 

Wing'-shell, to. Case covering the 
wing of a coleopterous insect. 

Wing'y, a. Having wings ; rapid . 

Wink, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [A.-S. win- 
cian.] 1. To close and open the eye- 
lids quickly. 2. To give a hint by a 
motion of the eyelids. 3. To con- 
nive at any thing ; to avoid taking 
notice. — to. 1. Act of closing the 
eyelids quickly. 2. A bint given by 
shutting the eye. 

WIn'ner, n. One who wins. 

Win'ning,;?. a. Attracting; adapted 
to gain favor ; charming. — to. Sum 
gained by success in competition or 
content. 

WIn'now, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
windwian^ awindwian, to fan.] 1. 
To separate chaff from by wind. 2. 
To sift for separating falsehood from 
truth. 3. To fan. 

WI.\'s6ME(wTn / sum),a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[A.-S. toynsvm, from wynn, joy.] 
Cheerful ; light-hearted. 

WlN'TER, n. [Prob. allied to wind, 
because it is the windy season of the 
year.] The cold season of the year. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To pass the win- 
ter. — v. t. To keep or feed during 
the winter. 

WIn'ter-green, to. An aromatic 
evergreen, having Dright red berries. 

WlN'TER-KlLL, 'v. v. [-ED; -ING.] 
To kill by the cold of winter. 

Win'ter-y, a. Suitable to, or re- 
sembling, winter. 

WIn'try, a. Same as Wintery. 

Wipe, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. wl- 
pian, to wrap up, to cuddle one's 
self up.] 1. To rub with something 
soft for cleaning ; to clean by rub- 
bing. 2. To remove by rubbing. — 
to. 1. Act of rubbing for cleaning. 
2. A blow ; a hit. 

WTp'er, n. 1. One who wipes. 2. 
Something used for wiping. 

Wire, n. [A.-S. wir.] An even thread 
of metal, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
bind with wire. 2. To put on a wire. 

Wire'-BRIdGe, to. A bridge sus- 
pended on cables made of wires., 

Wire'-draw, v. t. [-drew ; 
-drawn; -drawing.] 1. To form, 
as metal, into wire, by drawing it 
through a hole. 2. To draw or spin 
out to great length. 

WIre'-draw'er, to. One who draws 
metal into wire. 

Wire'-pull'er, to. One who pulls 
the wires, as of a puppet ; hence, one 
who operates by secret means. 

WlRE'-WORM (-warm), to. The hard, 
slender larve of certain beetles. 

WlR'I-NESS, to. State of being wiry. 

WlR'Y, a. 1. Made of wire ; like wire. 
2. Tough; sinewy. 

Wis, v. t. [imp. k,p. p. wist.] [A.-S. 
wisian, to instruct, show, govern. 



See WIT, v. i.] [Obs. or poet.] 1 
To know. 2. To think ; to suppose 

W7s/d6m,to. [A.-S. wisdom, fr. wis, 
wise, and the term, dom, from dom, 
doom, judgment, power.] 1. Quality 
of being wise; knowledge, and the 
capacity to make due use of it ; sa- 
gacity. 2. Acquired knowledge ; eru- 
dition. 3. Godliness ; piety. 

Syn. — Prudence. — Wisdom has been 
defined to be the " use of the best means 
for attaining the best ends," and in this 
sense implies the union of high mental 
and moral excellence. Prudence, is of a 
more negative character; it rather con- 
sists in avoiding danger than in taking 
decisive measures for the accomplish- 
ment of an object. Sir Robert Walpole 
was in many respects a prudent states- 
man, but he was far from being a wise 
one. Burke has remarked thatprurfewce, 
when carried too far, degenerates into a 
" reptile virtue," which is the more dan- 
gerous for the plausible appearance it 
wears. 

WT§E,a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. ivis, 
allied to wit, v. i.] 1. Having knowl- 
edge ; learned. 2. Making due use 
of knowledge ; discerning and judg> 
ing soundly. 3. Versed in art or sci- 
ence. 4. Godly ; pious. 5. Dictated 
or guided by wisdom. 

Syn. — Sage ; sagacious ; judicious. 

— to. [A.-S. wise. Cf. GUISE.] Way 
of being or acting ; mode. 

133" Wise is often used in composition, 
as in likewise, lengthwise, &c. 

WTse'a-€RE (-a-ker) n. [Ger. weis- 
sager, a prophet, fr. weise, wise, and 
sagen, to say.] One who makes un- 
due pretensions to wisdom. 

Wise'ly, adv. Prudently ; judicious- 
ly ; discreetly ; with wisdom. 

Wish, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. wys- 
can, Skr. wantch.] 1. To have a de- 
sire. 2. To be disposed or inclined. 

— v. t. 1. To desire; to long for- 
2. To frame or express desires con- 
cerning. — to. 1. Desire; longing. 
2. Expression of desire : petition ; in- 
vocation. 3. A thing desired. 

WlSH'-BONE, «. The forked bone in 

front of the breast-bone in birds. 
WTsh'ER, «. One who wishes. 
WiSH'FUL, a. 1. Having desire, or 

ardent desire. 2. Showing desire. 
Wish'ful-ly, adv. In a wishful 

manner. 
WTsh'y-wash'y, a. Without force 

or solidity ; also, very weak, when 

said of liquor. 
WIsp, to. [Icel. visk. See WHISK.] 

A small bundle of straw, hay, or the 
WIst, imp. & p. p. of Wis. [like. 

WfST'FUI,, a. [From wist, imp. of 

wis.] Eagerly attentive ; engrossed; 

hence, sometimes wishful. 
Wist'ful-ly, aa - v% i n a -wistful 

manner. 
Wit,?;, i. [A.-S. witan.] To know,- 

— now used only in the infinitive to 
wit, a phrase equivalent to namely, 
that is to say. — to. [A.-S. witt,wit.\ 
1. Mind ; intellect ; sense. 2. A men- 
tal faculty. 3. Association of objects 
not usually connected, so as to pro- 
duce a pleasant surprise; also, the 



I, E, £0,fj, Y,long; A,iJ,X,6,U,Y,s/i0r*; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T&ML 5 PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



WITCH 



481 



WONDERMENT 



power of readily combining objects 
in such a manner. 4. A person of 
eminent sense, knowledge, or genius ; 
one distinguished for bright or amus- 
ing sayings. 

Stx. — Humor. — Wit formerly meant 
genius, and now denotes the power of 
seizing on some thought or occurrence, 
and, by a sudden turn, presenting it un- 
der aspects wholly new and unexpected 
— apparently natural and admissible, if 
not perfectly just, and bearing on the 
subject, or the parties concerned, with a 
laughable keenness and force. " What 
J want," said a pompous orator, aiming 
at his antagonist, " is common sense." 
" Exactly. ' was the whispered reply. 
The pleasure we find in icit arises from 
the ingenuity of the turn, the sudden 
surprise it brings, and the patness of 
its application to the case, in the new 
and ludicrous relations thus flashed up- 
on the view. Humor is a quality more 
congenial than icit to the English mind. 
It consists primarily in taking up the 
peculiarities of a humorist, and drawing 
them out, so that we enjoy a hearty, 
good-natured laugh at the unconscious 
development he makes of his whims and 
oddities. From this original sense, the 
term has been widened to embrace other 
sources of kindly mirth of the same gen- 
eral character, 'in a well-known carica- 
ture upon English reserve, an Oxford 
student is represented as standingon the 
brink of a river, greatly agitated at the 
sight of a drowning man, and crying 
out, "O that I had been introduced to 
this gentleman, that I might save his 
life!" The "Silent Wsnnan " of Ben 
Johnson is one of the most humorous 
productions, in the original sense of the 
term, which we have in our language, 

WTtch, n. [A.-S. ivicce, wiglere, en- 
chanter; allied to wig:, holy.] 1. One 
given to the black art ; a sorceress. 
2. A charming woman. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING ] To bewitch ; to enchant. 

WiTCH'€RAFT, n. 1. Practices of 
witches ; sorcery ; enchantments. 2. 
Power more than natural. 

WlTCH'ER-Y,n. 1. Sorcery ; enchant- 
ment ; witchcraft. 2. Fascination. 

WlTCH'lNG, a. Suited to enchant- 
ment or witchcraft. 

WITH, prep. [A.-S. toidh, raid, with, 
at, against. Cf. A.-S. mid, midli, 
Grer. ?nit, with.] With denotes or ex- 
presses, — 1. Nearness: connection; 
intercourse. 2. Situation or estima- 
tion among ; treatment by. 3. 
Friendship or assistance. 4. Instru- 
ment ; means. 5. Correspondence ; 
comparison. 6. Close succession. 

WlTH-AL', adv. [with and all.] With 
the rest; likewise. — prep. With; — 
following the object of a verb. 

With-draw', v. t. [-drew; 

-drawn ; -drawing.] 1. To take 
away ; to draw back ; to cause to go 
away. 2. To recall or retract. — v. i. 
To quit a company or place ; to go 
away. 

Syn. — To retire; retreat; recede. 

WlTH-DRAW'AL, n. Act of withdraw- 
ing, [iog-room. 

r7lTH-DRAv.<lNG-ROOM, n. A draw- 

With-draw'ment, n. Act of with- 
drawing, or state of being with- 
drawn ; withdrawal. 

WITHE (with), n. [A.-S. widhig, 



widhdhe, a withy, twisted rod.] 1. 
A flexible, slender twig. 2. A band 
consisting of a twig or twigs twisted. 

WiTH'ER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
wyderu, withering, dryness, gewyth- 
erod, withered, orig. dried by the 
weather or air.] i. To lose fresh- 
ness ; to dry. 2. To pine away, as 
animal bodies. 3. To perish ; to 
pass away. — v. t. 1. To cause to 
fade and become dry. 2. To cause 
to languish, perish, or pass away. 

WlTH'ERS, n. pi. [Ger. widerrist, fr. 
wider, against, and rist, elevation, 
withers, fir. the root of rise.] Ridge 
between a horse's shoulder-bones. 

With'er-w rung (-rung), a. Injured 
or hurtin the withers. 

WlTH-HOLD', V. t. [-HELD ; -HELD 

or -holden; -holding.] 1. To 
hold back ; to restrain. 2. To retaiu ; 
not to grant. 
With -in', prep. I. In the inner part 
of. 2. In the limits or compass of. 
3. Inside the reach or influence of. 

— adv. 1. In the inner part ; in- 
wardly ; internally. 2. In the house. 

WITH-OUT', prep. 1. On or at the 
outside of. 2. Out of the limits or 
reach of ; be\ond. 3. Not with ; in- 
dependently of. 4. Unless ; except. 

— adv. Not on the inside ; not 
within ; out of doors ; externally. 

WlTH-STAND', V. t. [-STOOD; 

-standing.] To oppose ; to resist. 
WiTH'Y. n. [See \V r miE.J A withe. 

— a. Made of withes ; like a witae. 
WlT'LESS, a. 1. Destitute of under- 
standing. 2. Indiscreet, [smartness. 

WIt'ling, n. A pretender to wit or 
Wit'ness, n. [A.-S. wltnes, fr. wi- 
tan, to know.] 1. Attestation of a 
fact : testimony. 2. That which fur- 
nishes evidence. 3. One who beholds 
or has personal knowledge of any 
thing. 4. One who sees the execu- 
tion of, and attests, an instrument. 
5. One who gives testimony. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.J 1. To see or have di- 
rect cognizance of. 2. To give testi- 
mony to. 3. To see the execution 
of, as ah instrument, and subscribe 
it for the purpose of establishing its 
authenticity. 

Stx. — To behold; testify; attest; 
certify; depose. 

— v. i. To bear testimony. 
Wit'ti-CISM, n. A phrase affectedly 

witty ; an attempt at wit. 

WlT'Tl-LY, adv. With wit. [witty. 

Wit'ti-ness, n. Quality of being 

Wit'ting-ly, adv. [See WIT.] 

Knowingly. 

WIt'tol, n. [A.-S., knowing, fr. wi- 
tan, to know.] A man who knows his 
wife's infidelity, and submits to it. 

WlT'TY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Pos- 
sessing wit ; good at repartee. 

Syn. — Acute ; smart ; sharp ; arch ; 
facetious; satirical; humorous. 

Wive, v.t.or i. [From wife.] [-ED : 
-ING.] To marry ; — said of a man. 

Wives, n. ,- pi. of Wife. 

Wtz'ARD, n. [From wise and the 
term, ard.] A magician ; a conjurer ; 




Wolf. 



a sorcerer. — a. 1. Enchanting. 2. 
Haunted by wizards. 

WIz'i'N (wlz'n), a. [From A.-S. wis- 
7iian, to grow dry, wesan, to weak- 
en] Thin ; sharp ; pinched. 

Woad, n. [A.-S. wad.] An herba- 
ceous plant, or a blue coloring matter 
derived from it. [heavy calamity. 

WOE, n. [A.-S. wa.] Grief; misery, 

WOE'-BE-GONE', a. [Eng. woe, and 
0. Eng. begone, visited, happened to, 
from be, prefix, and gone.] Over- 
whelmed with woe. 

Wo'ful, la. 1. Full of woe; sor- 

Woe'ful, } rowful ; unhappy. 2. 
Bringing calamity or distress. 3. 
Wretched ; miserable. 

WO'FUL-LY, I adv. 1. Sorrowfully. 

WOE'FUL-LY, J 2. Wretchedly ; mis- 
erably. 

Wo'ful-ness, ) n. Quality of being 

Woe'ful-NESS, j woeful ; misery. 

Wold,m. [A.-S.] [See Wood.] 1. 
A wood ; a forest. 2. A plain, or 
open country. 

Wolf (wulf), n. [A.-S. wulf allied 
to Lat. vulpes, a fox.] 1. A carnivor- 
ous animal. 2. 
Anything very 
ravenous or de- 
structive. 

Wolf'ish, a. Like 
a wolf. 

WOLFS'-BA.NE,n. 
A poisonous plant. 

WOL'VER-'lNE', I 

WOL'VER-ENE', J 

n. [From wolf, prob. because it was 
thought to have wolfish qualities.] 
A carnivorous mammal. 

WOM'AN (150), n. [A.-S. wifmann, 
wimann, fr. wif, woman, wife, and 
mann, a man.] 1. A female, esp. 
an, adult female, of the human race. 
2. A female servant. 

Wom'an-hood, n. State, character, 
or collective qualities of a woman. 

Wom'an-Ish, a. Suitable to a woman ; 
ha ing the qualities of a woman. 

Woai \n-kind, n. The female sex; 
race of females of the human kind. 

WpJl'i N-LY, a. Becoming a woman ; 
femin ne. — adv. In the manner of 
a worn \n. 

Womb ( vo"om), n. [A.-S.] 1. The 
uterus -)f a female. 2. The place 
where a ay thing is produced. 3. 
Any cavj "ly containing any thing. 

WON (wiin ', imp. & p. p. of Win. 

Won'der, n. [A.-S. wunder.] 1. 
Emotion • ;xcited by something new, 
strange, great, and not well under- 
stood ; su rprise ; astonishment. 2- 
That which excites surprise; a 
prodigy.- v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
be affected by surprise or admiration. 
2. To feel doubt and curiosity. 

W6n'der-ful, a. Adapted to excite- 
wonder ; exciting surprise. 

Syn — Amazing ; astonishing ; sur- 
prising. See Marvelous. 

W6n'der-ful-ly, adv. In a won- 
derful manner. 

Won'der-ment, n. Surprise; won- 
der. 



OR, do, wolf.too, 200B.J fJRNjRUE, PTJLL ; E, I, o, silent ; <?, G, soft; €, <5, hard,- L§\ 3psT; NosNS; this. 



WONDROUS 



482 



WORM 



WdN'DROUS, a. Such as may excite 
surprise and astonishment. 

Syn. — Wonderful ; strange; marvel- 
ous; prodigious; admirable. 
— adv. Wondrously ; marvelously. 

W6n'drous-ly, adv. In a wonder- 
ful manner or degree. 

Won't. A colloquial contraction of 
woll not, for will not. 

WONT (wunt). a. [For woned, from 
won (obs.), to dwell, A.-S. wunian.] 
Accustomed; habituated. — n. Cus- 
tom ; habit.— v. i. [wont ; wont, 
or WONTED; wonting.] To be ac- 
customed or habituated ; to be used. 

W6nt'ed, a. Accustomed; custom- 
ary. 

Woo, «. t. [-ED; -ing, 144.] [A.-S. 
wugian, from wug, ivd, a bending.] 

1. To solicit in love ; to court. 2. 
To invite with importunity. — v.i. 
To make love. 

Wood, n. [A.-S. wudu, wood, a wood, 
weald, wald, a wood.] 1. A large 
collection of trees ; a forest. 2. Hard 
substance of trees ; timber. 3. Trees 
cut or sawed for the lire. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To get supplies of 
wood for. — v. i. . To take in sup- 
plies of wood. 

Wo~OD'BiNE,»i. [wood, and bind.] 1. 
A climbing plant having flowers of 
great fragrance ; the honey-suckle. 

2. An ornamental woody vine, called 
also Virginia creeper. 

Wo"od'chuck, n. [From wood, and 

the root of sow 

or hog.] A ro- 
dent mammal, 

a species of 

marmot. 
WoOD'€OCK,tt. Woodchuck. 

A bird of the snipe family. 
Wo"OD'-€RAFT, n Skill and practice 

in shooting and other sports in the 

woods. 
Wo~bD'-CUT, n. An engraving on 

wood, or an impression from such 

an engraving. [wood. 

*P"o"bD'-OUT'TER, n. One who cuts 
WOOD'ED, a. Supplied or covered 

with wood. 
WbOD'JEN (wdbd'n), a. 1. Made of 

wood. 2. Clumsy ; awkward. 
Wood'-house , n. A house or shed 

to keep wood in. [trees. 

Wood'lXnd, n. Land covered with 
Wood'-lark, n. A species of lark. 
WOOD'MAN (150), n. 1. A forest 

officer. [Eng.] 2. A sportsman. 

3. One who cuts dowu trees. 
Wood'nymph, n. A fabled goddess 

of the woods ; a dryad. 

Wo"od'peck-er, n. A scansorial 
bird which pecks holes in the wood 
or bark of trees for insects. [dove. 

Wo"od'-pig'eon (-un), n. The ring- 

Wood'-reeve, n. The overseer of 
a wood. [Eng.] 

Wood'-s€REW (-skru), n. An iron 
screw furnished with a sharp thread, 
for insertion in wood. 

Wo^od'y, a. Abounding with, or con- 
sisting of, wood ; ligneous. 

Woo'ER, n. One who wooes. 

Woof, n. [From A.-S. wefan, to 




weave.] The threads that cross the 
warp in weaving. 

Wool (27), w. [A.-S. wull, allied to 
Lat. villus, veltus.] 1. That soft, 
curled hair which grows on sheep 
and some other animals. 2. Short, 
thick, crisped hair, as of a negro. 

WOOLD, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
woelen.] To wind a rope round, as 
a mast or yard, when made of two 
or more pieces, at the place where 
they have been scarfed. 

YVool'en, \a. 1. Made or consist- 

YVo~bL'LEN, ) ing of wool. 2. Pertain- 
ing to wool. — n. Cloth made of wool. 

Wool'en-drA'per, n. A dealer in 
woolen goods. [the wool. 

Wool'fell, n. A fell, or skin, with 

Wo~ol'-gath'er-ing, 77. Indul- 
gence in idle exercise of the imagina- 
tion ; vagary. 

Wool'-grow'er, n. One who raises 
sheep for the production of wool. 

Wo"bl/L,I-NESS, n. State of being 
woolly. 

Wo~ol'ly, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, wool. 

Wo"ol'-pAck, n. 1. A pack or bag 
of wool weighing 240 pounds. 2. 
Any thing bulky without weight. 

Wool'-sack, n. A sack or bag of 
wool ; esp. one used as the seat of 
the lord chancellor of England in 
the House of Lords. [in wool. 

Wool'-sta'pler, n. One who deals 

Word (wfird), n. [A.-S. word, allied 
to Lat. ver-b-um.] 2. The spoken, 
written, or printed s.gn of a concep- 
tion. 2. Talk ; discourse. 3. Account ; 
tidings. 4. Signal ; command. 5. 
Statement ; declaration ; promise. 6. 
Dispute. 7- A brief remark or obser- 
vation. 8. The Scriptures. 

Syn. — See Term. 
— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To express 
in words. 

Word'-book (wfird'-), n. A vocab- 
ulary ; a dictionary. 

Word'i-ness (wfird'-), n. State or 
quality of being wordy. [pression. 

WORD'ING (ward 7 -), n. Style of ex- 

Word'y (wurd'y), a. [-ER ; -est, 
142.] 1. Using many words ; ver- 
bose. 2. Containing many words. 

WORE, imp. of Wear. 

Work (wurk), v. i. [worked or 

WROUGHT ; WORKING.] [A.-S. 
wyrcan, weorcan.] 1. To exert 
one's self for a purpose ; to labor. 

2. To operate; to act; to perform. 

3. To have effect or influence. 4. 
To carry on business. 5. To move 
heavily ; to strain ; to labor. 6. To 
proceed with difficulty. 7. To fer- 
ment, as a liquid. 8. To operate on 
the bowels, as a cathartic. — v. t. 1. 
To labor or operate upon. 2. To 
accomplish ; to effect. 3. To pro- 
duce by slow degrees. 4. To man- 
age ; to lead. 5. To embroider. 6. To 
direct the action of ; to manage. 7. To 
cause to ferment. — n. 1. Exertion 
of strength. 2. That on which one is 
at work. 3. Result of labor ; product; 
specifically, (a. ) A composition ; a 
book, (b.)pl. Structures in civil, mill 



rary, or naval engineering, as docks 
bridges, embankments, trenches, &c. 
4. Management; treatment. 5. pi 
( Theol. ) External performances, as 
a ground of justification. 

Syn. — Labor ; employment ; toil - 
occupation: production; achievement. 

Work'A-Ble (wfirk'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being worked. 

Work'-bAg (wfirk'-), n. A bag for 
holding instruments or materials for 
needle-work. 

Work'-box (wfirk'-). n. A box for 
instruments or materials for work. 

Work'-day (wfirk'-), n. & a. Same 
as Working-day. 

Work'er (wfirk'er), n. One who 
works ; a laborer. 

Work'-fel'low (wGrk'-), n. One 
engaged in the same work with an- 
other. 

Work'-house (wfirk'-), n. 1. A 
house in which idle and vicious per 
sons are confined to labor. 2. A 
house where the town poor are main- 
tained at the public expense, and 
provided with labor. 

Work'ing-day (wGrk'-), n. A day 
on which work is performed , as dis- 
tinguished from the Sabbath, a festi- 
val, or a holiday. 

Work'man (wfirk'-, 150), n. A work- 
er ; especially, a skillful artificer. 

Work'man-like I (wfirk'-), a. Be- 

Work'man-ey ) coming a work- 
man, esp., a skillful one ; skillful. 

Work'man-ship (wGrk'-), n. 1. Skill 
of a workman : manner of making 
any thing. 2. That which is made 
or produced ; manufacture. 

Work'shop (wfirk'-), n. A shop 
where any manufacture is carried on 

Work'-ta/ble (wurk'-), n. A table 
for holding work, esp. needle-work. 

Work'-wom'an (wfirk'-, 150), n. A 
woman who performs any work. 

WORLD (wfirld), n. [A.-S. weorold, 
world.] 1. The earth aDd its inhabi- 
tants. 2. Human affairs ; also, state 
of existence. 3. The creation; uni- 
verse. 4. Any heavenly body, regarded 
as inhabited. 5. Human life or soci- 
ety. 6. The human race ; mankind 
7. The wicked part of mankind. 8 
A great multitude or quantity. 

World'li-ness (vvfirld'-), n. Quality 
of being worldly. 

World'LING (wfirld'-), n. One who 
is devoted to this world and its en- 
joyments. 

WORED'LY(wurld'ly),«. 1. Relating 
to the world ; human. 2. Secular ; 
devoted to this lite and its enjoy- 
ments. — adv. In a worldly manner. 

WORM (wurm, 34), n. [A.-S. wurm, 
worm, allied to Lat. vermis.] 1. 
Any small, creeping animal or rep- 
tile. 2. pi. Animals which live 
in the intestines 3. Any thing 
spiral, or resembling a worm ; esp., 
a small, worm -like ligament under a 
dog's tongue. 4. Remorse of con- 
science. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
work slowly, gradually, and secretly. 
— v. t. 1. To effect, remove, or drive. 
&c.,by slow and secret means. 2. 



A, e, i, o, u, y, long; A, E, i, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rm ; pique, fTrm ; son, 



WORM-EATEN 



483 



WRIGGLER 



To cut the ligament, called a worm, 
from under the tongue of, as a dog. 

WORM'-EAT'£N (wQrrn'-),a. Gnawed 
by worms. 

WORM'-FENCE (wftrnV-), n. A zigzag 
fence, made by placing the ends of 
the rails upon each other. 

Worm'wood (wurm'-), « [A.-S. 
wermod.} A bitter plant : — formerly 
supposed to be fatal to worms. 

WORM'Y (wQnn'y), a. [-er; -est, 
142.] Containing a worm ; abound- 
ing with worms. 

Worn, p. p. of Wear. 

W6 R'RI-ER, n. One who worries. 

WOR'RY, v. t. [-ed; -ING, 142. J [D. 
worgen, iintrgen, to strangle.] 1. To 
harass with importunity, or with 
care and anxiety ; to trouble. 2. To 
harass by pursuit and barking. 3. To 
tear or mangle with the teeth. — v. i. 
To express undue care and anxiety. 

— n. A state of disturbance from 
care and anxiety. 

Worse (wGrss), a. [A.-S. ici/rsa, 
compar. of weorr, perverse, bad.] 
Bad, in a higher degree ; in poorer 
health : more sick. — adv. In a 
manner more evil or bad. 

Wors'.e.\" (wiirss'n), v. t. To make 
worse ; to deteriorate. 

WORS'ER(wurss'er), a. Worse. [Rare.] 

Wor'ship (wfirM, n. [Orig., the state 
of worth or worthiness, fr. worth, 
and the termination ship.] 1. A title 
of honor given to certain magis- 
trates, &c. 2. Religious revereuce 
and homage. 3. Idolatry of lovers. 

Stn. — Adoration; reverence; devo- 
tion; veneration: "Honor; respect. 

— V.t. [-ED. -ING; or -PED, -PING, 

137.] 1. To honor. 2. To pay di- 
vine honors to; to adore. — v. i. 1. 
To perform acts of adoration. 2. To 
perform religious service. 

Wor'ship-er I (wGr'ship-), n. One 

WOR'SHIP-PER j who worships. 

Wor'ship-ful (wfir'ship-), a. En- 
titled to worship or high respect. 

Wor'ship-ful-LY (wflr'ship-), adv. 
In a worshipful manner. 

IVORST (wurst), a. : stiperl. of Worse. 
[See Worse.] Bad, evil, or perni- 
cious, in the highest degree. — n. 
That which is most bad or evil. — v. 
t. [-ED : -ING.] To get the better 
of; to defeat ; to overthrow. 

WORST'ED (wust'ed), n. [From 
Worsted, in England.] Well-twisted 
yarn, spun of long-staple wool. 

Wort' (wflrt). n. [A.-S. tvyrU wirt, 
herb, root.] 1. A plant ; an herb ; 

— used chiefly in compounds, 2. 
A plant of the cabbage kind. 3. [A.- 
S. wirt, iveort, wert, must.] New 
beer unfermeuted, or in the act of 
fermentation. 

Worth (wQrth), v. t. [A.-S. weor- 
dhan, to become, be, happen.] To 
be ; to betide ; — as, woe loorth the 
day. — n. [A.-S. iceorrih, wurdk.] 1. 
That quality of a thing which renders 
it valuable or useful ; equivalent in 
exchange. 2. Value of moral or per- 
sonal qualities. 

Syn. — Desert ; merit : excellence ; 
eminence ; virtue ; price ; rate. 



I — a. 1. Equal in value to. 2. De- 
serving of. 3. Having estate to the 

! value of. 

I Wor'thi-ly (wGr'thi-), adv. In a 
worthy manner ; deservedly. 

i Wor'thi-ness (wfir'thi-), n. State 

! or quality of being worthy. 

: Worth/less (wfirth'-), a. Destitute 

j of worth ; having no value, excel- 
lence, dignity, or the like. 

Svn. — Undeserving; valueless; use- 
less; vile; bare; mean. 

I WORTH'LESS-NESS (wGrth'-), n. 

I Quaiitv of being worthless. 

I Wor'yhy (wfir'thy), a. [-ER ; -EST, 
142.] 1. Having worth or excellence ; 

' possessing merit. 2. Equal in excel- 
lence, value or dignity to ; entitled to. 
Stn. — Deserving; meritorious; ex- 
cellent: equivalent; valuable; virtuous; 
estimable; suitable. 

■ — ?i. A man of eminent worth. 
Wot, v, i. [A.-S. ivat, present tense 

I of icitan, to know.] To know; to 

j be aware. [ Obs. or antiquated.] 

03™ It is used also as the imp. of the 
obs. verb Wcct, to know. 

Would (wood), imp. of Will. 

Wound (wolmd or wownd, 40), n. 
[A.-S. wund.] 1. A cut, stab, bruise, 
I rent, or the like. 2. Injury ; hurt ; 
I damage, —v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
hurt by violence ; to injure ; hence, 
! to hurt the feelings of. — imp. & p. 
j p. of 117/!^/. 

Wove, imp. of Weave. 

Woven, p. p. of Weave. 

Wrack (rak), n. [Cf. Ar. warak, a 
leat of a tree.] A marine plant. 

Wraith (rith),?;. [Prob. corrupted 
fr. sivairlli, swarlk, apparition of one 
about to die, fr. sivarth, gloomy.] An 
apparition of a person seen before 
death, or a little after. 

Wran'GLE (ra-ng'gl), v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] [L. Ger. ivrangen, to wrestle, 
A.-S. u-ringan, to wring, strain, 
press.] To dispute angrily ; to brawl ; 
to altercate. — n. An angry dispute ; 
a noisy quarrel. 

Stnj — Bickering; brawl; jangle; con- 
test ; controversy. See Altkecatiox. 

Wran'gler (nmg'gler), n. One who 
wrangles. 

Senior wrangler (Cambridge Univer- 
sity, Eng.),the student who passes the 
best examination in mathematics in the 
senate-house. 

Wrap (rap), v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] 
[Prob. allied to warp.] 1. To fold 
together. 2. To envelop completely ; 
tolufold. 3. To conceal by envelop- 
ing : to hide. 

Wrap'per (rap'per), n. One who, 
or that which, wraps ; specifically , a 
loose outer garment. 

Wrath (riith ; in Eng. rawth), n. 
[A -S. wrsedh. See Wroth, a.] 
1. Violent anger. 2. Just punishment, 
of an offense or crime. 

Stn. — Fury; rage: ire ; vengeance ; 
indignation; resentment; passion. 

WRATH'FUL (rath'-), a. 1. Full of 
wrath; very angry. 2. Springing 
from, or expressing, wrath. 

Wrath'ful-LY (rath'-), adv. In a 
wrathful manner. 



Wrath'Y, a. Yery angry. [Co.'loql 

Wreak (reek), v. t. [-ed; -ing.} 
[A.-S. wrecan.] To execute in ven- 
geance or passion ; to inflict. _ 

WREATH (reeth), n. ; pi. WREATHS. 
[Seeinfra.] 1. Something twisted o' 
curled. 2. A garland ; a chaplet. 

Wreathe (reeth, v. t.) [-ed: -Ibn f 
[A.-S. wredhan. See Writhe.] 1. ±3 
twist ; to convolve. 2. To surrouul 
with an}' thing twisted ; to encircle, 
3. To twine or twist about, [curled. 

Wreath'Y (r5th'y), a. Twisted; 

WRECK (rek), n. [I). wraJc, damaged, 
brittle, a wreck.] 1. Destruction ; 
ruin. 2. Destruction or injury of a 
vessel at sea. 3. Ruins of a ship. 4. 
Remains of any thiug ruined. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To destroy, disable, 
or damaire, as a vessel at sea. 2. To 
bring ruin upon ; to destroy. 

Wreck'er (rek'er), «. 1. One who 
causes a wreck. 2. One who searches 
for the wrecks of vessels. 

WRECK'-Mis'TER (rek'-). n. A per- 
son appointed by law to take charge 
of goods, &c, thrown on shore after 
a shipwreck. 

WREN(ren),n. [A.-S. wrenna,wrxn- 
na, prob. allied to wrxne, lascivious.] 
A bird. 

Wrench (rench, 66), v. t. [-ed ;-ing.] 
[A.-S. wrencan, to deceive, allied to 
wringau, to wring.] 1. To wrest or 
twist by violence. 2. To strain ; to 
sprain. — n. 1. A 
violent twist, or 
pull with twisting. Wrench (3). 
2. A sprain. 3. An instrument for 
exerting a twisting straiu. 

Wrest (rest) v. t. [-ed ; -ing] [A.- 
S. wrsestan. Cf. Wrist.] 1. To pull 
away by violent wringing or twist- 
ing : to extort. 2. To pervert grossly ; 
to distort. — n. Violent pulling and 
twisting ; distortion. 

Wrest'er (rest'- ), n. One who wrests. 

WRES'TLE (res'l), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. wrxstlian, allied to wrsestan, 
to wrest.] 1. To grapple, as two per- 
sons, each striving- to throw the other 
down. 2. To struggle ; to strive ; to 
contend. — n. A struggle between 
two to see which will throw the other. 

Wres'TLER (res'ler), n. One who 
wrestles, or is skillful in wrestling. 

Wretch (retch), n. [A.-S. wrecca, 
ivracca, an exile, a wretch, wr'dc, 
wrdec, exiled, wretched.] 1, A miser- 
able person. 2. One sunk in vice or 
degradation ; a villain ; a rascal. 

WRETCH'ED (retch'ed, 60), a. 1. 
Yery miserable ; sunk in deep afflic- 
tion or distress. 2. Worthless ; very 
poor or mean. 

WRETCH'ED-LY (retch'-), adv. In* 
wretched manner. 

Wretch'ed-ness (retch'ed-nes), <u 
Quality or state of being wretched. 

WRIG'GLE (rig'gl), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Allied to A.-S. icrigian. to bend, 
follow, ivrixlian, ivrixlan, to change.] 
To move the body to and fro with 
short motions. — v.t. To move by 
twisting and squirming. [gles. 

Wrig'GLER (rig'-), n. One who wrig- 



6r, do, wolf. too, T.QO&J urn, rue, pull ; JB, /, o, silent; c, G, soft; €,<z,hard; Agj EXIST; N as NG; this- 



WRIGHT 



484 



YANKEE 



Wright (rlt), n. [A.-S. wyrgtn, from 
wyrcan, to work.] An artificer ; a 
workman ; — chiefly in compounds. 

Wring (ring), v. t. [wrung ; wring- 
ing.] [A.-S. wringan. Cf. Wrong.] 
1. To twist and compress; to turn 
and strain with ■violence. 2. To pain ; 
to distress. 3. To extract by twisting 
and compressing. 

Wri'ng'-eolt (ring'-), n. A bolt used 
by shipwrights to secure the planks 
against the timbers till they are per- 
manently fastened. 

Wki'ng'er (ring'er). n. One who, or 
nat which, rings ; esp.- an instru- 
ment for wringing water from clothes 
that have been washed. • 

Wrink'le (rink'l), v. [A.-S. wrincle, 
fr. wringan, to wring.] 1. A small 
ridge or furrow, formed by the 
shrinking or contraction of any 
smooth substance ; a crease. 2. 
Roughness; unevenness. 3. A whim. 
[CoHoq.] — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
contract into furrows and promi- 
nences ; to corrugate. 2. To make 
rough or uneven. — v. i. ' To shrink 
into furrows and ridges. 

Wrist (rist), n. [A.-S., allied to wrxs- 
tan, to wrest, twist.] Joint connect- 
ing the hand and arm. 

WRIST'BAND (rlstA), n. That part of 
a shirt-sleeve which covers the wrist. 

WRIT (rlt), n. [From ivrite.] 1. That 
which is written ; — applied esp. to 
the Scriptures. 2. (Law.) Instruc- 



I tions in writing, under seal, in an 
' epistolary form, issued from the 
proper authority and directed to the 
sheiitf or other officer. 
Write (rlt),v, t. [wrote ; writ or 
written; writing.] [A.-S. wrl- 
tnn, Goth, frits, a stroke, dash, let- 
ter.] 1. To inscribe, as legible char- 
acters ; to engrave : to transcribe. 2. 
To communicate by letter. 3. To 
compose or produce, as an author. 

4. To make known by writing ; to 
record. — v. i. To form characters, 
letters, or figures, as representatives 
of ideas. 

WRiT'ER(rlt'er), n. 1. One who writes, 

or has written ; ascribe. 2. An author. 

Writhe (rTth), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 

5. wrid/ian, to wreathe, writhe.] 1 
To twist with violence. 2. To dis- 
tort ; to pervert. — v. i. To twist ; to 
be distorted. 

Writ'ing (rlt/ing), n. 1. Act of form- 
ing letters with a pen, &c. 2. Any 
thing written or expressed in letters. 

I Writ'ing-mas'ter (rlt'ing-),??. One 

1 who teaches penmanship. 

Writ'ing-PA'PER (rTfing-), n. Paper 
fitted for writing upon. 

Wrong (rong, 21), a. [A.-S. wrang, 
wrong, injury, allied to wring.] 1. 
Not suitable to an end or object. 2. 
Not morally right. 3. Not accord- 
ing to truth. 

Syn. — Injurious"; unjust ; faulty ; 
incorrect; erroneous; unsuitable. 



— n. That which is not right; any 
injury done to another ; a trespass. 

— adv. Not rightly; amiss; morally 
ill; erroneously. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To treat with injustice; to deprive 
of some right. 2. To impute evil to 
unjustly. 

WRONG'-Dp'ER (rong'do"b'er), n. One 

who injures another, or does wrong. 
Wrong'ful (rong'fyl),a. Injurious; 

unjust; unfair. 
Wrong'ful-ly (rong'fnl-ty), adv. 

Injuriously; unjustly. 
Wrong'head-ed (rong'hrd-), a. 

Wrong in opinion or principle ; per- 
verse, [amiss. 
WRONG'LY (rfing'ly), adv. Unjustly ; 
Wrong'ness (rong'-), n. Quality or 

state of being wrong. 
Wrote (-rot, 20), imp. of Write. 
Wroth (rawth), a. [Cf. Wrath.] 

Full of wrath ; angry , incensed. 
Wrought (rawtj, imp. & p. p. of 

Work. 
Wrung (rung), imp. & p. p. of 

Wring. 
Wry (rl), a. [Cf. Goth, vraiqvs, oblique, 

Eng. writhe.] 1. Turned to one side; 

twisted ; distorted. 2. Deviating from 

the right direction. 
Wry'neck (rF-), n. 1. A twisted or 

distorted neck. 2. A small bird allied 

tothe woodpecker. 
Wry'ness (rl'-), n. State of being wry. 
Wych'-ELM, n. A variety of the elm, 

a native of Great Britain. 



X. 



X(eks), the twenty-fourth letter of 
the English alphabet, at the end 
of words has the sound of ks ; in 
the middle, the sound of ks, or some- 
times of gz; at the beginning, the 
sound of z. See Principles of Pro- 
nunciation, § 104. 

XAN'THie (zan'-), a. [Gr. jjavOos, yel- 
low.] 1. Tending toward a yellow col- 
or , or toward scarlet or orange. 2. Re- 
lating to a certain heavy, oily, fluid 
acid. 

XXn'thine (zan'-), n. [Gr. £av06?, yel- 
low.] The yellow insoluble coloring 



matter contained in certain plants 
aud flowers. 

XE'BEC (ze'bek), n. [Sp. xabeque , ja- 
beque, fr. Ar. sumbfik, a small ship.] 
A small, three-masted vessel, used in 
the Mediterranean Sea. 

XlPH'OID (zii'oid), a. [Gr. li^oeiSrys ; 
t-tyos. a sword, and elSos, form.] Re- 
sembling a sword ; ensiform. 

XY'LO-GRAPH (zi'lo-), n. An engrav- 
ing on wcod, or the impression from 
such an engraving. 

Xy-log'ra-pher (zi-), n. One who 
practices xylography. 



Xy'lo-GrXph'I€ (zi'lo-), ) a. Be- 

Xy'lo-graph'I€-al (zT'lo-), J long- 
ing to xylography. 

Xy-log'ra-phy (zV-), n. [Gr. |uAop, 
wood, and -ypd^etv, to engrave, write.] 
Act or art of cutting figures in wood ; 
wood engraving. 

Xy-loph'a-goOs (zT'-), a. [Gr. £vAo- 
</>dyo5, eating wood ; £uA.ov, wood, 
and (f>ayelv, to eat.] Eating or feed- 
ing on wood. 

XYS'TER (zis'ter), n. [Gr. fro-rqp, a 
scraper.] A surgeon's instrument for 
scraping bones. 



Y(wi) is the twenty -fifth letter of 
the alphabet. At the beginning 
of words or syllables, it is a conso- 
nant element. In the middle and at 
the end of words, it is a vowel. See 
Prin. of Pron. §§ 35, 30, 54, 55, 105. 
YACHT(yot), n. [D.jagt,fv.jagt,jarht, 
a chase, hunting.] Alight and ele- 
gantly furnished sea-going vessel for 
pleasure trips, racing, and the like. 



YACHT'ING (yoking), n. Sailing on 
pleasure excursions in a yacht. 

Ya'ger (yaw'ger), n. [N.* H. Ger.ja- 
ger, a hunter, fr. jage.n, to chase.] 
One belonging to a body of light in- 
fantry armed with rifles. 

Yam, n. [West Ind. ihame..] A large, 
esculent tuber or root of a genus of 
tropical climbing plants. 

Yan'kee, n [Said to be a corrupt 



Ind. pron. of English, or of the Fr. 
Anglais. According to Dr. Wm. Gor- 
don, it was a cant word in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., as early as 1713, mean- 
ing excellent. He supposes that it 
was at length taken u p in other parts 
of the country, and applied to New 
Englanders generally, as a term of 
slight reproach. Cf. Scot, yankie, a 
sharp, clever, and rather bold wom- 



A, E, I, O, V, Y, long; A 4 £,Ij 6, O, t, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, lEHMj PIQUE, FIRM; S6N 



YARD 



485 



YULE 






an.] A citizen of New England ; also 
a citizen of the Northern States ; — 
a cant name, applied by foreigners to 
all inhabitants of the United States. 

Yard, n. [A.-S. geard, gerd, a rod, 
stick, measure. Icel. giro'/, osier.] 1. 
A measure of leugth, three feet, or 
thirty-six inches. 2. A long, slender 
piece of timber, suspended upon the 
mast, by which a sail is extended. 3. 
[A.-S. geard, hedge, allied to gyrdan, 
to gird.] A small, inclosed place in 
front of or around a building. 

Yard'- arm, n. Either half of a ship's 
yard, fr . the center or mast to the end. 

YXRD'-STICK, n. A stick three feet 
long, used as a measure of leugth. 

Yarn, n. [A.-S. geani.] 1. Woolen 
thread; also, thread of cotton, flax, 
or hemp. 2. A story spun out by a 
sailor for the amusement of his com- 
panions [Collo!/. or humorous.] 

YAR'ROW, n [A.-S. geanve.] A plant, 
of a strong odor and pungent taste. 

Yat'a-GHan (110), n. [Turk, yata- 
gan.] A long Turkish dagger. 

Yaw, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [See Yew, 
v. i.] 1. To rise in blisters, as boil- 
ing cane-juice. 2. [Prov. Ger. gagen, 
to rock.] To steer out of the line of 
her course, as a ship. 

Yawl,, n. [D jol. Of. Jolly-boat.] 
A small ship's-boat, usually rowed 
by four or six oars. — v. i. To cry 
out like a dog ; to yell. 

Yawn, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
ganian.] 1. To open the mouth in- 
voluntarily through drowsiness or 
dullness ; to gape. 2. To open wide. 
— n. 1. Act of one who yawns; a 
gaping. 2. An openiug wide.* 

Yaws, n. [African yaw, a raspberry.] I 
A disease characterized by contagious j 
tumors which resemble raspberries. I 

Y-cleped' (i-Klept'), p. p. Called ; j 
named. 

Ye, pron. [A.-S. ge, Goth, jus.] Nom- | 
inative plurnl of the second person. 

Yea (or ye), adv. [A.-S. g-f.a, in, Goth. 
jro.'J Yes ; ay ; truly ; it is so. 

Yean, v.. t. & i. [-ed : -ing.1 [A.-S. 
eanian.] To bring forth young, as 
a sheep. 

Yean'ling, h. [From i/«m.] A lamb. 

YEAR, n. [A.-S gear, ger, Goth, jer.] 
1. Period occupied by the earth in 
its revolution around the sun. In 
common usage, the year consists of 
365 days, and every fourth year of 
366. 2. pi. Age, or old age. 

Year'-book (27), n 1. A reference- 
book of facts and statistics published 
yearly. 2. A book containing an- 
nual reports of law cases in England. 

YEAR'LING, n. A young animal one 
year old. — a. Being a year old. 

YEar'ly, a. 1. Happening, or com- 
ing, every year ; annual. 2. Lasting, 
or accomplished in, a year. — adv. 
Annually ; once a year ; from year 
to year. 

Yearn (14), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
geornian, fr. georn, desirous, Goth 
gairnjan, to desire.] To be filled 
with earnest desire ; to long. 

Yeast, n. [A.-S. gist,- 0. H. Ger. 



gesan, jesan, to ferment.] Foam of 
beer or other liquor in fermentation 
used for raising dough. [yeast. 

Ye AST' Y, a. Frothy; foamy, like 

Yelk, n. [A.-S. geoleca, allied to 
geolu, yellow. J Yellow part of an egg. 

Yell, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. gil- 
lan,gellan, allied to A.-S. gulan, to 
sing.] To cry out or scream as with 
agony or horror. — n. A sharp, loud, 
hideous outcry. 

Yel'low, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. 
gelu, geolu, allied to Lat. giivus, gil- 
bus.] Being of the color of gold. 
Yellow fever, a malignant fever of warm 
climates, with yellowness of the skin. 

— n. A bright golden color. 
Yel'low- bIrd, n. A small, bright- 
yellow bird, common in the United 
States. 

Yel'low-'Ish, a. Somewhat yellow. 

Yel'lovv-ish-ness, I n. State or 

Yel'low-ness, ) quality of 

being_ somewhat yellow. 

Yel'lo w§, n. 1. A disease of the bile 
in horses, cattle, and sheep; jaun- 
dice. 2. A disease of peach-trees. 

Yelp, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. gil- 
pan, to boast, gealp, a loud sound, a 
clang.] To utter a sharp, quick cry, 
as a hound. 

Yeo'man (150), n. [0. Eng. yeman, 
perh. fr. man, and ye, yes, i. e., the 
pref. ge, and signifying servant.] 1. A 
common man, of the most respecta- 
ble class ; a freeholder. 2. An officer 
in_ the king's household. [Eng.] 

Yeo'man-ry, n. The collective body 
of yeomen or freeholders. 

YERK, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [See JERK.] 
To strike suddenly; to jerk. — v.i. 
1. To kick. 2. To move with a jerk. 

— n. A sudden or quick motion. 
YES, ado [A.-S. gese, fr. gea, yes, in- 
deed, and se, i. e., si, let it be.] Ay ; 
yea ; — a word expressing affirmation. 

Yest, n. See YEAST. 

Yes'ter, a. [A -S. gistran, adv., yes- 
terday, Goth, gistra, allied to Skr. 
kyas.] Last : next before the present. 

Yes'tejr-day, n. The day last past. 

— adv. On the day last past. 
Yes'ter-night' (-nit/), n. Last 

night. — adv. On the last night. 

Yest'y, a. See Yeasty. 

Yet, adv. [A.-S. get, giet.] 1. In ad- 
dition ; besides ; still. 2. At the same 
time. 3. Up to, or at the present 
time. 4. Even; at least. — conj. 
Nevertheless ; however. 
Syn.— See However. 

YEW (yij), n. [A.- 
S. eow, iw, W. 
yiv.] An ever- 
green tree allied 
to the pines. 

Yield, v. t. [-ed; 

-ING.] [A.-S. 

gild an, geld an, 

to pay, yield] 1. 

To furnish ; to 

afford. 2. To 

give in return 

for what is expended or invested. 3. 

To give up ; to make over to. 4. To 




Yew. 



admit to be true ; to concede. 6. To 
permit ; to grant. 

Syn. — To produce ; bear ; exhitii > 
emit; allow; resign; surrender. 

— v. i. 1. To submit. 2. To com- 
ply. 3. To give way ; not to oppose. 

— n. Amount yielded ; product. 
Yielding,/?, a. Inclined to yield, or 

to give way or comply. 

YOKE (20), n. [A.-S. geoc, ioc, allied 
to Lat. jugum, Gr. fuyot/, Skr. yuga.] 
1. That which connects or binds ; 
esp. the frame by which two oxen are 
fastened together. 2. A frame worn 
on the neck like an ox-yoke, or 
shaped like one. 3. A mark of serv- 
ituoie ; hence, slavery ; bondage. 4. 
Two animals yoked together. — r. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To put a yoke on; 
to join in a yoke. 2. To couple. 3. 
To enslave ; to bring into bondage. 

Yoke'-fel'LOW, I n. An associate 

Yoke'mate, ) or companion; 

especially, a partner in marriage. 

Yolk (yoikory6k,20), n. [SeeYELK.] 
The yelk or yellow part of an egg. 

Yon, a. & adv. Yonder. 

Yon'DER, adv. [A.-S. geond, geonda, 
there.] At a distance within view. 

— a. Being at a distance within 
view, or conceived of as within view. 

Yore, adv. [From A.-S. gedra, gere, 
formerly, allied to gear, ger, a year.] 
In time long past ; long since. 

YOU (yii), pron. [A.-S. eow. Cf. YE.] 
The pronoun of the second person, 
in the nominative or objective case. 

Young, a. [-ek, ; -est, 82.] [A.-S. 
geong, iung, allied to Lat. juvenis, 
Skr. yuwan.] 1. Not long born ; not 
old or mature ; juvenile. 2. Being 
in the first part of growth. 3. In- 
experienced; ignorant. — n. The 
offspring of animals. 

YOUNG'ISH, a. Somewhat young. 

YotJNG'LING, n. A young person or 
young animal. [lad. 

Young'ster, n. A young person; a 

Younk'er, n. A young person ; a 
stripling. [Colloq.] 

Your, possessive pron. Belonging, or 
relating, to you ; of you. 

Your-self' (149), pron. Your own 
person. 

Youth, n. ; pi. youths, sometimes 
'YOUTH. [X.-S."geogudh, iiigtidk; 
O. Eng. yongth, youngtk. See 
YOUNG.] 1. State of being young ; 
juvenility. 2. The part of life from 
childhood to manhood. 3. A young 
man. 4. Young persons collectively. 

Youth'ful, a. 1. Young. 2. Relat- 
ing, or suitable to, the first part of 
life ; juvenile : fresh ; vigorous. 

YOUTH'FUL-LY, adv. In a youthful 
manner. 

Youth'ful-ness, 7i. State of being 
youthful. 

YT'TRI-A, n. [From Ytterby, a quarry 
in Sweden.] A fine, white powder, 
. an oxide of yttrium. 

Yt'tri-UM, n. A rare grayish-black 
metal. 

Yule, n. [A.-S. g6ol,giul, itol, Novem- 
ber, or the beginning of December.] 
Christmas. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO. TOOK.; Orn, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; 9,G,so/<; €,G,hard; A§; EXIST; NoiNS; THIS. 



486 



ZYMOTIC 




Zebra. 



Z(ze), the twenty-sixth letter of the 
alphabet, is merely a vocal s. See 
Prin. of Pron., §§ 10*5, 107- 

Zaf'fer, n. [Allied to sapphire.] Im- 
pux-e oxide of cobalt. 

Zam'bo, n. ; pi. zXm'bos. [See 
SAMBO.] Child of a mulatto and a 
negro, or of an Indian and a negro. 

Za'NY, n. [It. zanni, orig. the same 
as Giovanni, John, i. e . merry 
John.] A merry-andrew ; a buffoon. 

Zax, n. [A.-S. seax, sex, kuife.] An 
instrument for cutting slate. 

Zeal, n. [Gr. £rjAos, zeal, jealousy.] 
Passionate ardor in the pursuit of 
any thing. 

ZEAL/OT, n. [Gr. c^Acoti)?, fr. £rjAos, 
zeal.] One who is full of zeal, or 
over-zealous ; a fanatic. 

ZEAI/OIJS, a. Filled with zeal ; warm- 
ly engaged in behalf of an object. 
Syn. — Eager; earnest; fervent; hearty. 

Zeaj/ohs-ly, adv. With zeal. 

Zeal'ous-ness, 
n. State or 
quality of be- 
ing zealous. 

Ze'bra, n. [Of 
African origin.] '■ 
A quadruped of 
Southern Afri- 
ca, nearly as 
_large as a horse. 

Ze'bu.ti. [The native Ind. name.] A 
small ruminant 
mammal of the 
bovine tribe. 

Ze'ohjn (zj'kin), 
n. [It. zecckino. 
Cf. Sequin.] An 
Italian gold coin ; 
a sequia. 

ZED, ii. [Gr. fira.] 
The letter Z. 
[Obs., or nearly so.] 

Zed'o-a-ry, n. [Ar. djadivar.] A 
medicinal substance obtained in the 
East Indies. 

ZEM'i:v-DAR'(110),n. [Per. zemindar, 
from zemhi, land, and dar, holding.] 
A landholder under the government, 
with the right of underletting the 
land. [India.] [zemindar. 

Zem'in-da-ry, n. Jurisdiction of a 

Zend, n. [Per., interpretation, i. e., 
of the Avesta, or sacred text.] An 
ancient Persian dialect. 

Ze'nith, n. [Abbrev. fr. Ar. semt-ur- 
ras, way of the head, vertical place.] 

' 1. Point in the heavens which is di- 
rectly overhead. 2. Greatest height. 

Seph'yr, n. [Gr. £e'4>vpo?, fr. £6^>os, 
darkness, west.] The west wind ; 
_poetically, any soft, gentle breeze. 

Ze'RO, 11. [Ar. gafrvn, cifrun, empty, 
a cipher.] Cipher; nothing; point 
from which graduation commences. 

Zest, n. [Gr. o-xicttos, split, cleft, fr. 
vxi.£eiv , to split, cleave.] 1. A piece 
of orange or lemon peel, or the fine 




Zebu. 



oil in it used as a relish. 2. Some- 
thing that gives or enhances a pleas- 
ant taste, or the taste itself; hence, 
keen enjoyment. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To give a relish or flavor to. 

ZE-TET're, a. [Gr. ^Vrrrrri/cos ; {JVrrtiy, 
to seek.] Proceeding by inquiry. 

ZEUG'MA, n. [Gr. gevyna, from £evy- 
vvvat, to yoke, join.] A figure by 
which an adjective or verb, which 
agrees with a nearer word, is referred 
also to another more remote. 

ZtG'ZAG, a. Having short, sharp 
turns. — n. [Ger. zickzaek, fr. zacke, 
a dentil, tooth.] Something that has 
short turns. — v. t. [-GED ; -GING.] 
To form with short turns. 

Zinc, n. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to 
zinn, tin.] A metal of a brilliant 
white color, with a shade of blue. 

ZrN-ciF'ER-oiJS, la. [Eug. zinc, and 

ZfNK-lF'ER-oDs, j Lat. ferre, to 
bear.] Containing zinc. [on zinc. 

Zing-og'ra-pher, ii. An engraver 

Zing-og'ra-phy, n. [Eng. zinc, and 
Gr. ypafyeiv, to write.] Engraving on 
zinc in the style of wood-cuts. 

ZlNG'OUS, a. Pertaining to zinc ; per- 
taining to the positive pole of a gal- 
vanic battery. [used as a pigment. 

ZlNe'-WHlTE, n. The oxide of zinc, 

Zl'ON, n. [Heb. zii/yCn, orig. a hill.] 
1. A hill in Jerusalem, where was the 
royal residence. 2. The theocracy or 
church of God. 

ZlR'GON, n. [Cingalese.] A mineral. 

ZIR-€0'NI-A, n. An oxide of zirconi- 
um ; a white powder. 

Zo'di-a€, n. [Gr. 

gltiSlCUCOS (sc. KV- 

kAo?), from £68101/, 
dim. of £o>ov, an 
animal.] An im- 
aginary belt in the 
heavens, in the 
middle of which is 
the ecliptic, or 
sun's apparent path 




Zodiac. 



It comprises 

thetwelve constellations. 
Zo-di'ag-al, a. Pertaining to, or 

being within, the zodiac. 
Zone, n. [Gr. giovn, „ *,, 

fr. gojwvvai, to gird,] 

1. A girdle ; a belt. 

2. A division of the 
earth, with respect 
to latitude and tem- 
perature. 3. Circuit; 
circumference. 

ZON.ED, a. WeariDg 
a zone or zones. 

Zo-6g'ra-pher, n. 
scribes animals. 

Zo/o-graph'i«, } a. Pertaining 

Zo'o-graph'I€-al, I to the de- 
scription of animals. 

Zo-6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. £wov, an an- 
imal, and ypafyeiv, to write.] A de- 
scription of animals, their forms and 
habits. 




Zones (2). 
One who de- 



ZO-oi/A-TRY, n. [Gr. giaov, an ani- 
mal, and Aarpei'a, service.] Worship 
of animals. [zoology. 

Zo'o-log'I€-al, a. Pertaining to 

Zo-ol'o-gist , n. One versed in the 
I natural history of animals. 

Zo-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. gioov, an ani- 
mal, and Aoyos, discourse.] That 
part of natural history which treats 
of animals. 
1 Zo-on'o-my, v. [Gi. £wov, an ani- 
I mal, and vd/izos, a law.] The laws or 
the science of amnial life. 

ZO-OPH'A-GoDs, a. [Gr. £«o</>a"yos ; 
<Jo>oi/,an animal, and^ayeij/, to eat.] 
_Feeding on animals. 

ZO'O-PHVTE, 11. [Gr. fa6<])VTOV ; 
£wov, an animal, and ijivrov. plant.] 
One of a certain division of animals ; 
— applied to simple polyps, and to 
compound individuals consisting of 
many pchps united, as in most 
_corals : also, often applied to sponges. 

Zo'o-tom'I€-al, a. Pertaining to 
zootomy. 

Zo-ot'O-mist, n. One who dissects 
animals ; a comparative anatomist. 

Zo-oT'O-MY, 11. [Gr. ££>ov, an animal, 
and Tony, a cutting.] The anatomy 
of animals. 

Zouave (zwiiv or zoo-ay'), n. [From 
the Ar. Zovaova, a tribe in Algeria.] 
1. One of an active and hardy body 
of soldiers in the French service, 
originally Arabs, but now French- 
men who wear the Arab dress. 2. 
One of a body of soldiers who adopt 
the dress and drill of the Zouaves. 

Zounds, interj. [Contr. from God's 
wounds.] An exclamation formerly 
used as an oath. 

Zuf'fo-lo, ) 11. [It. zvfolo, fr. zuf- 

ZU'FO-LO, } olare, to whistle, flute.] 
A little flute or flageolet. 

ZU-MOL'O-GY, n. See ZYMOLOGY. 

Zu-mom'e-ter, n. See Zymometer. 

ZYG'o-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. gvyotfia, the 
cheek-bone, fr. £vyov, a joke.] Per- 
taining to the cheek-bone. 

Zy'MO-log'IG-AL, a. Pertaining to 
zymology. [zjmology. 

ZY-MOL'o-GlST, n. One skilled in 

ZY-MOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. £v/unj, ferment, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] A treatise on 
the fermen tation of liquors, or the 
_doctrine of fermentation. 

Zy-mom'e-ter, ( 11. [Gr. £v>7),fer- 

Zy'MO-sim'e-ter, ) n.ent, £v>wo-is. 
fermentation, and /xtTpov, measure.] 
An instrument for ascertaining the 
degree of fermentation and heat oc- 
casioned by mixing different liquids. 

ZY-MOT'ifc', a. [Gr. tjvfiovv, to fer- 
ment.] 1. Relating to, or caused by, 
fermentation. 2. Denoting, or per- 
taining to. any epidemic, endemic, 
contagious, or sporadic affection 
which is produced by some morbific 
principle acting on the system like a 
ferment. 



A, E, I, O, U, Yjons;; £,£,*, 6,U, Y, short: CARE. FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VF,IL, TjEEM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N : 

or, do, wqlf, too, TOOIij t)RN, RUE. pull ; £,j, o, silent'; c,G, soft; €,&,hard; A£; E^ISTj n; as NG; this 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES, 



RULES 



FOR PRONOUNCING THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Rules for the Towels. 

1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, 
o, and u, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the 
long English sound ; as, Cw'to, Ce'crops, Di'do, So'lon, 
Cu'mse, Me-lis'sa, Mo-los'sus, Tu-lin'gi ; in which words 
the final vowels of the first syllables have the same sound 
as the corresponding vowels in the first syllables of the 
English words pa'per, ce'dar, si'lent, co'lon, du'ty. 

2. A ending an unaccented syllable has the sound of a 
in fa' t her or in last ; as, Ga-bi'na, A-re'ne, pronounced 
Gah-bi'nah, Ah-re'ne. 

3. I ending a final syllable has the long sound, as 
To'mi. At the end of initial unaccented syllables it varies, 
somewhat indefinitely, between i long, as I-u'lus, and i 
short- (like i in pin), as in I-ta'li-a. In all other cases i 
ending an unaccented syllable has its short sound, as in 
pin. 

4. Yis pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 

5. 2E and ae. are pronounced as e would be in the same 
situation. 

6. If a syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the 
short English sound; as, Bal'bus, Del'pki, Cin'na, Mos'- 
cfius, Tus'cns, in which the vowels have the same sounds 
as in the English words mariner, sel'dom, din'ner, scoffer, 
mus'ter. 

Exception. — E in final es is pronounced as in the fa- 
miliar proper name An'des (an'deez). 

Rl'LES FOR THE CONSONANTS. 

If. C before e, i, y, m, and a, is pronounced like s; be- 
fore a, o, and «, and before consonants, like k ; as Ce'a, 
Cic'e-ro, Cy'prus,Cze'sar,Cceni-a, Ca'to, Co'cles, Cii'mx. 

8. G before e , ?', y. m,cz, or another g followed by e, has 
the sound of j ; before a, o, and u, and before consonants 
ether than g, as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the 
English words gave, gone ; as, Ge'lo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gse'us, 
Ag'ger, Ga'bi-i, Gor'gi-as h Sa-gun'tum. 



9. Ch has the sound of k, but it is silent before a mute 
consonant at the beginning of a word ; as, Chtho'nia, pro- 
nounced Tho'ni-a. 

10. T, s, and c, before m, ie, ii, to, iu, and eu, preceded 
immediately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, 
change into sh and zh. But when the t follows s, t, or z, or 
when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, 
the consonant preserves its pure sound ; as. Sal-lus'ti-us, 
Brut'ti-i, Mil-ti'a-des, &c. T in the termination tion also 
retains its original sound ; as, The-o-do'ti-on. 

11. <S has, in general, the sound of s in this. Final s 
preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z. 

12. Initial x has the sound of z. 

13. Initial ph before a mute is silent ; as, Phthi'a, pro- 
nounced Tlii'a. Initial p before s is silent ; as, Psy'clie, 
pronounced Sy'ke. Initial p before t is silent ; as, Ptol-e- 
msR'us, pronounced Tol-e-mx'us. 

14. At the beginning of words we frequently find the 
uncombinable consonants mn, tin, &c. ; as, Mne-mos'y-ne, 
Tmo'lus, &c. These are to be pronounced with the first 
consonant mute, as if written Ne-mos'y-ne, Mo'lus, &c. 

Remark. 1. The termination eus, derived from the 
third detbnsion of Greek contracts in ev?, although usually 
made a single syllable in poetry, is resolved into two sylla- 
bles in the Table. This is also done by Walker and Trol- 
lope ; is defended by Labbe and Carr ; and may be conceded 
to the exigencies of poetry. The other syllabication, by which 
eus has the sound of use , as in the noun abuse, is also given ; 
and should be followed in pronunciation in all ordinary cases. 

2. The names in Italics are the Anglicized forms of the 
classical names above them. Each for himself must judge 
whether to adhere to the classical pronunciation or not. 

3. Diacritical marks are used, in this Vocabulary, to in- 
dicate the soft sounds of c, g, and 5, in some cases, as in Ag '- 
i-da'li-a, JE-ge'ri-a, A-ehil'les; also when n has the sountf 
of ng, as in An'eho-ae. 

87» 



488 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



The abbreviations Pw., F., K., Pe., Fac, S., Py., C, 
L., B., For., Sch., W., AT., and Fr., stand, respectively, 
for the following authorities, viz., Passow, Freund, KLotz, 
Pape, Facciolati, Smith, Pauly, Can, Labbe, Btschoff § 
Mutter, Forbiger, Sckeller, Walker, Midler, and Frijlink. 



The figures which follow certain words in the Vocabulary 
refer to corresponding Rules of Pronunciation. The figure 
6, for example, appended to Abantes, refers to Rule 6, 
which shows that the vowel in the last syllable has its 
long English sound. 



Ab'a-lus, 
C. Py. M. 

A-ban'tes, 6 
Ab'an-ti'a-deg, 6 
A-ban'ti-as, 10 
A-ban'tis 
Ab'a-ris 
A'bas 



A-crop'o-lis 

A-cro fa-tus ,Py.L. 

Ac-tae'a 

Ac-tae'oa 

Ac-tae'us 

Ac'ti-a, 10 

Ac'ti-um, 10 

A-cu'si-la'us 

Ad-her'bal 

Ad-nie'te 

Ad-me'tus, C. 



Ab'a-tos [CA-do'nis 

Ab'da-lon'i-mus, S. Ad' ra-myt-te'um, or 
Ab'da-lon'y-mus Ad'ra-inyt-ti'um 

Ab-de'ra Ad'ra-myt'ti-um 

A'bi-a W. C. M. 

A'bi-i Ad'ra-na, the Oder. 

Ab'i-la A-dra'na, B. M. 

Ab'o-bri'ca W. 

A-boec'ri-tus Ad'ras-ti'a 

A-bon'i-tei'«hos Ad'ras-ti'i Cam'pi 
Ab'ra-da'tes., 6, C. A-dras'tus 

W. A'dri-an-op'o-lis 

A-broc'o-mas[ S". W. A'dri-a'nus 
A-bron'y-€hus, C. A'dri-af i-cum 
A-brot'o-nura Ad'ri-me'tum 

A-bru'po-lis, [S.W. or Ad'ra-myt-ti'- 
Ab'u-li'te^, 6, Py. um 

A-by'dus Ad'u-at'i-ci, or 

Ab'y-la Ad'u-at'u-ci 

Ab'ys-si'ni, L. W. .a5-ac/i-de>, 6 
Ac'a-cal'lis [W. iE'a-cus 
Ac'a-ce'si-us,10, S. ^E-an'ti-de*, 6, W. 
A-ca'ci-us, 10, S. W .flS-di'le* ,6 [S. 

Ac'a-de'mi-a 
Ac'a-mas 
A-can'thus 
Ac'ar-na'ni-a 
A-cas'tus 
Ac'ci-a, 10 
A'ce 

A-cer'a-tus, C. S. 
A-cer'rae 
Ae'e-si'neg, 6 
A-ces'te§, 6 
A-ehae'a 
A-ehae'i 

A-ebaem'e-nej, 6 
A«h'ae-men'i-de>, 
A-eha'i-a (a-ka'ya) iE-gi'ra 
A-eha'tei,6 .E-£is'thus 



jEd'u 

2E-e'ta, 2E-e'tas, or 

JE-e'tei, 6 
iE-gse'um 
JE-ga'le-os 
2E-ga'le-um 
2E-ge'ri-a 
JE-ges'ta 
2E'£e-us, or 

iE'geus 
M'i,'\-\\'i\,,an island. 
2E-giI'i-a, a demus 

in Attica, S. 
iE-sH'na 
^Eg'i-ne'tes, 6 



A«h'e-lo'us 

A«h'e-ron 

A^h'il-le'is 

A-€hi'vi 

Ac'i-eho'ri-us 

Af'i-da'li-a 

A-cil'i-a 

Ac-mon'i-de^, 6 

Ac'o-ris 

A'cra 

A-cra'tus 

Ac'ri-doph'a-gi 

A-cris'i-o-ne'us 

A-cris'i-us 

A-cri'tas 

A'cron 



iE'gon 

iE'gos Pot'a-mi, or 

Pot'a-mos 
iE'gus 
iE-gu'sa 
m-£yy'ti-i, 10 
jE'li-a 
iE'li-a'nus 
^E'li-us 
iE-mil'i-a 
iEm'i-li-a'nus 
iE-mil'i-us 
^E-ne'a-dae 
iE-ne^-des., 6 
^-ne'aSj of Troy. 



,of Corinth, 

Metapontus, life. 
M-ne'is 
iE-o'li-a 
iE-ol'i-dea, 6 
iE'o-lus 
iE'qui 

iEr'o-pus, a moun- 
tain, C. 

A-er'o-pus 
iEs'ehi-ne.; , 6 
iEs'chy-lus 
iE-so'pus 

(JE'sop) 
^-to'li-a 
A'fer 
Af'ii-ca 
Af'ri-ca'nus 
Af'ri-cum 
Ag'a-me'de? , 6 
Ag'a-mem'non 
Ag'a-memnon'i- 

de;, 6 
Ag'a-nip'pe 
Ag'a-re'ni 
Ag'a-ris'ta 
Ag'a-tha 
A-ga'thi-as, and 

Ag'a-thi'as 
Ag'a-tho 
A-gath'o-cle^, 6 
Ag'a-thon 
A-ga'?e 
Ag'e-la'us 
A-4e'nor 
Ag'e-san'der 
A-£e'si-as, 10, Pw. 

W. 
A-ges'i-la'us 
Ag'e-sip'o-lis 
A'gis 

Ag-la'i-a (ag-la'ya) 
Ag-te/us, K. Pi). S. 

Ag'la-us, C.i-.M. 
Ag-nod'i-ce, 

Pe. Sch. S. W. 

Ag'no-di'ce, K. 
Ag'no-ni'a 
Ag-non'i-de_:,6 
Ag'o-ra 
Ag'o-ran'o-mi 
A'gra 
Ag'ra-gas 
A-grau'li-a, S. W. 
A'gri-a'ne^, 6 
A-gric'o-la 
A-grip'pa 
Ag'rip-pi'na 
A'gri-us 
Ag'ro-las 
A'gron 

A-hen'o-bar'bus 
A'i-do'ne-us, or 

A'i-do'neus, or 
A-id'o-neus 
A'ius (a'yus) Lo- 

cu'ti-us, 10 



Al'a-ma'ni, or 

Al'a-man'ni 
A-la'ni 
Al'a-ri'cus 

(Al'a-ric) 
A-las'tor 
Al ba'ni, or 

Al-ben'ses, 6 
Al-ba'ni-a 
Al-bi'ni 
Al'bi-on 
Al-bu'ne-a 
Al-ca3'us 
Al-can'der 
Al-ce'nor 
Al-ces'te, or 

Al-ces'tis 
Al'ci-bi'a-de^ , 6 
Al-cid'a-uias 
Al'ci-da-me'a 
Al'ei-da'mus, Pe. 
Al-ci'de!, 6 
Al-cim'a£hus 
Al-cim'e-de 
Al-cim'e-don 
Al-cim'e-nei, 6 
Al'ci-mus 
Al-cin'o-us 
Al'ci-phron, C. W. 
Al-cith'o-e 
Alc-mae'on 
Alc-rne'na 
Al-cy'o-ne 
Al'cy-o'ne-us, or 

Al-cy'o-neus 
A-lec'to 
A-lec'tor 
A-lec'try-on 
A-le'i-us (a-le'yus) 

Cam'pus 
Al'e-man'ni, and 

Al'e-ma'ni 
A-le'si-a, 10, -F. W. 
Al'eu-a'dae. W. 
Al'ex-an'der 
Al'ex-an'dra 
A-lex'an-dri'a 

(Al'ex-an'dri-a) 
A-lex'an-dri'na 
A-lex'an-drop'o-lis 
A-lex'as 
A-lex'is 
Al'^i-dum 
Al'i-men'tus 
Al'li-a 

Al-lob'ro-ie£,6, [ W. 
Al-lu'ci-us, 10, S. 
Al'o-pe 
A-lop'e-ce 
Al'phe-si-boe'us 
Al-phe'us 
Al-pi'nus 
Al'si-um, 10 
Al-thaB'a 
Al-thaem'e-neg, 6 
A'ly-at'tes 
A-'ys'sus 



Am'al-thse'ft 

Am'al-the'um 

A-mar'a-cus 

Am'a-ryl'lis 

Am'a-ryn'thus 

A-ma'sis 

A-mas'tris 

A-mas'trus 

A-ma'ta 

A-ma'zon 

(Am'a-zon) 
A-maz'o-nei, 6 

(Am'a-znns) 
Ani'a-zo'ni-a 
Am'a-zo'ni-us [S. 
Am'bi-a-ti'nus, K. 

Am'bi-at'i-nus, 
Am-bi'o-rix [Fac. 
Ani-bra'ci-a, 10 
Am-bro'nes, 6 
A-me'ri-a 
A-mes'tra-tus 
A-mes'tris 
A-nail'car 
Am'nii-a'nus 
A' in or 

Am-phic'ra-tej, 6 
Am-phic'tv-on, 

Pw. Fr. [6 
Am'phic-ty 'o-ne^ , 

(Am-pliic'ty-ons) 
Am'phi-ge-ui'a 
Am-phil'o-ehus 
Am-phin'o-mus 
Am-phi'on 
Am-phip'o-lis 
Am'phis-bse'na 
Am'phi-the- s'trum 
Am'phi-tri't 
Am-phit'ry-on 
Am-phi fry -o- ni 'a- 

d ei ,6 
A-myn'tas 
A-myn'tor 
A-nab'a-sis 
An'a-ehar'sis 
A-na'cre-on 

[The established 
English pro- 
nunciation is 
A-nac're-on .] 
An'a-dy-om'e-ne 
An'a-phe 
A-na'pus 
An'ax-ag'o-ras 
An'ax-an'der 
An'ax-an'dri-de-;, 6 
An'ax-e'nor 
A-nax'i-da'mus 
A-nax'i-la'us 
A-nax'i-man'der 
An'ax-im'e-nes, 6 
An'ax-ip'o-lis 
A-nax'is 
An-ca^us 
An-€hi'a-la, or 

An-«hi'a-lo 



An-ehi'a-lus 

An-ehim'o-lus 

An-ehi'se^, 6 

An-ci'le 

An-co'na 

An-dab'a-tae 

An-dop'i-deg, 6 

An-dre'as 

An'dri-a 

An'dro-cle'a 

An'dro-cieg, 6 

An-dro'.£"e-us 

An-drog'y-nsB 

An-droui'a-th* 1 

An-drom'e-da 

An'dro-ni'cus 

An-droph'a-gi 

An-dros'the-neg, 6 

An'gli-a, L. 

An-gli'a, W. 
An'i-ce'tus 
A-nic'i-us.lO.S.W: 
An'ni-bal 
An-tae'us 
An-tag'o-ras 
An-tal'ci-das 
An-te'nor 
An'te-ros 
An-the'don 
An'the-mis 
An'thes-pho'ri-a 
An'thes-te'ri-a, S. 
An'lhe-us [W 

An'thro-poph'a-gi, 
An-thvl'la 
An'ti-cle'a 
An-tify-ra 
An-tig'e-neg, 6 
An-tig'o-ne 
An-tig'o-nus 
An'ti-lib'a-nus 
An-til'o-thus 
An-tim'a-chus 
An-tin'o-us 
An-ti'o-ehus 

(An'^'-orA) 
An-ti'o-pe 
An-tip'a-ros 
An-tip'a-ter [W. 
An-tip'a-tris, L. C 
An-tiph'a-tes., 6 
An-tiph'i-lus 
An'ti-phon 
An'ti-phus 
An-tip'o-deg, 6 
An-tip'o-lis 
An-tis'the-neg, 6 
An'ti-uni, 10 
An-to'ni-a 
An'to-ni'nus 
An-to'ni-us 
A-nu'bis 
Anx'ur 
A'on 

Ap'a-tu'ri-a 
A-pel'la 
A-pel'leg, 6 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



489 



Ap'en-ni'nus 

(Ap'en-nines) 
Aph'ro-dis'i-a, 10 
Apb'ro-di'te, or 

Apb'ro-di'ta 
A-pic'i-us, 10 
A'pis 

A-pol'li-na'reg, 6 
A-poPlo 
A-poPPo-do'rus 
Ap'ol-Po'ni-a 
Ap'ol-km'i-deg, 6 
Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 
Ap-pPa-de^, 6 
Ap'pi-a'nus 

(Ap'pi-an) 
Ap'pi-a YPa 
Ap'pi-i Fo'rum 
A-prPlis 

Ap'u-le'i-a (-le'ya) 
Ap'u-le'i-us (-yus) 
A-pu'li-a 

Aq'ui-te'i-a (-le'ya) 
Aq'ui-lo 
A-quPnas 
Aq'ui-ta'ni-a 
A-rab'i-cus 
A-raeb'ne 
A-ra'tus 
Ar'ba-ce:,6 
Ar-be'la 
Ar'be la, or Ar'be- 

le, in Sicily. 
Ar-ca'di-a 
Ar-ces'i-la'us 
Ar'ebe-la'us 
Ar'ehi-as 
Ar'-ehi-da-mi'a 
Ar'chi-da'mus 
Ar-ehiPo-chus 
Ar^ebi-me'deg. 6 
Ar'ehi-pePa-gus 
Ar-€hip'pus 
Ar-ch jn'teg, 6 
Ar-ehy'tas 
Arc-tu'rus 
Ar'de-a 
Ar'e-mor'i-ca 
A-re'o-pa-gPtae 
A're-op'a-gus 
A're-op'o-lis 
Ar'e-ta 
ir'e-tae'us 
Ar'e-taph'i-la 
Ar'e-tas 
Ar'e-thu'sa 
A're-us, or 

A'reus 
Ar-gas'us 
Ar-gPa 
Ar'gip-pae'i 
Ar-gPvi 
Ar-gol'i-cus 
Ar'go-lis 
Ar'go-nau'tae 

(Ar'go-nauts) 
A'ri-ad'De 
A'ri-ae'us 
A-rip'i-a, 10 
Ar'i-cPna 
Ar'i-uia'zeg, 6, <S. 
A-rinPi-num 
A-ri'o-bar-za'neg, 6, 
Fr. Fac. S. L. 

A'ri-o-ba r'za-neg, 
1, K. Py. 
A-rPon 



A'ri-o-vis'tus 

A-ris'ba 

Ar'is-tse'us 

Ar'is-tag'o-ras 

Ar'is-tar'ehus 

A-ris'te-as 

Ar'is-tPdeg, 6 

Ar'is-tip'pus 

A-ris'to-bu'lus 

A-ris'to-cleg, 6 [S. 

Ar'is-toc'ra-tes, 6, 

A-ris'to-de'nius 

A-ris'ro-gi'ton 

Ar'is-toui'a-^be 

Ar'is-toin'a-etaus 

Ar'is-tonPe-neg, 6 

A-ris'ton 

Ar'is-topb'a-neg, 6 

A-ris'to-phon 

Ar'is-tot'e-le>, 6 

Ar'is-tox'e-nus 

A-rPus, or A'ri-as, 

a river, C. 
A-rPus, or A'ri-us, 

the heretic, Fr. 
Ar-me'ni-a 
Ar-niiiPi-us 
Ar-mor'i-cae 
Ar-no'bi-us 
Ar-pPnuni 
Ar'ri-a'nus, Py. S 
Ar'sa-ceg, 6, F. 
Fac. M.S. C. K. 

Ar-sa'ceg, Py. S. 
Ar-sap'i-dae 
Ar'sa-mo-sa'ta, Py. 
K. M. Fr. 

Ar'sa-mos'a-ta, C. 
Ar-sirPo-e 
Ar'ta-ba'nus [S. 
Ar'ta-ba-za'neg . 0, 
Ar'ta-vas'deg, 6 
Ar'tax-erx'e-, 6 
Ar/te-mi-do'rus 
Ar'te-mis 
Ar'te-mis'i-a, 10 
Ar'te-niis'i-tuii, 10 
Ar'te-niou 
A'rurig 
Ar-va'leg, 6 
Ar-ver'ni 
A'ry-an'deg, 6 
As-caPa-phus 
As'ca-lon, or 

As'ca-lo 
As-ca'ni-us 
As-cle'pi-e'a, or 

As-cle'pi-Pa 
As'cle-pPa-deg , 6 
As-cle'pi-o-do'rus 
As-co'ui-us 
As'dru-bal [C. Pe. 
As'i-ne, Fr. K. Py. 

A-sPne, Fac. 
A-sirPi-us 
A-so'pus 

As-pam'i-tbreg, 6 
As-pa'si-a, 10 
As-pa'si-us, 10 
As/pa-thPneg,6,TF. 

As-path'i-neg, S. 
As'phal-tPteg, 6 
As-syr'i-a 
As-tar'te 
As-te'ri-a 
As-te'ri-on 
As-te'ji-US 



As-ter'o-pe, or 

As'te-ro-pe'a 
As-trae'a 
As- tree' us 
As-tu'reg, 6, C. S. 
As-ty'a-geg, 6 
As-ty'a-nax [S. L. 
As-tyd'a-mas, Py. 
As'ty-da-niPa 
As'ty-lus 

As-ty'lus, Pe. 
As'ty-me-du'sa 
As-tyrPo-me 
As-ty'o-€be, or 

As'ty-o-ehi'a 
As-tvpb/i-lus 
As'y-ehis, S. W. 
At/a-lan'ta 
At/a-ran'teg, 
A-tar'ga-tis 
A'tax 
A'te 

Ath'a-ma'neg, 6 
Ath'a-mas 
Atb-'a-na'si-us, 10 
A-the y na 
A-the'nae 
Ath'e-nas'um 
Ath'e-nag'o-ras 
A-the 7 ue 
A-the'ni-o, or 

A-the'ui-on 
A-then'o-dc'rus 
A'thos 
A-til'i-a 
A-til'i-us 
At-lan'teg, 6 
At-lan'ti-deg, 6 
A-tos'sa 
A'trax 

At/re-ba'teg, 6, L. 
C. W. 

A-treb'a-te-, F. 
K.For.Py.S.M. 
A'tre-us, or 

A'treus 
A-tri'dae 
At'ro-pos 
At'ta-lus 
At'ti-ca 
At/ti-cus , 
At-tiPi-us 
Au-fe'i-a (-fe'ya) 
Au-fid'i-us 
Au'ga 
Au-gi'as, or 

Au-ge'a^ 
Au'gu-re-. 6 
Au'gus-ti'nus 

(Au-g us' tine, An- 
gus' tin, and 
A us' tin) 
Au-gus'tu-lus 
Au-gus'tus 
Au'lis 
Au-re / li-a'nus 

(Au-re'li-an) 
Au-re'li-us 
Au-ro'ra 
Au'run'ci 
Au-so'ni-a 
Au'spi-ceg, 6 
Au-toch^ho-neg, 6 
Au-toi'y-cus 
Au-tom'e-don 
Au-tonVe-neg, 6 
Au-ton'o-e 



Aux-e y si-a, 10 
Av'en-ti'nus 
A-ver'nus, or 

A-ver'na 
A-vi'tus 
A-zo'tus 



B. 



Bab'i-lua, S. W. 

Bac'eha-ua'li-a 

Bae-than'teg, 6 

Bac-^bPa-dae 

Bac-^hi'uin, a tem- 
ple ; also, a place 
in Lesbos. 

Bac'ehi-us, a Ro- 
man gladiator. 

Bac-chyPi-de-, 6, 

a Py. s. w. 

Bac'tri-a'na, or 

Bac / tri-a'num 
Bast'i-ca 
Ba-go'as 
Bag'ra-da, and 

Bag'ra-das 
Bai'ae (ba'ye) 
Bal-bi'nus 
Ba'le-a'reg, 6 
Bar'a-thrum 
Bar'ba-ri 
Bar-ba/ri-a 
Bar-bos 7 tbe-neg, 6 
Bar-cas'l 
Bar-dyl'lis 
Bar-gu'si-i, 10 
Ba'ri-um 
Bas'i-le'a. or 

Bas'i-li'a, name 
of a city (Ba- 
sel), a goddess, 
and an island. 

Ba-siPi-a (Easel), 
S. 
Bas'i-li'dae 
Bas'i-li'deg, 6 
Ba-siPi-us, and 

Bas'i-li'us ( St. 
Basil) 
Bas'i-li'os, a Ro- 

man name, For. 
Bas^i-lus (also St. 

Basil) 
Bas-sar'i-deg, 6 
Bas-tar'nae, and 

Bas-ter'uaa 
Ba-ta'vi 
Ba-ta'vi-a 
Bat/ra-cho'my-o- 

ma'ebi-a 
Bau'cis 
Beb'ry-ceg, and 

Be-bry'ceg, 6 
BePgi-ca 
BePgi-um 
BePi-sa'ri-us, S.W. 
Bel-ler'o-phon 
Bel-lo-'na 
Bel-lov'a-ci 
Be'lon 
Be'lus 

Ben'e-Ten'tum , 
Ber'e-ni'ce 
Ber'o-e 
Be-ro'sus 



Ber'v-tus, see Fac. 

Be-ry'tus, Fr. K. 
Bi-a'nor [Pw. L. 
Bi-bac'u-lus 
Bi-brac'te 
Bib'u-lus 
Bi'frons 
Bi'on 
Bi-saPtae 
Bi-thyn'i-a 
Bi-tu^ri-geg, 6 
Blau-du'si-a, 10 
BleuPmy-eg, 6 
Bo-ad'i-ce'a 
Bo-a'gri-us 
Boc'^bo-ris 
Bo-diPni, S. W. 
Bo'e-dro'mi-a, C. 

S. 
Boe-o'ti-a, 10 
Bo-e'thi-us 
Bo'i-i 
Bo'la 

Bol'bi-ti'num 
Bo-miPcar 
Bom'o-ni'cae 
Bo-no'ni-a 
Bo're-as 

Bo-rys'the-neg, 6 
Brach-ma'riaB 

(Brah'mavs) 
Braeh-ma'nes, 6 
Bran'€hi-dae 
Bras'i-das 
Brau'rou 
Bri-a^e-us, or 

Bri'a-reus 
Brig / an-ti'uus 
Bri-se'is 
Bri-tan'Di 

(Bril'ons) 
Bri-tan'oi-a 
Bri-tan'ni-cus 
Brit'o-mar'tis 
Brix-el'lum 
BruCte-ri 
Brun-du'si-um, 10 
Bru'ti-i, 10, or 

Brut'ti-i 
Bru'tus 
Bu-cepb'a-lus 
Bu-coPi-ca 
Bu'pha-gus 
Bu-si'ris 
Bu'tes^ 
Bu-tor'i-dej, 6 
Bu'zv-geg, K. Pw. 

a 

Bu'zy-ges, Fr. W. 
By/blis 

By-za'ci-um, 10 
By-zan'ti-um, 10 



C. 



Ca-bPra 

Ca-bPri 

Ca'ca 

Ca'eus 

Cad-me'a 

Ca-du'ce-us, 10 

Ca?-ciPi-us 

Cae-ci'na 

Caec'u-lua 

Cas'li-us 



Cae'nae 

Cae-nPna 

Cae'nis 

Cae're 

Cae'gar 

Cass'a-re'a 

Cae-sa'ri-o 

Caes'a-ro-du'nuiii 

Ca-i'cus 

Ca'i-e'ta 

Ca'i-us (ka'yus) 

CaPa-ber 

Ca-la'bri-a 

CaPa-is 

Ca-la'nus, 

K.Pw.L.M.C. 

CaPa-nus, S. Py. 
CaPau-re'a, and 

CaPau-ri'a 
Ca-lau'ri-a 
Ca'le 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 
Ca-le'nus 
CaPe-ti 

Ca-lid'i-us, S. W. 
Ca-lig'u-la 
CaPli-as, Py. S. W. 
CaPli-cles, 6 
Cal-lic'ra-teg, 6 
CaPli-crat'i-das 
CaPlim / a-€bus 
Cal-li'0-pe 
CaPli-o-pe'a 
CaPli-pa-ti'ra 
CaPli-phon 
Cal-lip'o-lis 
Cal-lir/bo-e 
Cal-lis'the-neg, 6 
Cal-lis'to 
Cal-lis'tra-tus 
Cal-lix'e-na 
Cal-pur'ni-us [ W. 
CaPu-sid'i-us, S. 
CaPy-ce 
CaPy-don 
Ca-lyp'so 
Cam'a-ri'na, or 

Cam'a-ri'ne 
Cam-by 'seg, 6 
Cam'e-ri'num 
Cam'e-ri'nus 
Ca-miPla 
Ca-miPlus 
Ca-mi/ro 
Ca-moe'nae 
Cam-pa'ni-a 
Cam-pas' pe 
Ca'na 
Ca-na'ri-i 
Can'da-ce 
Can-dau'leg, 6 
Ca-neph'o-ri 
Ca-nic'u-la'regjG 
Ca-nid'i-a 
Ca-nid'i-us, S. W. 
Ca-nin'i-us 
Ca'ni-us, 5. W 
Ca-no'pus 
Can'ta-bri 
Can-ta'bri-a 
Can't.ha-rus 
Can'ti-um, 10 
Ca-nu'si-um, 10 
Ca-pePla 
Ca-pe'na 
Cap'e-tus 
Cap'i-to 



490 

Cap'i-to-li'nus 
Oap'i-to'li-um 
Cap'pa-do'ci-a, 10 
Ca'pre-ae 
^ap'ri-cornus 

( Cap'ri-corn) 
lap'ro-ti'na 
Cap'u-a 
Car'a-cal'la 
Ca-rac'ta-cus 
Ca-rau'si-us, 10. 

ft W. 
Car-cPnus 
Car'di-a, Py. ft 
Ca'reg, 6 
Ca'ri-a 
Ca-rPnae 
Ca-rPnus 
Car-me'lus 

( Car'mel) 
Car'men-ta'leg, 6 
Car-ne'a-deg, 6 
Car-nu'teg, 6 
Car'pa-thus 
Car-thag'i-ni-en'- 

se§ 
Car-tha'go 

( Car'thage) 
Car-yiPi-us, ft W. 
Ca'ry-at'i-deg ,6, pi. 
Ca-rys'tus 
Cas'i-li'num 
Ca'si-us, 10 
Cas 7 pi-i 
Cas'pi-um 
Cas-san'der 
Cas-san'dra 
Cas'si-o-do'rus, 10 
Cas-sPo-pe, or 

Cas'si-o-pe'a,10 
Cas'si-ter'i-deg, 6 
Cas'si-us, 10 
Cas'si-ve-lau'nus 
Cas-ta'li-a, or 

Cas-ta'li-us Tons 
Cat'a-na 
Cat'i-li'na 

( Cat'i-Une) 
Ca'to 
Ca-tuPlus 
Cat'u-lus 
Cau'ca-sus 
Cau-co'neg^ 
Cau'di-um 
Cau'nus 
Cav'a-reg, 6 
Ca-ys'ter, or 

Ca-ys'trus 
Ce'beg,6 [W. 

Ce-bre'ni-a, Sc/i. 
Ce-cPna 
Ce-cro'pi-a 
Ce-crop'i-dae 
Ce'crops 
Ce-lae'no 
Ce'Ier 
CePe-reg, 6 
Ce'le-us 
CePti-be'ri 
Cel-tos'cy-thae 
Cen'ehre-ae 
Cen-ehre'is 
Cen-so'res, 6 
Cen'so-ri'nus 
Cen-tau'ri 
Cen-tro'neg, 6 
Cen-tuuPvi-ri 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 






Cen-tu'ri-a 
Ceph'al-le'ni-a 
Cepb/a-lus 
Ce'phe-us, or 

Ce'pheus 
Ce-phis'i-a, 10 
Ce-phis'o-do'rus 
CeplPi-sod'o-tus 
Ce-phPsus, or 

Ce-phis'sus 
Cer'a-mi'cus 
Cer'a-sua 
Ce-rau'ni-a 
Ce-rau'ni-i 
Cer'be-rus 
Cer'cy-on 
Ce're-a'li-a 
Ce'reg, 6 
Ce-rin'thus 
Ce-the'gus 
Ce'us 
Ce'yx 
C'hae're-as 
^hae-re'mon 
■Ghaer'o-ne'a 
{Shal-ce'don 
ChaPce-do'ni-a 
^hal-dae'a 
€haPy-beg, 6 
€haPy.-bon, Py.W. 
ChaPy-bo-ni'tis 
Cha-o'ni-a 
€!ha'oa 
t'ha'reg, 6 
tJhar'i-cleg, 6, ft 

W. 
{Shar'i-la'us, and 

•Cha-riPlus 
Cha-ris'i-a, 10 
■Char'i-teg, 
■Ghar'i-ton, Py. C. 

W. 
Char/mi-deg, 6 
-Ghar-mPo-ne 
-eha'ron 
■€)ha-ron / das 
•Cha'rops, and 

■Char'o-peg, 6 
-Gha-ryb'dis 
^hau'bi, and 

•(Shau'ci 
t^ha-u'ci 
€hePi-do'ni-ae 
€he-lo'ne 
-GhePo-ni'tis 
-ehePo-noph'a-gi 
■Ghe'ops 
•Cher-sid'a-mas 
■Gher'so-tie'sus, or 

•Gher'ro-ne'sus 
Che-rus'ci 
Chi-mae/ra 
-GhPos 
€hPron 
€hlo'e 
€blo/rfs 
■Gho'as-peg, 6 
-Ghcer'i-lus 
■eho-roe'bus 
•Chro/nos 
■Chry'sa 
yhry-sa'or 

Chrys'a-or, C. 
■Ghry-se'is 
Chry'seg, 6 
•Ghry-sip'pus 
■Ghry-sog'o-nus 



Chry-sos'to-mus 
( Chrys'os-tom) 

Chry-soth'e-mis 

t'htho'ni-a, 14 

Cib'a-lae 

Cic'e-ro 

Cic'o-neg, 6 

Ci-lic'i-a, 10 

Cim / bri-cu8 

Cim-me'ri-i 

Cim-me'ri-um 

CPmon 

Cin'cin-na'tus 

Cin'e-as 

Cin-get'o-rix 

Ci'nyps, and 
Cin'y-phus, 
Sch. ft 

Cin'y-ras 

Cir-cen'seg Lu'di 

Cis'se-us, or 
Cis'seus 

Ci-thae'ron 

Ci-vi'lis 

Cla'rus, or Cla'ros 

Clau'di-a 

Clau'di-a'nus 
( Clau'di-an ) 

Clau'di-op'o-lis 

Clau'di-us 

Cla-zom'e-nae 

Cle-an'theg, 6 

Cle'mens 
( Clem'ent) 

Cle'o-buMus 

Ole-om'bro-tus 

Cle-om/e-neg, 6 

Cle-op'a-tra, Pw. 
K. M. Py. C. 
Fr 
Cle'o-pa'tra, F. 
[This is the 
accepted Eng- 
lish pronuncia- 
tion.] 

Cle-op'a-tris 

Cle-os'tra-tus 

Clep'sy-dra 

Clin'i-as, K. W. 

Cli'o 

Clis'the-neg, 6 

Cli-tar'chus 

Cli-ton'/a-^hus 

Cli-tum/nus 

Cli'tus 

Clo'a-ci'na 

Clos'li-a 

Clu'a-ci'na 

Clu-si'ni 

Clym/e-ne 

Clym'e-ne'i-deg, 6 

ClynVe-nus 

Clyt'em-nes'tra 

Coc'a-lus 

Coc-ce'i-us 
(-se'yus) 

Co/cle;^ 

Co-cy'tus 
Co-drop'o-lis 
Co'drus 
CceFe-syr'i-a, and 

Coel / o-syr'i-a 
Co'hors 
Col-la'ti-a, 10 
CoVla-ti'nus 
Col-li/na 
Co-lo'nse 



Co-lo'ne 

Co-lo'ni-a 

CoPo-phon 

Co-los'sus 

Col'u-mel'la 



Cu-ru'lis 
Cy'a-ne 
Cy-a'ne-ae 
Cy-ax^-reg, Py. 
[lis Oyb'e-le 



Co-luni'nae Her'cu- Cyc'la-deg, 6 

Co-ma'na , Cy-clo'peg, 6 

Corn'mo-dus 

(Vmus 

Con-cor'di-a 

Co/non 

Con-stan 'ti-a, 10 

Con-stan' ti-nop'o- 

lis 

( Con-stan' ti- 

no'ple) 

Con'stan-ti'nus 

( Con' stan-tine) 
Co'pi-a 
Cor'bu-lo 
Cor-cy'ra [nus Cyn'thi-us 

Cor'cy-ra, Avie- Cyp'ri-a'nus 



( Cy' clops) 
Cyd'i-as, S, Sch 
Cyd'o-ne'a 
Cy'raa, or Cy'mae 
Cyn'as-gi'rus 
Cyn'e-as • 
Cy-ne'teg, 6 
Cyn'i-ci 

Cyn'o-ceph'a-laa 
Cyn'o-sar'geg, 6 
Cyn'o-su'ra 

( Cyn'o-sure) 
Cyn'thi-a 



Cor'du-ba 

Co-rin'na 

Co-rin'thus 

CCri-o-la'nus 

Co-ri'o-li 

Cor-ne'li-a 

Cor'ni-ger 

Cor'o-ne'a, or 

Cor'o-ni'a 
Cor'si-ca 
Cor-vi'nus 
Cor'y-ban'teg, 
Cor'v-don 



( Cyp'ri-an) 
Cy'pms 
Cyp'se-lus 
Cyr'e-na'i-ci 
Cy-re'De 
Cy-riPlus 

( Cyr'il) 
Cyr'si-lus 
Cyprus 
Cy-the'ra 
Cyth'e-re'a 
3 Cyz'i-cum 
[ W. Cyz'i-cus 



D. 



Cos-su'ti-i, 10, S. 

Cot'i-so 

Cot'ti-83 

Co'tys 

Co-tyt'to 

Cran'a-us 

Cra'non 

Crat'e-rus 

Cra'teg. 6 

Cra'tbis 

Cra-ti'nus 

Crat'y-lus 

Crem'e-ra 

Cre-mo'na 

Cre'on 

Cre-opb'i-lus 

Cre-u'sa 

Cri-mi'sus 

Cris-pi'nus 

Cri-the'is 

Cri'to 

Crit'o-bu'lus 

Crit'o-la'us 

Cro-by'zi, Py. Sch. 

Croc'o-di-lop'o-lis 

Crce'sus 

Cro/phi 

Cro-to'na 

Crus'tu-me'ri-a, or Dat'a-piier'neg 

Crus'tu-nie'ri-um Dau'lis 
Cte'si-as, 10, 14 Dau'ni-a 
Cte-sib'i-us, S. W. De-cap'o-liR 
Ctes'i-phon, 14 De'ci-ns, 10 
Cu'ma, or Cn'maa De-cu'ri-o 



Da'ci-a 

Dac'ty-li 

Dsed'a-la 

Dasd'a-lus 

Dae'raon 

Dal -ma' ti -a, 10 

Dal-mat'i-cus 

Dam'as-ce'ne 

Da-mas'cus 

Dam'o-cleg, 6 

Daemon 

Dan'a-e 

Dan'a-i 

Da-na'i-deg, 6 

Dau'a-us 

Da-nu'bi-us 

(Dan'vbe) 
Dapb'ne-pbo'ri- 

ft W, 
Dai-dan'i-deg, ( 
Dar'da-nus 
Da'rr-us, or 

D:i ri'us 



Cu-pPdo 
Cu'reg, 6 
Cu-re'teg, 6 
Cu'ri-a 

Cu'ri-a'ti-i, 10 
Cu'ri-o 

Cu-ri'o-so-li'tae 
Cur'ti-us, 10 



De-i'a-ni'ra 

De-id'a-mi'a 

De-i'o-ceg, 6 

De'i-ot'a-rus 

De-iph/o-bus 

De'li-us 

De'los 

Del-pbic/o-la 



DePphi-cus [C.W 
Del-phin/i-um, ft 
Dem'a-des, 6 
W. Fac. W. 
De-ma' de«, 6 
Fr. K. Py. Pw. 
DenVa-ra'tus 
De-me'tri-as 
De-me'tri-us 
DenVo-ce'deg, 6 
De-mo ch/a-reg, 6 
De-moc'ri-tus 
De-moph'o-on 
De-mos'tbe-neg, 6 
Der'ce-to, or 
Der'ce-tis 
Der-to'na 
Deu-ca'li-on 
Di-ag'o-ras 
Di-a'lis 
Di-a-mas'ti-go'sis 
Di-a'na 

[The established 
English pronun- 
ciation is Di- 
an'a.] 
(Di'an) 
Dic-tanVnum 
Dic-ta'tor 
Did'i-us 
Di'do 

Di-es'pi-ter 
Di-noc'ra-teg, 6 
DPo-cle'ti-a'nus 
( Di'o-cle'tian ) 
DPo-do'rus 
Di-og'e-neg, 6 
DPo-me'de 
DPo-me'deg, 6 
(Di'o-med) 
Di-o'ne 
DPo-nae'a 
Di'o-nys'5-a, 10 
Di'o-ny-si'a-deg, 6 
DPo-ny-sip'o-lis 
DPo-nys'i-us, 10 
Di'o-phan'tus 
Di'os-cor'i-deg, 6 

Py. ft 

DPos-cu'ri 
Di-os'po-lis 
Dip'o-Iis 
Dis-cor'di-a 
Div'i-ti'a-cus 
Div'o-du'rum 
Do-do'na 
Do-don'i-deg, 6 
DoPa-bePla 
DoPo-peg, 6 
Do-mit'i-a, 10 
Do-mi t'i-a'nus, 

( Do-mi' tian) 
Do-na'tus 
Do'reg, 6 
Do'ri-on 
Dor'y-lae'um 
Dra'co 
Drep'a-na. o? 

Drep'a-num 
Dru'i-dae 

(Dru'ids) 
Dry 'a -de*, 6, Fac 

(Dry' ads) [W 
Dry'o-peg, 6 
Du-iPli-us 
Du-lieh'ium 
Dum/no-rix 



10 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



W 



E. 



EJa'o-ra'cum 

Py. Fac. L. For. 

B. Sch. 
Eb'u-ro'ne*, 6 
Eb'u-sus 

E-bu'sus 
Ec-bat'a-na, 5. W. 
E-sbid'na 
E-ehin'a-de^, 6 
E-ebi'on 
E'eho 
E-des'sa, or 

E-de / sa 
E'don 
E-do'ne*, 6, Tkra- 

cians 
E-lae'a 

El'a-gab'u-lus [W. 
El'a-phe-bo'li-a, <S. 
El'a-te'a 
E'le-a 
E-lec'tra 
E-lec'trv-on 
E-le'i 

El'e-phan'tis 
El'eu-sin'i-a 
El'eu-si'nus 
E-leu'sis 
E-leu'tbe-rae 
El'eu-the'ri-a 
E'lis 

El'pi-ni'ce 
El'y-ma'ia 
E-lys'i-um, 10 
Eui-ped'o-cle^, 6 
En-cei'a-dus 
Ea-dym'i-oa 
E-nip'e-us, or 

E-ni'peus 
En'ni-us 
En-teFlus 
E-nyo 
E'os 

E-pam/i-non'das 
E-pe'us 
Epb'i-al'te^, 6 
Eph'o-ri 
Epb'y-ra 
Ep'i-ehar'mus 
Ep'ic-te'tus 
Ep'i-cu-re'i 

(Ep'i-cu-re'ans) 
Ep'i-cu'rus 
Ep'i-dau'ri-a 
Ep'i-dau'rus 
E-pig'o-ni 
Ep'i-men'i-def, 6 
Ep'i-me'tbe-us, or 

Ep'i-me'theus 
Ep'i-pba-ne'a 
E-piph'a-ne^, 6 
E-pi'rus 
Ep'o-red'o-rix 
E-quirl-a 
Eq'ui-te*, 6 
Er'a-sis'tra-tus 
E^a-to 

Er^a-tos'the-ne^, 6 
Er'e-bus 
E-reeb'the-us, or 

E-reeh'tbeus 
E-re/tri-a 
Er'ieh-tho'ni-us 
E-rid'a-nus 



E-rig'o-ne 

E-rig'o-nus^ man. 

Er'i-go'nus, a river. 

E-rin'nys 

E'ris 

Er'i-sieb'tbon 

E'ros 

E-ros'tra-tus 

Er'y-ci'na 

Er'y-man'tbus 

Er'y-the'a, or 

Er'y-tbi'a 
Er'v-tbrae 
E'ryx 
Es-quil'i-ae 
Es'qui-li'nus 
E-te'o-cleg, 6 
E-te'o-clus 
E-te'si-ae, 10 
E-tru'ri-a 
E-trus'ci 
Eu-boe'a 
Eu-bo'i-cus 
Eu-bu'li-deg, 6 
Eu-bu'lus 
Eu-cli'de-, 6 
Eu-do'ci-a, 10, & 

W. 
Eu-er'ge-tse 
Eu-ge'ni-us 
Eu'me-nc;, G 
Eu / me-ni'a 
Eu-men'i-de-, 6 
Eu'pa-tor 
Eu'pha-e;, 6 
Eu-phor'bus 
Eu-pbo'ri-on 
Eu-pbra'nor 
Eu-phra'te^, 6 
Eu-phros'y-ne 
Eu'po-lis 
Eu-rip'i-deg, 6 
Eu-ri'pus 
Eu-ro'pa 
Eu'ro-pge'us 
Eu-ro'tas 
Eu/rus 
Eu-ry'a-lus 
Eu-ryd'a-tuas 
Eu-ryd'i-ce 
Eu-ryin'e-don 
Eu-rys'tbe-neg, 6 
Eu-rys'fche-us , or 

Eu-rys'tbeus 
Eu'ry-tus [on. 

Eu-se'bi-a, a wom- 
Eu/se-bi'a, a city. 
Eu-se'bi-us 
Eu-sta'thi-us, 5. W. 
Eu-ter'pe 
Eu-thyc'ra-te*, 6 
Eu-tro'pi-us 
Eux-i'nus Pon'tus 
E-vad'ne 
E-van'der 



Faus-ti'na 

Faus'tu-lus 

Fav'o-ri'nus 

Fe'ci-a'le* 6 

Fe-lip'i-tas 

Fe-ra'li-a 

Fer'en-ti'num 

Fe-re'fcri-us 

Fi-de'na, or 

Fi-de'nae 
Fi'des, 6 
Fla-min'i-a 
Fla'vi-a 
Flo-ra'li-a 
Flo-ren'ti-a, 10 

(Flor'ence) 
Flo'ri-a'nus 
Fon-te'i-us (-yus) 
For'mi-as 
For-tu'na 
Fo'rum 
Fris'i-i, 10 
Fu-ga'li-a 
Ful'vi-us 
Fu'ri-ae 

( Fu'ries) 



G. 



F. 



Fa'bi-i 

Fa-bric'i-us, 10 

Fges'u-lae 

Fa-le'ri-a 

Fa-ler'nus 

Fau'na 

Fau/nuS 



Ga'bi-i 

Ga-bi'nus 

Gardes, 6 

Gad'i-ta'nus 

Gal'a-tse 

Gal'a-te'a 

Ga-le'nus 

(Ga'len) 
Ga-le'ri-us 
Ga-le'sus 
Gal'i-lae'a 

( Gal'i-lee) 
Gal'li-a 
Gal'li-cus 
Gal'li-e'nus 
Gal-lip'o-lis 
GaKlo-grae'ci-a, 10 
Gan-gar'i-dae 
Gan'y-me'des, 6 

( Gan'y-mp^le) 
Gar-'a-man'te^, 6 
Gar-ga'nua 
Gar-ga'rus 
Ge^la 
Gel'li-us 
Ge'lo or Ge'lon 
Gem'i ni 

Ge-ne'va, 17. L. Fr, 
K. Sch. M. 

Gen'e-va, For. 
Ge'ni-ns 
6en'u-a 
Ge-or'gi-ca 

( Ge.or'gics) 
Ger-go'vi-a 
Ger-ma / ni-*». 

( Ger'ma ^ 
Ger-man/i-c^^, 
Ger-ma'ni-i, a Per- 
sian people, S. 
Ge'ry-on, and 

Ge-ry'o-nes, 6 
Ge'ta 
Ge'tae 

Gi-gan'tej, 6 
Glau-co/pis 



Glau'cua 
Gor'di-a'nus 

( Gor'di-an) 
Gor'di-us 
Gor'gi-as 
Gor'go-nes, 6 
Gor-ty'na, and 

Gor-ty'ne 
Go'tbi 

(Goths) 
Gra-di'vus 
Grje'ci-a, 10 
Gra-ni'cus 
Gra'ti-SB, 10 
Gra'ti-a'nus, 10 
Gy'a-rus, and 

Gy/a-ros 
(Jy-iip'pus 
Gym-na'si-um , 10 
Gym-nos'o-pbis'tae 



Ilepb'aes-ti'aja/es- Ho-ra'ti-us 10 

tival. (Hor'ace) 

He-ph^s'ti-on, 10 Hor-ten'si-us, 10 
Her'a-cle'a Hy'a-cin'thus 

Her'a-cli'dae Hy'a-deg, 6 

Her'a-cli'tus Hy'bla 

Her'cu-la'ne-um Hy-dar'neg, 6 
Her/cu-la-ne'um, Hy-das/peg, C 
K. Hy'dra 

Her/cu-les, 6 Hyd'ra-o'teg, t 

Iler-cu'le-urii Hy'drus 

Her-cyn/i-a Hy-enip'sal 

He-ren'ni-us Ily-ae'i-a (-je'yL) 

Her-mapb'ro-di'tus Hj " 



H. 



Ha'dri-a'nus 

(Hn'dri-an) 
Ha'dri-at'i-cum 
Hse / mo-ni-a 
Hal-cy'o-ae 
HaKi-car-nas'sus 
Ha'lys 
Ham'a-dry'a-de-, 6 

( Ham' a-dry-ads) 
Ha-inil'car 
Han'ni-bal 
Har-mo'di-us 
Har'pa-gus, 

Py. C. W. . 
Har-pal'y-ce 
Har-poc'ra-te^, 6 
Har-py'i-ae (-ye) 

( Har'pies) 
Ha-rus'pex 
Has'dru-bal 
lle'be 
He'brus 
Hec'a-tae'us 
Hec 7 a-te 
Hec^-ba 
He-ge'mon, and 

Heg'e-mon 
Heg/e-sip'pus 
llel'e-na 
IleFe-nus 
He-li'a-deg, 6 
Hel'i-ce 
HeFi-con 
He'li-o-do'rus 
Ile'li-o-gab'a-lus, 

He'li-o-ga-ba'lus, 

a l. 

HVli-op'o-lis 
He'li-os 
Hel-le'nej, 6 
HePles-pou'tus 
BLel-lo'tia 
He-lo'rus 
He'los 
HeAo'tse, and 

He-lo'tef , 6 
(He'lots orHel'- 
ots) 
Hel-Te'ti-i, 10 
HeKvi-i 
He-phaes'ti-a, 5, c 

town. 



Hyni'e-naa'us 
Ily-uiet'tus 
Hyp'a-nis 
Hyp'er-bo're-i, and 

Hy-per'bo-re'i 
Hvp'e-ri'deg, 6, or 

Hy-per'i-deg 
Ilyp'e-ri'on 

(Hy-pe'ri-on) 
Ilyp'erm-nes'tra 
Hyp-sic'ra-teg, 6 
Hyp-sip'y-le 
Hyr-ca'ni-a 
Hy-ri'e-us, or 

Hyr'i-eus 



I. 



Her'me-si'a-nax 
Her-mi'as 

He^mi-as 
Her-mi/o-ne 
Her'mi-ou'i-cus 

Si'nus 
Her-mip'pus 
Her-moc'ra-te^, 6 
Her'mo-do'rus 
Iler-mog'e-nei, 6 
Her'mo-la'us 
Her'nio-ti'mus 
Her'mun-du'ri, 
Pe. S. 

Her-mun/du-ri 
K. Fac. For. F. Hys-tas'peg, 6 
He-ro'deg, 6 

( Her'od) 
He-ro'di-a'nus 

(He-ro'di-an) 
He-rod'o-tus 
Ile'roa 
ller'o-op'o-lis 
lle-ropb'i-la 
Ile-roph'i-lua 
llor-siFi-a 
ller'u-li 
lle-si'o-dus 

( He'si-od) 
He-si'o-ue 
Hes-pe'ri-a 
Hes-per'i-de^, 6 
Hes'pe-rus 
He-ay«b / i-us 
He-tru'ri-a 
Hi-ber'ni-a 
Hi'e-rap'o-lis 
Hi'e-ro 

Hi-er'o-cle^O 
Hi/e-ron'y-ruus 

(Jer'ome) 
Hi'e-ro-sol'y-ma 

(Je-ru 1 sa-lem) 
Hi-la'ri-us 

(Hil'a-ry) 
Hi-mil'co 
Hip-par' ehus 
Hip'pa-sus 
Hip-'pi-as 
Hip 7 pi- us 
Hip'po-cen-tau'ri 
Hip-poc'ra-tei, 6 
Hip'po-cre'ue 
Hip'po-da-mi'a 
Hip-pol 7 y-te 
Hip-pol'y-tus 
Hip'po-mol'gi 
Hip-po'nax 
His-pa'ni-a 
His-ti'ae-o'tis 
Ho-me'rus 

( Ho'mer) 
H6-ra'ti-ajA0 



I-ac'ehus 

I-al'y-sus 

I-am'be 

I-am'bli-cbas 

Fa-pyg'i-a 

I-ar'bas 

I'a-sis 

I-ax'ar-teg, 6 

I-be'ri 

I-be'ri-a 

I-be'rus 

Ib'y-cus 

I-ca'ri-a 

I-ca'ri-us 

Ic 7 a-rus 

I-ce'ni, For. W. 

Isb'tby-opb'a-gi 

I-cil'i-ua 

I-co'ni-um 

I'da 

I'das 

I-dom'e-neus 

Id'u-me'a 

Tl'i-a 

I-li'a-cus 

Tl'i-as 

I-li'o-ne, or 
I-li'o-na 

I-lis'sus 

Il'i-tby'i-a (-ya? 

Il'i-um, or Il'i-oo. 

11-lyr'i-a 

Il-lvr'i-cum 

Iin'a-us 
I-ma'us, K 

Im'bros 

IiVa-ehns 

I-nar'i-me 

In'ci-ta'tus 

In'di-ge'teg, a peo- 
ple. 

I'BO 



492 

I-no'pua 

In'ta-pher'nei, 6 

In'ter-am'na 

Vo 

Fo-\aa, or Fo-la'ua 

I'on 

I-o'ni-a 

I'o-pe 

Ipb'i-clua, or 

Ipb'i-cleg, 6 
I-phic'ra-teg, 6 
Ipb'i-ge-ni'a 
I'phia 
Ipb'i-tua 
Ir'e-nae'us 
1-re'ne 
I-sje'us 
I-aau/ri-a 
Ia'i-do'rua 

( Is'i-dore) 
I'sis 

la-me'ne 
ls-me'iii-as 
Is-me'nus, son of 

Apollo 
Ia'me-nus, a Chian 
I-aoc'ra-teg , 6 
lath'mi-a (lat/mi-a) 
Ia'tri-a 
I-ta'li-a 

(It'a-ly) 
I-taM-cus 
It/a-lua 
Itb'a-ca 
Ith'o-mae'a 
It/u-rae'a 
Ftys 
I-u'lua 
Ix-i'on 
ix'i-on'i-deg. 6 



Ja-co'bua 

(James) 
Jap'e-tua 
Jo-se'phua 
Jo'vi-a'nua 

(Jo'vi-an) 
Ju-das'a 
Ju-gur'tha 
Ju'li-a'nua 

(Ju'li-an) 
Ju'li-i 

Ju'li-op'o-lis 
Ju'li-us 
Ju'ni-a 
Ju'no 
Ju'pi-ter 
Jua-tin'i-a'nus 

(Jus-tin'i-an) 
Jua-ti'nua 

(Jus' tin) 
Ju've-na'lis 

(Ju've-nal) 
Ju-ver'na 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Lab'da-cus 
La'be-o 



La-be'ri-us 
La'bi-e'nua 
Lab'y-rin'tbua 
Laf'e-dae'raon 
Lag'e-dae-mo'cM ,or 

Lap'e-daem 'o-neg 
( La^'e-rie-mo'- 
ni-ans) 
Laeh'e-aia 
La-cin'i-um 
La-co'ni-a, and 

La-con'i-ca 
Lac-tan'ti-us, 10 
La'don 
Lae'li-a'nua 
Lae'li-ua 
La-er'teji, 6 
Laea-tryg'o-neg, 6 
Lae-vi'nua 
La'gua 
La'ia 
La / mi-a 

Lam'pe-ti'a, a city. 
Lam / pe-to 
Lam-prid/i-ua M'- 

li-us 
Lam'pro-cleg, 6 
Lamp'aa-cus, and 

Lamp'aa-ebum 
La'mus 
Lan'go-bar'di 
La-nu'vi-um » 
La-oc'o-on 
La-od'a-mi'a 
La-od'i-ce'a 
La-oin'e-don 
La-oin'e-don-ti'a- 

dae 
Lap'i-thae 
La-reu'ti-a, 10 
La' res, 6 

Lar'ti-ua, 10, S. W. 
Lat/e-ra'nua 

( Lat'er-an) 
La-te'ri-um 
La'ti-a'lis, 10 
La-ti'ni 
La-ti'nua 
La'ti-um, 10 
Lat'o-bri'gi 
La-t<yna 
Lau'aua 
La-ver'na 
La-vin'i-a 
La-vin'i-ura, or 

La-vi'num 
Le-an'der 
Leb'a-de'a 
Leb'e-dua, or 

Leb'e-doa 
Le-chae'um 
Le'da 
Le-dae'a 
Lel'e-geg, 6 
Le'lex 
Le-ma'nua 
Lem'o-vi'ceg, 6 

Le-niov'i-cei 
Lem'u-reg, G 
Len'tu-lus 
Le-on'i-das 
Le'oa-ti'ni 
Le-on'ti-um, 10 
Le-os'the-neg, 6 
Le'o-tv^h'i-deg, 6 
Lep'i-dus 
Le-pca/ti-i, 10 



Lep'ti-neg, 6 

Le'the 

Leu'caa 

Leu'ce 

Leu-cip'pus 

Leu'con 

Leu-co'tbe-a 

Leu-coth'o-e 

Lex-o'vi-i 

Li-ba'ni-us, S. W. 

Lib'a-nua 

( Leb'a-non) 
Li'ber 
Li-ber'tas 
Lib'i-ti'na 
Lib'y-a 
Li'ehaa 
Li-cin'i-a 
Li-ciiyi-us 
Li^'i-nua 
Li-ga'ri-ua 
Lig'u-reg, G 
Li-gu'ri-a 
Lil'y-bae'um 
Lin'go-neg, 6 
Lip'a-ra 
Li'ria 
Lif/y-er'aaa 

Lit'y-er'seg, 6 
Liv'i-us 

( Liyiy) 
Lo'cri 
Lo-cua'ta 
Lon-din'i-um 
Lou-gim'a-nua 
Lon-gi'nus 
Lon'go-bar'di 

(Lorn' bards) 
Lor/gu-la 
Lu-ca/m-a 
Lu-ca / nus 

( Lu'can ) 
Luc-ce'i-us (-yus) 
Lu'ce-reg, 6 
Lu-ci-a'nus, 10 
Lu'ci-fer 
Lu-cil'i-us 
Lu-ci'na 
Lu-cre'ti-a, 10 
Lu-cre'ti-us, 10 
Lu-cuPlua 
Lug-du'num 

(Ly'ons) 
Lu-per'cal 
Lu'per-ca'li-a 
Lu'ai-ta'ni-a 
Lu-ta/ti-us, 10 
Lu-te'ti-a, 10 
Ly-ca'on 
Lya'a-o'iii-a 
Lyc'i-a, 10 
Lyp'i-das 
Ly-cis'cua 
Lyc'o-me'deg, 6 
Ly/con 
Lyc'o-phron 
Ly-co'ris 
Ly-cur'gus 
Lyd'i-a 
Lyn'ceus, or 

Lyn'ce-us 
Ly-san'der 
Lys'i-as, 10 
Ly-sim'a-ebi'a, or 

Lys^-ma'ehi-a 
Ly-sim'a-ebus 
Ly-sip'pua 



M. 



Ma-ca're-us, or 

Mac'a-reus 
Ma-ca'ri-a 
Ma^'e-do 
Ma-ced'o-neg, 6 

( Ma^'e-do'ni-ans 
Maf'e-don'i-cus 
Ma'cjer 
Ma-eha'on 
Ma'cri-a'nus 
Ma-cri'iius 
Ma-cro'bi-i 
Ma-cro'bi-us 
Mae-an'der 
Mae-ce'naa 
Maen'a-lua 
Mae-on'i-de;, G 
Mae-o'tia Pa^ua 
Mag-uen'ti-us, 10 
Mag-ne'ai-a, 10 
Ma'go 
Ma-har'bal 
Ma'i-a (ma'ya) 
Ma-jes'taa 
Ma-mer'cus 
Mam'er-ti'ni 
Ma-mil/i-ua 
Ma-m u^i-us 
Man-c^ous 
Man/e-tbo 
Ma-nil'i-ua 
Man-aue'tua 
Man'tu-a 
Mar'a-thon 
Mar/cel-li'nua 
Mar'ci-a'na, 10 
Mai'ci-a'LHis, 10 

(Mar'ci-an) 
Mar'ci-ua, 10 
Mar'co-mau'ui 
Mar-do'ni-ua 
Mar-^i/tegjG 
Ma'ri-am'ne 
Ma'ri-ua 
Mar-mar/i-dae 
Ma'ro 
Mar'o-ne'a, and 

Mar'o-ni'a 
Mar-pe'isi-a, 10 
Mar-pe'aua 
Mar-ru'vi-um, or 

Mar-ru/bi-um 
Mar'ay-aa, 10 
Mar'ti-a'lis, 10 

(Mar' ti -al) 
Mas'i-nia'aa 
Maa-aag/e-tae 
Mas / si-cus 
Mas-sil'i-a 
Ma-tra'li-a 
Mat-ti'a-ci 
Mau'ri 

Mau'ri-ta'ni-a 
Mau-ao'lua 
Ma-vo^ti-a, 10 
Max-en'ti-ua, 10 
Max'im-i-a'nua 

(Max-im' i-an) 
Max'i-mi'nus 

(Max'i-min) 
Max/i-mus 
Me-de'a 
Me'di-a 
Me'di-o-la'num 



Me'don 
Me-du^a 
Meg'a-by'aus 
Meg'a-cleg, 6, Py.S, 
Me-gae'ra 
Meg'a-le 
Meg'a-ra 
Me-gas'the-nes, 6 
) Me-gis^ti-aa 
Me-lani'pus 
Mel'a-nip'pi-aeg, 6 
Me^a-nip'pua 
Me-lan'thi-us 
Me-lan'tbua 
Me'laa 

Me'le-a'ger, K. F. 
S. Sclu 

Me-le'a-ger, C. 
Fac. 
Me'le-ag'ri-deg, 6 
Me'leg, 6 
Mel'e-sig'e-neg, 6 
Mel'i-boe'us 
Me-iia'aa 

Me^i-ta, orSlel'i-te 
Me'li-us 
Me'loa 

Mel-pom'e-ne 
Mem/mi-a 
Mein'mi-u.^ 
Mem-phi'tis 
Me-naFcaa 
Men'a-lip'pe 
Me-nan'der 
Me-nec'ra-te-*, 6 
Meire-de'mua 
MeD'e-la'ua 
Me-ne'ni-us 
Me'nea, G 
Me-nes'the-ua, or 

Me-nes'tbeus 
Me-nip'pua 
Me-noe'ce-ua 
Me-noe'te-;, 6 
Mer-cu'ri-ua 

(Mer'cu-ry) 
Me-ri/o-nei, 6 
Mer'o-e 
Mer'o-pe 
Me'ropa 

Mes^-me'de^, 6 
Mea^-po-ta'mi-a 
Mes-sa'ia 
Mea-aa-li'na 
Mea-sa'pi-a 
Mes-ae'ne, or 

Mea-Wna 
Me^a-pon'tum 
Me-tau'rua 
Me-tel'li 
Me-tbo'ne 
Me-tiFi-i 
Me'tia 
Me^ti-ua, 10 
Me'ton 
Met/ro-cle.;, 6 
Met'ro-do'rua 
Me-tu'lum 
Me-zen'ti-ug, 10 
Mi-cip'sa 
Mi'daa 
Mi-le'si-i, 10 
Mi-le'tua 
Mit-ti'a-deg, 6 
Mil'vi-ua 
Mim-ner'mus 
Mia'ci-us, 10 



Mi-ner'va 

Mi 7 iioa 

Min'o-tau'rus 

Min-tur'nae 

Mi-nu'ci-ua, 10 

Mi-ae/num 

Mi-ae'nua 

Mi'thraa 

Mitb'ri-da'tes, 6 

Mith'ro-bar-za'neg, 

Mit'y-le'nse 

Mit'y-le'ne 

Mne-moa'y-ne, 14 

Mnea'the-us, or 

Mnee'theua, 14 
Mo-dea'tua 
MoeMa 
Moe/ai-a, 10 
Mo-loa^si 
Mo-loa'aua 
Mo'inua 
Mo'na 

Mo-nas'aeg, 6 
Mo-ne'ta 
Mon'i-ma 
Mon-ta'nua 
Mon'y-ehua 
Mop'si-um, 10 
Mor'i-ni 

Mo-ri'iii, For. 
Mor^phe-us, or 

Mor'pbeua 
Mo'sa 

Moa^v-noe'ci 
MuFci-ber 
Mu-na'ti-ua, 10 
Mu-nych'i-a 
Mu-ras'na 
Mu-sae'ua 
Mu'ti-na 
Mu-'ti-nes, 6, S. 
Mu-ti'nua 
Mu'ti-us, 10 
Myc'a-Ie 
My-ce'nae 
Myc'o-nua, and 

My-co'nus 
Myg-do'ni-a 
My-ri'na 
Myr-mid'o-ne* , 6 
My'ron 
Myr^ti-lua 
My-a^el'lus 
Mya'i-a, 10 
Myt/i-le'ne 



N. 



Nab'ar-za'neg, ( 

Nab'a-tbae'a 

Na'bis 

Nse'ni-a 

Nae'vi-ua 

Na-i'a-deg, 6 

Na-is'aua 

Naph'i-lua, Py. 

Nar'bo-nen'aia 

Nar-cia'aus 

Nar'ni-a 

Na-rj'9'i-a, 10 

Nas-si'ca 

Na'aid-i-e'nus 

Na-aid'i-ua 

Na'ao 

Nau'cra-teg, 6 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



493 



Nau'cra-tis 

Nax'os 

Ne-se'ra 

Ne-al'ces, 6 

Ne-ap'o-lis 

Ne-ar^hus 

Ne-crop'o-lis 

Nec-tan / a-bis 

Neo/ta-ue'bus ,K. F. 

Nec-tan'e-bua, 
Fac. S. Py. 
Ne'le-us, or 

Ne'leua 
Ne-mae'a, and 

Ne'me-a, games 
Ne'me-a, town and 

river 
Ne'me-si-a'nus, 10 
Nem'e-sis 
Ne'o-bu'le 
Ne'o-caes-a-re'a 
Ne'o-clej, 6 
Ne'op-tol'e-mus 
Neph'e-le 
Ne'pos 

Ne'po-ti-a'ntis, 10 
Nep'tu-na'li-a 
Nep-tu'nua 

(Nep'tune) 
Ne-re'i-de*, 6 

(Ne> re-ids) 
Ne're-us, or 

Ne'reua 
Ne'ro 
Ner'vi-i 
Nes-to'ri-ua 
Ni-pse'a, or Ni-ce'a 
Ni-cag'o-ras 
Ni-can'der 
Ni-ca'nor 
Ni-ca'tor 
M-ce'tas, or 

Ni-ce'teg, 6 - 
Ni^e-te'ri-a 
Ni^i-as, 10 
Ni-co^b'a-reg, 6 
Ni-coc'ra-teg, 6 
Ni-co'cre-on 
Nic'o-da'mus 

^Ti-cod'a-mua, 
Pw. 
Nic'o-de'mua 
Nic'o-do'rua 
Nic'o-la'us 
Ni-com'a-^hus 
Nic'o-me'de^, 6 
Nic/o-me-di'a, or 

Nic'o-me-de'a 
Ni-cop / o-lis 
Ni-cos'tra-tua 
Ni'ger 
Ni-gid'i-ua 
Nil'e-us, or 

Ni'leus 
Nin'y-aa 
Ni'o-be 
Ni-pba'teg, 6 
Nis'i-bis 
Ni-sy'rus 

Nit'i-ob'ri-ges, 6, ' 
10, C 

Nit/i-o-bri'geg, 
K F. Py. 
Ni-to'cris 
Noc'ti-lu'ca 
Nom'a-deg, 6 
No-ni'ua 



Nor-ba'nus 
Nor'i-cum 
No'tus 

No'vi-o-du'num 
No'vi-om'a-gum, or 

No'vi-oni'a-gua 
Nu'ma 

Nu-man'ti-a, 10 
Nu-me'ni-us, W. S. 
Nu / me-ri-a'nus 
Nu-mid'i-a 
Nu'mi-tor 
NuQ 7 di-na 
Nyc'te-us, or 

Nyc'teus 
Nym-pbid'i-us 
N3 r/ sa 
Ny-sse / ua 



O. 



O'a-sia 

O-a'sis, Py. 
O-ax'us 
O'ce-an'i-deg , 6, 

and Oce-a-nit/i- 
deg 
-oe'a-iius 
O^'e-lum 
O'cbus 
Oc-ta'vi-a 
Oc'ta-vi-a'nus 
Oc-ta'vi-ua 
O-cyp'e-te 
O-cyr'o-e 

Od'e-na'tua, W. S. 
O-des'sus 
O-de'um 
O-do'a-cer, C. 

Od'o-a'cer, W. S. 
31. 
Od'ys-se'a 

( Od'ys-sey) 
CE'a-grua 
(E-a'grus 
(Eb'a-lus, 5 
<E-ba-reg, 6, Pw. 
CE-eha'li-a 
(Ec'u-me'ni-us, 5 
(Ed'i-pua, 5 
(E'ne-us, or 

CE'neus 
CE-nom'a-tis, Pw. 

(En'o-nia'us, K. 
(E-no'ne 
(E-no ; tri-a 
Og/y-ges, 6 
O-gyg'i-a 
O-il'e-us, or 

O-i'leua 
Ol'bi-a 
Ol'li-us 
O-lym'pi-a 
0-lym'pi-as 
O -1 y m' pi-o-do'rus 
O-lym'pi-us 
O-lym'pua 
O-lyn'thus 
Om'pha-le 
Om/pba-lus 
On'e-sic'ri-tua 
O-nes'i-mus 
On'o-mac'ri-tus 
On'o-mar'ehus 
On'o-sanMer 



O-pil'i-ua 

O-pini'l-us 

O'pis 

Op'pi-a 

Op-pi-a'nus 

( Op'pi-an) 
Op'pi-us 
Op'ti-mus 
Or-bil-l-us 
Or'ca-dei, 6 
Or-ebom'e-num 
Or-^boiu/e-nus 
Or'do-vi'ces, C. 

Or-dov'i-ce* , G 
O-re'a-degjG 

( O're-ads) 
O-res'teg, 6 
Or'es-te'um 
Or'es-ti'dae 
Or-get'o-rix, S. Py. 
Or'gi-a 
O-rib'a-sus 
Or'i-cum, or 

Or'i-cus 
O'ri-eng 
O-rig'e-neg, 6 

(Or'i-gen) 
O-ri'on 
Or'me-nus 
O-ro-deg, 6 
O-rce'teg, 6 
O-ron'tej, 6 
O-ro'si-ua, 10 
Or'phe-us, or 

Orpheus 
Or-tyg'i-a 
O'rus 

Os'ebo-pbo'ri-a 
O-si'ria 
O'tho 

O-thry/a-deg, 6 
O-vid'i- 

(Ov'it 
Ox'us 
Ox'y-ryn^ebus 



Pa-ca'ti-a'nps, 10 
Pa-«bynus, and 

Pa-^hy'num 
PaCo-rus 

Pa-co'rus, an 

Egyptian king. 
Pac-to'lus 
Pa-cu'vi-us 
Pa'dus 
Pa-du'sa 
Pae'an 
Pae'o-neg, 6 
Pse'sos 
Pag'a-sae, or 

Pag'a-sa 
Pa-lae'mon 
Pa-laeph'a-tus, 5 
Pa-lees' te, 5 
Pal'aes-ti'na 
Pal'a-me'deg, 6 
Pal'a-ti'nus 
Pa-la'ti-um, 10 
Pa'leg, 6 
Pa-liFi-a 
Pal'i-nu'rus 
Pal'la-deg, 6 
Pal-la'di-um 



Pal'lan-te'um 
Pal-le'ne 
Pal-my'ra 
Pa-mi'sus 

Pam/i-sus, For. 
Pam'me-neg, 6 
Pam'phi-lus 
Pam-phy^i-a 
Pan'a-ce'a 
Pa-nae'ti-us, 10 
Pan-ath/e-nse'a 
Pan^a-rua 
r , an-i3i / ou 
Pan-do/ra 
Pan/dro-sos 
Pan-gse'us 
Pan / liel-le'ne2, 6 
Pa'ni-o'ni-um 
Pan-no'ni-a 
Pan^-pe, or -pe'a 
Pa-nor'mus 
Pan-thCa 
Pan'the-on, or 

Pan-tbe 7 ^! 
Pa'phi-a, or 

Pa'pbi-e 
Papb'la-go'ni-a 
Pa'phos 
Pa'pbus 
Pa'pi-as 
Pa-pin'i-a'nus 

(Pa-pin 1 i-an) 
Pa-pir'i-us 
Par'a-di'sus 
Pa-raet/a-^ee, 5 
Par/ee-to'ni-um 
Pa'rpn-ta'U-a 
Pa'ris 

Pa-ris'i-i, 10 
Par-men/i-deg, 6 
Par-me'ni-o, C. S. 
Par-nas'sus 
Pa-ro'pus 
Par-rha'si-us, 10 
Par-the'ni-ae, and 

Par-the^i-i 
Par-the'ni-us 
Par/the-non 
Par-then'o-pe 
Par/thi-a 
Pa-rys'a-tis 
Pa-sar'ga-dae 
Pa-sipb'a-e 
Pas'si-e'nus, 10 
Pat'a-le, or Pat 7 a-la 
Pat'a-ra 
Pa-ta'Ti-um 
Pa-teT'cu-lus 
Pat'i-zi'thes. 6 
Pat/ro-cles,~6 
Pat/ro-clua 
Pau-li'nus 
Pau-sa'ni-aa 
Ped'a-sus 
Peg'a-sua 
Pe-las/gi 
Pe-las'gi-o'tis 
Pe'le-us, or 

Pe'leus 
Pe-li'a-deg, 6 
Pe'li-as 
Pe-li'deg, 6 
Pe'li-on 
Pel-le'ne 
Pel'o-pe'a, or 

PeFo-pi'a 
Pe-lop'i-das 



Pel/o-pon-ne'sua 
Pe'lops 
Pe-lo'rua 
Pe-lu/si-um, 10 
Pe-na'tes, 6 
Pe-nel/o-pe 
Pe-ne'ua 
Pen-tel'i-cua 
Pea^tbe-si-le'a, 10 
Pen'the-us, or 

Pe^theu. - ? 
Pe-r33 7 a 
Per-dic'cas 
Pe-ren'Dis 
Per'ga-niua 
Pe'ri-an'der 
Perd-cleg, 6 
Pe-ril'lua 
Per'i-pa-tet'i-ci 

(Per'a-pa-tet'ics) 
Per'o-e 
Per-sa3 / us 
Per-seph'o-ne 
Per-sep'o-lia 
Per'se-us, or 

Per'seua 
Per'si-a, 10 
Per'si-us, 10 
Per'ti-nax 
Pe-ru'ai-a, 10 
Pe-tiVi-us 
Pet'o-ai'ris 
Pe'tra 
Pe-trse'a 
Pe-tre'i-us (-yus) 
Pe-tro^i-us 
Peu-ces'teg, 6 - 
Phse-a'ci-a, 10 
Pha3 / don 
Phae'dra 
Phse'drua 
Pba/e-thon 
PbaPa-cri'na 
Pba-lan'tbus 
PhaFa-ria 
Pba-Ie'ron 
Pbal'e-rua, a com- 
panion of Jason 

Fac. K. 
PhaPli-ca 
Pha-lo ; re 
Pha-nae'ua 
Pbar'na-ba'zua 

W. S. 
Phar'na-ceg, 6 
Pha'roa 
Phar-sa'li-a 
Pbar-sa'lus, or 

Phar-sa'los 
Pha-ae / lia 
Pba/sia 
Phe'ge-us, or 

Pbe'geus, 
Phe'mi-ua 
Pber'e-ti'ma 
Phe'ron 
Phid'i-aa 
Pbi-dip'pi-deg, 6 
PbiFa-del-pbi'a 

( Phil'a-del'phi-a) 
Pbil'a-del'phus 
Phi'lse 
Phi-lse/ni 
Phil/e-tae'rus 
Phi-le'tas 
Phi-li'nus 
Pbil/ip-pe^ 



Phi-lip/pi 

Pbi-lis'cus 

Pbi-lic'ti-on 

Pbi'lo 

PhiPo-cleg, 6 

Phi-loc'ra-teg, (3 

Pbiyoc-te'te^tf 

Phil/o-de'muci 

Phil'o-la'us 

Phi-loFo-gus 

Phi-loni'bro-tus 

Phil/o-me'la 

Phi-lon/i-de§, 6 

Phi-lop'a-tor 

Pbil'o-poe'men 

Phi-los'tra-tus 

Phi-lo'taa 

Phi-lo'tis 

Phi-lox'e-nua 

Pbir^e-us, or 

Phi'tieus 
Phin'ti-as, 10 
Pble'gon 
Pho-gae'a 
Pbo'ci-on, 10 
Pbo'cia 
Pho/cus 
Pbo-cyl'I-deg, 6 
Phoe^be 
Phoe-ni/ce, or 

Pboe-mc'i-a, 10 
Phoe'nix 
Pbol'o-e 
Pbor'mi-o 
Pbo-ro'ne-ua, or 

Pho-ro'neus 
Pho-ti'nua 
Phra-a'teg, 6 
Pbra-or'teg, 6 
Pbron'i-ma, W. Py 
Pbryg'i-a 
Phryn'i-^hus 
Pbry'nis 
Phryx'us 
Pbtbi-o^tia, 14 
Pby'a 
Phy'cua 
Phyl'a-ce 
Pby'le 
PbyFli-us 
Pi-a'li-a, W. S. 
Pi^en-ti'ni 
Pi-ce'num 
Pi-e'ri-a 
Pi'e-ri'a, or 

Pi'e-re'a, a 
nymph. 
Pi-er'i-deg, 6 
Pi'e-rua 
Pi'e-tas 
Pi-la'tus 

(Pi'late) 
Pi-na'ri-us 
Pin'da-rus 

(Pin'dar) 
Pi-re'ne 
Pi-rith/o-us 
Pi-san'der 
Pi-sau'rus 
Pi-sid'i-a 
Pis'is-trat'i-daB 
Pia'is-trat'i-deg, 8 
Pi-sis'tra-tus 
Pi-tho'le-on, C. L 
Pifthe-ua, or 

Pit'theus 
Pla-cen'ti-a, 10 



494 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Pla-cid'i-a, W. S. 
Pla-na'si-a, 10 
Pian-cPna 
Pla-tae'a 
Pla-tae'ae 
Pla'to 

Plau'ti-a'nus, 10 
Plau'tus 
Ple'ia-deg (ple'ya-) 

or Ple-i'a-d«£, 6» 
Ple-Po-ne 
Plin'i-us 

(Plin'y) 
Plis'the-nes, 6 
Plis-tPnus, Pw. W. 
Plis-to'a-nax, or 

Plis-to'nax 
Plot/i-nop'o-li3 
Plo-tPnus 
Plu-tar'ebus 

(Plu'tarek) 
Plu'to 
Poeg'i-le, 5 
PoPe-mon 
Po'li-or-ce'tes, 6 
Po-lPteg, 6 
Pol-len'ti-a, 10 
PoPli-o 
Po'ly-ae'nus 
Po-lyb'i-us 
PoPy-car'pus 

(PoL'y-carp) 
PoPy-cleg, 6 
Pol'y-cle'tus 
Po-lyd'a-mas 
PoFy-dec'leg , 6 
Pol'y-do'ra 
PoPy-do'rus 
PoPyg-no'tus 
PoPy-hym'ni-a, or 

Po-lym/ni-a 
PoPym-nes'tor 
PoPy-nPces, 6 
PoPy-pe'moa 
PoPy-per'«bon 
PoPy-pbe'mus 

(Pol'y-pkeme) 
Po-lyx'o 
Po-me'ti-a, or 

Po-me'ti-i, 10 
Po-mo'na 
Pom-pe'i-a (-pe'ya) 
Pom/pe-i-a'nus 

(-pe-ya'nus) 
Pom-pe'i-i (-pCyi) 
Pom-pe'i-us (-yus) 

(Pom'pey) 
Pom-piPi-us 
Pom-po'ni-us 
PotPti-cus 
Pon-tPna 
PoiPti-us, 10 
Po-piPi-us 
Pop-liCo-la 
Pop-pae'a 
Por/ci-a, 10 
Por-serPna, or 

Por'se-na 
Pos'i-de'uni 
Pos'i-do'ni-us 
Pos-thu'mi-us . 
Pot'a-mus 
Pot/i-dae'a 
Pot/ni-aa 
Prae-nes'te 
Prae'tor 

Prat/Pnas, W. S. 
Prax-it'e-le?. 6 



Pri-am'i-deg, 6 
PrPa-mus 

( Pri'am) 
Pri-a'pus 
Pris'ci-a'nus, 10 

(Pris'cian) 
Pro'bus, M. 
Pro'cas 
Pro'cleg, 6 
Proc'on -iie'sus 
Pro-co'pi-us 
Pro-crus'tes, 6 
Proc'u-le'i-us 

(-yus) 
Proc'u-lus' 
Pro'cy-on (-shi-on) 
Prod'i-cus 
Pro-me'the-us, or 

Pro-me'theus 
ProD/o-mus 
Pro-per'ti-us, 10 
Pro-poiPtis 
Pro-ser'pi-na 

( Proper-pine) 
Pro-tes'i-la'us 
Pro'te-us, or 

Pro'teus 
Pro-tog'e-neg, 6 
Prox'e-nus 
Pru-derPti-us, 10 
PnPsi-as., 10 
Pryt'a-neg, 6 
Pryt/a-ne'um 
PsauPa-the, 14 
Psam-met/i-ebus , 
14, C. L. 

PsanPme-tPehus, 
14, K. 
Psyche, 14 
PtoPe-mae'um, 14 

Ptol^e-ma-e'um, 
14 
Ptol'e-mae'us, 14 

( Ptol'e-my) 
PtoPe-ma'is, 14 
Pub-lic'o-la 
Pub'li-us 

Pul-ehe'ri-a. S. W. 
Pu/ni-cum BePlum 
PiPpi-e'nus, <S. W. 
Pu-te'o-li 
Pyg-ma'li-on 
PyPa-deg, 6 
Pyr'a-mus 
Pyr'e-nae'i 
Pyr'e-naB'us 
Py-thag'o-ras 
PyttPe-as 
Pytb/e-us, or 

Py'theus 
PytiPi-a 
Pyth'i-as 
Pyth'i-us 
Py'tbon 
Pytb'o-nis'sa 



Quir'i-na'li-a 
Quir'i-na'lis 
Qui-rPnus 
Qui-rPtes, 6 



R. 



Ra-bir'i-us 

Ra-ini'seg, 6, C. W, 

Re-giPia 

Re-giPlrj 

Reg'u-lus 

ReuPu-lus 

Re-iniPri-a 

Re'inus 

Rhad'a-marPthus 

Rhae'ti, or Rae'ti 

Rbae'ti-a, 10 

Rhe'a 

Rhe'gi-um 

Rhe'nus 

Rhe'sus 

Rhi-phse'i 

Rhod'o-pe 

Rho-do'pis 

Rho'dus 

Rhoe'bus 

Rhoe-te'um 

Piboe'tus 

Rho'sus 

Rhox-a'ne, or 

Rox-a'ne 
Rhox'o-la'ni 
Rhu-te'ni, and 

Ru-tbe'ni, C. W. 
Rhyn'da-cus 
Rig'o-du'lum, K. 
Ro-ma'ni 
RonPu-lus 
Ros'ci-us, 10 
Rox^-la'ni 
Ru'bi-con, and 

Ru'bi-co 
Ru-bi'go 
Ru'gi-i 
Ru-piPi-us 
Rus'ti-cus, S. Py. 
Ru-te'ni 
Ru-tiW-us 
Ru^u-li 
Ru'tu-pse 



Sa'li-i 
Sal-lus'ti-us, 10 

(Sal'lust) 
Sa-lo'ine 
Sa-lo'na, or 

Sa-lo'naB 
Sal'o-ni'na 
Sal'o-ni'ous 
SaKvid-i-e'aus, 

S. W. 
SaPvi-us 
Sa-ma'ri-a, F. S. 

SanPa-rPa 
Sa'rue 
Sa'mi-a 
Sam-nPtae 
Sam -nP teg, 6 

( Sam'nites) 
Sa'mos 
Sa-mos'a-ta 
Sam'o-thra'ce, or 

Sam'o-thra'ci-a, 
10 
San'cho-ni'a-thon 

San^ho-ni-a'- 
thon, Sch. 
San'dro-cot'tus 
San-ga'ri-us 
San'to-neg, 6 
Sa'por 
Sa^a-ce'De 
Sa-ran'ges, 6 
Sar'da-na-pa'lus 
Sar-din'i-a 
Sar'ma-taa 
Sar-ma'ti-a, 10 
Sa'ron 
Sar-pe'don 
Sar'si-na 
Sa'son 

Sa-tas'pe§,6 [W. S. 
Sat'i-bar-za'neg, 6 
Sat/ra-pe'ni 
Sat'ri-cum 
Sat'u-ra 
Sat'ur-na'li-a 
Sa-tur'ni-a 
Sat/ur-nPnus 
Sa-tur'nus 
Sat'y-rus 
Sa'vus 
Sax^o-neg, 6 



Se-bas'te Si-sam'neg, 6 

Seb'as-te'a, or Sis'i gam'bis, or 

Seb'ai-ti'a Sis'y -gam'bis 

Seb'e-da [L. C. Sis^y-phus 



Seb / en-ny'tU8 
Se-du'ni 
Se-du'si-i, 10 
Se-ge'ti-a, 10 
Seg'on-tPa-ci 
Se-go'vi-a 
Se'gu-si-a'ni, 10 
Se-ja'nus 
Se-le'ne 
Sel'eu-ci'a, or 

SePeu-ce'a 
(Se-leu'ci-a) 
Se-leu'cis 
Se-li'nus 

Sel'i-iius, For. 
Sel-la'si-a, 10 
Sem'e-le 
Se-mir'a-mis 
Sem/no-neg, 6, also So-sib4-us 

Sem-no'neg So-sic'ra-teg 



Si-taPces 
Smi^lax'' 
Smin'the-us, or 

Smin'theus 
Soc'ra-teg, 6 
Soe'mi-as, S. U 
So-lPnus 
So'lon 
Sol'y-ma 
Sop'a-ter 
So'phax 
Soph'o-cle*^ 
Sopb'o-nis'ba 
So'phron 
Sopli'ro-nis'cus 
So-rac'tes, 6, and 

So-rac'te 
So'si-a. 10 



S. 



Q. 



Qua'di 

Quaes-to'reg, 6 
Qui-e'tus 
Quinc'ti-us, 10 
Quin/de-cim'vi-ri 
Quin'quen-na'les, 6 
Quin'til-i-a'nus 
%Quin~til'i-an) 



Sa-b»3'i 

Sa-bel'li 

Sa-bePlus 

Sa-bi^i 

Sab^a-ta 

Sab^-ra 

Sa^33 

Sag'a-ris 

Sa-gifta 

Sa-gun'tum, or 

Sa-gun^us 
Sa'is 

SaPa-mi'na 
SaPa-mis 
Sa-la'pi-a 

Sa-la'pi-ae 
Sa-las'si 

Sa-le'i-us (-le'yus) 
SaPen-ti'ni 
Sa'li-a, W. Fac 



S^as'Ta 

S^aeT'o-la 

Sca-man'der 

Scan'di-na'vi-a 

Scap'u-la 

Scau'rus 

S^ed^-sus, W. Pw. 

ScePe-ra'tus 

Sehe'di-a, S. W. 

Spi/a-thos 

SpPnis 

Sfi-o'ne 

S^i-pi'a-daa 

S^ip'i-o 

Sfi'ron 

Sco'pas 

Scor-dis/ci, and 

Scor-dis^ae 
Scri-bo/ni-a 
Scri-bo'ni-us 
S^yl-lae'um 
S9y'ro8 
Sfy'thse 
S^yth'i-a 
Syy-thop'o-lis 



bem-pro'ni-a 

Sem-pro'ni-us 

Se-na'tus 

Sen^e-ca 

Sep-tem / vi-ri 

Sep-tim'i-us 

Seq'ua-ni 

Se-ra'pis 

Se-re^a 

Se're-ni-a'nus 

Se'reg, 6 

Ser'gi-us 

Se-ri'pbus, 

Ser-ra'nus 

Ser-to'ri-us 

Ser-viPi-a 

Ser-viPi-us 

Ser'vi-us 

Se-sos^ris 

Se^a-bis 

Se-ve'rus 

Sex'ti-a, 10 

Sex-tiPi-us 

Si-byPla 

Si-canPbri 

Si-ca/ni, and 

Sic'a-ni 
Si-^has/us 
Si^i-nus 
Sic/o-rus 
Sic'u-li 

Si9 / y-on(sisb / i on) 
Sid'o-nis, or 

Si-do' nis 
Si-ge'um 
Si-la'nus 
Si-le'nus 
SiPi-us 
Si-hPreg, 6 

SiPu-reg 
Sil-va'nus 
Sim'i-lis 

Sim'mi-as, S Sch. 
Sim'o-is 
Si-mon'i-deg, 6 
Sim-plic'i-us, 10 
Sin'o-e 
SPnon 
Si-no/pe 
Sip'y-lus 
Si-re'negjG 

( Si'rens) 
SPris 
Sir'mi-o 



So-sig'e-neg, 6 
So'si-i, 10 
So-sip'a-ter 
So-sis'tra-tus 
Sos'the-neg, G 
Sos'tra-tng 
Sot'a-dfg, 6 
Softer 
So-zom'e-nus 

(Soz'o mm) 
Spar'ta-cus 
Spar-ta'ui, or 

Spar'ti-a'tae, 10 
Spar'ti-a'nus, 10 
Speu-sip'pus 
Spho'dri-as, L. W. 
Spitb/rf-da'teg, 6 
Spo-le'tum 
Spor'a-deg, 6 
Spu'ri-us 
Sta'bi-ae 
Sta-gPra 
Sta'i-us (sta'yus) 
Sta-siCra-teg, 6 
Sta-tiPi-us 
Sta-ti'ra 
Sta'ti-us, 10 
Sta'tor 
Steph'a-nus 
Stes'i-la'us, Sw. 
Ste-sim'bro-tus 
Sthen'e-le 
Sthen'e-lus 
StiPi-cho 
Sto'i-ci (Sto'ics) 
Stra'bo 

Stra'to, or Stra'ton 
Strat'o-cleg, 6 
Strat/o-nPce 
Stroph'a-deg, 6 
Stry'mon 
Stu-be'ra, K. 
Stym-pha'lus 
Su-bUc'i-us, 10 
Su-bur'ra 
Su'cro 
Su-es'sa 
Sues'so-neg, 6, or 

Sues-so'neg 
Sue-to'iii-us 
Sue'Ti 
SuPo-neg, 6 
For. W. 

Sui-o'neg, K 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES, 



495 



Sul-pifi-a, or 
Sul-pic'i-a, 10 

Su'o-ve-tau-ril'i-a 

Su'sa-na, W. L. 

Syb'a-ri'ta 
(Syb'a-rite) 

Sy'e-ne 

Sy-en'rie-sis 

Sym'ma-ehus 

Sym-pleg'a-deg, 6 

Sy-ne'si-us,10,S.Z.. 

?y'phax 

iyr'a-cu'sae 
(Syr'a-cus^) 

Sy'ros 



Ta-au'teg, 6 

Ta'ebos 

Ta<j'i-tus 

Taen'a-rus, 5 

Ta'gus 

Tain'e-sis 

C Thames) 
Tan'a-gra, C. L. 

Py- 

Ta-na'gra 

Tan'a-is 

Tan'a-quil 

Tan'ta-lus 

Ta-prob'a-ne 

Ta-ren' turn, or 

Ta-ren'tus 
Tar-pe'i-a (-ya) 
Tar-pe'i-us ( -yus) 
Tar-quin'i-a 
Tar-quin'i-i 
Tar-quin'i-us 

( Tar'quin) 
Tar'ra-ci'na 
Tar'ta-rus 
Ta'ti-a'nus, 10 

(Ta'tian) 
Ta'ti-en'seg, 6, 10 
Ta'ti-us, 10 
Tau'ri-ca 
Tau'ro-inin'i-um 
Tau'rus 
Ta-yg'e-te, or 

Ta'y-ge'ta 
Ta-yg'e-tus, or 

Ta-yg'e-ta 
Te-a'num 
Te'a-rus 
Tec-tos'a-geg, 6, or 

Tec-tos'a-gae 
Te'£e-a 

Te'i-us (te'yus) 
Tel'a-mon 
Te-leb'o-as 
Tel'e-cles, 6 
Tel'e-cli'deg, 6 
Te-leg'o-nus 
Te-lem/a-ehus 
Tel'e-pbus 
Tel'e-si-ni'cus 
Tel'e-si'nus 
TeUe/aas 
Tel'li-as, W. S. 
Te-los 
Tel-phu'sa 
Tem'e-nus 
Tem'e-sa, or 

Tem'e-se 
Teneh-te'ri 



Ten'e-dos 
Te'neg,6 
Ten'ty-ra 
Te'os, or 

Te'i-os 
Te-ren'ti-a, lJ 
Te-ren'ti-us, 10 

( Ter'ence) 
Te / re-us, or 

Te'reus 
Ter-ges'te, and 

Ter-ges'tuni 
Ter'i-da/teg, 6 
Te-ri'o-li 
Ter'ine-rus 
Ter'rni-na'li-a 
Ter'mi-nus 
Terp-sieb'o-re 
Ter'tul-li-a'nus 

( Ter-tul'li-an) 
Te'thys 
Te-trap'o-lis 
Tet'ri-cus 
Teu'cer 
Teu'to-ni, and 

Teu'to-neg, 6 
Tha-be'na, K. 
Tha'is [W. 

Tha-las'si-us,^^. 
Tba'leg, 6 
Tha-li'a 

Tbam'y-ris, S. C.L. 
Thap'sa-cus 
Tha<si-us, 10 
Tba'sos 
Tba'sus 

The-a'ao [M. 

Tbe-ar'i-das, S. W. 
Tbe'bas 
Theb'a-is, C. Fac. 

The-ba'is, K. F. 
Tbe'inis [M. 

Them'i-son 
Tbe-mis'to-cleg, 6 
The'o-cleg, 6 
Tbe-oc'ri-tus 
The'o-dec'teg, .6 
The'o-do'ra 
Tne'o-do-re'tus 
Tbe-od'o-ri'cus 

( Tke-od'o-ric) 
The'o-do'rus 
The'o-do'si-us, 10 
The-od'o-ta 
The-od'o-tus 
The'on 

The-oph'a-neg, 6 
Tbe-opb'i-lus 
The'o-phras'tus 
The'o-ti'mus 
Tbe'ox-e'ni-a, S. W. 
Tbe-raru'e-neg, 6 
Ther-mo'don 
Tber-mop'y-lje 
Tber-sil'o-«hus 
Tber-si'teg, 6 
The-se'is 
The'se-us, or 

The'seus 
Thes-moth'e-tse 
Thes-pi'a 
Thes-sa'li-a 
Thes'sa-lo-ni'ca 
Thes'sa-lus 
Thesis 

Thir'mi-da, Fac.M. 
Tho'as 



Tbra'ci-a, 10 

( Thrace) 
Thra'so 
Tbras'y-bu'lus 
Thra-syl'ius 
Thras'y-me'nus 
Tbu-cyd'i-deg, 6 
Thu'le 
Tbu'ri-i 
Tby'a-deg, 6 
Thy'a-ti'ra 
Tny-es'teg, 6 
Tny-moe'teg, 6 
Ti-be'ri-as 
Tib'e-ri'nus 
Tib'e-ris 
Ti-be'ri-us 
Ti-buWus 
Ti'bur 

Ti-ci'nus, a river 
Ti-fe'r'num 
Tig'el-ii'nus 
Ti-gel'li-us 
Ti-gra'neg, 6 
Tigris 
Tig'u-ri'ni 
Ti-mae'a 
Ti-ruae'us 
Ti-mag'e-neg, 6 
Ti-ma'vus 
Tim'o-cle'a 
Ti-mo'cre-on 
Ti-ino'le-on 
Ti'mon 
Ti-mo'the-us 
Ti'pbys 
Ti-resi-as, 10 
Tir'i-da'te§, 6 
Ti-ryn'tbus 
Ti-sam/e-nus 
Ti-sipb'o-ne 
Tis'sa-pber'neg, 6 
Ti-ta/neg, 6 
Ti-ta/ni-a 
Ti-ta'nus 

( TV tan) 
Titb'e-nid'i-a 
Ti-tho'nus 
Ti-tin^-us 
Ti'tus 
Tit'y-rusl 
Tit/y-us 
Tor-qua'tus 
To-ryne 

Tox-ic'ra-te^w. W 
Traeb'a-lus 
Traeb'o-ni'tis 
Traj'a-nop'o-lis 
Tra-ja'nus 

( Tra'jan) 
Tre-ba'ti-us, 10 
Tre-bel'li-a'nus 
Tre'bi-a 
Tre-bo'ni-us 
Trev'e-ri, or 

Trev'i-ri 
Tri-a'ri-us 
Tri-baPJi 
Tri€ / as-ti'ni 
Tri-cip'i-ti'nus 
Tri-den'tum 
TriFo-li'nus 
Tri-gem/i-na 
Tri-na'cri-a, or 

Trin'a-cris 
Trin'o-ban'teg, 6 
Trip'o-li3 
Trip-toye-mus 



Triq'ue-tra 

Tris'me-gis'tus 

Triton 

Tri-vi/cum 

Tro'a-deg, 6 

Tro'as 

Trog-lod'y-tse 

Trog'lo-dy'tae, 
For. 
Tro'gus Pom-pe'i- 

us (-yus) 
Tro'i-lus 
Tro^ja 

( Troy) 
Tro-pbo'ni-us 
Tru-eu'tum 
Tryph'i-o-do'rua 
Try-pho'sa 
Tu-be'ro 
Tu-is'to, or 

Tu-is^o 
Tuiai-a 
Tul-li'o-la 
Tul'li-us 

(Tul'ly) 
Tu^nis, or Tu/nes^ 
Tu'ro-neg, 6 
Tur'pi-o 
Tus'cu-ia'num 
Tus'cu-lum 
Tu'ti-a, 10 
Ty'a-na 
Ty'a-nae'us 
Tyeb'i-us 
Tyd'e-us, or 

Ty'deus 
Ty'di-dej, 6 
Tyn-dar'i-des, 6 
Tyn-da'ris 
Tyn-da'rus [W. 
Tyn'ni-ebus, Pw. 
Ty-pbo'e-us, or 

Ty-pho'eus 
Ty'phon 
Ty-ran'ni-on 
Tyr'i-da'teg, 6 ; see 

Tiri dates. 
Tyr-rhe'ni 
Tyr-rbe / num 
Tyr-rbe'nus 
Tyr-tae'us 
Ty'rus 



V i-le'ri-a'nus Vi-tel'li-us 

( Va-le'ri-an) Vi-tru'vi-us 

Va-le'ri-us Vit-u-la 

Van-da'li-i, W. Sch . Yog'e-sus 



( Van 1 dais) 
Vaii-gi/o-nes,, 6 
Van'ni-us 
Va-ra'tieg, 6 

W. M S. 
Var-dag'i 
"Va/rus 
Vas'co-nes, 6 



Vo-^sus, For. 
Vol / a-ter'ra 
Vo-log'e-seg, 6, M 
Vol-tin / i-a 
Vo-lu'bi-lis, E. 
Vo-lum'na 
Vo-lum'ni-a 
Vo-lum'ni-us 



Vas-co' nei,Strabo Vo-lum/nus 
Vat'i-ca'nus Vo-lu'pi-a 

( Vat'i-can) [Fac. Vol'u-se'nus, 5. W. 
Vec-to'neg, 6, C. Vo-lu'si-us, 10 



Vecao-neg, K. F. 
For. S. 
Ve-ge'tius, 10 
Ve'i-i (ve'yi) 
Ve-la'brum 
Ve-li'trae 
Vel-le'i-us Pa-ter' 

cu-lus 
Ve-na/frum 
Ven'e-di 
Ven'e-ti 
Ve-ne'ti-a, 10 

( Ven'ice) 
Ve'rius 

Ve-nu'si-a, 10 
Veiycin-get'o-rix 
Ver-gil'i-a 
Ver-gin/i-us 
Ver^-tas 
Yer'o-man'du-i 
"Ve-ro'na 
Ver'o-ni'ca, L. 
Ver'ri-us 
Ver/tum-na'li-a 
Ver-tum/nus 
Ver'u-la'nus 
Ve^us 



VoPu-sus 
Vo'lux 
To-ma'nus 
Vo-no'neg, 6 
Vo'ti-e'tius, 10 
Vul-ca'nus 
( Vul'can) 



X. 



w. 



Xan'thi-ca 
Xan-tbip'pe 
Xe-nag'o-ras 
Xe-ni-'a-des , 6 
Xe'ni-us, C. S. W. 
Xen'o-cle'a 
Xc^o-cleg, 6 
Xe-noc'ra-teg, 6 
Xe-nod'a-mus, 
Sch. W. 
Xen-'o-da'mus 
Xe-nod'i-ce 
Xe-nod'o-ehus 
Xe-nopb'a-neg, 6 
Xe-nopb/i-lus 



Ves-pa'si-a'nus, 10 Xen'o-pbon 



U. 

U-cal/e-gon 
Ul'pi-a'nus 

( Ul'pi-an) 
U-lys'se.5,6 
Um / bri-a 
U-ra / ni-a 
U-ra'nus 
U'ti-ca 

Ux-el'lo-du'num 
Ux'i-i (uk'shl-i) 

W. S. Sch. 



( Ves-pa'si-an) 
Ves-ta'leg, 6 
Ves-ta'li-a 
Ves-ti'iii 
Ves-ti'nus 
Ves'vi-us 
Vet'e-ra 
Vet/ti-us 
Ve-tu'ri-a 
Ve-tu'ri-us 
Ve'tus 
Vi-a'drus, Sch. 



Xy'ehus 



Zab'a-tus 
Za-cyn^hus 
Za-leu'cus 
Za-moIx / is 
W. Ze^o 



Vi'a-drus, M. 
Vi-bid'i-a, S. W. 
Vi-bid'i-us, 5. W. 
Vib'i-us 
Vi'bo 

Yi-bul'li-us 
Vi'ca PCta 
Vi-ceu'ti-a, 10 
Vi-ce^ti-a, 10 
Vic-to'ri-a 
Vic-tCri-us 
Vim'i-na'lis 



Ze-no'bi-a 
ZeiVo-do'rus 
Ze-nod'o-tus 
Zeph'y-rus 

(Zeph'yr) 
Ze-ryn'thus 
Ze-tbeg, 6, or 

Ze^tus 
Zeux'i-da'mus 
Zeux'is 
Zi-poe'teg, 6 
[L. Zo'i-lus 



V- 



Vin-cen'ti-us, 10,5". Zo'no-ras, 
Via-dePi-ci [S. L. W. S. M. 

Vin-dic'i-us, 10, W. Zo-na'ras, Py. 
Vip-sa'ni-a, 5. Sch. Zo-pyr'i on, W. £. 



Va'leng 

Val / en-tin / i-a'nus 
( Val'en-tin'i-an) 
Ya-le'ri-a 



Vir-^il'i-us 
( Vfrtgil) 
Vir-gin/i-a 
Yir'i-a'tbus 
Vi-sig'o-thse, &. 
Vis'tu-la 



Zop'y-rus 
Zor'o-as'treg, 6 
( Zo'ro-as'ter) 
Zos'i-mus 
Zyg'i-i : see C 
Zy-gop'o-Us 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 



The following Vocabulary contains a careful selection of 
such Scripture names as present any difficulty of pronun- 
ciation ; but classical names occurring in the Scriptures, 
and given in the preceding vocabulary of Greek and Latin 
names, are for the most part omitted. That mode of pro- 
nunciation which is deemed to be best supported, is given 
first, and any other pronunciation which has, to any con- 
siderable extent, the sanction of present and reputable 
usage, is subjoined as an alternative mode. The names 
have been accented, divided into syllables, and marked in 
accordance with the system of notation employed in the pre- 
vious part of this work. The consulter will not, therefore, 
require any Rules to guide him to a correct pronunciation 
of the names here given, but with reference to those which 
are omitted, it wiU be well for him to remember, — 



1. That, in* words of two syllables, the accent is uni- 
formly on the first. 

2. That, in words of two syllables in which the accented 
vowel is separated from the next syllable by only one con- 
sonant or by a consonant digraph, the consonant or the 
digraph goes to the following syllable ; as, A' din, Jo'tkam. 

3. That ch always has the sound of k. 

4. That g is always hard, as in go. 

5. That every final i forming — with or without a pre- 
ceding consonant — a distinct syllable, has its long sound; 
as in A'l, Ab'dl. 

6. That the terminations ites and enes (as in Gil'e-ad- 
ites, Gad 1 a-r enes, &c.) are pronounced in one syllable. 

7. That in other respects Scripture names usually foUow 
the analogy of Latin pronunciation. See p. 487. 



A. 



A'a-lar 

Aa'ron (a'ron) 

Ab-a-eiie 

A-bad'don 

AVa-di'as 

Ab'a-na 

Ab'a-rim 

Ab'de-el 

Ab-dFas 

Ab'di-el 

A-bed'-ne-go', or 

A-bed'ne-go 
A'bel-beth-ma'a- 

«hah 
A'bel-ma/im 
A/Jbel-me-ho'lah 
A/bel-mlz'ra-Tm 
A'bel-shit'tim 
A-bi'a 
A'M-al'bon 
A-bi'a-saph 
A-bl'a-thar 
A-bl'dah 
Ab'i-d&n 
A'bi-el, or 
_ A-bi'el 
A'bi-e'zer 
Ab'i-ha'il 
A-bl'hu 
A-bl'hud 



A-bl-jah 

A-bl'jam 

Ab'i-le'ne 

A-bim'a-el 

A-bim / e-le€h 

A-bin'a-dab 

Ab'i-ner 

A-bin'o-am 

A-bPram 

A-bl'ron 

Ab'i-se'I 

Ab'i-shSg 

A-bish/a-I 

A-blsh'a-lom 

Ab'i-shu'a 

Ab'i-shur 

Ab'i-sfiin 

Ab'i-tal 

A-bl'tub 

A-bFud 

A'bra-ham 

Ab'sa-lom 

A-bu'bus 

A^/a-tan 

Ae'ea-ron 

A-^el'da-ma 

A-eha/ia (-ya) 

A-€ha/i-€us 

Xeh'bor 

A'ehi-aeh'a-rus 

A-^hi'as 

A'ehi-or 

A-^hl'tob 



A^h'me-tha 


A-du'el 


A-his'a-maeh 


A-eh'sa 


A'e-dFas 


A-hish'a-har 


Xc/i-pha (as'i-fa) 


iE'ne-as 


A-hl'shar 


Ac/i-tho (as'i-tho) 


Ag'a-ba 


A-hith'o-phel 


A-eu'a 


Xg'a-bGs 


A-hl'tub 


Ad'a-dah 


Ag'a-renes/ 


Ah'lai 


Ad'a-T'ah 


Ag'e-e 


A-ho/ah 


A-da/li-a 


Ag-ge'us 


A-ho'hlte 


Ad'a-mah 


A-grip'pa 


A-ho'lah 


Ad'a-mi 


A-haVah 


A-ho'li-Sb 


Xd'a-sa 


A-haVhel 


A-hCH-bah 


Xd'be-el 


A-has'a-i 


A'ho-lib'a-mah 


Xd'i-da 


A-haVba-i 


A-hu'ma-i 


A'di-el 


A-has'u-e'rus 


A-hu'zam 


Xd'i-na 


A-ha'va 


A-huz'zath 


Xd'i-no or A-dl'no 


A'ha-zl'ah 


A'T 


Ad'i-nus 


A-hFah 


A-T'ah, or A/jah 


Ad'i-tha'im 


A-hi'ain 


A-I'ath 


Ad'la-I 


A-hFan 


A-T/ja 


Ad'ma-tha 


A'hi-e'zer 


Ay 'a- Ion (aj'al-on) 


A-do'nl-be'zek 


A-hl'hud 


Aij'e-leth Sha'har 


A-don'i-can 


A-hi'jah 


(aj'e-lSth) 


Ad'o-nl'jah 


A-hT'kam 


A'in 


A-don'i-kam 


A-hi'lud 


A-I'rus 


Ad / o-ni'ram 


A-hTm / a-Sz 


Xj'a-lSn 


A-do'nl-ze'dek 


A-hii'man 


A-la'meth 


A-do'i-a 


A-him'e-leeh 


A-lam'me-leeh 


Ad'o-ra'im 


A-hi'moth 


Al'a-moth 


A-do'ram 


A-hin'a-dab 


Al^i-mus 


A-dram'me-l Seh 


A-hm'o-am 


Al'e-ma 


Xd'ra-myt'ti-um 


A-hFo 


Xl'e-me'th, orA-W- 


A'dri-a 


A-hl'ra 


meth 


A'dri-el 


A-hl'ram 


Al'ej-an'dri-a 



A-11'ah 

A-li'an 

Al'lon-baeh'uth 

Al-mo'dad 

Al'mon-dib'la- 

tha'im 
Al'na-thSn 
Al-phae'us, or Al- 

phe'us 
Al'ta-ne'us 
Al-tAs>€hith 
A-mSd'a-tha 
A-mad'a-thus 
Am'a-lek 
Am'a-na, or A- 

ma'na 
Am'a-rl'ah 
Am'a-rl'as 
Am'a-sa 
A-mas'a-i 
A-mas^a-I 
Am'a-sl'ah 
Am'a-the'is 
Am'a-thTs 
Am'a-zl'ah 
A-med'a-tha 
A-mnVa-dab 
A-mit/tai 
A-miz/a-bSd 
Am'mi-doi 
Am'mi-el 
Am-mFhud 
Am-mTn'a-dSb 



a, e, i, o, Q, y, long; 5, e, t, o, ti, f, short ; care, far, ask, all, wh^t ; fere, vgil, tSrm ; pi'que, firm; sdn, 



am 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



Am-muFa-dTb 

AnFmi-shad'da-I 

Ani-miz'a-bad 

AnFo-rlte 

Am-phlp'o-lis 

AnFpli-as 

Am'ra-phel 

An'a-el 

An'a-ha'rath 

An'a-Fah 

An'a-klm 

.An'a-mim 

A-nanFme-leeh 

A-na'nl 

An'a-nFah 

An'a-nFas 

A-nan'i-el 

An'a-thoth 

An'dro-nF^us 

An'e-toth'Ite 

A'ni-am 

An'na-Ss 

An-niFus, or An'- 
nu-Qs 

An'ti-llb'a-nus 

An'ti-oeh 

An'ti-o-chFa 

An-tFo-«hTs 

An-tFo-ehus 

An'ti-pas 

An-tlp'a-ter 

An-tlp'a-tris 

An-to'ni-a 

An'to-thPjah 

An'to-thite 

A-pa'me 

An'to-thite 

A-peFleg 

A-phar'sa^h-Ttes 

A-ph'ar'sath- 
€hltes 

A-phar'sites 

A-phe/kah 

A-phe^e-ma 

A-pher'ra 

A-phFah 

AplFseg 

Ap'ol-lo'ni-a 

Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 

Ap'ol-loph'a-neg 

A-p6Flos 

A-p6Fly-6n (or a- 
poFyon) 

Ap'pa-im 

Ap'phi-a (5f fi-a) 

Ap'phus (affus) 

Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 

Aq/ui-la 

Ar'a-bah 

Ar'a-bat-tha'ne 
(ar'a-bath-tha'ne) 

Ar'a-bat-tFne 

Ar'a-dfis [im 

A/ram-na/ha-ra/- 

A'ram-zo'bah 

AVa-rat 

Ar'a-rSth 

A-ra'theg 

A-rau'nah 

Ar-be'la(m Pal- 
estine) 

Ar-bo'na-T 

AVehe-la'us 

Ar-€h!p 7 pus 

Are-tu'rus 



A-rell 

Ar'e-op'a-gTte 
Ar'e-op'a-gus 
Ar'e-tas (Ur. 'Ape- 

ras) 
A-re'us 
A'ri-a-ra'theg 
A-rTd'a-I 
A-rTd'a-tha 
A-rFeh 
A'ri-el 

Ar'i-ma-the'a 
A'ri-oeh 
A-ris'a-I 
Ar'is-tar'^hus 
Arls-to-bu'lus 
Ar'ma-ged'don 
Ar-mo'nl 
Ar'o-dl 
Ar'o-er 
Ar-phax'ad 
Ar'sanjSg 
Ar'sa-reth 
Ar'te-mas 
Ar'u-both 
A-riFmah 
As'a-dPas 
As'a-el 
As'a-hel 
As'a-hFah 
As'a-Fah 
As'a-na 
A-sar'e-el 
As'a-re'lah 
As-baz'a-reth 
As^ea-lon 
A-s5'as 
A-seb'e-bFa 
As'e-bi'a 
As'e-nath 
A-sS'rer 
Ash'be-a 
Ash'the-naz 
AslFer 
Ash'i-ma 
Ash'ke-lon 
AslFke-naz 
AstFpe-naz 
AslFri-el 
Ash'ta-roth 
Ash'te-moh 
AslFto-reth 
Ash'ur 
As'i-bl'as 
A'si-el 
As'i-pha 
As'ke-lon 
As'ma-veth 
Ag'mo-de'us 
As-nap'per 
As'pa-tha 
As-phar'a-stlg 
As'ri-el 
As'sa-bl'as 
As-saFi-moth 
As'sa-nFas 
As'sa-re'nioth 
As-shy 'rim 
As'si-de'ang 
As'su-e'rus 
As'ta-roth 
As-ty'a-geg 
A-sBp'pim 
A-syn'cri-tus - 
At/a-rah 



A-tar'ga-tis 

At'a-roth 

At'e-re-zl'as 

Ath'a-I'ah 

AttFa-lFah 

Ath'a-rl'as 

Ath'e-no'bi-tis 

Ath'lai 

At'i-pha 

At'tai 

At'ta-11'a 

At'ta-lus 

At-thar'a-teg 

(ath-thar'a-teez) 
Au'gi-a 
Au-ra'nus 
Au-te'as 
Ay'a-ran 
Av'a-ron 
Az'a-el 
Az'a-S'lus 
Az'a-11'ah 
Az'a-nl'ah 
A.-za/phi-6n 
Az'a-ra 
A-z&r'e-el, or A- 

za're-el 
Az'a-rFah 
Az / a-rT'as 
A-za'zel 
Az'a-zFah 
Az-baz'a-reth 
A-ze'kah 
Az'e-phu'rith 
A-ze'tas 
A-zFa 
A-zFe-i 
A'zi-el 
A-zFza 
Az'ma-veth 
A-zo'tus 
Az'ri-el 
Az'ri-kam 
A-zu{bah 
Az'u-ran 



B. 



Ba'al I 

Ba'al-ah 

Ba'al-ath 

Ba'a-le _ 

Ba/al-ba'mon 

Ba/al-ba'nan 

Ba/al-I 

Ba'al-im 

Ba'a-lis 

Ba/al-ze'bub 

Ba'a-nah 

Ba'a-al'as 

Ba'a-ra 

Ba/a-se'iah (-ya) 

Ba/a-sha 

Ba'a-si'ah 

Ba^ehi-deg 

Bac-^hu'rus 

Ba-^e'nor 

Ba-go'as 

Bag'o-i 

Ba-ha/rum-Tte 

Ba-bu'mus 

Ba-hu'rim 

Bak-b5k/kar 



Bak/buk-I'ah 
Balaam (ba'lam), 

or Ba'la-am 
Bal'a-dan 
BaPa-mo 
Ba-las^-mus 
Bal-au'us 
Bal-tba'sar 
Ban'a-I'as 
Ban-na'ia 
Ba-rab'bas 
Bar'a-^hel 
Bar'a-ehi'ab. 
Bar'a-ehT'as 
Bar-hQ/mlte 
Ba-ri'ah 
Bar'na-bas 
Ba-ro'dis 
Bar'sa-bas 
Bar'ta-eus 
Bar-thoFo-mew 
B'ar'ti-me'us 
Ba'ru^h 
Bar-zll'la-i 
Bas'a-lotb 
Bas^a-ma 
Bash'e-math 
Bas'i-lis 
Bas'ta-i 
Bath'-shS'ba, or 

Bath'she-ba 
Bath'-shvj'a. 
Batb'za^b-a-rl'as 
Bav/a-T 
Be'a-li'ab. 
B5'a-16th 
Be'an 
Beb'a-I 
Be'shor 
Be-^ho'ratb. 
Be-e/ti-leth 
Bed'a-I'ah 
Be-d5/iah(-ya) 
Bd'el-I'a-da 
Be-ePsa-rus 
Be'el-teth'mus 
Be-el'ze-bub 
Be'er 
Be-e'rah 
Be'er-e'lim 
Be-e'rT 

Bd'er-la-hai'-roi 
Be-e'roth 
Be'er-sh5 / ba, or 

Be-er'sbe-ba 
Be-esh'te-rah 
Be^e-moth 
Bel'e-mtts 
B3'li-al 
Bel'ma-im 
Bel-shSz'zar 
Be-na'iah (-ya) 
Bert'e-be'rak 
Ben'e-ja'a-kan 
Ben'-ha'dad 
Ben/-ha'il 
Ben'-ba'nan [nu 
Ben'i-nu or Be-nF- 
Ben/ja-min 
Ben'-o'ni 
Ben-Du'I, or Ben / - 

nu-T 
Bgn'-zo'heth 
Bgr'a-^hah 
Ber'a-thl'ah 



Ber'a-I'ah 
Be're-a, 1 Mace, 

ix. 4. 
Be-rS'a, 2 Mace. 

xiii. 4; Acts xvii. 

10, 13, and xx. 4. 
Ber'e-^hl'ah 
Be-rPah 
Be-rFTtes 

Ber-ni'^e [dan 
Be-ro'da^h -bal'a- 
Be-ro^bah 
Ber/o-thid 
Ber-re'tho 
Ber-zG'lus 
Bes / o-d5'iah (-ya) 
Bet^-ne 
Beth-ab'a-ra 
Beth'-a'nath 
Betb/^'noth 
Betb x a-ny 
Betb'-ar'a-bah 
Beth'-a'pam 
Beth'-a'ven 
B e fch'-az'ma- veth 
Beth'-ba'rab 
Beth'-ba'sl 
Beth'-bir'e-T 
Betb'-dlb/la- 

tha'im 
Beth'-e'den 
Beth'-e'inek 
Be-the^'da 
Beth'-e'zel 
Beth'-ga'der 
Beth'-ga'mul 
Beth'-ha^'ge-rem 
Bethz-ha'ran 
Beth'-hog'lah 
Bgtb'-ho'ron 
Beth'-jes'l-moth 
BethMeb'a-oth 
Beth'-le/bem, and 

Betb/le-hem 
Beth-lo'mon 
Beth'-ma'a-^hah 
BCth'-mar'ea-both 
Beth'-me'on 
Bfth'-nirn'rah 
Beth-o'ron 
Beth'-pa'let 
Bgth'-pe'or 
Beth'pba-ge 
Beth'-phe'let 
Beth'-ra'pha, 
Beth'-re'hob 
Beth'-sa'i-da, 
Beth'-sa'mos 
Bethz-she'an 
BCth'-she'mesh 
Beth / -tap'pu-ab 
Be-thu'el 
Beth 'u-ll'a, or Be- 

thii'li-a 
Be-to'li-tis 
Bet/o-mSs'tham 
Bgt'o-nim [lah 
Beu'lah, or Be-ii'- 
Be'zai 
Be-zSl'e-el 
BFa-tas 
BTg'tha-na 
Big'ra-I 
BTFe-am 
Bil'ga- 



497 

BTn'e-a [nu-I 

Bin-nu'i, or Bin'- 

BiVza-Yith. 

Bl-thFah 

Bi-thyn^i-a 

Biz-joth/jah 

Bo'a-ner'geg 

Boch'e-rjj 

Bo/chim' 

Bo'oz 

Bot'o-ra 

Buk-kFah 



€ad/mi-el 

(^aes'a-re'a 

•ea'ia-phas (-ya-fas] 

Ca-Fnan (KcuVap) 

faFa-moi'a-lus 

€al-de/a 

€SFi-tas 

Cal-lis/the-neg 

€aFva-ry 

€'a ; naan (ka'nan, 

or ka'na-an ) 
■ClFnaan-Tte 

(-nan-or-na-an-) 
tan'da-^e 
€a-per / na-Qm 
•Gaph'ar-sal'a-ma 
^a-pben'a-tba 
Ca-pM/ra 
■CSph^ho-rim 
Caph'to-rim. 
Cap/pa-do'ci-a 

(-do'sbi-a) 
Ca^a-ba'^i-on 
Car'tba-mis 
Car^he-mish 
Ca-re/ah 
€S'ri-a 

Car-ma/ni-ang 
Car'na-im 
f'ar'ni-on 
Car/pha-sal'a-ma 
■far'she-na 
Ca-slph'i-a 
Cas'leii 
Cas'lu-him 
-Ca-thiFa 
Ce'dron 
CeFlan 
Cen^hre-a 
Cen^e-be'ua 
yes'a-re'a 
■Cha'di-as 
Chae're-as 
Chal-de^a 
Chan'nu-ne'us 
Char'a-ath'a-lar 
Char'a-ta 
Char'a-shim 
•Char'che-mish 
Cha're-a 
Char'ran 
Chas'e-ba 
^hed/or-la'o-mer 
CheFci-as (-shT-as) 
€he-liFbai 
Chem'a-rimg 
Che-na'a-nah 
^hgn'a-ni 



or, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; e, i, o, silent ; q, g, soft; e, g, hard; ag ; exist ; a as ng ; this. 

8a 



498 

•Chtfn'a -At'ah 

mo'nai 
■Che-phFrah 
Ghe're-as 
GheVath-im* 
■GheVeth-Ites 
€h3'rith 
€!liC' / rub (a city} 
■Ghes'a-lon 
€he-sitFloth 
■Che-thFim 
■Chet-tl'iui 
■ChiFe-ab 
€hiFi-on 
•Chin/ne-reth 
•CMiFrie-roth 
■GhT'os 
€his'leu 
Ghlt/tim 
€hob'a-I 
-Ghor'-a'^'ian 
■Gho-ra/zin 
Coios'a-me'us 
■Gho-zc'ba, 
■Ghu'sha i-rlsh'a- 

tha'im 
Ci-h'ci-a, ( st-lTsb/- 

i-a) 
Cin'ne-1 th 
QnFne-rotb. 
(^ir'a-ma. 

-tlau'di-a 

•Glau'di-us 

■f'le'o-pas 

■eiS'o-^a'tra 

■Gle'o-phas 

CnFdus (nFdus) 

CceFo-syr'i-a 

(seF-) 
Gol-ho'zeh 
•Go'li-us 
•Go-los'se 
■Go-los'si-ans (ko- 

losh'I-anz) 
Go-nFah 
-GorFo-m'ah 
Go'os 
•Go're 
Gor'inth 
Go-rnFthus 
■Gou'tha. (kow'tha) 
■Cu'shan 
GQ'shT 
GQ/thah, or 

Guth'ah 
Cy'a-mon 
Qyr'a-ma 
Cy-re'ne- 
Vy-rG'ni-tis 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



D. 



Dab/a-reh 

Dab'ba-shgth 

»ab'e-r5th 

Da'bri-a 

Da-eo'bl 

Dad-de'iis 

DaFsan 

DaFa-I'ah 

DaFma-im'tha 



Pal-ma' ti-a (-ma/- 

shi-a) 
Dilm'a-ris 
Da-mas'eus 
Dan'i-el, or Dan'- 

iel (-yel) 
Dan'-ja'au 
Dath'e-ma 
Deb'o-rah 
De~eap'o-lis 
D3'dan 
Ded'a-nim 
Pe-ha'vTtes 
Del'a-T'ah 
Del'i-lah 
De-mG'tri-Qs 
DeuFo-phon 
Des'sa-u(Gr. Aeo- 

a-aov) 
De-Q'el 

DeiFter-on'o-my 
Dib'la-nn 
Dib'la-tha'im 
Dld'y-mfis 
DlFe-an 
Di-mo'nah 
Dm'ha-bah, or 

Din-ha'bah 
Dl'o-ny'si-us 

(dFo-nizh'I-us) 
DFos-co-rin'thi-us 
Di-St're-puSs. 
DTz'a-hab 
Pod'a-i 
DSd'a-nTm 
Dod'a-vah 
Po'eg 

Do-rym'e-neg 
Do-sith'e-us 
Do'tha-im 



E. 



E'a-nSs. 

E'bed-mS'leeh^ 

Eb'en-e'zer, or Eb'- 
en-e'zer 

E-bl'a-s&ph 

E-bro'nah 

E-eiFnus 

Ee-bat'a-na 

Ee-ele'ji-as'tes 

E e-«le'£i-as'ti-«us 

Ed-dFas 

Ed're-I 

Eg'la-im 

Ek're-bel 

EFa-dah 

EFa-sah 

E'lath 

EF-beth'-el 

El'ci-a. (el'shi-a) 

£l'da-ah, or El- 
da'ah 

E'le-Sd 

E'le-a'leh 

E-le'a-sa 

E-15'a-sah 

E'le-a'zar 

E'le-a-zQ'rus 

EF-E-lo'he-Is/ra-el 

E-leu'the-rfls 

E-leu'za-I 



El-ha'nan 

E-lFab 

E-lFa-da 

E-lFa-dah 

E-lFa-das 

E-lFa-dun 

E-H'ah 

E-lFah-ba 

E-h'a-kim 

E-lFa-li 

E-lFam 

E-lFa-o'ni-as 

E-11'a-saph 

E-h'a-shlb 

E-lFa-sib 

E-lFa-sis 

E-lFa-thah 

E-lI'dad 

E'li-ei 

E'li-5'na-I 

E'li-5'zer 

E-lFha-ba 

El'i-ho-5'na-I 

EFi-ho'reph 

E-lI'hu 

BrE'jah 

El'i-ka, or E-11'ka 

E'lim 

E-lim'e-lech 

EFi-o-5'na-I 

E'li-o'nas 

El'i-phal 

E-liph'a-ldh 

E-lTph'a-let 

El'i-phaz, or E-1F- 

phaz 
E-lis'a-beth 
EFi-sS'ua 
E-11'sha 
E-Hsh'a-mah 
E-IIsh'a-phat 
E-lTsb/e-ba 
EFi-shu'a 
E-lis'i-mus 
E-lT'u 
E-lFud 
E-liz'a-pban 
EPi-zS'us 
E-li'zur 
EPka-nah 
El'la-sar 
El-mo'dam 
EPna-am 
El'aa-tban 
El'o-htm 
E-151 
El'pa-al 
El'pa-let 
El'-pa'ran 
£l'te-k3h 
EVte-kon [lad 
El-to'lad, or El'to- 
E-m/za-I 
EFy-ma'is 
El'y-mas 
El'y-me'ang 
El'za-bad 
El'za-pbSn 
Em-man'u-el 
Em'ma-us 
E-nSs'i-bus 
E'ne-as (see M- 
„ nfds) 
EnZ-eg^a-im, or 

En'-eg-la'im 



En'e-mes'sar 

E-ne'ni-us 

En'-gan'nim 

En'-go'dl 

En'-hak-ko're 

En'-ba'zor 

En'-ro'^el 

En'-sbe'mesb 

En'-tap-pu'ab 

Ep'a-phras 

E-paph'ro-di'tus 

E-pen'e-tus 

E'phai 

Eph'e-sus 

Eph'pha-tha 

E'phra-Tm 

E'phra-m 

Eph'ra-tah 

E-pTph/a-nG^ 

Ep^-phT 

E-sa'ias (e-za'yas) 

E'sar-badMou 

Es'dra-5'lon 

Es-drS'loii 

Es'e-bon 

E-Sd'bri-as 

Esh'-ba'al 

E'sbe-an 

Esh'ta-ul 

Esh'ta-ul-Ites, or 

Esb'tau-lTtes 
Esh'te-mo'a, or 

Esh-tSm'o-a 
Esh'te-moh 
E-so'ra 
Est'ha-ol 
Es'ther (es'ter) 
Eth/a-nim 
Eth/ba-al 
Eu-bu'lus 
Eu-er'ge-teg 
Eu'me-neg 
Eu'na-tan 
Eu-nT^e, or Eu'- 

Eu-o'di-as 

Eu'pa-tor 

Eu-pbra'tjs 

Eu-pol'e-mtis 

Eu-ro^'ly-don 

Eu'ty-ehtls 

E'vil-me-ro'daeh 

Ez'ba-I 

Ez'e-cbT'as 

Ez'e-rl'as 

E-zi'as 

E'zi-on-ge'ber 



F. 



For'tu-na'tJis 



G. 



Gab'a-el 

Gab'a-tha 

Gab'ba-I 

GSb'ba-tha 

Ga'bri-as 

Ga^bri-el 

GM'a-ra 



GSd'di-el Haeh'mo-nT 

Ga'ius (ga'yus) Haeh'mo-nTte 
Gal'a-ad Had'ad-S'zer 

Ga-la'tia (-lii'shi-a) Had'ar-e'zer 



Gal'e-ed 

GaFga-la 

Gal'i-lee 

GaFli-o 

Giim'a-el 

Ga-ma'li-el 

Gam'ina-dims. 

Gar'i zim 

Ga-za'ra 

Ga-ze'ra 

GG'bal 

(Jed'a-ll'ah 

Ced'e-on 

Ge-dS'rah 

Ged'e-rTte 

Cie-dS'roth 

Ged'e-rotb-a'im 

Ge-ba'zi 

(je-heu'na 

GSl'i-loth 

ijem/a-rl'ah 

( i ie-n8s / a-reth 

Gen^e-sis 

Gen-nd'sar 

Uen-nG'us 

Cie-niFbath 

(JEr / ge-s5ne2 

Ger'i-zim 

Ger-rh5 / ai-aii§ 

_ (-r5>-) 

Gesh'u-rT 

Geth-sem / a-ne 

Ge-Q/el 

Gib'be-thon 

Gib'e-ah 

Gib'e-on 

Gid-daFti 

GTd'e-on 

Gid'e-o'ni 

GTFa-lai 



Had'a-shah, or Ha» 

da'shah 
Ha-d;it'tah 
Had/la-I 
Ha-do'ram 
Ilag'a-bah 
Hag'ga-I 
H&g'ge-ri 
Ilag-yl'ab 
Ha/gi-a 
Ha'I 

Hak'ka-tan 
Ha-ku'pba 
HaFi-ear-nSs'sus 
Ilal-lo'esb 
Ham'i-tal 
Ham-mgd/a-tha 
HaiTFoie-lech 
Ilam-nioFe-kSth 
Ham'mo-nah, vr 

Ham-mo'nab 
Ha-mu / el 
Ha-m u'tal 
Ha-nam'e-el 
lla-nan'e-el 
Ila-na/nT, or Han'- 

a-nl 
Ilan'a-nT'ah 
Han'i-el 
Han'na-thon 
Han'oi-el 
Ha'num 
HSph/a-ra'im 
IIapb-ra / im 
Har'a-dah 
Har-b5'nah 
Har'ha-T'ah 
Har'ne-pher 
mr'o-eh 
Ha'ro-rTte 



Gil-bo'a^rGIl-bo-a Ha-ro^heth 



GTF 

GFlo-nlte 

Gin'ne-tho 

Gin/ne-thon 

GTr'ga-shlte 

Glt^ta-Tm 

GFzo-nite 

GnFdus (nFdus) 

G6Fgo-tha 

Go-lFath 

Gomorrah 

Gor'gi-as 

Gor-ty'na 

Goth'o-lT'as 

Go-thon'i-el 

Gud'go-dab 

GQr'-ba'aJ 



H. 



Ha-ru'maph 
Har'u-phlte, or 

Ha-ru'phTte 
HSa'a-dT'ah 
Hils/e-uu'ah 
Hash'a-bl'ah 
Ha-shab'nah 
Hash/ab-nl'ah 
Hash-baid'a-na 
Hash-mo 'nah 
Ha-shu'bah 
Ha-shiFpba 
Has'se-na'ah 
Ha-su'pha 
Hat^i-pha, or Ha*. 

tFpha 
HaH/i-ta 
Hat-ta'a-vah 
Hat'ti-eon 
HaVi-lah 
HSz^a-el 

Ha-za'iah (-za'yi 1 ) 
Haz'a-zon-tii'mar 
Haz/e-lel-po'nl 



Ha'a-hSsh'ta-rl 

Ha-am'mo-nai 

Ha-ba'iah (-ba'ya) Ha-ze'rim 

Hab'ak-kuk, or Ha-ze'roth 

Ha-bak'kuk Haz'e-zon-ta'-mar 

Hab'a-zi-m'ah Ha'zi-el 

Haeh'a-H'ah Haz'u-bah 

Hach'i-lah Haz'zu-rim 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 6, ii, 5', short; care, tar, ask, all, what, ere, veil, tSrm, pique, firm ; s6n, 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



499 



Heg'a-I 

Hel-ehl'ah 

Hel-^hi'as 

Hel'da-I 

He-lFas 

He'li-o-do'rus 

Hel'ka-I 

Hel-kl'as 

HSn'a-dSd 

Heph'zi-bah, or 

Heph'zi-bah 
Her-mog'e-ne^ 
Her'od 
He-ro'di-as 
He-ro'di-on 
HeVe-ki 
Hez'e-ki'ah 
He'zi-on 
Hez'ra-I 
Hid'da-I 
Hid'de-kel 
HI'el 

HT'e-rap'o-lis 
Hl-er'e-el 
Hl-eVe-tnoth 
HI-er / i-5'his 
HT-er'mas 
HI / e-ron'y-mus 
Hi'e-rij'sa-lem 
Hig-ga'ion (-ga 7 - 

yon) 
Hil-kT'ah 
Hir-ea'nus 
Hiz-kT'ah 
Ho-ba'iah (-ba/ya) 
Hod'a-i'ah 
Hod'a-vi'ah 
Ho-de'vah 
Ho-dT'ah 
Ho-di'jah 
Hol'o-l'er'neg 
Hor'o-na/im 
Hor'o-nite 
Ho-se'a 
Hosh'a-i'ah 
Hosh'a-ma 
Ho-she'a 
Hu'rai 
Hu'shai 
Hy-das'peg 
Hy'iue-nS'us 



Tb/le-am 

Ib-ne'iah (-ne'ya) 
Ib-nl'jah 
leh/a-bod 
I-eo'ni-um 
I-da'lah 
Id'u-el 
Id'u-me'a 
rg'da-ll'ah 
Ig'e-al 
I'im 

Ij'e-ab'a-rim 
Mai 

11-lyVi-eum 
ph'e-de'iah (-ya) 
i-rl'jah 
Ir'-naliash 
I'ron 
Ir'pe-el 



Ir'-she'mesh 

I^aac (I'zak) 

I-ga'iah (I-za/ya) 

Is-ear'i-ot 

jfs'da-el 

Ish'bi-be'nob 

Ish'-bo'sheth 

I-shT'ab 

Ish/ma-el 

Ish'ma-I'ah 

Ish/me-el-Tte 

Ish'me-rai 

Ish'u-ah 

Ish'u-ai 

jfeh'u-i 

Is'ma-ehi'ah 

ls'ma-T'ah 

li'ra-el 

Is'sa-^har 

Js-shl'ah 

Is'tal-eu'rus 

Is'u-ah 

Is/u-T 

Itb'a-i 

Ith'a-mar 

Ith'i-el 

Ith/re-am 

It'ta-1 

It'u-rS'a 

Iz'e-har 

Iz'ra-hT'ah 

Iz're-el 



JS'a-kan 
Ja-ak'o-bah 
Ja-a'lah 
Ja-a/lam 
Ja'a-nai, or Ja-a 7 - 

nai 
Ja-ar'e-or'e-gim 
Ja'a-sau 
Ja-a'si-el 
Ja-aVa-nl'ah 
Ja-a'zer 
Ja/a-zi'ah 
Ja-a'zi-el 
Jab'ne-el 
Ja-da'_u 
Jad-du'a 
Ja/el 

Ja-h51/e-lel 
Ja-ba'zah 
Ja/ha-zi'ah 
Ja-ha'zi-el 
Jah/da-I 
Jab^i-el 
Jab/le-el 
Jah'ma-I 
Jab/ze-rah 
Jah'zi-el 
Ja/ir 

Ja/i-rus, Esther. 
J a-I'rus, New Test. 
Jam/breg 
Jam-nl/a 
Ja-no'ah 
Ja-phi'a 
Japh'le-ti, or 

Japh-le'ti 
JaVe-sI'ah 
Jar'i-moth 



Jar'muth 

Ja-ro'ah 

JaVa-el 

Ja-sho'be-am 

Jasb'ub 

Jasb'u-bT-le'hem 

Jash'ub-ites 

Ja'si-el 

Ja-su'bus 

Jatb'ni-el 

Ja'zi-el 

Je'a-rim 

Je-at/e-rai 

Je-ber'e-ehi'ah 

Je-bu'sT 

Jee'a-ml'ah 

Jeeh'o-LI'ah 

Jeeh'o-nl'as 

Jee'o-li'ah 

JeVo-m'ah 

Jee'o-nl'as 

Je-da/iah (-ya) 

Je-de'iab (-ya.) 

Je-de'us 

Je-dT'a-el 

Jed'i-dah 

Jed'i-dT'ah 

J5/di-el 

Jed'u-thun 

Je-5'1T 

Je-e'lus 

Je-e'zer 

J 5'gar-sa'ha-du'- 

tha 
Je-hi'le-el 
Je'ha-le'le-el 
Je-hal'e-lel 
Jeh-de'iah (ya) 
Je-beVe-kel 
Je-hT'ah 
Je-hi'el 
Je-hi'e-ll 
Je/biz-kl'ah 
Je-ho'a-dah 
Je-ho'a-haz 
Je-ho'ash 
Je'ho-ha'nan, or 

Je-ho'ha-nan 
Je-hoi'a-ehin 
Je-hoi'a-da 
Je-hoi'a-kim 
Je-hoi'a-rib 
Je-hon'a-dab 
Je-hon / a-tban 
Je-ho'ram 
Je'ho-shab'e-ath 
Je-hSsh/a-phat 
Je-hosb^-ba 
Je-bosh'u-a 
Je-ho'vah 
Je-boz'a-bad 
Je-hoz'a-dak 
Je'bu-eal 
Je-bu'dT 
Je'hu-dl'jah 
Je-Fel 
Je-kab'ze-el 
Jek'a-me'am 
Jek'a-mT'ah 
Je-ku'tbi-el 
Je-mT'ma, or 

Jem'i-ma 
Jem'na-Sn 
Je-mu'el 
Je-pbiin'neb. 



Je-rah'me-el 

Jer'e-ehus 

Jer'e-mai 

Jer'e-mi'ah 

Jer'e-moth 

Je-ri'ab. 

Jer'i-bai 

Jer'i-eho 

JG'ri-el 

Je-rl/jah 

Jer'i-moth 

Je'ri-6t_h 

Jer/o-bo'am 

Jer'0-ham 

Je-riib'ba-al 

Je-rub'e-sbeth 

Jer'u-el 

Je-rij'sa-lem 

Je-rij/sha 

Je-sa^ah (-ya) 

Je-sha/iab (-ya) 

Jesh'a-nah 

Je-shar'e-lah 

Je-sheb'e-ab 

jesh'i-mon 

Je-shTsb'a-i 

Jesh^-ba-T'ah 

Jesh'u-run 

Je-sT'ah 

Je-sim'i-el 

Jes'su-e 

Jes'u-T 

Je'u-el, or Je-u'el 

Jez'a-nT'ah 

JCz/e-bel 

Je-zS'lus 

Je-zT 7 ah 

Je'zi-el 

Jez-H'ah 

Jez'o-ar 

Jez'ra-M'ah 

Jez're-el 

Jiph'tha-el 

Jo'a-^baz 

Jo'a-ebim 

Jo'a-da'nus 

Jo'a-haz 

Jo'a-kim 

Jo-a'nan 

Jo'a-rib 

Jo'a-tham 

Jo'a-zSb'dus 

Joeh'e-bed 

Jc-e'lah 

Jo-e / zer 

Jog'be-hah 

Jo-ha/nan 

Jo-ban'neg 

Joi'a-da. 

Joi'a-kim 

Joi'a-rib 

Jok'de-am 

Jok/me-am 

Jok'ne-am 

Jok'the-el 

Jon / a-dab 

Jop'pe 

Jo'ra-I 

Jor'i-bas 

JSr'i-bus 

Jor'ko-am 

Jos'a-bad 

Jos'a-pbat 

Jos'a-pbi'as 

Jos/e-deeh 



Jo-se'phug 

Josh'a-bad 

Josh'a-phat 

Josh'a-vi'ah 

Josh-bek'a-shah 

Jos'i-bl'ah 

Jos'i-phl'ah 

Jot'ba-thah 

Joz'a-bad 

Joz'a-ehar 

Joz-'a-dak 

Ju'sbab-he'sed 



Lem'u-el 
Le-tQ/shim 
Llb'a-nus 
Lo'-Sm'nil, or Lo- 

Sm'mi 
Lo'-de'bar 
Lo'-rij'ha-mah 
Loth / 'a-su'bus 
Ly^e'a-o'ni-a 
Ly-sa'ni-as 
L^'si-as (lish'T-as) 
Ly-sim/a-^hus 



K. 



M. 



Kab'ze-el 

Ka'desb-bar'ne-a 

Kad'mi-el 

Kal'la-T 

Ka-re'ah 

Kiir'ka-a. 

Kar'na-im 

Ked 7 e-mah 

Ked'e-moth. 

KG'desh Naph'ta-H 

Ke-hel'a-tbah 

Kei'lab 

Ke-la'iab 

KeFi-ta 

Ee-mu'el 

Ker^n-bap'pu eh 

Ke'ri-oth 

Ke-tu'rah 

Ke-zl/a 

Kib/roth-hat-ta'a- 

vah 
Kib'za-Tm 
Kid'ron 
KTr'-bar'a-seth 
KTr'-ha-'resb 
Kir-be^es 
Kir^i-ath _ 
KYr/i-a-tba'im 
KTr'i-ath'i-a'ri-us 
KTr'i-oth 
Knyjath-je'a-rim 
RTsh'i-on 
KTt/ron 
KoFa-I'ah 
Kush-a/iab. 



La'a-dah 

La'a-dan 

Lab'a-na 

La/«hish 

La-^u'nus 

La-hai'roi 

La-od'i-ce'a 

Lap'i-dSth 

La-se'a 

La-sha'Ton 

LaVtbe-neg 

Laz'a-rus 

Leb'a-nah 

Leb'a-non 

L6b'a-6th 

Leb-be'us 

Le-bo'nab. 

Le/ha-bim 



Ma'a-ebah 

Ma-afib'a-thi 

Ma-ad'ai 

Ma/a-di'ah 

Ma-a'! ^ 

Ma-aPeh-a-€rab'-* 

bim 
Maa-nl 
Ma'a-rath 
Ma'a-se'iah (-ya) 
Ma-aVi-ai 
Ma'a-sl'as 
Ma ; a-zi'ah 
Mab^da-I 
Mae'a-lon 
Ma.c'-ea-be'us 
MSeh'ba-riai 
Macb'be-nah 
Maeb'na-de'bai 
Mach-pe'lab 
Mad'a-I 
Ma-di'a-bun 
Ma-dl^b 
Ma'di-an 
Mad-me'nah' 
Ma-S'lus 
MagMa-la 
Mag'da-le'ne 
Magjdi-el 
Ma-gid'do 
Mag'pi-ash 
Ma / gor-mis / sa-bTb 
Ma-ha'lah, or Ma'- 

ha-lab 
Ma-ha'Ia-le'el 
Ma'ba-lath 
Ma-ha'le-el 
Ma'ha-IT 
Ma'ba-na'im 
Ma/ha-neb-dan 
Ma-har'a-I 
Ma-ba'zi-oth 
Ma/ber-sbal/al- 

hash'-baz 
Ma-an'e-as 
Mak-he^otb. 
Mak-be'dah 
MaKa-^M 
Mal-thl/ah 
Mal/€hi-el 
Mal-^hT/jah 
Mal-^bi'ram 
JlaKclii-shjj'a 
Ma-le'le-el " 
MaPlo-tbT 
Ma-ma'ias (-ya?) 
Mam-ni'ta -nai 'mus 
Ma-mfi^hus 



or, do, wglf, to"o, to"ck ; urn, rue, pull ; 



o, silent ; 9, g, soft ; e, g, hard ; ag ; exist ; Q as ag ; this. 



500 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



MSn'a-gn 

MSn'a-hSth 

MatPas-sG'as 

Man'li-tts 

Ma-no'ah 

MSr'a-lah 

Mar'a-nath'a, or 

Mar'a-na'tha 
Mar/do-ehd'us 
Ma-rS'shah 
Mar'i-moth 
Mar'i-sa 
Mar'se-na 
Mas'a-loth 
Ma-sPas 
Mas^e-kah 
Mas-sPas 
Math'a-nPas 
Ma-thiPsa-la 
Mat'ta-nah 
Mat'ta-nPah 
Mafta-tha 
Mat'ta-thah 
Mat'ta-thPas 
Mat'te-na'I 
Mat-the'las 
Mat-thPas (math- 

thPas ) 
Mat'ti-thT'ah 
Maz'i-tT'as 
Maz'za-roth 
Me-a'rah 
Me-btin'nai 
Meeh'e-rath-Ite 
Mei'a-ba 
Med'e-ba 
Me-S'da 
Me-bet/a-bel 
Me-bPda 
Me-ho'lah 
Me-hu'ja-el 
Me-hiPman 
Me-hu'nim 
Me'-jar'kon 
Mek'o-nah 
MePa-tPah 
Mel-ehPah 
Mel-ehi'as 
MeP-ehi-el 
Mel-€hig / e-dee 
MePehi-shu'a 
Md'le-a 
MgPi-efl 
MePi-ta 
Me-mu'an 
Men'a-hem 
Me-nes'theus 
Me-orPe-nim 
Me-oiPo-tbai 
Meph'a-'ath 
Me-phib'o-sheth 
MeVa-Pah 
Me-raL'ioth (-yotb) 
MeVa-rT, or Me-ra/- 

rl 
Mer'a-tha/im 
Mer'e-moth 
Mgr'i-bah 
MeVib-ba'al 
Me-ro'daeh-bal'a- 

dan 
Me-roiPo-thlte 
Me-shePe-mPah 
Me-sbez'a-beel 
Me-shez'a-bel 



Me-sMPle-mitb. 

Me-shTPle-moth 

Me-sho'bab 

Me-shQPle-mgth 

Mes'o-ba'Ite 

MSs'o-po-ta'mi-a 

Me-td'rus 

Mgth'o-ar 

Me-thu'sa-el 

Me-thiPse-lah 

Me-iPnim 

Mgz'a-hab 

MPa-min 

Ml-ea'iah (-ya) 

MPeha-el, or MP- 

-ehael (-kel) 
Ml-ehiPas 
MTeb'me-tbah 
MTg'dal-61 
MTj'a-min 
Mik-ne'iah (-ya) 
MTPa-la'I 
MT-le'tus 
Mi-uPa-mln 
Mir'i-am 
Mfs'a-el 
Mish'a-el 
MPsbe-al 
Mish-man'aah 
MTsh'ra-Ttes 
Mls'pe-reth [im 
Mls're-photh-ma'- 
Mis'sa-bib 
Mith're-datb 
Mit/y-15'ne 
MTz'ra-im 
Mna'son (na'son) 
Mo'a-dPah 
MoPa-dab 
Mo'o-sPas 
Mo'ras-thTte 
Mor'de-eai 
Mor'esh-etb-gath 
Mo-rPah 
Mo-sS'ra 
Mo-sS'roth 
Mo-soPla-mon 
My^si-a (mizh'i-a) 



N. 



Na'i-dus 

Na/in 

Na-nS'a 

Na-o'ml, or Na'o- 

ml 
Nilph'i-sT 
Naph'ta-li 
Naph'tu-him 
Na-than/a-el 
Natb'a-nT'as 
Naz'a-retb 
NS'a-rPah 
Neb'a-T 

Ne-ba'ioth (-yotb) 
Ne-ba'joth 
Neb'u-ehad-nez'- 

zar 
Neb'u-shas'ban 
Neb'u-zar-a'dau 
Ne-eo'dan 
Ned'a-bi'ah 
NS'e-ml'as 
Neipi-noth 
Ne-hePa-mTte 
Nc'hi-loth 
Ne-Pel, or Ne'i-el 
Ne-k5'da 
Ne-miPel 
Ne-phlsh'e-sim 
Neph'tha-IT 
Neph'tha-lim 
Neph'to-ah 
Ne-phu'sim 
NSr'gal-sba-re'zer 
Ne'reQs 
Ne-rPah 
Ne-rPas 
Netb'a-nPah 
Neth'i-nimg 
Ne-to'phab 
Ne-toph / a-tbi 
Ne-zPah 
Nl-ea'nor 
NIe'o-la'i-tang 
NT-eSp'o-lis 
NPger 
NnPe-veh 
No'a-dPah 
No'-a'mon 
No-e'ba 
NonPa-deg 
Nu-me'ni-Gs 



Na'a-mah 

Na'a-man 

N<Pa-ma-thTte 

N.Pa-mltes 

Na'a-rah 

Na'a-rai 

Na'a-ran 

Na'a-rath 

Na-asb'on 

Na'a-thus 

Nab'a-rl'as 

Nab'a-the'ang 

Nab'u-ehodon'o- 

sor 
Na-dab'a-tha 
Na'ha-lal 
Na-ha'li-el 
Na'ha-161 
Na-banPa-ni 
Na-har'a-I 
Na'ha-ra'im 
Na'ha-ri 



O. 



(Pba-dPah, or 

Ob'a-di'ah 
Ob-dl'a 
O^hi-el 
O^i-dd'lus 
O^i-na 
Od'o-nar'keg 
Ol'a-mus 
Ol'i-vet 
0l/o-f5r'ne§ 
Oro'a-e'rus 
O'me-ga, orO-me'- 

ga 
O-nes'i-mus 
On'e-slph'o-rus 
O-nT'a-reg 
O-ni/as 
O-rl'on 



Sr'tho-sT'as 

O-ga'ias (o-za^yas) 

O-^e'a 

O-se'as 

O-shd'a, or O'she-a 

Otb'ni-el 

Otb'o-nl'as 

O-zI'as 

O'zi-el 

O-zo'ra 



Pa7a-rai 

Pa'gi-el 

Pa/I 

Pal'es-tl'na 

Pa^es-tTne 

Pal'ti-el 

Pam-ph^l/i-a 

Par'me-aas 

Par-shan'da-tha 

Par-'ij-ah 

Par-va'im , or Par'- 

va-im 
Pa-se'ah 
Pat/a-ra 
Pa-thS'us 
Path'ros 
Path-ri/'sim 
Pat'ro-bas 
Pa-tro'elus 
Pa'u 
Ped'a-hel 
Pe-dah'zur, or 

Ped'ab-zQr 
Pe-da'iah (-ya) 
Pek/a-hl'ah 
Pel'a-i'ah 
PePa-lT'ah 
Pel'a-tl'ab 
Pe-lT'as 
Pe-ni'el 
Pen-tap'o-lia 
Pe-nu'el 
Per'a-zim 
Per'ga-mos 
Pe-rl'da 
PEr/me-nas 
Per-sep'o-lis 
Pe-ru'da 
Petb'a-hl'ab 
Pe-thu'el 
Pe-31'thai 
Phae'a-retb . 
Pbai'sur 

Pbal-da'ius (-yus) 
Pha-le'as 
PhaPti-el 
Pba-nu'el 
Pbar/a-^im 
Pha'raoh (fa'ro or 

fa'ra-o) 
Phar / a-th5'ni 
Pha-rPra 
Pha-se'ah, or 

Pba'se-ah 
Pha-se'lis 
Phas'i-ron 
Phas'sa-ron 
Phe-m'ce 
Phe-ni'ci-a 

(-nish/i-) 



Pber'e-zTte 
PhT-be'seth, or 

Phib'e-seth 
Pbil/a-del'pbi-a 

(classical pron. 

Phil'a-del-phl'a) 
Phi-lar'ehe^ 
PhI-16/mon 
PhT-le'tus 
Pbi-lis'tlne 
Phi-loKo-gus 
PblFo-me'tor 
Pbin'e-as 
PhiD/e-has 
Phy-gel'lus 
Pl'-bij'seth, or 

Pib'e-setb 
PT'-ha-hProth 
Pll'e-ha 
Pi-le'ser 
Pil-nE'ser 
PiPtai 
Plr'a-thon 
Pl-sid/i-a [deez) 
Ple'ia-ddg (-ya- 
Poeb'e-reth 
Pon'ti-us Pl'late 

(pon'shi-us) 
Por'a-tha 
Por-'ci-us (-shi-us) 
Pos'i-do'ni-us 
Pot/i-pbar 
Po-tlph'e-rab 
Pris-cil'la 
Proeh'o-rus 
Ptol'e-ma'is (toP-) 
Ptol'e-me'us (toP-) 
Pu-te/o-11 
PQ/ti-el 



Re^ha-bl'an 
Re'ho-bS'am 
Re-h5'both 

Rsa 

Rem/a-H'ab 
Rem'uibn-mgth'o 

ar 
Re'pha-el 
Reph'a-I'ah 
Reph/a-im 
Repb'i-dim 
R3'u 

Re-u'el, nr Re»/ei 
Reij'mah 
Re-zi'a 

Rbe'gi-um (re'-) 
Rh8d'o-€ds (r6dM 
RPbai 
Rob'o-am 
Rod^a-nim 
Ro-ge'lim 
Ro'i-mus 
Ro-mam'ti-e'zer 
Rij'ba-niab 



S. 



Q. 



Quin'tus Mem'mi- 



R. 



Ra'a-raab 

Ra'a-mPah 

Ra-am'aeg 

Rab-bd'nl 

Rab'sa-peg 

Rab'sa-ris 

Rab^sha-keh 

Rad'da-I 

Ra^gau 

Ra'ieg 

Ra-gu'el 

Ra/math-a'im 

Ram/a-tbem 

Ra-me'seg 

Ra-mPab 

Ra'pha-el, or Ra' 

phael (-fel) 
Rapb/a-im 
Ra-thQ/mus, or 

Ratb/u-mus 
Re'a-T'ah 
Re'el-a'iab (-ya) 
Re-ePi-us 
Ree-sa'ias (-yas) 
Re'gem-me'leeb 



Sa/baeh-tba'nl 
Sab'a-oth, or Sa- 

ba'oth 
Sab'a-tS'us 
Sab'a-tus 
Sab'ba-the'us 
Sab-be'us 
Sa-be'ang 
Sa'bi-5 
Sab'te-ehab 
Sad'a-mPas 
Sad-de'us 
Sad'du-^eeg 
Sa'ha-du'tha 
Sapa-mis 
Sai'a-sad'a-I 
Sa-la'tbi-el 

sapia-i 

Sal-lu'inus 

SaPman-a'sar 

Sal-mo'ne 

Sa-16'me 

Sam'a-el 

Sa-ma'ias (-yas) 

Sa-ma'ri-a (classi- 
cal pron. SanP- 
a-rPa) 

SanPa-tus 

Sa-me'lus (-yus) 

Sam'o-thra'ci-a 
(-thra/shl-a) 

Samp'sa-meg 

San'a-bas'sa-rus 

San'a-sib 

San-baPlat 

Saph'a-tl'as 

Sap-pbPra (saf-fi'- 
ra) 

Sar'a-bl'as 

Sa'rai 

Sar'a-Pah 

Sa-ra'ias (-yas) 

Sar'a-mel 

Sar-^hed/o-nus 

Sar-de'us 

Sa're-a 



a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; S, §, 1, 6, u, f, short j cSre, far, ask, all, what, ere, veiL tSrm, pique, ffrm ; s6n, 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



501 



afa-ro'thi-e 

Sar-se'^hiru 

Sath'ra-bu-za/neg 

SXv'a-raj 

Sa'vi-as 

Sfe'va (se'va) 

S^y-tbop'o lis (si-) 

Se€ / a-eah 

Se^b'e-nl'as 

Sed'e-fl'as 

Se'i-ratb 

Sealed 

SeKe-mT'a 

Se-ieu'ci-a (-shi-a, 

classical pron. 

SePeu-^I'a) 
Se-leu'eus 
Sem'a-ehi'ab 
Sem'a-I'ab 
Sem / e-I 
Se-nieVli-us 
Se-na/ab , or Sen'a- 

ah 
Sen-naeb'e-rib, or 

Sen'na-^bo'rib 
Se-nu'ab 
Se-o'rim 
Seph'a-rad 
Sepb'ar-va'ini 
Se-phe'la 
Ser'a-I'ab 
Ser'ift-Qs 
Sha'al-ab'bin 
Sha-31/ be-ni te 
Sba'a-ra'im 
Sbab-betb'a-I 
SbaVeb'i-a 
Shfid'da-I 
Sba'ba-ra'im 
Sha-haz'i-matb 
Sbal'i-sba 
Shal'le-eheth 
Sbal'ma-I 
Sbal'ma-ud'^er 
Sbam'a-rl'ab 
Sbam'ma-I 
Sbani'mu-ab 
Sbam'sbe-ra'! 
Sbar'a-I 
Shar'a-Im 
Sha-re'zer 
Sbar/on 
Sha-rj^ben 



Sbash'a-I 

Sba'ul 

Sbe-Sl'ti-el 

She'a-ri'ah 

Sbe^ar-ja'sbub 

Sbeb'a-nl'ab 

Sbeb/a-rim 

Sbeb'u-el 

Sheeh'a-nl'ab 

Sbed'e-ur 

Sbe'ba-ri'ah 

Sbel'e-ml'ah 

Sbel'o-uii 

Sbel'o-mith 

Shel'o-moth 

Shel'mi-el, or 

She-ma'ah 

ShenVa-ah 
Shem'a-I'ah 
Sbem'a-rl'ah 
SbeoVe-ber 
Sbe-ml'da 
Sbem'i-nitb 
She-mlr'a-moth 
Sbe-mu'el 
She-na'zar 
Sbepb'a-tl'ab 
Sbe-pbu'pban 
Sber'e-bl'ab 
Sbe-rS'zer 
SbS'sbai 

Sbe'tbar-boz'na-I 
Shib'bo-leth 
Sbig-ga'ion (-yon) 
Sbi-gT'o-notn 
Shi-15'ali 
Sbi-lo'nl 
Shi'lo-nlte, or Shi- 

lo'nite 
Sbim'e-ah 
Shim'e-am 
jSblm'e-atb 
Sbim'e-I 
Shim'e-on 
Sbim'sbai 
Sbipb'rah 
Shit'ra-i 
Sbo'ba-I 
Sbo'ebo 
Sbo-shan'mm 
Shu'ba-el 
^bjj'tbe-lah 
Slb'be-ebai 



Sib/ra-im 
Si'cy-on (sish'i-on) 
Si-gi'o-noth 
Si-lo'ab, or Sil'o-ab 
Si-lo'am, or SIl'o- 

am 
Si-lo'e, or Sll'o-e 
SI'mal-eu'e 
SFnii 
SIp'pai 
SIr'i-on 
SI-sam'a-I 
Sis'e-ra 
Sod'o-ma 
Sop'a-ter 
Sopb'e-retb 
Soph'o-ni'as 
So-sip'a-ter 
Sos'tbe-nes. 
Sos'tra-tus 
Sd^ta-i 
Sta/-ehys 
Stepb'a-nas 
Sa'ba-I 
SO'di-as 
Su'san-ebites 
8y-3'ltto 
Sy-S'ne 
Syn'ti-ebe 
Syr'i-on 
Sy'ro-phe-m'ci-an 

(-nisb'I-an) 



T. 



Ta'a-naeh 

Tab'a-otb 

Tab'ba-oth 

Ta'be-al 

Ta/be-el 

Ta-bel'li-us 

T&b'e-rab 

Tab'i-tba 

Tab'ri-mon 

Taeb'mo-nite 

Ta-bap/a-neg 

Tab'pan-berj 

Tah'pe-nfig 

Tah're-a 

Tai'i-tba-eu'ml 

lal'mai 



Tan'hu-metb 

Tap'pu-ab 

Tar'a-lab 

Tii're-a 

Tat'na-I 

Teb'a-ll'ah 

Te-bapb'ne-beg 

Te-ko'& 

Tel'-a'bib 

Tel'a-im 

Tel'-ba-r5'sba 

Tem'a-ni 

Tbad-dc'us, or 

Tbad'de-Qs 
ThanVna-tba 
The-eo'e 
The-la/sar 
Tbe-o^a-nus 
The-od'o-tus 
The-opb'i-lus 
Ther'me-letb 
Tbes'sa-lo-nl'ca 
Thim'na-tbab 
Tboni'o-i 
Tbra/ci-a (sbl-a) 
Thra-sS'as 
Thy'a-tl'ra 
Tl-be'ri-as 
Tl-be'ri-us 
Tig'lath-pi-lS' S er 
Tll'gath-pi 1-ne '^er 
Tl-me'us 
Tim'na-thah 
Ti-mo'the-us 
Tir'ba-kab 
TTr'ha-nab 
Tir'i-a 
Tir'sha-tba 
To-bi'ab 
T5'bi-el 
To-bl'jab 
To-g'ar'mah 
ToPba-neg 
To'pbel 
Traeb'o-ni'tis 
Trlp'o-lis 
Tro-gyPli-Qra 
Troph'i-mus 
Try-pbe'iia 
Try-pho'sa 
Tu/bi-e'nl 
Ty^b'i-^us 
Ty-ran'nus 



T^r'i-ang 


Zaeh'a-ri'ah 


Ty'rus 


Zaeh/a-ri'as 




Za^h'a-ry 




Zal-mo'nab 


u. 


Za-no^h 


Zaph^atb-pa'a- 




ne'ah 


U'la-I 


Zar'a-peg 


U-pbar'sin 


Zar'a-i'as 


Gr/bane [an old 


Za/re-ab 


spelling of t)r / - 


Zar'e-pbatb 


ban) 


Zar^-tan 


U-rl'ab 


Zar'ta-nab 


U-ri'as 


Zatb'o-e 


U'ri-el 


Za-tbu'i 


U-rFjab 


Zeb'a-di'ab 


U'tba-I 


Ze-ba'im 


U'za-I 


Ze-bi'na 


ttz'zab 


Ze-boFim 


Uz-zPab 


Ze-bS/im 


Uz-zl'el or tJz^i-el 


Ze-bu'dab 




Zeb'u-luii 




Zecb'a-ri'ah 


V. 


Zed'e-ehl'as 


Zed'e-ki'ah 




Ze-lo/pbe-bad 


Va-jeVa-tba, 


Ze-lo'teg 


Va-m'ab 


Zeir/a-ra'im 




Ze-mi'ra 




Ze'nas 


X. 


Zeph'a-nl'ah 


Zepb'a-thab 




Zer'a-bl'ab 


Xan'thi-cus 


Ze^a-i'ab 


(zan'-) 


Zer'e-da 




Ze-red'a-thah 




Zer'e-ratb 


Z. 


Ze-rij'ab 


Ze-rhb^ba-bel 




Ze'ru-I'ab 


Za'a na'im 


Zlb/e-on 


Za'a-nan 


Zlb'i-ah 


Za'a-nan'nim 


Zid-kPjah 


Za/a-van 


ZIFtbai 


ZSb'a-dae'ang 


ZFpbron 


Zab^-da'ias (-yas) 


Ziprpo'rah 


Zab^bai 


Zo-be'bab 


Zab-de/us 


Zo'be-leth 


Zab^dl 


Zo'pbai 


Zab^i-el 


Zo're-ah 


Zab'u-lon 


Zo-rob'a-bel 


Za^^a-i 


Za'ri-el 


Zae-ebe'us 


Zu/ri-shad'da-I ' 



or, dQ, \v91t, too, took; flrn, rije, pull; e, i, 0, silent; 9, g, soft; a, g, hard; as ; e^ist ; b as ng; tiiis. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES 



OF 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Br J. THOMAS, M. D., 

AUTHOR OF THE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHICAL PRONUNCIATION IN LIPPINCOTT'S GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. 



ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION 



OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 



VOWELS. 

1. In the languages of Continental Europe, a never has 
a sound like that in the English words fate or name, but is 
usually like the a in far or father, often approximating that 
in. fat. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o iu not. 

2. E generally has a sound similar to a in fate, or else to 
e in met. In French it is often silent. In Swedish, e, when 
long, has a sound resembling that of short i, but more 
prolonged. Thus, Carlcn might be pronounced kar-tiin'. 
When short, it is like e in met. 

3. I usually sounds as in marine : that is, like long e in 
English. It is sometimes like our short i, as in pin. It is 
important to observe that i final in French, Italian, and 
Spanish, has the full, clear sound of ee in see; it should 
therefore not be allowed to fall into t, as it is apt to do in 
English or Anglicized words. 

4. O has for the most part nearly the same sound as in 
English. Sometimes it is long, as in no, but often it has a 
sound intermediate between that of our o iu no and that in 
rot. In Russian, o, when not accented, is very short, al- 
inost like a in father, or intermediate between this and that 
in fat. In Swedish and Norwegian, at the end of a sylla- 
ble, it is sounded like our oo. 

5. U in most languages is pronounced like the English 
oo. In French (and in Dutch when it ends a syllable) it 
may be said to combine the sounds of our oo and long e. 
If the speaker, after placing his lips in the position for pro- 
nouncing oo, endeavors, without moving his lips, to utter 
the sound of ee, that of the French u will be produced. 

6. Y is usually like it, that is, like our e. In Danish, 
Norwegian, and Swedish, it sounds like the French u or 
German it. In Polish it resembles our short i, as in pin. 
In Dutch it is like our long i. It may be observed, that, 
according to the modern Dutch orthography, ij is substi- 
tuted for y. Thus, the old spelling Overyssel is replaced 
by Overijssel, Bilderdyk by Bilderdijk, &c. 

Diphthongs. 

7- Aa in Danish usually sounds ijearly like our a in fall, 
sometimes approaching o long. A (&) in Swedish sounds 
like long o in English. 

(502) 



8. Ae, or a, is usually pronounced like a in fate, or e in 
met. In Dutch and Flemish ae sounds like a in far. In 
the modern Dutch orthography, ae is replaced by aa. Thus, 
the name formerly written Haerlem, is now Haarlem, Maes 
is changed into Maas, &c. 

9. Ai and ay are usually proper diphthongs, being com- 
pounded of the sound of a as in far and i as in fig, thus 
nearly corresponding in sound to our long i. In French, 
and in Modern Greek, they are pronounced nearly like ay 
in the English word day ; that is, like the long a in fate. 

10. Au has generally the sound of ow in now. In 
French au and eau have the sound of long o. 

11. Ei and ey are generally proper diphthongs, uniting 
the sounds of a in fate and e in me, being similar to ay iu 
day when this word is pronounced very full. In German 
they are like our long i ; in French, nearly like our e irj 
■met, or a in fate. 

12. Eu in French and Dutch has a sound uearly similar 
to u in the English word fur, but somewhat more pro- 
longed. This sound is intermediate between that of the 
English short u and that of the German o. (See 14.) In 
German eu and au have the sound of oi in English. 

13. Ie at the end of a word is always pronounced in 
French like e in the English word me. In German it is 
frequently so pronounced. In the middle of a word, ie, 
both in Dutch and German, always sounds like our long e. 

14. Oe, or o, occurs in several European languages. In 
Danish, however, instead of two dots being placed over the 
o, a mark is drawn obliquely through it (<}>). The sound 
is unlike anv thing we have in English, but is nearest to 
that of u in fur, or e in her. If, while the lips are retained 
in the position proper for forming o long, the speaker tries 
to utter the sound of e in met (or a in fate), he will produce 
the sound of d. [ ffiSp^ This sound, as well as that of the 
French u, should, if possible, be learned from an oral in- 
structor.] In Dutch, oe sounds like our on. 

15. Oi in French is usually sounded like wd ; moi is 
pronounced mwd ; roi,rwd; &c. Oi in the termination 
of certain adjectives, was formerly used instead of ai, and 
was pronounced like this diphthong. Now. however, oi in 
such words is almost universally replaced by ai. Thus, 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



503 



instead of Francois, Fran$oise (French), the forms Fran- 

£ais and Frangaise are now used. 

16. Ou in French and in Modern Greek sounds like our 

oo ; iu Dutch and Norwegian, like ow in the English word 

now, or like ou in house. In Portuguese it is pronounced 

nearly like long o. 

1?. Ue or ii, has the sound of the French u. (See 5.) 
Jgp"* A double Towel, in foreigu words, is generally 

equivalent to the single vowel prolonged. 

CONSONANTS. 
The consonants in the languages of Continental Europe 
are, for the most part, similar in sound to the same letters 
in English. The following exceptions may he mentioned : — 

18. B at the end of a word in German is pronounced 
like p. Between two vowels in Spanish its sound is some- 
what similar to v, with which it is often interchanged ; as, 
Cordoba, Cor.'ova, Sec. This sound of b is formed by 
bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact. 

19. C before e and i in Italian is pronounced like ch in 
the English word chill ; in the same position in Spanish it 
sounds like the Spanish z or like our th in thin. In Ger- 
man, c before e, i, and y is pronounced like the German z, 
or like ts in English. In Polish it has the same sound, 
even at the end of a word. 

20. D at the end of a word in German and Dutch is 
pronounced like t. In Spanish and Danish, between two 
vowels or at the end of a word, it has a sound similar to th 
in this. 

21. In all the European languages g is hard before a, o, 
and u ; in German, Danish, Norwegian, and Polish, it is 
hard in every situation, though it sometimes has a guttural 
sound. Before e and i (or y),in French, Portuguese, Span- 
ish, and Swedish, it. is like the./ of these languages. In the 
same position in Italian it sounds like our j, or soft g. In , 
Dutch it is always pronounced like h strongly aspirated. 
Gu before e and i, iu French, Portuguese, and Spanish, 
sounds like g hard. 

22. H in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is 
either never pronounced at all, or else is sounded so slightly 
that an English ear can scarcely perceive it. In the other 
languages of Europe it has the same sound as in English. 

23. J in Italian, German, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, 
Danish, and Dutch, is pronounced like our y. In French 
and Portuguese it has the sound of zh, or s in the English 
word pleasure. In Spanish it is equivalent to x, being sim- 
ilar in sound to a strongly aspirated h. 

24. Often at the end of a syllable, in French and Portu- 
guese, m and n are said to have a na'sal sound ; but, more 
correctly speaking, dropping their own proper character, 
they impart nasality to the preceding vowels, which are 
then sounded through the nose. For example, ban in 
French approximates in sound that indicated by 1 bong in 
English. Alem or alen, in Portuguese is pronounced almost 
a-lSng'. In pronouncing the nasal vowels in these lan- 
guages, care should be used not to press the back part of 
the tongue against the palate, as is done in producing the 
30und of the English ng. In French, o before n nasal has 
nearly the sound of our o in note, but is somewhat shorter. 
That is to say, if the English word no be pronounced quickly, 
with the vowel rendered nasal, the sound produced will 
20rrespond almost exactly to that of the French non. N 
in Italian before g usually preserves its clear sound ; hence 
Marengo is pronounced almost md-renn'go ; in all or nearly 
all the other languages, n in such cases approximates the 
sound of the English n in link. 

25. iVin Spanish (like gn in French and Italian, and nh 
in Portuguese) has a sound combining that of n and y con- 
sonant. Mino and Minho are pronounced alike — meen'yo. 

26. Qu before e and i in Portuguese and Spanish, and 
before every vowel in French, has the sound of k. In most 
other languages it is essentially the same as in English. 

27. R in most European languages is trilled more strongly 
than in English, particularly at the end of a word or syl- 
lable. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue is made to 
approach very near to the roots of the upper teeth. 



28. 5 in many European tongues, when between two 
vowels, is very soft, having the sound of our z, or one very 
near it. In German it is usually pronounced soft at the 
beginning of a word. In Hungarian it sounds like our sh, 
or the German sch. 

29. T in several European tongues has a sound somewhat 
more dental than in English. This is especially observable 
in Spanish, in which language it is pronounced by putting 
the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. 

30. W in German aud some other languages is nearly 
similar to our v. It may be described as a v uttered with 
the lips alone, without the aid of the teeth. 

31. -X in Spanish generally sounds like a strongly aspi- 
rated h. (See 23.) In Portuguese it is pronounced like our 
sh. 

32. Z in German and Swedish has the sound of ts ; in 
Italian, z usually sounds like dz, zz like ts. In Spanish it 
is pronounced like the English th in thin. 

Combined Consonants. 

33. Ch in Spanish has the same sound as in the English 
word chill. In Italian, it is pronounced like k ; in German, 
Polish, and some other languages, it has a guttural sound, 
somewhat similar to a strongly aspirated h. This sound must 
be learned from an oral instructor. In French (except in 
the case of some words derived from the Greek), and in 
Portuguese, rh has the sound of our sh. 

34. Cs in Hungarian sounds like ch in the English word 
church. 

35. Cz in Polish sounds like our ch ; in Hungarian, 
like ts. 

36. Dy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and con- 
sonant ?/, and hence approximates the sound of our j. The 
same combination occurs iu some English words, as in sol- 
dier, verdure. &c. (See 44.) 

37. Ch in Italian is like gh in the English word ghost, or 
g in game. 

38. Gl in Italian, when followed by i, has the same 
sound as Ih in Portuguese, or 11 in Spanish. Before a, o, or 
u. the / following gl is silent. (See 41.) 

39. Gn in French and Italian (like n in Spanish) com- 
bines the sounds of n and consonant y. (See 25.) 

40. Gy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and y con- 
sonant. Magyar is pronounced mod'y or'. (See 36.) 

41. Lh in Portuguese, and 11 in Spanish, combine the 
sounds of I and y consonant, For example, velho is pro- 
nounced Tel'yo ; villa, veePya ; llano, ha/uo. Ly in Hun- 
garian has also the sound of 11 in Spanish. LI in French, 
when preceded by i, wasformerlv, in certain words, sounded 
like the Spanish 11; but according to the modern popular 
pronunciation, all sound of the I in such words is dropped. 
Aurillac, formerly o'rePyak', is now generally sounded 
o're'yak'} Bouillon, formerly bool'yoK', is now boo'yoN', 
&c. It may be observed, however, that public speakers, 
aud others who aim to be very correct in their pronuncia- 
tion, still frequently retain the sound of the I. 

42. Nh in Portuguese is pi-onounced like the Spanish n. 
(See 25 and 39.) Ny in Hungarian has the same sound. 

43. Sc in Italian, before c and i, sounds like the English 
sh. 

44. Sz in Hungarian is sounded like sharp ,s or ss ; but zs 
is like our zh. In Polish, sz sounds like our sh. 

45. Sch in German is pronounced like sh in English ; in 
Italian, before e and », it sounds like sk in English, and in 
Dutch, before all the vowels, its sound is similar, but 
harsher and more guttural. 

46. Th in all the modern languages of Continental 
Europe except Greek (in which the character has the 
same sound as our th), is pronounced like simple t, or like 
th in the English word thyme. 

47. Ts in Hungarian is like cs in the same language-, 
that is, like our ch iu church. 

48. Ty in Hungarian blends the sounds of t and consonant 
y ; it approaches in sound our ch. A similar combination 
of t with the sound of consonant y takes place in the English 
words creature, righteous, virtue* 



504 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



ACCENT. 

49. By accent is usually meant, in English, that particular 
impulse or stress of the voice which, in pronunciation, is 
placed upon certain syllables of a word ; for example, on the 
last syllable in confer and retain, on the second in America, 
and on the first and last in evermore. Many words in 
English (like the one last cited) have two accents ; but one 
is always predominant, and is termed the primary accent ; 
the other is called the secondary accent. 

Something analogous to English accentuation is found in 
nearly all languages. In the Teutonic tongues, especially, 
the accent is essentially the same as in English, a large 
number of the polysyllabic words having both the primary 
and secondary accent, as Son'ders-hau 1 sen, ZoU've-rein'. 

It is very difficult, if not impossible, to give any general 
rules, that would be of much practical utility, for placing 
the accent on foreign words or names. Among what may 
be termed the principal European languages (viz., English, 
French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish), there is 
scarcely one general rule for accent to which there are not 
a multitude of exceptions. Those of most general applica- 
tion are perhaps the following : In Spanish and Portuguese, 
words ending in a vowel usually have the accent on the 
penultima ; those ending in a consonant are generally 
accented on the last syllable ; yet even to these there are 
numerous exceptions ; e. g., Alcula, Cdrdova, Anditjar, 
Cadiz, &c. 

50. In Spanish, the difference between accented and un- 
accented syllables, though sufficiently obvious to a native, 
is sometimes scarcely perceptible to a foreigner. 

51. In Hungarian, there is no accent, according to our 



use of this word ; but the syllables are distinguished from 
each other by quantity, being, like the Latin, divided into 
long and short. But as quantity in Latin and Greek is 
converted into accent by the usage of English pronuncia- 
tion, so, in giving Hungarian names in the following Vo 
cabularies, the accent is placed according to quantity when- 
ever this could be satisfactorily ascertained. 

52. The French language also has no accent, in the sense 
in which we employ the term. The marks called accents 
that are placed orer the different vowels, serve only to indi- 
cate some partLju.ar sound of these letters, and not that 
peculiar impulse of the voice which characterizes an ac- 
cented syllable in the English and most other European 
tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parlc serves to 
show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the 
same time distinguishes it from parte, another form of the 
same verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex imparts 
to the vowels over which it is placed a longer and deeper 
sound than ordinary ; e. g., in hate, tempete, gite, and 
apCitre. 

It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the 
syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that 
they seem to an English ear to accentuate the last, because 
in our language the universal tendency is to throw the 
accent toward the beginning of the word. Accordingly, 
the principal accent has been placed on the last syllable of 
French names ; at the same time it has been thought 
proper to mark the others with secondary accents, in order 
to prevent them from being pronounced too slightly or indis- 
tinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in 
English. The pronunciation of Orleans, for example, has 
been thus given — OR/la'oN'. 



EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 



Ar. Arabic. 
Flem. Flemish. 
Fr. French. 
Ger. German . 
Hung. Hungarian. 
Norw. Norwegian. 



Port. Portuguese. 

pron. pronunciation. 

Russ. Russian. 

Sp. Spanish. 

Sw. Swedish. 

Syti. Synonym. 



EMPLOYED IN THE VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPH- 
ICAL NAMES. 
*** The figures refer to the Elements of Pronunciation given above. 

I {I liquid) is to be pronounced like Hi in million ; it blends 
the sounds of I and y consonant. (See 41. ) 

M and N, small capitals, are used in the respelling of 
French words, to represent the nasal sound of the 
preceding vowel, and are not themselves to be pro- 
nounced. The French nasal vowels are a,N, on, ox, 
un, being similar in sound to dng, Sng, dng, ung- 
(See 24.) 

n is pronounced like ni in minion ; it blends the sounds 
of n and y consonant (See 25 and 42.) 

R, small capital, has nearly the sound of rr in terror, but 
stronger. (See 27.) 

s is used to indicate that the sound of the s is very soft, 
nearly resembling our z. In the middle of a word it 
should be pronounced like a soft z. 

w has a sound similar to our v. (See 30 ) The " over the 
io is intended to point out its alliance to our v. 

y and ey at the end of an unaccented syllable sound like 
i in pin. 

au and aw have the sound of a in fall. 

ee indicates the clear sound of short i before r, as in the 
English words spirit, miracle, &c. 

ow is to be pronounced like ow in cow, and ou like ou in 
house. In respelling for pronunciation, ow has been 
replaced by ou wherever the former combination would 
be liable to be pronounced like long o, as in grow s 
tow, &c. 

ss is sometimes used to mark the sharp sound of s where a 
single s would be liable to be pronounced like z ; e. g., 
Mons, moNSs, not m<5NS. 

ffi^* The other marked letters, and the marks denoting 
the primary and secondary accents, (', ') are the same 
as those used in the body of the Dictionary. 



Turk. Turkish. 

e, i, o, marked with this sign [J underneath, have 
"an obscure sound similar to that of short u, but 
are usually considerably shorter, and, indeed, some- 
times are almost mute : thus, Grat' tan might be pro- 
nounced grat'tUn or graVt'n ; Helper, hel'lur or 
hel'l'r, &c. 

e, o are similar in sound to a, e, o, but are not to be 
pronounced so long. 

is employed to denote the long sound of a. 

has a sound similar to e in her (see 14) ; it may be 
Anglicized by e. 

represents the sound of the German v and the French 

u (see 5) : it may be Anglicized by the English u. 
small capital, is intended to represent the sound of 
the French eu (see 12), which is pronounced nearly 
like u in the English word fur. 

, small capital, is used to denote the sound of b between 
two vowels in Spanish, often nearly approximating 
that of v. (See 18.) 

, small capital, is intended to represent a sound similar 
to thin. this. (See 20.) 
and K, small capitals, indicate a peculiar sound of the 
German ch, or one similar to it. (See 33.) 

, sma'.i capital, has a sound somewhat similar to the pre- 
ceding, but more resembling; a stroog-ly aspirated h- 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



AAdrianople (ad'ri- 
an-o'pl) 
Ad'rl-at'ic 
Aa (5) iEgean (Sea) (e- 

Aachen (a'Kgn). jee'an) 

Syn. Alx-la-Cha- JErb'e^aVrS or a/ro) 
pelle. Afghanistan (af- 

Aalborg (ol'boRG) gan'is-tan' 



Aar (ar) 
Aargau (aR'gow) 
Abancay (a-ban- 

kl') 
Abano (a-ba'no) 



Abbeville 



Agen (a/zhax') 
Ag-in-court (or a/- 

zhax'kooR') 
Agnone (an-yo'na) 
Agosta (a-gos'ta) 



(Fr.) Aguas Calientes (a'- 



gwas ka-le-en'- 
tes) [yas) 

Agulhas (a-gool'- 
Ahmed-nng'gur 
Ain (5n 



(ab'vel') 

Ab'be-Tllle (S. C.) 
Ab'er-brjtb/ock, 

or AVbroath 
Xb'er-deen' 
Abergavenny (sib'- Aintab (In-tab') 

gr-ga'ni) Aix(.iks) 

AVer-ist'with (th Aix-la-Chapelle 

as in thin) (aks-la-sha/pel') 

Abo fi/bo) (Sw. A- (Ger Aachen, 'tf- 

bo, o'boo) Ken) 

Abomey (ab^o-ma') Ajaccio (a-yaVcho), 
Abookeer, Abou- or Ajazzo (a-yaf- 

kir, or Abukir so) [man 7 ) 

(a-boo-keer') Akerman (a'ker- 
Abootizh, Abou- Akbissax (ak'his- 

tige, or Aboutij saR') 

(a-boo-tizb/) Al'a-ba'ma, or AV- 

Abrantes (a-bran'- a-ba'maT [u-s) 

tes) Alachua "(al-atch/- 

Ab-se'egm Alamo (a'lii-mo) 

Ab'ys-sin'i-a Aland ( a/land ) ( Sw. 

Acapulco " (a-ka- Aland, o'land,) 

pool'ko) A-lap'a-ha' 

Ac'co-mac' Al-bd'ni-a 

Ach-een', or Atch- Albano (al-ba/no) 

een' Albans, St. (sent 

Acqui, or Aqui(a/- awl'bunz) 

kwee) Albany (a wl'ba-m*) 

Acquia ( a-k wl'a ) Al'be-marle ( Lug . ) 
Acre (a'kr or a'ker) Al'be-marle' (U. S.) 
Aden (a/den ; Arab. Albuquerque (al- 

pron. a/den ) boo-keR'ka or al'- 

Adige (a/de-je ; It. boo-kerk) 

pron. a/de-ja) Alcala (al-ka-la/) 

(Ger.Etsch,etch) Alcantara (al-kan'- 
Ad'I-ron'dack ta-ra) 

Adlerberg (a'dler- Al'der-ney 

beRG'), or Arl- Alem Tejo, or Alen- 

berg (aRl'beRG) Tejo (a-leN-tj/- 
Adour (a/dooR') zho) 

• Adria (a'dre-a) Alenpon (a-len'- 



son ; Fr. pron. 
a/Jos'sos') 

Alessandria (al-es- 

sau'dre-a) 
Aleutian (a-lu'shi- 

an) 
Al~ex-an'drl-a 
Algarve (al-gaVvS), 

or Al-gar'bl-g 
Al-ge'rl-a, 
Algeziras (al-je- 

zee'ras) 
Al-giJrV 
Al-go'a [usually 

pron. by the Eng- 
lish aVgo-a) 
Al-i-oant/, or Ali- 
cante (a-le-kam/- 

tt) 
Alicata (a-le-ka7ta) 
Alkmaar, or Alk- 

maer (alk-maR') 
Allahabad (al'lah- 

ha-bad') 
Al'le-gha'ny 
Almaden (al-ma- 

Den ; ) 
Almeida (al-ma'e- 

da) 
Alnwick, or Alne- 

wick (an'nik) 
Alsace (iil'siiss') 
Altai (al-tl') 
Altamaha (awl'ta- 

ma-haw,') 
Altena (iil'ta-na) 
Al'ten-burg" ( Gcr. 

pron. al'ten- 

b<5bRG / ) 
AL'tgn 

Altona (al'to-na) 
Altorf (al'toRf), or 

Altdorf 
Am / a-zon(Sp. Ma- 

ranon, ma-ran- 

von') 
Am-boy' 
Am-boy/na 
A-mer'I-ca 
Amherst (am'erst) 
Amiens (am / I-enz ; 

Fr. pron. a'me- 

8s') 
Am'm o-noo'suck 
Amoo, or Amou (a- 

moo') 



Amoor, or Amour 
(a-moor') 

A-moy' 

Ampudia (am-poo'- 
Be-a) 

Am'ster-dam/ 

An-a-deer', or Ana- 
dir [wak') 

Anahuac (ii-na- 

A-nam' or An'nam' 

An'a-to'lT-a. Sy?i. 
Natolia. 

Andalusia (an'da- 
lu'shi-a ; Sp. 
pron. an-da-loo- 
thee'a) 

An'da-man' 

Andelys, Les (laz- 
osd/le') 

Andes (an'dez) [Ra) 

Andorra (an-doR'- 

An'do-ver 

An'dros-cog'gin 

Angermannland 
(ang'er-man- 
land'HSw. Ang- 
ermland, ong 7 - 
erm-land) 

Angers (an^erz) ; 
formerly written 
Angiers ( Fr. 

pron. os'zha'). 

Anglesey, or Angle- 
sea (ang'gl-se) 

An-go'la, 

An-go'ra 

Angostura (an-gos- 
too/ra) 

AngoulCme (5s'- 
goo-lam') 

An'gus 

Anhalt (an'halt) 

Anholt (an / h51t) 

An'jou (Fr. pron. 
6> T/ zhoo') 

Annagh (an-na') 

An-nap'o-lis 

Ann A-run'del 

Annecy (an'se') 

Annobon (an'no- 
bon') 

Anspach (ans'paK) 

Antibes(os / teeb') 

An'ti-cos'tl 

An-ti3'tam 

Antigua (an-te'ga) 



Antilles ( an-teel' or 

os'teel') 
Antisana (an-te ; - 

sa-na) 
Antwerp (Dutch 

Antwerpen, ant'- 

weRp-eu) 
Apache (a-pa'cha) 
Ap'en-nlnes 
Ap^a-lach'ee 
Ap'pa-la'chl-an 
Ap^a-lach'I-co'la 
A pure (a-poo'ra)~ 
Apurimac (a-poo- 

re-mak' ) 
Aquila (a'kwe-la) 
Aquin (Ji'kaN') 
Aquino (a-kwe/no) 
Arabia (a-ra'bl-a) 
Arad (or'od') 
Ar'a-gon ( Sp.pron. 

a-ra-gon') 
Ir'al 

Aranjuez (a-ran- 
_ Hweth y ) 
Ar vrat 

Ar is, or A-rax'eg 
Areola (aR-ko'la) 
Ar-cot' 

Ar x den, or Ar- 
dennes (aR'den') 
Arequipa (a-ra- 

kee/pa) 
Argecteuil (aR'- 

zhoN'tDT') 
Ar'gen-tine Re- 

pub'lic 
Argostoli (aR-gos'- 

to-lee) 
Argyle, or Argyll 

(ar-gfl') 
Argyro Castro (aR'- 

ge-ro kas'tro 
Arica (a-re'k'a) 
Ariege (a're-azh') 
Ar'i-zo'na 
Ar-kan'sas (form- 
erly pronounced, 

and sometimes 

written Ar'kan- 

saw) 
Arl'berg ( German 

pron. aRl'beRG). 

Syn. Adlerberg. 
Aries (arlz ; Fr. 

pron. aRl) 



Armagh (ar-ma/) 
Armagnac (aR'- 

mau'yak') 
Ar-me^ni-a 
Arn'hem, "or Arn- 

heim (aRn'him) 
A-roos'tdbk 
Arpino (aR-pee'no) 
Ar'ra-can', or Ara- 

can 
Ar-rap'a-hoe. Syn. 
w Arapahoe. 
AVras (Fr. pron. 

auras') 
Artois (aR'twa') 
Ar'un-del (Eng. ) 
A-run'del (U. S.) 
Ag'aph 
Aschaffenburg (a- 

shaf'fen-burg ; 

Ger. pron. a- 

sh af fen -b dbRg' ) 
Ascoli (as'ko-lee) 
A-shan'tee, orAsh'- 

an-tee' 
Avsh'ta-bu'la 
Ash/ue-lot (ash'we- 

lot)_ 
Asia (a'shi-a) 
As-sam' 
Assaye (as-sP or as- 

sa') 
As-sin'ni-boin 7 
Assisi (as-see'see) 
Asterabad (as'ter- 

a-bad') 
Asti (as 7 tee) 
Astorga (as-toR'ga) 
As-to'rI-a 
As-tra-can', or As- 
trakhan ( Russ. 

pron. iis-tra-Kan') 
Asturias (38-100^6- 

as) 
Atacama (a-ta-ka'- 

ma) 
Atchafalaya (atch- 

af-a-11/g) 
Atb/a-pes'cow, or 

Ath'a-bas'ca 
Ath-lone/ 
Ath'gl, or A'thgl 
Athy (a-thiO 
At'las " 

Attigni (at'ten'ye', 
Aube (ob) 



a,e,&c, long; %v,o , less prolonged; S,6« &c, short; a,e,i,Q,obscure; car" far, ask, all, what; ere,veil,t5rm;pique,firm;s6n or, 
ds>,wolf,to"o,to"ok ; urnjrue,pull ; p,g, soft ; €,g, hard; ag ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,b,i},ere,I,n J s,w,B J I),G3H,K,NjR ) (see p. 602J 

C5053 



506 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Auerbach (ow'gr- 

baK') 
Augs/burg ( Ger. 

pron. owgs'- 

bcfoRG) 
Augustine, St. (sent 

aw'gus-teen' ) 
Aurillac (S're'yak' 

or o'rel'yak') 
Aurungabad (5- 
', rung'ga-bad') 
Aus'ter-fitz (-lits; 
" Ger" pron. ows'- 

ter-lits) 
Aus'tral-a/si-a (-a'~ 

shi-a) 
Aus-tra'li-a 
Aus'trl-a " (Ger. 

Oestreich, bst'- 

riK) 
Autun (o'tBN') 
Auvergne ( 5- vera' 

or 5'veRn') 
Aux Cayes (5 ka) 
Auxerre (o'seR') 
Auxonne (oks'on'), 

or Aussone (os'- 

son') 
Ava (a'va) 
Aveiro (a-va'e-ro) 
Avignon (a/ven'- 

yoN') 
Avila (a've-la) 
Avon (a'vgn) 
Avoyelles (av'oi- 

elz') 
Ayr (ar) 

Ayrshire (Sr'shir) 
Az'of, Azoph, or 

Azov 
Azores (a-z5rz' or 

a-zo'rez) 



B. 

Baalbec (bal'bek') 

Ba'bel-inan'del, or, 
■more correctly, 
Bab'el-man'deb 

Baccbiglione (bak- 
kel-yo'na) 

Bacharach (baK/a- 
raK' ) 

Badajos (bad-a- 
hos') (Sp. Bada- 
joz, ba-Da-Hoth') 

Baden (ba'den or 
bad'en) 

Badenweiler (ba- 
den-wi'ler) 

Bagdad (bag-dad' 
orbag'dad); writ- 
ten aiso Bagdat. 

Ba-ha'inag 

Bahia (b&-e'a) 

r'ahr-el-Abiad 
(bah'r-el-ii' be- 
ad') 

Ba kal(bl'kal') 

Baireuth (bi'rijth ; 
Ger. pron. bl'- 
roit) 

Bal'a-ghauts' 



Bal'a-kla'va [rlik') 
Balaruc (ba'la'- 
Balaton, more cor- 
rectly Balatony 

(ba/law-ton) 
Bale(bal). Syn.Bn- 

sel. 
Bal'e-ar'ic (Islands) 
Balize (ba-leez') 
Balkan (bal-kan') 
Balkh (balk) ; writ- 
ten also Bulkh. 
Ballinasloe (bal'li- 

na-slo') 
Balf'stgn Spa (spa 

or spaw) 
Bal-mor'al 
Baltic 
Bal'ti-more (or 

bawl'ti-mor) 
Banff (bamf ) ; 

sometimes writ- 
ten Bauiff. 
Bang'kok' 
Bangor _ (Eng.) 

(bang'L'er) 
Ban'gor (U. S.) 
Ban'nock-burn' 
Ban'tam' 

Bapaume (ba'pom') 
Barataria (bii-ra- 

ta're-a) 
Barbados, or Bar- 

ba-does (bar-ba'- 

doz) 
Bar-ce-lo'na (or 

baR-tha-fo'na) 
Barege (bii'razh') 
Barita (ba-ree'ta) 

or Barrita 
Barnaul (baR- 

nowl') 
Bar're (in two 

syllables) 
Barreges, or Barege 

(ba/razh') 
Basel (ba'zel) (Fr. 

Bale, or Basle, 

bal) 
Bassano (bas-sa'no) 
Bassora (bas'so-ra), 

or Bas'rah 
Ba-ta'vT-a 
Baton Rouge (baf- 

un roozh) 
Ba-va'rI-a (Ger. 

Baiern. bl'ern) 
Bayeux (ba'yuh') 
Bayonne (ba'yon') 
Bayreuth. See Bai- 
reuth. 
Beam (ba/aR') 
Beaufort (British 

Dominions) (bo'- 

furt) 
Beaufort (S. C.) 

(bu'furt) [ris) 
Beaumaris (bo-ma/- 
Behring's (beer'- 

ingz) (Strait) 
Beiroot. or Beirout. 

See Beyroot. 
Bel'ed-el-Jer-eed' ; 

written also 

Beled-el-Jerid. 



Bel-fast' (Ireland) 

Belfast (Maine) 

Belgium (bel'jT- 
um) 

Belgrade' (Turk. 
Bil'grad) 

Belle Isle, or Bell- 
isle (bel-il') 

Belloochistan (bel- 
loo'chis-tan') 

Belvidere (bel'vg- 
deer') 

Benares (ben-a'res) 

Bengal (ben-gawl') 

Benguela (ben-ga'- 
la) 

Benin (ben-een') 

Ben-Lo'mond 

Ben-Ne'vis 

Beresina, or Berezi- 
na (ber-e-zee'na) 

Bergamo (beR'ga- 
mo) 

Berk'shire (former- 
ly bark'shir) 

Berlin ( Ger". pron. 
beR-leen') 

Ber-mu'da^ 

Berwick " (Eng.) 
(ber'rik) 

Ber'wick (U. S.) 

Besancon (b\z-6N'- 

SON') 

Bexar ( Sp. pron. 

ba-HaR' ; often 

pron. by the Tex- 

ans, beh-har' or 

bar) 
Beyroot, Bevui, or 

Bairout ( bti'root ; 

Turk. pron. bi'- 

root) 
Bhurt'poor'. or 

Bhurt'pore' 
Bialystok (be-iil'is- 

tok) 
Bilbao (bil-bii'o : 

often written and 

pronounced in 

Ens;., Bil'bo-a) 
Biled-ul-Gerid " 

(bil'ed-dbl-jer- 

eed'). Syn. Bel- 

ed-el-Jereed. 
Bil'ler-ic-g 
Bing'en 
Binghamton (bing'- 

um-tun) [ma. 
BTr'ma. Syn. Bur- 
Birmingham (bir'- 

ming-am ) 
Bis'cay "(Sp. Bis- 

caya, bis-ka/ya) 
Blanc, Mont (moN 

Won) or Mount 

Blanc. 
Blenheim (blen'im) 

(Ger. Blindhoim, 

blint'hlm) 
Blois (bloi, prefer- 
ably blwa) 
Boden See (bo'den 

sa.'). Syn. Lake 

Constance. 
Bogota (bo-go-ta 7 ). 



Syn. Santa Fe de 

Bogota 
Bo-he'mi-a. (Ger. 

Bbhnien "or Boeh- 

men, bb'ingn) 
Bokhara (bo-Ka'ra), 

or Bu-eha'ri-a 
Bo-liVi-a( Sp. pron. 

bo-lee've-a) 
Bologna (bo-lon'- 

ya) 
Bomarsund (bo'- 

mar-soond') 
Bonf-bay' 
Bo'na Vis'ta, or 

Bo'a Vis'ta 
Bootan (boo" tan 7 ), 

or Bhootan 
Bordeaux (boR'- 

do'), or Bour- 

deaux (booR'do') 
Borgne (born) 
Bor'ne-o 
Bor-noo' ; written 

also Bornou. 
Borodino (bor-o- 

dee'no); Russ. 

pron. bor-o-de- 

no') 
Bosna-Serai (bos- 

na-ser-i 7 ) 
Bos'nl-a, 
Bos'po-rus ; less 

correctly written 

Bosphorus. 
Both'ni-a 
Bouillon (boo'y^N' 

or bool'yoN') 
Boulogne (boo-lon'; 

Fr. pron. boo'- 

lon') 
Bourbon (boor'- 

bun ; Fr. pron. 

booR'boN') 
Bourbon (Ky.) 

(bdr'bun) 
Bourbonnes-les- 

Bains (booR- 

b5n'-la ba^') 
Bowdoin (bo'den) 
Brabant (bra/bant 

or bra-bant') 
Bra-gan'za 
Brah'm a-poot'ra , 

or Bur'ram-poo'- 

ter 
Bra-zil'( Port. pron. 

bia-zeel' ) 
Bra-zo'ri-a 
Brazos (bra'zQS or 

bra'soss) 
Bread-al'bane 
Brechin (breK'in) 
Brec'gu 

Breda (bra-da') _ 
Brem'en (or bra'- 

men) (Europe) 
Bre'men(U. S.) 
Breslau (bres'law 

or bres'lou ) 
Bretagne (breh- 

tan'). Syn. Brit- 
tany. 
Breton (brit'un ) 

(Cape) 



Brianpon (bre'oif- 

SON') 

Brienne (bre'8n') 
Brieuz (bre'gnts') 
Brighton (bri'ton) 
Britain (brit'un or 

brit'n) 
Brit'ta-uy (Fr. Bre- 
tagne, breh-tan') 
Brobk'line 
Brdbk'15'n 
Brough (bruf) 
Briick (briik, al- 
most brick) 
Bru'gei (Fr. pron. 

br'uzh) [briin) 
Briinn (brQn or 
Brun;'wick (Ger. 

Braunschweig, 

brown'shwlG) 
Brus'sels (Fr. 

Bruxelles, brii'- 

sel') _ 
Bu-cha'ri-a. Syn. 

Bokhara. 
Bu'cho-rest', or 

Bucharest 
Bu'da ( Hung. 

pron. boo'd5h') 
Budweiz (bood'- 

wls) 
Buenaventura 

(bwa'na-ven-too'- 

ra) 
Buena Yista (bwa'- 

na vis'tii) 
Buenos Ayres (bo'- 

nus a'riz ; Sp. 

pron bwa'noss 

i'res) 
Bug (boog) [ri-a) 
Bulgaria (bobl-gil'- 
Bulkh. Syn. Balkh. 
Bur'gun-dy (Fr. 

Bourgogne, 

booR'gofi') 
Bur'ling-tgn 
Brir'ram-poo'ter. 

Syn. Brahma- 
pootra. 
Bury (ber'ry) 
Byzantium (bi- 

zan'shi-um ) 



Ca-bool' (called by 
"the. natives Ka'- 
bHl) 

Ca'diz ( Sp. pron. 
ka'neth) 

Caen (kjN) 

Caermarthen (ker- 
mar'then) 

Caernarvon (ker- 
nar'vgn) 

Caf-fra'ri-a 

Ca-haw'ba 

CaT'ro (Egypt) ; 
called by the 
Arabs El Kahira 
(el kah'he-ra) 

Cai'ro (U. S.) 



Ca-la'brl-a {or ka 

la'bre-a) 
Calais (kal'iss; Fr. 

pron. ka'la') 
Cal-cut'ta 
Cal'e-do'ni-a 
Cal'i-cut 
Cal'i-for'nT-a 
Callao (kal-la'o or 

kal-ya'o) 
Calne (kan) 
Camanche (ka- 

man'cha) 
Cain-bay' 
Cam-bo'dT-a, or 

Cam-boge 7 
Cam'bray, or Cani- 

brai ( Fr. pron. 

kaM'bra') 
Cambridge (kam'- 

brij) 
Campagna (kam- 

pan'ya) 
Cam peachy (kam- 

pee'che) 
Can'a-da 
Canajoharie (kan'- 

a-jo-har're) 
Canandaigua ( kan'- 

an-da'gwa) 
Canaries fka-na'- 

reez) 
Ca-nav'er-al 
Can-da-har', or 

Kandahar 
Can'di-a, or Crete 
Cannes (kjin) 
Canterbury (kan'- 

ter-ber-e) 
Can' ton (China) 
Can'ton (U. S.) 
Cape Breton (kap 

brit't'n or brit'- 
un) 
Cape Girardeau (je- 

rar-do') [en) 

Cape llaitien (ha'te- 
Cape Bal'mas 
Capo d'lstrla (ka'- 

po dis'tre-ii) 
Cap'u-a. (It. pron. 

ka'poo-a) 
Ca-rac'as, or Carac- 

"cas (Sp. pron. 

k'a-ra'kas) 
Cardenas (kaR'da'- 

nas) 
Car'ib-be'an Sea 
Ca-rin'thi"a 
Carlisle (kar-lil') 
Carlscrona (karls- 

kroo'na) ; or 

Carlscroon 
Carlsruhe, or Karls- 
ruhe (karls'roo) 
Carmagnoia (kar- 

man-yo'la) [na) 
Carolina (kar'o-li'- 
Carpathian (kar- 

pa'thi-an) 
Car'pen-ta'ri-a 
Carrara (kaR-Ra'ra) 
Cartagena (kar'ta- 

je r na ; Sp. pron. 

kaR-ta-Ha'na) 



a,e,&c. Jong; a., Z,o, less prolonged; 5,e.&c, short; a,g,i,2,o65CMre/care,t*ar,ask,£U,what; ere^vsiljtSrni; pique,fTnn; s6n,6r, 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



507 



tfashmere, or Kash- 

mire (kash-nieer' ) 
Cas'pi-an 
Cassiquiari (ka-se- 

ke-a'ree) 
Castiglione (kas- 

tel-yo'na) 
Castile (kas-teel') 

(Sp. Castilia, kas- 

teel'ya) 
Qastine (kas-teen') 
Cat'a-lo'ni-a (Sp. 

Cataluuaf ka-ta- 

loon'ya) [tegat 
Cat'e-gat, or Kat- 
Cat'ta-rau'gus 
Caubul ( kaw-bool' ). 

Syn. Cabool. 
Cau'ca-sus 
Cavery, or Cauvery 

(kaw'ver-e) 
Cawn-pore' 
Cayenne (kl-en') 
Cayuga (ka-yoo'ga) 
Cebu (se-boo'). Syn. 

Zebu. 
Cefalu (cbef-a-loo' ) 
Celebes (sel'e-biz) 
Cen'is (or se'ne') 
Ceph'a-lo'nl-a 
Ceuta^sii'Ui," Sp. 

pron. tha'oo-ta) 
Cevennes (sti'ven') 
Ceylon (see'lgn or 

sl-lon') 
Chagres (cha'gres) 
Cbaleur (sha-loor') 
Chalons sur Marne 

(sha'loN'-siiR- 

maRn) 
Chalons-sur-Saone 

(sha'loN'-s'dR- 

son) 
Chamouny (sha'- 

moo'ne') 
Champagne (shoN'- 

pan') 
Champaigne 

(sham -pan') 
Cham-plain' 
Chandeleur (shan- 

de-loor') 
Chantilly (shan- 

til'lee ; Fr. pron. 

shoN'tel'ye' or 

shoN-'te'ye') 
Chapala (cha-pa/- 

la) 
Chapultepec (cha- 

pool-ta-pek') 
Charente (sha/- 

roNt') 
Chartres (shaRt'r) 
Chatauque. See 

Chautauqua. 
Chateaubriant 

(■sha'to'bre-ON') 
Chateaudun (sha/- 

to'duN') 
Chat'ta-hoo'che 
Chat'ta-noo'ga 
Cbaudiere (sho'de- 

feR'| 

Chaumont (Fr.) 
(sho'moN') 



Chaumont (N. Y.) Chuquisaca (choo- Com'o-rhi Cronstadt (kron'- 

(sho'mo') ke-sa'ka) Co'morn, or Ko- stat) 

Chautauqua (sha- Ciara (se-a'ra) ; morn Cu'ba (Sp. pron. 

taw'kwa ) ; for- written also Ce- Com'o-ro koo'ba) 

merly " written ara and Seara. Compiegne (koM'- Cul-lo'den 
Chautauque. Cincinnati (sin'sin- pe-afi') Cul'pep-per 

Chebucto (she- nah'tl) Con'chas (ch as in Cumana (koo-ma- 

GST 3 Often im- child) na') 

properly pro- Concord (konk'- Curacoa (ku'ra-so') 
nounced as if urd) Cur'ri-tuck' 

written Cincin- Conemaugh (kon'e- Cuzco (koos'ko) 
natah, or Cincin- maw) 
natuh. Congai-ee (kong'- v 

Cin'tra (or seen'- _ ga-ree') T\ 



(Kem / - 
(she- 



buk'to) 
Chelmsford 

(chemz'furd) 
Cheltenham (chelf- 

num) 
Chemnitz 

nits) 
Chem ung 

mung') 
Chenango (she- 

nang'go) 
Che-raw' 
Cherburg (sher'- 

burg or sheR'- 

booR') 
Cher'o-kee' 
Chertsey (ches'se) 
Ches'a-peake 
Che-suD'cobk 
Cheviot (chiv'e-ut) 
Cheyenne (she-en 7 ) 
Chicago (she-kaw'- 

go) 
Chichester 

(chitch'es-ter) 
Chick'a-hom'i-ny 
Chick'a-mau'ga 
Chick'a-pee' 
Chick-a-sawg 
Chihuahua (che- 

wa'wal 
Chili (ctiil'le) (Sp. Clyu-mell 

Chile, chee'la) Coahuila 



tra) Congo (koug'go) 

Circars (Northern.) Connanght (kon'- 
Circassia (ser- nawt) Dahomey (dab'ho- 

kash'i-a) Connecticut (kgn- ma') 

Cl'ren-ces'ter (com- uet'I-kut) Da-ko'tah. Syn. 

monly pron. Con-stan'ti-no'ple Sioux, 

sis'e-ter or sis'is- Cooch Bahar (ba- Dalecarlia (da-le- 
ter) " har') kaR'le-a) 

Ciudad Real (Spain) Coos (ko-os') Dalkeith (dal- 

(the-oo-BaD / ra- Coo'saw-hatchle keeth') 

al') Co'pen-ha'gen Dalles (dalz) 

Ciudad Real (Mexi- Co'pl-a-po' Dalmatia (dal-nia'- 

co) (se-oo-dad' Coquimbo (ko- shT-a) 

ra-al') keem'bo) Dai ton (dawl'ton) 

Civita Yecchia Cor-dil'ler-as (Sp. Dant'zic (dant'sik) 
(chee'vo-ta vek'- pron. koR-del- (German Danzig, 
ke-a) ya'ras) dant'siG) 

Clagenfurth, or Cor'do-va, or Cor- Dan'ube (German 
Klagenfurth doba Donau, d5'now) 

(kla'gen-fobRt / ) Co-re'a Dardanelles (dar'- 

Cleves (kleevz) Corfu "(kor-foo' or da-nelz') 

Clitheroe (klith'- kor'fu) Darien (Ga.) (da're- 

er-6) Cor'inth en) 

Clogher (kloh'Hgr) Cor'o-man'dcl Darien, Isthmus of 

Corpus Chris' ti (da-re-en') 
See Co- (kor'pus kris'te) Darmstadt (daRm'- 
Chil'll-coth'e hahuila. Corrientes (koR-Re- stat) 

Chillon (she'yoN' Coango (ko-ang'go) Cn'tes) Dartmouth (darf- 

orshil'lou)(Swit- Coblentz (kob'- Cor' si-ca (Fr. Corse, muth) 
zerland) lents) (Ger. Cob- koRs)~ Debreczin, or De- 

Chiloe (che-lo-.a 7 , lenz, ko'blents) Co-run'na (Spanish bretzin (du-bref- 

almost chi\-\v&j') Co'burg (German Coruna, ko- sin) 

Chimborazo(chim'- pron. ko'bdbRG) roon'ya) Dec'can, or Dek'- 

bo-ra'zo ; Sp. Cochin (ko-cheen') Costa Rica (kos'ta kan 
pron. cheem-bo- Co'chin Chi'na. ree'ka) Del'a-go'a 

ra'tho) Cognac (kSn-yak') Cotopaxi (ko-to- Delaware" (del'a- 

Chi'na Cohahuila, or Coa- paks'e ; Spanish war) 

Chinchilla (chin'- huila (ko-a-wee'- pron. ko-to-pah'- Delft (every letter 
cheel'ya) la) I He) should be pro- 

Chinln'di-a Cohoes, or Cahoos Courland (koor'- nounced.) 

Chippenham (ko-hoz') land) Delhi, or Dehli 

(chip'num) Co-im'bra, (or ko- Courtray, or Cour- (Hindostan) 

Chippewa (chip'pe- eem'bra) trai (kooR'tra') (del'lee) 

wa) Col'ches-ter Coventry (kuv'en- Demerara (dem'er- 

Chip'pe-way Coleraine(kol-ran') tri) a'ra.) 

Chiriqui (che-re- Cologne (ko-lon' ; Cov'ing-tgn Denbighshire (den'- 

kee') Fr. pron. ko'- Cowes (kowz) be-shjr) 

Chiswick (chiz'ik) Ion) (Ger. Kb'ln) Cracow (kra'ko) Deptford (det'furd) 
Cholula (cho-loo'- Colombia (ko-lom'- (Polish Krakow, Der'by (or dar'bi) 

la) be-a) kra'koof) Derne (der'ne or 

Chowan (cho-wan') Col'on-sa, or Col'- Crecy (kres'se : Fr. der'neh) 
Chris'ti-an'a on-say/ pron. kra'se') Des Moines (de 

Christiania (kris- Colorado (kol'o- Cre-mo'na (It. moin) 



te-a'ne-a) ra'do) 

Christiaustadt Co-lum'bT-a 

(kris'te-an-stat) Co-man'che, 
(Sw. Christian- Ca-man'che 
stad, kris'te-an- Com'ba-hee' 



pron. kra-mo'nji) Dos'sau ( German 
Crl-me'a (Russ. pron. des'sow) 

Krim.) De-troit' 

Croatia (kro-a/- Devises (de-vi'ziz) 

shi-a) Devonshire (dev'- 



stad') Comines (ko'meen') Croix, St. (kroi). gn-shir) 

Chudleigh (chud'- or Commines Syn. Santa Cruz. Dhawalaghiri (da- 

lee^ (kom'meen') Crom'ar-ty wol'a-ger're) 



Dieppe (dyep or de- 
ep') 
Dijon (de'zhoN' ) 
Dinant (de'noN' or 

de-nan t') 
Dnieper (nee'per •, 

Russ. pron." 

dnyep'er) 
Dniester (nees'tgr ; 

Russ. pron. 

dnyes'ter) 
Do'fra-fi-gld'. Syn. 

Dovrefield. 
Domingo (do-ming'- 

go) 
Dominica (dom'e- 

nee'ka ; Fr. Dom- 
inique, dom-e- 

neek') 
Donegal (don-e- 

gawl') 
Dongola (dong'go- 

la) 
Dor'ches-ter 
Dor-dogne (dor'- 

d5n' ; Fr. pron . 

doR'don' ) 
Dordrecht (dorf- 

rext), or Dort 
Dornoch (dor'noK) 
Dorpat (doR'pat), 

or Db'rpt 
Douai, or Douay 

(doo'ii') ; some- 
times written Do- 
way. 
Doubs (doobz or 

doo) 
Douro (doo'ro) 
Dp'vre-tl-eld' 
Dowlatabad (dow'- 

la-ta-bad') 
Drin "(dreen), or 

Drino (dree'no) 
Drogheda (droh'- 

He-da ) 
Dro'more, or Dro- 

more' 
Drontheim (dronf- 

im) 
Dub'lin 
Dubuque (du- 

bo _ ok') 
Dulwich (dul'ij) 
Dum-blane' 
Dumfries 

freess') 
Dun-bar' 
Dundalk 

dawk') 
Dun-dass' 
Dun-dee' 
Dunfermline (dum- 

fer'lin) 
Dungeness (dun-je- 

ness') 
Dun'ki.rk (French 

Dunkerque, 

duN'keRk') 
Duquesne (du- 

kan') 
Durango (doo- 

rang'gol 
Durham (aar'um) 
Dus'sel-dorf (Ger. 



(dura- 



(dun- 



dQ,wQlf,too .tcTok ; urn,rue,pull ; c,g,5q/it / €,g,Aard ; a§ ; ex_ist ; q as ng ; this ; ajdjUjde^jiijSjWjBpjGjHjKjNjRjU (see p. 502) 



508 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Diisseldorf, d'ds'- 

Sgl-dORf ) 

Dwl'na, 



F. 



Fyum (fl-oom')- 
Syn. Fa'i-oom. 



E. 



E'bro ( Sp. pron. 

a/bro) 
Ecuador (ek-wa- 

doa') 
Edinburgh (ed'hi- 

bur-ruh) ; writ- 
ten also, but less 

properly, Edinbo- 

ro'. 
Ed'is-to 
Eg'ri-po. Syn. Ne- 

gropont. 
Egypt (e'jipt) 
Ebrenbreitsteiu (a'- 

ren-brlt-stln ) 
Eichstadt, or Aicli- 

stadt (Tu/stet) 
Ekatarinburg (a- 

ka'ta-reen- 

booRg') 
Ekatarinoslaf, or 

Ekatarinoslav (a- 

ka'ta-reen'o- 

slaf ). See Yeka- 

tarinoslav. 
Elbe (elb ; Ger. 

pron. el'bgh) 
El-boorz / , or El- 

brooz' 
El'gin-shire 
Elizabetgrad (a-hV- 

a-bet-grad'), or 

Yelisavetgrad 
El-ml'ra 
El Paso del Norte 

(el pa/so del noR y - 

ta) 
El'si-nore', or Elsi- 

neur (el'se-nur') 
Ems (ems) 
England (ing'- 

gland) 
Entre Douro e Min- 

ho (en'tra doo'- 

ro a meen'yo) 
Erfurt (eR/f61)Rt) 
Erie (e'ree) 
Erne, Lough (Ioh 

Era) 
Erzgebiraje (eRts'- 

ga-beeR'ga) 
Essequibo (es-sii- 

ke'bo) 
Este (es'ta) 
Es-tho'm-a 
Estremadura (es- 
, tra-ma-Doo'ra) 
Etienne"Saint(saNt 

et'e-en') 
Et'o-wah 
Etsch (etch). , Syn. 

Axlige 
Eu (uh) 
Euphrates (yu-fra / - 

tez) 
Europe (n'rap 1 ) 
Eylau (I'lou) 



Faeroe (fa'ro or fa'- 
rb-g). Syn. Fa- 

Falaise(fa'laz') 
Falkirk (fawl'kirk) 
Falkland (fawV- 

land) [muth) 
Falmouth («!'- 
Falster (i'al'stgr or 

fainter) 
Faroe (t'a'ro or fa'- 

rb'-g) 
Fayalffi-awl'; Port. 

pron. Jil-al') 
Fee'jee. Syn. Fiji. 
Fermanagb (fer- 

man'a) 
Ferrara" ( feR-Rii/ra) 
Fezzau (fez'zan') 
Fiji (pronounced, 

and often writ- 
ten, Fee'jee) 
Finisterre 7 Cape 

(fin-is-ter/) 
Fin'land 
Flume (fyoo'ma) 
Flan'der^ 
Flor'ence (It. Fi- 

renze, fe-ren'za, 



ren'za) 
Flo'res 
Flora-da, 
Fontaiuebleau 

(ioN/tan'blo') 
Fontarabia (fon-ta- 

ra/be-a) (Sp. 

Fuenterabia, 

f wen-ta-ra-bee/a ) 
Fon-te-noy' (Fr. 

pron. foNt'nwa') 
For-mo'sa, 
Fotheringay (fofch/- 

er-ing-ga') 
France ( franss ; Fr. 

pron. froNSs) 
Franche Comte 

(froNsh koN't'a) 
Fran-co'nT-a 
Frank/fort " (Ger. 

Frankfurt, 

frank / f6~ORt) 
Freiberg (M'beRG) 
Freiburg (frl'burg 

or fri'bcToRG) 
Frejus (fra/zhds') 
FriSs'land 
Frio (free'o) 
Frische Haff (frish 7 - 

gh haf ), or Fris- 
che See (frish'eh 

sa) 
Frob'ish-gr's Strait 
Frod'sham 
Fulda (fcTol'da) 
Funchal (foon- 

shal') 
Fu / nen(Dan. Fyen, 

fiVgn) 
Furruckabad (fiir''- 

mk-a-badO 
Furth (fuRt) 



G. 

Gaeta (ga-a'ta) 
Galapagos (gal'a- 

pa'gus; Sp. pron. 

ga-la/pa-gos) 
Gal'a-shi51s' 
Galatz (ga/lats) 
Ga-le'na 

Galicia "(ga-lish'i-a.) 
Gal-lip'o-li 
Gal'll-po-li's' (Ohio) 
Gal'lo-way 
Gal'ves-ton 
Gal way (gawl'wa) 
Gam'bl-a 
Gauges (Hindoo, 

Gunga) 
Garda (gaR'da) 
Gardiner (gard'ner) 
Garonne (ga-ron") 
Gas'co-ny (Fr. Gas- 

cogne, gas'kon') 
Gaspe (gas'pa') 
Geel (Dutch pron. 

Hal) 
Gelders, orGuelders 

(gel'dgrz) Syn. 

Gel'der-land. 
Gen ; e-see' ; " 
6en'g-se'o 
Ge-ne'va 

Genii (na-neel') ; 
" written also Xen- 

. iL 

Gen'o-a (It. Geno- 

va, jen'o-va) 
Geor'gT-a, 
Ger / ma-riy' (Ger. 

Deutschland, 

doitsh'liint) 
Gerona (Hii'ro-na) 
Geysers (gl'sgrz) 
Ghadamis (ga-da/- 

mis) 
Ghauts (gawts) 
Ghee / zeh ; written 

also ~Gizeh and 

Jizeh. 
Ghent (gent) (Fr. 

Gaud, goN) 
Gi-bral'tar ( Sp. 

pron. He-bral / - 

taR') 
Gila (He'la) 
Gilolo (He-lo'lo) 
Girjenti (jeR-jen'teO 
Gizeh (jee'zeh or 

gee/zeh) 
Glas'gow 
Gloucester (glos'- 

ter) 
GlUckstadt (gluk'- 

stat) 
Gmiind (gmunt),or 

Gmiinden 

(gmun'den) 
Gmund (gmoont) 
Godavery (go-da 7 - 

ver-e) 



Gojam (go-jam/) 
Gol-con'da. 
Gom-broon' 
Gonaives, Les (15 

go'ua/Sv' or g5- 
Gon'dar [nlv / ) 

Gotha (go'ta) 
Gdttingen, or Goet- 

tingen (geVting- 

gn or go t'ting-en; 

Ger. pron. gbt'- 

ting-en) 
Graetz(grets). Syn. 

Gratz. 
Grammont (gram / - 

moN') 
Gram'pi-an 
Granada "(gra-na'- 

da ; Sp. "pron. 

gra-na'Da) 
Gratiot (grash'i-ot) 
Gratz, or Graetz 

(grets) 
Gravelines (grav'- 

len') 
Gravesend (gravz'- 

end') 
Great Britain ( brit'- 

un or brit'n) 
Greenwich (grln/y) 
Grenada (gre-na'- 

da) 
Grenoble (grgn-ob'l 

or grgh-no'b'l) 
Grisons" (gre'zoN') 

(Ger. Graubdnd- 

ten, grou'bunt- 

gn) 
Gron'ing-en ( Dutch 

pron. Hro'ning- 

Hgn) 
Gross-Wardein 

(gros-waR'dln) 
Gro^ton (Eng.) 
Gro'tgn(U. S.) 
Guadalajara, or 

Guadalaxara 

(gwa-Da-la-Ha'- 

ra) 
Guadaloupe (gaw 7 - 

da-loop'orga'da- 

loop') 
Guadalupe (gwa- 

dii-loo'pa or gaw'- 

da-loop') 
Guadalquivir 

(gaw'dal-kwiv'- 

gr ; Sp. pron. 

gwa-Dal-ke-veeR 7 ) 
Guadiana (gaw'de- 

a'na or gwa-De- 

ii'na) 
Guanahani (gwa- 

na-ha'nee) 
Guanaxuato, or 

Guanajuato (gwa- 

na-Hwa'to) 
Guardafui (gwar 7 - 

da-fwee or gar'- 

da-f\?e') 
Guatemala (gaw'te- 

ma'la or gwa-te- 

ma'la) 
Guayaquil (gwx-a- 

keel') 



Guernsey (gErn/ze) 

Guiana (ge-a/na), 
or Guyana 

Guienne (ge'en') 

Guildford (giFford) 

Guinea (gin'e) 

Guise (gweez) 

Guyandott (gT-an- 
dof, familiarly 
called gl-an 7 ) 

Gwahor (gwa'li-or) 



H. 

Haarlem, Haerlem, 

or Harlem (har'- 

lgm) 
Had-ra-maut' 
Hague*(haig), The 
Hainan (hl-nan 7 ) 
Haiti (ha'ti). Syn. 

Ilayti. 
Hakodadi (ha-ko- 

dii'dee) 
HaFI-fax 
Halle (hal'leh) 
Hallo well (hol'o- 

wel) 
Hamburg ( Ger. 

/iron.ham/booRG) 
Hameln (ha/mgln) 
Hamp'shire 
Han'o-Ter (Ger. 

Han-no'ver) 
Harfleur (haR- 

i'lUR') 

Hartz, or Harz 
(harts) 

Harwich (har'rij) 

Hat'tgr-as 

Ha-van'a, or Ha- 
vanna ( Sp. Ha- 
bana, or Havana, 
a-va/nii) ; some- 
times called "Ike 
Ila-van/na." 

Haverhill "(Eng.) 
(hav^r-il) 

Haverhill (Mass.) 
(ha'Ter-il) 

Havre de Grace 
(hav'cr de grass; 
Fr. pron. H'v'r 
deh grass) 

Hawaii (ha-wT'ee) 

Hayti, or Haiti 
(ha'tf) 

Hebrides (heb'rl- 
doz) 

Hec'la 

Heidelberg (hl'dgl- 
beRG') 

Heilbronn (hll- 
bron') 

Hg-le'na(St.) 

HeFgo-land. or 
Hel'i-go-land 

Ilel-vel'lyn 

Helvoetsluys (hel'- 
vdot-slois') 

Hen-lo'pen 

Hen-ri'ko 

Herat (hgr-at 7 ) 



Her'e-fQrd 
Her'kl-mgr 
Hertford {Eng.\ 

(hai-'furd) 
Hertford (U. S.\ 

(hErt'furd) 
Hesse Cas'sgl 
Hesse Darmstadt 

(hess daRm'stat) 
Hesse Hom/burg 
Himmaleh (him- 

ma'la), or Him-a- 

la'ya 
Hin-do-stan', or 

In-do-stan 7 ; 

written also Hin- 
dustan, and Hin- 

doostan. 
His-pan-Y-o'la. 

Syn. Haytf. 
Il'las'sa. Syn. 

Lassa. 
Ho-ang'ho (pro- 
nounced almost 

whang'ho') 
IhVbar-ton , or 

Hob'ar-ton 
Ho^o-kcn 
Hochheim (ho'- 

hlm or hSK'hlm) 
Hohenliuden (ho'- 

cn-lm'den) 
Hohenzollern (ho'- 

cn-tsol'lern) 
Hol'land " (Dutch 

pron. hol'lant) 
Ilolstein (hol'stln) 
Hol'y-head 
Honduras (hon- 

doo'ras) 
Honfleur (hoN'- 

flUR' or ON/flUR') 
Hon'I-ton 
Honolulu (ho-no- 

loo / loo) 
Hoog'ly ; written 

also Ilooghly and 

Hugly. 
Housatonic (hoo 7 - 

sa-ton'ik) 
Hue (hoo-a') 
Hungary (hung'ga- 

rl) 
Hu'ron 
Hyderabad (hl'dgr. 

a-biid') or Hydra- 
bad 
Hythe (hith) 



I. 



Ice'land; called Is- 
land (ees'land) by 
the natives. 

Icolmkill (ik'om. 
kil')- Syn. Iona. 

I'da-ho 

Illinois (il-li-noiz' 
or -noV) 

Il-15^r/I-a 

Il'min-ster 

Imola (e'mo-la) 

In'dl-a 



a,e,&c. ,long; a,e,o,le$sgrolonged; a.e,&c. short; Q,e,i,Q,obscurt; care,far,ask,all,what; gre^vsiljtSrmipi'quejfirm; s6n,6r 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



509 



Xn'dT-an'a (orin-di- 

a'na) 
In'di-an-ap'Q-lia 
Indies (in'diz) 
Ingolstadt (ing'ol- 

stat or ing'gol- 

statf) 
Inkerman (ink-gr- 

man') 
Innspruck (inss 7 - 

prdbk), or Inns- 
bruck 
Interlachen (in'tgr- 

laK'en) 
In'ver-a'ry [Iok'i) 
Inverlochy (in'vgr- 
In-vgr-ness' 
Ioua (e-o'na) or 

Icolmkill (fk'om- 

kil') 
Ionia (1-0'ni-a) 
I'o-wa, 
Ips'wich 
Ire'land 
Ir-kootsk' ; written 

also Irkutsk and 

Irkoutsk. 
Iroquois (ir-o- 

kwoy') 
Ir'ra-wrd'dy 
Iser, or Isar (ee'zgr) 
Is/ling-tgn 
Ispahan (is-pa- 

han') or Isfahan 
Itfa-ly (It. Italia, 

e"ta'le-a) 
I-u'ka 
Ivic^i" Iviza (e-vee'- 

sa), or Ibiza 
Ivry (Iv'ri or ev're') 



Jaffa (or yaf fa) 
Jalapa (Ha-la'pa). 

Syn. Xalapa. 
Jalisco, or Xalisco 

(Ha-lees'ko or Ha- 

lis'ko) 
Jamaica (ja-ma'ka) 
Ja-pan' 

Japura (Ha-poo'ra) 
Jassy (yas'se) 
Java (ja'va or ja'va) 
Jedburg "(jed'bQr- 

rgh) 
Jeddo (yed'do). 

Syn. Yeddo. 
Jen'a ( Ger. pron. 

ya'na) 
Jersey (jer'zT) 
Je-ru'sa-lem 
Jesso, or Iesso (yes'- 

so ). Syn. Yesso. 
Jo Daviess (jo da.'- 

vis) 
Jol'I-ba, or Djoliba 
Jonkjbpin, or Jon- 

koping (yon'chb- 

ping, almost 

yon'chep-ing) 
Jorullo, or Xorullo 

(HO-rool'yo) 



Ju'an Fer-nan'dSz Kincardine (king- 

(Sp. pron. hoo- kar'din) 

Sn' JieR-nan'- Kingkitao (king-ke- 

deth) ta'o) 

Ju'an, Saint ( Sp. Kin-ross' 

San Juan, san Kin-sale' 

Hoo-an' or san Kircaldy(kir-kawl'- 

h wan ) df or kir-kaw'dy ) 

Jungfrau (ydbng'- Kirkudbright (kir- 

frow) koo'bree) 

Ju'nl-at'a, Kit'ta-tin'ny 

Ju'ra (Fr. pron. Kiz'il"lr'mak( Turk. 

zhu'ra') pron. kiz'il eer- 

J upland mak') 

Klagenfurth (kla'- 
ggn-fooRt'). Syn. 
TT Clagenfurth. 

-*-*-• Klau'ggn-burg 

( Ger. pron. klow'- 
Kal'a-ma-zoo' zgn-bdbRG') 

Kalusz (ka'loosh) Kbnigsberg (ko'- 
Kamieniec (kam'- nigz-bgrg), or 

yen'yets') ; some- Koenigsberg 

times written (ken'igz-berg ; 

Kaminietz. Ger. pron. kb'- 

Kamt-chat'ka, or niGs-beRG') 

Kamt-schat'ka, Koordistan, Kur- 
Kanawha (ka-na"w'- distan, or Curdis- 

wa) tan (koor-dis- 

Kan"'da-kar'. Syn. tan') 

Candahar. Kreuznach (kroits'- 

Kankakee (kan- naK) 

kaw'kee) Kurische, or Cu- 

Kan'sas ; formerly rische-Haff (koo'- 

often written rish-eh-haf) 

Kanzas. 
Kara (ka'ra) 
Kash-gar', or Cash- 
gar ■*-'• 
Ka-tah'din 
Ka'trine, or Kat'- Laaland (law'land), 

rine or Lol'land 

Keighly (keeth'le) Lab'ra-dor' 
Kelat (kel-af), or Lac'ca-diveg' 

Kelath Lack'a-wan'na 

Ken'ne-beck' Lad'o-ga 

Ken'ne-bunk' La-drones/ (Sp. 

Ken-tuck'y "pron. laD-ro'n6s) 

Ke'o-kuk' Lago Maggiore (la'- 

Kerguelen (kerg'g- go mad-jo'ra) 

len) Land (Fr. Laguna del Madre 

pron. keR'ge- (la-goo'nai del 

Ion') maD'ra) 

Kerman(kgr-man') Lahore (la-hor') 
Kharkof (Kar-kof ) Laibach (li'baK). 
Khartoom, Khar- Syn. Lay bach. 

turn, or Khar- La Mancha (la 

toum(Kar-toom') man'cha) 
Kherson, or Cher- Lancashire (lank'a- 

son (ker-son') - shir) 
Khiva, or Kheeva Lanc'as-tgr 

(Kee'va) Lan-daff'^ more 

Khorassan (Ko'ras- properly Llandaff 

san') Langres (loNg'r) 

Kiakhta (ke-aK'ta) Languedoc (Ion'- 
Kiang-Ku(ke-ang'- ggh-dok') 

kew') Syn. Yang- La Plata (la pla'- 

tse-kiang. ta). See Plata. 

Kick'a-poo' La Puebla, or La 

Kief, or Kiew (ke- Puebla de los An- 

ef), or Ki-ev ; geles (la pwgb'la 

Kiel (keel/ da 15s ang'Hel-es) 

Kil-ken'ny Las Palmas (las 

Kil-lar'ney pal'mas). Syn. 

Kil-mar'nQck Palmas. 



Las'sa, or H'lassa Livadia, or Libadia Lym'fi-ord', or 
(h'las'sa) (liv-a-Dee'a) Liimfiord (leem- 

Latakia (la'ta-kee'~ Liv'er-pool " _fe-ord') 

a), or Ladikia(la'- Li-vo'ni-a Ly'Qns (Fr. Lyon, 

de-kee'a) Llandaff "(lan-daf), le'oN') 

Lau'dgr-dale or Landaff 

Lauenburg(lou'gn- Llangollen (lan- 
burg, or lou'gn- goth'len) TUT 
bdbRG') Llanos (lya'nos) -"-*-• 
Lausanne (lo'zan') Loango (lo-ang'go) 
Lauterbrunnen Lochaber (loK-a'- Maastricht (maV- 
(lou'tgr-brdbn'- ber) triKt, or mas'- 
ngn), "or Lauter- Lodi (Italy )(lo'dee) triKt). Syn. 
brunn (lou'ter- Lodi (U. S.) (lo'dT) Maestricht. 
brdbn') Lof-fo'dgn, or Lq- Macao (ma-ka'o or 
Lay bach, or Lai- fo'dgn ma-kow') 
bach (li'baK) Loire (IwaR) Ma-cas'sar 
Leam'ing-tQn Lom'bar-dy Machias (ma-chl'- 
Leg-horn' (or leg'- Lomond, Loch (Iok as) 
horn) (It. Livor- lo'mund) Mack'T-naw ; for- 
London (lun'dun or merly Michili- 
lun 7 d'n) mackinac (mish'- 
Londonderry (lun'- il-i-mak'in-aw) 

dun-der'rl) Macon (France) 

Loo Choo(c/Yas in (ma'k$N') 

child) Macon (U. S.) (ma'- 

Lo-rain' (Ohio) kun) 

Leinster (lin'stgror Lo-ret'to (It. and Mad'a-gas'car 

leen'ster) Sp. Loreto, lo- Madeira (ma-dee'- 

Leipsic " (lip'sik) ra'to) ra, ; Port." pron. 

( Ger. Leipzig, Lorraine (lor'ran') ma-da'e-ra) 
Hp'tsiG) Los Angeles. See Mad-ras' 

Leith (leeth) La Puebla de los Mad -rid' (Sp. pron. 

Leitrim (lee'trim) Angeles ma-DreeD', al- 

Lostwithiel (lost- most math-reetti') 
-with'gl), or Lest- Mad'rid (U. S.) 
withiel Maelstrom (maT- 

Lothian (lo'thi-an) strum or mal'- 
(len'ne lenjn'a'pa) Lou'don (ou as" in strum) 
Lenoir (le-nor') shout) ■ Maese. See Meuse. 

Leom'in-stgr (TJ. S. ) Loughborough Maestricht, orMaas- 

Leominster" (Eng.) (luf'bQr Bh) tricht (mas'triKt) 

(lem'stgr) Louis, St. (sgnt Mag'a-dox'o, or 

Le'on (Sp.pron. la- loo'is or loo'e ; Magadoxa (Port. 
on') Fr. pron. saw pron. ma-ga-do'- 

W- loo'e') sho or ma-ga- 

Louisiana (loo'e-ze- do'sha) 

a'na) Mag'da-le'na (Sp. 

Louisville (loo'is- pron. mag-da-la'- 

vil ; formerly na) 



no, le-voR'no) 
Legnano (len-ya' 

no) 
Lehigh (lee'hT) 
Leicester (les'ter) 
Leigh (lee) 
Leigh ton (lee'ton) 



Leixlip (las'lip) 
Le'na ( Russ. pron 

lS'na) 
Lenni-Lennappe 



Le-pan'to (or 

pan-to) 
Le-yant/ 
Lev'en, Loch 
Lewes (lu'gss) 
Lew'ish-am 
Leyden, "or Leiden Low'ell 

(H'den or la'den) Lu'beck 
Li-be'ri-a Luc'ca, ( It 

Lichtenfels(liK'tgn- look'ka) 

fels') 
Liege (leej ; Fr. 

pron. le-Szh') 
Lille, or Lisle (leel) 
Lima (Peru) (lee'- 

ma) 
Lima (U.S. )(ll'ma) 



Lim'gr-ick loo-see') 

Limoges (le'mozh') Ltick'now' 
Limousin (le'moo' Lu'ngn-burg 

saN') or Limosin Lutzen (ldbt'sgn) 
Lincoln (link'un) 
Lin-lith'gow 
Lippe-Detmold 

(-det'molt) 



pron. loo'i-vil) Mag'de-burg (Ger. 
pron. maG'dgh- 
bdbRG') 
pron. Magellan (ma-jel'- 
lgn ; Port. " Ma- 
Lucerne (loo-sSrn'; galhaens,ma-gal- 
French pron. lii'- ya'eNS) 
seRn') (German Maggiore (mad-jo'- 
Luzern, or Lu- ra) 
cern, loot-seRn') Main, or Mayn 
Lucia, St. (loo- (mm) 
see'a, often called Maine JFrance) 



(man ; Fr. pron. 
almost m£n) 
Maine (U.S.) (man/ 
Ma-jor'ca 
Lux'gm-burg (Fr. Mal'a-baV 
Luxembourg, Ma-lac'ca 
liiks'oN'booR') Mal'a-ga" (or ma'la- 
Lux'gr, or Lux'g-r ' ga) 
Lig'bQn (Port. Lis- Luzerne (U. S.) (lu- Mai' den 

Do'a or les-bo'a) zSrn') Maldives (mal'divzf 

Lisle "(leel). Syn. Luzon (loo-zon'), Malmesbury 

Lille. or Lucon (Sp. (mamz'bgr-i) 

Lith'u-a'nT-a pron. loo'thon') Mal'mb ( or "mal'mbl 



dQ,wolf,t<5o,td"bk; firn,rue,pull; S,g,soft; €,g,hard; ag; exist; o as ng; this-, &,o,\i,ee,l,n,a,vr,Bp,G i E,x. } K i B, } Tj (see p. 502) 



510 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Malplaquet (mal'- 
pla'ka') 

Malta (mawl'ta ; It. 
pron. mal'ta) 

Malvern (niaw'- 
vgrn) 

Malwah (mawl'wa) 

Mancha, La (la 
man'cha) 

Man'ches-ter 

Manheim, or Mann- 
heim (man'hlm) 

Ma-nil'la (Sp. Ma- 
nila, ma-nee'la) 

Mantchooria, 
Mandshooria, or 
Mandchouria 
(man-choo're-a) 

Man'tu-a, 

Manzanfllo (pron. 
man-sa-neel'yo 
by the Mexicans, 
and man-tha- 
neel'yo by the 
Spaniards) 

Maracaybo, or Ma- 
racaibo (ma-ra- 
ki'bo) 

Maranon (m'a-ran- 
yon'). Syn. Ama- 
zon. 

Mar'blohead' 

Marlborough 
(mawl'bfuh) 

Mar'mQ-ra, or 
Mar'ma-ra 

Marne (maim) 

Marquesas (mar- 
ka'sas) 

Marseilles (mar- 
salz') (Fr. Mar- 
seille, maR'sal') 

Mar'ta-ban' 

Martinique (mar'ti- 
neek' ) 

Ma'ry-land 

Mas'sa-chu'setts 

Mat'a-gor'da 

Mat'a-mo'rgs, or 
Matamoras 

Ma-tan'zas (or ma- 
tan'thas) 

Mauch-Ghunk 
(mawk-chunk') 

Mauchline (moK'- 
lin) 

Maui (mou'ee) 

Mau-mee' [pa') 

Maurepas (mo're- 

Mauritius ( maw- 
rish'i-us) 

Mayence. See 
Mentz. 

Mayenne (ma'yen' 
or mi'en') 

Mayn (mln) 

May-nooth'( or mk 
nooth ) 

Mayo (Ireland) 
(ma'o) 

Maz'at-lan' ( or ma- 
sat-lan') 

Mechlin (mek'lin), 
or Mechelen 

(meK'gl-gn) 



Meck'len-burg 

( Ger pron. mek'- 

len-bdbRG') 
Medina (Arabia) 

(me-dee'na) 
Medina (U. S.) (me- 

dl'na) 
Med'I-ter-ra'ne-an 
Melbourne (mel'- 

burn) 
Mel-ro^e' 
Me-lun' (Fr. pron. 

m'luN) 
Mem'gl (or ma'mel) 
Mem'phre-ma'gog 
Menai (m6n'i or 

men'a) (Strait) 
Me-nan' 
Mendocino (m6n- 

do-see'no) 
Mentz (ments), or 

Mainz ( mints ) 

(Fr. Mayence, 

mii'yoNss') [da) 
Mer'T-da, (or mer'e- 
Mer'I-on'eth 
Mer'rT-mack 
Mersey (mer'zT) 
Messina (mes-see'- 

na) [ra'do) 

Mesurado (ma-soo- 
Metz (m6ts ; Fr. 

pron. mas) 

Meuse (muz ; Fr. 

pron. muz) (Dutch 

Maese, or Maas, 

mas) 

Mex'i-co ( Sp. pron. 

meh'He-ko) 
Miaco (me-a'ko), 

or Kee'o 
Miami (ml-a'mi) 
Michigan (mish'i- 

g'n, or mish'i- 

gan) 
Michilimackinac 

(mish'il-e-mak'in- 

aw.) Syn. Mack- 
inaw. 
Michoacan (me'cho- 

a-kan') 
Milan (mil'an or 

mi-lan') 
Mil-wau'kee, or Mil- 

waukie 
Minas-Geraes 

(mee'nas-zha- 

ra'es) 
Mindanao (min-da- 

na'o), or Magin- 

dinao (ma-hen- 

de-na'o) 
Minho (Portugal) 

(meen'yo) 
Min'ne-so'ta 
MT-nor'ca 
Miramachi (mTr'a- 

ma-shee') 
Mis-sis'que 
Mis'sis-sip'pi 
Missolonghi (mis'- 

so-long'ge) 
Missouri (mis-soo'- 

ri) 
Mobile (mo-beeP) 



Mocha (mo'ka : 

Arab. pron. mo'- 

Ka') [na) 

Mod'e-n %(or mod'a.- 
Mo'hawk 

Moldau (moPdow) 
Mol-da'vi-a 
Mo-luc'cajf 
Mombaza (mom- 

ba'za) 
Mon-go'lT-a 
Mo-non'ga-he'la 
Mon-ro'vi-a 
Mon-ta'na 
Montauban (moN'- 

to'boN') 
Mont Blanc (moN 

bloN ) or Mount 

Blanc. 
Montcalm (mont- 

katu') 
Mont Oenis (m<5N 

sgh-ne' or sgh- 

ness') 
Montenegro (mon- 

ta-na'gro) 
Monterey (mon-ta- 

ra>) 
Mon'te-vid'e-o (or 

mon-ta-vee'da-o) 
Montgomery 

(mont-gum'er-e) 
Montmartre (mSN'- 

maRtr') 
Montmorency, or 

Montmorenci 

(mont'mo-ren'sT ; 

Fr. pron. moN'- 

mo'roN'se') 
Mont-pe'li-er 
Mont-pel'liHjr (Fr. 

pron. moN'pe'l'le- 

a') 
Montreal (mont're- 

awP ; Fr. pron. 

moN'ra'aP) 
Mont'sgr-rat' 
Moorshedabad 

(moor'shed-a- 

biid') 
Moorzook, Mour- 

zouk, or Murzuk 

(moor-zook') 
Mo-ra'vi-a 
Moray ; pron. , and 

often written, 

Mur'ray. 
Mo-re'a. Syn. Pelo- 
ponnesus. 
Morena, Sierra (se- 

eR'Ra mo-ra'nii) 
Mo-roc'co, or Ma- 

rocco (Arab. Ma- 

raksh , nia-raksh') 
Mos'cow (Russ. 

Moskwa, mosk- 

wa') 
Moselle (mo-zel') 

(Ger. Mosel, mo'- 

Mo'sul, or Moo'sul 
Moy'a-men'sing 
Mozambique (mo- 

zam-beek') 
Munich (mu'nik) 



Miinster (Ger.) 
(mun'stgr or 
mun'stgr) 

Mur, or Muhr 
(mooR) 



0. 



(German M'un- Ngr-bud'dah , or Nykbping, or Nyk- 
chen, miin'Hgn) Narmada (nar- jbping (nii'chb'- 
MHnstgr (Treland) ma'da) ping, almost nee'- 

Neufchatel, or Neu- chup-ing) 
chatel (nush'a'- 
tel') (Ger. Neuen- 
burg. noi'gn- 
boi>R«) 
Murcia (mur'shT-a, ; Neuilly-sur-Seine 

Spanish pron. (nuh'ye'suR'san')Oahu (wah'hoo) 
mooR'the-a) Neuse (niis) Oaxaca, or Oajaea 

Mus-cat' [teen') Ne'va ( Russ. pron. (wa-u'd'ka) ; wriU 
Muscatine (mus'ka- na'va) ten a/so Guaxaca. 

Mus-co'gee " Nevada (na-va'na) O'ber-lin 

Mus'cQ-vy Nevers (neh-veR') Obi, or Oby (o'be), 

Muskingum (mus-Ne'vis, Ben or Ob 

king'gum) Newcastle (Dela- Oceana (o'she-a'na) 

Mysore (ml-sor') ware (nu'kas-sl) Oceania (o'she-a'' 

Newcastle (Eng.) nT-a) 

(nu-kas'sl) Oceanica (o'she- 

Newfoundland anl-ka) 

(nu'fund-land') Oc-mul'gee 
New Le'on (Sp. O'cra-coke 
Nuevo LeonjOdenseto'dgn-sch) 

nwa'vo-la-on') O-des'sa 
New Or'le-ang ; o/-Oeland^o'land) 
ten, but less cor- Oestreich (bst'riK). 
rectly, called New Syn. Austria. 

(o-gee'- 



N. 



Nacogdoches (nak'- 

o-do'chiz) 
Na-hant' 
Namur (na'mur ; 

Fr. pron. na/- 

m'uR') Or-l5an§'. Ogeechee 

Nan'cy (Fr. pron. Ngami ('n-gii'mee) chee) 

noN'se') Niagara (nl-ag'a-O-hl'o 

Nangasaki (nang- ra ; sometimes Okhotsk (o-Kotsk' ; 

ga-sa'ke) pron. ni-ag'a-ra) Russ. pron. al- 

Nan-kin', or Nan- Nicaragua (nik"a- most o-Hotsk') 

king' ra'gwa) " Ol'dgn-burg ( Ger. 

Nantes (nants ; Fr. Nice (nees) pron. ol'den- 

pron. noNt) Niemen (nee'men) ; bdbRG') 

Nan-tuck'et Pol. pron. nyem'- Olmiitz fol'm'dts), 

Naples (na'plz) (It. en) or Oll'mlitz 

Napbli, na'po-le) Nieuport (nu'port) Omaha (o'ma-haw') 
Narbonne (naR'- Niger (nl'jgr), or Oman (6-man') 

bon') Quor'ra O'mer, St. (Fr. 

Nar'ra-gan'sett NUe (Arab. Bahr Saint Omer, saNt 
Nash'u-a Nil, baH'r neel) o'meR') 

Nas'sau^ Ger. pron. Nimes, or Nismes 0-ne'ga (Russ. 

nas'sou) (neem) pron. o-na'ga) 

Natal (na-tal') Ni-phon', or NT- Oneida (o-ni'da) 

Natch'i-toch'es pon' Onondaga (on'un- 

(sometimes pro- Nip'is-sing' daw'ga) 

nounced nak'e- Nizh'nee (or Nijni) Ontario "(on-ta'ri-o) 

tush') [to'li-a. Nov'go'rod Oo'na-las'ka, or 

Na-to'lT-a, or An'a- Norfolk (nor'fgk) Oo'na-lash'ka 
Nav'a-hoe (In- Nor'man-dy Op'e-lojj'sgs 

dians) ; written Nor'ridge-wock O-por'to 

also Nabajo. Norrkbping (noR'- Or'e-ggn 

Navarin (na-va- chb-ping) Orellana (o-rel-ya'- 

reen'), or Navari- Nor'way (Norw. na). Syn. Ama- 

no(nav-g-ree'no). Norge,noR'g6horO'ri-no'ko [zon. 
Navarre "(na-var') noR'ga) O-ris'ka-ny 

(Sp. Navarra, na- Norwich (Eng.) Orizaba (o-re-sa/ba) 

vaR'Ra) [na) (nor'rij) Orkneys (ork'nez) 

Neagh, Lough (Ioh Norwich (U. S.) Orleannais, or Or- 
Ne-bras'ka (nor'rich or nor'- leannois (oR'la'a 7 * 

Neck'ar, or Neck'gr wich) no') 

Neel'gher'ry, or" Nova Scotia (no'va Or'le-an§ (Fr.prmi, 

Neilgherry (neel'- sko'shi-a) * or'I^'on?) 

ger'ree) No'va Zeni'bla O'sage' (Fr. pron. 

Neg-ro-ponV, or Nov'go-rod', or No'- o'zazh') 

Eg'ri-po vo-go-rod' Oshmooneyn, 01 

Nemours (ngh- Nu'bi-a Achmouneyn 

mooR') Nueces" (nwa'ses) (osh-moo-nan') 

Ne-o'sho Nu'rem-bgrg (Ger. Os'na-briick' ; often 

Neots, St. (sgnt N'urnberg, nliRn'- called, by tht 

neets') beRG) English, Og'na- 

Ne-paul', or Nepal Nyanza (ne-an'za) burg. 



a,e,&c. Jong ; ti,e, 5, less prolonged; &,6,&c, short ; a,g,i,Q, obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; 8re,Tgil,t5rm- } pique,fl:rm; sfin.o* 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



511 



Oaguna (os-soo'na) 

Ost-end' 

Os-we'go 

Otaheite (o-ta-hee'- 
te). -See Tahiti. 

O-tran'to (It. pron. 
o'tran-to) 

Ot'ta-wa_ (or ot'ta- 
wa) 

Oude (owd ; some- 
times improperly 
pronounced ood). 

Oudenarde (oW- 
den-ar'deh) (Fr. 
Audenarde, o'- 
deh-naRd') 

Ouse (ooz) 

Qwego (o-wee'go) 

O-why'hee. See 

Hawaii. 

O-zark' 



P. 

Pa-dang' 

Pad'u-a, (It. Pado- 

va, pa/do-vii) 
Paisley (p .iz'li) 
Pal'em-bang' 
Pa-lenque (pa- 

lenk'a), or Cul- 

huacan (kool-wa- 

kan' ) 
Pa-ler'mo (It. pron. 

pa-leR'mo) 
Pal'es-tine 
Paimas, or Las Pal- 
mas (las pal'mas) 
Palo Alto(pa'loal'- 

to) 
Pani'li-co 
Pamplona (pam- 

plo'na), or Pam- 

peluna (pam-pa- 

loo'na) 
Pa-mun'key, or 

Pa-mun'ky 
Panama (pan'a- 

ma') 
Papua (pap'oo-a. or 

pa/poo-a). Syn. 

New Guinea. 
Para (pa-ra') 
Paraguay (pa-r'a- 

gwa' or pa-ra- 

gwl') 
Par'a-mar'I-bo 
Parana (pa-ra-na') 
Parana-Iba, or Pa- 

ranahiba (pa-ra- 

na-ee'ba) 
Parima (pa-r5'ma) 
Parina (pa-re-na') 
Paris ( par'is ; Fr. 

pron. pa'Re') 
Pascagoula (pas'- 

ka-goo'la) 
Paso del Norte (pa / - 

so del noR'ta) 
Pas-sa'ic 

Pas'fa-ma-quodMy 
Pat'a-go'ni-a, 
Pavia ( pa-vee'a) 



Paw-tuck'et 

Pays de Vaud (pa'e- 

deh vo). Syn. 

Vaud. 
Paz, La (la paz ; 

Sp. pron. la 

path) 
Pe-chee-lee (pa- 

chee-lee') 
Pe'dee' 

Peebles (pee'blz) 
Pei-ho (pa'ho') 
Pe'kin', or Pe'king' 
Pe-lew' 
Pembiua (pem'be- 

na) 
Pembroke (pem'- 

brdbk) 
Pe-nang' 
Penn'syl-va/nl-a. 
Pe-nob'scQt 
Pen'sa-co'la 
Penzance " (pen- 

zanss' ) 
Pe-o'ri-a [goR') 
Perigord (per'e'- 
Pernambuco (peR- 

nam-boo'ko) 
Persia (per'shi-a,, 

not per'zhi-a) 
Peru (pe-rob'*; Sp. 

pron. pil-roo') 
Peschiera (pes-ke- 

a'ra) 
Pesth (pest; Hung. 

pron. pesht) 
Pet-cho'ra, or Pet- 

schora 
Pe't^-burg, Saint 
Phii/a-del'phi-a 
Phil'ip-pine 
Piacenza (pe-a- 

chen'za) 
Pic'ar-dy (Fr. _La 

Picardie, la pe'- 

kaR'de') 
Pictou (pik-too') 
Piedmont (peed'- 

niont) (It. Pie- 

monte, pe-S- 

mon'ta) 
Pilcomayo (pil-ko- 

mi'o) 
Pisa (pee'sa) 
Pis-cat'a-qua, 
Pis-cat'a-quis 
Placentia (pla-sen'- 

sbi-a) 
Plaqueuiine (plak'- 

men') 
Plata, La (la pla'- 

ta) ; called also 

ike Argentine 

(ar'jen-tm) Re- 
public. 
Plata, Rio de la 
" (re'o da la pla'- 

ta) 
Plin-lTrn / mQn 
Plombieres (ploN'- 

be-eR') 
Plymouth (plim'- 

iith) 
Poictiers. See 

Poitiers. 



Q. 



R 



Poictou. See Puntas Arenas 

Poitou. (poon'tas a-ra'- 

Poitiers, or Poic- nas) 

tiers (poi-teerz' ; Puy de Dome (pwe 

Fr. pron. pwa'- deh dom ) 

te-a', almost Pyrenees (pir'e- 

pwl'te-a') nez) 

Po'land ; called by 

the_ Poles Polska 

(pol'ska) 
Polynesia (pol'i- 

nee'shl-a) 
Pom'e-ra'nI-a(Ger. Que-bec' (Fr. Que- 

Pom'mgrn) bee, ka'bek') 

Pompeii (pom-pa'- Queretaro (ka-ra 7 - 

yee) ta-ro) 

Pondicherry (pon'- Quiloa (kee'lo-a) 

de-sher'ree) (Fr. Quito (kee'to) 

Pondicherrj r , Quor'ra. Syn. Ni- 

pjN'de'sha're') ger. 

Pont'chgr-train' 
Pontefract (poua'- 

fret) 
Popayan (po-pi-'an' 

or po-pa-yan') 
Po-po-cat'a-petl' Raab (rab) 
Port-au-Prince Racine (ras-seen') 

(port-o-prlnss ; Rah way (raw'wa) 

Fr. pron. poRt- Raleigh (raw'li) 

o-priiNSs) Rambouillet (roN'- 

Port Mahon (ma- boo'ya' or roN / - 

hon') bool'ya') 

Por'to Prin/cT-pe Ramillies (ram'e- 
Porto Rico (por-to lez ; Fr. pron. 

ree / ko)(Sp. Puer- Ra'mePye'orRa'- 

to Rico, pweR'to me'ye') 

ree'ko) Rangoon (rang- 

Portsmouth( ports'- goon') 

muth) Rap'id-an', orRap / - 

P5rt ; u-gal (Port, id Ann 

pron. " poR-too- Rap'pa-han'nQck 

gfiP) Raritan, or Rariton 

Posen (po'zen) (rar'it-un) 

Po-to'mac Rat'is-bon (Ger. 

Potosi (po-to-seCor Regensburg, Ra.'- 

po-to'see) gens-bd'oRG / ) 

Poughkeepsie (po- Ra-ven / na (or ra- 

kip'si) "ven'mi)" 

Prague (prag) (Ger. Reading (red'ing) 

Prag, pr'aG) Re-ho'bQth 

Prairie du Chien Reichstadt (rlK/- 

( pra'rl din sheen ) ; stat ) 

Fr. pron. pra're' Reigate (rFget) 

du she-aN') Rei'ki-a-vlk 

Pres'burgjWPress'- Reims," or Rheims 

burg ( Ger. pron. (reemz; Fr. pron. 

press'bcfoRG) raNz) 

Presque Isle (presk Resaca de la Palma 

eel) (ra-sa/ka da la 

Prip'ets (Pol. Pry- paPma) 

pec, prip'ets) Rheims. <See Reims. 
Provence (pro 7 - Rhine (rln) (Ger. 

tonss') Rhein ; Dutch 

Prussia (priSsh'i-a Rhyn ; both pro- 

or proo'shi-a) " nounced as the 
Pruth ( Ger. "pron. English Rhine) 

proot) Rhodes (rodz) 

Puebla (pweb'la) Rhone (ron) 
Puerto Principe Rideau (re'do') 

(pw^R'to prin'se- Riesengebirge (ree'- 

pa or preen'the- zen-ga-beeRG'eh) 

pa) or Por'fro Ri'ga (or ree'ga)" 

Prin'ci-pe Rio del Norte "(rT'o 

Punjab (pun-jab'), del norf; Sp. 

or Pun-jaub' pron. ree'o del 



noR'ta) ; called 
also the Ri'o 
Grande ( Sp. 

pron. ree'o gran'- 
da) and Rio 
Bravo (ree'o bra' - 
vo). 

Rio Janeiro (rl'o ja- 
nee'ro orvee/o ja- 
na'ro) (Port. Rio 
de Janeiro, ree'o 
da zha-na'e-ro) ; 
often called sim- 
ply RI'o 

Ro'a-noke' 

Rochefort (rotch'- 
f^rt or rosh'foR') 

Rochelle, or La Ro- 
chelleflaRo'shel') 

Roermonde (rooR- 
mon'deh) (Fr. 
Ruremonde, 
R'uR'moNd') 

Romagna (ro-man/- 

ya) 

Romania (ro-ma'- 
ne-a, or ro-ma- 
nee'a) 

Rome (rom) (It. 
Roma, ro'ma) 

Ron'ce-val'lei (Sp. 
Roncesvalles, 
ron-thes-val'j'es) 

Roo-me'll-a, or Ru- 
melia 

Roth'er-hithe (vul- 
garly, red'rif) 

Rot'ter-dam' 

Rouen (roo'en ; Fr. 
pron. rwoN) 

Row-an' 

Roxburgh (Scot- 
land) (roks'btir- 
reh) 

Rdgen (r'u'ggn) 

Rumelia. See 

Roomelia. 

Russia (rush'I-a 
or roo'sh I-a ) 

Ryswick (riz'wik) 
(Dutch pron. rls'- 
wik) 



Saale (sa/Jeh) 
Sabine (sa-been') 
Sachsen "(sak'sen). 

See Saxony. 
Saco (saw'ko) 
Sag-hal'i-en, or 

Sakhalien 
Sag'i-naw [na') 
Saguenay (sag'eh- 
Sahara (sa-ha'ra or 

sah'ha-ra) 
Saigon (sl'gou') or 

Sa'gong (sl'- 

gong') 
St. Bernard (sent 

ber'n.ard) 
Saint " Germain 

See Germain, 



Saint, and so for 

other names hav- 
ing the prefix 0/ 

Saint. 
Salado (sa-la'Do) 
Sal-a-manc'a, (or 

sa-la-mang'ka) 
Saline (sa-leen') 
Salisbury (sawlz'- 

ber-i), or New 

Sa'rum 
Salonica (sal-o-nee'- 

ka), or Selaniki 

(sel-a-nee'ke) 
Sa'lopr Syn. 

Shrop'shire. 
Salvador "(sal-va- 

doR') 
Saltz'burg (sawlts'- 

burg), or Salz- 
burg ( Ger. pron. 

salts'bobRG) 
Samana(sa-nu-na') 
Sam'ar-cand' 
Samoa (sa-mo'a) 
San An-to'ni-o 
San Augustine 

(aw'gus-teen') 
San Diego (san de- 

a/go) 
Sand'wich (or 

sand'wij) 
San Fran-cis'co (or 

san fran-sees'ko) 
San Joaquin (san 

Ho-a-keen' ) 
San Jose del Par- 

ral (san no-sa' 

del paR-RaP); 

also called simply 

Parral 
San Ju'an ( Sp. 

pron. san Hoo-an' 

or hwan) 
San Luis (Texas) 

(san loo'is) . 
San Luis de Potosi 

(san loo'is, Sp. 

pron. loo-ees', da 

po-to-see') 
San Marino (san 

m'a-ree'no) 
San Salvador (siin 

sal-va-doR') 
Sangamon (sang'- 

ga-mon) 
Santa Cruz (san'ta 

kroos; Sp. pron. 

san'ta-krooth ), or 

St. Croix (sent 

kroi) 
San'ta Fe ( Sp. 

pron. san'tS fa) 
Santa Fe de Bogota 

(da bo go-taO 
Santa Maria (san'- 

ta niii-ree'a) 
Sau'ta Mau'ra (or 

san'ta mow'ra) 
Santarem (san-ta- 

reN', almost san- 

ta-reng') 
San'tee' [a'go) 

Santiago (san-te- 
Saone (son) 



de,W9lf,too,t6t>k; urn,rue,py.ll; Q,g,soft; v,g,hard; &%] ercist; rj as ng; this; a,,o,\X,ee ,1,5,8,^,8,0,6^^^^,0- (see p. 502). 



512 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 

Sar'a-gos'sa (Sp. Scutari (skoo'ta- Sinde, or Scinde Steuben (stu'ben or Taunton (Eng.)Tivoli (tiv'o-le or 

Zaragoza, tha-ra- ree) (sind) stu-ben') (tawn'tQn) tee'vo-lee) 

go'tha) Sebastopol. See Se- Singapore (sing'ga- Stock'holm Taunton (Mass.) Tobago (to-ba'go) 

SXr'a-nac' vastopol. por'), or Singa-Ston'ing-tQn (tan'tgn) To-bolsk' 

Sar'a-to'ga, Secunderabad (se- poor Stralsund (strap- Tchad (chad) To-kay' (Hung 

Sar-din'I-a (It. Sar- kfin'der-a-bad') Sin-o'pe (Turk. Sin- soond) Tehran, or Teheran pron. to-koi'; 

degna, saR-den'- Seine (san) oob, or Sinoub, Strasboiug (straz'- (teh-h'ran') ; To-le'do ( Sp. pron. 

ya or sar-dan'ya) Sen'e-ca se-noob') burg; Fr. pron. written also Teh- to-la'Do) 

Sarmiento (saR-me- Senegal" (sen'e- Sioux (usually pron. straz'booR') ( Ger. raun. Tom-big'bee, or 

en'to) gawl') soo ; Fr. pron. se- Strassburg, Tehuantepec (ta- Tom-beck'be 

3aros_ ( Hungary ) Sen'e-gam'bi-a oo') stras'bobRG) wan-ta-pek') Tonkin , or Tonquin 

(shR'rosh') Serin gapatam" (ser- Skag'ger Rack Strasburg (Ger-Teignmouth (tin'- (ton-keen') 

Sarum (sa'rQm) ing'ga-pa-tam') Skane (sko'na) ; many) (stras'- muth or tan'- Toorkistan, or Tur- 

Sas-katch'a-wan' SSr'vi-a often written bobRG) muth) kistan (tooR'kis- 

Sault de" Sainte Setubal(sa-too'bal), Schonen ( Dutch. Stromboli (stroin'- Temesvar (tem-esh- tan') 

Marie (Fr. pron. or Setuval (sa- pron. sKo'nen ; bo-lee) vaR') ; written To-pe'ka 

sodehsaNma're', too'val), or St. Ger. sho'ngn)Stutt'gart, or Stut- also Temeschwar. Tbplitz," Toeplitz 

but "now usually Ubes (ubz) and Scania (ska'- gard ( Ger. pron. Teneriffe (ten'er-iP) (tbp'lits), or Tep- 

caWedSault (soo) Sev'as-to'pgl (or ne-a). stdbt'gaRt) (Sp. Tenerife, ta- htz (tep'lits) 

St. Ma'ry. se-vas'to-pol) ; Skaneateles (skan'-Styria (stir'i-a) na-ree'ia) Tor-bay' 

Sauterne, or Sau- less correctly, Be- e-at'lgs) ; written Suabia, or Swabia Ten'nes-see' To-ron'to 

ternes (so'teRn') bastopol (in Rus- also Skeneateles. (swa'bi-a) Tgr-nate' (or ter- Tortuga (tor-too f - 

Sava (sa'va) sian CeBacrb- Skye (ski) Suez (soo'ez ; Arab, na'ta) . ga) 

Sa-van'nah noAk, sS-vas-to'- Slg-vo'nl-a, or Scla- pron. soo-ez' or Ter'ra del Fu-e'go, Toulon (too'lciN') 

Sav'oy (or sa-voi') pol) vo'ni-a" soo-az') or fierra del Fue- Toulouse, or Thou 

(It. Savoia, sa- Sev'ern Sles'wick (Dan. Suffolk (suf'fok) go_(te-eR'Ra del louse (too'looz') 

vo'ya;Fr. Savoie, Seville (sev'il or se- Sles'vig ; Ger. Suir (shur) fwa'go) Touraine (too'ran') 

sa'vwa') vil') Schleswig, shies'- Sumatra (soo-ma'- Terre-Bonne (teR'-Tournay (tooR'na' ; 

Saxe Altenburg Sevre (sev'r or wio) tra) bon' ; often pron. Flem. Doornik, 

(saks al'ten-burg) sav'r) Sluys (sloi.=) Sun'da tar-bon') doR'nik) 

Saxe Co'burg Seychelles (sS'shel') Smo-lensk', or Smo- Surat (soo-raf) Terre-Haute (ter'- Tours (tooR) 

Saxe Weimar (saks Shamo (sha'mo') len'sko Surinam (soo-rl- reh-h6t;jPr. pron. Towcester (tows'- 

wi'mar) Shang-HaY, or Smyrna (smTr'ng) ; nam') teR'hot' or ter'- tgrj 

Sax'o-ny (Ger. Chang-Hai called Izmeer'~6y Sus'que-han'na reh-h5t) Traf'al-gar', or 

Sachsen, sak'sgn) (shang'hi'); the Turks. Sutledge (sut'lej) Tevlot (tiv'e-ot) Tra-fal'gar 

Scan'di-na'vl-a sometimes writ- Snow'den [tra Swa'bi-a. Syn. Sua- Thames (t«mz) Tra-lee' 

Scarborough (skar'- ten Shang-Hae. So-co'tra, or Soc'o- bia. " Than'gt Tran'syl-va'ni-a 

b'ruh or skar'bur- Shar'Qn Sofala (so-fa'la or Swe'dgn (Sw. Thebes (theebz) ; TrasosMontes "traa 

ruh) She-boy'gan ; for- so'i'a-la) Swerige, swer'e- called Thebai os mon'tfis) 

Scheldt (skelt) merly written Soissons (swas'soN', geh) (the'va) by the Treb'i-zond' 

(Dutch Schelde, Cheboygan. almost swi'son') Switz'er-land modern Greeks. Tre-mont' 

sKel'deh ; Ger. Sheeraz, or Shiraz Soleure (so'Iur') (swits'-) 1 Theiss (tls) (Hung. Treves (treevz) (Fr. 

Schelde,shel'deh) (she'raz' or shee'- Solferino (sol-fa- Syr'a-cuse (It. Siri- Tisza, tee'sg-h'j Treves, trav ; 

Schemnitz (shem'- raz) ree'no) [lee) cusa, se-re-koo'- Thes'sa-ly, or Thes- Ger. Trier, treer) 

nits) Sheer-ness' Somauli (so-maw'- sa) sa'li-a Trichinopoli, or 

Schenectady (skg- Shen'an-do'ah S6m'gr-set S^r'i-a Thibet," or Tibet Trichinopoly 

nek'ta-dy) Shiraz. See S"heeraz. So-no'ra Szegedin (seg'ed'- (tib'et or ti-bet'); (tritch'in-op'o-le) 

Schiedam (sKee'- Shrewsbury (Mass.) Soodan, Soudan, or en' or seg'ed'in') written also Tib- Triest, or Trieste 

dam') (shruz'ber-i) Sudan (soo'dan') 

Schiraz (she'raz'). Shrewsbury (Eng- Sorata (so-ra'ta) 

Syn. Sheeraz. land) (shruz'bgr-i Southampton T"1 

Schleswig. See Sles- or shroz'bgr-i) (suth-hamp'tun) - L * 

wick. Siam (si-am' or se'- Spa (spaw ; Fr. and 

Schoharie (sko- Si-be'rI-a [am') Flem. pron. spa) Ta-co'ny go'vi-o(Fr. Thur- Trip'o-li ; called by 

har'ree) Si9'i-lJ>- " Spandau ( span'- Taf'I-let', or Taf'i- govie, tiiR'go've') the natives Ta- 

Schonbruun, or Sl-en'na (It. Siena, dow) lelt' Thuringia (thu- ra'bloos. 

Schoenbrunn se-a'na) Spey (spa) Ta'gus (Sp. Tajo, rin'ji-a) Ger. Trois Rivieres (trwa 

(shbn'brobn) Sierra Gorda (se-eR'- Speyer (pronounced, ta'Ho ; Port. Tejo, Thiiringen, tu'- re've-eR'). Syn. 

Schoodic (skoo'dik) Ra goR'da) and often written, ta'zho) ring-gn) Three Rivers. 

Schuylkill (skool'- Si-er'raLe-o'ne(-^>. Spire). Tahiti (ta-hee'te) Tl'bgr (It. Tevere, Trondhjem, or 

kil) pron. se-eR'Ra la- Spitz-berg'gn Talavera de la ta'vS-ra) Trondjem. 

Schwarzburg o'nli) Spor'a-des Reyna (ta-la-va'- Tibet, or Tibbet. Trosachs (tro'saksi 

(shwarts'burg or Sierra Madre (se- Stamboul (stam- ra da la ra'e-na) See Thibet. Truxillo, or Trujillo 

shwaRts'bdbRG) eR'Ra maa'ra) bool'). Syn. Con- Tah'le-quah Ti-con'dgr-o'ga (troo-Heel'yo) 

Schwerin ( shwa- Sierra Morena (se- stantinople. Tal'la-has'see Tiflis (tif-lees') ; Tubingen (tii'bing- 

reen') eR'Ra mo-ra'na) Staten Island Tal'la-poo'sa written also Te- gn) 

Scilly (sil'li) Sierra Nevada (se- (stat'tn T'land) Tampico (tain-pee'- Ti'gris [flis. Tu'nis ; called by 

Scinde (sind) Syn. eR'Ra na-va'Da) Staubbach (stoub'- ko) Tim-buc'too, or the natives Too'- 

Sinde. Silesia (si-lee' shi-a) baK) Tananarivoo (ta-na- Tom-booo'to nis. 

Scio (si'o or shee'o) (Ger. Schlesien, Staunton ("Va.) na-ree-voo') Timor Laut (te-Tu'pe-lo 

Scioto (si-o'to) shla'ze-gn) (stan'tun) Tangier (tan-jeer') mor'lout) Tur'co-ma'nl-a 

Scituate (sit'u-at) Sim-pher-o'pol, or Staunton (Eng. ) Taos (ta'5s, almost Tl-o'ga Tu'rin (or tu-rin' ; 

Scla-vo'ni-a. Syn. Simferopol (stan'tun or stan'- towss) Tipperary (tip-per- F r. pron. tii'raN') 

Slavonia." Sim'plon (Fr.pron. tun) Taranto (ta'ran-to) a'rl) [ka) (It. Torino, to- 

Scot'land saN'ploN') Stettin (stet-teen') Tag-ma'ni-a Titicaca (tit-e-ka'- ree'no) 

a,e,&c. ,long; &,e,o,less prolonged; a,e,&c. , short; a,g,i, 2, obscure; care,iar,ask,all,what ; ere,vsil,t5nu ; pique,fTrm, s6n.cr. 



bet. 




( tre-est' or tre-es' 


Thomaston 


(tom'- 


ta) 


as-tun) 




Trincomalee 


Thurgau 


(tOOR'- 


(trink'o-ma-lee') 


gow), or 


Thur- 


Trin'i-dad' 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



513 



Turkey (tur'ky), or TT Vienna (U. S.) (vi- 

Ot'to-man Em- * • en'na) 

pire. " Villa (In Sp. veel'- 

Tus'ca-loo'sa Valencia (va-len'- ya ; in Port. 

Tos'ca-ny (It. Tos- sni-a; Sp."pron. veel'la or villa) 
cana, tos-ka/na) va-len'the-a) Villa Real (veel'ya 
ValeDciennes (va/- ra-aF) 

loN'se-en') Villa Rica (Sp. 

Valentia (va-len'- America) (veel 7 - 

shi-a) ya ree'ka) 

Val'la-do-lid' ( Sp. Villa Rica (Brazil) 

pro'ii. val-ya-DO- (viPla, or veePla, 

leeD') ree'ka) 

Valois (val'wa') Villefranche (veP- 

Valparaiso (val-pa- froNsh') (It. Vil- 

rl'so) lafranca, vil-la- 



Tus'ca-ro'ra 
Tyr'gT ( Ger. pron. 

te-rol' ) 
fy-rone' (ti-ron') 



U. 



See 



Ubes, Saint 

Setubal. Vancouver (van- fran'ka) 

Ucayale (oo-ki-a/- koo'vgr) Yincennes (vin'- 

la), or Ucayali Van Diemen's (van senz' ; Fr. pron. 

(oo-kT-a/lee) dee'menz) vaN'sen') 

Ukraine, (yoo'kran Yaud(vo), or Pays- "Virginia (vgr-jhV- 

or oo-kran') de-Vaud (pa'e- i-g) 

Ulea, (oo'le-5) dgh-vo') Vistula (vist'yu-la) 

Ulm (Ger. pron. Vendee La (la von-'- Vitebsk (ve-tebsk'), 

(Tolm) da') or Vitepsk. Syn. 

Um-ba'gog Vendome (von 7 - Witebsk. 

Umea (oo'me-o) dom') Vol'ga, or Wolga 

Unterwalden ((Ton 7 - Venezuela (ven'g- Vosges (vozh) 

ter-wal'den), or zwee'la ; Sp. 

Un'der-wal'den pron. " ven-eth- 
Upernavik (oo- wa/la) [a) "OT 

peK y na-vik) Venetia (ve-ne'shi- *' • 

Up'sal, "or Upsala Venice (ven'iss) (It. 

(up-sa/la) Yeuezia, ven-ed'- Wabash (waw / - 

U'ral, or Oural ze-a) bash) 

(ob-raP) Vera Cruz (va'ra Waday (wa/di) 

Uri (yoo'ri; Ger. kroos) "VVagram (wa/gram 

pron. oo're) Vergennes (ver- or wa/gram) 

Uruguay (u'roo- jenz') Waldoborough 

gwa', or oo-roo- Ver-mont' (wawl'do-buV- 

gwP) Verona (va-ro'na) ruh) 

Ushant (ilsh'ant) Versailles (ver- Wales, [ki-a) 

U'ti-ca salz' ; Fr. pron. Wallachia (wol-la/- 

Utah," or Youta vea'sal' or veR- Waltham (Eng.) 

(yoo'ta, less prop- say v ) (woPtam) 

erly yoo'taw) Ve-su/vi-us (It. Waltham (Mass.) 
Utrecht (u'trekt ; Vesuvio, va-soo'- (wol'tham) 

Dutch pron. iP- ve-o) Wandsworth 

treKt) Vienna (ve-en'na) (wonz'wurth) 

Uttoxeter (uks'e- (Ger. Wien, ween, Warasdin (wa'ras- 

ter) almost veen) deen') 



War 'saw (Pol. 

Warszawa, vaR- 

sha/va or \vaR- 
. sha/va) 
Warwick (Eng.) 

( wor'rik) 
Warwick (U. S.) 

(wor'wik or wor'- 

rik) 
Washita (wosh'i- 

taw') 
Wa'ter-ee' 
Wa'tgr-loo' [Dutch 

pron. wa'tgr-lo') 
Weimar (wPruar) 
Wener (wa'ngr), 

or Wenner (wen'- 

ner) 
We'ger ( Ger. pron. 

-wa'zer) 
West Indies (in'- 

dez) 
West'mgre-laud 
West-pha'li-a (Ger. 

Westpbalen, 

vvest-fa/lgn) 
Weymouth (wa/- 

muth) 
Wid'in, or Vidin. 
Wilkesbarre 

(wilks'bar-rT) 
Wil'na, or Vilna 
Windsor (whPzor) 
Win'ne-ba'go 
WuPni-peg 
Winnipiseogee 

(win'ne-pis-sok'- 

ki) 
Wisbaden (wis-ba/- 

dgn), or Wiesba- 
den (wees-ba/- 

dgn) 
Wis-cSs'set 
Wis-con'sin, or 

Wiskonsin. 
Wit'ten-berg ( Ger. 

pron. wit'tgn- 

beRG 7 ) 
Woburn (woo / - 

burn) 
Wolverhampton 



(wdbPvgr-hamp'- 

tun) 
Woolwich (wdbP- 

itch or wcJbPij) 
Worcester (wcJbs 7 - 

ter) 
Worms (wtirmz ; 

Ger. pron. 

woRms) 
Wurtemberg (wflr'- 

tem-berg ; Ger. 

pron. wuR'tem- 

beRG') written 

also Wirtemberg. 
Wy'an-dofc' 
Wy-o'ming 
Wythe (with, th as 

in thin) 



Slav 7 ), or Yekata- 

rinoslaf. Syn. 

Ekatarinoslaf. 
Yem'en 
Yenikale, or Jeni- 

kale (yen'e-ka'S) 
Yenisei (yen'e-sa'e 

or yen-e-sa'), or 

Enisei (en'e-sa'e) 
Yesso or Jesso 

(yes'so) 
Yo-sem'i-te 
Ypres (ee'p'r) 

(Flemish Ypern, 

Fpern) 
Yu'ca-tan^or yoo'- 

kii-'tan'.) 
Yvetot (ev'to') 



X. 

Xenia (zee'nl-a) 
Xenil (Ha-neel'). 

Syn. Genii. 
Xeres (Sp. pron. 

Ha-res' ; PorU 

pron. sha-res' or 

sher-Ss') 
Xingu, or Chingu 

(shen-goC) 



Y. 



Yakootsk (ya- 

kootsk'); written 

also Yakoutsk, 

Yakutsk. 
Yang-tse-kiang 

(yang 7 tse-ke- 

ang') 
Yanina, or Janina 

(ya'ne-na) 
Ya-zoo' 
Yeddo, or Jeddo 

(yed'do) 
Yekatarinoslav (ya- 

ka-ta-ree-no- 



z. 

Zacatecas (zak-a- 

ta'kas or sa-ka- 

ta'kas) 
Zaire, or Zahir (za- 

eer'). Syn. Con- 
go- 
Zam-beze' (or zam- 

ba'ze) 
Zanguebar (zang y - 

ga-bar') 
Zan'te 
Zan'zi-bar' 
Zebu, or Cebu (see- 
boo 7 ; Sp. pron. 

tha-boo') 
Zollverein (tsol'fgr- 

In') 
Ziirich (zu'rik ; 

Ger. pron. tsii/- 

riK) 
Zuyder, or Zuider, 

Zee (zi'dgr zee or 

zoo'der-zee ; 

Dutch pron. zoi'- 

der za) 
Zweibriicken (tswi- 

br'uk'kgn). Syn. 

Deux-Ponts. 



3Q,wolf,too,t6"'ok j urn,rue,pull ; g,g,soft;-e, g, har#;a,§ ; exist ; s asng ; this ; £ > 8,]j J 6& l I,fi f 8,w,B ) D l G,H,K J N,B > u(seep. 502). 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Abbasides (ab-baV- 
I-dez) 

Abdalla (ab-daP- 
lah), or Abdullah 
(ab-duPlah) 

Abd-el-Kader ( abd- 
gl-ka/dgr) ; writ- 
ten also Ab-dul- 
Kadir. 

AVg-lard, or Ab'- 
ai-lard (Fr. pron. 
d'ba'laR') 

Abercromby (ab'gr- 
krunPbT) ; some- 
times written Ab- 
ercrombie. 

Abernethy (ab'er- 
ne-thT) ; Scotch 
pronunciation 
abgr-net.TPi) 

Abinger (ab'in-jer) 

Abu-Bekr, " or 
Abou-Bekr (a'~ 
boo-bekr') 

Abul-Feda, or 

Aboulfeda (a'- 
booPfe-da') 

Abu-Mansur (a/- 
boo-man-sooR') 

Achilli (a-kee'lee or 
a-kiPlee) 

Adair (a-daV) 

Adalbert (a'dal'- 
beR') 

Adanson (a/dgN'- 

SON') 

Adelung (a'dgh- 

loong) 
Agassiz (ag'a-see or 

a-gas'siz ; " Fr. 

pron. a/gas'se') 
Aguilar (a-ge-laR') 
Ahmed (aH'mgd), 

or Achmet ('£%.'- 

met) 
Ainsworth (anz'- 

WQrth) 
Akenside (a'kgn- 

sld) 
Aladdin (a-lad'din) 

(Arab. Ala-ed- 

Din (a'la/gd-den') 
Alaric (aPa-rik) 
Alberoni (al-ba-ro'- 

nee) 
Alboni (al-bo'nee) 
Albuquerque (3P- 



bu-kerk ; Port. 

pron. al-boo- 

keRk' or al-boo- 

keR'ka) 
Alcuin (aPkwin) 

(Lat. Al-cuPnus) 
Aldrich (awPdritch 

or awl-drlj) 
Aldus (itPdus) (It. 

Aldo, aPdo) 
Alembert (a/loN'- 

beR'), or d'Alem- 

bert (da/loN'beR') 
Alfieri (aPfe-a^ree) 
Alford (awPfgrd) 
Algarotti (al-ga- 

rot'tee) 
Ali (iPlee) 
Alighieri (a-le-ge- 

a'ree) 
Alison (aPi-sg-n) 
Allston (awPstgn) 
Almack (aPmak) 
Al-Mansur, or 

-Mansour (al- 

man-soor') 
Almeida (al-ma7e- 

da or al-miPda) 
Alsop (awPsQp)" 
Alston (awPstg-n) 
Alton (Eng.) (awP- 

tgn) 
Alverez (Port.) (aP- 

Vfi-TCS^ 

Alvarez (Sp.) (aP- 

va-reth) 
AnPa-de'Qs [rik) 
Amalaric (am-aPa- 
Amalric (a-maPrfk 

or a'maPrek') 
Ambrogio (am-bro'- 

jo) 
Amelot (anPlo') 
Amerigo (a-ma- 
ree'go or a-meV- 
e-go). See Ves- 
pucci. 
Amiot, or Amyot 

(a'me-o') 
Ampere (ON'pfcR') 
Am'u-rath or Amu- 
rat (a-moo-rat') 
Ancillon (Fr.) (on'- 

se'yoN') 
Andre (Eng.) (Sn'~ 

dra, or an'dri) 
Angelo (an'ja-lo) 
Angouleme (on'- 
goo'lgm' or 6n'- 
goo'lam') 



Annesley (anz'lT) 

Anquetil-Duperron 
(dN'keh-tePdiP- 
peVroN') 

An'stru-ther {pop- 
ularly an'ster) 

Antonelli (an-to- 
nePlee) 

AVa-go (Fr. pron. 
a/ra/go') 

Aram (a/ram) 

Ar'buth-not (pro- 
nounced in Scot- 
land ar-buth / - 
nQt) 

Ariosto ( ar'i-os'to 
or a-re-os'to) 

Arminius (ar-min'I- 
fis) 

Arnaud (aR'no') 

Arnauld (aR'no') 

Arnault (aR'no') 

Arndt (aRnt) 

Arnould (aR'noo') 

Arteveld (aR-ta- 
velf), or Arte- 
velde (aR-ta-veP- 
deh) ; sometimes 
Anglicized Arte- 
velde (art- veld') 

AVun-del 

Ascham (as'kam) 

Ashburnham (asb/- 
burn-am) 

Xsh'bur-tgn, or 
Ash'bur'tQn 

Atahualpa ^a-ta- 
hwaPpa) 

Ath'el-stan [ya f ) 

Aubigne" (5'ben'- 

Aubrey (Eng.) 

(aWbri) 

Auchmuty (a'mu- 
ty) 

Au'du.-bon (Fr. 
pron. o'diPb&'N') 

Augustine (Saint) 
(sent aw'gus-tin) 

Aurungzebe (5'- 
rQng-zab / or aw'- 
rung-zeeV) 

Avenzoar (av-gn- 
zo'ar) (Ar. Ibn 
Zohr, ib'n zoh'r) 

Averroes (a-ver'- 
ro-Cs or av-^er-ro'- 
es) 

Avicenna (av'e- 
een'na) (Ar. Ibn 
Sina, ib'n se'na) 



Avila (a/vM'A) 
Ayeshah (a'e-sha) 

(Ar. pron. nearly 

I'c-sha) 
Ay ton, Aytoun (a 7 - 

tun) 
Azeglio (ad-zaPyo) 



B. 



Baba, Ali (a/lee 

ba/ba) [kee) 

Bacciochi(bat-cho'- 
Bach (baK) 
Bache (batch) 
Baillie (ba'lee) 
Bailly (Fr.) (ba'le 

or ba'ye') 
Bajazet (baj'a-zet). 

Syn. Bayazid. 
Balboa (bal-bo'a) 
Balfour (baPfur; 

in Scot, bal-fobr 7 ) 
Balguy (baPgi) 
Ballou (bal-looO 
Balzac (baPzak') 
Barbarossa ( bar'ba- 

ros'sa) 
Barbauld (Eng.) 

(bar'bawld or 

bar-bo') 
Barberini (baR-ba- 

ree'nee) 
Barbier (baR'be-5' ; 

almost baRb'ya') 
Barbour (bar'bur) 
Barere (ba/reR') 
Baretti (baVret'tee) 
Barham (bar'am) 
Baring ( Eng. ) ( bar'- 

ing) 
Barmecide (bar'- 

mg-sld') 
Barnave (baR'n'av') 
Barneveldt (bar'- 

ngh-velt') 
Barras (b'a'ra') 
Barrere (ba'reR'). 

See Barere. 
Barrot (ba'ro') 
Barth (baRt) 
Barthelemy (baR'- 

taPme' or baR 7 - 

ta'leh-me') 
Basnage (ba'nazh') 
Bath'urst 
Batthyani, or Bath- 

yani (bat-ya'nee) 



Bauer (bow'er) 
Baumgarten" 

(bowm'gaR-tgn) 
Baumgartner 

(bowm'gaRt / ner). 
Baur (bowr) 
Bayard (ba'ard or 

bpard ; Fr. pron. 

baVyaR') 
Bayazid (ba-ya- 

zeed' or bl-a- 

zeed 7 ). Syn. Ba- 
jazet. 
Beatoun (be'tun) 
Beatrice (be'a- 

treess ; It. pron. 

ba-a-tree'chil) 
Beattie (bee'ti ; 

Scotch pron. ba 7 - 

tT) 
Beaucbamp (Eng.) 

(bee'cham) 
Beauchamp (Fr.) 

(bo'shoN') 
Beauclerc (bo 7 - 

klSrk) 
Beaufort (Eng.) 

(bo'fgrt) 
Beaufort (Fr.) (bo'- 

fOR') 

Beauharnais (bo'- 

aR'na') 
Beaumarchais (bo'- 

maR'sha/) 
Beaumont (Eng.) 

(bo'mont) 
Beaumont (Fr. ) 

(bo'moN') 
Beauregard ( Amer. ) 

(bo'reh-gard'') 
Beauregard (Fr.) 

(b5R'gaR') 
Beccafumi (bek'ka- 

foo'mee) 
Beccaria (b8k-ka- 

ree'a) 
Bed'doeg 
Bede (beed) 
Bedell (Amer.)(be- 

deP) 
Bedell (Eng.) (bee^- 

del or be-deP) 
Beethoven (ba'to- 

vgn) 
Behmon. See Boh- 

me. 
Behn (ben) 
Behring (beer'ing ; 

Danish pron. baV- 

ring) 



Belknap (bePnap) 
Bellamy (Engj 

(bePla-mi) 
Bellarmln (b«l-'aW 

min) (Ic. Bellar- 

mino, bel-laR- 

mee'no) 
BePlen-den 
Bellini (bel-lee'nee) 
BePsham 

Belzoni (bel-zo'nee) 
Ben'bow 
Bentham (ben'tam 

or ben'tham) 
Bentivoglio fben-te- 

voPyo) 
Benvenuti (b8n-vS- 

noo'tee ) 
Beranger (ba'roN'- 

zha') 
Ber'en-ger 
Ber'es-fgrd 
Berkeley (formerly 

bark'ly) 
Bernadotte(b5r-na- 

dof or beR'na'- 

dot') 
BSr'nard ( Fr. pron. 

beR'DaR') 
Bernouilli (ber- 

nooPyee or beiP- 

nooPye') 
Berzelius (ber-zee'- 

li-us ; Sw. pron. 

beR-zTT'le-us/ 
BettPam 
Bethune (bgh- 

thoon 7 ) 
Bewick (bu'ik) 
Be'za (Fr. Beze, 

bgz or baz) 
Billaud-Varennes 

( be'yS'-va'rgnn') 
Billaut (be'yo' or 

be'yS') 
Biot (be'o' or be'of) 
Bligh (bli) 
Blomfield (blum^ 

feeld) 
Blount (blunt) 
Bliicher (bloo^cgr? 

Ger. pron. bid 7 ' 

K £ r ) 
Blumenbach ( bloo 7 - 

mgn-baK ) 
Bobadilla (bo-Ba- 

DeePyii) 
Boccaccio (bok- 

kat'cho) 
Bochart (bo^shaR') 



,$ t kc.Jong; a,e,o,lessjprolonged; a,e,&c, short; a,g,i,2,o&scwre; care,far,ask,all,what : §re,vfiil,t5rm;pique,finn,s6n,6r, 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Bockh (bbk) Brahe (bra or bra ; 

Bode (bo'dgh) Danish pron. 

Boerhaave " (bor'- bra'eh) 

h3v ; Dutch pron. Bramante d'Urbino 

booR'ha'vgh) (bra-man'ta 

Bdhme (bb'ingh), dooR-bee'no) 

or Bbhm ( bom ) Brandt (brant) 
Boilean (boi'lo; Fr. Bremer (breeder ; 

pron. bwa'lo') Sw. pron. bra.'- 

Bojardo, o;Boiardo mer) 

(bo-yaR'do) Brissot (bre'so') 

Boleyn (bdbl'in) Brockhaus (brok'- 
Bolingbroke (bol'- howss) 

ing-brdbk Broderip (brod'rip) 

Bolivar ( bo-lee' van,; Brodie (bro'dl) 

erroneously pron. Broeck (brdbk) 

bol'i-var') Brome (broom) 

Bonaparte (bo'na- Brom'ley (bruin'li) 

part; It. pron. Bronte (bron'te). 

bo-na-paR'ta) Brough (bruf) 
Bonheur (bo'nuR') Brougham (broo'- 
Borgbese (boR-ga'- am or broo'm.) 

§a) Broughton (brow'- 

Borgia (bov'ja, or Bru-nel' [tgn) 

boR'ja) Brunellescbi (broo- 

Borromeo (boR-RO- nel-les'kee) 

ma'o) Brunet (br'u'na,') 

Bos-caw'en, or Buchanan (buk- 

Bos'ca-wen an'an ; often 

Bossuet (bos'sii-a', mispronounced 

almost bos'swu.') ba-kan'an ) 
Bossu(bo'sti) (Lat. Buffon (buf'fgn or 

Bos'su-lus) b'uf'foN') 

Bossut (bo'su') Bulwer (bobl'wer) 
Bo^'well Bunsen (bobn'sen) 

Both'well [zaris. Buonaparte (boo- 
Botzaris. See. Boz- o'na-paR'ta) 
Boucher (Eng.) Syn. Bonaparte. 

(bow'cher) Buonarotti (boo-o'- 

Boucher(Fr.)(boo'- na-rot'tee) 

sha') Burckhardt (burk'- 

Boudiuot (boo'de- hart ; Ger. pron. 

not) bdbRk'hart) 

Bougainville (boo'- Biir-dett' 

gaN'vel') Burger (bliR'ggr) 

Boulainvilliers Burgoyne (bur- 

(boo'laN've'ya') goin') 
Bourbou (boor'- Burlamaqui (bliR'- 

bgn ,• Fr. pron. l'a'ma'ke') 

booR'boN') Burleigh (bfir'll). 

Bourdaloue (booR'- Syn. Burghley. 

da'loo') Burnouf (biiR'- 

Bourdon (booR'- noof) 

doN') Bussy d'Amboise 

Bourne (born) (bii'se'doN'bwaz') 

Bourrienne (boo're- 

en') 
Bouterwek (boo'- /^1 

tgr-wek) *-'• 

Bouvier (Amer.) 

(boo-veer') Cab'ot (It. Caboto, 

Bowditch (bou'- kii-bo'to) 

ditch) Ca-do'gan 

Bowdoin (bo'dn) Cad-waf'la-dgr 
Bowles (boiz) Cagliari " (kal'ya- 

Bowring (bour'ing) ree) 
Boy'dell Cagliostro (kal- 

Boyer (bwa'ya') yos'tro) 

Bozzaris, or Botza- Cairns (karnz) 

ris (bot'sa-ris ; Caius (keez) 

popularly called Cal'a-my 

bQz-zar'is) Calderon (kal-da- 

Brad'war-dine ; ron') 

written also Brad- Calhoun (kal- 

wardin hoon') 



Call'cQtt 

Cal'met (Fr. pron. 

kal'ma') 
Calvert (Eng.) 

(kal'vgrt) 
Calvert (Amer.) 

(kol'vert) 
Cambaceres (koN'- 

ba'sa'res') 
Cam'er-gn 
Ca-mo'ens (or 

"kam'o-ens ; Port 

pron. ka-mo'eNs) 
Campbell (kam'el) 

6®~ Some fam- 
ilies of this name 
call themselves 
kam'bel. 

Canova (ka-no'va) 
Canrobert (koN'- 

ro'beR') 
Cantemir, or Kan- 

temir (kan'teh- 

meer or kan'te- 

meer') 
Canute (ka-nuf). 

Syn. Knut. 
Cn'pet (Fr. pron. 

ka'pa') 
Capo d T Istria (ka'- 

po dis'tre-a), or 

Capodistrias (ka- 

po-dis'tre-as) 
Caradoc (ka-ra/- 

dok) (Lat. Ca- 

rac'ta-cus) 
Car'dan (Lat. Car- 

da'nus ; It. Car- 

dano, kaR'da'no) 
Carew (generally 

ka-roo') 
Carlen (kaR-lan', 

almost kaR'HTn') 
Carlisle (kar-111') 
Carlyle (kar'lll or 

kar-lil') 
Carmichael (kar- 

mT'kgl or kar'- 

mT-kel) 
Carteret (kar'ter- 

et) 
Casaubon ((ka-saw'- 

bon) 
Casimir (kas'e- 

meer) 
Castaglione (kas- 

tal-yo'nS), or 

Castiglione (kas- 

tel-yo'na) 
Castlereagh (kSs'sl- 

ra') 
Castren (kas-tran' 

or kas-trnn') 
Caulaincourt (ko'- 

laN'kooR') 
Cavaignac (ka/- 

ven'yak') 
Cav'en-dish 
Cavour (ka'vooR') 
Cecil (ses'il or sis'- 

il) 
Cellini (chel-lee/- 

nee) 
Cenci (chen'chee) 
Centlivre (sent' 



lee'ver or sent- 

liv'er) 
Cervantes Saavedra 

(ser-van't6z sa- 

ved'ra ; Spanish 

pron. "theR-van'- 

tCs sa-a-va/Dra) 
Chalmers (chal'- 

merz; Scot. pron. 

chaw'mefz) 
Chamier (sha- 

meer' ) 
Chamisso (sha'me'- 

so') 
Champollion 

(sham-pol'le-Qn, 

or shoN'pol'le- 

6n') 
Charlemagne 

(shar'le-man' ; 

Fr.pron. shaRl'- 

man') 
Charlevoix (shar'- 

leh-vwa' or 

shaRl'vwji') 
Chateaubriand 

(sha'to'bre'oN') 
Chatham (chaf- 

am) 
Chauncey (chan'sl 

or chawn'si) 
Cherubini (ka-roo- 

bee'nee) 
Ches'el-dgn 
Cheyne ^cban or 

chm) 
Childebert (chfl'de- 

bert ; Fr. pron. 

shel'deh-beR') 
ChiT'der-ic (Fr. 

Childeric, (shel'- 

da'rek') 
Chil'per-ic (French 

Chilperic, shel'- 

pa'rek') 
Chisbolm (chiz'- 

om) 
Chlopicki (Klo-pif- 

skee) 
Cholmondely 

(chum'lif) 
Christophe (kres- 

tof) 
Cimabue (che-ma- 

boo'a) 
Cinq Mars (sa.Nk'- 

maRs') 
Claude (Fr. pron. 

klod) 
Claverhouse (klav'- 

er-tis or klav'- 

ers) 
Clotaire (klo'teR') 
Clo-til'dn, or Clo- 

tilde (klo'teld') 
Clough (kluf) 
Clo'vis 

Cochrane (kok'ran) 
Cockburn (ko'- 

burn) 
Cceur de Lion 

(kur de ll'gn ; 

Fr. pron. kuR 

de le'oN') 
Coke(kdbk or kok) 



Cclbert (kol'beR') 
Colburn (kol'burn) 
Col'by 
Co-len'so 

Coleridge (kol'ry) 
Coligny, or Coligni 

(ko'len'ye', or 

kol'en'ye') 
Col'man 
Colquhoun (ko- 

hoon') 
Cdl'tQn 

Combe (koom) 
Com stock (ktlm'- 

stok) 
Conde (kon'da ; 

Fr. pron. ko"N'- 

da') 
Condillac (kos'- 

dee'yak' or koN'- 

del'yak') 
Coudorcet (koN'- 

doR'sa') 
Confucius (kon-fu'- 

shi-Qs) (Chinese 

Kong-Fu-Tse', 

koug-fo~ot-sa') 
Congreve (kong'- 

gr^v) 
Conybeare (ktin'i- 

ber) 
Copernicus (ko- 

per'ni-kQs) (orig- 
inally Copernic, 

or Kopernic, ko- 

peR'nik) 
Coquerel (kok'rel') 
Corday (kor'da') 
Corneille (kor'- 

nal' : Fr. pron. 

koR'nal' or koR'- 

nay") 
Cornwallis (korn- 

wol'lis) 
Correggio (kor- 

red'jo ) 
Cor'tez (Sp. Cor- 
tes, koR-tes') 
Cousin (koo'zaN') 
Cowley (kow'li) 
Cowper (kow'per 

or koo'per) 
Crad'oek 
Crash'aw 
Crebillon (kra'be'- 

y8w') 
Crichton (krl'ton) 
Cromwell (krtim'- 

wel or krom'- 

wel) 
Cunard (ku-nard') 
Cunha, da (da, 

koon'ya) 
Cuvier (ku've-a' or 

ku've-er) 
Cuvp, or Kuyp 

(koip) 



D. 



Dagobert (dSg'o'- 
bert or da'go- 
beR') 



515 

Daguerre (da'geR'l 
3)ahl (dal) 
Dahlgren (dal'- 

gren ) 
Dalhousie (dal- 

hoo''a) 
Dalrymple (dal/- 

rim-pl) 
Dal ton (dawl'tgn 11 
Dalzell (da-el') 
Damiens (da'me- 

Sn') ; Anglicized 

Da'mi-eng. 
Bam pier" (dam'- 

peer) 
Bandolo (dan'do- 

lo) 
Dante (dan'te; It. 

pron. dan'ta) 
Dan ton (dan'tgn 

or dGN'toN') 
D'Arblay (dar'bla\ 
Daubigne (do'ben'- 

ya') 

Dav'en-ant 
Dav'en-port 
Davila (da've-lji) 
De Candolle (deh 

kr_N/dol') 
Df-ca tur 
Del'a-no 
Delaroche (d'la'- 

rosh') 
Delolme (deh-lolm' 

or d'lolm) 
Demidov (d6m'e- 

dov'), or Dem-i- 

dof. 
Denham (den'gm) 
Denina (da-nee'na) 
Denis (dch-ne') 
Derby (der'bi or 

dar'bi) 
Derham (der'am) 
De Ruyter (dg rl'- 

tgr or roi'ter) 
Derzhavin "(deR- 

zha'vin) 
Descartes (da'- 

kaRt') 
Deshoulieres (da 7 - 

zoo'le-f-R') 
Desmoulins (da'- 

moo'laN') 
Despreaux (da'- 

pra'c') 
Dessaix (da'sa') 
Dessalines (da'sa'- 

len' or dfis'sa- 

Km') 
DeThou (dgh too') 

(Lat. Thu-a'nus) 
Devereux (dev'gr- 

00) 
Dewees (de-weez') 
D'Ewes (duz) 
De Wette (deh 

wet'tgh) 

Diderot (ded'ro' or 

de'deh-ro') 
Didot (de'do') 
Diez (deets) 
Diodati (de-o-da'- 

tee) [ee) 

Disraeli (diz-ra'gl- 



dQ,wolf,to"o,tdbk; toijrue^ull; g,&,so/t; e,g,hard; a§; exist; n as ng; this, '&,o,xi,€e,],n,B i -W)B } V i Q } U ) S.ji(,R,v (seep. 502X 



516 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Dbderlein, or Doe- 

derlein (db'der- 

lln') 
Dolomieu (do'lo'- 

me-uh') 
Domenichino (do- 

ma-ne-kee'no) 
Donizetti (don'e- 

zet'tee or do-nid- 

zet'tee) 
Don'o-van 
Douce ~ (Eng.) 

(dowss) 
Douglas (dug'lnss) 
Douw ; pronounced 

and sometimes 

written Dow. 
Ducange (du-kanj'; 

French pron. da' - 

koNzh') 
Duchesne (d'u'- 

shan') 
Duclos (dd'klo') 
Dudevant (dd'dgh- 

von' or ddd / - 

von') 
Dufresnoy (dij / - 

fra'nwa') 
Dumas (dij'ma') 
Dumont (dd'moN') 
Dun-bar' 

Duncan (dunk'an) 
Dundas (dan-das') 
Dunglison (dting'- 

gll-SQn) 
Duponceau (du- 

pon'so ; Fr. 

pron. dd'poN'so') 
Dupont (Am.) (du- 
pont') 
Dupont (Fr.) (dd'- 

poN') 
Duquesne ( du'kan') 
Durand (Arn.) (du- 
rand') [roN'J 
Durand (Fr.) (dd'- 
Ddrer (du'rgr or 

dd'rgr) 
Duyckinck (dl'- 

kink) 
Dyche (dich. or 

ditch) 



E. 

Eccles (gk'glz) 
Echard (English) 

(etch'ard). Syn. 

Eachard. 
Egerton (ej'er-tQn) 
Elgin (el'gin) 
Ellesmere (elz'- 
/ meer) 
Elmes (elmz) 
Elphinstone (el'- 

fin-stgn ) 
Elzevir (el'zeh-vir) 
Encke (enk'gh) " ' 
Enghien (oN'ge- 

3n') 
Eon, Beaumont d' 

(bo'nioN'da'oN') 
Epes(eps) 



Epinay a/pe'na') 
Erasmus (eraz'- 

mus) 
Ercilla (eR-theel'- 
Eric (er'ik) [ya) 
Ericsson (er'ik- 

sQn) 
Erskine (ers'kin) 
Estaing (es'taN'), 

or d'Estaing 

(des't&N') 
Este (es'te or es'ta) 
Esterhazy, or Esz- 

terhazy (es'ter- 

ha'ze) 
Estienne (a'te-enn') 
Euler (yoo'lgr ; 

Ger. pron. oi'ler) 
Ewart (yoo'art) 
Ewing (yoo'iug) 
Eyre (ar) 



F. 



Fabre (fabr) 
Fabyan, or Fabian 

( fa'bi-an ) 
Facciolati (tat-cho- 

la'tee , or Fac- 

ciolato (i'at-cho- 

la'to, 
Fahrenheit (far'gn- 

hlt ; Ger. pron. 

ra'rgn-hit/) 
Fairbairn (far'- 

barn) 
Falconer (fawk'ngr 

or faw'kgn-gr) 
Falieri(fa-le-;i'ree) 
Falkland (fawk'- 

land) 
Faneuil (itin'il) 
Faraday (lar'a-da) 
Farnese ( far-neez' : 

It. pron. far-na'- 

sa) 
Farquhar (far'- 

kwar or far'kar) 
Fatima (la'te-ma or 

fat'e-ma) 
Faust . (fowst or 

fawst) [chee) 

Federici (fa-da-ree'- 
Fenelon (i'en'gh- 

lgn ; Fr. pron. 

fan'loN' or ia'- 

nch-loN') 
Feodor i f a-o'dor, 

almost fyo'dor) 
Fichte (i'iK/teh) 
Fingal (i'lng'gal or 

fing-gawl') 
Firdousi, or Fir- 

dausi (fir-dow'- 

see) ; less correct- 
ly, Firdusi. 
Firmin (Fr. (feV- 

m&N') 
Fleury (fluh're or 

fluh're') 
Flotow (flo'to) 
Flii'gel, or Fluegel 

(flu/gel) 



Foix (fwa) 
Fontaine (r on-tan'; 

Fr. pron. itm'- 

ten') [nel') 

Fontanelle (ron'ta- 
Fontenelle (ion- 

tgh-uel' ; French 

pron. ioNt'nel') 
Forbes (Eng.) 

(iorbz) [bgz) 

Forbes (Scot.) (tor'- 
Forcellini ^for- 

chel-lee'nee) 
Fordyce (foi-dls') 
Forster, or Foer- 

ster (ioR'ster) 
Forsyth (for-sith') 
Fortescue (ior'tes- 

ku) 
Fosbroke (fos'- 

brobk ) 
Foscari (fos'ka-ree) 
Foscolo (f'os'ko-lo) 
Fothergill (ioth'- 

er-gil) 
Fouche(foo'sha') 
Foulis (fow'lis; 

Scot. pron. fowlz) 
Foulques (fook) 
Fouque (foo'ka'). 

See La Motte- 

Fouque. 
Fouquier-Tinville 

(foo'ke-a'tas'- 

vel'j 
Fourcroy ( fooR'- 

krwa') 
Fourier (foo're-er; 

Fr. pron. foo'- 

re-a') 
Francesca (fran- 

ches'ka) 
Francia (South 

Am.) (fran'se-a) 
Francois ^froN'- 

swa') 
Fraunhofer 

(frown'ho-fgr) 
Freiligrath (frl'le- 

grat') 
Frelinghuysen 

(free'ling-hi'zgn) 
Fremont, or Fre- 
mont (Am.) (fre- 

mont') 
Fresnel 1 frS / nel') 
Freund ifroint) 
Freytag (frl'taG) 
Frob'ish-er 
Froila(fro'i-la) 
Froissart (frois'- 

sart' ; Fr. pron. 

frwa/saR') 
Froude (frood) 
Fulton (ftfbl'ton) 
Fuseli (fu'se-11) 

(Ger. Swiss Fues- 

sU, fiiss'lee) 



G. 

Gainsborough 
(gans/b'rg) 



Galignani (gii-len- 

ya'nee) 
Galileo (gal'i-lee'o ; 

It. pron. ga-le- 

Wo) 
Gall (gawl ; Ger. 

pron. gal) 
Gal'la-tin 
Gal'lau-det' 
Gait (gawlt) ' 
Galvani (gal-va'- 

nee) 
Garcia (Sp.) (gaR- 



Garcias (gaR-thee / - 

as) 
Garcilasso (or Gar- 

cilaso) de la Ve- 
ga (gaR-the-las'- 

so, or gar-se-laV- 

so, da la va'ga) 
Gardiner (gard'ner) 
Garibaldi (gar~-T- 

bal'di or ga-re- 

bal'dee) 
Gascoygne, "or Gas- 

coigne (gas-koin') 

Gasparin (gas'pa- 

rin or gas / pa / raN') 

Gauss (gowss) 

Gay-Lussac (ga'- 

lds'sak') 
(Jed 

Ged'des 
Gelee fzh'la) 
Gell (jel) 
Genet (jgh-net 7 or 

zh'nti) 
Gengis Khan, or 

Jengis_ Khan 

(jeng'gis kan or 

kan) 
Genlis (zhoN'le') 
Genseric (jen'sgr- 

ik) 
Geoffroy (Eng.) 

(jeffri) 
Gerando (zhgh- 

roN'do' or ja- 

ran'do) 
Gerard (Eng.) (jer 7 - 

ard) 
Gerry (ger'ri) 
Gerson (Fr.)(zheR' 

son') 
Gerson (Ger.) 

geR'son) 
Gervaise (zhgR'- 

vaz') 
Gesenius (gg-see'- 

ni-us ; Ger. pron. 

ga-za'ne-dbs) 
Gesner (.a^ngr) 
Gessler (iiess'lgr) 
Ghirlandajo ( ger- 

lan-da'yo); writ- 
ten also Ghirlan- 

daio. 
Gib/bgn 
Gibb^ 
Gib'sQn 
Gifford (giffgrd 

and jif^rd) 
Gignoux (zhen/- 

yoo') 



Gilbert (Eng.) (gil- 
bert) 
Gilchrist (gil'krlst) 
Gil-fll'lan 
Gillespie (gfl-l&'pi) 
Gil'pin 

Giotto (jot'to) 
Girard (Am.) (jg- 

rard') 
Girard (Fr.) (zhe'- 

raR') 
Girardin (zhe'raR 7 - 
_ daN') 
Glg'bgrne 
Giulio Romano 

(joo'le-o ro-maV- 

no) 
Glauber (glaw'bgr 

or glou'ber) 
Gleig (glegf 
Glendower (glen'- 

dou-gr) 
Glover (gluVer) 
Gluck (glol)k) 
Gliick (gldk, al- 
most gllk) 
Gobelin (gob'gh- 

lin ; Frenchpron. 

gob'laN') 
Go-dol'phin 
Goethe. See Gbthe. 
Goldoni (gol-do 7 - 

nee) 
Goldschmidt (golf- 

shmit) 
Gomez (go'meth) 
Gonzaga (gon-za'- 

ga) 
Gonzalo (gon-tha/- 

lo). Syn. Gon- 

salvo. 
Gonzalez (gon-za/- 

les or gon-tha 7 - 

leth) 
Gbrgei, or Gorgey 

(goR'ga; Ger. 

pron. gb'r'Gi) 
Gorges (gor'jez) 
Gortchakov, or 

Gortschakow 

(gor'cha-kof) ; 

written also 

Gortchakoff. 
Gbthe, or Goethe 

(go'tgh) 
Gough (gof) 
Gould (goold) 
Gower (gow'er and 

gor) 
Graeme (gram) 
Grammont (gram'- 

moN') 
Granger (Eng.) 

(gran'jgr) 
Grau (grou) 
Greaves (greevz) 
Greenough 

(green'o) 
Gresh'am 
Greville, or Grevile 

(grev'il) 
Griesbach (grees'- 

baK) dee) 

Grimaldi (gre-mal'- 
Grisi (gree'see) 



Gronov (gro'nov). 

or Gro-no'vl-us 
Groot (grot) 
Grosvenor (grC- 

vgn-g-r) 
Grotius(gro / shi-Qs) 
Grouchy (groo'she'j 
Guarini (gwa-ree'- 

nee) 
Guelph (gwelf) (It. 

Guelfo, gwel'fo) 
Guercino (gweR- 

chee'no) 
Guericke (ger'ik- 

ka or ga'rik-kgh) 
Guicciardini (gwet- 

chaR-dee'nee) 
Guido Reni (gwee'- 

do ra'nee) 
Guise (gwez) 
Guizot (gwe'zo' 

or ge'zo') 
Gdnther (gun'tgr) 
Gutenberg (goo'- 

tgn-bgRG'orgoo'- 

tgn-beRG) 
Guthrie (guth/ri) 
Guyon (gl'gn or 

ge'oN'J 
Guyot (ge'o') 



H. 



Hafiz (ha'fiz) 

Hahnemann (ha/, 
neh-man ) 

Hak'luyt ; written 
also Hackluyt. 

Hal'ket ( Scot, 

pron. h&k'et) 

Ha-lo'ran 

Han'dgl (Ger. 

Handel, hen'dgl) 

Haps'btirg (Ger. 
Hapsburg, haps 7 - 
booRG) 

Harcourt (Eng.j 
(har'kurt) 

Hardicanute (har y - 
de-ka-nut') 

Hardinge (har'- 
ding) 

Hardouin (aR'- 

dwaN') 

Haroun-al - Rasch- 
id (ha-roon^l- 
rtlsh/id) more cor- 
rectly, Harun- 
(or Haroun-) er- 
Rashid (ha'- 

roon'eR-Ra- 



Hauser (how'zgr) 
Hauy (ha' we') 
Havelock (hav'gk- 

15k) 
Haydn (ha'dn ; 

Ger. pron. hi'da^ 
Haynau (hl'now) 
Hearne (hSrn) 
Heb'er-dgn 
Heeren (ha^rgn) 
Hegel (ha'ggl) 



,8cc.,long;a,efi,less prolonged i a,6,&c.,sAort;a,g,i,g,o65CMre;care,far,ask,^,what]erejVgU 3 t5rm;pique,ffrm;s6n,6ii 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



517 



Heine (hl'ngh) Kuyp (koip). 

HeiDsius (hln'se- " ■ Cuyp. 

us) 
Heintzelman Jacobi (ya-ko'bee) 

(hlnt'sgl-man) Jamieson (j&m'e- 
Helvetius (hef-vee / - sg-n or ja'nii-sg-n) 4^* 

shl-us) Jasmin (zhas'miiN') 

Hern'anj; Jean Paul (zhoN La Bruyere 

Hengist (heng'gist) powl or jeen brd'yeR') 
Hengstenberg pawl). Syn. Lacepede (la' 

(heng'sten-beRG') Richter. peel') 



Herbelot (eRb'lo' Jellachich (yel'la- Lacroix (la'krwa') Lewes (lu'is) 

or eR'bgh-lo') KiK) Ladislas (iad'is- L'Hopital, or L 

Herder (her'dgr or Joan of Arc (Fr. \as) ; written also Hospital (lo'pe 

heR'dgr) Jeanne d'Arc, Lad'is-la'us. tal') 

Her'i-ot zhan daRk') La Fayette, or La- Liddell (Hd'dgl) 

Herrera(eR-Ra'ra) Joinville (join'vil fayette (la/fa- Lieber (lee'bgr) 
Herschel (her'shel) or zhwSN'vel') et') Liebig (lee'big 

Hewes (huz) " Jomini (zho'me'- Laffitte (laf'fif or Ger. pron 
Heylin (ha'lin) ne') la'jfet') biG) 



Syn. Le Sueur (leh Port .Magalhaens, Matthisson (maf- 
swur) ma-gal-ya'eNs) tfs-son) 

Leuwenhoek (loo'- Maginn (ma-gin 7 ) Maturin (mSt'yoo- 
en-hook; Dutch Mahmud, or Mah- rin) 
pron. lo'wen- moud (mah'- Maunder (mawn'- 
hdbk) mood') dgr) 

Leaver Mahomet (ma- Maupertuis (mo' 1 

(la Leverrier (lgh-ver'- honi'et 
ri-er or leh-va're- met, c 
Vf " 

Levisac (lS've-zak') 



ma/ho- pGR'twe') 
■ ma'ho- Maurepas ( moR'pa'} 
met). See Mo- Maury (Am.) 
hammed. (maw'rl and 



Heyne (hi'ngh) Jouffroy 
Heyse (hi'zgh) frwa') 

Heywood " (ha'- Jourdain 
wdbd) Jourdan 

Hogarth (ho'garth) doN') 
Holbein (hol'bln) Jowett (jo'et) 
Holinshed, or Hoi- Juarez (Hoo-a'res 



Mah on (ina-hoon' mur'ri) [re') 

or ma-hon') Maury (Fr.) (mo'- 

Maimonides (mi- Mazarin (maz'a- 
mon'g-dez) reen' ; Fr. pron. 

Maintenon (mSivt'- ma'za'raN') 
noN' or man'tg- Mazzini (mat-see'- 
non) nee orm'a-zee'nee) 

lee'- Mainwaring (man'- Meagher (ma'gr) 

ner-ing) Medici (med'e-'ebee) 



(zhoof'-La Fontaine (la Lingard (ling'gard) Malagrida (ma-la- Medicis (ma'de'sess' 

[daw') fon'tan' ; Fr. Linne (lin-na', al- gree'da) or med'e-sis) 

(zhocR'- pron. la/foN'ten') most lin-uii 7 ) Malcolm (mftl'kgm) Mehemet Ali (ma- 
(zhoor'- Laing (lang) (Lat. Linnseus, Malebranche (mSl'- hem'et a'lee) ; bet- 

Lally-Tollendal lm-nee'Qs) e-branch' or ter Mohammed 

(lal'lee' tol'loN'- Linuell (lin'nel) mal'brossh') Ali. 

dal') Liszt (list) ' Malesherbes (mal'- Meigs (mPgz) 



lynshed (hol'inz- or Hwa'reth) Lamartine (la'- Lloyd (loid) zeRb') Melanchthon (me- 

hed) Jullien(zhiil'le-aM' ; map/ten') Lope de Vega (lo'pa Malibran (ma'le- lank'thon) ; less 

Holmes (homz) almost zhul'- Lamballe (loN'bal') da va'ga) broN ; Anglicized correctly Melanc- 

Hoogeven (ho'Ga- yaN') La Mennais, or Lothaire (lo-ther' m&l'T-br&n). thon. 

ven) Junot (zh'd'no') Lamennais (la'- or lo-teR') Malone (ma-lon') Menage (ma'nazb') 

Houdon (oo'doN') Jussieu (jus'su' ; ma'na') Loudon (lou'don) Malpighi (mal-pee'- Mendelssohn (men'- 



Houghton (ho'tg-n) 
Houston (popularly 

pronounced lau'- 

stgn) 
Hovey (huv'i) 
Huber (hoo'ber) 
Huger (Am. J (u- 

jee') 
Hughes (huz 
Humbert 

beR') 



Fr. pron. zhu'- La Motte-Fouque Louis (loo'is; Fr. gee) del-son) 

sc-oh') (la mot-foo'ka') pron. ioo'e') Malte Brun (mawlt Mendoza (men-do'- 

La ferouse (la Louverture (loo'- brQn' or rualt'g- za, ; Sp. pron. 
pa'rooz') veR'tuR'). Syn. brHN') men-do'tha) 

"IT" Laplace (la'plass') Toussaint. Mantell (man'tl) Metastasio (met/ a- 

"■ LaRoche-jaquelein, Lowth (louth) Manutius fma-nu'- sta'se-o or ma- 

or La Roche- Loyola (loi-o'la or she-tis) (It. Man- ta-sta'se-o) 
Kant (kant or jacquelin (la lo-yo'la) uzio, ma-noot'- Metternich (met'- 

kant) rosh'zhak'ISN') Lubin (Fr.) /I'd'- se-o; [nee) ter-nlk or met'- 

(un'- Kantemir (kan'te- Las Casas (las ka'- L^f ord [b^n') Manzoni toan-zo'- terniK) 

meer). Syn. Can- sas) Marat (ma'ra') Meyer (mi'er) 



Humboldt (hum'- temir. Las Cases (las kaz) TV/T 

bolt: Ger. pron. Kavanagh (kav'a- La'tham - l -" J -* 

hdbm'bolt) na' or kav'a- Latour (la'tooR') 

Hus'kis-sgn naa') Lavater (la-va'ter Macaulay 

Huss,o?-Hus Kearney (kar'nl) or la'va'teR') kaw'li) 



Marie- Antoinette Meyerbeer (ml'er- 
(ma're' oK'twa'- baR') 
net') Meyrick (mer'ik) 

(ma- Marie Louise (ma'- Michaelis (me-ka- 
loo'ez') a'lis) 



(hiiss ; Ger. pron. Keble (keb'l) Lavoisier (la/vwa/- Macchiavelli (mak- Marion (Am.) Michelet ( mesh'la'l 

hdbss) Keightly (kh/lee) ze-a') ke-a-vel'lee). (mar'e-on) Mignet (men'ya') 

Huj'ghens (hi'ggnz Kircher (kiR'Kgr Layard (la'ard) Syn. Machiavel Marlborough Mil'lin-ggn 

or hoi'ggnz) " or klr'ker) Le Clerc, "or Le- (m&k'i-a-velj (mawl'b'ro) Milne (Scot.) (mil) 

Hyder All (hl'dgr Kisfaludy (kish'fo- clerc (leh-kleR') MacCulloch (ma- Marlowe (mar'lo) ; Milne (Eng.j(miln) 
a'lee) loo'di, aim os t Legare (Amer.) kul'ltih) sometimes written Milnes (milz) 

kish-fo-loodj' ) (leh-gree') Macllvaine (mSk'U- Marlow. Miloradovitch (me- 

Kneller ( nel'lgr ; Legendre (lgh- van') " Marryatt (mSr'rl- lo-ra'do-vitch) ; 

Ger. pron. knel'- zhfiNd'r' or Igh- Mackay (ma-ka' at) written also Milo- 

■*-' lgr) jen'dgr) and ma-ki')~ Martel (maR'tel') radowitz. 

Knolles (nolz) ; Leibnitz, or Leib- Mack'in-tosh Martineau (Eng. ) Minie (me'ne-a') 

Ibrahim (ib-bra'- written also niz (lip'nits) Mack'lin (mar'tT-no) Mirabeau (mir'a- 



Leigh (lee) 
Leighton (la'tgn) 
Lempriere (lem'- 

pri-er or lem^ 

preer' ' 



heem) (Pasha) Knollys (nolz) 

Inchbald (inch'- Knowles (nolz) 

bald) Koch (koK) 

Inez (ee'n&z) (queen Korner, or Koer 

of Portugal) ner (kbR'ngr) 

In'ge-low 

Ireton (Ir'tgn) fis'ko) 

Iriarte (e-re-aR'- Kossuth 

ta). Syn. Yri- shoot') (leh-siizh') 

arte. Kotzebue (kot'sgh- Lespinasse, or L'Es 

Iturbide (e-tooR'- bu ; Ger. pron. pinasse (les'pe' 

be-da) kot'seh-boo) nass') 

Ivan (Russ.) Krummacher L'Estrange (les 

(e-van') (krdfem'maK-gr) tranj') 



Mac-lau'rin Masaniello (ma-sa- bo' or me'ra'bo') 

Maclean (mak-lan') ne-el'lo) Mirandola (me- 

Macleod " ( m S" Maskelyne (mas'kg- ran'do-la) 

klpwd') Hn) " Mo-h5m'med 

Maclin (ma-klin') Mas'sn-soit' (Arab. pron. mo- 



Kosciusko (kos-si- Lenclos, or L'En- Maclise (ma-kleez') Massena (ma's-sa/ 
clos (ISN'klo') Macomb 
(kosh'- Le Sage, or Lesage komb') 
Macready 



kree'dl) 
Mad'oc 



(ma- 
(ma- 



ham'med. ) Often, 
Fr. pron. but less correctly, 
ma'sa'na') written Mahomet 

Massillon (maVsil- Moir (moi'er) 
Ion or mas'se'- Mole (mo'la') 
yoN') Moliere (mo'le-eR') 

Magellan (ma-jel'- Massin ger (mSs'sin- Molina imo-lee'na) 
Ian; Sp. pron. jer) ' Molyneux (mol'ju 

ma-Hel-yan' ; Mather (mSth'gr) nooks') 



dQ,wQlf,t6"t>,t6~bk; toijrijejpijll ; Q,g,soft; v,g,hard; a§; epst; n as ng; this; 5,b',u,t"e,I 3 5,£,w^,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep. 5Q2> 



518 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Moncreiff (mon- 

kreeP) 
Monroe (mojn-ro') 
Monstrelet (moNS'- 

trgh-la') ^ [gu) 
Montague (mon'ta- 
Montaigne (m6n~'- 

tan' ; Fr. pron. 

moN'tari') 
Blontalembert 

(moN'tiPloN'beR') 
Montcalm (mont- 

kanP ; Fr. pron. 

muN'kam') 
Montecuccoli. 

(mon'ta-kdbk'ko- 

lee) ; written also 

Montecuculi. 
Montespan (mon'- 

tes-pan' ; Fr. 

pron. moVteV- 

poN') 
Montesquieu 

(mon'tgs-kiP ; 

Fr. pron. motP- 

tes'ke-uh') 
Montgolfier (mJjN'- 

goPfe-a' or mont- 

goPi'i-gr) 
Montgomery (Eng.) 

(mont-gum'gr-i) 
Montholou (moN'- 

to'loN') [roz') 
Montrose (mout- 
Montucci imon- 

toot'chee^ 
Moore (Eng.) (mor) 
Moratin (mo-ra- 

teen') 
Moray (mur'rl) 
Moreau (mo'ro') 
Morel (mo'reP) 
Morell (mo-relP) 
Morrell (Am.) 

(mor'rel) 
Morton 
Mos'by 

Mosheim (mos'hlm) 
Motteux (rnot-too') 
Moultrie (moo'fcrl) 
Mow'att 
Mozart (mo-zart'; 

Ger. pron. mot'- 

sart) 
Mudie (mu'&i; Scot. 

pron. moo'di) 
M'uller (rotiPler, al- 
most mll'lgr) [I) 
Mulready imQPred- 
Miinchhausen 

(mun-chaw'sen ; 
Ger. pron munK- 

how'zgn) 
Murat (mtPra/ or 

mu-rat / ) 
Mui'illo (moo-reeP- 

yo or mQ-riPlo) 
Mylne (miln) 



Pacheco (Sp.) (pa- 

"M" cha'ko) 

- L ~ * Paesiello ( p'a-a-se- 

el'lo), or Paisiello 

Nadir Shah (na/dir (pa-e-se-ePlo, ai- 

shah) ??zo.s£pT-ze-ePlo) 



Nana Sahib (na/nii 

sa/bib)_ 
Napier (mVpe-gr) 
Ne-an'dgr ( Ger. 

pron. nS-atPderj 
Neck'er (Fr. pron. 

nek"kGR') 
Nemours (ngh- 

mooR 7 ) 
Nesselrode (nes'scl- 

ro'dgh) 
Ney (mi) 

Niebuhr (nee'boor) 
Niepce (ne-6ps£) 
Noailles (no'aP or 

no'ay'') 
Nodier (na/de-fP) 
Nohden, or Noeh- 

den (nb'dgn) 
Nos'tra-da'mus iFr. 
Notre-dame, notr'- 
dtinP) 
Novalis (no-v'.i'lis). 

Syn. Hardenberg. 



0. 

Oberlin (o'bgr-lin); 

Fr. pron. o'beR'- 

IXn') [nel) 

O'Connell (o-kon'- 
CEcolampadius (ek'- 

o-lam-pa'dl-us) 
Ogilby (o'g'l-bi) 
Ogilvie (o'g'l-vl) 
Oglethorp (o'g'l- 
.. thorp) 
Ohlenschlager, or 

Oehlenschlager 

(b'lgn-shhVggr) 
Oldvs (oPdis or 

oidz) 
Ohnstead (unPsted 

or onPstgd) 
O'Meara (o-mee'ra ; 

Irish pron. o- 

ma'ra) 
Onkelos onk'g-los) 
Orsay (or-sa/) " 
Orsini (oR-see'nee) 
Os'bal-dis'tQne 
Ossian (osh'an) 
Ossoli (os'so^lee) 
Oudinot (oo'de'no') 
Oughtred (ot'rgd) 
Ousely (oozlT)" 
Overweg (o'vor- 

waG) 
Oxenstiern (oks'en- 

RtenP)(Sw.Oxen- 

stierna, oks'gn- 

ste-eR'na) 



P. 



Paganini (pa-ga- 

nee'nee) 
Paget (pflj/gt) 
Paixhans (plks'- 

hanz or peks'oN') 
Palafox (p31'a- 

foks' ; Sp. pron. 

pa-la-fuiP) 
Palestrina (pii-les- 

tree'na) 
PaPgrave 
Palmerston (piinP- 

gr-stou) 
Panizzi (pii-nit'see) 
Piln'mure ( Scotch 

pron. pan-miir') 
Paoli ( piPo-lee or 

pow'lee) [no') 
Papineau (pa/pe'- 
Par'a-cePsBs 
Pardoe(par / do) 
Parmigiano (paR- 

me-ja'no ), or 

Parmegiano 

(paR-ma-jPno) 
Par'nell 
Pascaf (pjis'kal ; Fr. 

pron. pas'kaP) 
Passovv (pas'85) 
Pearce and PSarce 
Pear'son and PEar'- 

son 
Pellico (pePle-ko) 
Pepin (p&pln or 

pip'in ; Fr. pron. 

pgh-paN') 
Pepys (peps) 
Pereira (pe-ree'ra ; 

Port. pron. pa- 

ra'e-ra) 
Persigny fpgr-seiP- 

ye orpefPsen'ye') 
Pestalozzi (pes-ta- 

lot'see) 
Petrarch ( pee'- 

trark) (It. Petrar- 

ca, pa-traR'k'a) 
Pfeiffer (Ger.)(p'nP- 

i'er) 
Pharamond (fitr'a- 

mond or i'a/r'J/- 

moN') 
Piccolomini (plk- 

ko-lom'e-nee) 
Pichegru (peslP- 

grlP) 
Pierce (peerss or 

perss) 
Piozzi (pe-ot'see or 

pe-oz'zi) 
Piper (Sw.) (pee'- 

per ; in Eng. pV- 

per) 
Pizarro ( pe-zar'ro ; 

Sp. pron. pe- 

thaR^o) 
Plantagenet (plSn- 

taj'e-net) 
Plevel (pU'el), or 

Pleyl (pill) 
Po'ca-hon'tas - 
Po'cocke 
Poin-sett' 
Polk (polk or pok) 
Pombal (pom-baP) 



Pompadour (pom/- 

pa-dobR' or-poW- 

pa/dJbR') 
Ponce de Leon 

(pon'tha da la- 

on') 
Poniatowski (po-ne- 

a-tov'ske) 
Pontchartrain 

(puN'sbaR'traN') 
Popbam (pop'am) 
Porteus (por'te-tis) 
Potemkin (po-tem'- 

kin; Russ. pron. 

pSt-yom'kin) 
Poussin (poo'saN') 
Powell (pou'el) 
Pow'hat-tan' 
Praed fprid) 
Preble (prfiVl) 
Prichard (pritch'- 

ard) 
Prideaux (prid'o 

and prid'tix) 
Priessnitz (preess 7 - 

nits) 
Proudhon (proo 7 - 

doN') 
Trud'hon (pr'-i 7 - 

d03i') 

Psalnianazar (saP- 

ma-na'znr) 
Piif'fen-dorf (Ger. 

Pufendorf, poo 7 - 

fen-doRf) 
Pughe (pu) 
Pugin (pti/jm) 
Pulaski ("pu-las/- 

kee ; Pol. pron. 

poo-laVkee) 
Pulci (pooPchee) 
Pulteney (pult/ni) 
Pusey (pu'zl) 



Q. 



Quarles (kwarlz) 
Quatremere (kat'r'- 

nuR') 
Quevedo (ka-va'Do) 
Quinault (ke'no') 
Quincy (kwin'si or 

kwIn'zT) 
Quinet (ke'na,') 



R 



Rabelais (ra'beh- 

Wor r'dh'W) r 
Rachel (Fr.) (r$/- 

sheP) 
Racine (ra'sen' or 

ras-seen' ) 
Radetzky (ra-de'ts 7 - 

kee) 
Raeburn (ra'bern) 
Raffaelle (raf-fa-eP- 

la) Syn. Raphael. 
Raleigh (raw']]) ; 

written also 

Ralegh. 



Rambouillet (roN'- 

boo'yo') 
Ranke (rank'eh) 
Raphael (ru'lfa-el or 

raf'fa-gl) 
Rapin (rap'Tn or 

ra/paN) 
Ravaillac (rX'\&Y- 

yak' or ra/vah/- 

yak') 
Reaumur (ra'o'- 

miiR' or ro'inur) 
Regiomontanus 

(re'je-o-mon-ta'- 

nus) 
Rembrandt (renP- 

braut ; Dutch 

pron. renPbriint) 
Renan (reh-noN 7 ) 
Ren'nell 

Reynolds (ren'oldz) 
Ricasoli (re-ka/fio- 

lee) 
Riccio (ret'cho) 
R>chelieu (resh'eh- 

loo ; Fr. pron. 

resh'le-uh') 
Richter (riK'ter). 

Syn. Jean Paul. 
Rienzi (re-en'zee), 

or Rienzo (re-en / - 

zo) 
Rives (Amer.) 

(reevz) 
Rizzio (ret'se-o or 

rlt'se-o ) 
Robespierre (ro'bes- 

peer' or rob'gB- 

pe-SE') 
Rochambeau (ro'- 

shoN'bo') 
Rochefoucauld 

(rosh'foo-ko' or 

roslpfoo'ko') 
Roget ( ro'zha or 

ro'zha') 
Rollin(roPlin; Fr. 

pron. roPlas') 
Rouiilly (Eng.) 

(rom/H-i) 
Ronge (rong^h) 
Ronsard (roK'saR') 
Rosecranz (roz'- 

krants) 
Rosenmuller (ro'- 

zen-miiPler), al- 
most ro'zen-miP- 

Igr) 
Rothschild (ros'- 

chTld ; Ger. pron. 

rot'shilt) 
Roubillac (nx/beP- 

yak' or roo'be'- 

j'ak') ; written also 

Roubilliac and 

Roubiliac. 
Rousseau (roo'so') 
Routledge (rKt'lij) 
Rowe (ro) 
Rowley (rou'll) 
Riickert (r'uk'kert, 

almost rlk'kert) 
Rutgers (rut'gers) 
Rutherford (ruth'- 

er-ford) 



S. 



Saadi. See Sadi. 
Sabine (sab'Tn) 
Sacheverell (sa- 

chev'gr-el) 
Sachs (saks) 
Saiutine (saN'tun') 
Saint-John (senf- 

jon or sln'jen) 
Saint Leger (siPlm- 

Saint-Pierre (sent- 

peer or saN'pe- 

Gr') 
Saint-Simon (sent- 

si'mou orsaN'se'- 

moK') 
Saladin (saPa-dm) 

(Arab. Salah-ed- 

I)in (sa-liUPed- 

deen') 
Salmasius (sal-ma'- 

zhT-ds). Syn. 

Saumaise. 
SanPo-set 
Sand (silnd, or 

son) 
San'dys (or sandz) 
Saumarez (saw'- 

ma-rez) 
Saunderson (sjin/- 

der-spm) 
Saurin (saw'Tin; 

Fr.pron. so'raN') 
Saussure (so'fiQr' 

or so's'ur') 
Savary (siPva/re') 
Savigny (sa'ven/- 

ye') 

Savile, or Saville 
(sav^l) 
Savonarola (sa-vo- 

na-ro'la) 
Scaliger (skaPI-jer) 
Scarron (ska'roN') 
Schamyl (sha'mil). 

Syn. Shamyl. 
Scheffer (shePfer ; 

Dutch pron. 

SKePfer ; French 

sheffeV) 
Scheller (shePler) 
Schelling (shePling) 
Schenck (skenk) 
Schiller (shipfer) 
Schimmelpennink 

(shinPmel-pen'- 

nlnk) 
Schlegel (shWgel 

orshla'Gel) 
Schleiermacher 

(shlPer-maK'er) 
Schlosser (shlos'- 

sgr) 
Schmidt (shmit) 
Schuyler (skPler) 
Sooresby (skorz/bl) 
Scongal (skoo'gal) 
Scribe (skreb) 
Scuderi, or Scudery 

(Fr.) (skiPdtPre') 
Sepulveda (sa- 

pooPva-dii) 



a,e,&c. ,long; a,e,o, less prolonged; a,e,&c, short; a,e,i,o,obscure; care,far,ask,all,what ; ere,veil,t5rm; pique,f!rm,s6n,6r, 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 519 

Ser-ve/tQs (Sp. Steuben (German) Ten'ter-dgn Trowbridge (tro'- Vladimir (vlad'e- Worcester (wdbs'- 

"Servedo, seR-va/- (stoi'ben) Thaarup (Wrup) brij) mer) ter) 

do) Stockhardt, or Thackeray (thak'- Turenne (tu'renn' ; Volney (vol'nl ; Fr. Wordsworth 

SevignS (sa-veen'ya Stoeckhardt gr-ri) French pron. tii'- pron. vol'na.') (wurdz'wGrth) 

or sa'ven'y a') { stok'haRt) Thalberg (tal'beRG) renn') Voltaire (vol-ter' or Wouverman( wow'- 

Seward (su'ard) Storace (sto-ra/cha, Theobald (thee'o- Turgot (toor'go' or voPteR'). Syn. vgr-miin) 
Seymour (seVmer) or stor'ass) bawld or tib'- tiiR/go') Arouet. Wraxall (raks'al or 

Sforza (sfoRt/saf Storrs (storz) bald) Tur pin (tQr'pin or Vortigem (vor'te- raks'al) 

3hakes'p5are : writ- Stowell (sto'el) Thesigerfthcsl-jer) tuR'p&N') ggrn) Wycherley (witch'- 

ten also Shak- Strahan "and Thevenot (tav'no') Tyrwhitt (teVit or Voss (Dutch) (toss) er-lT) 

speare and Shak- Strachan Thftaudeau (te'- ter'wit) (Lat. Vossius, Wycliffe (wTk'Hf); 

spere. (strawn) bo'do') v5sh'i-«s) also Wyclif, Wic- 

Shamyl (sha/mil). Straparola(stra-pa- Thierry (te-er'ri or Voss (Ger.) (foss) lif, and Wickliffe. 

Syn. Schamyl. roOa), or Strap'a- te-a'ree') Wyntoun (win'ton 

Sheil (sheel) r51e " Thiers (te-efi') ^ • or win'toyn) 

Sidmouth (sW- Strauss (strouss) Tholuck (to'ldbk) W Wythe (with ■ th as 

muth) Stuyresant (sti'vg- Thorn (torn) Uberti (oo-beR'tee) ''* in thin) 

Sieyes (se-eV, se- sant) [su) Thoresby (thorz'bi) Ugolino(oo-go-lee / - 

a', or se-a'ya') Sue" (su; Fr. pron. Thorwaldsen (tor'- no) W&chter (waK'tgR) 

Sigel (see/gel) Suleyman (soo-la- wald-sgn or toR'- TJhland (ooaiint or Waldemar ^woFde- "V" 

Sigismund" (sy'is- man'). Syn. Soli- vald-sen) yoo'land) mar or wal'deh- - zv « 

mund) man. ' Thouvenel (tooV- TJlfilas, or Ulphilas mar) 

Sigourney (sig'or- Sully (stil'lT; Fr. nel') (ul'ii-las) Wallenstein (wol'- Xavier (zav'i-gr ; 

nl) pron. su' ye/) Tieck (teek) Upham (up'am) len-stm ; German Sp. pron. Ha-ve> 

Sismondi(sTs-mon'-Surajah Dowlah Tighe (tl) Urquhart (urk'art) pron. wal'lgn- aR') 

di ; It. pron. ses- (siir-a/jah-dow/- Tillemont (tey v - Uwins (yoo'inz) stin') Ximenes (zi-mee'- 

mon'dee) lah) moN') Walsingham (woF- nez;_Sp. pron. 

Slidell (slT-del') Suwarrow (soo-or'- Tilly (til'le; Fr. sing-am) He-ma'nes) 

Snorri Sturluson ro) ; written also pron. te'ye') TT War'bur-tgn 

(snor'ree stoor'- Souvoroff or Su- Timur, or Timour v • Wargentin (war'- 

lcJb-sQn) worow (Kuss. (tee'moor')- gen-teen) "Y7" 

Soane (son) pron. soo-vo'rof) Called by the Yal-lan'di-gham Warham (wor'am) - 1 - • 

Sobieski (so-be-eV- Swe'den-borg^ Sw. Persians Timur- (-di-gam) Washington 

kee) pron. swS'den- Lang or LSng (i. Van Buren (van (w6sh'ing-to,n) Yonge (yung) 

Socinus (so-si'nQs) boRG); written e., "Timur the bu'ren) Watteau (yat'to') Youatt (yoo'at) 

(It. Sozzini, sot- also Svedenborg. Lame,") whence Vanbrugh (van'- Weber (wa'ber or Youmans (yoo'- 

see'nee) Sydenham (sid'en- Tamerlane. broo) wa'bgr) mgnz) 

Somers (sum'grz) am) ' Tintoretto (ten-to- Vancouver (van- Wellesley (welz'lT) Yriarte (e-re-aR'ta) 

Sontag (son'tag or ' ret'to) koo'vgr) Wemys (weemz or Syn. Iriarte^ 

son'tiiG) Tippoo Sahib (tTp/- Vandyke (vau-dTk') wimz) Ysabeau (e'za'bo') 

Sotheby (sutb/g-bl) rn po sa/hib ; almost (Dutch Vandyck, Werner (wer'ner or 

Soule (sol) ^' sa/ib) or Vandjik, van- weR'ner) 

Soule (soo-la/ or Tiraboschi (te-ra- dik') Whalley (hwSKtf) TJ 

soo'la') Taglioni (tal-yo'- bos'kee) Varnhagen (faRn'- Whewell (hu'el) *-*» 

Soulouque (soo'- nee) Tischendorf (tish'- ha-gen) Whitefield (hwit/- 

lobk') Talbot (tawPbgt) en-doRf) Vattel (vat-tel 7 or feeld) ZTm'mer-mann 

Soult(soolt) Talfourd(tawl / ford) Titian (tish'an) (It. viit'tel') _ Wieland (wee'land; (German pron. 

Southard (siith / - Taliaferro (tSPi- Tiziano, "tet-se- Vauban (vo'boN') German pron. tsirn'mer-man) 

ard) ver, and some- a'no) Vaughan (vaw'n or "wee'lant) Zinzendorf (tsint 7 - 

Southern(suth / ern) times tel'fer) Tocqueville (tok'- vaw'an) Willoughby (wTHq- sen-doRf) 

Southey (sowth'I) Talleyrand "(taPli- vil ; Fr. pron. Vaux " (Eng. & bi) Zollikofer (Ger.) 

Souvestre (soo'- rSnd; Fr. pron. tok'vel') Amer. ) (vawks) Willughby (wiPlg- (tsol'le-ko'fer) 

vestr') taFla'roN') Torquato (toR- Vega (va'ga) bi) Zol'li-koffer (Am.) 

Sowerby (sou'er- Tallien (ta'le-aN) kwa'to). Velasquez (va-las'- Winckelmann Zouch (zooch) 

bi) " Tallmadge (taPmij) Torquemafla (toR- kez or va-las'- (wink'gl-man) Zschokke (tshSk'- 

Soyer (soi'er or Tamerlane (tam/gr- ka-ma'Da) keth) Windham (wind'- kgh) 

swa'ya') Ian or tam'er- Torricelli (tor-ri- Vernet (vgR'na/) am) Zumala - Carregui 

Spinola(spee / no-la) Ian') sePli or toR-Re- Verplanck (ver- Winkelried (wins/- (thoo-ma'la-kaR- 

Spinoza (spe-no'za) Taney (taw'n!) chePlee) plJink') gl-reet) Ra'gee) 

Spurtzheim Tas'so (It. pron. Toucey (tou'sT) Ver-ste'gan Wirth (we~eRt) Zumpt (ts6~ompt) 

(spooRts'him or tas'so) Tournefort(tooRn / - VeVij-lam. Wolcott (wSPkQt Zuniga ( thoon-yee'- 

spflrz'im) Tassoni (tas-so/- foR') Vespucci (v5s- or wooPk5t) ga). See Ercilla. 

Stael (stal or stawl) nee) [nits) ToussaintL'Ouver- poot'chee) Wolff (English) Zwin'gll (German 

Stanhope (stan'op) Tauchnitz (touK^- ture (too'saN' Vicente (ve-sen'ta) (wdblf) pron. tswing'lee) 

Stanislaus (stan-is- Tauler (tou'lgr) loo'vgR'tuR') Vicq d'Azyr (vek Wollaston (wdbl'- (Lat. Zwm/gli-Qs 

la'us or st'an-is- Te-cum'sgh " Townshend da/zeR) as-tgn) or Zuiu/gli-us) ; 

la/us) [ton) Tegner (teng-neR') (townz 7 gnd) Vidocq (ve'dok') Wollstonecraft written also 

Staunton (stan'- Teniers (ten'ygrz ; Trad'gs-cEnt Villiers (vTl'ygrz) (wc^oPstgn- Zwingle (zwing 7 - 

Steuben (Amer.) Fr. pron. tghT-ne- Tristan (French) Vinci (vm/chee or kritft) gl) [er) 

(stii'bgn) a 7 or tgn-ya') (tres'toN*) ven'chee) Wolsey (vrcfol'zf) Zwirner (tswlRQ.'' 

dgjWOlf.tcTo^d'ok; Qrn,rue,pull; s,g,soft; v,g,hard; a§, ejist; aasng; this, ajb'^e^^njSjWjB^GjHjKjNjRjUfseep. 502). 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 



WITH 



THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES, OR NICK-NAMES. 



I. NAMES OF MEN. 



AARON (ar'un). [Heb.] Lofty ; in- 
spired. 

A'bel. [Heb.] Breath ; transitori- 
ness ; vanity. 

A-bi'el. [Heb.] Father of strength. 

A-BI'JAH. [Heb.] To whom Jehovah 

AB'ner. [Heb.] Father of light. 
A'BRA-HAM. [Heb.] Father of a mul- 
_ titude. — Dim. Abe (ab). 
A'BRAM. [Heb.] Father of elevation. 

Dim. Abe. 
AD'AM. [Heb.] Man; earrh-man; 

red earth. — Dim. Ade (ad). 
A-DOL'PHUS. [0. H. Ger.] Noble 

wolf, i. e. noble hero. 
Ad'O-ni'RAM. [Heb.] Lord of height. 
Al'AN. Variously explained as a 

hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], and 

a corruption of Hilary, or of JElia- 

nus. • 

Al/A-Rl€. [0. H. Ger.] All-rich ; or, 

noble ruler. 
Xl'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Nobly bright ; 

illustrious. 
Al'bx-on. [Celt.] Mountainous land ; 

the ancient name of England. 
Il'ex-an'der. [Gr.] A defender of 

merT. — Dim. Al'eck, El'lick, San'- 

der, San'dy, Saw'nie. 
Al/FRED. [0. H. Ger.] Elf in coun- 
cil ; i. e., good counselor. — Dim. 

Alf. 
Al/GER-NON. [Fr.] With whiskers. 
A-LON'zo. [0. Ger.] The same as 

Alphonso, q. v. 
Al'phe-tjs (properly Al-phe'us). 

[Heb.] Exchange. 
Al-phon'so. [0. H. Ger.] All-ready ; 

willing. 

£££: ! !»»•] **»•*• 

Al'vin, ) [0. H. Ger.] Beloved by 

Al'win, ) all. 

Am'a-ri'ah. [Heb.] Whom Jehovah 

promised. 
Am'a-sa. [Heb.] A burden. 
Am'brose. [Gr.] Immortal ; divine. 
AM'MI. [Heb.] My people. 
A'mos. [Heb.] Strong ; courageous ; 

otherwise, burden. 



An'drew (?.n'dru). [Gr.] Strong; 

manly. — Dim. An'dy. 
An'selm. [0. H. Ger.] Protection 

of God. 
An'tho-ny (-to-), I [Lat.] Priceless ; 
An'to-ny. j praiseworthy. — 

Dim. To'ny. 
Xr'chi-bald. [Ger.] Extremely bold ; 

otherwise, holy prince. — Dim. Ar'- 

chv. 
AR'te-mas. [Gr.] Gift of Artemis, or 

Diana. 
Ar'thur. [Celt.] High; noble. 
A'sA. [Heb.] Healer ; physician. 
As'A-HEL. [Heb.] Made of God. 
A'saph. [Heb.] A collector. 
Ash'er. [Heb.] Happy ; fortunate. 
Ash'ur. [Heb] Black ; blackness. 

^f^S E ,^-] Belonging to 

AUS'TIN. j Augustus. 

Au-GtJS'TUS. [Lat.] Exalted ; impe- 
rial. — Dim. Gus. 

Au-RE'Ll-us. [Lat.] Golden. 

Xz'a-ri'ah. [Heb.] Helped of the 
Lord. 

B. 

Bald'win. [0. H. Ger.] Bold, coura- 
geous friend. 
Bap'tist. [Gr.] A baptizer ; purifier. 

iiR'NA^Y 5 *} 80110 ^ ^ 01 ^ 011 - 

Bar-thol'o-mew. [Heb.] A warlike 

son. — Dim. Bat. 
Bar-zil'lai. [Heb.] Iron of the 

Lord ; firm ; true. 
BXg'iL. [Gr.] Kingly ; royal. 
Ben'e-DI€T. [Lat.] Blessed. — Dim. 

Ben'net. 
Ben'ja-MIN. [Heb.] Son of the 

right hand. — Dim. Ben, Ben'ny. 
Be-ri'ah. [Heb.] In calamity. 
Ber'nard, ) [0. H. Ger.] Bold as a 
Bar'nard. j bear. 
Ber'tram. [0. H. Ger.] Bright 

raven. 
Be-zal'e-el. [Heb.] In the shadow 

(protection) of God. 
Bon'i-face. [Lat.] A benefactor. 
Bri'an. [Celt.] Strong. 
Bru'no. [0. H. Ger.] Brown. 



C. 



CAD-WAI/LA-DER. [Brit.] Battle- 
arranger. 

Q^E'gAR. [Lat.] Hairy; or blue-eyed; 
or, born under the cesarean opera- 
tion. 

€a'leb. [Heb.] A dog. 

€Al'vin. [Lat.] Bald. 

Cecil (se'sil, sls'il, or sSs'il). [Lat.] 
Dim-sighted. 

Qe'pptas. [Aramaic] A stone. 

CHARLEg. [0. H. Ger.] Strong; 
manly ; noble-spirited. — Dim. 

Char'lie, or Charley. 

€hrist'ian. [Lat.] Belonging to 
Christ ; a believer in Christ. — Dim. 
Chrls'tTe. 

€hris'to-piier. [Gr.] Bearing 
Christ. —Dim. Kes'ter, Kit, €hris. 

€lar'ence. [Lat.] Illustrious. 

€LAU'DI-US, ) rT„+i To™ 

Claude. J t Lat ^ Lame - 
€lem'ent. [Lat.J Mild-tempered ; 

merciful. 
€6n'rad. [0. H. Ger.] Bold in 

council ; resolute. 
€on'stant._ [Lat.] Firm ; faithful. 
€6n'stan-tine. [Lat.] Resolute; 

firm. 
•eOR-NE'Ll-us (or kor-neel'yus). [Lat.] 

( Uncertain). 

€rS'pus| j ^ Ha ™s curl ? 

€ris'pi-an. ) nair - 
€tJTH'BERT. [A.-S.] Noted splen- 
dor. 
Cyp'ri an. [Gr.] Of Cyprus. 
gfR'lL. [Gr.] Lordly. 
CY'RUS. [Per.] The sun. 



DXn'I-EL (or dan'yel). [Heb.] Adivino 

judge. — Dim. Dan. 
Da-ri'us. [Per.] Preserver. 
Da'vid. [Heb.] Beloved. — Dim. 

Da'vy, Dave. 
De-me'tri-us. [Gr.] Belonging to 

Ceres. 
Den'is, ) [Gr.] Same as Dionysius. 
Den'nis. j [Fr. form.] 



a, e, I, 6,u, Y,Zo»g-/Aj£,X,6,tJ,Y,sAorf; cAre,far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 
C520) 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



521 



DER'RICK. [0. H. Ger.] A corrup- 
tion Of THEODORIC. 

DPO-nys'i-us (di'o-nizhl-us). [Gr.] 
Belonging to Dionysos or Bacchus, 
the god of wine. 

Don'ald. [Celt.] Proud chief. 

DOn'can (dunk'an). [Celt.] Brown 
chief. 



E. 



EBrEN._ [Heb.] A stone. 

Jb'en-e'zer. [Heb.] The stone of 
help. 

Ed'gar. [A.-S.] A javelin (or pro- 

w tector) of property. 

Ed'MUND. [A.-S.] Defender of prop- 
erty. — Dim. Ed, Ned (a contraction 
of " mine Ed "). 

Ed'ward. [A.-S.] Guardian of prop- 
erty. — Dim. Ed, Ed'dy, Ned, 
Ned'dy, Ted'dy. 

Ed'win. [A.-S.] Gainer of property. 

w — D/w.Ed, Ed'dy. 

Eg'bert. [0. H. Ger.] The sword's 

w brightness ; famous with the sword. 

El/BERT. [0. H. Ger.] The same as 
Albert. 

|l'dred. [A.-S.] Terrible. 

E'LE-A'ZER. [Heb.] To whom God 

_ isa help. 

E'LI. [Heb.] A foster son. 

E-LI'AB. [Heb.] God is his father. 

E-Li/AS. [Heb.] The same as ELIJAH. 

E-li'hu. [Heb.] God the Lord. 

E-li'jah. [Heb.] Jehovah is my 
God. 

E-LIPH'A-LET. [Heb.J God of sal- 
vation. 

E-LI'sha. [Heb.] God my salvation. 

E-LI'ZUR. [Heb.] God is my rock. 

EL'LIS. [Heb.] A variation of ELI- 

„ SHA. 

El'mer. [A.-S.] Noble ; excellent. 
• [A contraction of ETHELMER.] 
El'NA-THAN. [Heb.] God gave. 
Em-man'u-el. [Heb.] God with us. 
EM'e-ry, ) 
Em'me-ry, [ [A.-S.] Powerful ; rich. 

E'noch. [Heb.] Consecrated ; dedi- 
cated. 

^5'NOS. [Heb.] Man. 

E'phra-Im. [Heb.] Yery fruitful. 

E-rXs'MUS. [Gr.] Lovely; worthy 
to be loved. 

E-ras'tus. [Ger.] Lovely ; amiable. 

E'RIC. [A.-S.] Rich ; brave ; power- 
ful. 

Ir'nIs^tus.}^ Eamest - 

E'THAN. [Heb.J Firmness ; strength. 

Eu'gene, or Eu-gene'. [Gr.] "Well- 
born ; noble. 

Eus'tace. [Gr.] Healthy ; strong ; 
standing firm. 

EVAN. [Brit.] The same as JOHN. 

E-ze'ki-el. [Heb.] Strength of God. 
— Dim. Zeke. 

Sz'ra. [Heb.] Help. 



Fer'di-nand. [0. H. Ger.] Brave ; 

valiant. g 



Fer-nan'do. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 
Ferdinand. 

Fran'cis. [Fr.] Free. — Dim. Frank. 

FrXnk. [Fr.] A contraction of 
Francis. 

Fred'er-I€, ) [0. H. Ger.] Abound- 

FRED'ER-ICK. } ing in peace ; or 
peaceful ruler. — Dim. Fred, Fred- 
dy. 



G. 



GA'IUS (ga'yus). [Lat.] Rejoiced. 

Ga-ma'li-el. [Heb.] Recompense 
•fGod. 

GXr'RET. [0. H. Ger.] Another form 
of Gerald, or Gerard. 

Geof'frey. [0. H. Ger.] The same 
as Godfrey. 

George. [Ger.] A landholder ; hus- 
bandman. — Dim. Ge6r'gle, Geftr'dle. 

Ger'ald, ) [0. H. Ger.] ^ Strong with 

GER'ard. j the spear. 

GER'sHOM. [Heb.] An exile. 

GID'e-on. [Heb.] A destroyer. 

GIL'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Yellow- 
bright ; famous. 

Giles. [Gr.] A kid. 

GIVEN. [Eng.] Gift of God. 

God'dard. [0. Ger.] Pious ; virtu- 
ous. 

God'frey. [0. H. Ger.] At peace 
with God. 

Greg'o-ry. [Ger.] Watchful ; vigi- 
lant. 

Grif'fith. [Brit.] Having great 
faith^ 

Gus-ta'vus. [Sw.] A warrior; 
hero. 

GUY. [Fr.] A leader. 



H. 



HXn'ni-bal. [Punic] Grace of 

Baal. 
Har'old. [A.-S.] A champion ; 

general of an army. 
HE 'MAN. [Heb.] Faithful. 
HEN'RY. [0. H. Ger.] The head or 

chief of a house. — Dim. H31, HSr'ry 

(by assimilation of consonant sound), 

Hen. 
HEr'BERT. [A.-S.] Glory of the army. 
Her'man. [0. H. Ger.] A warrior. 
Hez'eI-ki'ah. [Heb.] Strength of 

the Lord. 
HfL'A-RY. [Lat.] Cheerful ; merry. 
Hl'RAM. [Heb.] ' Most noble. 
Hor'ace. [Gr.] Same as HORATIO. 

[Fr.form.] 
Ho-RA'TI-O (ho-ra'shT-o). [Gr.] Un- 
certain. 
Ho-gE'A. [Heb.] Salvation. 
Ho WELL. [Brit.] Sound; whole. 
Hu'bert. [0. H. Ger.] Bright in 

spirit ; soul-bright. 
Hugh (hu), ) [D.] Mind ; spirit ; 
Hu'go. j soul. 
Humph'rey. [A.-S.] Protector of 

the home. • 



fcH'A-BOD. 

departed. 



I. 

[Heb.] 



The glory has 



Ig-na'tI-us (ig-na'shl-us). [Gr.] Ar- 
dent ; fiery. 

Im-man'u-el. [Heb.] The same as 
Emmanuel. 

IN'crease. [Eng.] Increase of faith. 

In'gram. [Teut.] Raven. 

IN'I-GO. [Gr.] The same as IGNA- 
TIUS. [Sp. form.] 

I'ra. [Heb.] Watchful. 

I'gAAC (I'zak). [Heb.] Laughter.-* 
Dim. Ik, Ike. 

I-§A'IAH (I-za'ya). [Heb.] Salvation 
of the Lord. 

Is'RA-EL. [Heb.] A soldier of God. 

IV'an. [Brit.] The same as John. 
[Russian form.] 



Ja/bez. [Heb.] He will cause pain. 
Ja'cob. [Heb.] A supplanter. — 

Dim. Jake. 
JA'I-RUS. [Heb.] He will enlighten. 
jAMEg. [Heb.] The same as Jacob. 

— Dim. Jeames, Jem, Jim, JenV- 
_my, Jini'my. 

Ja/pheth. [Heb.] Enlargement. 
Ja'red. [Heb.] Descent. 
JA'SON. [Gr.] A healer. 
Jas'pe± . [Per.] (TJnrertain.) 
Jed'e-di'aH. [Heb.] Beloved of the 

Lord. 
Jef'frey. [0. H. Ger.] The same 

as Godfrey. 

JER'E-MY. j L ° rd - 

Jer'ome (in Eng.), JE-ROME' (in 

Amer.). Holy name. 
Jes'se. [Heb.] Wealth. 
Jo'AB. [Heb.] Jehovah is his father. 
Job. [Heb.] Afflicted ; persecuted. 
Jo'EL. [Heb.] The Lord is God. 
John (jon). [Heb.] The gracious 

gift of God. — Dim. JShn'ny, Jack, 

Jock. 

Sis"' }["»•] Adove. 

Jon'a-than. [Heb.] Gift of Jeho- 
vah. 

Jo'§eph._ [Heb.] He shall add.— 
Dim. Joe. 

Josh'u-a. [Heb.] God of salvation. 

— Dim. Josh. 

JO-SI'AH, ) [Heb] Given of the 

Jo-si'AS. j Lord. 

Jo'tham. [Heb.] The Lord is up- 
right. 

JU'DAH. [Heb.] Praised. 

Ju'Ll-AN. [Lat.] Sprung from, or be- 
longing to, Julius. — Dim. Jule. 

Ju'Li-tJS. [Gr.] Soft-haired. —Dim- 
Jule. 

JGs'tin. [Lat.] Just. 

Jus'tus- [Lat.] Just. 

K. 

Ken'elm. [A.-S.] A defender of hfc- 
kindred. 

Ken'neth. [Gael.] A leader; com- 
mander. 

L. 

La'ban. [Heb.] White. 



or, do, wqlf, too, took ; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft ; €, S, hard; Ag ; E£IST - % N cs ng ; this. 



522 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



LXm'bert. [O.H. Ger.J Illustrious 

with landed possessions. 
LXn'ce-lot. [It.] A little angel ; 

otherwise, a little lance or warrior; 

or a servant. 
Lau'rence, I [Lat.] Crowned with 
Lawrence.) laurel.— Dim. Lar'- 

ry (Law'rie, Lau'rle, Scot., Lar'ry, 

Irish. ) 
L\z'a-rus. [Ileb.] God will help. 
Le-an'der. [Gr.] Lion-man. 
LEM'U-EL. [Ileb.] Created by God. 
LEON'ARD (len'ard). [Ger.J Strong 

or brave as a lion. 
Le-6n'I-das. [Gr ] Lion-like. 
Le'o-pold. [0. H. Ger.] Bold for 

thepeople. 
t jE'vi. [neb.] Adhesion. See Gen. 

xxix. 34. 
Xew'is (lGb'is). [0. H. Ger.] Bold 

warrior. — Dim. Lou. 
Ll'NUS. [Gr.] Flaxen-haired. 
Ll'o-NEL. [Lat.] Young lion. 
Llew-el'lyn (lu-el'lin). [Celt.] 

Lightning. 
Lo-AM'Mi. [Heb.] Not my people. 
Lo-REN'ZO. [Lat.] Same as Lau- 
rence. [It. & Sp. forms.] 
Lot. [Heb.] A veil; a covering. 
Lou'IS. [0. H. Ger.] Tr„ same as 

Lewis. [Fr. form.] 
Lu'ci-AN (lu'shi-an). [Lat.] Belong- 

Jng to, or sprung from, Lucius. 
Lu'ci-us (IQ'shi-us). [Lat.] Born at 

break of day. 
Lu'DO-vic. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 

Lewis. [Ger. form.] 
Luke. [Lat.] Light. 
Lu'THER. [Ger.] Illustrious warrior. 



M. 



MA'DQC. _[W.] Good; beneficent. 

MXl'a-ciii. [Ileb ] Messenger of 
the Lord. 

Ma-nXs'seh. [Heb ] Forgetfulness. 

MAR-CEL'LUS. [Lat.] Dim. of MAR- 
CUS. 

MAR'ci-tJs (maVshi-us). [Lat.] Same 
as Marcus. 

Mar'CUS, I [Lat.] A hammer ; otker- 

MARK. J wise, a male, or sprung 
from Mars. 

Mar'MA-DUKE. [A.-S.] A mighty 
noble. 

Mar'tin. [Lat.] Of Mars; warlike. 

MAt'thew (math'yjj). [Heb.] Gift 
of Jehovah. — Dim. Mat. 

Mau'rTce. [Lat.] Moorish ; dark- 
colored. 

MXx'l-MlL'l-AN. [Lat.] The great- 
est iEmilianus. 

Mi'CAH. [Heb.] Who is like the Lord ? 

MT'€HA-EL (or mi'kel). [Heb.] Who 
is like God ? —Dim. Mike. 

Miles.. [Lat.] A soldier. 

Mo'ses. [Egypt. ]_ Drawn out of the 
water. — Dim. Moge. 



N. 



NA'hum. [Heb.] Consolation. 
Na-po'le-on. [Gr.] Lion of the for- 

ost-dell. 
Na'than. [Heb.] Given ; a gift. 



NA-thXn'a-el, I [Heb.] The gift of 

Na-thXn'i-el. ) God. 

NEAL, I [Lat.] Dark ; swarthy ; 

Neil. j _ otherwise [Celt.], chief. 

Ne'he-mi'ah. [Heb.] Comfort of 
the Lord. 

Nich'o-las, I [Gr.] Victory of the 

Nic'o-las. j people. —Dim. Nick. 

No'AH. [Ileb.] Rest; comfort. 

NO'EL. [Lat. Dies Natalis.] Christ- 
mas ; born on Christmas day. 

Nor'jian. [Ger.] A Northman ; a 
native of Normandy. 



O. 

[Heb.] 



Servant of the 



O'BA-DI'AII. 

_ Lord. 

O'bed. [Heb.] Serving God. 

Oc-TA'vT-Os, I [Lat.] The eighth- 

Oc-TA'vDs. J born. 

OL'I-VER. [Lat.] An olive-tree. 

0-RES'TEg. [Gr.] A mountaineer. 

OR-lan'DO. [Teut] Same as ROW- 
LAND. [It. form.] 

5s'€AR. [Celt.] Bounding warrior. 

OS/WALD. [0. H. Ger.] Power of 

_God. 

OWEN, [Celt.] Lamb; otherwise, 
young warrior. 



P. 



[Lat.] Little. 



PXt'rIck. [Lat.] Noble ; a patrician 

— Dim. Pat, Paddy. 
Paul, 

P^U'LUS 
Pe'leg. [Heb.] Division. 
Per'e-grTne. [Lat.] A stranger. 
Pe'ter. [Gr.] Arock. — Dim. Pete, 

Pe'ter-kin. 
Phi-lXn'der [Gr.] A lover of men. 
PHI-LE'MON. [Gr.] Loving ; friendly. 
PhYl'ip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. — 

Dim. Phil, Pip. 
Phin'e-as, I [Heb.] Mouth of 
PHIN'E-HAS, j brass. 

Pl'us. [Lat.] Pious; dutiful. 
PlIn'Y. [Lat.] ( Uncertain.) 
Pre-serv'ed. [Eng.] Redeemed. 



Q. 



QuIn'tin. [Lat.] The fifth. 

E. 

RXLPH (in Eng. often pronounced 
raf.) [0. H. Ger.'] Same as Ro- 

DOLPHUS. 

[Heb.] The healing of 



Wise pro- 
[ruler. 
H. Ger.] Strong 
Behold, a son. 
Friend of God. 



Raph'a-el 

God. 
Ray'mond. [0. H. Ger 

tection. 
REG'1-NALD. [0 

Reu'ben. [Heb.] 

Reu'el. [Heb.] 

Reyn'old. [0. H. Ger.] 
Reginald. 

RIch'ard. [0. H. Ger.] Rich-heart- 
ed ; powerful. — Dim. Dick, Dick'en, 
Dlck'on (d and r being etymological - 
ly convertible). 

Rob'ert. [0. H. Ger.] Bright in 



fame. —Dim. B5b, Dob, Dob/bin. 
Rob, Rob'In, Pop. 

RoD'ER-f-e, i [0. H. Gee.] Rich iu 

Rod'ER-Ick. j fame. 

Ro'dolph, ) [O.H. Ger.] Fa- 

Ro-dol'phus. J mous wolf , or hero. 

Rog'er. [0. H. Ger.] Famous with 
the spear. — Dim. Hodge, Hodg'kin 
(h and r being etymologically con- 
vertible.) 

Ro'land. [0. H. Ger.] Same ao 
Rowland. [Fr. form.] 

Rowland. [0. H. Ger.] Fame of 
the land. 

Ru'dolph, ) [0- II. Ger.] Va- 

Ru-doi/phus. J riations of Ro- 
"dolphus. 

Ru'fus. [Lat.] Red : red-haired. 

Rii'PERT. [0. U. Ger.] The same as 
Robert. 



S. 



[Heb.] Shady. 
\ [Heb.] Splendid sun; 
i. e., great joy and 

[Heb.] Heard of God ; 

-Dim.Sam.Sam'- 



SXl'mon. 

SXm'son, 

SXmp'son. 
felicity. 

SXm'u-el. 
asked for of God. 
my. 

SAUL. [Heb.] Asked for. 

SE'BA. [Heb.] Eminent- 

Se-bas'tian (-bast'yan). [Gr.] Ven- 
erable ; reverend. 

Se-re'no, I [Lat.] Calm ; peace- 

Se-re'nus. ) ful. 

SETH. [Heb.] Appointed. 

Sig'is-mund. 10. H. Ger.] Conquer- 
ing protection. 

Si'las. [Lat.] A contraction of SiL- 
VANUS. 

Sil-va'nus. [Lat.] Living in a wood. 

Sil-ves'ter. [Lat.] Bred in the 
country ; rustic. 



SlM'E-ON, I 
Sl'MON. J 

Sim. 
SOL'O-MON. 

Dim. Sol. 
Ste'phen (stS'vn 

Dim. St5ve. 
Syl'van, 
Syl-va'nus. 
Syl-ves'ter 

TER. 



[Heb.] Hearing with 
acceptance. — Dim. 



[Heb.] 

[Gr.] A crown. 



The same as SlLVA- 
NUS. 
The same as SlLVES- 



THXD'DE-US. [Syr.] The wise. 
THE'O-BALD (formerly tib'ald). [0. 

H. Ger.] Bold for the people. 
The'o-dore. [Gr.] The gift of God. 
The-od'o-ric. [A.-S.] Powerful 

among the people. 
The-qph'i-lus. [Gr] A lover of 

God. 
The'ron. [Gr.] A hunter. 
Thom'as (tom'as). [Heb.] A twin.— 

Dim. Tom, Torn'my. 
TIm'o-thy. [Gr.] Fearing God.— 

Dim. Tim. 
Tl'TUS. [Gr.] (Uncertain.) 
TO-BI'AH, ) [Heb.] Distinguished 
To-bi'as. j of the Lord. — Dim- 

To'by. » 



£, E, I, O, U, Y, lonSi &>%} *» O, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT j ERE, VEIL, SfiBM; PIQUE, FIRM J S6N. 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



523 



TRls'TAM, ) [Lat.] Grave ; pen- 
Tris'tram. J sive ; melancholy ; 
sorrowful; sad. 



IT. 



U-LYS'ses. [Gr.] A hater. 
Cr'ban. "[Lat.] Of the town ; cour- 
teous ; polished. 
U-Ri'AH. [Heb.] Light of the Lord. 
"S'RI-AN. [Dan.] A husbandman. 
t'RI-EL. [Heb.] Light of God. 



V. 



VAL'EN-TINE- [Lat.] 

healthy; powerful. 
Vle'TOR. [Lat.] A conqueror 



Strong ; 



Vincent. [Lat.] Conquering; vic- 
torious. 
Viv'l-AN. [Lat.] Lively. 

W. 

Wal'ter. [0. H. Ger.] Ruling the 
host. —Dim. Wat, Walt. 

WlLL'lAM. [0. H. Ger.] Resolute 
helmet, or., helmet of resolution : de- 
fense ; protector. — Dim. Will, Willy, 
and (by interchange of convertible 
letters) Bill, Bil'ly. 

Win'fred. [A.-S.] Win-peace. 



ZXb'di-el. 



Z. 

[neb.] Gift of God. 



Za€-«he'us. [Heb.] Innocent; 

pure. 
ZXch'A-ri'AH, ) [Heb.] Remember- 
ZAch'a-ry. J ed of the Lord. — 

Dim. Zach. 
Za'dok. [Heb.] Just. 
Zeb'a-di'ah, ) [Heb.] Gift of the 
Zeb'e-dee. I Lord. 

Ze-bi'na._ [Heb.] Bought. 
Ze^h'A-ri'ah. [Heb.] The same as 

Zachariah. 
Zed'e-ki'ah. [Heb.] Justice of th'- 

Lord. 
Ze-lo'te§. [Gr.] A zealot. 
Ze'nas. [Gr.] Gift of J upiter. 
Zeph'a-ni'ah. [Hob] Hid of th 

Lord. 



II. NAMES OF WOMEN 



AB'I-GAIL (ab'T-gel). w [Heb.] My 
father's joy. — Dim. AVby. 

ACH'SA. [Heb.] Anklet. 

A'DA. [0. H. Ger.] Same as EDITH. 

AD'A-LINE. [0. II. Ger.] Same as 
ADELINE. 

Id'e-la. [0. II. Ger.] Same as Ade- 
line. 

AD'e-laide. [0. n. Ger.] Same as 
Adeline. 

A-de'LI-a. [0. H. Ger.] A varia- 
tion of Adela. 

AD'E-li'nA, I [0. H. Ger.] Of no- 

Ad'e-line. J w ble birth; a prin- 
cess. — Dim. Ad'dy. 

AG'A-THA. [Gr.] Good ; kind. 

Ag'nes. [Gr.] Chaste; pure. 

AL-b£r'ta. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine 
of Albert. 

AL'e-the'a. [Gr.] Truth. 

AL'EX-AN'DRA, ( [Gr.] Feminine 

AL'EX-AN-DRI'NA. j of Alexander. 

Al'IC~e, ) [0. H. Ger ] Same 

A-LIC'I-A (-hWl-). j as ADELINE. 
—Dim. Al'ly, or Al'lTe, El'sle. 

AL-MI'RA. [At.] Lofty ; a princess. 

Al-the'a. [Gr.] A healer. 

AM'a-bel. [Lat.] Lovable. 

A-man'dA. [Lat.] Worthy to be 
loved. 

A-me'li-a (or a-meel'ya). [0. H. 
Ger. ] Busy ; energetic. — See Eme- 
LINE. 

i'MY. [Lat.] Beloved. 

An-Gel'i-€A, j [Gr.] Lovely ; an- 

An'ge-li'na. j gelic. 

ANN, ) [Heb.] Grace ; — same as 

An'na, [ Hannah. — Di?n. An'- 

ANNE. ) nie, Nan'ny, Nan'cy, 

Nan , NT'na. 

An-n£tte'. [Heb.] A variation of 
Anne. [Fr. form.] 

AN'toi-nette'. [Gr.] Diminutive 
of ANTONIA. [Fr. form.] —Dim. 
Net'ty. 



An-t5'ni-a. [Lat.] Inestimable. 
AR'A-BEL'LA. [Lat.] A fair altar ; 

otherwise, an Arabian woman. — 

Dim. Bel'la, Bel. 
A'RI-Xn'A. [Gr.] A corruption of 

Ariadne. 
Au-gOs'ta. [Lat.] Feminine of Au- 
" GUSTUS. 
Au-re'li-a (or aw-reel'ya). [Lat.] 

Feminine of AURELIUS. 
Au-ro'ra. [Lat.] Morning redness ; 
" fresh ; brilliant. 



B. 



Bar'ba-ra. [Gr.] Foreign ; strange. 

— Dim. Bab. 
Be/a-trice, I [Lat.] Making hap- 
Be'a-trix. j py. 

Be-LIN'da. (Uncertain.) 
Ber'tha. [0. H. Ger.] Bright; 

beautiful, — Dim. Ber'ty. 
Bet'sey. [Heb.] A corruption of 

Elizabeth. 
Blanch, ( rTeut -, ^.j,. 
Blanche. ) L leut -J wmte - 
BrTdg'et 1 . [Celt.] Strength.— Dim. 

Bid'dy. 

C. 

Ca-mil'la. [Lat.] Attendant at a 

sacrifice. 
€ar'o-line. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine 

of CAROLUS, the Latin of Charles. 

[Fr. form.] — Dim. Cax'rie, Cad'- 

dle. 
€as-san'dra [Gr.] She who inflames 

with love. 
€ath A-ri'na, ) [Gr.] Pure. —Dim. 
€ATH'A-RlNE, [ €a/sy,Kate,Kat'- 
€ath'ER-ine, ) rine, Kir, Kit'ty. 
Ce-^Il'i-a, I [Lat.] Feminine of Ce- 
Qec'i-ly. j cil. — Dim. Sls'ley, 

Sis, Cis. 
Ce-les'tIne. [Lat.] Heavenly. 
Qe'li-a (or seel'ya). [Lat.] Femi- 
nine of CCELIUS. [It. form.] 



green 



herb 



] A corruption of 
Bright; illustrious. 



Qhar'lotte. [0. H. Ger.] Femi 

nine of Charles. 
Chlo'e. [Gr.] A 

blooming. 
■eHRis'Tl-AN'A, ) [Gr.] Feminine Oi. 
€hris-ti'na. ) Christianus, Lat. 

for Christian. — Dim. -Chris'sie, 

Xina (zee'na). 
C/ic'E-LY. [Lat. 

Cecilia. 
-Glar'a. [Lat.] 

— Dim. Clare. 
■Glar'IC'E, ) [Lat.] A variation of 
€la-ris'sa, j Clara.— D/ot. Clare. 
Clau'di-a. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Claudius. 
€lem'en-ti'na, ) [Lat.j Mild ; gen- 
€lem'en-tine. J tie. 
€on'stance. [Lat.] Firm ; constant. 
€o'ra. [Gr.] Maiden ; — another 

form of CORINNA. 
€or-de'li-a (or -deeVya). [Lat.] 

Warm-hearted. 
Co-rin'na. [Gr.] Maiden. 
€OR-NE'Ll-A (or -neel'ya). [Lat.] 

Fem. of Cornelius. 
Qyn'thi-a. [Gr.] Belonging to Mt 

Cynthus. 



D. 



Deb'o-rah. [Heb.] A bee. — Dim 

Deb'by, Deb. 
De'li-A (or deePya). [Gr.] OfDelo* 
Di-an'a. [Lat.] Goddess. — Din. 

Di, Die. 
D^'NAH. [Heb.] Judged. 
Do'RA. [Gr.] A contraction of DOR 

OTHEA. 

Dor'cas. [Gr.] A gazelle. 

Do-rin'da. [Gr.] Same as Doro- 
thea. 

Dor'o-the'a, ) [Gr.] The gift of 

Dor'O-THY. j God. — Dim. D61, 
Dol'ly (I and r being etymologically 
convertible. 

Dru-sIl'lA. ( Uncertain.) 



5r, do, wolf, too, TOfcaj CRN, rue ,pull ; js, /, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, &, hard; A§ J EXL3T ; N cm Nfl ; 



524 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



E. 



E'dith. [0. H. Ger.J Happiness; 
otherwise, rich gift. 

Ed'na. [Heb.] Pleasure. 

£l'e-A-NOR, I [Gr.] Light ; — the 

£l'i-nor. j same as Helen. — 
Dim. El'la, N611, No'ra. 

E-lis'a-beth, ) [Heb.] Worshiper 

E-L1Z'A-BETH, [ of God ; couse- 

E-lI'za. ) crated to God. — 

Dim. Bess, Bes'sey, Betsey, Bet'ty, 

w Liz'zy, Lib'by, LPsa. 

£l'la. [Gr.] A contraction of Ele- 
anor. 

£l'len. [Gr.] A diminutive of Ele- 
anor. 

El-vi'rA [Lat.] White. 

Em'e-line, ) [0. II. Ger.] Ener- 

EM'me-line. j getic; industrious. 

EM'l-LY. [0. H. Ger.] Same as Em- 

w ELINE. 

£m'mA. [0. H. Ger.] Same as E3IE- 
LINE. — Dim. Emm, EnPmie. 

Er'NES-tiive. [Ger.] Feminine and 

w dim. of Ernest. 

Es'ther (es'ter). [Per.] A star; 
good fortune. 

Eth'el. [0. H. Ger.] Noble; of 
noble birth ; — same as Adela. 

Eth'e.i-Ind, I [Teut j NoblesIlake . 



H. 



ETH'E-LIN'DA. j 
Eu-DO'RA. [Gr.] 



Good gift. 



Eu-Ge'ni-A. [Gr.] Feminine of Eu- 
gene. 

Eu-ge'nie. [Gr.] Same as Euge- 
nia. [Fr. form.] 

Eu-la'li-a. [Gr.] Fair speech. 

Eu'nice. [Gr.] Happy victory. 

Eu-phe'mi-a. [Gr.] Of good report. 
—Dim. Ef/fTe. 

E'VA. [HebJ Life. 

E-vAn'ge-lxne. [Gr.] Bringing 
glad news. 

Eve. [Heb.] The same as Eva. 

EVE-lPnA, ) [Heb.] Diminutive of 

Ev'e-line. j Eva. [It. form.] 



FXn'ny. [Ger.] A diminutive of 
Frances. 

Faus-ti'na. [Lat.] Lucky. 

Fe-lic'i-A (fe-lislPi-a.) [Lat.] Hap- 
piness, [ful. 

Fi-de'li-A (or -deel'ya). [Lat.] Faith- 

Flo'ra. [Lat.] Flowers. 

FlSr'ence. [Lat.] Blooming; 
nourishing. 

Fran'ces,. [Ger.] Feminine of Fran- 
cis. —Dim. Fan'ny, Frank. 

Fred'er-I'cA. [0. H. Ger.] Femi- 
nine of Frederick. —Dim. Fred'- 
dTe. 

G. 

Geor'gi-an'a, ) [Gr.] Feminine of 

Geor-gi'na. j George. 

Ger'al-dine. Feminine of Ger alb. 

GER'TRUDE. [0. H. Ger.] Spear- 
maiden. —Dim. GSr'tie, Tru'dv. 

Grace, )[Lat.]' Grace, 

Gra'ti-a (gra'shi-a). ) favor. 

Gri-s£l'dA. [Teut.] Stone-heroine. 
— Dwz. Grls'sel. 



HXn'NAH. [Heb.] The same as ANNA. 

Har'ri-et, I [0. H. Ger.] Feminine 

HXr'ri-ot. J diminutive of Hen- 
ry. [Eng. form.] — Dim. Hat'ty. 

Hel'en, I [Gr.] Light. — Dim. 

HEL'E-NA. I Nell, Nel'ly. 

Hen'ri-et'tA. [0. H. Ger.] Femi- 
nine and diminutive of HENRY, 
[b'r. form.]— Dim. Et'ta, Hefty. 

Heph'zi-bah. [Heb.] My delight 
is in her. 

Hes'ter, HPer.] Sameas 

IlES'THER(hes / ter). ) Esther. 

Hi-LA'RI-A. [Lat.] Feminine of 
HrLARY. 

HO-NO'RA, ) r T i. i tt l, 

HO-NO'RI-A,} [Lat -J Honorable - 

HOR-TEN'si-A (hor-teu'shi-a.) [Lat.] 
A lady gardener. 

HDl'dah. [Heb.] A weasel. 

I. 

I'DA. [0. H. Ger.] Godlike. 
I'NEZ. [Gr.] The same as AGNES. 

[Pg. form.] 
1-re'ne. [Gr.] Peaceful. 
IS'A-BEL, ) [Heb.] The same as 
Is/a-bel'la. J Elizabeth.— Dim. 

Bel, BePla. 



jAMEg-i'NA. [Heb.] Feminine of 

JAMES. 

JANE. [Heb.] Feminine of JOHN ; 
— Same as Joanna. 

Ja-net' {in Scot, fy IT. S. ; Janet, in 
Eng.). [Heb.] Dim. of Jane. 

JXq'ue-lIne. [Heb.] Feminine of 
James. [Fr. form.] 

Jean, ) [Heb.] The same as 

Jeanne_, \ Jane or Joan. 

Jean-nette'. ) [Fr. forms.] 

JE-MI'MA. [Heb.] A dove. 

Je-RU'sha. [Heb.] Possessed ; mar- 
ried. 

Joan', ) [Heb.] Feminine of 

Jo-an-na. J John. 

Jo-se'pha, ) [Heb.] Feminine of 

Jo'|eph-ine. J Joseph. — Dim. 
Jo'zy, Phe'ny. 

JOYCE. [Lat.] Sportive. 

Ju'dith. [Heb.] Praised. — Dim. 
JQ'dy. 

Jul'i-a (or jul'ya). [Lat.] Feminine 
of Julius. [lian. 

Ju'li-Xn'A. [Lat.] Feminine of Ju- 

Ju'LI-ET. [Lat.] Diminutive of JU- 
LIA. [Fr. form.] 

Jus-ti'na. [Lat.] Feminine of Jus- 
tin. 



K. 



KXth'a-r?ne, ) [Gr.] Same as Cath- 

KATH'ER-INE. I ARINE. 

Ke-tu'rah. [Heb.] Incense 
Ke-zi'ah. [Heb.] Cassia. 



Lau'rA. [Lat.] A laurel. 



Lau-rIn'dA. [Lat.] A variation of 

LAURA. 

LA-vlN'_I-A. [Lat.] OfLatium. 

Le'o-no'rA. [Gr.] Same as Elea- 
nor. 

Le-tPti-A (le-tish'I-a). [Lat.] Ha- 
piness. 

LET'TlCE. A corruption of LETITIA. 

Lil'i-an, I rT . , ,.. 

Lil'ly. ' } [ Lat -1 Lllv - 

Lo'is. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 

Lou-'f'sA, I [0. H. Ger.] Feminine o: 

Lou-ise'. j Louis.— Dim. Lou'ie. 

Lu'CI-A (-shT-a). [Lat.] Same as 
Lucy. [It. form.] 

Lu-cin'dA. [Lat.] The same as Lucy. 

LU-€RE'ti-a (lu-kre'shi-a). [Lat.] 
Gain ; otherwise, light. 

Lu'CY. [Lat.] Feminine of LUCIUS. 

Lyd'i-A. [Gr.] A native of Lydia, 
in Asia Minor. 



M. 



Ma'bel. [Lat.] A contraction of 
Amabel. 

Mad'e-line. [Heb.] SameasMAG- 
dalene 1 [Fr. form.] 

Mag'da-LENE ( proper/}/ mSg'da-le'- 
ne). [Heb.] Belonging to Magdala. 
— Dim. Maud, Maud'lin. 

Mar-cel'la. [Lat. j Feminine of 
Marcellus. [cius. 

Mar'ci-a (shi-). Feminine of MAR- 

Mar'GA-RET. [Gr.] A pearl.— Dim 
Grit'ty, Mag, Madge, Mag'gy, Mar'- 
^ie, Mar'ger-y, Meg. MC-g'gy, Me'ta, 
Peg, Peg'gy (m and p being cognate 
letters). 

Ma-rPA. [Heb.] The same as MARY. 
[Lat. form.] 

Ma'ri-Anne'. [Heb.] A compound 
of Mary and Anne. 

Mar'I-on. [Heb.] A French form 
of Mary. 

Mar'thA. [Heb.] The ruler of the 
house; otherwise, sorrowful ; melan- 
choly.— Dim. Mat, Mat'ty, Pat. 
Pat'ty. 

MA'RY. [Heb.] Bitter ; otherwise, 
their rebellion, or star of the sea. — 
Dim. Moll. Mol'ly, Pol, Pol'ly, May. 

Ma-thil'dA (-tlP-), ) [0. H. Ger.] 

Ma-til'da. ) Mighty bat- 

tle-maid ; heroine. — Dim. Mat. 
Mat'ty, Maud. Pat'ty (m and p be- 
ing convertible). 

Maud. A contraction of Mathil- 
da, or Magdalene. 

May. The month of May, or a dim- 
inutive of Mary. 

Me-het'a-bel, I [Heb.] Benefited 

Me-hit'a-ble. j of God. 

Mel'i-cent. [Lat.] Sweet singer; 
otherwise [Teut.], wcrk-strength. 

Me-lTs'sa. [Gr.] A bee. 

MIl'dred. [Ger.] Mild threatener 

Mi-ran'dA. [Lat.] Admirable. 

Mir'i-am. [Heb.] The same as Mary. 

My'rA. [Gr.] She who weeps or la- 



N. 

NAN'CY. A familiar form of ANNE. 
— Dim. Nan, Nance, Ni'na. 



L, f, I, 5,C, Y,long; ij£,I,6,u, y, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, tJkm ; pique , fIrm; s6n. 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



525 



No'rA. A contraction of HONORA, 
and of Leonora. 



O. 



[Lat.] Feminine of 
-Dim. Ta'vy, Tave. 

An olive. 



0€-TA'VI-A. 
OCTAVIUS 

Ol'ive, ) rTn 

0-LIV'I-A. J [Lat 

O-phe'LI-A (or o-feel'ya). [Gr.] Ser- 
pent. 

Q-LYM'PI-A. [Gr.] Heavenly. 



Pau'lA. [Lat.] Feminine of PAU- 

'Lus, or Paul. 
Pau-li'nA, I [Lat.] Feminine of Pau- 
PAU-LINE'. ( LINUS. 
Pe-NEL'o-pe. [Gr.] A weayer. 
PER'SIS. [Gr.] A Persian woman. 
PHE'BE. [Gr.] The same asPHCEBE. 
PhI-lip'pa. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Philip. 
Phcp'be. [Gr.] Pure; radiant.— 

Dim. Phebe. 
PlIYL'LIS. [Gr.] A green bough. 
Pol'ly. [Eng.] A variation of 

Molly, from Mary. 
Pris-cil'lA. [Lat.] Somewhat old. 



R. 



RA'CHEL. [Heb.] A ewe. 
Re-B£€'€A, I [Heb.] Of enchanting 
Re-bek'ah. 1 beauty.— Dwz. B6cky. 
Rho'dA (ro'da). [Gr.] A rose. 
Ro'sA. [Lat.] A rose. 
R6s'A-BEL 



R6§'A-BEL-LA. 



[Lat.] A fair rose. 



Ro-SA'Ll-A, ) [Lat.] Little and bloom- 

Ros/A-LIE. J ing rose. [Fr. and It. 
forms.] 

Ros/A-LIND. [Lat.] Beautiful as a 
rose. 

Ros/a-mond. [Teut.] Horse-protec- 
tion, i. e. famous protection. 

Rox-Xn'a. [Per.] Dawn of day. 

Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. 



S. 



Sa-bPna. [Lat.] A Sabine woman. 
Sa-LOME' (properly sa-16'me). [Heb.] 

Peaceful. 
Sa'ra, ) [Heb.] A princess. — Dim. 
SA'RAH. ) Sal, Sal'ly. 
Se-li'na. [Gr.] Parsley; otherwise, 

moon. 
Se-re'na. [Lat.] Feminine of SE- 

renus or Sereno. 

So-phi'a [Gr.] Wisdom. — Dim. 

So'phy. 
So-phro'NI-a. [Gr.] Of asoundmind. 
Stel'la. [Lat.] A star. 
Steph'A-na. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Stephen. . 
Su'san, ) [Heb.] A lily. — Dim. 

Su-san'na, [ Sue, Sake, Su'ky, 
Su-sAn'nah. ) Su'zy. 



T. 



TXb'i-th_A. [Syr.] A gazelle. 
The'O-do'ra. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Theodore.— Dim. Do'ra. 
The'o-d6'§i-A (the'o-do'zhl-a). [Gr.] 

The gift of God. 



The -re's A. [Gr.] Carrying ears of 
corn. — Dim. TSr'ry, Tra'cy. 

THoai'A-sA (torn'-), ) [Heb.] Fenii- 

Thom'a-sine. ) nine of Thom- 

as. — JDim. Tam'z.ne. 

Try-phe'nA. [Gr.] Delicate; lux- 
urious^ 

Try-pho'sA. 
dainty. 



[Gr.] Luxurious; 

U. 



fjL'RI-eA. [0. H. Ger.] Rich. 
U-RA'NI-A. [Gr.] Heavenly; — the 

name of one of the Muses. 
Or'su-lA. [Lat.] She-bear. 

V. 

Va-le'ri-A. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Valerius. 

Vl€-TO'Rl-A. [Lat.] Victory. Fem- 
inine of Victor. 

Vi'dA. [Erse.] Feminine of DAVID. 

Vi'o-lA. [Lat.] A violet. 

Vir-gin'i-A. [Lat.] Virgin ; pure 

Viv'I-AN. [Lat.] Lively 



W. 



Wil'hel-MI'nA. [0. H. Ger.J Fem- 
inine of WlLHELM, German of 
William. — Dim. Wll'niett, WIl'- 
mot, Mi'na, Mi-nePla. 

Win'i-fr£d. [Teut.] A lover of 
peace. 



Ze-no'bi-A. [Gr.] Having life from 
J upiter. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, took; URN, rue, PULL ; JB, z, O.silent ; c, &, soft; €, 5, hard; A§ ; EXIST j fi as NGr ; THIS 






CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 



NOTE. — The names of dead languages are printed in Italic. 



No. I. 

LANGUAGES. 

Sanskrit (divided into Vedic Sanskrit and the Classical, or more modern, 
Sanskrit), Prakrit, Pali; Bengali, Marathi, Guzerathi, &c. ; Hindi, 
Hindustani (or Urdu) ; Gypsy 

Zend (or Avestan, or Old Bactrian), Old Persian (cuneiform inscriptions), 
Pehlevi (or Huzvaresh), Parsi (or Pazend), Old Armenian; Modern Per- 
sian, Kurdish, Afghan (or Pushto), Ossetic, Modern Armenian, &c 

Old Ionic (or Epic), JEolic, Doric, New Ionic, Attic ; Romaic (or Modern 
Greek) 

Oscan (or Opican), Umbrian, Latin; the Romance (or Romanic) languages 
(descendants of the Latin), viz., Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Provencal, 
French, Rhaeto-Romanic, Wallachian 

Irish (or Gaelic of Ireland), Erse (or Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, 
called also Highland Scotch ), Manx 

Cornish , Welsh, Armorican (or Breton) 

Bulgarian (or Old Slavonic, or Church Slavic), Russian (or Russ ; — in- 
cluding the Russian proper, and the Little-Russian, or Ruthenian), Illy- 
rian (including three idioms, the Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic) 

Polabian, Polish, Bohemian, Moravian, Slovak (or Slovakian), Upper and 
Lower Sorbian, Lusatian (or Wendish) 

Old Prussian, Lettish (or Livonian), Lithuanian 

Old High German (with its dialects, Frankish, Alemannic, and Swabian, 
Bavarian, and Austrian), Middle High German, New High German. 

Gothic (or Maso- Gothic), Old Saxon, Anglo-Saxon (or Saxon), Dutch 
(or Low Dutch), Friesic (or Frisian), Flemish, Englishe, Low German (or 
Plattdeutsch ) 

Old Norse (or Old Icelandic), Modern Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, Nor- 
wegian 



SUB-BRANCHES. 



BRANCHES. 

Indian, or Indicb 



Iranian^, or Iranic 
or Persian 



Greek, or Hellenice 
Latinc, or Italic 



Gaelic, or Gad- 
helic 



. Cymric 



Eastern and 
Southern 



"Western 



High German 
Low German 
Scandinavian 



Celtic 



Slavonic^, or Slavic 



Lithuanian tf, or 
Lithuanic 



Teutonic, or Ger- 
manic 



No. II. 

LANGUAGES. BRANCHES. 

Himyaritic, Ethiopic (or Geez) ; Arabic ; Maltese ; Amharic, and other ) A—hic or Southern 1 



Abyssinian dialects 

Hebrew, Samaritan, Phenician, Punic Hebraic, or Middles 

Aramaic (or Aramasan, or Chaldaic, or Chaldee), Cuneiform inscriptions \ . . „ ,, 

of Babylon and Nineveh ( ? ), Syriac, Neo-Syriac > 



Semitic Family/ 



a Sometimes called Indo-Germanic or Japhetic. 

6 The Indian and Iranian branches are often classed together as forming the Indo-Persian or Aryan branch of the family, 
c The Greek and Latin are often joined together as the Graco-Latin, or classical branch. 
d The Slavonic and Lithuanian branches are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic or Windic languages, 
e Divided into four periods, viz., Semi-Saxon (a. d. 1150-1250;, Old English (a. d. 1250-1350;, Middle English (a. d. 1350-1550;, 
Modern English ( a. d. 1550 to the present day). 
/Called also Shemitic and Syro- Arabian. 
q Called also Canaanitifr 
(526) 



CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 527 

Besides the Indo-Eurepean and Semitic families, philologists distinguish several others, which may be classed as 
follows : — 

Tartaric (or Tataric) Family (called also Turanian, Scythian, Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Mongolian), including 
the numerous and widely different languages of the Manchus, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Europe), the Magyars 
(in Hungary), the Finns, the Laplanders, the Samoyeds, and a multitude of other tribes. Whether the Tamil audits 
sister idioms in Ceylon and southern India belong to this family is uncertain ; they are grouped together under the 
name of the Dravidian Family. The Japanese, the Corean, and other tongues spoken in the peninsulas and islands of 
the extreme north-eastern part of Asia are claimed by some as belonging to the Tartaric Family ; but this is very 
doubtful. 

South-eastern Asiatic or Monosyllabic Family in China, and Farther India, and countries adjacent 
to these (including the Chinese, Siamese, Burmese, Annamese, &c). 

Malay-Polynesian or Oceanic Family, including the languages and dialects spoken in nearly all the 
islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans. 

Hamitic Family, composed of the Egyptian, and its congeners, the Coptic, Galla, Berber, Hottentot (?), &c. 

South- African (sometimes called Zingian) Family, filling Africa about the equator and southward to the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

American Family, occupying with its many and greatly varying dialects the whole continent of North and 
South America. 

Besides these great families, there are several isolated languages, or groups of languages, which have hitherto resisted 
all attempts at classfiication. Such are the Yenisean in Siberia ; the Albanian (or Skipetar) in north-western Greece ; 
the Caucasian group (including the Georgian, Circassian, Lesghian, and Mitsjeghian idioms) in the mountain-range of 
the Caucasus ; the Etruscan in Northern Italy ; and the ancient Iberian, which was once the prevailing language of the 
Spanish peninsula, and which still Jives on both sides of the Pyrenees in the strange language called Basque (Biscayan, 
or Eusc&rra). 



QUOTATIONS, 

WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, 

FROM 

THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, 

FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN ENGLISH BOOKS, IN PERIODICALS, AND IN CONVERSATION 

RENDERED INTO ENGLISH. 



SELECTED AND TRANSLATED BY 



WILLIAM G. WEBSTER 



note. — L. Latin ; Fr. French ; Ger. German ; It. Italian ; Sp. Spanish ; Gr. Greek. 



A. 



A bas. [Fr.] Down ; at the foot ; 
upon the ground ; — la Francaise, 
after the French mode; — la mode, 
in fashion ; — PAnglaise, after the 
English fashion ; — Voutrance, to 
the utmost; — plomb, perpendicu- 
larly ; — propos, to the point ; — 
propos de bottes, apropos to boots ; 
without reason. 

A fortiori. [L.] With stronger reason ; 

— mensa et thoro, from bed and 
board ; — posteriori, from the elfect 
to the cause ; — priori, from the 
cause to the effect ; — vinculo matri- 
monii, from the tie of marriage. 

Ab extra. [L.] From without ; — initio, 
from the beginning; — intra, from 
within ; — ovo usque ad mala, from 
the egg to the apples ; from begin- 
ning to end ; — uno disce omnes, 
from one learn all ; from a single 
instance infer the whole. 

Absent e reo. [L.] The defendant be- 
ing absent. 

Abusus non tollit usum. [L.] Abuse 
is not an argument against proper 
use. 

Ad astra. [L.] To the stars, or to an 
exalted state ; — Calendas Grsecas, at 
the Greek Calends ; i. e., never, as 
the Greeks had no Calends ; — cap- 
tandum vulgus, to catch the rab- 
ble ; — eundem (sc. gradum), to the 
same degree ; — finem, to the end ; 
— hominem, to the man ; that is, to 
his interests and passions ; — infin- 
itum, to infinity ; — interim, in the 
mean while-, — libitum, at pleasure ; 

— nauseam, to disgust; — utrum- 
que paratus, prepared for either 
event; — valorem , according to the 
value. 

Adscriptus glebes. [L.] Belonging or 
attached to the soil. 

Mquam servare mentem. [L.] To pre- 
serve an equable mind* 
(628) 



JEquo animo. [L.] "With an equable 

mind ; with equanimity. 
Mtatis subs. [L.J Of his age ; of her 

age. 
Affaire d'amour. [Fr.] A love affair ; 

— du caur, an affair of the heart. 
Agenda. [L.] Things to be done. 
Mere flammam: [L.J To feed the 



Alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies 
with her own wings ; — the motto of 
Oregon. 

Allons. [Fr.] Let us go ; come. 

Alma mater. [L.] A fostering 
mother. 

Alter ego. [L.] Another self ; — idem, 
another precisely similar. 

Amende honorable. [Fr.] Satisfactory 
apology ; reparation. 

Amicus curias. [L.] A friend of the 
court. [vanity. 

Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love ; 

Ancien regime. [Fr.] Ancient order 
of things. [manner. 

Anglice. [L.] According to the English 

Anno aetatis suae. [L.] In the year of 
his (or her) age; — Christi, in the 
year of Christ ; — Domini, in the 
year of our Lord ; — mundi, in the 
year of the world ; — urbis conditae, 
in the year the city (Rome) was 
built. 

Ante bellum. [L.] Before the war ; 
— meridiem, before noon. 

Appui. [Fr.] Point of support. 

Aqua vitas. [L.] Brandy ; spirit ; 
alcohol. 

Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An umpire 
in matters of taste. 

Argumentum ad hominem. [L.] An 
argument deriving its force from the 
situation of the person to whom it 
is addressed ; — ad ignorantiam, an 
argument founded on an adversary's 
ignorance of facts ; — ad verecundi- 
am, an argument to modesty. 

Arriere pensee. [Fr.] A mental reser- 
vation. 

Au contraire. [Fr.] On the contrary ; 



— fait, well instructed ; expert ; — 

reste, as for the rest ; — revoir, adieu 

until we meet again. 
Audi alteram partem. [L.] Hear the 

other side. 
Auri sacra fames. [L.] The accursed 

thirst for gold. 
Aut vincere aut mori. [L.] Either to 

conquer or to die. 
Aux armes. [Fr.] To arms. 



B. 

Bas bleu. [Fr.] A blue-stocking. 

Beau monde. [Fr.] The fashionable 
world. 

Beaux esprit s. [Fr.] Gay spirits ; men 
of wit ; — yeux, handsome eyes ; that 
is, attractive looks. 

Bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind- 

Bentrovato. [It.] Well found; a hap- 
py invention. 

Bete noir. [Fr.] A black beast; a 
bugbear. 

Bitnseance. [Fr.] Civility : decorum- 

Billet d' 'amour, \ ri? , . . . .. 

Billet doux. J t Fr -] A love-letter. 

Bizarre. [Fr.] Odd; fantastic. 

Blase. [Fr.] Pallid ; surfeited ; ren- 
dered incapable of continued en- 
joyment. 

Bona fide. [L.] In good faith. 

Bon gre mal gre. [Fr.] Willing or un- 
willing ; — jour, good day ; good 
morning ; — soir, good, evening. 

Bonhomie. [Fr.] Good-natured sim- 
plicity. 

Boulevard. [Fr.] A public walk or 
street occupying the site of demol- 
ished fortifications. 

Bouleversement. [Fr.] Overturning; 
subversion. 

Bourgeois. [Fr.] A man of middle 
rank in society. 

Bourgeoisie. [Fr.] Middle classes of 
society ; traders, 

Brevet dHnvention. [Fr.] A patent. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



529 



Brochure. [Fr.] A pamphlet. 
Brusque. [Fr.] Rude ; blunt. 
Brutum fulmen. [L.] A harmless 
thunderbolt. 



C. 



Cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit; — lo- 
quendi, a rage for speaking; — scri- 
bendi, an itch for scribbling. 

Castera desunt. |L-] The remainder 
is wanting. 

Ceteris, paribus. [L.] Other things 
being equal. 

Cafe. [Fr.] A coffee-house. 

Caliche. [Fr.] A half-coach or 
calash. 

Calembour. [Fr.] A pun. 

Canaille. [Fr.] The rabble. 

Cantatrice. [It.] A female profes- 
sional singer. 

Capias ad respondendum. [L.] You 
may take to answer; — a writ for 
taking and keeping the defendant to 
answer the plaintiff in the action. 

Capias ad satisfaciendum. [L.] You 
may take to satisfy ; — a writ for 
taking and keeping the party named 
until he gives satisfaction to the 
party by whom it is issued. 

Captatio benevolentix. [L.] A cur- 
rying favor. 

Caput mortmim. [L.] The worthless 
remains. 

Carrie diem. [L.] Enjoy the present 
day. 

Casus belli. [L.] That which involves 
or justifies war. 

Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] A catalogue 
of books arranged according to their 
subjects. 

Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the buyer 
beware. 

C-tst-d-dire. [Fr.] That is to say. 

Champs Elysees. [Fr.] Elysian Fields. 

Chanson. [Fr.] A song 

Chapeaubas. [Fr.] Hats off; — bras, 
a military cocked hat. 

Charge d'affaires. [Fr.] An inferior 
diplomatic representative at a foreign 
court. 

Charivari. [Fr.] A mock serenade of 
discordant music. 

Chateaux en Espagne. [Fr.] Castles 
in Spain, the land of romance ; 
castles in the air. 

Chef-d'oeuvre. [Fr.] A masterpiece. 

Chire amie. [Fr.] A dear friend ; a 



Chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] A knight 
of industry ; one who lives by per- 
severing fraud, j 

Chronique scandaleuse. [Fr.] A chron- 
icle of vices and crimes. 

Ci-devant. [Fr.] Formerly ; former. 

Circa, or Circiter. [L.] About. 

Cito maturum, citd putridum. [L.] 
Soon ripe, soon rotten. 

Citoyen. [Fr.] A citizen ; a burgher. 

Civilitas successit barbarum. [L.] 
Civilization succeeds barbarism ; — 
the motto of Minnesota when a ter- 
ritory. 

Coiffeur. [Fr.] A hair-dresser. 

Comme il faut. [Fr.] As it should 
be. 



Compos mentis. [L.] Of a sound 
mind. 

Compte rendu. [Fr.] Account ren- 
dered ; report. [nestly. 

Con amore. [It.] With love ; ear- 

Concio ad clerum. [L.] A discourse 
to the clergy. 

Confrere. [Fr.] A brother; an associate. 

Conge d'elire. [Fr.] A leave to elect. 

Contretemps. [Fr.] An awkward mis- 
hap or accident. 

Conversazione. [It.] A meeting of 
company for conversation. 

Coram nobis. [L.] Before us ; — non 
judice, before one who is not the 
proper judge. 

Cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line of 
troops to prevent the spreading of 
pestilence. 

Corps de garde. [Fr.] A body of men 
who watch in a guard-room ; the 
guard-room itself : — diplomatique, 
a diplomatic body. 

Corpus delicti. [L.] The substance or 
foundation of the offense. 

Corrigenda. [L.] Typographical errors 
to be corrected. 

Couleur de rose. [Fr.] Rose color; an 
aspect of attractiveness. 

Coup d'etat. [Fr.] A stroke of policy 
in public affairs ; — de grace, a fin- 
ishing stroke ; — de main, a sudden 
enterprise or effort ; — de soleil, a 
stroke of the sun. 

Cotlte quHl coble. [Fr.] Let it cost 
what it may. 

Crede quod habes, et habes. [Lat.] Be- 
lieve that you have it, and you 
have it. 

Crescite,etmultiplicamini. [L.] Grow, 
or increase, and multiply ; — the 
motto of Maryland. 

Crevasse. [Fr!] A deep crevice; a 
breach. 

Crimen falsi. [L.] Falsehood; perju- 
ry ; — lassas rnajestatis, high treason. 

Crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle of 
critics. 

Cui bono ? [L.] For whose benefit ? 
Colloquially , but erroneously, of what 
use? 

Cuisine. [Fr.] A kitchen ; cookery. 

Cum grano salis. [L.] With a grain 
of salt! ; with some allowance ; — 
privilegio, with privilege. 

Curiosa felicitas. [L.] A felicitous 
tact. 

Currente calamo. [L.] With a run- 
ning or rapid pen. [rolls. 

Custos rotulorum. [L.] Keeper of the 



D. 



Dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the 
sign. 

De bonis non. [L.] Of the goods not 
yet administered on; — facto, from 
the fact ; really ; — gustibus non est 
disputandum, there is no disputing 
about tastes ; — jure, from the law ; 
by right ; — mortuis nil nisi bonum, 
say nothing but good of the dead ; — 
nihilo nihil fit, of nothing nothing 
is made; — novo, anew; — profundis, 
out of the depths. 
34 



De trop. [Fr.] Too much, or toe 
many ; not wanted. 

Dehors. [Fr.] Without ; out of; for- 
eign ; irrelevant. 

Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of God. 

Demi-monde. [Fr.] Disreputable fe- 
male society ; abandoned women. 

Deo gratias. [L.] Thanks to God; — 
juvante, with God's help ; — volente, 
God willing. 

Dernier ressort. [Fr.] A last resource. 

Desipere in loco. [L.] To jest at the 
proper time. 

Desunt castera. [L.] The remainder 
is wanting. 

Detur digniori. [L.] Let it be given 
to the more worthy. 

Deus ex machina. [L.] A god from the 
machine ; ?'. e. from a theatrical con- 
trivance for making gods appear in 
the air ; hence, an unexpected and 
fortunate occurrence. 

Dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day; — 
infaustus, an unlucky day; — irss, 
day of wrath ; — non, a day on 
which judges do not sit. 

Dieu defend le droit. [Fr.] God de- 
fends the right ; — et mon droit, God 
and my right. 

Dignus vindice nodus. [L.] A knot 
worthy to be loosened by such hands. 

Dirigo. [L.] I direct or guide ; — the 
motto of Maine. 

Disjecta membra. [L.] Scattered limbs 
or remains. [nent. 

Disdngue. [Fr.] Distinguished ; emi- 

Distrait. [Fr.] Absent in thought. 

Divide et impera. [L.] Divide and 
rule. 

Dolce. [It.] Soft, — used in music ; — 
far niente, sweet doing-nothing ; 
sweet idleness. 

Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord 
be with you. 

Double entente. [Fr.] Double mean- 
ing ; a play on words. 

Douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness ; a bribe. 

Dramatis personas. [L.] Characters 
represented in a drama. 

Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. 
[L.] It is sweet and honorable to 
die for one's country. 

Dum vivimus, vivamus. [L.] While 
we live, let us live. 

Durante beneplacito . [L.] During good 
pleasure ; — vita, during life. 



E. 



Eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of life-, 
brandy. 

Ecce homo. [L.] Behold the man ; — 
applied specifically to any picture 
representing the Savior given up to 
the people by Pilate, and wearing the 
crown of thorns ; — signum, behold 
the sign. 

E pluribus unum. [L.] One out oi 
many ; one composed of many ; — 
the motto of the United States. 

Editio princeps. [L.] The first edition. 

Egalite. [Fr.] Equality. 

Eleve. [Fr.] A pupil ; a foster child. 

Elite. [Fr.] A choice, or select body 
of persons. 



530 



WORDS PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



Eloge. [Fr.] A funeral oration 

Eloignement. [Fr.] Estrangement. 

Embonpoint. [Fr.] Plumpness; flesh- 
iness. 

Emeute. [Fr.] A riot; a mob. 

Employe. [Fr.] One who is employed 
by another; a person in service. 

En arricre. [Fr.] In the rear; — 
avant ! forward ! ; — deshabille, in 
undress ; — famille, in a domestic 
state ; — fin, at last ; finally ; — pas- 
sant, in passing ; by the way ; — 
plein jour , in broad day ; — rapport, 
in a condition or relation of sympa- 
thy ; — regie, in order ; according to 
rules ; — route, on the way ; — suite, 
in company. 

Enciente. [Fr.] Pregnant. 

Enfans perdus. [Fr.] Lost children ; 
a forlorn hope. 

Enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. 

Ennui. [Fr.] A feeling of weariness 
and disgust ; tedium. 

Ensemble. [Fr.] The whole. 

Ense petit placidam sub libertate qui- 
etem. [L.] With the sword she seeks 
quiet peace under liberty ; — the 
motto of Massachusetts. 

Entente cordiale. [Fr.] Evidences of 
good will and justice toward each 
other, exchanged by the chief per- 
sons of two states. 

Entourage. [Fr.] Surroundings ; ad- 
juncts, [table. 

Entree. [Fr.] Entry ; first course at 

Entre nous. [Fr.] Between ourselves. 

Entrepdt. [Fr.] A bonded warehouse ; 

Ergo. [L.] Therefore, [a free port. 

Espieglerie. [Fr.] Sportive tricks. 

Esprit de corps. [Fr.] The animating 
spirit of a collective body ; — des lois, 
spirit of the laws. [ual. 

Esto perpetua. [L.] Let it be pernet- 

Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is a 
medium in all things. 

Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And with 
thy spirit; — id genus omne, and 
every thing of the sort ; — sic de 
similibus, and so of the like ; — tu, 
Brute ! and thou also, Brutus ! 

Eureka (evprj/ca, hu-re'ka.) [Gr.] I 
have found it ; — the motto of Cali- 
fornia. 

Exanimo. [L.] Heartily; — cathedra, 
from the bench ; with high author- 
ity ; — officio, by virtue of his office ; 
— parte, on one side only; — pede 
Herculem, we recognize a Hercules 
from the size of the foot ; that is, we 
judge of the whole from the speci- 
men ; — post facto, after the deed is 
done ; — tempore, without premedi- 
tation ; — uno disce omnes, from one 
learn all ; — v i termini, by the mean- 
ing or force of the expression. 

Excelsior. [L.] Higher ; more ele- 
vated ; — the motto of New York. 

Excerpta. [L.] Extracts. [ample. 

Exempli gratia. [L.] By way of ex- 

Exeunt. [L.] They go out ; — omnes, 
all go out. 

Experimentum crucis. [L.] The ex- 
periment of the cross ; a decisive ex- 
periment. 

Experto crede. [L.] Trust one who 
has tried, or had experience. 

Expose. [Fr.] An exposition. 



F. 



Facile princeps. [L.] Evidently pre- 
eminent ; the admitted chief. 

Fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing already 
done. 

Faubourg. [Fr.] A suburb. 

Fauteuil. [Fr.] An easy chair. 

Faux pas. [Fr.] A false step. 

Felo de se. [F.\ A suicide. 

Femme couverte. [Fr.] A married wo- 
man ; — de chambre , a chambermaid. 

Ferse naturx. [L.] Of a wild nature. 

Ftstina iente. [L.] Hasten slowly. 

Fete rhampetre. [Fr.] A rural festival. 

Feu de joie. [Fr.] A firing of guns in 
token of joy ; a bonfire. 

Feuilleton. [Fr.] Bottom part of a 
French newspaper, separated by a 
line from the rest, and devoted to 
light literature, criticism, &c. 

Fiacre. [Fr.] A hack. 

Fiat justitia, ruat calum. [L.] Let 
justice be done, though the heavens 
fall ; — lux. let there be light. 

Fidei defensor. [L.] Defender of the 
faith. ' 

Fides Punica. [L.] Punic faith; 
treachery. 

Fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Acha- 
tes; i. e., a true friend. 

Filius nidlius. [L.] A son of nobody ; 
— terra;, one of low birth. 

Fille de chambre. [Fr.] A chamber- 
maid ; — de joie, a prostitute. 

Flagrante bello. [L.] During hostili- 
ties ; — delicto, in the commission of 
the crime. 

Fortiter in re. [L.] "With firmness in 
acting. 

Franco. [It.] Post free. 

Friseur. [Fr.] A hair-dresser. 

Fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy has been. 

Fusillade. [Fr.] A simultaneous dis- 
charge of fire-arms. 



G. 



Gallice. [L.] In French. 

Garcon. [Fr.] A boy, or a waiter. 

Garde du corps. [Fr.] A body guard. 

Genius loci. [L.] The genius of the 
place. 

Gens d'armes. [Fr.] Armed police. 

Genus irtitabile vatum. [L.] The 
irritable race of poets. 

Germanice. [L.] In German. 

Glebse. ascriptus. [L.] A servant be- 
longing to the soil. 

Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to God 
in the highest ; — Patri, glory be to 
the Father. 

TviaQi aeavTov ( Gnothi seauton). [Gr.] 
Know thyself. 



H. 



Hand passibus sequis. [L.] Not with 

equal steps. [elty. 

Haute nouveaute. [Fr.] A great nov- 

Haut gout. [Fr.] High flavor ; fine or 

elegant taste. 



Helluo librorum. [L.] A devourer of 
books ; a book-worm. 

Hiatus valde deflendus. [L.] A defi- 
ciency much to be regretted. 

Hie- et ubique. [L.] Here and every- 
where ; — jacet, here lies ; — labor, 
hoc opus est, this is labor, this is 
work. 

Hoc age. [L.] Do this ; — tempore , at 
this time. 

Honisoitquimalypense. [Fr.] Shame 
on him who evil thinks. 

Hora e sempre. [It.] It is always 
time. 

Hors de. combat. [Fr.] Out of condi- 
tion to fight. 

Humanumest errare. [L.] To erris 
human. 



Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve. 

Id est. [L.] That is ; — genus omne, 
all of that sort. 

Ignotum per ignotius. [L.] That 
which is unknown by something still 
more unknown. 

Imperium in imperio. [L.] A gov- 
ernment within a government. 

Imprimatur. [L.] Let it be printed ; 

— a license to print a book, &c. 
Improvvisatore. - [It.] An impromptu 

poet. 

Improvvisatrice. [It.] An impromptu 
poetess. 

In seternum. [L.] Forever; — articulo 
mortis, at the point of death ; in the 
last struggle ; — commendam, in 
trust ; — curia, in the court ; — equi- 
libria, in equilibrium ; — esse, in be- 
ing ; — extremis, at the point of 
death ; — flagrante delicto, taken in 
the fact; — forma pauperis, as a 
poor man ; — foro conscientim, before 
the tribunal of conscience ; — futu- 
re, in future ; henceforth ; — hoc sig- 
no vinces. in this sign, or under this 
standard, thou shalt conquer; — 
limine, at the threshold; — loco, in 
the proper place ; — loco parentis, in 
the place of a parent ; — medias res, 
into the midst of things, or affairs ; 

— medio tutissimus ibis, you will go 
most safely in the middle ; — memo- 
riam, in memory ; — nubibus, in the 
clouds ; — perpetuum, forever ; — pos- 
se, in possible existence; — propria 
persona, in person ; — puris naturali- 
bus, quite naked ; — re, in the matter 
of ; — rem , against the thing ; — 
ssBcula sseculorum , for ages on ages ; 

— situ, in its original situation; — 
statu quo, in the former state; — 
terrorem, as a warning ; — toto, in 
the whole ; entirely : — totidem ver- 
bis, in so many words ; — transitu, 
on the passage ; — usum Delphini, 
for the use of the Dauphin ; — 
utrumque paratus , prepared for either 
event ; — vacuo , in empty space ; — 
verba magistri jurare, to swear to, 
or by, the words of another; to 
adopt opinions on the authority of 
another ; — vino Veritas, there is 
truth in wine. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



531 



Infanta. [Sp.J A princess of the blood 
royal in Spain and Portugal. 

Infante. [Sp.] Any son of the king, 
except the eldest, or heir apparent. 

Insouciance. [Fr.] Indifference ; care- 
lessness. 

Instar omnium. [L.] Like all. 

Inter alia. [L.] Among other things ; 
— nos, between ourselves. 

Invito. Minerva. [L.] Without genius. 

Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it. 

Ipsissima verba. [L.] The very words. 

Ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself; 
— jure, by the law itself. 



J. 



facta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 
Je ne wis quoi. [Ft.] I know not 

what. 
Jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on words ; 

a pun ; — d'esprit, a witticism. 
Jupiter tonans. [L.] Jupiter the thun- 

derer. 
Jure divino. [L.] By divine law. 
Jus civile. [L.] Civil law ; — divinum, 

divine law : — et norma loquendi, the 

law and rule of speech ; — gentium, 

law of nations. 
Juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. 



L. 

Labor ipse voluptas. [L.] Labor itself 
is pleasure: — omnia vincit, labor 
conquers every thing. 

Laissezfaire. [Fr.] Let alone. 

Lapsus Ungues. [L.] A slip of the 
tongue. 

Latet anguis in herba. [L.] A snake 
lies hid in the grass. 

Laudator temporis acti. [L.] Apraiser 
of time past. 

Laus Deo. [L.] Praise to God. 

Le beau monde. [Fr.] The fashiona- 
ble world ; — diable boiteux, the lame 
devil ; — roi et Petal, king and state ; 
roi le veut, the king wills it; — roi 
s'avisera, the king will consider or 
deliberate. 

Lese majeste. [Fr.] High treason. 

L'etoile du nord. [Fr.] The star of 
the north ; — the motto of Minnesota. 

Lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed letter ; 
a royal warrant : — de marque, a let- 
ter of marque or of reprisal. 

Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place ; 
— non scriptn, the common law ; — 
scripta, statute law ; — talionis, the 
law of retr hation. 

L'homme propose, et Dial dispose. 
[Fr.] Man proposes, and God dis- 
poses. 

Liaison. [Fr.] An alliance ; an illicit 
connection. 

Lite pendente. [L.] During trial. 

Litera scripta manet. [L.] The writ- 
ten letter remains. 

Loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 

Locum tenens. [L.] A deputy or sub- 
stitute ; a proxy. 

Locus in quo. [L.] The place in 
which •, — sigilli, place of the seal. 



Longo intervallo. [L.] By or with 
long interval. [ment. 

Lucidus ordo. [L.] A clear arrange- 

Lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A jeu 
d'esprit in etymology, which, assum- 
ing that Incus, a dark wood or grove, 
is derived from the verb lucere, to 
shine, supposes it must be d non 
lucendo, from its not being light. 

Lusus naturae. [L.] A sport or freak 
of nature. 



M. 



Macte virtute. [L.] Proceed in virtue. 

Mafois. [Fr.] Upon my faith. 

Magna est Veritas, et prevalebit. [L.] 
Truth is mighty, and it will prevail. 

Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 

Magnus Apollo. [L.] Great Apollo ; 
one of high authority. 

Maisondeville. [Fr.] The town -house. 

Maitre d'hdtel. [Fr.] A house-steward. 

Malapropos. [Fr.] Ill-timed. 

Malgrc nous. [Fr.] In spite of us. 

Malum in se. [L.] Bad in itself. 

Mare clausum. [L.] A closed sea ; a 
bay. 

Materiel. [Fr.] Materials or instru- 
ments employed (opposed to per- 
sonnel). 

Mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste; — 
honte. false modesty. 

Meya /3i.j3Atoj/, ju.e'ya ko.kov {mega bibli- 
on, mega kakon). [Gr.] A great 
book is a great evil. 

Me judice. [L.j I being judge. 

Melange. [Fr.] A medley. 

Melee. [Fr.] A hand-to-hand fight ; 
a riot. 

Memento mori. [L.] Bemember death. 

Memorabilia. [L.] Things to be re- 
membered. 

Mens sana in corpore sano. [L.] A 
sound mind in a sound body ; — sibi 
conscia recti, a mind conscious of 
rectitude. 

Messalliance. [Fr.] Improper associa- 
tion : marriage with one of lower 
station. 

Meum et fuum. [L.] Mine and thine. 

Mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to be 
told. 

Mise en scene. [Fr.] The putting in 
preparation for the stage. 

Mittimxis. [L.] We send ; — a writ to 
commit an offender to prison. 

Modus operandi. [L.] Manner of op- 
eration. 

Montani semper liberi. [L.] Moun- 
taineers are always freemen ; — the 
motto of West Virginia. 

Monumentum sere perennius. [L.] A 
monument more durable than brass. 

Multum inparvo. [L.] Much in little. 

Mutatis mutandis. [L.] The necessary 
changes being made. 

Mutato nomine. [L.] The name being 
changed. 



N. 



Naive. [Fr.] Having native or un- 
affected simplicity. 



Naivete. [Fr.] Native simplicity. 
Ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing further ; 

— quid nimis, not any thing too 
much or too far ; — sutor xdtra cre- 
pidam, let not the shoemaker go 
beyond his last. 

Nee. [Fr.] Born ; as, Madame de Stael, 
nee (that is, whose maiden name 
was) Necker. 

Negligee. [Fr.] An easy, unceremo- 
nious attire ; undress. 

Nemine contradicente. [L.] No one 
speaking in opposition ; — dissenti- 
ente, no one dissenting. 

Nemo me impune lacessit. [L.] No 
one wounds me with impunity ; — 
the motto of Scotland. 

Nil admirari. [L.] To wonder at 
nothing ; — conscire sibi, to be con- 
scious of no fault; — desperandum, 
never despair. 

Nimporte. [Fr.] It matters not. 

Noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Bank imposes 
obligation ; much is rightly expected 
of one of high birth or station . 

Nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will 
or not. [me. 

Noli me tangere. [L.] Don't touch 

Nolle prosequi. [L.] To be unwilling 
to proceed. 

Nom de plume. [Fr.] A pen name ; 
an assumed title; — de guerre, a 
war name ; a traveling title ; a pseu- 
donym. 

Non compos mentis. [L.] Not in 
sound mind ; — constat, it does not 
appear; — est inventus, he has not 
been found ; — liquet, it is not clear ; 

— obstante, notwithstanding ; — om- 
nia possumus omnes, we can not, all 
of us, do all things ; — omnis moriar, 
I shall not wholly die ; — sequitur, 
it does not follow ; an unwarranted 
conclusion. [ber. 

Non mi ricordo. [It.] I don't remem- 

Nosc.e teipsum. [L.] Know thyself. 

Nota bene. [L.] Mark well. 

Noubliez pas. [Fr.] Don't forget. 

Nous verrons. [Fr.] We shall see. 

Novus homo. [L.] A new man. 

Nuance. [Fr.] Shade ; gradation ; tint. 

Nudum pactum. [L.] A contract 
made without any consideration, and 
therefore void. [never. 

Nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or 

0. 

Obiit. [L.] He, or she, died. 
Obiter dictum. [L.] A thing said by 

the way, or in passing. 
Obsta principiis. [L.] Besist the first 

beginnings. 
Odium theologicum. [L.] The hatred 

of theologians. 
GEil de bozuf. [Fr.] A bull's eye. 
Ohe ! jam satis. [L.] 0, now there is 

enough. 
Ot TroAAot (Hoi polloi). [Gr.] The 

many ; the rabble. 
Omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love con- 
quers all things ; — vincit labor, labor 

overcomes all things. 
On dit. [Fr.] They say ; flying rumor. 
Onus probandi. [L.] The burden 

of proving. 



532 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



Ora e sempre. [It.] Now and always. 
Orapro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 
Orator fit, poeta nascitur. [L.] The 

orator is made, but the poet is born. 
Ore rotundo. [L.] With round, full 

voice ; — tenus, as far as the mouth. 
O! si sic omnia. [L.] that he had 

always done or spoken thus. 
O tempora ! O mores! [L.] the 

times ! the manners ! 
Otium cum dignitate. [L.] Ease 

with dignity ; dignified leisure. 
Oubliette. [Ft.] Dungeon of a castle. 
Oui dire. [Fr.] Hearsay. 
Outre. [Fr.] Out of the common 

course; extravagant. [san. 

Ouvrier. [Fr.] A workman ; an arti- 



P. 



Palmam qui meruit ferat. [L.] Let 
him who has won it bear the palm. 

Papier machee. [Fr.] Chewed or 
mashed paper ; a hard substance 
made of a pulp from rags or paper. 

Par exemple. [Fr.] For example ; — 
excellence, by way of eminence. 

Pari passu. [L.] With equal pace. 

Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A noble 
pair of brothers ; two just alike. 

Parole d'honneur. [Fr.] Word of 
honor. [plice. 

Particeps criminis. [L.] An accom- 

Parva componere magnis. [L.] To 
compare small things with great. 

Parvenu. [Fr.] An upstart ; one 
newly risen into notice. 

Pas d pas. [Fr.] Step by step. 

Passe. [Fr.] Past ; out of use ; 
faded ; worn out. 

Passe-partout. [Fr.] A master-key. 

Pate de foie gras. [Fr.] Goose-liver 
pie. [family. 

Paterfamilias. [L.] The father of a 

Pater noster. [L.] Our Father ; the 
Lord's prayer; — patrise, father of 

- his country. 

Patois. [Fr.] Dialect of the lower 
classes. 

Patres conscripti. [L.] Conscript fa- 
thers ; the Roman senators. 

Peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. 

Peine forte et dure. [Fr.] Strong 
and severe punishment. 

Penchant. [Fr.] Inclination ; liking. 

Pendente lite. [L.] Pending the suit. 

Pensee. [Fr.] Thought. 

Per annum. [L.] By the year ; — cap- 
ita, by the head ; — centum, by the 
hundred ; —contra, contrariwise ; — 
diem, by the day; — se, by itself 
considered. 

Perdu. [Fr.] Lost. 

Personnel. [Fr.] Body of persons 
employed in some public service. 

Petit maltre. [Fr.] A dandy ; a cox- 
comb. 

Petit io principii. [L.] A begging of 
the question. 

Peu-d-peu. [Fr.] Little by little. 

Pen de chose. [Fr.] A trifle. 

Piece de resistance. [Fr.] A solid joint. 

Pirouette. [Fr.] A whirl on the toes, 
as in dancing. 

Pisaller. [Fr.] The last shift. 



Pitt. [It.] More. 

Plena jure. [L.] With full authority. 

Plexus. [L.] A net-work ; web. 

Poco d poco. [It.] Little by little. 

Poeta nascitur, non fit. [L.] The 
poet is born, not made. 

Point d'appui. [Fr.] Point of sup- 
port ; prop. 

Pons asinorum. [L.] Bridge of asses. 

Post mortem. [L.] After death; — 
obitum , after death. 

Pot-pourri. [Fr.] A hotch-potch ; a 
medley. 

Preux chevalier. [Fr.] A brave knight. 

Prima facie. [L.] On the first view. 

Primus inter pares. [L.] Chief among 
equals. 

Principia, non homines. [L.] Princi- 
ples, not men. 

Principiis obsta. [L.] Resist the first 
beginnings. 

Pro aris et focis. [L.] For our altars 
and firesides ; — bono publico, for the 
public good ; — et con, for and 
against ; — forma, for the sake of 
form ; — hac vice, for this turn or 
occasion; — rata, in proportion; — 
re nata, for a special emergency ; — 
tanto, for so much; — tempore, for 
the time. 

Proces verbal. [Fr.] A written state- 
ment, [vulgar. 

Profanum vulgus. [L.] The profane 

Prohpudor. [L.] 0, for shame. 

Propria quse maribus. [L.] Those 
things which are appropriate or pe- 
culiar to males or men, or to hus- 
bands. Lery. 

Punica fides. [L.] Punic faith ; treach- 



Q. 



Qua. [L.] So far as ; in so far as. 

Quantum libet. [L.] As much as you 
please; — meruit, as much as he 
deserved; — mutatus ab illo.! how 
changed from what he was ! ; — suf- 
ficit, a sufficient quantity ; — iris, as 
much as you will. 

Quasi. [L.] As if ; in a manner. 

Quelque chose. [Fr.] A trifle ; some- 
thing ; any thing. 

Quid pro quo. [L.] One thing for an- 
other ; an equivalent : — rides ? why 
do you laugh ? 

Qui facit per alium , facit per se. [L.] 
He who does a thing by the agency 
of another, does it himself. 

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [L.] 
Who shall guard the guards them- 
selves ? 

Qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He who 
transplanted, still sustains ; — the 
motto of Connecticut. 

Qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? — 
hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. 

Quoad hoc. [L.] To this extent. 

Quo animo ? [L.] With what mind or 
intention ? — jure. ? By what right ? 

Quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] 
Which was to be demonstrated ; — 
vide, which see. 

Quos Deus vult per d 'ere, prius demen- 
tat. [L.] Those whom God wishes 
to destroy, he first makes mad. 



R 

Rara avis. [L.] A rare bird. 

Recueil. [Fr.] Collection. 

Reductio ad absurdum. [L.f A re- 
ducing a position to an absurdity. 

Regnant populi. [L.] The peoplo 
rule; — the motto of Arkansas. 
[Properly, Regnat populus.] 

Re infecta. [L.J The business being 
unfinished. 

Religio loci. [L.] The religious spirit 
of the place. 

Renommee. [Fr.] Renown ; fame. 

Requiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest 
in peace. 

Res angusta dom.i. [L ] Narrow cir- 
cumstances at home ; poverty. 

Respice finem, [L.] Look to the end. 

Resume. [Fr.] A summing up ; re- 
capitulation. 

Resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again. 

Revenons d nos mnutons. [Fr.] Let us 
return to our sheep; let us returu 
to our subject. 

Rifacimento. [][t.] Renewal ; re-es- 
tablishment. 

Robe de chambre. [Fr.] A dressing- 
gown or morniing-gown. 

Rouleau. [Fr.] A little roll. 

Rudis indigestaque moles. [L.] A 
rude and undigested mass. 

Ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem of 
war. 

Rus in urbe. [L.] The country in town 



S. 



Salle. [Fr.] A hall. 

Salon. [Fr.] An apartment for com- 
pany ; a fashionable party ; or fash- 
ionable society. 

Salus populi suprema est lex. [L.] The 
welfare of the people is the supreme 
law ; — the motto of Missouri. 

Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] Holy of 
holies. 

Sans cercmonie. [Fr.] Without cer- 
emony ; — peur et sans reproche, with- 
out fear and without reproach. 

Sartor resartus. [L.] The cobbler 
mended. 

Sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Save himself 
who can. 

Savoir faire. [Fr.] Ability; — vivre, 
good breeding. 

Scandalum magnatum. [L.] De- 
famatory speech or writing to the 
injury of persons of dignity. 

Scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be 
known . 

Seance. [Fr.] A sitting or session. 

Secundum art em. [L.] According 
to rule ; — naturam, according to tho 
course of nature ; — ordinem, in or- 
der. 

Semper felix. [L.] Always fortunate , 
— fidelis, always faithful; — idem, 
always the same; — paratus, al- 
ways ready. 

Senatus consultum. [L.] A decree 
of the Senate. 

Se non e vero, c ben trovato. [It.] If 
not true, it is well feigned. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



533 



Sesquipedalia verba. [L.] Words a foot 
and a half long. 

Sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such is the 
way to immortality ; — passim, so 
everywhere; — semper tyrannis,e\er 
so to tyrants (the motto of Vir- 
ginia) ; — transit gloria mundi, so 
passes away earthly glory ; — vos non 
vobis, thus you do not labor for 
yourselves. 

Sicut ante. [L.] As before ; — patri- 
bus, sit Deus nobis, as God was with 
our fathers, so may he be with us. 

Similia similibus curantur. [L.] Like 
things are cured hy like. 

Si monnmentum quseris, circum spice . 
[L.] If you seek his monument, look 
around. 

Simplex munditiis. [L.] Of simple 
elegance. 

Sine curd. J"L.] Without charge or 
care ; — die, without a day appoint- 

- ed ; — qua non, an indispensable 
condition. 

Si quceris peninsulam am.se.nam, cir- 
cumspice. [L.] If thou seekest a 
beautiful peninsula, behold it here ; 
— the motto of Michigan. 

Sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the earth 
He lightly upon thee. 

Soubrette. [Ft.] An intriguing woman. 

Stans pedeinuno. [L.] Standing on 
one foot. 

Sta* magni nominis umbra. [L.] He 
stands the shadow of a mighty 
name. 

Statu quo ante bellum. [L.] In the 
state which was before the war. 

Status quo. [L.] The state in which. 

Stet, [L.] Let it stand. 

Suaviter in ?nodo, fortiter in re. [L.] 
Gentle in manners, but resolute in 
deed 

Sub judice. [L.] Under considera- 
tion : — rosa, under the rose; pri- 
vately. 

Sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind] — 
juris, in one's own right. 

Summurn bonurn. [L.] The chief 
good. 

Suo Marte. [L.] By his own strength. 

Suum cuique. [L.] Let each have his 
own. 



Tabula rasa. [L.] A smooth or blank 

tablet. 
Tant pis. [Fr] So much the worse. 
Tantum vidit Virgiiium. [L.] He 



merely saw Virgil (that is, the great 
man). 

Tapis. [Fr.] A carpet ; also, the cover 
of a council-table ; hence, to be on 
the tapis is to be under considera- 
tion. 

Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur 
in Mis. [L.] The times are changed, 
and we are changed with them. 

Tempus erlaz rerum. [L.] Time the 
devourer of all things ; — fugit, time 
flies. 

Terr& films. [L.] A son of the earth ; 
that is, a human being. 

Terra firma. [L.] Solid earth ; a safe 
footing ; — incognita, an unknown 
country. 

Tertium quid. [L.] A third some- 
thing ; a nondescript. 

Tiers-etat. [Fr.] The third estate ; 
commons or commonalty. 

To kol\6v (To kalon). '[Gr.] The 
beautiful ; the chief good ; — npeirov 
{prepon), the proper or becoming. 

Totidem verbis. [L.] In just so many 
words. 

Toties quoties. [L.] As often as. 

Toto ccelo. [L.] By the whole heavens; 
diametrically opposite. 

Tout-d-fait. [Fr.] Entirely ; — au 
contraire, on the contrary ; — en- 
semble, the whole taken together. 



U. 



Uberrima fides. [L.] Superabound- 

ing faith. [tioned. 

Ubi supra. [L.] Where above men- 
Ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last 

argument of kings ; war ; — Thule, 

utmost limit. 
Una voce. [L.] With one voice. 
Uno animo. [L.] With one mind; 

unanimously. 
Usque ad aras. [L.] To the very 

altars ; — ad nauseam, to disgust. 
Utile dulci. [L.] The useful with the 

pleasant. 
Ut infra. [L.] As below; — supra, 

as above stated. 
Uti possidetis. [L.] As you 

state ofj present possession. 



Vade mecum. [L.] Go with me ; a 
constant companion. 



Vse victis. [L.] Woe to the vanquished. 

Vale. [L.] Farewell. 

Valet de chambre. [Fr.] An attend- 
ant ; a footman. 

Varioivm notse. [L.] The notes of va- 
rious authors. 

Veni, vidi, vici. [L.] I came, I saw, 
1 conquered. 

Verbatim et literatim. [L.] Word for 
word and letter for letter. 

Verbum sat sapienti. [L.] A word is 
enough for a wise man. 

Vetturo. [It.] A hack. 

Vetturino. [It.] A hackman. 

Vexata qusestio. [L.] A disputed 
question. 

Via. [L.] By the way of. 

Via media. [L.] A middle course. 

Vice. [L.] In the place of; — versa), 
the terms being exchanged. 

Vide ut supra. [L.] See what is stated 
above. [by main force. 

Vi et armis. [L.] By force and arms ; 

Vincit amor patriae. [L.] Love of coun- 
try prevails ; — omnia Veritas, truth 
conquers all things. 

Vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The bond 
of marriage. 

Vires acquirit eundo. [L.] She ac- 
quires strength in her progress. 

Vis d vis. [Fr.] Opposite ; facing. 

Vis a tergo. [L.] A propelling force 
from behind ; — inertise, the power 
of inertia ; resistance ; — vitse, the 
vigor of life. 

Vitam impendere vero. [L.] To stake 
one's life for the truth. 

Vivat regina. [L.] Long live the 
queen ; — rex, long live the king. 

Viva voce. [L.] By the living voice ; 
by oral testimony. 

Vive la republique. [Fr.] Long live the 
republic ; — la bagatelle ! success to 
trifling; — le. roi, long live the king. 

Voild. [Fr.] Behold ; there is, or there 
are. 

Vox, et prseterea nihil. [L.] A voice, 
and nothing more ; — populi, vox 
Dei, the voice of the people is the 
voice of God. 

Vraisemblance. [Fr.] Appearance of 
truth. 



Zonam solvere. [L.] To loose the vir- 
gin zone. 

Zollverein. [Ger.] A union among 
the German states for the collection 

- of custom-house duties. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM 

OF 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Myriameter 10,000 meters, 

Kilometer 1,000 meters, 

Hectometer 100 meters, 

Dekameter 10 meters, 

Meter 1 meter, 

Decimeter i$ of a meter, 

Centimeter -j^-g- of a meter, 



Millimeter 



of a meter. 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



. 6.2137 miles. 

. 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 
328 feet and 1 inch. 
393.7 inches. 
39.37 inches. 
. 3.937 inches. 
. 0.3937 inch. 
. 0.0394 inch. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Hectare 10,000 square meters, 

Are 100 square meters, 

Centare 1 square meter, 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



. 2.471 acres. 
119.6 square yards 
1,550 square inches. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Names. 



Kiloliter, or Stere 

Hectoliter 

Dekaliter 

Liter . 

Deciliter 

Centiliter 

Milliliter 



No. of 
liters. 



1,000 

100 

10 

1 

To 

Too 

YoVo 



Cubic Measure. 



1 cubic meter . . . 

-Jq of a cubic meter . . 

10 cubic decimeters . . 

1 cubic decimeter . . 

JL of a cubic decimeter 

10 

10 cubic centimeters . . 

1 cubic centimeter . . 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



Dry Measure. 



1.308 cubic yards ». 

2 bushels and 3.35 pecks . . . . 

9-08 quarts 

0.908 quart 

6.1022 cubic inches 

0.6102 cubic inch , 

0.061 cubic inch 



Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 



264.17 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2.6417 gallons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gill 
0.338 fluid oz. 
0.27 fluid dram. 



WEIGHTS. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Names. 



Millier or Tonneau 
Quintal . . 
Myriagram . 
Kilogram or Kilo 
Hectogram . 
Dekagram . 
Gram . . 
Decigram . 
Centigram . 
Milligram . 



Number of 
grams. 



Weight of what quantity of water at maximum density. 



1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 



[000 



1 cubic meter .... 

1 hectoliter 

10 liters ....... 

1 liter ...... 

1 deciliter 

10 cubic centimeters . . 
I 1 cubic centimeter . . 
^j- of a cubic centimeter 
10 cubic millimeters . . 

1 cubic millimeter . . 



2,204 



EQUIVALENTS m DENOM- 
INATIONS IN USE. 



Avoirdupois Weight. 



pounds. 
!20.46 pounds. 
22.046 pounds. 

2.2046 pounds. 

3.5274 ounces. 

0.3527 ounce. 
15.432 grains. 

1.5432 grains. 

0.1543 grain. 

0.0154 grain. 



<<j3*> 



ABBREVIATIONS 



USED IN 



WRITING AND PRINTING 



, or a. Adjective ; After- 
noon; Acre. 

a.,or@. {Art.) To or at. 

a., or aa. (Ana., Gr. ava.) 
In meet., Of each the same 
quantity. 

A. , or Ans. Answer. 

A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant 
General. 

A. A. S. (Aca'l finite Amer- 
icans Socius.) Fellow of 
the American Academy. 

A. B. (Artium Baccalau- 
reus. ) Bachelor of Arts. 

Abbr. Abbreviated. 

A. B. C. F. M. American 
Board of Commissioners 
for Foreign Missions. 

Abl. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

A. C. (Ante Christum.) Be- 
fore Christ. 

Ace. Accusative. 

Ace, or Acct. Account. 

Act., or act. Active. 

A. D. (Anno Domini.) In 
the year of our Lord. 

Ad., or adv. Adverb. 

Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) At 
pleasure. 

Adm. Admiral ; Admiralty. 

Admr. Administrator. 

Admx. Administratrix. 

Adv. Advocate : advent. 

JE.,vcJEt. (Miatis.) Of age; 
aged. 

Ag. (Argentum.) Silver 

Agt. Agent. 

AL, or Ala. Alabama. 

Alex. Alexander. 

A. M. (Artium Magister ) 
Master of Arts. — (Ante 
Meridiem.) Before noon. 
-~-(Anno Mundi.) In the 
year of the world. 

Am. Amos ; American. 

Amer. American. 

Amt. Amount. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

Ans. Answer. 

Antiq. Antiquities. 

Apo. Apogee. 

Apr. April. 

A. R. (Anno Regni.) Year 
of the reig-n. 

Arith. Arithmetic. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

As. Arsenic ; Arkansas ; As- 
tronomy 

Asst. Assistant. 

A. S. S. IT. American Sun- 
day School Union- 



Att., or Atty. Attorney. 

Atty. Gen. Attorney General. 

A. U. C.(Ab Urbe Condi ta.) 
In the year from the build- 
ing of the city, i. e. , Rome. 

Aug. August. 

Aur. (Aurum.) Gold. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 



b. Born. 

B. A. British America ; 
Bachelor of Arts. 

Ba. Barium. 

Bal. Balance. 

Bar. Barleycorn ; Barrel. 

Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 

Bbl. Barrel, barrels. 

B. C. Before Christ. 

B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil 
Law. 

B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

Bd. Bond-, Bound. 

Bds. (Bound in) Boards. 

Be. (Beryllium.) Glucinum. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible ; Biblical. 

Biog. Biography. 

Bk. Bank; Book. 

B. L. Bachelor of Laws. 

Bl. Barrel. 

Bor. Boron ; Borough. 

Bp. Bishop. 

Br. Brother ; Bromine. 

Brig. Brigade : Brigadier. 

Brig.- Gen. Brigadier - Gen- 
eral. 

Brit. Britain ; British. 

Bro. Brother. 

B. V. (Beata Virgo.) Bless- 
ed Virgin. — (Bene Vale.) 
Farewell. 

c. 

C.Carbon. — (Centum.) A 
hundred ; Cent ; Centime. 

C, or Cap. ( Caput.) Chap- 
ter. 

Ca. Calcium. 

Cal. California ; Calendar. 
— (Calendse.) Calends. 

Cant. Canticles. 

Cap. Capital. — (Caput.) 
Chapter. 

Capt. Captain. 

C. A. S. ( Connecticuttensis 
Academies Sociaz.) Fellow 
of the Connecticut Acad- 
emy. 

Cat. Catalogue. 

Cath. Catholic. 



C. C. County Commission- 
er; County Court; Con- 
tra ; Credit . 

C. C. P. Court of Common 
Pleas. 

Cd. Cadmium. 

C E. Civil Engineer. 

Ce. Cerium. 

Cent. ( Centum.) A hundred. 

Cf. or cf. ( Confer. ) Com- 
pare. 

C. H. Court-house; Cus- 
tom-house. 

Ch. Church; Chapter. 

Chal. Chaldron. 

Chap. Chapter. 

Chem. Chemistry. 

Chr. Christopher ; Christian. 

C/iron. Chronicles ; Chro- 
nology. 

Cit. Citation; Citizen. 

Civ. Civil. 

C. J. Chief Justice. 

CI. Clergyman ; Clerk ; Chlo- 
rine. 

CM. Cleared. 

C. M. Common Meter. 

Co. Cobalt ; Company ; 
County. 

Cock., or Cochl. (Cochleare.) 
A spoonful. 

C. O. D. Cash (or Collect) 
on Delivery. 

Col. Colonel ; Colossians. 

Coll. College; Collector ; 
Colleague. 

Coin. Commissioner; Com- 
modore ; Committee ; Com- 
merce ; Commentary ; Com- 
mon. 

Camp. Compare; Compara- 
tive ; Compound. 

Con. (Contra.) Against; In 
opposiion. 

Con. , or Cr. Contra Credit. 

Cong. Congress. 

Conj. Conjunction. 

Conn., Con., or Ct. Connec- 
ticut. 

Const. Constable ; Consti- 
tution. 

Cor. Corinthians. 

Cor. Mem. Corresponding 
Member. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec- 
retary. 

Cos. Cosine. 

C. P. Court of Probate ; 
Common Pleas. 

C. P. S. ( Custos Privati Si- 
gilli.) Keeper of the Privy 
Seal. 

Cr. Credit ; Creditor ; Chro- 
mium. 



Crim. Con. Criminal Con- 

versation, or Adultery. 
Cs. Caesium. 

C. S. Court of Sessions : 
Clerk to the Signet.— ( Cus- 
tos Sigilli. ) Keeper of the 
Seal. 

Ct. Connecticut ; County ; 
Court. 

Ct., or ct. Cent. — ( Centum.) 
A hundred. 

Cts., or cts. Cents. 

Ca. (Cuprum.) Copper. 

Cwt., or cwt. (Lat. Cen- 
tum, a hundred, and Eng- 
lish weight.) A hundred 
weight. 

Cyc. Cyclopaedia. 

D. 

D. Didymium. 

D., or d. Day ; Died ; Dime ; 
Daughter ; Deputy ; De- 
gree. — ( Denarius or de- 
narii.) A penny, or pence- 
Daw. Danish ; Daniel. 

Dat. , or dat. Dative. 

D. C. District of Columbia. 
— (Da Capo.) Again, or 
from the beginning. 

D. C. L. Doctor of Civil 
(or Canon) Law. 

D. D. (Divinitatis Doctor.) 
Doctor of Divinity. 

D. D. S. Doctor of Dental 
Surgery. 

Dea. Deacon. 

Dec December; Declination. 

Def. , or def. Definition. 

Deft. Defendant. 

Deg., or deg. Degree, de- 
grees. 

Del. Delaware ; Delegate. 

Del., or del. (Delineavit.) 
He, or she, drew it ; — pre- 
fixed to the draughtsman's 
name. 

Dem. Democrat ; Demo- 
cratic. 

Dep. Deputy ; Department. 

Dept . Department ; Depo- 
nent. 

Deut. Deuteronomy. 

Dft., or dft. Defendant. 

D. G. (Dei Gratia.) By 
the grace of God. 

Di. Didymium. 

Diam., or diam. Diameter. 

Diet. Dictionary. 

Disct. Discount. 

Dist. District. 

Dist. Atty. District Attor 
ncy. 

(635' 



536 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



Div. Dividend : Division ; 
Divide ; Divided ; Divisor. 

D. M. Doctor of Music. 

Do. or do. (Ditto.) The 
same. 

Dots. , or dols. Dollars. 

Doz., or doz. Dozen. 

D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. 

Dr. Debtor ; Doctor ; Dram. 

D. S. (Dal Segno.) From 
the Sign. 

Z). T. Dakota Territory. — 
(Doctor Theologise,.) Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 

D. V. (Deo Volente.) God 
willing. 

Dwt. (Lat. Denarius and 
English weight.) Penny- 
weight. 

E. 

E. East; Earl; Erbium. 
v .a. Each. 

Eb. Erbium. 

E. C. Eastern Central (Pos- 
tal District, London). 

Eccl., or Eccles. Ecclesias- 
tes ; Ecclesiastical. 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed Editor; Edition. 

E. E. Errors excepted ; Ells 
English. 

e. g. (exempli gratia.) Eor 
example. 

E. I. East Indies, or East 
India. 

E. I. C. East India Com- 
pany. 

Elec. Electricity. 

E. Eon. East longitude. 

E. N. E. East-North-East. 

Eng. England ; English. 

Engin. Engineering. 

Eph. Ephesians ; Ephraim. 

Esd. Esdras. 

E. S. E. East-South -East. 

Esq.,ov Esqr. Esquire. 

Esth. Esther. 

et al. (e,t alibi.) And else- 
where. — (et alii, or aliie.) 
And others. 

Etc., etc., or Ifc. (Et cseteri, 
cseteras, or car.tera.) And 
others: and so' forth. 

et seq. (et sequentes, or et 
sequentia. ) And the follow- 
ing. 

Ex. Example ; Exodus. 

Exc. Excellency ; Excep- 
tion. 

Exch. Exchequer ; Exchange. 

Exec. , or Exr. Executor. 

Execx. Executrix. 

Exod. Exodus. 

Ez ., or Ezr. Ezra. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F. France ; Fellow ; Fri- 
day ; Fluorine ; Feminine ; 
Franc ; Florin : Farthing ; 
Foot. 

Fahr Fahrenheit. 

Far. Farriery ; Farthing. 



F. A. S. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts ; Fellow of 
tue Antiquarian Society. 

Fcp. or fcp. Foolscap. 

Fe. (Ferrum.) Iron. 

Feb. February. 

Fee. (Fecit.) He (or she) 
made it. 

Few.., or few. Feminine. 

Fig. , ovfig. Figure, figures ; 
Figuratively. 

Fir., or fir. Firkin. 

Flor. Florida. 

Fo., or Fol. Folio. 

Fr. France ; Francis ; 

French. 

F. R. G. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical Soci- 
ety. 

Fri. Friday. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 
Society. 

F. R. S. E. Fellow of the 
Royal Society, Edinburgh. 

F. R. S. L. Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Litera- 
ture ; Fellow of the Royal 
Society, London. 

F. S. A. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts. 

Ft., or ft. Foot, feet ; Fort. 
Fth. Fathom. 
Fur., or fur. Furlong. 
Fut., or fut. Future. 

G. 

G. Genitive ; Glucinum ; 
Guide. 

G., or g. Guinea ; guineas ; 

Gulf. 
Ga. Georgia. 
Gal. Galatians. 
Gal. , or gal. Gallon, gallons. 
G. B. Great Britain. 
G. C. Grand Chapter. 
G. C. B. Grand Cross of 

the Bath. 
Gen. Genesis ; General ; 

Genitive ; Generally. 
Gent. Gentlemen. 
Geo. George. 
Geog. Geography. 
Ger., or Germ. German. 
Gov. Governor. 
G. M. Grand Master. 
G. P. O. General Post-Of- 

fice. 
Gr. Great ; Greek ; Gross. 
Gr., or gr. Grain, grains. 

H. 

H. Hydrogen. 

H.. or h. High; Height ; 
Harbor ; Husband ; Hour, 
hours. 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

Hag. Haggai. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay 
Company. 

H. B. M. His (or Her) Bri- 
tannic Majesty. 

H. C. M. His (or Her) Cath- 
olic Majesty. 

Hdkf. Handkerchief. 

Hebr. Hebrew ; Hebrews. 



H. E. I. C. Honorable East 
India Company. 

Hy. ( Hydrargyrum . ) Mer- 
cury. 

H. G. Horse Guards. 

Had. , or hhd. Hogshead. 

H. I. H. His (or Her) Im- 
perial Highness. 

Hist. History. 

H. M. His (or Her) Majesty. 

H. M. S. His (or Her) Maj- 
esty's Steamer, Ship, or 
Service. 

Hon. Honorable. 

Hos. llosea. 

H. R. House of Represent- 
atives. 

H. R. E. Holy Roman Em- 
pire (or Flmperor). 

H R. H. His (or Her) Roy- 
al Highness. 

Hund. Hundred. 



1. Iodine; Island. 
la. Indiana. 

lb., Ibid. (Ibidem.) In the 

same place. 
Id. (Idew.) The same. 

2. e., or i. e. (Id est.) That 

iS. 

I. H. S. (lesus [or Jesus] 
Hominum Salvaior.) Je- 
sus the Savior of Men. 

©ST* This was originally 
written IH2, and intended 
as an abbreviation of 'IH- 
20 Y2, the Greek form of 
the word Jesus. The Greek H 
(eta) having been mistaken 
for the Latin H (aitc)i), and 
a Latin S substituted for the 
Greek 2, the three letters 
were supposed to be the ini- 
tials of three separate words. 

III. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial ; Emperor. 

In. Inch ; inches. 

incog. (incognito.) Un- 
known. 

Ind. Indiana. 

Inf.. or inf. Infinitive. 

In Urn. (In limine.) At the 
outset. 

I. N. R. I. (Iesus [or Jesus] 
Nazarenus, Rexludseorum 
[or Judseorum].) Jesus of 
Nazareth, King of the 
Jews. 

inst. Instant. 

Int., or int. Interest. 

Inter j. Interjection. 

Io. Iowa. 

/. O. O. F. Independent Or- 
der of Odd Fellows. 

I O U. 1 owe you — an ac- 
knowledgment fcr money. 

i. q. (idew. quod.) The same 
as 

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 

Isl. , or isl. Islan 1. 

It., or Ital. Itai m; Italic. 

J. 

J. Judge. 

J. A. Judge Advocate. 



Jan. January. 

J'is. James. 

J. C. Jesus Christ; Jus- 
tice Clerk ; Julius Caesar. 

J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doc. 
tor. ) Doctor of Civil Law. 

J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Laws. 

Jer. Jeremiah. 

J. G. W. Junior Grand 
Warden. 

Jno. John. 

Jona. Jonathan. 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. 

J. P. Justice of the Peace. 

J. Prob. Judge of the Pro- 
bate. 

Jr., or jr. Junior. 

J. U. D. (Juris Ulriusque 
Doctor.) Doctor of Both 
Laws (/. e., the Canon and 
the Civil Law). 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Jul. July ; Julius. 

Juv ., Junr. Junior. 

J. W. Junior "Warden. 



K. King ; Knight. — (Kali- 
um.) Potassium. 

Kan. Kansas. 

K. B. Knight of the Bath j 
King's Bench. 

K. C. King's Council. 

K. C. B. Knight Command- 
er of the Bath. 

Ken , or Ky. Kentucky. 

K. G. Knight of the Garter. 

K. G. C. Knight of the 
Grand Cross: Knight of 
the Golden Circle. 

Ki. Kings. 

K. M. Knight of Malta. 

Knt., or Kt. Knight. 

Ky. Ky. 



L. Lady : Latin : Lord ; Low -, 
Lithium ; Lake ; Line. 

L., lb., or lb. (Libra.) A 
pound, in weight. 

L , L, or £. A pound ster- 
ling. 

La. Lanthanum. 

Law. Lamentations. 

Lat. Latin. 

Lat., or. lat. Latitude. 

Lb., lb., or lb. (Libra.) A 
pound in weight. 

L. C. Lower Canada ; Lord 
Chancellor. 

1. c. Lower case. — loco cita- 
to.) In the place before 
cited. 

L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice 

Ld. Lord. 

Ldp., or Lp. Lordship. 

Lea., or lea. League. 

Leg., or Legis Legislature 

Lev. Leviticus. 

L. I. Long Island; Light 
Infantry. 

X/i., or L. Lithium 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



537 



lib., or lb. (Liber.) Book. 
Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 
LL.B. (Legum Baccalau- 

reus. Bachelor of Laws. 
G@=-The initial letter of a 

word is sometimes doubled, 

as in the present instance, to 

signify the plural. 
LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) 

Doctor of Laws. See L L. B. 
Lon., Long. Longitude. 
Lou., or La. Louisiana. 
Lp., or Ldp. Lordship. 
L. S. Left side. — (Locus 

Sigilli. ) Place of the Seal. 
L. S. D., or I. s. d. (Libra, 

Solidi, Denarii.) Pounds, 

Shillings, Pence. 
Lt.,ov Lieut. Lieutenant. 

M. 

M. Marquis : Monday ; Mon- 
sieur ; Morning. — (Mille.) 
Thousand. — (Meridies.) 
Meridian, or noon. 

ill. , or ;;;. Masculine ; Moon ; 
Month, months ; Minute ; 
minutes ; Mill, mills ; Mile, 
miles. 

M. A. Military Academy ; 
Master of Arts. 

Mac, or Macr. Maccabees. 

Mad., or Madm. Madam. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Maj. Major. 

Maj.-Gen. Major-General. 

Mai. Malachi. 

Mar. March ; Maritime. 

Mas., Masc. Masculine. 

Mass., or Ms. Massachu- 
setts. 

Matt. Matthew. 

M. B. (Medici n& Baccalau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Medi- 
cine. 

W. C. Member of Congress ; 
Master of Ceremonies ; 
Master Commandant. 

M. D. (Medicinal Doctor.) 
Doctor of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 

M. E. Methodist Episcopal ; 
Military or Mechanical 
Engineer ; Most Excellent. 

Me. Maine. 

Mem. Memorandum. 

Messrs., or MM. (Mes- 
sieurs.) Gentlemen; Sirs. 
See LL.B. 

Meth. Methodist. 

Mg. Magnesium. 

M. H. S. Massachusetts 
Historical Society ; Mem- 
ber of the Historical So- 
ciety. 

Mi. Mississippi. 

Mic. Micah. 

Mick. Michigan ; Michael- 
mas. 

Mid. Midshipman. 

Min., or min. Minute ; min- 
utes. 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

Mile. Mademoiselle. 



MM. Their Majesties. — ( Mes- 
sieurs.) Gentlemen. See 
LL.B. 

Mme. Madame. 

Mn. Manganese. 

Mo. Missouri ; Molybdenum. 

Mo., or mo. Month. 

Mod. Modern. 

Mon., or Mond. Monday. 

Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. 

Mos., or mos. Months. 

M. P. Member of Parlia- 
ment ; Member of Police. 

M. P. P. Member of the 
Provincial Parliament. 

Mr. Master, or Mister. 

M. R. I. Member of the 
Royal Institution. 

Mrs. Mistress, or Missis. 

MS. Manuscript. 

MSS. Manuscripts. See 
LLB. 

Mt . Mount, or Mountain. 

Mus. D. , Mus. Doc , or 
Mus. Doct. Doctor of 
Music. 

M. W. Most Worthy. 

M. W. G. M. Most Wor- 
shipful Grand Master. 



MT. 

N. Noon ; North ; Note ; 
Name ; New ; Nitrogen. 

N., or n. Noun; Neuter; 
Nail, nails. 

N. A. North America. 

Na. (Natrium.) Sodium. 

Nah. Nahum . 

Nat. Natural; National. 

Nath. Nathaniel. 

Naut. Nautical. 

N. B. New Brunswick. — 
(Nota Bene.) Note well, or 
take notice. 

N. C. North Carolina. 

N. E. North-East; North- 
ern Eastern (Postal Dis- 
trict, London) ; New Eng- 
land. 

Neb. Nebraska. 

Nek. Nehemiah. 

Nem. Con. (Nomine Con- 
iradicente,) No one con- 
tradicting ; unanimously. 

Nem. Diss. (Nemine Dissen- 
tiente.) No one dissenting. 

Neut., or neut. Neuter. 

N. F. Newfoundland. 

N. H. • New Hampshire. 

Ni. Nickel. 

N. J. New Jersey. 

N. I., or n. I. (Non liquet.) 
It appears not ; the case is 
not clear. 

N. Lat. North Latitude. 

JV. N. E. North-North-East. 

N. N. W. North-North- West. 

_ZVb. Norium. 

No. or no. (Numero.) Num- 
ber. 

Nom., or nom. Nominative. 

Non Pros., or Non pros. 
(Non Prosequitur.) He 
does not prosecute ; — a 
judgment entered against 



the plaintiff when he does 
not appear to prosecute. 

Non seq.,ov non seq. (Non 
sequitur. ) It does not fol- 
low. 

Nos., or nos. Numbers. 

Nov. November. 

N. P. New Providence ; No- 
tary Public. 

N. S. Nova Scotia ; New 
Style (since 1752). 

N. T. New Testament. 

Num. or Numb. Numbers. 

N. W. North- West ; North- 
ern Western (Postal Dis- 
trict, London). 

N. Y. New York. 

O. 

0. Ohio; Oxygen; Old. 

Ob., or ob. (Obi it.) Died. 

Obad. Obadiah. 

Obj., or obj. Objective; Ob- 
jection. 

Obs. Observatory. 

Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. 

Oct. October. 

Olym. Olympiad. 

Or. Oregon. 

Ord. Ordinance; Ordinary 

O. S. Old Style (previous- 
ly to 1752.) 

Os. Osmium. 

O. T. Old Testament. 

Oxon. ( Oxonia. ) Oxford. 

Oz., or oz. Ounce, or 

. ounces. 

@3"- The 2 is here used to 
represent the character t , 
anciently an abbreviation 
for terminations. 



P. , or p. Page ; Part ; Phos- 
phorus ; Pipe. 

Pa. Pennsylvania. 

pa. Participial adjective. 

Pari. Parliament. 

Part., or part. Participle. 

Pass. , or pass. Passive. 

Pb. (Plumbum.) Lead. 

P. B. (Philosophise Bacca- 
laures.) Bachelor of Phi- 
losophy. 

Pd. Paid; Palladium. 

Pe. Pel opium. 

P. E. I. Prince Edward 
Island. 

Penn. Pennsylvania. 

Per an. , or per an. ( Per an- 
num. ) By the year. 

Per cent., per cent.. Per ct., 
orperct. (Per centum.) By 
the hundred. 

P. G. Past Grand. 

PA. D. (Philosophic Doc- 
tor.) Doctor of Philosophy. 

Phil. Philip ; Philippians ; 
Philosophy ; Philemon. 

Phila. Philadelphia. 

Pkilom. (Philomathes.) Lov- 
er of learning. 

Pinx., pinx., or Pxt , pxt. 
(Pinxit.) He, or she, 
painted it. 

Ph.,ovpk. Peck. 



PI. or pi. Plural. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plur., or pi.ur. Plural. 

P. M. Post-Master; Past 
Master; Past Midshipman. 
— (Post Meridiem.) After- 
noon. 

P. M. G. Post-Master-Gen- 
eral. 

P. O. Post-Office. 

Pos., pos., Poss., or poss. 
Possessive. 

pp. Pages. See LL.B. 

P. P. C. (Pour prendre con. 
ge.) To take leave. 

Pph., or pph. Pamphlet. 

Pr. , pr. , or ty ( Per. ) By the. 

P. R. Prize Ring; Portff 
Rico. 

Prep., or prep. Preposition 

Pres. President. 

Pret., or pret. Preterit. 

Prof. Professor. 

Pron., or pr on. Pronoun. 

Pro tern . , or pro tern. ( Pro 
tempore.) For the time 
being. 

Prov . Proverbs ; Provost ; 
Province. 

Prox. (Proximo.) Next. 

P. S. (Post scriptum.) Post- 
script. 

Ps., Psalm, or Psalms. 

Ft. Pint ; Part ; Payment ; 
Platinum ; Point ; Port. 

Pub. Public; Publisher. 

Fub. Doc. Public Docu- 
ments. 

Pict., or pivt. Pennyweight. 

Pxt. or pxt. (pinxt.) He, or 
she, painted it. 

Q, 

Q. Question. 

Q. , or Qu. Query ; Question ; 
Queen. 

Q. B. Queen's Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's Council. 

Q. d.,or q. d. ( Quasi dicat.) 
As if he should saw 

Q. E. D. ( Quod Erat De- 
monstrandum.) Which 
was to be demonstrated. 

Q. I. (Quantum libet.) As 
much as you please. 

Q. M. Quartermaster. 

Q. M. G. Quartermaster- 
General. 

Qr., or qr. Quarter (28 
pounds) ; Farthing ; Quire. 

Q.s., or q. s. — (Quantum 
sufficit.) A sufficient quan- 
tity. 

Qt.,o?qt. Quart; Quantity. 

Qu. Queen; Question; 
Quarter. 

Qu., or Qy. ( Quxre.) Query 

Ques. Question. 

Q. v., or q. v. ( Quod vide.) 
Which see. 

Qy. Query. 

R. 

R. Railway ; Rhodium. — 
(Rex.) King. — (Regitta.] 
Queen. — ( Recipe . ) Take 



538 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



R. A. Royal Academy, or 
Academician ; Rear Admi- 
ral ; Right Ascension. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

R. E. Royal Engineers. 

Rec. or R. Recipe. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secre- 
tary. 

Ref Reformed ; Reformer ; 
Reformation ; Reference. 

Reg. Register ; Regular. 

Rep. Representative ; Re- 
public ; Reporter. 

Rev. Revelation ; Revolu- 
tion ; Review ; Revenue ; 
Reverend ; Revise. 

R. I. Rhode Island. 

R. N. Royal Navy. 

Rom. Roman ; Romans. 

Rom. Cnth,. Roman Catholic. 

R. R. Railroad. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 

Rt. Ret\ Right Reverend. 

Ru. Ruthenium. 

R. TV. Right Worshipful. 

S. 

S. Sign ; South ; Sulphur ; 
Sunday ; Saturday ; Shill- 
ing. 

iS. A. South America ; South 
Africa. 

Sam. Samuel. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sb. (Stibium.) Antimony. 

S. C. South Carolina. 

Sc, or sculp. (Sculpsil.) 
He, or she, engraved it. 

Sck., or Sclir. Schooner. 

Scil., or Sc. (Scilicet.) To 
wit; namely. 

Script. Scripture. 

Sculp., or sculp. (Sculpsit.) 
He, or she, engraved it. 

S. E. South-East ; South- 
Eastern (Postal District, 
London). 

Se. Selenium. 

Sec. Secretary. 

Sec. , or sec. Second ; Section . 

Sect., or sect. Section. 

Sen. Senate ; Senator ; Sen- 
ior. 

Sep., or Sept. September. 

Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or 
Serjeant. 

Serv. , or Servt. Servant. 

S. H. S. ( Societatis Histo- 
rise Sorius. ) Fellow of the 
Historical Society, 



Si. Silicium. 

Sing., or sing. Singular. 

S. J.- Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial 
Court. 

S. Lat. South Latitude. 

Sid. , or sld. Sailed. 

S. M. State Militia ; Short 
Meter ; Sergeant Major ; 
Sons of Malta. 

S. M. I. (Sa Majesle Im- 
perial.) His, or Her, Im- 
perial Majesty. 

Sn. (Stannum.) Tin. 

Soc. Society. 

Sol. Solomon ; Solution. 

S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Pop- 
ulusque Romani.) Senate 
and people of Rome. 

Sq., or sq. Square. 

Sq.ft., or sq.ft. Square feet. 

Sq. in., or sq. in. Square 
inches. 

Sq. m., or sq. m. Square 
miles. 

Sr. Sir, or Senior. 

SS., or ss. (Scilicet.) Name- 
ly.— (Sem is.) Half. 

5. S 1 . Sunday School ; Saint 
Simplicius (the mark on 
the collar of the Chief 
Justice of England). 

S- S. E. South-South-East. 

S. S. TV. South-South- 
West. 

St. Saint; Street; Strait. 

Stat. Statute ; Statuary. 

S. T. D. (Sacrse Theologize 
Doctor.) Doctor of Divin- 
ity. 

S. T. P. (Sacra; Theologize 
Professor. ) Professor of 
Theology. 

Subj., or subj. Subjunctive. 

Subst. Substantive; Substi- 
tute. 

Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup. Superior ; Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon; Surgery. 

S. TV. South-West; South- 
western (Postal District, 
London); Senior Warden. 

Syn.,oi syn. Synonym. 

T. 

T. Tenor ; Tuesday ; Town ; 
Township ; Territory ; Ton. 
Ta. Tantalum. 
Tb. Terbium, 



Te. Tellurium. 

Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. 

Tex. Texas. 

Th. Thursday ; Thomas ; 
Thorium. 

Theo. Theodore. 

Tkess. Thessalonians. 

Tkurs. Thursday. 

Ti. Titanium. 

Tier., or tier. Tierce. 

Tim. Timothy. 

Tit. Titus. 

27. Thallium. 

Tob. Tobit. 

Tr. Translation ; Trans- 
pose ; Treasurer ; Trustee. 

Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. 



u. 

U. Uranium. 

U. C. Upper Canada. 

TJlt., or ult. ( Ultimo.) Last, 
or of the last. mouth. 

Univ. University. 

U S. United States. 

U. S. A. United States of 
America ; United States 
Army. 

U. S. M. United States Mail ; 
United States Marine. 

U. S. M. A. United States 
Military Academy. 

U. S. N. United States Navy. 

U. S. V. United States Vol- 
unteers. 

U. T. Utah Territory. 



V. 

V. Vanadium ; Victoria ; 

Viscount ; Verb ; Verse ; 

Vocative ; Volume. 
V. a., or v. a. Verb active. 
Va. Virginia. 
V. C. Vice ChanceDor. 
Ven. Venerable. 
V. G. Vicar General ; Vice 

Grand. 
V. i. Verb intransitive. 
Vice Pres. Vice President. 
Vid., or vid. ( Vide.) See. 
Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 
Viz. , or viz. ( Videlicet. ) 

Namely ; to wit. [See Note 

under Gz.] 
V. n. , or v. n. Verb neuter. 
Voc, or voc. Vocative. 
Vol. , or vol. Volume. 
V. P. Vice President. 



V. R. (Victoria Regina.) 

Queen Victoria. 
Vs. or vs. ( Versus.) Against, 

or In opposition. 
Vt. Vermont. 
V. t., or v. t. Verb transitive. 

W. 

TV. West ; William ; Wednes- 
day ; Welsh ; Warden. 
— (Wolframium.) Tungs- 
sten. 

TV., or to. "Week. 

TV. C. Western Central 
(Postal District, London). 

Wed. Wednesday. 

TV. J. West India ; West 
Indies. 

TV. Lon. West Longitude. 

Wm. William. 

TV. M. AVorshipful Master. 

TV. N. TV. West-North-West. 

TVp. Worship. 

TV. S. Writer to the Signet. 

TV. S. TV. West-South- 
West. 

Wt., or wt. Weight. 

TV. Va. West Virginia. 

X. 

X. Christ. 

Xm., or Xmas. Christmas 
Xt. Christ. 

Y. 

Y. Yttrium. 

Yd., or yd. Yard. 

Y e , or ye. The. 

eg- The y in this abbrevi- 
ation is a corrupt represen- 
tation of the Anglo-Saxon l> 
or th, introduced at the time 
when the Anglo-Saxon al- 
phabet was superseded by 
the Old English or Black 
Letter, in which t) (y) bore a 
considerable resemblance in 
form to p. 

Yr. Your. 



Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 
Zach. Zachary. 
Zech. Zechariah. 
Zeph. Zephaniah. 
Zn. Zinc. 
Zool. Zoology. 
Zr. Zirconium. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS 



USED IN 



WRITING AND FEINTING. 



I. ASTRONOMICAL. 

1. SUN, GREATER PLANETS, Etc. 



©, or© 


The Sun. 


D, J>, or d 


The Moon. 


• 


New Moon . 


<D) or D 


First Quarter. 


O, or© 


Full Moon. 


(§,<w d 


Last Quarter. 


$ 


Mercury. 


9 


Venus. 


), 0, or $ 


The Earth. 


d" 


Mars. 


^ 


Jupiter. 


h 


Saturn. 


^,org 


Uranus. 


W 


Neptune. 


<* 


Comet. 


*, or^- 


Fixed Star. 



ft^r* The asteroids are now desig- 
nated by numbers indicating the order 
of their discovery, and their symbol is 
a small circle inclosing tbis number; 
as, (ij , Ceres ; © , Pallas ; ® , Juno ; (3), 
Vesta ; and the like. 

2. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 



°p Aries, the Ram. 

y Taurus, the Bull. 

n Gemini, the Twins. 

ZZ Cancer, the. Crab. 

£\ Leo, the Lion. 

IFp Virgo, the Virgin. 

d2: Libra, the Balance. 

]\[ Scorpio, the Scor- 
pion. 

J: Sagittarius, the 

Archer. 

V> Capricornus, the 
Goat. 

ts; A qu arius , th e Wa ter- 
man. 

>£ Pisces, the Fishes. 



3. ASPECTS AND NODES, 
(j Conjunction ; — indicating that 

the bodies have the same longitude, 

or right ascension, 
jfc Sextile ; — indicating a difference 



Spring 
Signs. 

Summer 

Signs. 



Autumn 

Signs. 



Winter 
Signs. 



of 60° in longitude, or right ascen- 
sion. 

□ Quadrature; — indicating a dif- 
ference of 90° in longitude, or right 
ascension. 

A Trine ; — indicating a difference 
of 120° in longitude, or right ascen- 
sion. 

§ Opposition ; — indicating a differ- 
ence of 180° in longitude, or right 
ascension. 

Q Ascending Node ; — called also 
Dragon's Head. 

1} Descending Node; — called also 
Dragon's Tail. 



II. CHEMICAL. 

4@= Every elementary substance is 
represented, in chemical notation, by a 
symbol consisting of the initial or ab- 
breviation of its Latin name ; as II for 
hydrogen, for oxygen, Ag (from Ar- 
gentum), for silver, and the like, each 
symbol, when used singly, always indi- 
cating a single atom or equivalent of 
the substance represented by it ; thus, 
stands for one atom or equivalent of 
oxygen, C for a single equivalent of car- 
bon, and the others in like manner. A 
compound body made up of single equiv- 
alents of its constituents is represented 
by the (two symbols of the respect- 
ive constituents written side by side ; 
as, HO, a compound of one equivalent 
of hydrogen with one of oxygen, form- 
ing water. To express more than one 
atom or equivalent of a substance, a 
number is used, either prefixed to the 
symbol, or, more commonly, written 
after it, below the line; as, 20, or 02, 
two equivalents of oxygen. 

A secondary compound, as a salt, is 
indicated by writing the symbols of the 
constituent compounds one after an- 
other, with the sign -f- between them, 
the symbol of the base being always 
placed first ; thus, CaO -4- CO2 repre- 
sents carbonate of lime. A comma is 
frequently used instead of the sign-j-, 
commonly to express a more intimate 
union than would be expressed by that 
sign. The period is also sometimes used 
to indicate a union more intimate than 
that denoted by the sign -f-, but less so 
than that implied by a comma. A 



number written before the symbol of a 
compound designates a corresponding 
number of equivalents of that com- 
pound ; as, 3 S03, three equivalents of 
sulphuric acid. When the formula of 
the quantity contains several terms, 
those to which the figure applies are in- 
cluded in parentheses or brackets, to 
which the figure is prefixed; as, 3 
(CaO +SO3), three equivalents of sul- 
phate of lime. 



III. MATHEMATICAL. 



THE RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 

-4- Plus ; and ; more ; — indicating ad- 
dition ; as a -J- b = c ; — used also to 
indicate that figures have been omit- 
ted from the end of a number, or 
that the latter is approximately ex- 
act ; as, the square root of 2 is 
1.4142136 +. 
— Minus ; less ; — indicating subtrac- 
tion ; as, a — b = c. 
;4-, or =f Plus or minus ; ambiguous ; 
indicating that the number or quan- 
tity to which it is prefixed may have 
either of the signs -+- or — ; as, a ± b. 
X Multiplied by ; times ; into ; as, 
axb = ab; 6X4 = 24. 
4®" Multiplication is also often in- 
dicated by placing a dot between the 
factors, or by writing the latter, when 
not numerals, one after another with- 
out any sign. 

-T-, or : Divided by ; as, a-r-b ; that 
is, a divided by b ; 6-^-3 =2. 
J&g= Division is also very often indi- 
cated by writing the divisor under the 
dividend, with a line between them ; as, 

_,- that is, a divided by b ; g=2. 

b 

= Is equal to ; equals ; as, (a -f- b) V 
c = ac-\-bc; 6 + 2 = 8. 

>• Is greater than; as, a^>b,' that 
is, a is greater than 6 ; 6 >■ 5. 

<] Is less than; as.*a<6; that is, a 
is less than b ; 3 < 4. 
=0 Is equivalent to ; — applied to 
magnitudes or quantities which are 
equal in area or volume, but are not 
of the same form, or capable of su- 
perposition. 

_, The difference between ; — used to 
(639* 



540 



ARBITRARY SIGNS. 



indicate the difference between two 
quantities without designating which 
is the greater ; as, a ^ b. 
X Varies as ; is proportional to ; as, 
ace b. 

• # Is to ; the ratio of ; ) — used to in- 

• : As ; equals ; ) dicate ge- 
ometrical proportion ; as, a : b : : c : 
d ; that is, a is to b as c is to d. 

„•. Ilence; therefore; on this account. 

•«■ Because. 

CO Indefinitely great ; infinite ; infin- 
ity. 

{) Indefinitely small ; infinitesimal ; 
used to denote a quantity less than 
any assignable quantity ; also, as a 
numeral, naught ; nothing ; zero. 

£. Angle ; the angle ; as, / A B C. 

L. Right angle ; the right angle ; as, 
L A B C ; that is, the right angle, 
ABC. 

J_ The perpendicular : perpendicular 
to ; as, draw A B 1 C D. 

|| Parallel ; parallel to ; is parallel 
to ; as, A B || C D. 

O Circle ; circumference : 360°. 

A Triangle ; the triangle ; as A A B 
C ; that is, the triangle ABC. 

D Square ; the square ; as, □ A B C 
D ; that is, the square A B C J). 

P Rectangle ; the rectangle ; as, □ 
A B C D ; that is. the rectangle A B 
C D. 

>/, or V Root ; — indicating, 

when used without a figure placed 
above it, the square root ; as, V 4 
= 2 ; V 4a2 = 2a. This symbol is 
called the radical sign. To denote 
any other than the square root, a 
figure (called the index) expressing 
the degree of the required root, is 
placed above the sign ; as %/a, £/a, 
tya, &c. 
(B^P* The root of a quantity i3 also 

denoted by a fractional index at the 

right hand side of the quantity and 

above it, the denominator of the index 

expressing the degree of the root ; as 

a 2 , a 3 , a 5 ; that is, the square, cube, 
and fifth roots of a, respectively. 

Vinculum, ") indicate 

( ) Parenthesis, I that the 

[ ],-{}, Bracket,, [r°S 

[ Bar, J they are 

applied, or which are inclosed by 

them, are to be taken altogether ; as, 

a + y3;2(o+6);a'x(6 + c[e + dJ); 



/", or F Function; function of; as 
y = f (x); that is, y is, or equals, 
a function of x. 

dglP' Various other letters or signs 
are frequently used by mathemati- 
cians to indicate functions " : as, /, 
$, 4>'i "Ai "") and the like. 

d Differential : as, dx ; that is, the 
differential of x. 

h Variation ; as S x ; that is, the va- 
riation of x. 

A Finite difference. 

D Differential co-efficient ; derivative. 
4®= The letters d, d 3 A, D 9 and 



A 



sometimes others, are variously em- 
ployed by different mathematicians, 
prefixed to quantities to denote that 
the differentials, variations, finite dif- 
ferences, or differential co-efficients of 
these quantities are to be taken ; but 
the ordinary significations are those 
given above. 

/"Integral; integral of; — indicating 
that the expression before which it 
is placed is to be integrated; as, 
flxdx = x 2 ; that is, the integral of 
2xdx is x 2 . 

figg^ It is repeated to indicate that 
the operation of integration is to be 
performed twice, or three or more times, 
as If-, Iff-, & c - *' or a number of 
times greater than three, an index is 
commonly written at tlie right hand 
above ; as,,/"' xd.r" 1 ; that is, the rath 
integral, or the result of m integra- 
tions of xdx™. 
? denotes that the integral is to be 
taken between the value b of the va- 
riable and its value a. J' a denotes 
that the integral ends at' the value a 
of the variable, and J' that it be- 
gins at the value b. These forms 
must not be confounded with the 
similar one indicating repeated in- 
tegration, or with that indicating 
the integral with respect to a par- 
ticular variable. 
2 Sum : algebraic sum ; — commonly 
used to indicate the sum or summa- 
tion of finite differences, and in 
nearly the same manner as the sym- 
bol ./. 
e Residual. 

7T The number 3.14159265 -+- ; the ra- 
tio of the circumference of a circle 
to its diameter, of a semicircle to its 
radius, and of the area of a circle to 
the square of its radius. In a circle 
whose radius is unity, it is equal to 
the semi-circumference, and hence is 
used to designate an arc of 180°. 
Degrees ; as, 60° ; that is, sixty de- 
grees. 
' Minutes of arc ; . as, 30'; that is, 

thirty minutes. 
" Seconds of arc ; as, 20 // ; that is, 

twenty seconds. 
1 , " ', '" , &c. Accents used to mark 
quantities of the same kind which 
are to be distinguished ; as, a', a", 
a"> , &c, which are usually read a 
prime, a second, a third, etc. ; a b 1 
c" + a' b" c + a" b c>. 
1 , 2 , 3 , &c. Indices placed above and 
at the right hand of quantities to 
denote that they are raised to powers 
whose degree is indicated by the fig- 
ure ; as, ai ; that is, the first power 
of a ; a 2 , the square or second power 
of a ; (7.3, the cube or third power of 
a ; and the like. 



IV. MEDICAL. 

aa (Gr. avd), of each. 
R (Lat. Recipe). Take. 



APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 

lb Pound. 

3 Ounce; as, gi, one ounce; gss, 
half an ounce ; g iss, one ounce and 
a half; §ij, two ounces, &c. 

5 Drachm ; as, gi, one drachm ; gss, 
half a drachm; £iss, one drachm 
and a half; 3 ij, two drachms, &c. 

9 Scruple ; as, £)i. one scruple ; £)ss, 
half a scruple; £iss, one scruplo 
and a half; 9ij, two scruples, &c. 



APOTHECARIES' MEASURES. 

O, or (Lat. Octarius). Tint. 
§ Ounce, or / § fluid ounce. 
3 Drachm, or / 3 fluid drachm. 
ll| Minim, or drop. 



Y. MISCELLANEOUS. 

&, £, & And. — &c. (Et extern.) 
And the rest ; and so forth ; and so 
on ; and the like. 

*a"> or -\- A sign of the cross used by 
the pope, and by Roman Catholic 

, bishops and archbishops, imme- 
diately before the subscription of 
their names. Iu Roman Catholic 
service-books, it is used in those 
places of the prayers and benedic- 
tion where the priest is to make the 
sign of the cross. 

X, or -\- A character customarily 
made by persons unable to write, 
when they are required to execute 
instruments of any kind, as deeds, 
affidavits, &c. The name of the 
party is added by 
som r one who can his 

write ; as, John X Smith 

4to, or 4°. Quar- mark, 

to ; four leaves, 
or eight pages, to a sheet. 

8vo, or 8°. Octavo ; eight leaves, or 
sixteen pages, to a sheet. 

12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo ; twelve 
leaves, or twenty-four pages, to a 
sheet. 

16mo, or 16°. Sexto-decimo ; sixteen 
leaves, or thirty-two pages, to a 
sheet. 

18mo. or 18°. Octavo-decimo ; eighteen 
leaves, or thirty-six pages, to a 
sheet. 

ygW Other sizes are 24mo, or 24 r 
(Vigesimo-quarto), 32mo, or 32° (Tri 
gesimo-secundo). 861110, or 36° (Triges 
imo-sexto), 48mo, or 48° (Quadrigesr 
mo-octavo), 64mo, or 64° (Sexagesimo* 
quarto), 72 mo, or 72° (Septuagesimo' 
secundo), 96mo, or 96° (Nonagesimo- 
sexto), 128mo. or 128° (Centesimo et 
vigesi mo -octavo). These sizes are of 
rare occurrence, and are not common- 
ly known by their Latin names, but 
are colloquially called twenty -four-mo, 
thirty-two-mo, &c, or twenty-fours, 
thirty-twos, &c. 

Tber, September ; 8ber, October ; 9ber, 
November j lOber, December. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS. 



VI. MONETARY, Etc. 

$ Dollar, or Dollars ; as, $1 ; $200. 
</ Cent, or cents ; as, 12(,; / 33/. 
.€ Pound, or pounds (sterling); as, 
£1 ; £45. [lft ; 241b. 

lb Pound, or Pounds (in weight) ; as, 
@ At, or to ; as, silk @ $2 per vd. 
W Per; as. sheep $4 tf> head. 
^ Per cent. ; as, discount 6 % - 
at Account ; as, J. Smith in a/ with 
' J. Jones. / 

y Shilling, or Shillings ; as, 1 / Q —Is. 
6d. ; 2 / 3 = 2s. 3d. 

A 1 Designation of a first-class vessel , in 
Lloyd's Register of British and For- 
eign Shipping ; the letter denoting that 
the hull is well built and sea-worthy, 
and the figure the efficient state of her 
rigging, anchors, cables, &c. 

XX Aie of double strength. 

XXX Ale of triple strength. 

VII. TYPOGRAPH- 

ICAL. 

1. MARKS OP PUNCTUATION. 
, Comma. : Colon. 



Semicolon. 



Period. 



— 


Dash. [tion. 


A 


Caret. 


* 


Interroga- 


a 


" Quotation 


I 


Exclamation. 




Marks. 


i ) 


Parenthesis. 


! 




F 1 


Brackets, or 






Crotchets. 


♦•♦Ellipsis. 




Apostrophe. 


, . 


. Ellipsis ; al- 


- 


Hyphen. 




so, Leaders 


' 


Acute Accent. 




- Ellipsis. 


\ 


Grave Accent. 


# 


Asterisk. 


A 


Circumflex 


t 


Dagger, or 




Accent. 




Obelisk. 


™* 


Circumflex, 


t 


Double Dag- 




or Tilde. 




ger. 


" 


The Long, or 


§ 


Section. 




Macron. 


II 


Parallels. 


w 


The Short, or 


IT 


Paragraph. 




Breve. 


i^lndex. 




Diaeresis. 


V 


, or # * # As- 


y 


Cedilla. 




terism. 


2. 


CORRECTION 


OF 


THE PRESS. 



CO ? or $* (dele). Take out, or expunge. 

© Turn a reversed letter. 

It A space, or more space between 

words, letters, or lines. 
w Less space, or no space, between 

words or letters. 
L , or J Carry a word further to the 

left or to the right. 
□ Indent. 
1 i Elevate a letter, word, or character 

that is sunk below the proper level. 



541 

1 — ' Sink a letter, word, or character 
raised above the proper level. 

[ shows that a portion of a para- 
graph projects laterally beyond the 
rest. 
| directs attention to a quadrat or 

v " space which improperly appears. 

X , or -f- directs attention to a broken 
or imperfect type. 

[ Bring a word or words to the be- 
ginning of a line ; also, make a nev 
paragraph. 

IT Make a new paragraph. 

— Change from Italic to Roman, or 
from Roman to Italic, as the case 
may be. 

= Put in small capitals. 

S Put m capitals. 

4G§= The following abbreviations, 
used in correcting proof-sheets, re- 
quire explanation : — 

wf. Wrong font ; — used when a char- 
acter is of a wrong size or style. 

tr. Transpose. 

I. c. Lower-case ; i. e., put in small on 
common letters a word or a letter 
that has been printed in capitals oi: 
small capitals. [tals 

s. caps. ; or sm. c. Put in small capi 

Qu., Qy,, or ? Query. 

out, s. c. Words wanting, see copy. 



SPECIMEN OF A CORRECTED PKOOF-SHEET. 



THE CROWNING OF PETRARCH. 



oawA-. ^Nothing can be conceived more affecting or noble thanA that ceremony. The $ 
$ superb palaces and -and- porticos by which had rolled the ivory chariots of Marius 

and Caesar had long moilildered into dust. The laureled fasces, the golden eagles, «^^. 

the shouting ^Legions, the captives, and the pictured cities were indeed want/^ -/ 



e 



[ 



[ ing to his victorious procession. The sceptre had passed away from Rome. / / 



But she still jetained the mightier influence of an ^empire /intellectual ^ and was 

now to confer the prouder reward of an intellectual triumph. To the m<l)n who &€e€. a / 

had ex tended the aommion °f berl_ ancient language — who l_ had erected L_ the A J t/ace ^/^e*. 

t hie 8 of philosophy and imagination in the \ haunts of ignorancejmd J^ 

ferocity, whose captions were the he arts of admiring nations/ enchained by the 3 »/ 

influence of his 80n S — whose spoils were the treasures of ancient genius — the l£n<wt%. 



Eternal City offered the (^lorious\and/jusf/) tribute of her gratitude. 



A. 



^s/Vo. iJ &€ fAmid the ruined monuments of ancient, and the infant erections'of madern c/ 

5[ art, he who had restored /the broken link between thetwo ages ef human civiliza- 4r 

from the moderns who 



™£ 



owed to him their refinement, — from the ancjeilfe who owf%j to him their fame 

A 
Never was a coronation so august witnessed by Westminster or Rheims. 



&. 



MACAUI.AY, ^J^l f 



A CONCISE ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND 
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. 



Ab'a-rIs. A Scythian priest of Apollo, 
said to have ridden through the air 
on an arrow. 

A-9fis'TE§. A king of Sicily, who en- 
tertained iEneas and Anchises. 

A-€H.E'US. Son of Xuthus, from 
whom the Achaeans, a Grecian tribe, 
were descended. 

A-€HA'tes. A trusty friend and com- 
panion of iEneas. 

Ach'e-ron. Son of Sol and Terra, 
transformed into a river in the infer- 
nal regions. 

A-€HIL/L,E§. A Grecian hero, distin- 
guished for his warlike prowess, and 
invulnerable except in his right heel ; 
but at length slain by Paris, in the 
Trojan war. He was the son of 

_ Peleus and Thetis. 

A'9is. The son of Faunus, a Sicilian 
shepherd, who was killed by Poly- 
phemus, because he had obtained the 
affections of Galataea. 

A€-T M'Oti. A celebrated hunter, who, 
having seen Diana bathing, was 
changed into a stag and hunted down 
by his own hounds. 

Ad-me'tus. A king of Pherae, in 
Thessaly, and husband of Alcestis. 

A-d6'nis. A Cyprian youth famed 
for his beauty and beloved by Venus, 
but torn in pieces by a wild boar. 

iE'A-€trs. Son of Jupiter and Europa, 
famed for his justice and piety. After 
death he was made one of the judges 
in the infernal regions. 

iE-GE'Rl-A. See Egeria. 

M-GrJE'VS. A king of Athens, who 
gave his name to the iEgean sea, in 
which he was drowned. 

.32'GLE. 1. One of the Hesperides. 2. 
The fairest of the Naiads. 

jE-Gyp'tus. A king of Egypt, whose 
fifty sons, with the exception of 
Lynceus, were slain on their wedding 
night by their wives, the daughters 
of Danaus. 

iE-NE'AS. A Trojan warrior, son of 
Venus and Anchises. He is distin- 
guished for his pious care of his 
father at the capture of Troy ; and 
his adventures form the subject of 
Virgil's iEneid. 

iE'o-LUS. The god or ruler of the 
winds, who resided in the islands be- 
tween Italy and Sicily. 

^s'cu-la'pi-us. Son of Apollo, and 
god of the healing art. 

Ag'a-mem'non. Brother of Menelaus, 
and commander of the Grecian forces 
against Troy. He was murdered by 



his wife Clytaemnestra, with the aid 
of iEgisthus, her paramour. See 
Clytaemnestra. 

ag'a-nIp'pe. A fountain at the foot 
of Mount Helicon, sacred to the 
Muses. 

A'JAX. 1. A son of Telamon, and one 
of the bravest of the Greeks in the 
Trojan war. 2. A Greek renowned 
for his bravery in the Trojan war. 
He was the son of ileus, and king 
of the Locri. 

Al-ces'tis. Wife of Admetus, to 
preserve whose life she resigned her 
own. She was afterward, however, 
brought back from the lower world 
by Hercules. 

AL-^l'DEi-s. A name of Hercules. 

AL€-ME'na. Wife of Amphitryon, 
andmother of Hercules by Jupiter. 

Al-^y'o-ne. A daughter of iEolus, 
who drowned herself in grief for the 
loss of her husband, and was turned 
into a king-fisher. 

A-lec'to. One of the Furies. 

Am'mon. A title of Jupiter. 

Am-phi'on. A Theban prince who 
cultivated the art of music with such 
success that, at the sound of his lyre, 
stones came together, and formed the 
walls of Thebes. 

Im'phi-trI'te. Daughter of Nereus 
and Doris, and wife of Neptune. 

An-^je'fs. A king of the Samians, 
who, leaving a cup of wine untasted 
to pursue a boar by which he was 
killed, gave rise to the proverb, 
" There 's many a slip 'twixt the cup 
and thejip." 

An-€HI'ses. The father of ^neas by 
Venus. 

An-drom'a-che. The wife of Hector, 
distinguished for her domestic vir- 
tues. 

An-drom'e-da. Daughter of the 
Ethiopian king Cepheus. Her moth- 
er, Cassiope, having boasted herself 
fairer than Juno, Andromeda was 
exposed to a sea-monster, but was 
rescued by Perseus, who married 
her. 

An-TjE'US. A monarch of Libya, of 
gigantic size and strength, slain by 
Hercules. 

In'te-ros. The god who avenges 
slighted love. 

An-tig'o-ne . A daughter of (Edipus 
and Jocasta, famous for her filial 
piety. 

A-NU'Bis. An Egyptian god, repre- 
sented as having the head of a dog. 



Xph'ro-di'te. The Greek name of 

_ Venus. 

A'PIS. The Egyptian god of 'ndustry, 
worshiped under the form of an ox. 

A-Pot/EO. A deity of the Greeks and 
Romans, worshiped as the sun-god. 
He was also god of medicine, divina- 
tion, archery, and poetry, and pre- 
sided over the Muses. 

A-rA€H'ne. A Lydian maiden, who 
challenged Minerva to a trial of skill 
in embroidery, and was changed into 
a spider, as a punishment for her 
presumption. 

Ar'e-thu'sa. Daughter of Nereus, a 
nymph of great beauty, in the train 
of Diana, in Elis ; — changed into a 
fountain when pursued by the river- 
god Alpheus. It was believed that 
this fountain flowed under the sea, 
with the Alpheus, and appeared again 
in Sicily. 

Ar'go-nauts. Companions of Jason, 

" who went to Colchis, in the ship 
_ Argo, in search of a golden fleece. 

AR'GUS. The son of Arestor; said to 
have a hundred eyes. Being sent by 
Juno to watch lo, he was killed by 
Mercury, whereupon Juno placed 
his eyes in the tail of a peacock. 

A/RI-ad'ne. Daughter of Minos, king 
of Crete, who, for the love she bore 
to Theseus, gave him a clew of thread 
which guided him safely out of the 
labyrinth of Crete. 

A-RI'ON. A famous musician and 
lyric poet of Methymna, in Lesbos, 
rescued from drowning by a dolphin. 

Ar'is-TjE'us. A son of Apollo and 
Cyrene, who discovered the use of 
honey, oil, &c, and who first taught 
men the management of bees. 

AR'te-mTs. The Greek name of Diana. 

As-€AL'A-PHtJS. A son of Acheron, 
who, having asserted that Proserpine 
had eaten a pomegranate-seed in the 
kingdom of Pluto, was turned into 
an owl, for mischief-making. 

As-trje'a. The goddess of justice. 
During the Golden Age she lived on 
earth, but when that passed away 
she abandoned it, and returned to 
heaven. 

As-ty'a-nXx. Son of Hector and 
Andromache, killed by Ulysses at the 
destruction of Troy. 

Xt'a-lan'ta. A princess of Scyros, 
who consented to marry any one of 
her suitors who should outrun her, 
Hippomenes was the successful com- 
petitor. 



i. e.i.o, fj Y t iong; &,£,!, 6,u,y, short; cAre, fXr, Ask, all, what; ere, vjil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son. 

1642} 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



543 



X'TE The goddess of revenge. 

AT'LAS. A Titan, and king of Mauri- 
tania, who is said to have supported 
the world on his shoulders, and was 
changed into a mountain. 

Xt'ro-pos. One of the Parcae. Her 
duty among the three sisters is to cut 
the thread of life. 

Au'ge-as. One of the Argonauts, and 

" afterward king of Eiis. His stables 
were the scene of the fifth labor of 
Hercules, who cleansed them from 
the accumulated filth of thirty years 
by turning a river through them. 

Au-RO'RA. The goddess of morning. 

BA€-€HAN'TES. Priestesses of Bac- 
chus. 

BA€'€HUS. The god of wine. 

Bel-ler'o-phon. Son of Glaucus, 
and grandson of Sisyphus. Being 
falsely accused by the wife of Proetus, 
king of the Argives, he was sent with 
a letter from Proetus to his father-in- 
law, commanding him to put the 
bearer to death. He is noted for 
having slain the Ohimaera. 

Bel-lo'na. The goddess of war, and 
sister of Mars. 

Ber'e-ni'£E. Sister and wife of Ptole- 
my Euergetes. Her beautiful hair 
was placed in the heavens as a con- 
stellation. 

Bo'nA De'a. A name given by the 
Romans to the goddess of chastity. 
It was unlawful for any man to enter 
h_er_ temple. 

Bri-a're-us, or Bri'a-reus. A fa- 
mous giant, feigued to have had a 
hundred hands and fifty heads. 

Bri-se'is. A beautiful slave of Achil- 
les, from whom she was taken by 
Agamemnon. 

BroN'tes. One of the Cyclops, who 
forged Jove's thunder-bolts. 

Bu-SI'RIS. A king of Egypt, who, in 
consequence of an oracle, sacrificed 
strangers on the altar of Jupiter. He 
was slain by Hercules. 

Byb'lis. The daughter of Miletus, 
who loved her brother, and being 
avoided by him, wept herself into a 
fountain. 

•6a-BI'ri. Deities worshiped at Lem- 
nos and Samothrace as tutelary genii. 

•GA'-eus. A noted giant and robber, 
fabled to have had three heads. He 
stole the oxen of Geryon from Hercu- 
les, and on that account was slain by 
him. 

■Cad'mus. Son of the Phenician king 
Agenor, and the inventor of alpha- 
betic writing. 

•eXl/€HA«. A famous soothsayer, and 
prophet of the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. _ 

€al-ei'o-pe. Mother of Orpheus, 
and chief of the nine Muses. She 
presided over epic poetry. 

<3al-lIs'to. Daughter of Lycaon, 
an Arcadian king. She was changed 
by Juno, on account of jealousy, in- 
to a bear, and was placed by Jupiter 
among the stars. 



€a-lyp'so. A nymph who reigned in 
the island of Ogygia, where she en- 
tertained Ulysses for eight years. 

<3a-mil/l.a. A warlike queen of the 
Volscians, slain in the war with 
iEneas. 

€!ap'a-neus. One of seven heroes 
who led an expedition from Argos 
against Thebes. He was struck with 
lightning by J upiter. 

<3as-san'drA. A daughter of Priam 
and Hecuba, whose prophecies the 
Trojans refused to believe. 

-eAs-TA'LI-A. A celebrated fountain 
on Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apol- 
lo and the Muses. 

<Pe'€ROPS. The founder and first 
king of Athens, who instituted mar- 
riage and the interment of the dead. 

£en'taurs. A Thessalian race, fa- 
bled to have been half men and half 
horses. 

$e'phe-us, or Qe'pheus. A king 
of Ethiopia, husband of Cassiope and 
father of Andromeda. 

Qer'be-rus. The three-headed dog 
of Pluto, which guarded the gate of 
Hades. 

Qe'RES. Thegoddessof grain, fruits, 
and agriculture. She was the daugh- 
ter of Saturn and Ops, sister of Jupi- 
ter, Pluto, and Neptune, and mother 
of Proserpine. 

€ha'ron. The son of Erebus and 
Nox, who ferried the souls of the 
dead over the rivers Acheron and 
Styx to Hades. 

-Gha-ryb'dis. A ravenous wouian, 
turned by Jupiter into a dangerous 
whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, op- 
posite to the rocks called Scylla. 

€}h.1-mm'ra. A fabulous monster in 
Lycia, which vomited fire, and was 
slain by Bellerophon. 

€hry-se'is. A daughter of Chryses, 
a priest of Apollo, at Chryse, in 
Troas. Having been captured by 
the Greeks, and given to Agamem- 
non, Apollo sent a pestilence upon 
the Grecian hosts, whereupon she 
was restored to her father. 

QiR'^E. A sea-nymph and sorceress, 
who, by means of an enchanted cup, 
turned men into swine. 

€)Ll'o. The Muse who presided over 
history ; represented with a half- 
openedroll. 

Clo'a-^i'na. A Roman goddess, who 
presided over the sewers. 

€lo'tho. The youngest of the three 
Fates. Her office was to spin the 
thread of life. 

Glyt'^em-nes'tra,) The faithless 

•Glyt'em-NES'tra, J wife of Aga- 
memnon, whom she, with her para- 
mour ZEgisthus, murdered on his re- 
turn from Troy, for which crime she 
was killed by her son Orestes. 

€)o-£Y'tus. A river in the lower 
world. 

Cffi'LUS. One of the earlier deities, 
the spouse of Terra, and father of 
Saturn. [merriment. 

€6'MUS. The god of festivals and 

Ore'on. A king of Thebes, who prom- 



ised his sister Jocasta in marriage to 
any one who would expound the rid- 
dle of the Sphinx. 

<3rce'sus. A king of Lydia, celebra- 
te d for his great riches. 

€u'pip. The god of love, son of Mars 
and Venus. 

Cyb'e-le. The wife of Saturn ; called 
the mother of the gods. 

Cy'clops. Savage giants of enormous 
strength, who worked for Vulcan. 
They had but one eye, and that was 
in the middle of the forehead. 

Cyn'thi-a. A surname of Diana, 
from Mount Cynthus, in Delos, where 
she was born. 

Cyn'thi-us. A surname of Apol/o. 

(^yp'a-ris'sus. A youth beloved by 
Apollo. Having by accident slain a 
favorite stag belonging to the god, he 
was changed, through grief, into a 
cypress. 

D^ed'a-LUS. A famous Athenian ar- 
tificer, father of Icarus, and builder 
of the Cretan labyrinth . He is said 
to have constructed wings with which 
he fled across the iEgean Sea, to avoid 
the resentment of Minos. 

Da'mon. A Pythagorean of Syracuse, 
celebrated for his friendship for Pyth- 
ias, or_Phintias. 

DAn'a-e. Daughter of Acrisius, and 
mother of Perseus by Jupiter, who 
visited her in the form of a shower 
of gold, her father having shut her 
up in a tower. 

Da-na'i-des. The fifty daughters of 
Danaus, alf of whom, with the excep- 
tion of Hypermnestra, slew their 
husbands on their wedding night ; 
for which crime they were doomed 
eternally to fill with water a tub 
pierced with holes. 

DXph'ne. A nymph beloved by Apol- 
lo, but who chose rather to be 
changed into a laurel than yield to 
his wishes. 

Dar'da-nus. Son of Jupiter and Elec- 
tra, the Pleiad. Having slain his 
brother Jasius, he fled into Asia, 
where hefounded the city of Troy. 

De -In' A-Ml'A . Daughter of Lycome- 
des, king of Scyros, and mother of 
Pyrrhus by Achilles. 

Dej'a-ni'rA. The wife of Hercules, 
who killed herself because she had 
sent to her husband a shirt dipped in 
the blood of the centaur Nessus, to 
escape the agony occasioned by 
which, he burnt himself on Mount 
03ta. 

De'li-a and De'li-us. Names of 
Diana and Apollo, from Delos, where 
they were born. 

Dei/phi. A city of Phocis, on the 
hill of Parnassus, where was a cele- 
brated oracle of Apollo. 

Deu-ca'lion. Son of Prometheus, 
king of Phthia, in Thessaly, who, 
with his wife Pyrrha, was preserved 
in a small boat from a flood which 
drowned the rest of Greece, and, 
landing on Mount Parnassus, re- 
peopled the country. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, rue , pull ; E, I, O, silent ; (}^,soft; €,G,hard; AS.J EJIST; 2WNG; this. 



544 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



Di-Xn'A (classical pron. DT-a/na). The 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 
and the twin sister of Apollo. She 
was regarded as the virgin moon- 
goddess, the protector of virginity, 
and of women in labor, the patron- 
ess of the chase, and the presider 
over nocturnal incantations. 

Di'do. The foundress and queen of 
Carthage, the site of which she ob- 
tained by purchasing as much land 
as could be encompassed with a bul- 
lock's hide, and then cutting the hide 
into small shreds. She fell in love 
with 2Eneas/and killed herself be- 
cause he slighted her. 

Dl'O-MED, or Dl'0-ME'DE§. 1. A 
king of Thrace, whose horses fed on 
human flesh. 2. A famous Grecian 
hero, who assisted Ulysses to carry 
off the Palladium from Troy. 

Di-6'ne. A sea-nymph and mother 
of Venus. 

Dis-€OR/di-A. The goddess of dis- 
cord, banished from heaven for ex- 
citing divisions among the gods. 

Dry'ads. Nymphs who presided over 
the woods. 

E€H'5 (classical pron. E'€ho). A 
nymph who fell in love with Narcis- 
sus, but being slighted by him , pined 
away until nothing was left but her 
voice. 

E-GE'RI-A. A nymph of Aricia, in 
Italy, the spouse and instructress of 
Numa. 

E-LE€'trA. 1. One of the seven 
Pleiades, daughter of Atlas and Plei- 
one, and mother of Dardanus by Ju- 
piter. 2. A daughter of Agamemnon 
and Clytsemnestra, and sister of 
Orestes. 

E-lys/i-UM (-lizh'i-). The place as- 
signed for the residence of good men 
after death. 

En-cel'a-dus. The strongest of the 
giants who conspired against Jupiter, 
and attempted to scale heaven. Jupi- 
ter hurled Mount Etna upon him. 

En-dym'i-ON. A beautiful young 
shepherd of Mount Latmos, in Caria, 
who was condemned to perpetual 
sleep. Diana fell in love with him, 
and nightly came down from heaven 
to kiss him. 

E-PE'us. Son of Panopeus and fabri- 
cator of the wooden horse, by means 
of which Troy was taken. 

fePH'l-XL'TES. A giant, who, with his 
brother Otus, waged war with heav- 
, en, and was killed by Apollo. 

Er'a-to. The Muse of lyric and ama- 
tory poetryf 

£r'e-bus. 1. An infernal deity, son 
of Chaos, and brother of Nox. 2. A 
dark and gloomy cavern through 
which the shades pass on their way 
from Earth to Hades. 

E-Ri'N'NYS. A Fury ; one of the Fu- 
ries, (pi. E-rIn'ny-es.) 

3u-men'I-des. [Lit., the benevolent 
or gracious "ones.] A euphemistic 
name of the Furies, whose true name 
of Erinnyes they were afraid to speak. 



Eu-phor'bus. A brave Trojan, son 
of Panthous or Panthus. 

Eu-phr(5s'y-ne. One of the three 
Graces. 

Eu-r6'pa. Daughter of the Phenician 
king Agenor, and mother of Minos 
and Sariyedon by Jupiter, who, un- 
d^r the form of a white bull, carried 
heroff into Crete. 

Eu-ry'A-le. Daughter of Minos, king 
of Crete, and mother of Orion. 

Eu-ry'A-lus. A 'Trojan, famed for 
jiis friendship for Nisus. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce. Wife of Orpheus, to re- 
gain whom he descended to the low- 
er world. Pluto yielded to his pray- 
er on condition that he should not 
look back at her until they reached 
the light, which condition he failed 
to fulfill, and was obliged to return 
without her. 

Eu-ryn'o-me. Daughter of Oceanus 
and mother of the Graces. 

Eu-rys'the-us, or Eu-rys'theus. 
A king of Mycenas, who, at the com- 
mand of Juno, imposed upon Her- 
cules, his cousin and junior, twelve 
difficult labors.. 

Eu-ter'pe. The Muse who presided 
over music. 

Fates. Goddesses who presided over 
human destiny. 

Fau'na. A prophetic goddess of the 
Latins, called also Bona Dea. 

Faun§. Sylvan deities with horns and 
goats' feet ; the offspring of Faunus. 

Fau'NUS. A mythical king of Latium, 
worshiped, after death, as the god of 
agriculture and of shepherds. 

Fe-r6'NI-a. An Italian deity, the 
goddess of plants, and the patroness 
of freedmen. [gardens. 

Flo'ra. The goddess of flowers and 

For-TU'na. The goddess of fortune, 
from whose hand were derived riches 
and poverty, happiness and misery ; 
represented as blind. 

Fu'RlEg. The goddesses who avenge 
in the next world the sins committed 
in this. They are represented armed 
with snakes and lighted torches. 

Gai/A-TjE'a. A sea-nymph, passion- 
ately loved by Polyphemus. 

Gai/lus. A youth beloved by Mars, 
and by him changed into a cock. 

Gan'y-mede. [Lat. GXn'y-me'- 
DE§.] The son of Tros, a youth of 
surpassing beauty, carried off by 
Jupiter's eagle from Mount Ida to 
heaven, where he became cup-bearer 
to the god, in place of Hebe, 

Ge-ni'i. Tutelar deities, or guardian 
spirits of persons or places. 

Ge'RY-on. A king of Spain, whose 
oxen Hercules carried off into Greece, 
after he had killed their master. 

G6r'di-us. A Phrygian king, who 
tied in the harness of his chariot an 
inextricable knot, of which it was 
foretold that whoever untied it 
should become king of all Asia. Al- 
exander the Great, being unable to 
disentangle it, cut the rope with his 



sword, saying that to cut was the 
same as to untie. 

Gor'«on§. Three daughters of Phoi- 
cya and Ceto, of hideous appearance, 
who had power to change men into 
stone by simply looking at them. 

Graces. Three beautiful virgin god- 
desses, daughters of Jupiter and 
Eurynome, constantly in attendance 

> on Venus. 

Gy'ge§. 1. A king of Lydia, famous 
for having a ring, by means of which 
he could make himself invisible. 2. 
A giant with a hundred arms. 

Ha'de§. The place of departed spirits, 
comprehending both Elysium and 
Tartarus._ 

Ham/a-dry'AD§. Nymphs who lived 
in the woods, and presided over 
trees. 

Har'pfes.. [Lat. Har-py'i-je.] Ra* 
pacious monsters, having the faces 
of women, but the bodies, wings, and 
claws of birds j>f prey. 

Har-po€'ra-tes.. The Egyptian god 
of silence ; represented with his fin- 
ger on his mouth. 

He'be. The goddess of youth, and 
cup-bearer to the gods, until super- 
seded by Ganymede on account of an 
unfortunate fall. 

Hec'a-te. A goddess who presided 
over enchantments, conjurations, 
&c. ; the same with Luna in heaven 
and Diana on earth. 

Hec'tor. Son of Priam and Hecuba, 
and the bravest of the Trojans, but 
slain at last by Achilles, who dragged 
his body three times round the walls 
of Troy. 

HE€'u-EA. The wife of Priam. She 
tore out her eyes for the loss of her 
children, and was turned into a bitch 
for railing at the Grecians. 

Hei/e-na. [Eng. Hel'en.] Daughter 
of Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of 
Menelaus ; the most beautiful woman 
of her age. By running away with 
Paris, she occasioned the Trojan 
war. 

Hel/e-nus. The son of Priam and 
Hecuba, spared by the Greeks on ac- 
count of his skill in divination. 

HEE'l-eoN. A mountain of Boeotia, 
sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 

Hel'le. Daughter of Athamus and 
Nephele. She fled from her step- 
mother Ino, and was drowned in the 
Pontic Sea, thence called the Helles- 
pont. 

HER'A-€Ll'D.aE. The descendants of 
Hercules . 

Her'cu-ee§. Son of Jupiter and 
Alcmena, celebrated for his great 
strength, and especially for his twelve 
labors. 

Her'me§. The Greek name of Mer- 
cury^ 

Her-mi'o-ne. 1. Daughter of Mars 
and Venus, and wife of Cadmus, 
changed into a serpent. 2. Daughter 
of Menelaus and Helena, and wife of 
Orestes. 

He'ro. A beautiful priestess of Ve- 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, £,X, & } tJ, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£RMj PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N1 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



545 



nus at Sestos, in Thrace, beloved by 
Leander of Abydos, who used to 
swim over the Hellespont every night 
to see her. Leander being at length 
unfortunately drowned, she threw 
herself, in despair, into the sea. 

He-sI'o-ne. Daughter of Laomedon, 
king of Troy, rescued from a sea- 
monster by Hercules, who gave her 
in marriage to Telamon. 

Hes-per'i-des. Three nymphs, 
daughters of ^ Hesperus, who, in a 
garden on an island beyond Mount 
Atlas, guarded the golden apples 
which Juno gave to Jupiter. 

Hes'pe-rus, or Ves'per. Son of 
Japetus and Asia, and brother to 
Atlas ; changed into the evening 
star. 

HlP-POL/Y-TUS. Son of Theseus and 
Hippolyte, who was torn to pieces by 
his own horses, but was restored to 
life by JEsculapius, at the request of 
Diana. 

Hip-Pom'e-don. Son of Nesimachus, 
and one of the seven Grecian chiefs 
in the war against Thebes. 

Hip-pom'e-nes. A Grecian prince, 
who beat Atalanta in a race by 
throwing golden apples before her, 
and thus obtained her as his wife. 
They were both changed by Cybele 
into lions. 

Hy'a-cyn'thus. A beautiful Spartan 
youth, beloved by Apollo and Zephy- 
rus. The latter accidentally killed 
him; but Apollo changed the blood 
that was spilt into a flower called the 
hyacinth. 

Hy'a-des. Nymphs whose parentage, 
names, and number are differently 
stated ; but the number commonly 
given is seven. They were placed 
among the stars, and were thought 
to threaten rain when they rose with 
the sun. 

Hy'dra. A celebrated water serpent, 
with seven heads, which infested 
Lake Lerna. As fast as one head was 
cut off, two sprang up in its stead. 
Hercules, however, succeeded in kill- 
ing it. 

Hy-ge'I-a. Daughter of JEsculapius, 
and the goddess of health. 

Hy'las. A beautiful son of Theoda- 
mus, passionately loved by Hercules. 
He was lost on the coast of Mysia, 
and was long sought by Hercules, 
but in vain. 

Hym'e-n^e'us, or Hy'men. Son of 
Bacchus and Venus, or, as some say, 
of Apollo and one of the. Muses. He 
was the god of marriage. 

I-XCohus. A surname of Bacchus. 
S€'A-RiJS. A son of Daedalus, who, 

flying with his father out of Crete 

into Sicily, fell into the .ZEgean Sea, 

— thence called the Icarian Sea. 
I-dom'e-neus. A king of Crete, and 

the leader of the Cretans against 

Troy. 
I'lus. A son of Tros and Callirrhoe, 

and the founder of Troy, which was 

called after him Ilium. 



Vb. Daughter of Inachus and Ismene, 
beloved by Jupiter, who, through 
fear of Juno, turned her into a cow. 
She wandered into Egypt, was re- 
stored to her former shape, married 
king Osiris, and after death was wor- 
shiped by the Egyptians, under the 
name of Isis. 

Iph'I-ge-nI'a. Daughter of Aga- 
memnon and Clytaemnestra. Her 
father sought to offer her as a sacri- 
fice to Diana, whose resentment he 
had incurred, but the goddess put a 
hart in her place, and conveyed her 
to the Tauric Chersonese, where she 
became a priestess in the temple of 
her preserver. 

I'RIS. Daughter of Thaumas r.nd 
Electra, and messenger of Juno, who 
changed her into a rainbow. 

Ix-I'ON. A king of the Lapithas, in 
Thessaly, and the father of the 
Centaurs by an image of cloud which 
he supposed to be Juno. Having 
boasted of his intimacy with the god- 
dess, he was punished by being fast- 
ened in hell to a fiery wheel perpetu- 
ally turning round. 

Ja'nus. An ancient Italian deity, the 
sun -god. He entertained Saturn on 
his arrival in Italy, and introduced 
the use of wines, altars, and temples. 
He is represented with two faces, 
looking backward and forward, to 
denote the past and the future. His 
temple at Rome was always open in 
time of war, and closed in time of 
peace. 

Ja'son. A prince of Thessaly, who, 
with the aid of Medea, brought away 
from Colchis a golden fleece which 
was guarded by a sleepless dragon. 

Jo-cas'ta. The wife of OEdipus. 

Ju'NO. Daughter of Saturn and Ops, 
and sister and wife of Jupiter. She 
was the queen of heaven, the guar- 
dian deity of women, and the found- 
ress of marriage. 

Ju'pi-ter. The supreme god of the 
Romans, and the father of men and 
gods ; identical with the Grecian 
Zev's (Zeus). He was the son of 
Saturn, brother of Neptune and 
Pluto, and brother and husband of 
Juno. 

LX€H'E-SIS. One of the three Eates. 

LA'l-us. King of Thebes, and father 
of (Edipus, who unwittingly killed 
him. 

La/mi- jE. Female specters who as- 
sumed the most seductive forms to 
insnare young persons, whom they 
devoured. 

La-6€'o-on. Son of Priam and Hecu- 
ba, a Trojan priest, who, having of- 
fended Pallas, was destroyed by ser- 
pents, together with his two sons. 

La-6m'e-don. A king of Troy, and 
father of Priam and Ganymede ; 
killed by Hercules for refusing to 
give him Hesione in marriage, after 
he had delivered her from a sea- 
monster. 



La're§. Tutelar deities who preside.! 
over houses and families. 

La-ti'nus. A king of the Lauren- 
tians, in Italy, who gave JEneas his 
daughter Lavinia in marriage. 

LA-ToTf A . The mother of Apollo and 
Diana* whom she brought forth on 
the floating island of Delos. 

LA-vin'I-a. A daughter of Latinus, 
married to iEneas, after his victory 
over Turnus. 

Le-an'der. A youth of Abydos, the 
J over of Hero. See Hero. 

Le'da. Daughter of Thestius, and 
wife of Tyndarus, beloved by Jupi- 
ter ; said to have laid two eggs, from 
one of which came Pollux and Hele- 
na, and from 'the other, Castor and 
Clytaemnestra. 

Ler'na. A famous marsh near Argos, 
where Hercules slew the Hydra. 

Le'the. A river of the lower world, 
whose waters caused a total forget- 
fulness of the past in those who 
drank of them. 

Li-ge'i-a. One of the three Sirens. 

Lu-c'i'NA. The goddess of childbirth. 

Lu'91-FER. The name of the planet 
Venus when seeu in the morning. 

Lu'NA. The moon ; daughter of Hy- 
perion and Terra ; Diana's name in 
Ideaven. 

Ly-ga'on. A king of Arcadia, who, 
having offended Jupiter, was struck 
by lightning and turned into a wolf. 

Lyg'o-me'des. A king of the island 
of Scyros, among whose daughters 
Achilles for a time concealed him- 
self, disguised in female attire, to 
avoid going to the Trojan war. 



MA-€HA'ON. Son of iEsculapius ; a 
famous surgeon of the Greeks before 
Troy. 

Ma'x-a. Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
and mother of Mercury by Jupiter. 

Mars. The god of war. 

Mar'sy-as. A satyr, who, having 
challenged Apollo to a trial of skill 
in music, was defeated and flayed 
alive _by him. 

Mau-so'lus. A king- of Caria, and 
husband of Artemisia, who erected 
to his memory a magnificent monu- 
ment, the Mausoleum, which was 
reckoned one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 

Me-be'a.- A celebrated sorceress, 
daughter of iEetes, king of Colchis. 
Through her assistance, Jason se- 
cured the golden fleece. 

Me-du'sa. One of the three Gorgons, 
slain by Perseus. 

Me-le'a-ger. Son of (Eneus, king 
of Calydon, and Althaea. His life 
depended on the preservation of an 
extinguished brand, and this 
mother burned out of 
the death of her brothe 
had slaiu. 

Mel-p5m'e-ne 
sided over *■ 

Mem'non. 
of Tithon 




or, do, wpLF,To"bjXO()Kj urn,RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €.5, hard; Agi\ 
85 



546 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



to the aid of the Trojans, and was 
slain by Achilles. His statue near 
Thebes gave forth a sound like that 
of a harp-string whenever the first 
beams of the rising sun fell upon it. 

MEn'e-la'US. King of Sparta and 
husband of Helen, whose elopement 
from him with Paris caused the Tro- 
jan war. 

Men'TOR. A faithful friend of Ulysses, 
and left in charge, by him, of his 
domestic affairs, and particularly of 
his son Telemachus. He was regarded 
as the wisest man of his time. 

M)JR'€U-RY. Son of Jupiter and Maia, 
messenger of the gods, the inventor 
of letters, and the god of eloquence, 
merchants, and thieves. 

Mi'das. A foolish king of Phrygia, 
who entreated Bacchus that every 
thing which he touched might be 
turned into gold. Apollo changed 
his ears into those of an ass, because 
he decided a musical contest in favor 
of Pan. [tona. 

MI'LO. A celebrated athlete of Cro- 

MI-ner/va. The goddess of wisdom, 
of the liberal arts, and of spinning 
and weaving. She was not born like 
others, but sprang full-armed from 
the head of Jove. 

MI'NOS. A king and law-giver of 
Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, 
and brother of Rhadamanthus. After 
death he was made a judge in the 
lower regions. 

MKn'o-tau r. A famous monster with 
the head of a bull and the body of a 
man. He was kept in the Cretan 
labyrinth, and fed with human flesh. 

Mne-mos'Y-ne (ne-mos'-). The moth- 
er of the Muses and the goddess of 
memory. 

Mo'mus. The god of ridicule and 
satire ; a son of Nox. 

M6r'phe-us, or MoR'PHEfrs. The 
son of sleep and god of dreams. 

Mors.. A deified personification of 
death. ' 

Mu'gEg. Nine goddesses who pre- 
sided over poetry ; music, and the 
liberal arts and sciences. They were 
daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosy- 
ne. Their names were Calliope, Clio, 
Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Poly- 
hymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and 
Urania. 

Na'iads. Nymphs of fountains and 
streams. 

Nar-cis'sus. A beautiful youth, son 
of Cephisus and the nymph Liriope. 
Beholding his own image in a foun- 
tain, he fell so violently in love with 
it, that he wasted away with desire, 
and was changed into the flower of 
the same name. 

Nem'e-sis. The goddess of retribu- 
tive justice. 

Ne/op-tol'e-mus. Another name 
of Pyrrhus. See PYRRHUS. 

Kep'tune. The god of the sea and 
of other waters ; son of Saturn and 
Ops, brother of Jupiter, and hus- 
band of Amphitrite 



Ne're-ids. Nymphs of the sea, 
daughters of Nereus. 

Ne're-us, or Ne'reus. A sea-god. 
son of Oceanus and Tethys, husband 
of Doris, and father of the Nereids. 

Nes'sus. A Centaur slain with a 
poisoned arrow by Hercules for 
offering violence to Dejanira. See 
DEJANIRA. 

Nes'tor. Son of Neleus and Chloris, 
eminent among the Grecian heroes 
before Troy for his eloquence and 
wisdom. He is said to have outlived 
three generations of men. 

Nl'NUS. The first king of Assyria, 
husband of Semiramis, and founder 
of Nineveh. 

NI'O-BE. A daughter of Tantalus. 
She wept herself into a stone through 
grief at the death of her children, 
who were slain by Apollo and Diana, 
because Niobe set herself above La- 
tona. 

Nox. One of the most ancient of the 
deities, and goddess of night. 

O'CE-XNT-DEg. Sea-nymphs, 300 in 
number, daughters of Oceanus. 

O-CE'A-NUS. Son of Coelus and Terra, 
the most ancient god of the sea and 
father of the nymphs presiding over 
springs and rivers. 

(Ed'I-pus. A king of Thebes who 
solved the riddle of the Sphinx, un- 
wittingly killed his father, Laius, 
and married his mother, Jocasta, on 
discovering which he ran mad, and 
tore out his own eyes. 

Om'PHA-le. A queen of Lydia, for 
love of whom Hercules became a 
slave, exchanged hi3 club for a spin- 
dle and distaff, and suffered himself 
to be beaten with her slipper. 

(JPS. A name of Cybele. 

O'RE-ADS. Nymphs of the mountains 
who accompanied Diana in hunting. 

O-RES'TES.. Son of Agamemnon and 
Clytsemnestra, brother of Electra 
and Iphigenia, and the firm friend 
of Pylades. He avenged the death 
of his father by slaying his mother 
and her paramour iEgisthus, and 
was in consequence pursued and 
tormented by the Furies. 

O-Ri'ON. A mighty giant who was 

^ made a constellation. 

Or'phe-us, or OR'pheus. A poet, 
musician, and philosopher, whose 
skill in music was such that the very 
rocks and trees followed him. 

O-si'Ris. An Egyptian deity, the hus- 
band of Isis, worshiped under the 
form of an ox. 

Qs'sA. A lofty mountain of Thessaly, 
which the giants, in their war 
against the gods, piled upon Mount 
Pelion, in their attempt to scale 
heaven. 

PA€-to'lus. A celebrated river of 
Lydia, in which Midas washed him- 
self when his touch turned every 
thing to gold, from which cause it 
ever after rolled golden sands. 

PXi/a-me'de§. A king of Euboea, 



and one of the Greeks before Troy, 
where he lost his life through the 
machinations of Ulysses, whose 
feigned madness (feigned that he 
might avoid going to war) he had 
discovered . 

Pa'les. The goddess of husbandry 
and cattle. 

PXi/i-nu'rus. The pilot of JEneas, 
noted for falling asleep at the helm, 
and tumbling into the sea. 

Pal-la'di-um. A wooden image of 
Pallas, on the possession of which 
the security of Troy was supposed to 
depend. It was stolen from Troy by 
Ulysses and Diomedes. 

PXl/EAS. A name of Minerva. 

PXn. The god of the woods and of 
shepherds ; son of Mercury and Pe- 
nelope. 

Pan-do'rA. The first woman, made 
by Vulcan at the command of Jupi- 
ter, and endowed by Venus with 
great beauty. Jupiter gave her a 
box containing all kinds of misfor- 
tunes ; curiosity tempted her to open 
it and they all flew out; but Hope 
remained at the bottom. 

Par'c^e. The goddesses of fate; the 
Fates. 

Pa'ris, or PXR'rs. Son of Priam, 
king of Troy, and of Hecuba. He 
decided a contest of beauty between 
Juno, Pallas, and Venus, in favor of 
the last, who, in return, promised 
him Helen, the wife of Menelaus, 
and the most beautiful of women. 
By carrying her off to Troy, he 
brought on the Trojan war. 

Par-then'o-pe. One of the three 
Sirens. She fell in love with Ulysses, 
and not winning him, cast herself 
into the sea, and was thrown by the 
waves on the shore where Naples 
afterwards stood. 

Pa-tro'€lus. One of the Greeks 
before Troy, the friend of Achilles, 
slain in single combat by Hector. 

Peg'a-sus. A winged steed, belong- 
ing to Apollo and the Muses. <H.e 
sprang from the blood of Medusa, 
when she was slain. 

Pe'lops. A king of Phrygia, and 
son of Tantalus. When a child he 
was served up to the gods by his 
father; but was restored to life by 
Jupiter, who gave him a shoulder 
of ivory in place of one eaten by 
Ceres. 

Pe-na'tes. Old Latin guardian gods 
of the household, and of the state as 
being formed of a union of house- 
holds. 

Pe-nel'o-PE. The wife of Ulysses, 
who, being pressed by suitors during 
his absence, made them promise to 
delay until she finished a web which 
she was then weaving, and of which 
she unraveled at night what she 
wove by day. 

PEr'dix. The nephew of Daedalus, 
thrown from a tower by his uncle, 
and changed by Minerva into a 
partridge. 

P£r'se-us, or PEr'seus. Son of Ju- 



5 , e, I, o, u, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, ©,¥. short; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what ; ERE, VEIL, term; PIQUE, firm; s6n, 



GREEK AXD ROMAS DEITIES, HEROES. ETC. 



547 




7 k: i : -: - z Z z _ = 
Thessaly. and a « 
Hercules, at his < 



Troy could n < 

PHll/O-JCE'Li 

on. king ex 

Ef-rs 



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; --1-- [C I 



I 

ran with fire instead of wat 

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«me, apparently about tai 

— .- - - - - 



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■z-.-l 



- -: 



Pl-KlTH'o-rs. Son of Ixion. king of 
the Lapithae, husband of Hippoda- 
mia, and intimate friend of Theseus. 

'-:.-. ----- 1 .-.:: z.-z- ::' 
A:Iii s~I rlvii-r. rr-.- ; ::^rl ::.-; 
:i; ::z-:t^^:::: :: : - ; ~_- z __ T 
Pu :o. The god of Hades, or the 

1;~ rr ~:rI2 : ::::';.::" ;:!■::•. 

zzz- \-i : : r r^r .-;:_:. 
Pl.f'1 . : , . ~ 

54-- :r: i? ".!-_■=■ :z 1: = ;; r ::- :~: 

— zzz-1 i- IvL? 'r- i:-irr 
POLln .-_:'■_. . • ■_.'■- : - 1 : :" 

Tyndarus and Leda, and twin brother 

- 
PolT-dobi, or P6li-do^^ ; 
■:- ::' r:z..zi zzz zzz- zz :.. >:„t1 :':: 
riches by the Thracian king Po- 

Poi/y-hyjcxi-a, or Po-ltx-; 



Pyk'khcs. i 

~.zzzzi-. — - 



~--- :.- --r: :.:_--t.: i: :lr :>-- :: 
---:■; :•.-: -_5 >.;_~i '.7 1 1 —: :_-"" = 

DKB. Son of Ccelus and Terra, 
and father of Jupiter. Haraif been 
' 1- ::-!-■: I :r:— '.:.-. ~zz\z- :: Z-z.--z 
by his son. he fled for safety into 
Italy, and taught the people agricul- 
ture and the useful arts. The thee 
in which he did this is called The 
. \ 

; .-. z 1 ' _ 1 - : ■ : - - .. ' - - -■ 

with horns and goats 7 feet. 
; I L Li. 1. A daughter of Pboreys, 
changed by Circe, out of jealousy. 

'•---.-. - ■- -z --■-.: -'.:':. : :.- :- ' :~: 
the haunches, and placed on a rock 
■-_ -_r _" . z : -: : : t „ .- 
::"_ Li :- :ir :: -- :: -:;:..-. . A 
j daughter of Xisus of 3Jegara , beloved 
I inos, for whom s-he cut off from 
her father's head a purple lock, on 
winch his fife depended: for which 
- - r Zz —j.- Zz ::-::*•: •:!"■:£ 
--.:_ z-i_ Z zz--.-: - - 1 : ; z i 
~ :r-I Zz : -::: :z _— :jiiT ::" I: ::i~f "-.-.."-- ::-jr 
: - _ t ;: _fr ; -l_ :"!-.:- 

L most constant frieri li^errioos and addicted te 

drunkenness, but regarded as the 
Hi':-'.::::- -"ze L:~t r:c ::;.": ?tt:5^ r ';--r--.-r- 1 1 >-:-.- 
m account of her sup- edge. He is represented' as bald- 
ae stabbed himself on- | headed, with snort horns and a flat 
y tree: and ^ie, finding nose, and as riding on an ass. 
■::..--..'.-: _r7 'z.-z - z zlL-~JL'yV5 SeeSn.1 aSGS 
at and with the same Si'rexs. Three birds, with the faces 
:r ~:r'iTii= :t_ ~-Z-. \ z \_-_:z ;.-.-- ;; 
si z" ' ".jot. i Italv.where with their sweet races 

:- :: .-.._: .^ :z\ Z ■- :_-;'- -z-z\ -:.:- :z:~ -z: --- 



1. Son of BduSjking: 

: :~ZzZ :: I:- - _: — 
ens, he sieir for ins 

-.-zr-^zLi :- :: Z-r".-; 



br Orestes. 

- ". ~ ' - ? : J ' - - 

_- :-::: t:as 
Python. A huge serpent, killed 

near Delphi, by 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; tits, btx. FDU X I 



C. i. •:.-: €.?. 



548 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



sf a hill a huge stone, which con- 
stantly fell back again to the bot- 
tom. 

Sol. A name of Apollo. 

Som'NUS. A son of Erebus and Nox, 
and the god of sleep. 

SphTnx. A fabulous monster near 
Thebes, with the head of a woman, 
the body of a lion, and the wings of 
a bird, which put forth riddles to 
passers by, and devoured all who 
were unable to solve them ; (Edipus 
solved one proposed to him, where- 
upon she destroyed herself. 

StCn'TOR. One of the Greeks before 
Troy. His voice is said to have been 
as loud as the voices of fifty men to- 
gether. 

Styx. A river in the infernal regions, 
by which the gods swore their most 
solemn oaths. 

SYL-VA'NUS. A Roman deity who 
presided over woods and all places 
planted with trees. 

TXn'ta-lus. A king of Phrygia, son 
of Jupiter, aud father of Niobe and 
Pelops. .For his misdeeds he was 
placed in a lake of water which re- 
ceded whenever he attempted to 
drink, and under a tree laden with 
all manner of delicious fruits, which 
always eluded his grasp. 

TAR'TA-RUS. The place of punish- 
ment iu Hades, or the lower world. 

TEL'A-MON. One of the Argonauts, 
son of JEacus, brother of Peleus, and 
father of Ajax aud Teucer. He was 
king of Salamis, and first scaled the 
walls, when Hercules took the city 
of Troy in the reign of Laomedon. 

Te-LEM'a-€HUS. " The only son of 
Ulysses and Penelope. He went in 
search of his father after the siege of 
Troy. 

Tel'lus. The earth personified ; the 
most ancient of all the deities after 
Chaos. She is represented as a 
woman with many breasts distended 
with milk. 

Tem'pe . A valley of Thessaly through 
which rau the river Peneus, between 
Ossa and Pelion ; described by the 
poets as the most delightful spot on 
the earth. 

Ter'mi-nus. A divinity at Rome, 
who was supposed to preside over 
bounds and limits, and to punish all 
unlawful usurpations of land. 

Terp-si€H'o-re. The Muse who pre- 
sided over dancing. 

Te'thys. Wife of Oceanus, and 



mother of the sea-nymphs and river- 
gods^ 

Tha-li'a. 1. One of the Muses ; the 
Muse of comedy. 2. One of the 
three Graces: 

Th£'.iiis. The daughter of Coelus 
and Terra, and goddess of justice, 
who rewarded virtue and punished 
vice. 

The'se-us, or The'seus. King of 
Athens and one of the most famous 
heroes of antiquity. He was the son 
of jEgeus (or, as some say. of Nep- 
tune) and JEthra, husband of Ari- 
adne and afterward of Phaedra, and 
father of Hippolytus by the Amazo- 
nian Hippolyte He was especially 
noted for slaying the Minotaur and 
conquering the Centaurs, and for his j 
friendship for Pirithous. 

T Hi § 'B E . See P V R A MU s . 

TI-SiPH'o-NE. One of the three Fu- 
ries. 

Ti'tax. 1. Son of Coelus and Terra, 
elder brother of Saturn, aud father 
of a race of giants called Titans, who 
contended with Saturn for the sov- 
ereignty of heaven, until Jupiter 
(Saturn's son), cast them by his 
thunderbolts into Tartaru*. 2. A 
grandson of the above, and son of 
Hyperion ; the suu-god. 3. A name 
given to Prometheus, as grandson of 
Titan. 

Ti-THO'NUS. Son of Laomedon and 
father of Memnon, by Aurora, who 
endowed him with immortality, and 
when he had become very old and 
decrepit turned him into a grass- 
hopper. 

Tit'y-us. A son of Jupiter, slain by 
Apollo for an attempt on the chastity 
of Latoua, and condemned, in the 
infernal regions, to have a vulture 
forever feeding on his liver, which 
was perpetually renewed. He was a 
giant of size so huge that his body, 
when stretched out, covered nine 
acres of land. 

Trip-tol'e-mus. A king of Eleusis, 
who was the inventor of agriculture, 
and became a judge in the lower 
world. 

Tri'ton. Son of Neptune and the 
nymph Salacia ; a sea-god, and Nep- 
tune's trumpeter. 

Tro'i-lus. Son of Priam and Hecu- 
ba, slain by Achilles. 

Tro-ph6'xi-us. A deity who im- 
parted oracles in a cave near Leba- 
dia, in Bceotia. He was the builder 
of Apollo's temple at Delphi. 



Afa- 



TOr'nus. A king of the Rutuli, in 
Italy, killed by .Eneas. 

Tyd'e-us, or Ty'deus. A king of 
Oalydon, son of (Eneus, and father 
of Diouiedes : celebrated for his vic- 
tory over Eteocles, king of Thebes. 

Ty'p'mo.v, 

Ty-pho'e-US, or Ty-pho'eus. 
mous giant, struck with lightning 
by Jupiter, and buried under Mount 
iEtna. 

TT-LYS'ses_. Son of Laertes, husband 
of Penelope, father of Telemachus, 
and king of Ithaca : the most elo- 
quent, wise, and politic of the Gre- 
cian heroes in the Trojau war. 

U-ra'm-a. The Muse who presided 

_ over astronomy. 

U'RA-xus. The most ancient of the 
gods , husband of Tellus or Terra ( the 
Earth), and father of Saturn. By 
the Romans, he was called Calus. 

Ye'xus. The goddess of love, grace- 
fulness, beauty, and pleasure : wife 
of Vulcan, mother of Cupid, JEneas, 
&c. 

Yer-tl\m'nus. A Roman deity who 
presided over the seasons (particu- 
larly Spring) and their productions. 
He was the lover of Pomona. 

Yes'ta. The goddess of flocks and 
herds, and of the household in gen- 
eral : daughter of Saturn and sister 
of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, 
and Ceres. Her temple contained a 
sacred fire, teuded by virgins, and 
never permitted to go out. 

Yul'€AX. Sou of Jupiter and Juno, 
and husband of Yenus. He was the 
god of fire, and presided over work- 
ers in metal. His workshop was sup- 
posed to be under Mount .Etna, 
where, assisted by the Cyclops, he 
forged the thunderbolts of Jove, who 
is said to have kicked him out of 
heaven on account of his deformity. 

Zeph'y-rus. The west wind, son of 
iEolus aud Aurora, and the passion- 
ate lover of the goddess Flora. 

Ze'tes. One of the Argonauts, son 
of Boreas and Orithnia, and brother 
to Calais, together with whom he 
pursued the Harpies, and drove them 
from Thrace. He is generally de- 
scribed as a winged being. 

Ze'thus. Son of Jupiter and Anti- 
ope, and twin-brother of Amphion; 
very expert in music. 

Zeus. The Greek name of Jupiter. 



A, E, 1,6, V, Y,lo?lg; A,E,I,6,U, Y, short ; CARE, FAR. ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TfiKM; PIQUE, FIRM; SOS 

6r,do,wolf, too, took-, urn, rue, pull; e, I, o, silent ; $,& } sqfi; €,&,hard; A§; exist; kosN6; THIS 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FOR 

WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 

Any words in the following grouping of Illustrations not found in the body of the work, may be found explained 
in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 



^TIQUITIES. — DRESS, UTENSILS, &c. 




Gauntlet. 



Battering Ram. 



Catapult. 




(iff J 

JO^AAMM lit 



M*S] 



Hieroglyphics (from 
an Egyptian obe- 
lisk). 







Uu 



Fabled Colossus ot tfJwxies. 



Fasces. 



Obelisk, Trident 



&50 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

ABT, OBJECTS OF; ORNAMENTS, INSTRUMENTS, &c. 




hh, horizon 
c o, d o, 



Linear Perspective 
; opposite the 
o, i o,j o, vanishing lines. 



; o, point opposite the eye; a o : bo. 
e o,/o, h 



Mosaic. 





Silhouette. 



J<iT>e of Beauty. 



■■ ::: .. 

Silhouette Instrument. 

a b, slender rod; c, pimbals; d, 
small frame; e, foot-board. 




Palette. 



WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 

CAEPEJSTEY, JOI^TERY, AMD MASOlfEY. 



551 




Bridging-joists. 
a, flooring ; 6, girder ; c c, bridging- 
joists ; d d, ceiling ; e e, straps. 



^S'^BE^ 



Dovetails. 




a 6, uprights or posts; e d, Herringbone Masonry. 
e d, struts, ties, or braces. 



Mortise Joint. 
a a, Mortise ; & 6, Tenon. 



P l ',;#' 1 " 


tk 


lJfji'1 




*m 


¥ 





Joggles. 




Putlog. 

putlog; 6 6 6, putlog holes; 
c, ledger. 




Timbers in a Roof, 
i a, wall plates ; 6 6, tie-beams; c, king-post; d d, struts; e e, VM 

principal rafters iff, pole-plate ; g g, purlin ; h h, ridge- 
piece; i, i, common rafters. 



Mortise and Tenon. 




Timbers used in Flooring. 
a a, girder ; 6 6, binding-joists ; c c, ceiling-joists ; d d, wall- 
plates; e e, bridging-joists. 



Viaduct. 



r*r 


■ h 1 








^ •x x. — s 


; ^ 





Soaring, various modes of. 



552 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

DRESS, ORNAMENTS, INSIGNIA, &c. 




Peruke. 



Star of Garter. 



Truelove-knots. 



WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 
GEOGRAPHY. 

TERMS EMPLOYED IN, PICTORIALLY ILLUSTRATED OR EXEMPLIFIED. 



553 




554 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE, AND RAILROAD MACHINERY. 



%8- 






Drag-bar- 



Brake. 
J, spindle ; P, platform of the car ; F, chain ; 
B, lever ; K, D, brake-blocks ; W, X, wheels; O, 
rod; E, rod connecting with another truck. 



$2 n 



Car-wheel. 

a, tread ; c, flange ; 

e, disk; n, hub. 



B—B 



i~ 



Draw-head. 
a, buffer-spring; c, draw-spring; e, 
buffer; m, coupling; n, coupling pin. 




Railway Frog. 




Head-light. 




Locomoti 
A A, boiler ; G, cylinder ; N M, frame ; 
L L, springs; X X, wheels; K, equalizing 
beam; H H, trailing driver; J J, leading 
driver; B, smoke-box; C, chimney; W, 
ash-pan; E, sand-box; F, cab; V G, pis- 
ton-rod; U V, connecting-rod; U TJ, par- 
allel rod; T, steam chest; T S, valve-rod; 
T R, rocker; P, pumps; O P, feed-pipe ; 
O, check-valve. 



Cross Sections of Rails. 
American or Hrail; b, double-headed or 



rail; e, T rail;/, strap rail; g, street rail; h, locomotive stVeetrSil;,' contractor's rail 



bridge or IT rail; <7, Seaton'g 





Safety-switch. 



Sandwiched Way. 




Locomotive Steam-engine. 




Railway Truck. 

A, truck-frame; B, axle-guard ; C, swing-beam ; D, 

axle-box; E, india-rubber springs. 




Spark -arrester 




Turn-table. 



WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 
MECHANICS, MACHINERY, &c. 



555 




A B, centrifugal ball 3 ,■ 
DE, DG, connecting rod; 
and joints; F, fulcrum; Fit, 
FB, ball rods ; NO, lever 
M, slide. 



Escapements. 



556 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

MECHAKTCS, MACHINERY, &c. — Continued. 




Jack-screvr. 



Hindley's Screw. 



WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 557 

MIDDLE AGES — DAYS OP CHIVALRY, &c. — ARMQE, DEESS, &C. 




Lochaber Ax 



Barbacan, 



Buskin. 



Coat of Mail. 



Gorget. 



558 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

MIDDLE AGES — AKMOK, DBESS, &c. — Continued. 




Castle. 

1, moat; 2, drawbridge; 8, wicket; 4, sally-port; 5, portcullis; 
6, outer walls; 7, parapet; 8, rampart; 9, loop-holes; 10, es- 
cutcheon; 11, bulwark; 12, sentinel; 13, magazine; 14, a cell; 
15, donion or keep; 10, barracks; 17, barbacan: 18, watchman; 
19, turret; 20, chapel; 21, belfry, 22, state court; 23, merlons; 
24. embrasures. 




Dorjjon. 





Coat of Mail 




Head -piece. 



Morion. 




Pavisor and Pa- 
vise. 



Jambes. 



Juppon. 



Knight in full Armor. 



Knight and Horse. 






WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 
MUSICAL UrSTKUMEETTS. 



559 




Trombone. 



Kettle-drum. 



Organ. 



Tambourine. 



560 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
MYTHOLOGY, IDOLS, &c. 




Niobe and her Children. Cupid. 



WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL 
DI CTIONAR Y. 

DEAF AND DUMB ALPHABET. 

From Page 364. 




Webster's International Dictionary has about four thousand illustrations in 
the body of the work, and these are classified and repeated at the end of the book. 
The value of these Illustrated Definitions can hardly be overestimated. 

Hon. W. T. Harris, LL.D., United States Commissioner of Education, says : All persons who 
use a dictionary will desire to possess a copy of this new edition. 

Lev. Timothy Dwight, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale University, says : This work will be of 
greatest service to the American public. 

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the more indispensable is Webster's International. 

Rev. E. B. Andrews, D.D., LL.D., President of Brown University, says : It seems to me a 
masterly and most useful piece of work. 

Rev. L. Clark Seelye, D.D., President of Smith College, says : A work which must prove ines- 
timable to every one who speaks or writes the English language. 

Franklin Carter, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Williams College, says : I doubt not it will be the 
most educating influence in many homes. 

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lias been my companion and guide and friend from my early boyhood. The new International really seems 
to leave nothing for the future editors to do. 

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dictionary I know for household use, and for the daily wants of the student. 



Published by 

G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., Springfield, Mass, 



U. S. A. 



[*73°] 



Also Webster's National Pictorial Dictionary, 600 Engravings. 



HAR -0 !3':2 



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